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RECEIVED 
FACULTY OF FORESTRY 


MAR {989 
UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO 


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The Forester 


A Monthly Magazine 


Volume V. 1899 


Published by 


The American Forestry Association. 


CORCORAN BUILDING, 
WASHINGTON, D. C. 


( MARY 1262 
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py, S 
eisiry o> 


S44 


olay Ce ESIC c Oba, Aaegnes eee 217 
hieyement of Perseverance, An........... 189 
visapility of Forest Culture ....::......... 131 
FESR ote ee aciep Pea Sae ESE igs oekint Sunice a sence 245 
WoyeV "EE Sow sone aa oneRBcGnod hy REOHUC SEE Pee a aaa 12 
ES acer ote c eens ence cis nessa hoes Soesipes Be 
Ska Eriterprises eAitih core. cose ccccrscies see 6s 217 
miperova Dollar. THE: ccc .secncc.csesasieess 245 


erican Forestry Association, Annual 


WR CLINI Oli sade estcis uae <sec eee tktseciowel 3 
== 16378) Leis) Papo t aco boee Been Con eee eee I 
wee IDG CCLS Olea wacno ss. scsecivncacasaesaseweses I 


—— Joint Meeting of, Missoula, Mont. 237 
—~ Special Meeting of, Columbus, O.. 211 
—— Summer Meeting of, Los Angeles, 


CAM ier aes.) eccud nae nee sak sacwichemaukinbe IAL 
—— Summer Meeting Notes............... 188 
drews, General C. C., St. Paul, Minn., 
WetLlemonyleroposeds bat kweeee-css ers 224 
pointments of Student-Assistants ....... 160 
preciation of Forestry, Aw »..2..c0c.2..0::; 293 
ROMACHINGULE: Saens see agce sang <a hac vse eae be acess 9) 
LOMA ran cisejaioteteite nets toreaians cece een es sci stenslees 197, 260 
AMIGA preeceiiteh tba ots enone caciewacdeniass evecare IT4 
ising Popular Muterest jvcceses ss ers- cece: 293 
(OSES GSS WS cdscaconsgndansdsoacsage sroekeeeae 269 
res, Horace B., Charlton, Minn. Forest 
DES ERNCHIOMNs. co surc. cases cateaa ery Aeestnd.« 133 
(ES le Schlta iach So HO ABE SDE CaaS oeecEC CIC Smee eneee 14 


‘thoud, FE. L., Golden, Colo. An Ob- 
ject Lesson of Forest Destruction...... 131 


tem Wnderstandime Av,22.23-.cocctseas s+ 20 
of Historical Information, A.............. 238 
desiroke for Irrigation, Av. .<..02..:-+ 112 
fish C@oltusmliameeracassstsseesan sven. soso 217 
VAG Bee dees dee ceecigees ones soweseet sans 94, 114, 163, 189 
1adian Incentive for Forest Study....... 193 


signiia: 20 (4b O54 OF, O45 112, 131; 136, 193, 
197, 241, 259, 260 

amberlain, Allen, Winchester, Mass. 
Massachusetts Forestry Association... 219 


anging Mt. Rainier’s Boundaries......... 282 
ips and Clips........117, I41, 166, 192, 216, 244, 

268, 290 
RISEIMASHIRL EES Ere eR cites. tutes. fs ontusaaccees 46 


Collins, J. Blatchford, Superintendent U. 

S. Forest Reserves in Montana. The 

Relation of Forest Preservation to the 
Bublicawieltanesessseneeesnenascecoeeen crac 127 
Colorado....7, 32, 41, 64, 65, 87, 88, II9, 129, 131, 
135, 163, 198 


Ad wicey H XpPenienCers...e.c.. sa ee: 113 
Coming of the Wight, We .--b sat ..-ceee = 293 
CONGRESS: both tase ate cemanenaesrtastntece ceaeie 14, 46 
Connecticute ees ee eee eee eee 217 
Conservation and Restoration................. 161 
Counterfeiting ature tc-eeseeeeeee tess 193 
Cox; R. F., Chenowith, Wash. Forest 

Fires in, Washingtont.:..2cs-0---<cese=cs 164 


Crandall, Prof. C. S., Fort Collins, Colo., 
New Growth on Burned Areas in 


Coloradossceuci cetescsastee cscsoomerenonecs a 
Cibarieien cae danas Site eee reson ee ees aeen eters 13), GL 
Dawn of Success) When cssonsecsecrese ce eeee 214 
Dispelling An Tiluston.c2. .sqcte-eorect seems 264 
Diversion ‘of Spruce,; Ges ctees.e serene. 88 
Douglas Spruce of Northern Oregon 

(Graves) ai. aaccsedoeecd sete egos bios echoes 52 
Beonomic ree elantinterenesesseese see see: 288 
iE ditontalesesecses: 1, AS) 67 1054 Lilag nosy On, 

215, 243, 267, 289 
Educational. so.cssenceuece. oseeeeees 41, 66, 94, 143 
Effect of Forests on Water Supply (Haw- 

Ff 0Yo1 68) deans bas ppacraacc (accingssi.cnsscca se" 27,270 
1 Dp sea 2h 016 an anerepoumancp neu cnaconacacdoct 212, 269, 278, 292 
Hnlichtened Policy, Atiassereraasseheee ances 214 
Enthusiasm (of Convictions Rien... 7. 161 
Everett, Wallace W., San Francisco, Cal. 

(ie eracticalsnBhoOnres tinyeerccesecnas seers 275 
Example of Pennsylvania, The.............. 227 
Excessive Timber Land Taxation............ 64 
Extermination of the Sparrow............... 38 
Fair Prophecy senescence avecdsatacwenns < van 260 
False Mahogany of South America......... ine 


Fernow, Dr. B. E., Dean New York State 
College of Forestry. Paper on the 
Training of Professional Foresters in 


SAVE CTs Cape erence ta tesco reciecccleesesives ates 103 
Field for Lumber Capital, A............:0+ 63 
MiresmmeNehasane: Pati... .t...+5+s-cssesdnceees 238 
Fishermen for the Forests.............00s+0+- 125 


iv 


Flandrau, Rebecca B., St. Paul, Minn. 

For the Majesty of the Forest........- 265 
Flower, Roswell P., New York City, 

Death of (life member).........0--:.++++ 139 
For An International Congress.......-...+.+: 288 
For the Majesty of the Forest.........--..-++- 265 
Forest Administration.............:.0++ 14, 32, 64, 79 
Forest Conditions of Porto Rico (Hill)..206, 232 
Forest Conservation (Griffith)............... 134 
Forest Destruction (AyresS).........-0 esses 13) 
Forest Experimental Station, A(Johnson) — 185 
Forest Fire Laws in Pennsylvania........... 213 
Forest Fires...... 118, 138, 143, 164, 168, 217, 238, 

240, 259 
Forest Management ........--.seceesseeeeeseeees 61, 86 
Forest Organization. ........ccesesseneeeeeeeeees 43 
MIGPPRE PE OMIC Vacs iverecccvcdvedvessceeanteWadeosee ses 22, 8I 
Forest Problem in the West, he (Kinney) 200 
OLESE ELOUCECLION = seacetosssesecsmertene=: 213, 238, 260 
Forest Tax Legislation in Indiana........... 93 
RorestWitiizatiOnl sco setetece aces se cence es 87 
IOKESECY. WiVISIOM: Ol.e-.-cecescecs-ve~ shee ne 12 
Worlksot tot Hartienessiceescsce: III 
TNStrUICHONAN\..s.cascseoesnsseesans sea 66 
Horests tor the Rach! Onllivennessecassee once 278 
Forests in Their Relation to Irrigation 

GNI CHEISGM) ie lo.ctirse ccs sas umoateneMacsetecs 9 
ROrestsroftie Nations hetenerecc secre tete 266 
Forthcoming Year Book, The................. ie 
Fox, Col. William F., Albany, N. Y. Dis- 

Oa bayer abe DO NKOCI Oy MacasapenasonesooatoRoseds 264 
Prrendly Supgestiony Arc .i) ss .ccocsasorsee 217, 
uEtheralniCreaS@swAtocsceccaces ee cte usenet soncees 166 
Gannett, Henry, Geographer of the U.S. 

Geological Survey. The Redwood 

Horest of Calitoniiaeessrescsstce secretes 148 
CASTS TTRT I /adnsboguannbecoenessandon eostosaboonmardonda: 292 


Gifford, Dr. John, Ithaca, N. Y. The 
World-Famed Forest of Vallombrosa 121 


Gila River Forest Reserve................000005 85 
Gosney, E. S., Flagstaff, Arizona. Sheep 
Gradina ine AniZOUd.c5.05-.cesareceec anes 232 
Government Forests and Their Preserva- 
ERO PEPE CHATIN) onset rs rac shechen deeeore eee 76 


Graves, Henry S., U. S. Department of 
Agriculture, Division of Forestry. 
The Douglas Spruce of Northern 


OVRSEIONT, Sacads canis senbo ce SbeBeS aca ICORCEENE 52 
— PAM COMM|ICIttercnstesces cetera 241 
EHP TEATS Sas bie ea pal 0 cae at ime Fa 31 
ISLEAL NOM POLEMHItyy, i. cncsern ccc escecs-cak onc 292 
Griffith, E. M., Washington, D.C. Forest 

MOMSEEVALIONS. sietuesectecctere sess 134 


’ 


INDEX. 


Grinnell, George Bird, New York City. 


Fishermen for the Forests............... 125 
Hawgood, H., Los Angeles, Cal. Effect 
of Forests on Water Supply ........... 2AT 279 


Hermann, Binger, Commissioner of the 


General Land Office. Government 

Forests and Their Preservation......... 76 
United States Forest Ranger Sys- 

tem, The: ....03:1.2c000s: ee eee 195 


Hill, R. T., Special Agent, U. S. Geolog- 
ical Survey. Forest Conditions of 


Porto RICO: ...:cscsnecctss eeaeaereeen sae 206, 232 
Hopeful Sign, As vr ...cs.ce-esee-emee eee ee eee 15¢ 
Tah. sivacscctisscnnsassinaenacccnecenaeee meee tes 11g, 198 
TinO18..0s...csccs<tecaceead daeceetenemereeeerenenee 110, 260 
Important Decision, Ato scranee.tesseeeaeeeeee 26c 
Increasing Interest in Forest Preservation 132 
Indian Lerritony...-1..c-ses-seeseeee see eee 14 
Ttidiatia...2 2. s:ssssseccsacneaseeeeeeenee eee ene - 92, 92 
Influence of Forests Upon Storage Reser- 

voirs (Schtlyler)<.2i0ss.c--eece ee eee 285 
Information Wanted: 222... s-eeeseeeeeeeee 23 
Insect; Enemies of Wireessise.erte-se ose eee 188 
Instructioniin) Horestry ence eee 66 
Interest ‘in Utala.....siesceese cere ee eee eee 38 
Interesting Discovery, -Atdiees.eenee ee eee 19¢ 
Investigation of Red Ein --3---- eee Bile 
in Enlightened (Athi cates secretes eee eee eeee 245 
In the Southern Alleghentes) 23-2. seeee 28:2 
In the Woods of Miznesotals.2)..ce0s ee 261 
IIo} Samceroecoaerbaaccan cascoddanc sosecccdcdosaasonb2: 288 
Innigation and @horesthy sense eeeeeee eens 237 
Impressions of European Forestry ......... 292 
Johnson, A. Campbell, Los Angeles, Cal. 

A Forest Experimental Station......... 185 
NCEE aE Ce ongodenoauadso cna ioscan ddodaodadon0doasdooes009 afefe 
Kentucky. i..s.ccsscecons sceseetne reer een aaeeeteeete 251 
Kind of Trees to Plant, hers -caeeeeeeeee 236 
Kinney, Abbot, Los Angeles, Cal. The 

Forest) Problem) In) thie Wests-eseeee 20¢ 
laweand ihe orests (heseesseseeeeeeeeeee 21 
Lectures on Forest Topitss.s.c.1.essan ese 66 
Legislation Pending. ...-....c:s.sasnsaescneeeee IIs 
Letter from the Secretary of Agriculture. 2€ 
Log Salvage o...b.:0aociea beeen eee 36 


Lukens, T. P., Pasadena, Cal. The Res- 
toration of Mountain Covering......... 151 


lumber Industry, lier. .cee eresceee eee ee T2536 
Lumbering In the Northwest........smesese= le 
Lumberman’s View of the Forest, The, 

A Symposium in Two Papers............ 132 
Lumbermen and Charcoal Makers.......... 161 


INDEX. Vv 


ee erofa ss Cs) Berean Kentucky. 
Natural Reproduction of Forests on 


Yid Fields in Eastern Kentucky...... 251 
ACHUUSE LES bas. tes eese eee cee dees 137, 150, 162 
achusetts Forestry Association 
Hammer aii)rencscectmarssccvocvinsseseses 219 
well, George H., San Francisco, Cal. 
Nature’s Storage Reservoirs............. 183 
*k, W. S., Los Angeles, Cal. The 
ptateran Ge HOresthy seca. eesecere ce -sece oe: 179 
elson, Henry. Forests and Their 
elation, LOMIIrigAatiON\..:.<..:.2s0+00r-.00-> 9 
VERVE, ceconohbadgononenco Sonne) 13, 129, 162, 189, 238 
» IPTG SBE cos csnonvconnasocooscadSnontconsoncconobop 89 
Hein OKest ReSEnvVieS..c..cresessceasc se 79 


lESOtare LO O35 OO) O2 TOS LTO, Tr4), £15, 
137 LOI 1O2) Log, 212. 26i, 264,265 


ROU S EEN aTH ONS cooccoeo Gonannbodseoaanedle 213 
esota’s Park for the People—a sym- 

FOSUII Of VAC WS 2a ccascces cc tisarseaeseees- ss 222 
esota’s Proposed New National Park 204 
PGI aanet ea nese seis sede ectoe wht ethan eae’ 114, 239 
AMO IMAL PHINGSc..s<cc8-6.2.cssesees: 150 
ALM Aer ee cea ese tcs esos osceigssaamceciweness 86, 198 
ana Conflagration, A......... Syreseeeasie’ 193 
gomery, J. B., Portland, Oregon. 

SOLES MILES Ati) OE SON: a. 00c eos seeee ees 164 
it Rainier National Park (Willis).... 97 
- Changing Boundaries of............... 282 
cipal @are.of Trees, “PHE:..25.. 520... 240 


aren, John, San Francisco, Cal. The 
eclamation of Drifting Sand Dunes 222 
ral Reforestation in the Southwest 
TEC TENISTS57/)) poodanaaososAnOpenaAonocaeoneconeGeeee 145 
‘al Reproduction of Forests on Old 
‘ields in Eastern Kentucky (Mason). 251 


e’s Storage Reservoirs (Maxwell)... 183 
AS a seecies satis eseserllecscee scum scsdslestsecees 4o, 65 
of Forest Legislation in Colorado, 
Hem @(MACIeISOm))eeestees seas ceesein sees osc 131 
HOLES HRGSehV abl OlSmee seetetestes cases. < 69 
Growth on Burned Areas (Crandall). 7 
REtSeyepesscteaste se sence ste sso r tase cares esses 136 
Lake Tahoe Forest Reserve, Cali- 
DLT Meroe sNrac a aedecnastec none steeca ove cime'enss 124 
WMienibersicaesstisececentce secesecses. 1107, O55) LAO 
USAC Ores reat gaan Seco<t's eeacscoons 197 
WaLIGHAL SAL Gierctctsccs se vecdsssecesede 94 
WWOrlkas icse.cteseeteds 41, 64, 96, II0, 114, 136, 
162, 164, 214, 238 
MEETS ce aatteeeeee dock otha ahs ddece ss swewetee 49, 73 


NGrEDEDaR Ota cussowscssteacbaeoscteeaevtutcas 132 
Notes on Some Forest Problems............. I12 
INGVAR SCG blake, cuaeser here ccuecsceatea.cacevoneescse 163 
Nits fiom Planting. s.p. 2.5.02. theseeostahne 269 
Objectiofi Forest Reservations!::..f-.aistc-.. 27 
Object Lesson of Forest Destruction, An, 
(Berthoud) ee cee ces seeeteck dots ato aasticc 129 
O10 Se eeslesa sec traisoasee sos dse cee oaanwssl Nolen nent 13 
On Congressional Recognition ............... 260 
Ontario: Borest RESerVve ren: pos.-e-s sacs eens 210 
Opposition to Reservation Policy............ 34, 67 
Os =s2d0) 0 anaannaim cee eco ndno radoandetrna ung 47, 164, 199 
Paris: id. cegesenentae sadaceecencacene ay arena eames 163, 288 
Rennsyl vaniaeernnse eee 50, 162, 213, 259, 269, 292 
Perrine, Robert, Williams, Ariz. Sheep 
Grazing in Anizonas.cs.wseeecsescne cose 237 
Persiaic. cos eee aceon eee ce rene ene 115 
Philadelphia’s Innovation............ else eet 269 
Philippine IslandsSUhe wy... ..ees eee 190, 217 


Pinchot, Gifford, Forester of the U. S. De- 
partment of Agriculture. Paper on 
The Training of Professional Fores- 


tersuaneAsier(Caseceseeeteee ener eee seerae 106 
——— Two Papers Relating to Forestry, 

Review, Of: conc. erence een aeeceeetees III 

Profession of Forestry, The. An 

Addressiat Yale University cerss--sses 155 
Plain ‘Valk fromiy Oregonyces sean. nace 270 
Popular Parasites Aveo. seaeeeeseeeeeeeee es 212 
Power of Public Sentiment, The............. 217 
Practical in Forestry, The (Everett)........ 275 
Practical) Wiew, Av .is:2¢2aba.ucceeree ase eccesee aa 
Preservation of Philippine Forests. ......... 190 
Prevention of Forest Fires, The............. 241 
Profession of Forestry, The (Pinchot). 

An address at Yale University.. ........ 155 
Rropasationnols MOLES tale Shee -meseatseseeeees 132 
Proposed Leech Lake Forest Reserve, 

MitineSotatsc. casssseseceme ccna eereere: 161 
Protection of Irrigation Works, The........ 44 
Protecting the Public Domain................. 260 
ReasonablewolicyswAvecssssedssescesermeeseretees 84 
Recent Forestry Meetings..................... 39 
Recent Legislation............ 92, 114, 136, 162, 189 


Recent Publications..24, 47, 70, 96, 120, 144, 170, 
194, 218, 245, 270, 294 
Reclamation of Drifting Sand Dunes (Mc- 


1 BEE5=40)))  geconongosooncHocechaaatooe LeREeEpoSEeece 222 
Redwood Forest of California, The (Gan- 

11(218.8) | (deeboone badocoeddoSca aes CoB EEE EU ROC EEO TOSer 148 
NETo MO Pete se PRAT Oat onss ce cocnscasesiedsw ones 164 
Relation of Forest Preservation to the 

Public Welfare (Collins) ............:0+0 127 


Vi 


Relation of Forestry to Commerce........... 
Relic of Old Manila........ccccsecsesereseesceres 
Remunerative Timber Lands in Canada.. 
Report of Wisconsin Commission........... 
Resolutions Adopted at the Special Meet- 
ing, Columbus, O ..........-:e05 ceeeeeeeees 
— at the Summer Meeting, Los An- 
OLE OTE gen cr onroneca Bore accu idee a0 I6 
Restoration of Mountain Covering, The 
ARIE GNIS ) cadens sancaceavets ces Senne vadesnnn 
Results Will Compensate...........-...ssseees 
Scarcity of Mine Timbers..............-...000+ 
of Timber and Its Hindrance........ 
Schenck, Dr. C. Alwin, Biltmore, N. C. 
Paper on the Training of Professional» 
Foresters in America (symposium)... 
, In the Woods of Minnesota......... 
Schuyler, James D., Los Angeles, Cal. 
The Influence of Forests on Storage 


RESERVOITGIE. vec. Ma aotanestes ahusheessecmnaenec’s 
Second Growth Pine vs. Agriculture 
GBrincken)) Arrest <sceses cessor see ndesootas 
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association................. 
SINGS Cry bie magooonesnonban aod gesadeoaasaE0NC 
Sheep Grazing in Arizona (Gosney)........ 
(POXEINE )oe case seqoerneiben saree eenesoest 


pheep Grazinp in MOrests i200. ...ccse-sereaes 
Sheep Industry in California..-5......0.0..-+. 
sight-seeing on Tally close. 5.. ..cleacsec<cseh: 
Sigtiticant Showing, Al. .::cc...ccse.e saves cee 
SHE OE oS ABMS, ADE corareoqoacaooasSacud 
Snowslide or Landslide Next ?................ 
SOUtLH WMA Ota Asse. .se sree sea descscceas cisosaenees 
Spoliation on the Public Domain............ 
Sportsman’s Willow, The......2....-.2.0--0-- 


State and Forestry, The (Melick)........... 
SlLatevNSsociatlonSan.ceecork eoeceesccneee sees 
PEALE ORPANIZATIONS. ccc dace ce sedne sescaeeesaees 
State Sylvaton System in North 


DEEACye Avance) Ajit. ecvcesscesscccecivor acces 
Subveyine Horest Wandsies....cssssccscsncvos 
Swift Punishment of an Incendiary......... 
Technical Iniprovements....:...........05:22.2: 
PULA Sten cuseee ei nov etioneacscecnestosnsn oan armies 
Timber Cutting in Mississippi................ 
eer hye VLAN 165 ao... faces ieekee ses eeses 
Timber Prospectsiin Caba: .32....¢cc06. bes 
Timber Protection in Minnesota............. 
SEKI DGh SLALISCLES Wate. so rc.cs the bocke cosshs tes 


INDEX. 


236 
207, 
189 

10 


Toumey, Prof. J. W., Special Agent U. 
S. Department of Agriculture. Nat- 


ural Reforestation in the Southwest.. 145 
Training of Professional Foresters in 

America. A symposium. (Fernow, 

Schenek, Pittchot)ieeesecss-oeseeeeee eee 103 
Transplanting Carolina Poplars .............. 292 
Tree Planting on the Panmlepesce cress 7 

11d KAT SAS sete eatelnee meee Rete renee 10g 
Tree Surgeon's Work, Tile -feees ences eae 269 
Trend of Thought, elie yess ters estee are 150 
Walcott, Charles D., Director U. S. Geo- 

logical! Survey. --crsscssee se tee eae seer 75 
Washington, State of........ 33, 163, 164, 199, 212, 

245, 282 
Water Conservation in Soils (Wood- 

brid ge) ......sis. «sss seems seems eae eee eee 181 
Water Supply and Horestt yer aseseece er 247, 282 
West Virgitiia <.....:.-; s-oscnenaceeeeeerepeecmeden 188, 260 
What Forestry Means to the United States 

(Wilson) oiic6c.nc.ccer eee saee eee tee ema 27 
What Shall We Do for the Forest ? asym- 

posium in four papers..c...-os eee eee 129 
Why Anglers should become Members of 

the A. Bi Avi.ctiscecscacenssossercestroseeaent 125 
Why Lumbermen should be Members of 

the A. Fe Avisiieasonaeee eee eee ere eren 51 
Why Miners should Join the A. F. A...... 75 
Why Persons Interested in Irrigation 

should be Members of the A. F. A.... 25 
Willis, Bailey, U. S. Geological Survey. 

The Mount Rainier National Park.... 97 
Wilson, Hon. James, Secretary of Agri- 

culture, Wetter offic... senses 26 

What Forestry Means to the Uni- 
ted Statesis.ci.. cect secs saeeeeeeee tenes 271 
Letter to French Embassy............ 288 
WiSCOUSIH. (2 stearate wien TO} 12), UIA wile eerog 
Woodbridge, Dr. S. M., South Pasadena, 

Cal. Water Conservation in Soils..... 181 
Wood! Pavineting Parks pes ee eee 269 
Wood Pulp Industry 22. 2.c2om-eas eee eee 62 
Work of the Division of Forestry for the 

Farm €ry..c..00is .ctis coms nisden geese eee eee eee III 
World-Famed Forest of Vallombrosa, 

The (Gifford)... :ceccece eee earn nat 
Wyoming. ...cencerecuciseseresen eee 33, 83, 199 
United States Forest Ranger System 

(Hermann) sees: Bere onbconnodos osobs05ce 195 
LOA 2:1 «PERE RB BR CHER SARA O cacacacaéccosdsudsocscoosso0es 4o, 198 
Utilization of (Water Powet|.ce2-:-eame ss 119 
Valuable Wood), Ates--cste see aa eeeeeeereeee 269 
Van Dyke, T. S., Los Angeles, Cal., Letter 178 


INDEX. Vil 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


FRONTISPIECES. 
Effects of a Forest Fire in Colorado. (August. ) 
Example of Scientific Forestry, An, Kansas. 

; (December. ) 

Forest Scene in Western North Carolina. 
(March. ) 

Grove of Wild Cherry in North Carolina. 
(September. ) 


In the Pineries, Pennsylvania. (October. ) 
Mount Rainier, Washington. (May. ) 
Natural Reforestation in California. (July. ) 


Reservoir Site Southern California. (February. ) 
Typical Forest Scene in Western Washington. 
(November. ) 


Use of Timber by Miners, Colorado. (April. ) 
Vallombrosa, Italy. (June. ) 
ADDITIONAL ILLUSTRATIONS. 

Another View of Vallombrosa...... .......... 123 
Bear Valley Dam, Southern California..... By 


Wesolatersolttudesc sepa eseeee eee 8 


Douglas’ Spruces @xezoumecrene eee Bey S57 
Forest Slope of Mount Rainier............... IOI 
Flood Scene in the Valley of the Missis- 

Sippi River: icisc ees eee ee 30 
Logging on Columbia River................... 7 
Logging Scene in Washington................ 83 
Lumber Scene in California ................... 138 
Mapsofe Ariz oniaeress eer Cree peeee eee erert eres 258 

Proposed Park in Minnesota......... 205 
Mount Raimleteenre nessa eee 99 
North Slope of Greyback Peak, San Ber- 

Mardin GwRiese rv.ehnereeee eee eee eC 19 
Redwood Forest of California............... 148, 149 
SkysWinelCanaly Colorado eee 42 
shimmber Slide ini Oregom-:.-:-s eee nee go 
eLy pical Korest' Scenes... 2c see seen eee eee 153 
View of Burned Forest, Priest River Re- 

SELVE is caseeneossr to nesete au reat met eee ners 77 
Yale University Elms............. 155, 156, 157, 159 
Yellow Pine on Bitter Root Reserve, 

Montanias.cn acdcicscestesteta eit 16 


ie _A monthly magazine devoted to the care and use 
_of forests and forest trees and related subjects. 


gO EE 


PUBLISHED BY 


s 


| The American Forestry Association. 


ee 


$1.00 a Ye 


Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., as second class matter. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


New Members of the American Forestry Association eae oe Peiosla'n-c0.9 «ae hhna ROM MARR tN 
Objects of the American Forestry Association........-+ BG os i ai fA ahah AR 
By-Laws of the American Forestry Association.....-..+-- PU ae a reed: Wl hie AD 
Seventeenth Annual Meeting of the Association.......... Ae ie aehen cle en ae Seale: sue 
New Growth on Burned Areas in Colorado—Prof. C. S. Crandall........ daa ag ea 
Forests in Their Relation to Irrigatton—Henry Michelsen ....sereeestcesess Q 
Report of Wisconsin Commission.......+++++++++5 tate abate Mur ata aa Ra Nee way eee 4, 
The Lumber Industry....... BAL Gfelet hots wimet aiclatie Yate aherens tif cialentecla tate’: Ge eine Meanie 12) 
Technical Improvements..........---+5 Sie ase (6: 6celane Whe iin meen ede eeeab inion aa cee 
Forest Administration ...... Pejtateie wieua 4 ACA S- bsp 0 teria ie ote eo lade tales ian a taba Lente AM 
Arboriculture ......... eS gach en da whe inlets Reamer ce ky ailkaNentet tale tat airs are 
Sheep-Grazing in Forests. .........eeeeeseceeeees Raa Pee teh, Pits A Sy! Peete 18 
The Law and the Forests............ Pc oes a sloje.e ew je on lospi glen ates nisi aie den ae 
BOOM OBE FE ONIN 5 5 1p cain: 6, wig aie ios mceyina si aieteae ise ieden cir ae A's. nije iia: Spe dey lohan el eiee de Rigas 
Recent Publications... .......-cesesevsceeece es etecens bieNelttotasahe 2 ott aa p gae hae ea 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. — 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 
INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 
Hon. JAmes Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. Fernow. _F. H. NEweELt. 
Recording Secretary and Treasurer. 
GEorGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 


Epwarp A. Bowers. 
ARNOLD HAGUE. 
GIFFORD PINCHOT, 


Jamzs WILSON, CuHARLEs C, BINNEY. 
B. E. Fernow. Henry GANNETT, 
Grorce W. McLANAHAN, 


FREDERICK V. COvILLE. — 
F. H. NEwELt. 
GEORGE P,. WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents. 


Sir H. G. Jo.y pz Lotsini&zre, Pointe Platon, 
Quebec. 

CHARLES Monr, Mobile, Ala. 

D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. 

Tuomas C, McRag, Prescott, Ark. 

AsgBoTT Kinney, Lamanda Park, Cal. 

E. T, Ensien, Colorado Springs, Colo. 

Rosert Brown, New Haven, Conn. 

Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. 

A. V. CLupss, Pensacola, Fla. 

R. B. Repparp, Savannah, Ga. 

J. M. Coutter, Chicago, Ill. 

JAmes Troop, Lafayette, Ind. 

Tuos, H. MacBring, Lowa City, Iowa. 

J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. 

ison R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. 

EWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. 
Joun W. Garrett, Baltimore, Md. 
Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. 

. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. 

. J. Beat, Agricultural College, Mich. 
C. C, ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. 
WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. 
Grorce P. AuERN, Fort Missoula, Mont. 
CHARLES E, Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 


Wo. R. Hamitton, Reno, Nev. 

Wo. E. CuHanpter, Concord, N. H. 
Joun GiFForD, Princeton, N. J. 
Epwarp F. Hopart, Santa Fe, N. M. 
Warren Hictey, New York, N. Y. 

J. A. Hotes, Raleigh, N. C. 

W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
Reusen H. Warper, North Bend, Ohio. 
Wixiiam T, Litre, Perry, Okla. 

E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 

J. T. RotHrocx, West Chester, Pa. 

H. G. RussE.u, E. Greenwich, R. I. 

H. A. Green, Chester, S. C. 

THomaAs T. WriGHT, Nashville, Tenn. 
W. GoopricH Jongs, Temple, Texas. 
C, A. WuitTine, Salt Lake, Utah. 
REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

D, O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. 
Epmunp §. Meany, Seattle, Wash. 

A. D. Horxins, Morgantown, W. Va. 
H,. C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 
ExLwoop Meap, Cheyenne, Wyo, 
Grorce W. McLanauan, Washington, D.C, 
Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 

‘Wm, LitT1z, Montreal, Quebec. 


The Forester. 


‘Vo. BV 


JANUARY, 


1899. 


PUBLISHER’S ANNOUNCEMENT, 


THE FORESTER is published monthly by the 
American Forestry Association at 


No. 117 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents, 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


New Members. 


Since the last issue of THE FORESTER 
the following names have been added to 
the membership of the American For- 
estry Association : 


James S. Bunnell, San Francisco, Cal. 
W. E. Valk, Washington, D. C. 
js. Swan, Denver, Colo. 
Benjamin T. Gault, 

Glen Ellyn, Du Page County, II. 
Miss Alice Hooper, Roxbury, Mass. 
Gust. Moser, Missoula, Mont. 
Brian L. O’Hara, Quebec, Canada. 


OBJECTS OF THE AMERICAN FORES. 
TRY ASSOCIATION. 


The objects of this Association, given in the 
charter, are more specifically stated as follows: 


TREE PLANTING, 


Tree planting should be encouraged not only 
for shade and ornamental purposes in streets 
and parks, but more especially for the protec- 
tion of country homes and farm lands, particu- 
larly upon the treeless plains of the West. For 
this purpose this Association will bring together 
and disseminate information concerning de- 
sirable species of trees, methods of planting 
and protection, and shall obtain suggestions 
derived from experience in various portions of 
the country. 


FOREST PROTECTION. 


The forests should be protected from wanton 
or careless destruction, especially by fire, not 
only from the fact that trees add to the re- 
sources of the country but also because of the 
influence the forest cover may exert in amelio- 
tating climate and in conserving water sup- 
plies. As a means of furthering forest pro- 
tection this Association encourages the collec- 
tion of information concerning the water 
resources of the country, the extension of 
agriculture through irrigation, and the increase 
of manufacture through the use of water power. 


FOREST MANAGEMENT AND RENEWAL. 


The management of the existing forests so 
that they may continue to yield increasing 


supplies of merchantable timber is of primary 
economic importance, This Association will 
endeavor to aid or advise owners of forest land 
as to technical methods of making them of 
permanent commercial value and of renewing 
forest areas injured by fire or neglect. 


FOREST UTILIZATION, 


The forests of the country should be made 
to yield the greatest possible benefits to present 
and future generations, both by producing 
timber crops and by less direct means, Lum- 
bering is an inseparable factor of the best 
forest protection and management, and should 
be so conducted as not to destroy the pro- 
ductive capacity of the land. It is believed 
that saw logs, mine timbers, railroad ties, etc., 
can be cut without the usual accompanying de- 
struction of the forests. This Association will 
endeavor to promote all these lumber interests. 


STATISTICS, 


Facts concerning the distribution of the 
timber and wood lands, the species of trees, 
the rate of burning or cutting, are of first 
importance to a clear understanding of the 
problems of forestry in America. ‘This Asso- 
ciation will, therefore, endeavor to stimulate 
the collection of statistical information of this 
kind. 

EDUCATION. 

This Association will endeavor to call to 
public attention the importance of forest pro- 
tection; conservation, and utilization, through 
the public press, through lectures, through the 
schools, and otherwise. 


PUBLICATION, 


In order to assist in the diffusing of infor- 
mation, this Association will publish a journal 
or periodical, in which the various topics above 
enumerated will be discussed. 

LEGISLATION, 


Since much of the destruction of the forest 
resources of the country can be traced to de- 
fective legislation, both State and National, 
this Association will endeavor to use its in- 
fluence toward the enactment and enforcement 
of better laws. 


BY-LAWS. 


ARTICLE I. 
Name. 

The name of this Association shall be ‘‘ The 

American Forestry Association.” 
ARTICLE II, 
Objects. 

The objects of this Association shall be the 
discussion of subjects relating to tree-planting, 
the conservation, management, and renewal of 
forests, and the climatic and other influences 
that affect their welfare; the collection of 
forest statistics; and the advancement of edu 


2 THE FORESTER. 


cational, legislative, or other measures tending 
to the promotion of these objects. It shall 
especially endeavor to centralize the work done 
and diffuse the knowledge gained. 
ARTICLE III. 
Members. 

Sec. s. Any person may become a member 
of this Association, as hereinafter provided. 

Sec, 2. Members shall be divided into five 
classes: Patrons, Life Members, Active Mem- 
bers, Associate Members, and Honorary Mem- 
bers. 

Sec. 3. Any person contributing at one time 
the sum of one hundred dollars ($100) to the 
permanent fund of the Association shall be a 
Patron. Any person may become a Life Mem- 
ber by the payment of fifty dollars ($50) at one 
time, Patrons and Life Members shall not be 
liable for annual dues. Active Members are 
those who pay the annual dues of two dollars 
($2). Associate Members are the members of 
any local Forestry Association which shall 
vote to affiliate itself with the American For- 
estry Association, under such rules as the 
Board of Directors may adopt. Honorary 
Members shall be the officers of State, Terri- 
torial, Provincial, or other forestry associa- 
tions, or the delegates from such associations, 
or the delegates of any Government. 

Sec. 4. Applications for membership shall be 
referred to and voted upon by the Board of 
Directors at any regular or called meeting 
therefor. 

Sec. 5. All members except Associate and 
Honorary members shall be members of this 
corporation and shall be entitled to vote and 
hold office in said corporation, 


ARTICLE IV, 
Officers. 

Sec. 1. The officers of this Association shall 
be a Board of Directors, a President, a Vice 
President for each State, Territory and Prov- 
ince represented in the Association, a Treas- 
urer, a Recording Secretary, and a Correspond- 
ing Secretary. 

Sec. 2. These officers shall be elected by 
ballot at the annual meeting of the Associa- 
tion, and shall serve one year, or until their 
successors are elected. Vacancies occurring 
during the year may be filled by the Board of 
Directors. 

ARTICLE V. 
The Loard of Directors. 

The Board of Directors shall have the con- 
troland management of the funds and prop- 
erty of the Association. The Board shall 
consist of eleven (11) members, and shall elect 
its own Chairman and Secretary. The latter 
shall have the custody of the corporate seal. 
The Board shall have power to fill any vacancy 
occurring therein, the appointee to serve until 
the next annual meeting. The Board shall 
take, receive, hold, and convey such real and 
personal estate as may become the property of 
the Association for the purposes of the Asso- 
ciation set forth in the certificate of incorpora- 
tion and in Article Il above. A majority of 


January, 


the Board shall bea quorum. ‘The Board shall 
meet one-half hour before the annual meeting 
of the Association, and at such other time as 
it may be called together by its Chairman. 


ARTICLE VI; 
The Prestdent., 
The President shall preside at all meetings 
of the Association. 


ARTICLE VII. 
Vice President. 

In the absence of the President, a Vice 
President shall preside at the meetings of the 
Association; and in the absence of all of them 
a President pro tem. shall be elected by the 
meeting, 


ARTICLE VIII. 
The Recording Secretary. 

The Recording Secretary shall keep a record 
of the proceedings of the Association and the 
Board of Directors and shall be custodian of all 
documents, books, and collections ordered to be 
preserved. 


ARTICLE IX. 
The Corresponding Secretary. 

The Corresponding Secretary shall conduct 
the correspondence of the Association. He 
shall keep a list of members, with their resi- 
dences, and shall notify members of the time 
and place of all meetings of the Association. 


ARTICLE X, 
The Treasurer. 

The Treasurer shall have the custody of all 
moneys received. He shall deposit and invest 
the same in such manner and to such extent ¥ 
the Board of Directors shall direct, and shall 
not expend any money except under the direc- 
tion or approval of the Board of Directors. The 
financial year of the Association shall close on 
November 30 of each year. 


ARTICLE XI. 
Meetings. 

The annual meeting for the election of offi- 
cers and the transaction of such business as 
requires to come before the entire Association, 
shall be held on the second Wednesday in 
December, at such hour and place as the Board 
of Directors may determine. 

A quorum shall consist of fifteen (15) mem- 
bers of the Association (Patrons, Life mem- 
bers, or Active members), as specified in section 
5 of Article III. 

Special meetings may be called by the Board 
of Directors. 


ARTICLE XII. 
Dues. 

The annual dues for Active members shall be 
two dollars ($2) payable in advance upon the 
first day of January. 

The Board of Directors shall have power to 
remit the annual dues of a member, 


ARTICLE XIII. 
Amendments. 

These By-Laws may be amended by a three- 
fourths vote of the members present and 
entitled to vote at the annual meeting of the 
Association. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


to 


Seventeenth Annual Meeting. 


In accordance with Article XII of the 
Constitution, the annual meeting of The 
American Forestry Association was held 
on December 14, 1898, at the hall of the 
Cosmos Club, Washington, D. C. 

Owing to illness, President Appleton 
was not able to be present. The meet- 
ing was called to order soon after eleven 
o clock A.M; by Col. J: D: W. French, 
Vice President for Massachusetts. 

Mr. Pinchot, Chairman of the Execu- 
tive Committee, read the following report 
of the work of the Committee for the 
past year: 


REPORT OF THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE, 


The Executive Committee of The American 
Forestry Association is the representative of 
the Association located at the Capital, to attend 
to the current work of the Association and 
keep in touch w'th the progress of the forest 
movement all over the country. It is proper 
at this time to state somewhat in detail what 
the Committee has done during the past year, 
for the information of the members of the 
Association. 

The Committee has held seventeen meetings. 
It has passed upon and approved all bills, none 
of which have been paid without a warrant 
signed by the Chairman of the Committee. It 
has elected 128 new members, and has voted 
to drop from the membership list several who 
were in arrears, and who seemed to have lost 
interest in the Association. It has considered 
a large number of propositions submitted for 
approval, and has extended its aid to such as 
seemed wise and commendable. 

Two meetings of the Association were held 
during the year; in Bostonand Omaha. Those 
who attended the Boston meeting will not 
soon forget the generous hospitality extended 
to them by the Massachusetts members. The 
Omaha meeting was also successfully con- 
ducted, and at each meeting many valuable 
papers were read, and there was much in- 
teresting discussion. Most of these papers 
have already been published in THE Forester, 
The advantage of having them appear so soon 
after the meetings is, it is thought, apparent 
to every one. 

Soon after the Association began issuing 
THe Forester, which happened during the 
past year, asubcommittee on Publication was 
appointed, which acted as an editorial staff for 
the magazine. During the summer all these 
members were obliged to be out of town, and 
the magazine suffered in consequence. It was 
therefore decided to secure some one to edit 
THe ForEsTER, and devote all his time to it, 


Mr. Joseph B. Thoburn, of Denver, formerly 
Secretary of the Colorado Forestry Associa- 
tion, has been engaged, and there is every 
reason to believe that THE Forester will 
become a valuable and influential journal in 
its own field. Arrangements are being made 
whereby the National Geographic Society and 
The American Forestry Association will 
occupy office rooms together, on a business 
basis, to their mutual advantage. 

The most important work of your Committee 
during the past year has been its contribution 
to the successful endeavor to ward off the 
threatened attack upon the forest reserves set 
apart by President Cleveland, which had been 
suspended for one year prior to March 1, 
1898, In the last Sundry Civil Bill the Senate 
inserted a proviso suspending the President's 
order setting apart these reserves, and re- 
storing them to the public domain. Your 
Committee, on April 2, decided to take action 
and sent out circular letters to all members of 
the Association urging immediate protest. On 
April 13 a memorial was sent to all members 
of Congress, urging that ihe Senate amend- 
ment, 1f adopted, be limited to one year. Still 
later, specific amendments to the Sundry Civil 
Bill were suggested to the committees of the 
House and Senate. The efforts of this Asso- 
ciation were in line with and were assisted by 
those of officials and private individuals, and 
the combined protest had its effect. The 
House refused to agree to the Senate amend- 
ment, and the reservations were saved. 

During the past year, there were submitted 
to the Association some eighty-nine designs 
for acorporate seal. A competent jury of well- 
known artists and architects passed upon these 
designs, and decided that no one of them was 
possessed of sufficient merit to warrant your 
Committee in paying the prize of $100 offered to 
the successful competitor. The designs were 
exhibited at the Cosmos Club in this city, and 
surprise was expressed that they should have 
been so unsatisfactory. 

In June last the Association met with a loss . 
in the resignation of Dr. B. E. Fernow as 
Chairman of the Executive Committee and 
Editor-in-Chief of THE Forester. His pe- 
culiar fitness for the position, his ability, his 
jealousy of the rights of this Associat on, and 
his untiring and aggressive enthusiasm for the 
work, have been of very great value to the 
Association, and have contributed in no small 
degree to the progress it has made and the 
influence it has wielded. The retirement of 
Dr. Fernow, to take charge of the New York 
State College of Forestry at Cornell, is re- 
gretted by none more than those who have been 
so long associated with him in the work of the 
Executive Committee. 

The progress of forestry in the United 
States, during the year which is about to end, 


4 THE FORESTER. 


has been most satisfactory. Public sentiment 
throughout the West, which, soon after the 
proclamation of the Cleveland Forest Reserves, 
was in an attitude of bitter opposition, has 
continued the remarkable change begun during 
the year which followed the proclamations, 
and at present opposition has practically died 
out. The only conspicuous exception is in the 
State of Washington, where the Republican 
platform contained a clause asking for a resto- 
ration to the public domain of all those por- 
tions of the forest reserves valuable for agri- 
culture, mining or timber, In the Black Hills, 
where the protest was perhaps more vigorous 
than elsewhere, it has been replaced by the most 
cordial feeling, so that the Black Hills Forest 
Reserve has been increased by nearly half a 
million acres with the full assent and co-opera- 
tion both of the local population and of their 
representatives in Congress. 

Four new forest reserves have been created 
since the eleven suspended reserves emerged 
from that condition on the first of last March, 
These are the Pine Mountain and Zaca Lake 
Reserve in Southern California, of 1,644,594 
acres, the Prescott Forest Reserve, of 10,240 
acres, the Black Mesa Reserve of 1,658,880 
acres, and the San Francisco Mountains Forest 
Reserve, of 975,360 acres, all in Arizona. In 
addition. the boundaries of the Pecos River 
Reserves in New Mexico, have been changed 
and enlarged to embrace 120,000 acres more, 
and those, of the Black Hills Reserve have 
been similarly changed, with an estimated 
increase of 433,440 acres, a decrease of 189,440 
and a final total of 1,211,680 acres. 

The care and protection of the forest re- 
serves has been entrusted to the General Land 
Office. For that purpose an appropriation of 
$175.000 was made by the last session of Con- 
gress, and during the summer the work of 
organizing a forest force has been begun. 

The report of Mr. Frederick V. Coville, Bota- 
nist of the Department of Agriculture, on 
Forest Growth and Sheep Grazing in the Cas- 
cade Mountains of Oregon, brought the ques- 
‘tion of forest grazing to public attention in a 
thoroughly scientific and practical manner for 
the first time. No other single factor has 
contributed so much toward a settlement of 
this most important question. The approval 
of Mr. Coville’s plan by the sheep men was 
instant and widespread. 

The foundation of the New York State 
College of Forestry, with Dr, Fernow as Pro- 
fessor of Forestry and Dean of the Faculty, 
and Mr. Roth as his assistant, is the most 
notable step yet taken in forest education in 
the United States.. The last available report 
gives the names of 39 students of Cornell 
University who are participating in the courses 
of the school. 

During the year another forest school, on 
simpler lines, was begun at Biltmore, in North 
Carolina, under the direction of Dr, C. A. 


January, 


Schenck, Four students are in attendance on 
the thoroughly practical courses of the school. 

The mapping and description of the forest 
reserves, under the direction of Mr. Henry 
Gannett, of the U. S. Geological Survey, has 
proceeded very satisfactorily during the past 
year. Nineteen reserves have so far been ex- 
amined, and statistics of standing timber have 
been collected for Washington, Northern 
Idaho and part of Oregon, The Association 
is particularly to be congratulated on the pros- 
pect of possessing, in the near future and for 
the first time, reliable statistical statements of 
forest resources in some of the most inter- 
esting portions of the country. 

The resignation of Dr, Fernow from the 
Division of Forestry was followed by the 
appointment of Gifford Pinchot as Forester of 
the Department of Agriculture, and by the 
reorganization of the work of the Division. 
The attention of the Division is to be directed 
hereafter to field work. as fully as the circum- 
stances will permit. A plan of the Division, 
outlined in Circular No. 21, by which it under- 
takes to assist private owners in the care of 
their forest lands, has been responded to by 
applications for such assistance which cover 
about I,100,000 acres. 

The action of the International Paper Com- 
pany, in appointing Mr. Edward M. Griffith, a 
trained forester, to assist in the management 
of its timber lands, is a notable step forward in 
the progress of forestry, since this company is 
by far the largest producer of wood pulp in 
the United States. Mr. Austin Cary has been 
appointed by another company for a similar 
purpose, 

The purchase of rorest land by New York 
State, in the Adirondacks, under the appro- 
priation of $1,000,000, had resulted, at the 
last report of the Forest Preserve Board, in 
the expenditure of more than $900,000 and 
the acquisition of over 250,000 acres at an 
average price of $3.685 per acre. The school 
forest of the New York State College of Fores- 
try, of about 30,000 acres in extent, has recently 
been added, only, however, as prospective 
State property, since it will belong to Cornell 
University for a term of years before reverting 
to the State. Pennsylvania has acquired 55,681 
acres of wild lands as the result of an ad- 
mirable plan for the creation of State forest 
parks at the head-waters of important streams, 
and the rebate provided by law in the taxes of 
timber lands is beginning to be widely claimed. 
Forestry associations have been established in 
Utah and Massachusetts, and the latter has 
been exceedingly active in forwarding the 
good work. 

One of the ends for which the Association 
has been striving for many years, namely, the 
establishment of a Government system of forest 
administration, having now been attained, the 
members of the Association can devote their 
energies to no more important object than the 


1899. 


maintenance of a public interest which shall 
insure efficiency in the administration of the 
forest reserves. 


The report was received and approved. 
The Treasurer’s report was then pre- 
sented, as follows: 


TREASURER’S REPORT, 1808. 


George P. Whittlesey, Treasurer, in account 
with The American Forestry Association, Dr. 


To Balance December 15, 1897........ $ 907 35 
ANOPATIMNMI AMD LES ncscsccseeeccesccssc-cesscs 1,026 00 
To Life Membership Fees (7)......... 350 00 
MOV OMACOLS teen fe cnesscassacesteseccssetee 37 00 
Monsalerot ProceeGings cs. scccsssescss-- 10, (45 
To Subscriptions to FoRESTER......... I 00 
To Interest on Bonds and Bank 
LO EIST) Gon Seteenoe dospeeece acon a eeBee 113 63 
$2,447 63 
Pye et PHLORESQER conn aur csancacereae-cs $960 13 
Bay ETANUING vee cs ccc onascee aensserscessosces 258 15 
By Clerk Hire, Postage, Express- 
ABI, lS 5 ooaboaeddqoeosoocdqcnsecacuocdodn 255 84 
By. “forest Leaves for 1897.......... 320 32 
ie dC SI SMe rec ecwied coon dese acernse ae 9 73 
PEPIN AA eats ccc sc cwienja seed veecscansne- 3 00 
By Balance on hand November 30, 
TE310)8) coganennag baccucabdnesse008 hebbabonEgdac 640 46 
$2,447 63 


Respectfully submitted, 
GEO. P. WHITTLESEY, 


Treasurer 


The Chair appointed Messrs. F. H. 
Newell, George W. McLanahan and 
Charles A. Keffer as the Committee on 
Nominations; Messrs. Gifford Pinchot, 
F. V. Coville and W. S. Harvey, Com- 
mittee on Kesolutions, and Messrs. 
George B. Sudworth and Henry S. 
Graves, Auditing Committee. The Treas- 
urer’s report was referred to the last- 
named committee. 

Mr. F. H. Newell presented the fol- 
lowing report of the Corresponding 
Secretary, which was accepted: 

REPORT OF CORRESPONDING SECRETARY. 


Since the last annual meeting 128 new mem- 
bers have been elected. Not all of these have 
qualified by payment of dues, but most of them 
undoubtedly will comply with this requisite. 
There have been eight resignations and four 
deaths reported, leaving a total annual mem- 
bership of 748, and life membership of 74, mak- 
ing a total of 822. 

We have lost, by death, four of our most 
active members: Hon. Gardiner G. Hubbard; 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 5 


Mr. J. O. Barrett, of Brown Valley, Minn.; Mr. 
George H. Parsons, of Colorado Springs, and 
Hon. J. M. Forbes, of Milton, Mass, 

The corresponding secretary has been away 
much of the time since July, or has been pressed 
by other duties. For this reason the collections 
during the year have been less than usual and 
the accessions of new membership have not been 
what was hoped, 

F.H. NEWELL. 

Mr. Newell moved that the Constitu- 
tion be amended, and offered certain 
suggestions, which he stated had had 
the approval of the Executive Commit- 
tee. After some discussion they were 
adopted, as fotlows: 

Resolved: 1. That the title at the head of 
the several Articles adopted February 5, 1897, 
be changed from ‘‘Constitution” to By-Laws. 

2. That Article III, Section 3, be amended by 
changing ‘‘ Executive Committee” to Board of 
Directors, 

That Section 4 be similarly amended. 

3. That Article IV, Section 1, be amended 
by striking out the words, ‘‘and an Executive 
Committee.” 

4. That Article V be amended by changing 
the word ‘‘ President” to Chairman. 

5. That Article VIII be amended by changing 
‘‘Executive Committee” to Board of Directors. 

6, That Article IX be amended by striking 
out the sentence, ‘‘He shall receive annual 
dues and receipt for the same in the name of 
the Treasurer.” 

7. That Article X be amended by striking 
out the words, ‘‘or the Executive Committee 
as authorized by said Board.” 

8. That Article XI be canceled. 

9. That Article XII be amended by changing 
‘Executive Committee” to Board of Directors. 

On motion of Mr. Coville, the Board 
of Directors was authorized to choose 
Vice Presidents for Cuba, Puerto Rico, 
Hawaii, and any other countries they 
thought best. 

After a recess of fifteen minutes the 
Committee on Nominations reported the 
following list of officers for 1899, who 
were duly elected : 

President, Hon. James Wilson, Sec- 
retary of Agriculture. 

Vice President for the District of Co- 
lumbia, Mr. George W. McLanahan. 

First Vice President, Dr. B. E. Fer- 
now. 

Corresponding Secretary, Mr. F. H. 
Newell. 

Recording Secretary and Treasurer, 
Mr. George P. Whittlesey. 


6 THE FORESTER. 


Directors, all the above and also 
Messrs. Charles C. Binney, Edward A. 


Bowers, Frederick V. Coville, Henry 
Gannett, Arnold Hague and Gifford 
Pinchot. 


On motion of Mr. Keffer, the Board 
of Directors was directed to revise the 
list of Vice Presidents. 

In reply to questions by Col. French, 
Mr. Newell stated that Mr. Joseph B. 
Thoburn had been secured to edit THE 
Forester, and through it strengthen the 
Association and increase its influence. 

Col. French stated that Gen. Appleton 
thought that a portion of the money left 
over from the Boston meeting could be 
devoted to the expenses of THE For: 
ESTER, probably a hundred dollars or 
more. 

On motion of Mr. Newell, a vote of 
thanks was given to the contributors of 
this fund, and it was also agreed to send 
each of them THE ForesTER for 1899. 

Mr. Pinchot, for the Committee on 
Resolutions, reported: the following reso- 
lutions which were unanimously adopted: 


Whereas, It is essential for intelligent lum- 
ber operations and the proper utilization and 
preservation of the forest resources of the 
United States that statistical information of a 
reliable character shall be acquired as to the 
kinds and quantities of timber in all the States 
and Territories; and 

Whereas, The Division of Forestry of the 
United States Department of Agriculture is 
eminently qualified to gather this information, 
it is therefore 

RESOLVED, That the American Forestry As- 
sociation, at their annual meeting held in 
Washington, December 14, 1898, petition the 
Senate and House of Representatives of the 
United States that provision be made and that 
a suitable appropriation be passed to enable 
the Division of Forestry of the United States 
Department of Agriculture to gather this in- 
formation either in advance of, or in connectio 
with, the Twelfth Census. ; 


Whereas, It is of essential importance that 
the foundation of a knowledge of forestry in 
future citizens be laid in educational institu- 
tions, therefore be it 

RESOLVED, That the American Forestry As- 
sociation welcomes with great satisfaction the 
foundation of schools of forestry in Cornell 
University and at Biltmore in North Carolina 
and the extension of nature-study connect 
with forestry in Normal and other schools 


Whereas, The forest work of the United 


January, 


States Government is distributed among three 
agencies: the General Land Office and the 
Geological Survey, both in the Department of 
the Interior, and the Division of Forestry 
in the Department of Agriculture; and 

Whereas, The Association is gratified by 
the liberality of Congress in providing for 
forest investigation,survey, and administration, 
but deplores the loss of money and energy 
resulting from lack of concentration in the 
execution of forest laws, therefore be it 

REsOLVED, That the American Forestry As- 
sociation urges on Congress the wisdom and 
economy of a unification of these varied 
agencies in a single Bureau adequate in re- 
sources and equipment to the great work in- 
volved. 

In reply to a question by Col. French, 
Mr. Pinchot said he would be delighted 
to welcome any students of forestry who 
might come to the Department of Agri- 
culture, and would help them both in 
the office and in the field. 

Mr. Coville said the Secretary of Ag- 
riculture fully appreciates the value of 
making the Department a school of post- 
graduate work, and cordially favors it. 
He thought there were at least three 
such students now in the Department. 

Mr. Sudworth, for the auditing com- 
mittee, reported that they found the 
Treasurer’s accounts to be correct and 
approved his report. 

A telegram having been received from 
Dr. Fernow that his train was late, and 
that he would arrive about two o’clock, 
the meeting then, on motion of Mr. Co- 
ville, adjourned to meet at three P. M. 

About a dozen members enjoyed a 
cozy and sociable lunch at the Hotel 
Wellington, only regretting that the 
attendance had not been larger. 

At the afternoon session Dr. Fernow 
was given the floor, and said in part that 
he had just completed a detailed report 
on the work of the Forestry Division of 
the Agricultural Department, which he 
had sent to Congress. He had reviewed 
not only the division work, but the whole 
forestry movement in the United States 
from its beginning, tracing its growth 
to the present time. No one man or set 
of men can exert a controlling influence 
n any line, but in forestry this Associa- 
tion has been the prime mover. He 
thought the era of plowing the field had 


1899. 


now closed, and that the era of sowing 
the seed is now coming. He gave con- 
siderable attention to the College of For- 
estry at Cornell, explaining the courses 
of study given by himself and Dr. Roth, 
and stating that some 35 students are at 
work this year, many from the agricul- 
tural department of the University. 
He thought that agriculture and forestry 
would become more and more closely 
connected as time went on. The Cor- 
nell College would publish bulletins now 
and then, discussing questions of tech- 
nical forestry. He “described the new 
forest tract on which the college is to 
demonstrate lumbering for profit, intro- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


a 


ducing various methods in order to show 
what are failures and what are success- 
ful. He believed the so-called German 
methods would be found successful and 
sound. The tract will also be used to 
teach practical forestry and sylviculture 
to students. The land has been given 
to Cornell for thirty years, and so does 
not come under the restrictions of the 
State Constitution as to cutting. 

On motion of Mr. Keffer, a vote of 
thanks was tendered the Cosmos Club 
for kindly allowing the Association the 
use of its hall. 

The meeting was then adjourned. 


New Growth on Burned Areas in Colorado. 


Cra: 


It would be interesting to know with 
some degree of exactness the time re- 
quired to start a new forest growth on a 
burned area, but recorded observations 
are wanting. Some areas may and do 
remain bare for long periods, while others 
will develop new growth within a com- 
paratively few years. The time may 
thus vary greatly, because growth is 
dependent upon local surroundings. 
Denuded areas in the subalpine region, 
where the rainfall is commonly greater 
than below, show the influence of the 
abundant moisture in the quality and 
vigor of the herbaceous vegetation which 
first follows a fire, but observation leads 
me to the conclusion that in the higher 
altitudes the forest trees are much slower 
in starting, and that they start in less 
numbers and develop much more slowly 
than in the lower regions. 

That several years commonly elapse 
between the burning and _ starting of 
new coniferous growth seems indicated 
by the following observations, the first 
in the canon of the Cache la Poudre, on 
a tract that was burned, according to 
reliable authority, in the summer of 1881. 
As examined in 1894, thirteen years after 
burning, grasses were abundant among 


PROF. 


CRANDALL. 


the dead logs, there were a few shrubs, 
and a scattering growth of Pines, the 
largest of which was twenty inches high 
and seven years old.- Here it was 
apparently six years after the fire that 
the first Pine tree started. The other 
observation was made on a tract extend- 
ing south and west from Chambers’ Lake, 
which was burned over in July, 18go. 

I passed through the burned district a 
month after the fire, and was greatly 
impressed with the absolute desolation. 
No green thing remained; the ground 
and everything upon it was clad in som- 
ber black; animal life was absent, and 
there was something so oppressive in 
the desolate solitude that I was glad to 
reach green timber again. A second 
visit to this tract was made four years 
later, in July, 1894, and it was with a 
feeling of keen disappointment that I 
noted how slight a change four years 
had wrought. The intense blackness 
had been subdued in some degree by the 
action of the elements ; some trees had 
fallen and others were losing their bark ; 
but the general appearance of desolation 
remained, A few struggling plants of 
grasses and sedges were the only evi- 
dences of returning vegetation. 


8 THE FORESTER. 


In noting the conditions that seem 
favorable to the starting and develop- 
ment of a new forest growth, I have 
frequently seen confirmation of the often 
repeated and generally accepted state- 
ment that north slopes are more quickly 


= 
2 
Ay. 
st, 
Te 
SS 
$ 
iN 


January, 


quickly. Differences in the two slopes 
are apparent even at the time of burn- 
ing, and, owing to greater dryness, vege- 
tation on the south slope will burn more . 
completely. On the north slope the 
tangle of unconsumed remnants serves 


__ NAT L-ENG- 


DESOLATE SOLITUDE. 


covered by new growth than southern. 
There are exceptions, however. The 
reason for the difference of growth on 
the slopes rests, apparently, in the more 
vigorous action of the sun upon the 
south slope. The nearly perpendicular 
rays melt the winter snows, exhaust the 
soil moisture and parch vegetation very 


as a protection to the young growth and 
nurses it beyond the critical stage, while 


on the south slope the young plants, 


unprotected from the fierce rays of the 
sun, succumb quickly and the slope re- 
mains barren. 
Fort Collins, 
Colorado. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. G 


Forests in Their Relation to Irrigation. 


By Henry MICHELSON. 


In the northeastern part of Spain, 
directly south of the Pyrenees, lies the 
valley of the Ebro River. In its upper 
course, this river gathers its waters in a 
region of mountain forests and pastures. 
In its middle course there is a region 
deserted because of its lack of water. 
The devastation of forests and the lack 
of irrigation works account for large 
tracts of country that have become 
barren and bereft of population. The 
southwestern portion of the plateau 
comprising Estremadura is a_ broken, 
mountainous country. Originally the 
land here was protected by oak and 
chestnut forests in such a way as to 
make agriculture possible, while droves 
of pigs were fed upon mast. Shepherds 
found it necessary to bring their flocks 
into this region to avoid the rigorous 
winters of the interior highlands. The 
result has shown the inveterate hate of 
the shepherd for the forest. Little by 
little this natural covering has been 
stripped away, the climate has been 
altered and Estremadura is now con- 
sidered the most backward part of Spain. 
The agriculturist of Spain has not 
properly prized the two heritages which 
his environment indicates to have been 
the most valuable of his original posses- 
sions. He has wasted the forests and 
has neglected to properly preserve and 
employ the supplies of water at his 
hand. Agriculturally, Spain was prob- 
ably in better condition when the Moors 
possessed it than now. 

The denudation of forests in the 
Volga Valley, and in fact throughout 
the whole of the center and south of 
Russia, has had for its effect the diminu- 
tion of the rainfall and the impoverish- 
ment of soil. Scarcity is almost con- 
tinuous even in the black soil districts, 
famine is always on the horizon and 
every few years thé specter of want enters 
the doorway of millions of Russian 
homes. Much of the soil, in European 


Russia, vast as it is, is rapidly becoming 
exhausted. 

That the forests at the sources of all 
rivers which rise at high altitudes consist 
mainly of coniferous trees, which not only 
shield the snow from rapid melting, 
but also by their dense shade prevent 
rapid evaporation of the ground water. 
To denude the mountain side by axe or 
fire is followed by an early disappear- 
ance of fallen snow, destruction wrought 
by soil erosiqn, drying up of springs, 
the formation of torrents which are de- 
structive of everything within the path 
of the waters, and, for the irrigator, the 
necessity of constructing reservoirs for 
water storage, 

Wherever the mountains have been 
cut bare it is vain for the husbandman 
of the plains below to hope for water for 
his crops during the growing season, for 
the moisture will evaporate and dis- 
appear so soon. as the spring sun shall 
have warmed up the barren cliffs. We 
know that creeks which did run the year 
around at the advent of the white man 
have now barely water enough to run 
for threemonths. Colorado is preparing 
for itself the fate of Spain. The early 
explorers describe it as a land of snowy 
peaks, sparkling rivers, dense woods 
covering the foothills into the plains. 
At the present time we find the greater 
part of its forests destroyed, its timbers 
wasted by fire, its streams lacking water 
and its agricultural part depending on 
reservoirs to supply the crops. As the 
peaks are denuded of their coniferous 
trees, the snowfall will melt rapidly, the 
summer will have no water supply for 
the parched fields of the plains below. 

The winter of 1897-8 was snowless 
and fears were entertained that the beau- 
tiful valley of the Cache la Poudre would 
be unable to raise a crop during the 
season of 1898. A very opportune snow- 
storm which occurred in the beginning 
of the month of May, fortunately took 


10 THE FORESTER. 


away the necessity for the first irrigation 
usually required in that month, and for 
the irrigation of the vast potato fields in 
August, water was used which had been 
stored in reservoirs during former years. 
The irrigating farmer thus lives from 
hand to mouth, trusting in providential 
measures, which he has no right to ex- 
pect, while the lumberman, with axe and 
fire, destroys the source of his supply. 

And the Colorado farmer is not the 
only sufferer. There are in Nebraska 
some three millions of acres fit for irri- 
gation; all of them dependent for their 
water supply upon the river Platte. 
This river would carry a steady volume 
of water all the year round, were its 
sources permitted to pour out their 
liquid streams as nature ordained they 
should. As it is, Nebraska will have to 
build reservoirs to store flood water for 
the use of her farmers during the sum- 
mer season. 

There is but one way out of the diffi- 
culty. The governments, both Federal 
and State, must apply the remedy before 
it shall be too late. What is required is 
a reasonable forest service by men trained 
for the work. We do not advocate a 
cessation of the lumber business at all. 
That lumber should be cut is quite essen- 
tial to the well-being of the forest itself, 
but it should be cut in a sensible and 
scientific manner. 

Where fires are kept out of the forests 
and sheep are not permitted to destroy 
the young trees, nature is apt to repair 
damages by spontaneous growth. Even 


January, 


where fires have destroyed the woods, a 
second growth springs up, if the erosion 
of the soil has not been too severe to 
permit this. What is desired is to save 
whatever timber may be still standing. 


The Danish Government, since 1865, 
has been engaged in planting trees on 
the peninsula of Jutland. A sandy 
stretch of some 200 miles in length has 
been made use of and a forest of some 
forty miles in breadth planted thereon. 
The influence of this 30-year-old Pine 
forest on climate and health has been 
marvelous, and the timber has paid 
for its own planting during the last ten 
years. 

When such results can be achieved by 
a country of small resources and an in- 
hospitable climate, on land so light that 
it was necessary to plant firs and juni- 
pers mixed, the latter being designed to 
protect the roots of the former from be- 
ing laid bare, what may we not doina 
country suchas this where conditions are 
so much more favorable? 


The United States has reason to look 
after the preservation of its forests. 
There is hardly a season that we do not 
hear of reduction of most promising crops 
by drouth and hot winds, and in many 
prairie States the yield per acre has be- 
come less than it ought to be. 

We, of the West, should teach the 
irrigationist farmer unceasingly thus: 

‘“‘Tf you wish for an abundance of 
water, see to the preservation of the 
woods at the sources of the rivers.” 


Report of Wisconsin Commission. 


The State Forestry Commission which 
was appointed under an act of the Leg- 
islature of 1897 for the purpose of in- 
quiring iuto the matter of better forestry 
legislation, has completed its report and 
delivered it to the printer. The com- 
mission consists of George B. Burrows, 
or Madison;> Hi. C. Putnam, of? Eau 
Claire, and Ernest Bruncken, of Mil- 
waukee. 


The report calls attention to the mis- 
apprehension which still widely prevails 
as to the meaning of the word ‘‘forestry.”’ 
That art or profession is not synony- 
mous with arboriculture, which is merely 
a branch of the subject. Neither has it 
anything to do with the growing of orna- 
mental trees in parks. 
business of utilizing forest lands for 
profit. 


It is simply the — 


The improvement of prevailing | 


1899. 


forestry methods is urged by the com- 
missioners, not on sentimental grounds, 
but as a matter of dollars and cents. 

The report next calls attention to the 
fact that there are in the State large 
tracts of land which will return better 
profits if used permanently for raising 
wood crops, than if converted into 
agricultural land. It should therefore 
be the policy of the Government to pro- 
mote this use rather than the clearing 
of these lands for farming purposes. The 
immense extent of the lumber and allied 
industries in the State is referred to, 
and it is urged that if the thousands of 
men who now derive their support from 
these industries were thrown out of em- 
ployment on account of the permanent 
disappearance of their raw material it 
would be nothing short of an economic 
revolution in the State. Finally, the 
commissioners say, it should not be for- 
gotten that ‘‘a wise legislation should 
consider whether Wisconsin cannot in 
the future derive such revenues from its 
forests as will help to bear the expenses 
of government which will otherwise have 
to be met by taxing the people.” 

After this introduction, the subject is 
divided into three heads of discussion: 
Fire protection; the relative advantages 
of publicand private ownership of forests; 
and the steps necessary and practicable 
to attain the object of reform. 

‘‘Without some effective system of 
fire protection there is no hope of placing 
the forest industries of the State upon a 
stable basis. It is clearly as much a 
duty of the public authorities to prevent 
forest fires as to prevent and extinguish 
fires in cities.”” The system of fire war- 
dens inaugurated by the last legislature, 
although it has done some good, is not 
sufficient. Many local wardens either 
do not understand their duties or neglect 
them. There should be proper super- 
vision. The commissioners recommend 
that the State pay one-half of the expense 
of the fire police. 

The report discusses the question 
whether there is likelihood of private capi- 
tal being invested in timber lands for per- 
manent management, and arrives at a 
negative conclusion. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, II 


The opinion is expressed that Wis- 
consin lumber concerns could not com- 
pete with those of other States if they 
were to conduct their business on any 
different principle than that now pre- 
vailing of cutting at once all the mer- 
chantable timber on their holdings, 
though there are reasons why this seems 
questionable. 

The management of timber lots on 
farms is considered and the report in- 
sists that it is the duty of the State to 
assist farmers, by proper instruction, to 
prevent the constant deterioration which 
these small forests now usually suffer. 

The conclusion is reached that the 
State must either allow its lumber, wood, 
and allied industries to decay, or take 
the supply of the necessary raw material 
into its own hands. 

This naturally leads to a consideration 
of the public lands still existing in Wis- 
consin. According to the report of the 
land office the whole amount of the State 
land remaining unsold on the 30th day 
of September, 1898, was 367,000 acres. 
This is nearly all forest-covered, and 
not well fitted for agriculture, and is 
widely scattered. The legal status of 
these lands is discussed, and attention 
called to the constant deterioration of 
the growing timber on them by reason 
of fires, windfalls and consequent insect 
damage. The report urges that the sale 
of these lands be stopped temporarily, 
and the merchantable timber thereon be 
cut and disposed of as soon as practica- 
ble. A number of objections which 
might be raised to the permanent reten- 
tion of these lands by the State are dis- 
cussed and shown to be ill taken. The 
lands owned by the United States Gov- 
ernment in Wisconsin, which are some- 
what larger in extent that the State lands, 
are of substantially the same character 
as the latter. The commissioners recom- 
mend that an effort be made by the State 
authorities to have these lands ceded to 
the State by the Federal Government. 

The most difficult part of the forest 
problem is the disposition of the Pine 
lands from which the merchantable tim- 
ber has been removed. Of these there 
are many hundred thousand acres in the 


12 THE FORESTER. 


State. Practically all of them are capable 
of being restocked with pine at reasona- 
ble expense. 

This can be done only by public 
authority which will not look to immedi- 
ate profit. As long as they remain un- 
cared for the fires prevent the natural re- 
production, Withouthumanintervention 
these immense tracts will for the most 
part become vast wildernesses, unfit for 
agriculture, yet yielding none of the val- 
uable products of a forest. 

Most of these lands are owned by 
private parties, although a considerable 
portion is owned by counties under tax 
titles, The idea that all of these lands 
will eventually be taken up by agricul- 
tural settlers isa mistake. Occasionally 
a settler may be found who makes a 
miserable living on even the poorest of 
these lands, but he must of necessity 
always remain poor, unambitious and 
ignorant. The simplest way to dispose 
of these lands and make them of use to 
the people would be for the State to pur- 
chase them. How this isto be done is yet 
to be determined. Itisstated bythe com- 
missioners that several large owners of 
cut-over Pine lands have intimated their 


January, 


willingness to cede large tracts to the 
State if the latter will take steps to re- 
stock them. 

After outlining the manner in which 
the rational management of the State 
forests should proceed in the future, the 
report gives a general view of the com- 
missioners’ plan for a State forest depart- 
ment, as proposed in the bill which will 
be submitted to the Legislature together 
with the report. A State superintendent 
of forests, an assistant, and other subor- 
dinate officers are to be appointed. 
The sale of State lands shall be stopped, 
and the same shall be surveyed. All 
dead and down timber, and such other 
timber as the superintendent may deem 
expedient, shall be sold as soon as 
practicable. Also audit all accounts. 
The superintendent is to build roads and 


“make necessary improvements on the 


lands under his care, but must not incur 
an expenditure to exceed $110 without 
authority. Thesuperintendent appoints 
the local fire-wardens, and has the 
supervision over them. The department 
is to establish model forests and ex- 
periment stations in different portions 
of the State. 


The Lumber Industry. 


Commenting on the proposition of the 
Forest Division to aid timberland owners 
in the formulation of plans for their most 
profitable management, the Vorthwestern 
Lumberman says: 


«Probably the scheme will result in 
calling attention to the work of the de- 
partment to a greater extent than for- 
merly. It appeals directly to the pockets 
of forest owners, which is about as strong 
an address as can be made to the aver- 
age American or the average man of any 
nationality for that matter. If the offi- 
cers of the Forestry Division can, through 
the workings of their new plan, interest 
a considerable number of woodland own- 
ers to the extent of forcing on their minds 
that there is a better way to handle for- 
ests than to slaughter them, they will 


have accomplished a good work. When 
a few shall have become interested, the 
influence will spread until an intelligent 
forestry system shall become prevalent 
throughout thecountry. But itis doubt- 
ful if the services of the department 
agents will be much required by the lum- 
bermen who own lands that they intend 
to denude as rapidly as they can cut and 
sell the timber. Anything that shall 
hamper speed in this process will likely 
be turned down as an unwarrantable in- 
terference. Yet here and there is a tim- 
ber owner, not a lumberman, who will 
listen to any proposition that promises to 
add to the value of his holdings.” 


This enterprising lumber trade journal 
will have to revise the judgment above 


expressed. Fourteen lumber camps are 


1899. 


now cutting timber under plans prepared 
by the Division, while plans have been 
made and accepted for over 100,000 acres 
in the Adirondack region alone. 


It is estimated by Wisconsin lumber- 
men that this winter’s cut will exceed 
former years by anywhere from 100, 000, - 
000 to 150,000,000 feet. The wages that 
will be paid this winter for chopping are 
placed at about $215,000 per month, and 
from 2,000 to 3,000 more men wil] in all 
probabjlity be employed this year in the 
woods about the head of the lakes than 
last year. 


Lumbering in Northern Michigan and 
on the upper peninsula has been at its 
height, and thousands of men have been 
plying. the axe with vigor. Skilled 
woodsmen have held out for $24 to 
$26 per month, and even when the op- 
erators decided to pay these prices it was 
hard to secure men enough to recruit the 
crews to the desired number. Two 
years ago wages in the woods ran from 
$14 to $18 per month. 


There is a good demand for log scalers 
on the headwaters of the Mississippi, in 
northern Minnesota. This must either 
be due to an unusually large amount of 
logging going on in that district, or else 
scalers of experience have suddenly be- 
come very scarce. It has even been 
said that this scarcity may affect the log 
cut the coming winter. 


The shipments of lumber from Ban- 
gor, Me., this year are reported to be 
about 35,000,000 feet less than the ag- 
gregate amount shipped last year. This 
is said to have been in a great measure 
due to the war. It is hoped that there 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 13 


will be some demand for Maine: lumber 
for shipment to Porto Rico and Cuba. 


The Government has been buying 
some timber and lumber for use in Cuba. 
The creosoted lumber called for in the 
bids is to be used for a wharf at Triscor- 
nio, a village of 500 inhabitants on the 
shore of the harbor of Havana. The 
wharf will be between 300 and 4o0 feet 
in length, insuring thirty feet of water, 
sufficient for large steamers. The tim- 
ber is subjected to its treatment of cre- 
osote to enable it to resist the ravages of 
the teredo worm. 


Representative Bromwell, of Ohio, has 
introduced a bill in Congress to grant 
salvage for logs found adrift in navigable 
waters of the United States. It pro- 
vides that the owners of such logs shall 
pay 25 cents cach for logs less than 30 
inches in diameter and 50 cents for logs 
over 30 inches. Bunches of 50 logs, in 
raft, are to cost the owner $5 in salvage, 
and ro cents for each log over that num- 
ber is to be charged. 


An enthusiastic writer on a Mobile 
newspaper says that ‘the forests of Ala- 
bama are inexhaustible.” This is a very 
popular mistake and one that has been 
made by others in a better position to 
judge intelligently than are the editors 
of secular newspapers. If the writer in 
question had first known his neighboring 
State, Georgia, had been practically 
exhausted within a commercial period 
scarcely exceeding a quarter century, 
and that inroads upon forests are grow- 
ing, not shrinking, he probably would 
not have made that sort of statement, 
especially as it is very clear that he 
thereby could hope for no good to come 
from it to his clientage.— The Timberman. 


14 THE FORESTER. 


January, 


Technical Improvements. 


The Bavarian state railroads have been 
experimenting with a process of harden- 
ing railroad ties by chemical treatment, 
the object being to produce a chemical 
union of the wood fiber and the preserva- 
tive. It consists of a double baking of 
the wood, a treatment with oil of vitriol 
and sulphate of iron, after which the 
wood is given a bath of chloride of lime, 
milk of lime being added, at a tempera- 
ture of 112 to 257 degrees Fahr., ata 
pressure of about forty pounds to the 
square inch. The theory is that the first 
baking destroys the germs of fermenta- 
tion and induces the chemical union of 
the preservative with the fiber of the 
wood, the second baking hardening the 
wood and rendering it a non-absorbent of 
moisture. It is reported that hardening 
takes place to a remarkable degree, while 
the preservative effect compares favor- 
ably with the processes already in use. 


The American Wood Fire-Proofing 
‘Company, of 11 Broadway, New York, 
is building works at Newark, N. J., and 


presently will be prepared to fire-proof 
woods for naval, marine, and otherstruc- 
turaluses. The cost of treatment, so 
the company claims, will be generally 
moderate, depending in particular upon 
the nature of the wood treated. The 
process is protected by letters patent and 
is said to be the only insoluble treatment 
which, with a second treatment, the 
albumen bath, seals the pores and makes 
the wood almost proof against the ele- 
ments, thus greatly increasing its dura- 
bility. The company will sell territorial 
rights or royalty privileges, in such latter 
cases superintending the building of nec- 
essary apparatus. Fire-proof wood made 
so artificially is not altogether a new 
thing, but the treatment employed by 
this company, on account of its insoluble 
and sealing processes, seems to have 
reached the limit of performance in the 
premises. The strength of the wood is 
not appreciably affected by this process, 
but the treatment affords a foundation 
for more effective polish than is attain- 
able without it. 


Forest Administration. 


U. S. Indian Agent Wisdom, of Mus- 
cogee, I. T., who has supervision of the 
agency for the five civilized tribes, re- 
cently issued the following instructions 
relative to the cutting of timber in the 
Indian Territory: 

Until permanent allotments have been made 
and patents issued therefrom to the individual 
Indians, no one is authorized to buy or sell tim- 
ber off any place in the Cherokee Nation un- 


til final disposition of the land or claim in said 
nation is made. 


On December 10 the Committee on 
Indian Affairs in Congress decided to 
appropriate $45,000 to continue the ex- 
amination and estimates of the timber 
on the Chippewa reservation in Minne- 
sota ; $10,000 to be immediately avail- 
able, with the proviso that the work 
shall be finished within the current year. 


Land Commissioner Hermann states that 
he has issued orders to Chief Seelye, of 
the Chippewa Pine Estimating Corps, to 
hurry work in order that the Pine may 
be put on the market at the earliest pos- 
sible moment. The commissioner has 
formally instructed Superintendent Ross 
to resume dead and down timber opera- 
tions in the ceded portions of the Chip- 
pewa reservation. The regulations of 
last year will govern in operations in the 
year to follow, with the following modi- 
fications to be applied to future con- 
tracts: 

All dead and down timber is. to be 
marked and none other than marked 
timber is to be cut; all green trees re- 
moved for road-cutting purposes are to 
be accounted for at green timber price, 
the amount to be placed in the Indian 


1899. 


fund inthe Treasury. Boom sticks also 
to be accounted for in this way, and only 
small trees to be used for this purpose. 
Accounts of supply men are to be sub- 
ject to inspection by Superintendent 
Ross and Indian agent to prevent over- 
charges. 


The Commissioner of the General 
Land Office has issued instructions to 
the forest officials and rangers on the 
reserves in Colorado to co-operate with 
State officials in the enforcement of the 
game laws of that State. 


° 


The right of the Government to pros: 
ecute criminally persons grazing sheep in 
all forest reservations, except in Wash- 
ington and Oregon, is sustained in a 
decision rendered by the Attorney Gen- 
eral. 


The forest reserve officials of Wash- 
ington and Oregon met at Tacoma, 
Washington, on the 27th of December to 
discuss the question of sheep grazing in 
the reserves. 

It was practically decided to allot the 
pasture district lying in the Mount 
Tacoma reserve in well-defined ranges, 
the boundaries being marked by streams 
and ridges. These ranges will be let at 
the rate of $5 to every thousand sheep 
pastured each season, unless there is 
competition for the same tract between 
rival growers, when it will be given to 
the highest bidder. Grazing will be 
prohibited in the reserves until June 20 
to allow the grass to get well started, 
and the higher altitudes will be reserved 
until a month later. 

The settlement of this question is one 
of greatest difficulty, yet it is left nearly 
altogether to the discretion of the reserve 
superintendents, although their plans 
have to be ratified by the Government. 
It is believed that the reserves are already 
pastured to the fullest extent compatible 
with safety to the permanence of the 
grazing. The herds are increasing every 
year, and it has become necessary to 
formulate a plan for allotting the district 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 15 


with definite boundaries for each range, 
and to prevent too early feeding on the 
grass in the spring. 


° 


Spoliation on the Public Domain, 


As news items indicative of industrial 
activity, the two following press dis- 
patches are self-explanatory: 


Rock Sprines, Wyo., Nov. 23.—(Special.) 
The Oregon Short Line Company has com- 
pleted negotiations with the Rock Springs 
Lumber Company for the delivery during the 
coming year of $160,000 worth of railroad cross- 
ties for use on its line. The ties will be cut on 
the headwaters of Green River and floated to 
the railroad at the town of Green River, where 
the company has a big log boom. The lumber 
company has at the present time a large force 
of lumbermen employed in the mountains get- 
ting out ties for the contract. 

ALAMOGORDO, N. M., Dec. 8.—Good authori- 
ties state that the Alamogordo Lumber Com- 
pany has taken a contract to furnish a Mexican 
railroad with sixty miles of railroad ties. 


A question naturally arises in many 
minds, when reading such items, as to 
whether or not all these ties are to be 
cut from patented lands. Trespasses on 
the timber of the public domain have 
been of not infrequent occurence in the 
past and they may occur again. The 
following from the Denver Times throws 
some light on the character of the trans- 
actions of the lumber company referred 
to in the first of the foregoing dis- 
patches: 


One of the most gigantic steals in the history 
of the timber traffic of this country is being 
unearthed at Wells, Uinta County, Wyoming, 
a new town of 150 miles north of the Utah 
line. The case is not only large of itself but 
its ramifications are far-reaching and involve 
parties high in power in the meshes of mal- 
feasance in office. Binger Hermann, Com- 
missioner of the General Land Office, is on the 
scent and after having been notified by promi- 
nent men of Wells of the state of affairs ex- 
isting there, has ordered several inspectors to 
the scene. That is the first part of the cat- 
out-of-the-bag side of it. Despite the Com- 
missioner’s orders, to date none of his inspec- 
tors have appeared. No reflections are made 
on the integrity of Mr. Hermann, however. 
It is the fact that none of the men whom he 
had ordered to the scene have arrived that led 
to the upheaval. Briefly summarized, the 
methods have been as follows: The Rock 
Springs Lumber Company has located a large 


16 THE FORESTER, 


number of tracts of timber land, paying for 
it with soldier scrip, Of this scrip they have 
a great quantity, bought for a song from 
soldiers who did not use it themselves. The 
scrip calls for small parcels of land. from 40 
to 120 acres each, and reads ‘‘agricultural 
land”! ‘The fact that it is diverted into other 
channels is considered sufficient cause for 
prosecution by the Government, Instead of 
taking the land in a bunch, it is alleged that 
the lumber company takes it in various sec- 
tions, skipping here and there and using their 
own and the land lying between their tracts 
indiscriminately. This is very difficult to dis- 
cover, as the lines are hard to run through the 
heavy timber and it would involve a great 


January, 


ruthless manner. Another count which has 
been lodged against the company is that it has 
been buying elk meat at two cents per pound 
and that a number of hunters have been pro- 
viding it for the wood-choppers in various 
camps belonging tothe company. In view of 
the fact that this was done during the close 
season for big game, it isa most serious offense, 
and when taken with the rest of the allega- 
tions, it seems important that something should 
be done to thwart the schemers. The inform- 
ants of 7he 7Tzmes are reliable men and their 
reports indicate a most malodorous state of 
affairs. 


Last fall the Assistant Commissioner 


YELLOW PINE ON BITTER 


amount of labor to locate the boundaries cor- 
rectly. The company has from 150 to 200 men 
at work at all times and it does a general tim- 
ber trade, dealing in ties, mining timbers and 
saw logs. The amount cut annually is im- 
mense and the loss sustained by the Govern- 
ment is enormous. In addition to the scrip 
deals, it is alleged that last winter the company 
cut much timber on Horse Creek without pay- 
ing for it even in scrip. Two years ago they 
cut it around Wells, and the year before that 
their traffic was carried on along Jim Creek. 
They made no pretensions save an open steal 
on those occasions. 

Mr, Wells, of the town which bears his 
name, has been threatened by the company on 
account of the bitter fight he has been making 
against the members of it. It is said that the 
country is being stripped of timber in a most 


ROOT RESERVE, 


MONTANA. 


of the General Land Office, acting in 
the absence of the Commissioner, re- 
fused to sell to a contractor a large tract 
of timber on the west slope of the 
Medicine Bow range in Wyoming, hold- 
ing that under the law timber cannot 
be sold from the public lands to non- 
residents of the State. In making this 
ruling the Assistant Commissioner was 
in the right, yet his decision might well 
have been based on a more sweeping 
provision of the law. In the Act of 
March 3, 1875, among other rights con- 
ferred on railroad companies,‘ is the 
privilege of taking from the public lands 


1899. 


adjacent to the line of road such timber 
as may be necessary for the construction 
of the road. This provision of the 
statute was literally construed in a sub- 
sequent ruling of the Interior Depart- 
ment, thus permitting the use of timber 
from public lands by railroad companies, 
or their agents or contractors, for pur- 
poses of construction only and not for re- 
pairs. It would seem that the pro- 
hibition in this case should be based, 
not on the fact that the contracting tie- 
cutter was a non-resident of the State in 
which it was proposed to cut the timber, 
but rather on the fact that the railroad, 
for which the supplies were to be cut, 
was not constructing a new line in the 
meaning of the law, but proposed to use 
the supplies so obtained as_ repairs. 
Indeed, in the present instance, the con- 
tracting railroad, the Oregon Short Line, 
1s not only not constructing a line of 
road adjacent to the land from which 
the timber is being cut, but it has no line, 
either in existence or projection, in the 
State of Wyoming ! 

Of the transactions of the lumber 
company reported as operating at Alamo- 
gordo, N. M., less is known, but it is 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


17 


certain that there is no law that author- 
izes the cutting of timber to supply the 
needs of railways beyond the national 
boundary, and it is no less certain that 
New Mexico has no timber to spare for 
such purposes. Every day the neces- 
sity for a further extension of the forest 
reservation policy becomes more appar- 
ent. So long as an adequate super- 
vision of the public timber lands is 
lacking, cupidity, dishonesty and law eva- 
sion willbe manifest. It has indeed been 
well said that ‘* No good reason can be 
given for the maintenance of the present 
reserves which does not also demand 
the withdrawal and protection of all 
similar lands held by the Government.” 


Government officers say: many men 
throughout the mountains are illegally 
cutting railway ties on Government land. 
Recently a mountaineer called at one of 
the Denver offices to sell ties. When 
asked if they were broad or narrow gauge 
ties, he replied that they were not cut 
yet. Suspicious that everything was not 
straight, the official dismissed him.— 
Denver Times. 


Arboriculture. 


Tree Planting on the Farm. 


I am giad to notice the interest mani- 
fested by so many in the matter of pre- 
serving our now almost depleted forests. 
Those of us who have grown old in 
Indiana have been familiar with a native 
forest that was truly beautiful for its 
grandeur and magnificence; and we 
have witnessed, too, its almost,entire 
annihilation. In the early settlement of 
the country trees were regarded as the 
natural earnings of the farmer. Before 
the pioneer built his cabin he indus- 
triously cut away every tree within a 
stone’s-throw of the site. Years after- 
ward, discovering his mistake he planted 
the same kind of trees about his home 
that in an earlier day his hands had so 
ruthlessly destroyed. I am now living 


on the farm upon which I was born. 
At first the trees were all cut down that 
were near the house. Many years ago 
I commenced allowing sprouts of native 
trees that voluntarily sprang up to grow, 
and transplanted others. I now live in 
a grove of native trees of second growth. 
Ten or a dozen kinds are represented ; 
some of the trees are quite large. I have 
had to cut some down, one of which was 
over two feet in diameter, and madea 
good sawlog, which I sold to a timber- 
man for several dollars. This is con- 
clusive evidence to my mind that timber 
culture is not a mere dream of a theorist, 
but that it is practicable, and in my 
judgment it may be made profitable. I 
have also on my farm two or three Black 
Locvust groves that are, and have been for 


18 THE FORESTER. 


years, furnishing all the posts needed on 
a large farm. This is a convenience that 
can only be appreciated by those who 
have to have posts and who have not 
the money to buy iron posts with—that 
our friend Haslett recommended so 
highly. I have urged young farmers to 
plant Locust groves for shade, for wind- 
breaks, for beauty and for poles and 
posts ; but not many of them will do it. 
In this fast age of steam and electricity 
people cannot wait for trees to grow. 
Yet how few there are who do not ad- 
mire a grove of thrifty trees. In my 
opinion the State Board of Agriculture 
could not do a wiser thing than to de- 
vote a few acres of the fair grounds to 
tree culture, planting and preserving in 
it all of the various kinds of trees that 
grew originally in our forests. It would 
beautify the grounds and would be one 
of the attractions for visitors and an ob- 
ject lesson that would awaken and stimu- 
late an interest in the subject of forestry. 
— James N. Hill tn Indiana Farmer. 


For hedgerows and windbreaks on 
the dry plateau uplands of eastern Colo- 


January, 


rado J. E. Payne, of Cheyenne County, 
finds the black locust the most accepta- 
ble tree, with the honey locust second 
choice. The Russian Artemisia, which 
was so well recommended, has not done 
very well. Out of goo planted only four 
remain on account of winter-killing. The 
Russian mulberry is more promising and 
the ash is a slow but sure grower. The 
sand plum will do, and so may other 
varieties of the wild plum ; but the most 
essential thing to observe in tree plant- 
ing on the great plains without irri- 
gation is to plow and subsoil or even 
dynamite the land, and if possible plow 
diagonal furrows in from higher ground 
so as to direct flood waters along the 
tree rows whenever it rains hard, and in 
this way get the benefit of the mois- 
ture. 
wd ee 

The Newtown (Pa.) Enxterprise says 
a Hickory tree, 100 feet in height, was 
cut down a short time ago, on the farm 
of David Slack, near Penn’s Park, Buck 
County. Eighty feet from the stump it 
measured two feet in diameter. It will 
be cut up into firewood. 


Sheep-Grazing in Forests. 


The people of Madera County, Cali- 
fornia, have been circulating a petition 
to the Commissioner of the General Land 
Office praying for a rigid enforcement of 
the forest reservation rules in the Sierra 
Forest Reserve, and especially that sheep 
be hereafter excluded from its bounds. 
Among other things recited in the peti- 
tion is the following, which illustrates 
the determined stand which the people 
of California have taken in regard to 
sheep grazing : 

We memorialize you that sheep owners re- 
tard the settlement and permanent growth of 
wealth in the California valleys; that years ago 
they antagonized the irrigating canals and they 
opposed the conversion of grazing lands in to 
wheat ranches; that they once grazed their 
flocks over the site of Fresno city, now the 
center of the raisin industry, nestling amid 
matchless orchards and splendid vineyards, 
over land there and elsewhere, whose value as 


grazing lands was $1.25 per acre, but which is 
now worth from $125 to $300 per acre. 

Therefore your petitioners pray that the Sierra 
forests be preserved as nature’s guardians to 
protect our valleys, so that all lines of industry 
may be developed side by side. 

And in the name of the common people of 
Calitornia, in the name of our genial valley 
awaiting the wealth of waters that nature has 
provided for but avarice denies—which valley 
once baptized with crystal fountains would 
smile to welcome sheep husbandry along with 
sister industries—and in the name of labor that 
looks longingly out across broad acres unem- 
ployed and is strong in hope and love to build 
the future homes of the ‘‘ Golden State,” we 
ask that the sheep be not allowed to range the 
Sierras and despoil the God-given heritage of 
forest and stream. 


A county ‘‘wool growers’ protective 
association” in Wyoming recently 
adopted resolutions in which the decla- 
ration was made that the regulation 
which excludes sheep from forest re- 


1899. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


FEET 


II,700 


RESERVE, ALTITUDE 


BERNARDINO 


SAN 


PEAK, 
STANDS OF 


GREYBACK 
—SHOWING 


OF 


SLOPE 


NORTH 


Pinus Flexilis. 


PINE, 


LIMBER 


20 THE FORESTER. 


serves is the result of ‘‘ false representa- 
tions made by the American Forestry 
Association.” It would seem that, by 
that particular interest and in that locality 
at least, the American Forestry Associa- 
tion, in common with the coyotes and 
wolves of the wilderness and the foreign 
wool grower under the free trade regime, 
is regarded as a most deadly enemy of 
the flockmaster. The American For- 
estry Association, above all things, has 
always sought to develop the facts that 
should be the cause of, and the basis for 
public action. It has no interests of a 
private or selfish nature to conserve and 
has ever advocated what seemed to 
promise the greatest good to the greatest 
number. Just why any particular class 
or interest has a vested right to the use 
of any part of the national domain to the 
exclusion or injury of other interests or 
industries is not apparent. For nearly 
seventeen years the American Forestry 
Association has been working for the 
present and future welfare of the whole 
people, and the selfish motives of a 
single class interest will scarcely avail 
now to change its sense of duty to the 
more general interests involved. There 
are good reasons why the grazing of sheep 
on forest reserves seems inexpedient, and 
until careful investigation shall result in 
the development of facts to the contrary, 
the regulation which has aroused this 
opposition should be continued in effect. 


A Better Understanding. 


There has been within the past twelve 
months a very noticeable change in sen- 
timent on the part of many people in the 
West toward the forest reserve policy of 
the Federal Government. Perhaps one 
of the strongest agencies contributing 
to this desirable result is the report of 
Mr. Frederick V. Coville, botanist of the 
Department of Agriculture, onthe sub- 
ject .of ‘‘Forest Growth and Sheep 
Grazing in the Cascade Mountains of 
Oregon.” Mr. Coville’s fair and un- 
biased manner of presenting the facts 
developed by his careful and painstak- 
ing investigation, together with the re- 


January, 


commendations submitted, appealed to 
reason rather than predjudice, and that 
with telling effect. The result is appar- 
ent in the many letters received from 
residents of Oregon, some of whom are 
sheep owners. They all unite in com- 
mending the report together with the 
accompanying recommendations. The 
Portland Oregonian published the report 
in full and added its editorial endorse- 
ment. The following, which is a more 
recent expression of the Oregonian, is 
indicative of the present state of public 
sentiment in Oregon: 


‘‘It may be said that there are now fewer 
violations of the National Park and forest laws 
of the United States than ever. Cleveland’s 
reservation proclamation is not working the 
hardship that people thought it would, and all 
classes are glad that the Senate amendment to 
the Sundry Civil Bill, abolishing the reserva- 
tions, did not prevail.” 


Among others who have expressed 
the most cordial approval of Mr. Co- 
ville’s exposition of the matter are 
Hon. T. W. Davenport, ex-State sur- 
veyor, of Salem; Judge J. B. Waldo, of 
Macleay, who is known as ‘‘the father 
of the Cascade Reserve,’’ and Hon. J. N. 
Williamson, of Prineville, who is a mem- 
ber of the Oregon legislature, a stock- 
man and sheep owner. At a special 
meeting of the Stockmen’s Union of 
southern Wasco County, Ore., the fol- 
lowing resolution was adopted: 


Resolved, ‘‘That this Union generally en- 
dorses the report of F. V. Coville on the Cas- 
cade Forest Reserve and pledges its best 
efforts to carry out the suggestions therein 
witnessed.” 

(Signed) Bo MALES, 


Sec y Stockmen's Union. 


Gradually it is beginning to dawn upon 
the popular mind that forestry and a 
forest reservation policy do not com- 
prehend the setting aside of vast tracts 
and keeping them from ever becoming 
fields of human industry. It is wellthat | 
such views are becoming dissipated, for 
forestry means use as against abuse of | 
woodland reserves. The result of the © 
publication of Mr. Coville’s report is } 
indeed most happy. . 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 21 


The Law and the Forests. 


Judge Hallett yesterday instructed the 
jury in the United States Court to acquit 
H. S. Tomkins, the well-known hard- 
ware man, of unlawfully trespassing on 
public land in Custer County and de- 
spoiling the land of 250,000 feet of lum- 
ber. The defendant proved that the 
lumber was used in mines and not for 
railroad ties. He was accordingly ac- 
quitted.— Rocky Mountain News (Colo.). 

During the present term of the United 
States District Court several convictions 
have been obtained of men charged with 
cutting timber on Government land and 
carrying it away. Albert and George 
Rutherford were fined $9g0 each and 
given one day in the county jail for 
stealing timber in Boulder County. 
Frank Nice, a neighbor of the Ruther- 
fords, was given a similar sentence yes- 
terday by Judge Hallett. J. C. Dallon 
did not appear yesterday to answer a 
charge of cutting timber and judgment 
was entered against him.—Denver Re- 
publican. 


Timber Land Frauds. 


Eleven indictments returned by the 
recent United States grand jury, which 
were not made public when handed into 
court, turn out to be the result of a pa- 
tient investigation into as big a scheme, 
if the grand jury allegations are true, 
to defraud the Government as has been 
called to the attention of the Land Office 
in recent years. Thousands of Govern- 
ment acres in Southern Colorado have 
been despoiled of valuable timber in a 
scheme which, it is alleged by the Fed- 
eral authorities, is as smooth as has ever 
been concocted. 

Deputy United States Marshal Crock- 
er returned from Durango this morning 
after having placed under arrest Louis 
C. Jackaway and F. W. Stubbs, of the 
lumber firm of Jackaway & Stubbs; Louis 
C. Griffith, S. B. Jackaway, Edward 
Walker, Robert D. Sisson, E L France, 
bookkeeper; John W. Miller and William 


Palmquist. Indictments for two others 
are in the deputy’s possession, but as 
the men could not be found the warrants 
were not served. 

The nine pleaded not guilty to the 
charge of cutting timber on Government 
land when arraigned yesterday before 
United States Commissioner Pengree at 
Durango, and were held in bonds of $500 
each. The preliminary hearing was set 
for the first Monday in April. 

The company, it is alleged by the off- 
cials, was organized to operate in La 
Plata, Archuleta, Conejos and Monte- 
zuma Counties, where the settlements 
are few and far between and where for- 
ests of the choicest timber in the State 
stretch over the mountain ranges for 
miles upon miles. For ten years the busi- 
ness has been carried on but under such a 
clever cover, if the findings of the grand 
jury are true, that it was not until after 
months of tireless search that the mat- 
ter was ready for presentation by the 
special agents. 


Extensive sawmills are located fifty 
miles west of Durango and at various 
other points adjacent to the Rio Grande 
Southern Railway. Large lumber yards 
are maintained by the company in Sil- 
verton, Durango and Ouray. The busi- 
ness amounts to tens of thousands of 
dollars annually and the members of the 
company are very wealthy. 

Stacked at the principal mill west of 
Durango are 4,000,000 feet of lumber 
ready for shipment. From fifteen to 
twenty men are employed by this mill 
as loggers and choppers. 


The grand jury charges that the com- 
pany induced men to settle on Govern- 
ment land, taking up homesteads of 160 
acres each and then, when the first pa- 
pers were filed, purchasing it from them, 
the purchase price being the pay for the 
labor expended. These homesteads were 
never proved, for final papers were never 
taken out. The company would cut all 
the timber, haul it to its mills, and the 
homesteader under another name would 


N 
N 


take up other acres. It is said some- 
thing like 1o,ooo acres have been 
stripped of timber in the ten years of 
the company’s existence, the railroads 
buying the lumber. The Government 


Forest 


The much lamented denudation of the 
famous ‘‘Presidential Range’ in the 
White Mountains seems to be in full 
progress, according to reports emanat- 
ing from that section. A year or more 
ago it was reported that a deal had been 
closed whereby this famous tract passed 
into the hands of the Bartlett Lumber 
Company, of Boston, whose mills are at 
Bartlett, N. H. Forestry enthusiasts 
held up their hands in horror, and the 
press of the country printed column 
after column of editorial comment, 
pointing the finger of reproach at the 
authorities of the old Granite State for 
permitting a transaction which would 
probably result in the denudation of that 
world-famed range of mountains. We 
learn that not less than eight distinct 
logging crews have been sent into that 
section to operate during the winter, 
largely in the interest of the Bartlett 
Lumber Company. If the intention of 
the company is to strip the entire growth 
from this spot—much favored by tourists 
—their work will undoubtedly bring for- 
ward loud and prolonged protests from 
forestry interests, the general public and 
the press of the country.—Lwmberman’s 
Review. 


Timber Cutting in Mississippi. 


Under the caption of ‘‘A Birthright 
for a Mess of Pottage”’ Zhe Zimberman 
has the following to say of the waste of 
timber in Mississippi : 


Down in Sunflower and Bolivar Counties, 
Mississippi, there is a practical exposition of 
an uneconomical proposition that is so wide in 
its scope and important in its influences as to 
merit the serious attention of all hardwood 
stumpage holding and tapping railroads and 
hardwood manufacturers. Both of these, as 


THE FORESTER. 


January, 


will demand a big round sum of the men 
arrested and in the meantime the special 
agents are investigating further into the 
matter.—Denver (Colo.) Post. 


Policy. 


well as entire communities outside, are in this 
connection such unnecessarily large sufferers 
that they should adopt strong measures of re- 
form. We refer to the getting out of pipe 
staves and its effect on those mentioned. 

In the case in point it amounts to a frittering — 
away of the real and prospective assets of the — 
railroads tapping the territory named, It re- 
duces the possible amount of forest product — 
tonnage to a minimum, indirectly damaging 
the community and occasioning a loss to the 
lumberman by depriving him of entrance into 
a field peculiarly intended by nature to be the 
scene of his operations. 

Than the Yazoo bottoms in Mississippi there 
is, or rather was, probably no finer hardwood 
timbered section on earth. In that portion of 
it for miles on both sides of a line drawn from 
Moorhead, on the Southern Railway, to Dun- 
can, on the Yazoo & Mississippi Valley branch 
of the Illinois Central, there may now be 
witnessed such operations as in this, as well 
as numberless like sections, are wiping wide 
expanses of territory from the map so far 
as lumbermen are concerned, and all this at 
little immediate profit and much future loss 
to those short-sighted entities—the railroads— 
who could, if they would, prevent it. 

The story of this locality is that of hundreds 
of others. Several years ago Eastern parties 
who had been attracted there settled at Moor- 
head with the intention of developing the 
heavily timbered country lying north. In 
connection with this development a line of 
railroad has up to this time been constructed 
from Moorhead to Ruleville, a distance of 
twenty miles. This road has been recently 
purchased by the Illinois Central and will be 
extended from Ruleville to the Yazoo & — 
Mississippi Valley Railroad, a further distance — 
of about twenty-five miles. Absolutely the 
only natural resource of the country traversed 
is timber, and the most liberal estimate that 
can be made from the facts is that not toll 
exceed 10 per cent of as much of this as would 
be available to the lumbermen will provide 
revenue for the railroads; and even this per-— 
centage will not yield returns at all to be com- © 
pared with those from a like quantity of sawn ~ 
lumber. j 

All of this, accompanied by the almost posi-— 
tive exclusion of lumbermen from the territory, © 
is the net result of conditions practically 
created by the railroads, wherein the country 


1899. 


has been recklessly despoiled by the stave 
producer. 

To begin with, the very land was turned 
over to these people by the railroads, who in 
the end are the chief sufferers. When the 
development spoken of was first projected, 
the stave people flocked in and secured pos- 
session of the land or trees for their purposes, 
always working far in advance of the actual 
location of transportation facilities. In their 
operations only trees of perfect growth and 
only about 20 per cent of the board measure 
contents of them are utilized. 

Traveling ahead, they fell all the choice 
timber. Of this they utilize in the case of each 
tree a 13-foot cut only. This is riven into 
staves, and the remainder—about 80 per cent 
of the average perfect tree—is left a victim to 
the always hastening forces of worms and 
decay. ‘These staves are piled in cribs and let 
remain, if needs be, for several years before 
hauling. They are being dried in the mean- 
time and the freight on them is being largely 
absorbed by the neighboring air—this is the 
extent of the neighborhood benefit. The com- 
munity or the State does not benefit even to 
the slight extent of the labor employed, which 
is imported by wholesale from the disappearing 
forests of Europe for the purpose. 

Should necessity demand, these staves may 
in the end be hauled a dozen or fifteen miles 
for shipment at a comparatively low cost. 
This is not possible with logs, hence the lum- 
berman can be and is anticipated in his opera- 
tions; in fact, he cannot operate. 

Before the fallen trunk left by the pipe-stave 
man can be reached—and they are the most 
valuable things left—they are rotten or worm- 
eaten. What is left is not sufficient to make 
an attempt at lumber producing either tempt- 
ing or profitable. The counties of Sunflower 
and Bolivar, in Mississippi, are living evidences 
of this. Less than to per cent of their re- 
sources are disposed of in such a way as not 
only to prove unprofitable in themselves, but 
to render the remaining go and more per cent 
largly valueless. The country they include is 
covered with stave cribs, and when the time 
comes that the atmosphere will cease to ab- 
sorb the freight, the railroads which held these 
lands and delivered them into the hands of the 
alien, in a more than double sense, will receive 
a paltry freight earning for the short haul 
necessary to reach the nearest exporting point 
only, and even the amount of this revenue is 
more than they deserve, since the rate which 
produces it is the same as they have fixed upon 
lumber. Verily, this is a waste of substance 
that should be inquired into and remedied. 


Information Wanted. 


The notable lack of reliable information as 
to the timber supply of the United States was 
clearly demonstrated during the discussions 
that preceded the adoption of schedule D in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 23 


the Dingley bill, While that bill was pending 
in the Senate a request was made on the De- 
partment of Agriculture for information cover- 
ing this point, and in response the Division of 
Forestry furnished an estimate, which was 
prefaced by the statement that it was largely 
guesswork, The remaining supply of White 
Pine in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota 
can be arrived at with some degree of certainty, 
but we have little accurate knowledge of the 
vast resources of the south and the Pacific 
coast. 

It has been suggested that an attempt be 
made to collect this information in connection 
with the taking of the Twelfth Census, work 
on which will begin in 1900. Those who have 
had experience, however, claim that all such 
information can be more economically gathered 
through the appropriate bureau, and in this 
case the Department of Agriculture, having 
charge of the Forestry Division, would be the 
proper medium for the purpose. In fact, the 
bill providing for the taking of the Twelfth 
Census, which has already passed the Senate, 
was prepared with reference to excluding all 
such intormation because of the tendency to 
overload the enumerators, who ordinarily have 
had no practical experience in such work, 

There is no reason, however, why this work 
of securing information as to the timber supply 
should not be taken up by Congress indepen- 
dent of the Twelfth Census and the work 
might justas well be begun next yearas the year 
following. It is stated by a leading lumber- 
man who is in close touch with the authorities 
at Washington that should it be demonstrated 
that there is a public need of such information, 
there would be no difficulty whatever in se- 
curing an appropriation from Congress for the 
Forestry Division to carry out any plan of 
operations that might be decided upon. That 
there is a demand for such information is 
clearly shown by the resolutions adopted at 
the conference of Northern and Southern mill 
men held at St. Louis recently. These mill 
men represented Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, 
Illinois, Missouri, Arkansas, Indian Territory, 
Louisiana and Mississippi, and included in the 
number were several of the heaviest timber 
land holders in the country. In the preamble 
to this resolution, after reciting the need of 
statistics relating to the timber supply, the 
opinion is expressed that such statistics can be 
compiled only by the Government, through 
some special bureau abundantly equipped by 
ample appropriation and thus able to employ 
the expert knowledge required. ‘The resolu- 
tion therefore urged the establishment of a 
Bureau of Timber and Lumber Statistics as a 
part of the Division of Forestry, Department 
of Agriculture, to be supported by adequate 
annual appropriations, or that a special appro- 
priation be made to cover the cost of the com- 
pilation of these statistics in connection with 
the Twelfth Census.—/Vorthwestern Lumber- 
man, 


24 THE FORESTER. 


The following is the text of the reso- 
lutions above referred to: 


Resolved, That we, the lumber manufac- 
turers of Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, Illinois, 
Missouri, Arkansas, Indian Territory, Texas, 
Louisiana and Mississippi, in convertion as- 
sembled at St. Louis, Mo,, on the 15th day of 
November, 1898, urge the establishment of a 
Bureau of Timber and Lumber Statistics as a 
part of the Division of Forestry, Department 
of Agriculture, to be supported by adequate 
annual appropriation, or that a special appro- 
priation be made to cover the cost of the com- 
pilation of these statistics in connection with 
the Twelfth Census, 


January, 


A forest fire in Wright County, Mis-— 
souri (in the Ozark region), burned over 
a tract of land fifteen miles long and 
from two to six miles wide. A number 
of farm houses and other buildings were - 
burned anda great deal of fencing was 
destroyed, the owners in several in- ~ 
stances having to seek personal safety 
in hasty flight. The progress of the 
fire was finally checked by timely occur- 
rence of rain. 


Recent Publications. 


‘<The Timber Wealth of Pacific North 
America’ is the title of a very interesting 
and instructive contribution tothe Decem- 
ber Engineering Magazine by Frank Haines 
Lamb, of Leland Stanford University. 
Besides discussing transportation in its 
relation to the lumbering industry and 
the growth and development of that in- 
dustry within thirty years, the writer 
enters into a brief description of the 
economic value of the commercial tim- 
bers of the Pacific Coast region, all of 
them betng conifers. In concluding Mr. 
Lamb says: 


The Pacific Coast forests are not ‘‘inex- 
haustible”—far from it—but, with proper use 
and care, they should be equal to the future 
needs of home and foreign consumption. The 
forests now standing are mature and are not 
bettered by not being cut. At least 90 per 
cent of the cut-over lands are of absolutely no 
value for agricultural purposes. They are 
adapted only to timber growing. Moreover, 
the native species, if protected from fire, are, 
as a rule, readily and quickly reproduced. 
Let land owners and loggers recognize these 
facts, and treat their cut-over lands as growers 
of another timber crop. Let a wise policy 
protect the forests and cut-over lands from 
fire and further the work of reforestation. 
The lumber industry is legitimate and neces- 
sary business, despite sentimentalists ; more- 
over, if properly managed, its future has 
more in store for the Pacific Coast than all her 
gold mines have yielded. 


Bulletin No. 46, Maine Agricultural Experi- — 
ment Station, recently issued, treats of orna- 
mental trees and plants for Maine. About © 
twenty species of trees, mostly indigenous, 
are recommended as hardy. Strangely enough, 
though it is published in the ‘* Pine Tree State,” — 
no conifers are mentioned. 


Bulletin No. 55, New Hampshire Agricul- 
tural Station, gives detailed account of a care- 
ful observation of the feeding habits of the 
chipping sparrow, proving the value of this 
native bird asa destroyer of noxious insects. 
Bulletin No. 56, of the same station, gives 
results of analyses of the leaves of several 
species of Wild Cherry, showing that they con- 
tain poisonous principles which, when subjected 
to digestive ferment, result in the formation 
of prussic acid, thus causing the death otf 
browsing animals. 


The Park Commissioner's Report, Spring- 
field, Massachusetts, a copy of which has been 
received, is a publication of eighty pages with 
a map. It is illustrated with half-tone en- 
gravings and contains catalogues of the flora 
and fauna of Forest Park, both indigenous 
and exotic. 


The December number of Forest Leaves 
contains the addresses of the officers at the 
annual meeting of the Pennsylvania Forestry 
Association. Dr. J. T. Rothrock’s dendrologi- 
cal contribution, illustrated as usual by two 
very handsome half-tones, is devoted to a de- 
scription of the Honey Locust, which, it is 
claimed, is gradually extending its habitat — 
eastward in Pennsylvania, ; 


Tou. V- FEBRUARY, 1899. No. 2 


The Forester 


} 


A monthly magazine devoted to the care and use 


of forests and forest trees and to related subjects. 
SS. OS 
PUBLISHED BY 
The American Forestry Association. 


SS O——- 


Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., as second class matter. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


Why Persons Interested in Irrigation should be Members of the American Forestry Associ- 


UAE We, se diin cate sd pada dbuids vob Oniavideiser bere seaey qiMtenameadonavelwcnh beet onts daunted sany st Psy Se A vee 25 
Letter from the Secretary of Agriculture: 1... Wupunncvonysesegecussenesensdetsacgsdlesiepaskn geen: Pesreteenee 26 
OBJSch GF: MOrest RESCLVALION .oescbsvpascesccdcoesseheMptabpitediilnbviss selsheeUbkponauees odeschas Shon BAUME AUER neon + 27 
RPMI 2 Lit snh cd evcn'ge tana dacdh chs tp okieds akviedeiae on vid SMMMeRaeMteaoe sRiok Mekitahiel) 45 eulp aiinadisatcee ue neste Mea Se Wie: 
MOresthA dministration ieee iced ace UMP eee RN eA Sac aiaen a TTL a Ok SR Od aay Se 32 
pee nes tO RESSrvatiOn POC | 00). .\c..so0. adda agree eenaeli uevoumen eee sup nop cuedtinsl gee PRES ete) Rue EL 34 
REA CHICAL NAV GWT isco o Shes et ee ea eidie ue ok nls RUaMate Ri aee ato Ca Tae UM CA aa Bs ORT2 Opa a 35 
Riamber industry :\ Lop Salvage. ...5)...5...ss0sagegsnedopecdcapeavantncsene epctinnre cess bRomh aN des pels Heseathrad aueaet amet 
PAUOPESE De UCM YY, eee koe ode clew selon suede svi suseutamulaueele ich so naapilceMioNicea sable e CMU eteat Oi oige cite assay Ltn Rae 38 
Recent Forestry Meetings: 

MOMEORTUIE UO As cee custedaekce daveesepiceashnechnvewceabmad aawaddube Kemmtcotb tes tiaadslacite gid woah Gumes iane sean: aia ea 39 

MIM MESObAN, sleet cel duces ce saveds cau cdblecsesssl.occcsambemetatic Vals use evdudlasudasiny hull Ukidas alae Ream ga a eae mean atta 39 

ING DIAS seh ee ee oes a ood, dak ook Uae Made sectias Cui caiety dele wise inaira ly spake Be aR ee 40 

LUNE No RS ACSI Tare A UPL RSE Lea OP Re PN Re Ue a RE PR MN AN MRS I ce ab A A ky 40 
FEAT CALTON a eo ee ees ie al ais cls Blgtaaterd trae iatt alte ale utuite ald Stee eS exe een ue I Sm SO tha aren au 41 
Editorial : 

POLESt (OPPADIZALION 004). 62. ct aeocedevaccsevssvactemcdoe dacdwossetiddweeche ssitousedn tds SU eh UENW Es We UR ameems Mae 43 

The Protection ‘of Irrigation Works... 0dceesrsecscess Gospels dresses cl vet cule sWetbsiahe ote mt sak ans gms ep 44 
Recent Publications eh GN AG ae aE 47 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 
INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 
Hon. JAMEs Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. Fernow. F, H. NEWELL, 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer. 
GrorGE P. WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 
JAMEs WILSON. CHARLEs C, BINNEY. Epwarp A. Bowers. FREDERICK V, CovILLE, 
B. E, Fernow. HENRY GANNETT, ARNOLD HacuE. F. H. NEWELL, 
GrorGE W. McLANAHAN, GiFForD PINcHO?, GEORGE P, WHITTLESEY, 
Vice Presidents. 
Sir H.G, JoLy pe Lorsinizre, Pointe Platon, Wm. R. Hamitton, Reno, Nev. 
Quebec. Wm. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
CHARLES Mour, Mobile, Ala. JoHN GiFFoRD, Princeton, N. J. 
D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. Epwarp F, Hopart, Santa Fe, N. M. 
Tuomas C, McRag, Prescott, Ark. WarrEN Hictey, New York, N. Y. 
Axssott Kinney, Lamanda Park, Cal. J. A. Homes, Raleigh, N. C. 
E. T. Ensen, Colorado Springs, Colo. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
Rogsert Brown, New Haven, Conn, ReuBEN H. Warper, North Bend, Ohio, 
Wo. M., Cansy, Wilmington, Del. Wiiiiam T. Littie, Perry, Okla. 
A. V. Ciusss, Pensacola, Fla. E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 
R. B. Repparp, Savannah, Ga. J. T. RotHrocx, West Chester, Pa. 
J. M. Coutter, Chicago, Ill. H. G. RussEtu, E. Greenwich, R. I. 
JAMeEs Troop, Lafayette, Ind. H. A. Green, Chester, S. C. 
THos. H. MAcBripg, Iowa City, Iowa. Tuomas T, WricutT, Nashville, Tenn, 
J. 5S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. ) W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 
Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. C. A. Wuitine, Salt Lake, Utah, 
Lewis JoHnson, New Orleans, La. REDFIELD Procror, Proctor, Vt. 
OHN W. GArkRETT, Baltimore, Md. D, O. Noursg, Blacksburg, Va. 
oun E. Hoss, North Berwick, Me. Epmunp S. Mrany, Seattle, Wash. - 
J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. 
-W. J. Bear, Agriculturai College, Mich. H.C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. © 
C. C, ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. E.woop Mean, Cheyenne, Wyo, 
WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Grorce W. McLanauan, Washington, D.C, 
Gerorce P. AuErn, Fort Missoula, Mont. Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 


CuHar_es E, Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Wm. Litre, Montreal, Quebec. 


RESERVOIR SITE AT HOUSTON, SOUTHERN CAI IFORNIA. SCATTERED FO! 


The Forester. 


Ror. Vv. 


FEBRUARY, 1899 


NOs 2: 


Why Persons Interested in Irrigation should be 
Members of the American Forestry Association. 


It is generally believed throughout the 
West that the destruction of the forests 
and smaller growth upon the mountain 
sides has an influence upon the quantity 
of water available for irrigation. From 
every section of the arid West statements 
are received showing the disastrous con- 
sequences of burning forest cover. In- 
dividuals and communities appeal for 
something to be done. Itis hopeless to 
expect that anything will be accomplished 
without united action and _ sustained 
effort possible only through a strong 
association. 

It may be said that the protection of 
the forests is a matter for the General 
Government, but it must be borne in 
mind that this is a Government by the 
people and that no action by the Govern- 
ment can or will be taken unless urged 
by a large body of citizens. The coun- 
try is so vast that the wishes of a few 
citizens cannot prevail in the general 
struggle unless large numbers join hands 
in acommon cause. A sparsely settled 
country as that of the West must call to 
its aid the citizens of the more populous 
States of the East. The six million of 
people within the arid region can suc- 
ceed when their interests are identical 
with those of the sixty million living out- 
side. 

In the matter of forest preservation 
the interests of East and West are iden- 
tical, and in his attempt to retain the 
wooded growth around the headwaters 
of the streams the irrigator receives the 
full sympathy of foresters throughout the 
country. Tomakethissympathy effective 


through the enactment and enforcement 
of proper laws each irrigator should join 
the Forestry Association, and thusadd his 
name and contribution toward pushing 
forward the desired objects. By.so doing 
his efforts—otherwise unavailable—be- 
come effective and the work of the asso- 
ciation more practical. 

The benefits of a strong national or- 
ganization have already been shown in 
the legislation obtained after sixteen 
years of unremitting effort. The dis- 
appointments and failure year after year 
have not discouraged the members and 
they now have reason to rejoice at what 
has been done, although this falls far 
short of their anticipations. The laws. 
passed by Congress for the protection 
of the forests are not those originally 
proposed and are recognized as imper- 
fect ; they should be modified from time 
to time as experience demonstrates the 
necessity and feasibility of so doing. 
Above all their enforcement must be a 
matter of keen solicitude. Public senti- 
ment must stand behind the officers 
charged with the execution of the laws 
sustaining them in their duties and con- 
stantly demanding competence and 
fidelity. To do this it is necessary to 
have a strong organization—one which 
will not be dominated by factions or 
personal aims, but which with a widely 
diffused membership shall reflect the 
larger public wishes. 

In the East, where the development 
of population and industries has shown 
the need of protecting the forests, the 
membership of the American [Forestry 


26 THE FORESTER. 


Association is large. The membership 
from the older States includes many men 
of recognized national standing, The 
Western members, therefore, have the 
adyantage of a group of associates 
already strong and experienced. 

While the irrigators need the aid of 
the American Forestry Association in 
bringing about the protection of the 
forests of the West, the Association on 
the other hand needs an increase of its 
membership throughout the arid regions. 
In order to speak with authority as to 
the demands of the West it must have a 
large Western membership and one which 


February, 


will be truly representative of all the 
States and Territories. Every man in- 
terested in irrigation, or dependent di- 
rectly or indirectly upon the conserva- 
tion of the water supply, should become 
a member and should by his voice and 
pen unite in creating public sentiment 
and in sustaining public interest through 
the trials and vicissitudes which always 
surround needed reforms. A_ proper 
administration of the forests can result 
only through a strong and united de- 
mand and through an adaptation of laws 
and regulations to fit American con- 
ditions. 


Letter from the Secretary of Agriculture. 


Mr. F. H. NEweELt, 
Secretary, American Forestry Asso- 
ctation, City. 

My Dear Sir: I believe I have already 
acknowledged your letter of December 
15, notifying me of my election to the 
presidency of the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation for the enuing year. If not, per- 
mit me to say now that my services are 
at the disposal of the Association, and I 
am anxious to do anything in my power 
to further its objects. Our Association 
has for its object the advancement of onz 
of the greatest of the national industries. 
It is high time that intelligent action be 
had regarding our woods, including not 
only wise management of existing forests, 
the rehabilitation of denuded areas, the 
study of forest fires and the possibility of 
preventing their ravages, but also an in- 
quiry into the effect of grazing on forest 
ranges, investigations into tree-planting, 
to ascertain what progress has been made 
and what trees give promise; and what 
is wise advice to give our people for 
future work. I may say generally that 
the rate at which we are using our woods 
admonishes us that it can be only a few 
years at most before the United States 
must go to the ends of the earth to keep 
up its supply for commercial purposes. 

The Association should continue to 
bring to public attention, and especially 


to the notice of lumbermen, the fact that 
the present methods of conducting the 
lumber business are not only wasteful 
and extravagant but opposed to the best 
public policy. It should endeavor to 
demonstrate, by practical examples, the 
fact that it 1s possible to remove mer- 
chantable timber without destruction to 
the forest and that better methods of 
lumbering are not only practicable but 
profitable ; it should demonstrate that its 
objects are not in any wise to interfere 
with lumbering, but to assist and to render 
the business one of permanence instead 
of being a comparatively temporary occu- 
pation. The destruction of the forests at 
the headwaters of the streams is having 
a bad effect on the productive power of 
the country, resulting in high freshets 
in spring and dry streams in midsummer. 

My observation of over forty years in 
a prairie country leads me to the con- 
clusion that the velocity of our cold 
winds in winter and hot winds in summer 
is greatly retarded by timber belts and 
hedges. The farmer can graze longer in 
the fall when his stock pastures are pro- 
tected by belts of woodland and hedges. 
He can graze earlier in the spring on 
account of the same protection, thus 
lengthening his grazing season mater- 
ially ; and it is well known that growing 
and fattening periods of animal life are 


| 


1899. 


most cheaply carried through by means 
of grazing. The interspersion, through- 
out the country, of groves and hedges, 
furnishes protection for the birds that 
keep the insect enemies of the farmer in 
check. In the West, therefore, the Asso- 
ciation should endeavor to co operate 
with the farmers and others dependent 
directly or indirectly for their subsistence 
upon agriculture by irrigation. It is 
generally believed that, through reckless 
and wanton destruction of forests, injury 
has come to the streams which furnish 
water to the arid or drought-stricken 
lands. Throughout a third, or possibly 
a half, of the United States, all land 
values rest upon the ability to obtain an 
artificial supply of water, and anything 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 27 


which in the least affects the water sup- 
ply comes to have vital importance. In 
arid and semiarid regions, therefore, the 
Forestry Association should at all times 
second the efforts of those who are seek- 
ing for the conservation of the water 
supply. It is evident that it is high time 
for intelligent men, from Maine to Cali- 
fornia, to give serious attention to the 
preservation of the forests we have and 
to increase the forest area throughout 
every State, particularly where lands have 
value for no other purpose. 
Very truly yours, 
James WILson, 
Secretary of Agriculture. 
WASHINGTON, D. C., 
jane 27, 1890. 


Object of Forest Reservations.” 


Public forest reservations are estab- 
lished to protect and improve the forests 
for the purpose of securing a permanent 
supply of timber for the people and in- 
suring conditions favorable to continuous 
water flow. 

It is the intention to exclude from 
these reservations, as far as possible, 
lands that are more valuable for the 
mineral therein, or for agriculture, than 
for forest purposes; and where such lands 
are embraced within the boundaries of a 
reservation, they may be restored to 
settlement, location and entry. 

The law provides that nothing it con- 
tains shall be construed as prohibiting 
the egress. or ingress of actual settlers 
residing within the boundaries of such 
reservations, or from crossing the same 
to and from their property or homes ; 
and such wagon roads and other improve- 
ments may be constructed thereon as 
may be necessary to reach their homes 
and to utilize their property under such 
rules and regulations as may be pre- 
scribed by the Secretary of the Interior. 
Nor shall anything herein prohibit any 
person from entering upon such forest 


peearact from Regulations of the General Land 
ce. 


reservations for all proper and lawful 
purposes, including that of prospecting, 
locating and developing the mineral re- 
sources thereof: Provided, That such 
persons comply with the rules and regu- 
lations covering such forest reservations. 

The settlers residing within the ex- 
terior boundaries of such forest reserva- 
tions, or in the vicinity thereof, may 
maintain schools and churches within 
such reservation, and for that purpose 
may occupy any part of the said forest 
reservation, not exceeding two acres for 
each schoolhouse and one acre for a 
church. 

All waters on such reservations may 
be used for domestic, mining, milling or 
irrigation purposes, under the laws of 
the State wherein such forest reserva- 
tions are situated, or under the laws of 
the United States and the rules and 
regulations established thereunder. 

The right of way in and across forest 
reservations for irrigating canals, ditches, 
flumes and pipes, reservoirs, electric 
power purposes, and for pipe lines, will 
be subject to existing laws and regula- 
tions; and the applicant or applicants 
for such right will be required, if deemed 
advisable by the Commissioner of the 


a8 THE FORESTER. 


General Land Office, to give bond in a 
satisfactory surety company to the Gov- 
ernment of the United States, to be ap- 
proved by him, such bond stipulating 
that the makers thereof will pay to the 
United States for any and all damage to 
the public lands, timber, natural curt- 
asities or other public property on such 
reservation or upon the lands of the 
United States, by reason of such use 
and occupation of the reserve, regardless 
of the cause or circumstances under 
which such damage may occur. 

For the purpose of preserving the 
living and growing timber and _ pro- 
moting the younger growth on forest 
reservations, the Secretary of the Interior, 
under such rules and regulations as he 
shall prescribe, may cause to be desig- 
nated and appraised so much of the 
dead, matured or large growth of trees 
found upon such forest reservations as 
may be compatible with the utilization 
of the forests thereon, and may sell the 
same for not less than the appraised 
value in such quantity to each pur- 
chaser as he shall prescribe, to be used 
in the State or Territory in which such 
timber reservation may be situated, 
respectively, but not for export there- 
from. 

While sales of timber may be directed 
by the Department without previous re- 
quest from private individuals, petitions 
from responsible persons for the sale of 
timber in particular localities will be 
considered. Such petitions must de- 
scribe the land upon which the timber 
stands by legal subdivisions, if surveyed; 
if unsurveyed, as definitely as possible 
by natural landmarks ; the character of 
the country, whether rough, steep or 
mountainous, agricultural or mineral, 
or valuable chiefly for its forest growth ; 
and state whether or not the removal of 
the timber would result injuriously 
to the objects of forest reservation. 
Estimate the average diameter of each 
kind of timber, and estimate the number 
of trees of each kind per acre above ‘the 
average diameter. State the number of 
trees of each kind above the average 
diameter it is desired to have offered for 


February, 


sale, with an estimate of the number of 
feet, board measure, therein, and an 
estimate of the value of the timber as it 
stands. These petitions must be filed in 
the proper local land office, for trans- 
mission to the Commissioner of the 
General Land Office. 

Before any sale ts authorized, the 
timber will be examined and appraised, 
and other questions involved duly in- 
vestigated, by an official designated for 
the purpose ; and upon his report action 
will be based. When a sale is ordered, 
notice thereof will be given by publica- 
tion by the Commissioner of the General 
Land Office, in accordance with the law 
above quoted ; and if the timber to be 
sold stands in more than one county, 
published notice will be given in each 
of the counties, in addition to the re- 
quired general publication. 

The time and place of filing bids, and 
other information for a correct under- 
standing of terms of each sale, will be 
given in the published notices. The 
act provides that the timber sold shall 
be used in the State or Territory in 
which the reservation is situated, and is 
not to be exported therefrom. 

Every person who unlawfully cuts, or 
aids or is employed in unlawfully cutting, 
or wantonly destroys or procures to be 
wantonly destroyed, any timber standing 
upon the land of the United States 
which, in pursuance of law, may be re- 
served or purchased for military or other 
purposes, or upon any Indian reserva- 
tion, or lands occupied by any tribe of 
Indians under authority of the United 
States, shall pay a fine of not more than 
five hundred dollars or be imprisoned 
not more than twelve months, or both, 
in the discretion of the court. 

Any person who shall willfully or 
maliciously set on fire, or cause to be 
set on fire, any timber, underbrush or 
grass upon the public domain, or shall 
carelessly or negligently leave or suffer 
fire to burn unattended near any timber 
or other inflammable material, shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and, 
upon conviction thereof in any district 
court of the United States having juris- 


1899. 


diction of the same, shall be fined in a 
sum not more than one thousand dollars, 
or be imprisoned for a term of not more 
than two years, or both. 

Any person who shall build a camp 
fire, or other fire, in or near any forest, 
timber or other inflammable material 
upon the public domain, shall, before 
breaking camp or leaving said fire, 
totally extinguish the same. Any person 
failing to do so shall be deemed guilty of 
a misdemeanor, and, upon conviction 
thereof in any district court of the 
United States having jurisdiction of the 
same, shall be fined in a sum not more 
than one thousand dollars, or be im- 
prisoned fora term of not more than one 
year, or both. 

In all cases arising under this act the 
fines collected shall be paid into the 
public-school fund of the county in 
which the lands where the offense was 
committed are situated. 

The Secretary of the Interior may 
permit, under regulations to be pre- 
scribed by him, the use of timber and 
stone found upon such reservations, free 


of charge, by bona fide settlers, miners, 


residents and prospectors for minerals, 
for firewood, fencing, buildings, mining, 
prospecting and other domestic pur- 
poses, as may be needed by such per- 
sons for such purposes, such timber to 
be used within the State or Territory, 
respectively, where such _ reservations 
may be located. 

This provision is limited to persons 
resident in forest reservations or within 
a reasonable distance thereof in the 
State or Territory where the forest 
reservation is located who have not a 
sufficient supply of timber or stone on 
their own claims or lands for the pur- 
poses enumerated, or for necessary use 
in developing the mineral or other 
natural resources of the lands owned or 
Occupied by them: Provided, That 


“where the stumpage value exceeds one 


hundred dollars, applications must be 


AMERICAN FO RESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


29 


made to and permission given by the 
Department. 

The law provides that where a tract 
within a forest reservation is covered by 
an unperfected bona fide claim, or by a 
patent, the settler or owner may, if he 
so desires, relinquish the tract to the 
United States and select in lieu thereof 
a tract of vacant public land outside of 
the reservation, open to settlement, not 
exceeding in area the tract relinquished. 
No charge is to be made for placing the 
new entry of record. 

The pasturing of live stock on the 
public lands in forest reservations will 
not be interfered 


with, so long as 
it appears that injury is not being 
done to the forest growth, and the 


rights of others are not thereby jeopar- 
dized. The pasturing of sheep is, how- 
ever, prohibited in all forest reserva- 
tions, except those in the States of 
Oregon and Washington, for the reason 
that sheep raising has been found in- 
jurious to the forest cover, and there- 
fore of serious consequence in regions 
where the rainfall is limited. 

The law provides that ‘‘any mineral 
lands in any forest reservation which 
have been or which may be shown to be 
such, and subject to entry under the 
existing mining laws of the United States 
and the rules and regulations applying 
thereto, shall continue to be subject to 
such location and entry,” notwithstand- 
ing the reservation. This makes mineral 
lands in the forest reserves subject to 
location and entry under the general 
mining laws in the usual manner. 

Owners of valid mining locations, 
made and held in good faith under the 
mining laws of the United States and 
the regulations thereunder, are author- 
ized and permitted to fell and remove 
from such mining claims any timber 
growing thereon, for actual mining pur- 
poses in connection with the particular 
claim from which the timber is felled or 
removed. 


30 THE FORESTER. 


FLOOD SCENE IN THE VALLEY OF THE MISSISSIPPI RIVER. 


“What a waste of water! 

Such is the natural and involuntary 
<exclamation of the resident of an arid 
sregion as he views a scene like the above. 
_And yet in the period of inundation the 
-flood of the Mississippi River is aug- 
wunented by the contribution of streams 
wvhich have their sources in the arid 


February, 


\ 
a ea a 


Cera foe ae 


regions. Every drop of water which is_ 
permitted to run unused from the arid 
region represents wasted possibility. 
There are two means by which the water — 
supply can be conserved, namely : forest 
preservation and reservoir construction. 
Wherever forest protection forthe water. 
supply is possible it will prove to be a 


var 


nO aL Send 


1890, 


safe and economical means to this end. 
With the widest possible extension of 
protective forest area there would yet be 
a necessity for the construction of a great 
many storage reservoirs. On page 37 
Tue Forester presents a view of a large 
reservoir already constructed. The 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 31 


frontispiece is a view of the site of a pro- 
posed reservoir. It will be noted that, 
although each is surrounded by a forest 
growth, in neither case is it of such a 
character as to prove effective in the con- 
servation of water, hence the necessity 
of reservoir construction. 


Grazing. 


Mr. John Muir, the veteran California 
mountaineer, writes a private letter, 
dated at Martinez, Cal., January tro, 
1899, to a friend in this city, from which 
Tue FoRESTER is permitted to make the 
following extract: 

*“‘T suppose you know that 200,000 
sheep invaded the Sierra Forest Reser- 
vation this last season under a temporary 
concession made by the Secretary of the 
Interior, and did incalculable damage. 
The other California reservations—most 
of them—and also the National Parks 
were overrun, trampled and desolated 
almost as completely as the Sierra Reser- 
vation; and I have just been informed 
that certain land and sheep speculators 
have sent on agents to Washington to 
obtain leases of the entire Reservation 
for grazing purposes during the coming 
season. This scheme I trust you will 
oppose to the utmost of your power and 
opportunity. Nota single flock of sheep 
should be allowed on any of the dry 
mountain reservations.”’ 

This statement of Mr. Muir is cor- 
roborated by information contained in a 
letter from a Federal forest officer in 
California. He says: 

‘A land speculator is nowin Washing- 
ton for the purpose, among others, of 
obtaining the consent of the Depart- 
ment of the Interior to the granting of 
leases in this reservation for sheep- 
grazing purposes. Herepresents perhaps 
ten, and possibly twenty, sheep owners. 
Last season a special concession was made 
by the Secretary of the Interior to the 
sheep men, on account of the failure of 
feed in the San Joaquin Valley, and 
elsewhere. About 200,000 sheep were 
driven into the reservation. The injury 


which these sheep wrought in this part 
of the public domain is patent to every- 
one who has traversed any considerable 
part of the reservation. If the same 
ratio of injury were maintained, in less 
than fifty years there would be no forests 
there worth protecting. 

‘‘Tf the object of making such reserva- 
tions is to preserve the forests, and the 
water resources, then that purpose will 
be defeated by allowing sheep grazing 
as is desired by a very few men. De- 
forestation has already begun here. The 
prevailing climatic conditions are en- 
tirely different from those which exist 
in the reservations in more northern lati- 
tudes. There the rainfall is very great, 
the streams are strong and full in the 
summer season; the undergrowth is 
rank; and it may be that sheep grazing 
under such conditions would net result 
in any great damage to the forests. I 
can only speak with certainty of this 
reservation where I have made extended 
personal observations. The climate 
here is semi-tropical. The reservation 
is in what may be called the dry belt. 
Hardly more than five to seven inches 
Of mematalle cam *be: expected. The 
mountain streams flowing out of the 
reservations have been greatly dimin- 
ished. The waters no longer flow in the 
summer season across these great arid 
plains. A part of this shrinkage of 
streams can be traced directly to sheep 
grazing. The sheep destroy the under- 
growth, and their herders are the prolific 
source of the great number of fires 
which break out in the reservation. 
They change the spongy character of 
the ground; they produce aridity and 
desolation wherever they go. The pro- 


i 


32 | THE FORESTER. 


cess of deforesting will go on as long as 
this sheep grazing prevails. 

‘‘The interests of a few in the sheep 
business are set over against the interests 
of the larger community which repre- 
sents an investment of many millions of 
dollars. Water for irrigation has become 
to them a matter of vital necessity. All 
the property represented by more than 
4,000 acres of citrus orchards, and more 
than 10,000 acres of raisin vineyards, in 
this county and the adjacent one, is 
menaced by this sheep-grazing propo- 
sition. 

«‘The forests cannot be preserved in 
a proper condition while sheep are 
allowed to range the reservation. This 
is the case in brief. J omit many details, 
but submit the facts.” 

Another Federal forest official from 
the same State and writing about the 
same matter says: 

‘¢T want to call your attention to the 
fact that it is impossible to reforest this 
reserve as long as sheep are allowed to 
graze here. When the timber has been 
removed the ground will be seeded from 
the surrounding forest and, as the ground 
does not freeze, the young pines come 
up as soon as the snows melt. The 
sheep are especially fond of pine; they 
bite the tops off of these young seedlings, 
thus killing them. Unless, the Govern- 
ment can, in some way, keep the sheep 
off of this reservation it cannot be re- 


February, 


forested. I know of several places, 
owned by private parties, that have been 
enclosed for the last twenty-five years, 
thus protecting them from sheep, and 
which have also been kept free from 
fires. The timber was cut from these 
lands before they were enclosed, yet 
they are now reforested with trees which 
measure from ten to twenty-four inches 
in circumference, while surrounding 
lands, where sheep have been allowed to 
run each year, have nothing but a little 
brush, even the grass being killed. This 
country produces a new forest growth 
very rapidly as the ground rarely freezes 
under the snow, and if protected from 
fire and sheep so that the natural mulch- 
ing of pine needles and leaves is not 
destroyed by fire or tramping, it will 
prevent the soils from being washed off. 
Aside from the question of reforesting 
it would only be a few years until the 
sheep would destroy the water supply of 
the San Joaquin valley. I believe the 
Government could better afford to buy 
hay and grain, and feed the sheep at its 
own expense, than to allow them to de- 
stroy this forest, for in destroying that 
they are destroying the valley. In the 
best years in the past the valley has not 
had enough rain to produce a crop and 
its thousands of inhabitants depend on ' 
this forest for their water supply. I 
trust that we will have your support in 
protecting the forest from sheep.” 


Forest Administration. 


Some of the supervisors and patro]men 
in the employ of the Government on the 
forest reserves are being laid off owing 
to the fact that the appropriation has 
almost beenexpended. Thetotalamount 
of the appropriation for last year was 
only $75,000. The fires in this section 
cost $15,000, or almost one-fourth of the 
entire appropriation. It was the inten- 
tion of the department to have the 
patrolmen construct trails in the reserve 
during the winter months and this will 
yet be done so far as the funds will ad- 
mit, but the majority of the supervisors 


and patrolmen will have to be laid off 
until next April or May. It is to be re- 
gretted as there is a great need of trails 
through certain portions of the reserva- 
tion.—Azusa (Cal.) Pomo- Tropic. 


The case against George Witcher and 
others for cutting timber on Government 
land above Cripple Creek, was placed 
on trial in the United States Court yes- 
terday. The defendants are accused of 
cutting 500,000 feet of timber belonging 
to Uncle Sam. The lumber has been 
seized by the Federal authorities. The 


1899. 


defense sets up the claim that the timber 
was cut for mining purposes and not to 
be shipped away.—Denver (Colo.) News, 
January IT. 


Forest Supervisor Taggart has re- 
peated the edict that hereafter no one 
will be allowed to take wood of any 
kind, either fallen or standing, from the 
San Jacinto reserve. Any violation on 
the part of any one will be considered 
as trespassing, and will be dealt with 
as such.—Aiverside (Cal.) Press. 

Acting on offical information, Com- 
missioner Binger Hermann of the 
General Land Office has directed a special 
agent at Juneau; Alaska, to make a com- 
plete investigation and prompt report 
with a view to stopping the denudation 
of the forest tracts. The action is based 
on notice sent the Department in regard 
to the cutting going on in many places; 
that Indians on Annette Island, who are 
aliens, having been transported there 
from British Columbia, are cutting 
valuable spruce and cedar on all the 
adjoining islands and have established 
a saw mill on Graniva island, near 
Kechcan, where they are manufacturing 
lumber and carrying on extensive traffic. 
In his instructions Commissioner Her: 
mann states that neither the natives nor 
other residents of Alaska are allowed 
under the law to cut timber for market 
from the lands in Alaska belonging to the 
United States, until after first purchasing 
the timber from the Government through 
the Secretary of the Interior. 


Some additional light is thrown by the 
following dispatch dated Cheyenne, 
Wyo., January 17, upon the doings of the 
Rock Springs Lumber Co., in the Green 
River valley in Wyoming, mention of 
which appeared in the last issue of Tur 
FORESTER : 

The surveillance of the United States Govern- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 33 


ment is becoming more strict than ever. The 
newest sensation in lumber depredations is laid 
to what is known as the Rock Springs Lumber 
Co., which has employed about 300 men cutting 
timber near the head of the Green River, in Fre. 
mont and Sweetwater counties. The matter is 
under investigation by United States Agent 
Abbott. Thecompany claims to have complied 
with the law in every particular ; saying that it 
has been cutting timber only on lands either 
acquired from the State of Wyoming which had 
selected the lands under Government grant, or 
bought with soldier scrip from the Government, 
They say that the charges of timber depreda. 
tions were originated by a set of hunters and 
guides who have established lodges for the 
entertainment of foreign and Eastern hunters, 
The investigation will be pursued. 


From the North Yakima 7Z?mes it is 
learned that the supervisor of the Mount 
Rainier Reserve met the stock rangers of 
the contiguous region in the State of 
Washington, on January 16. Although 
he did not make any allotments he re- 
ceived applications for grazing permits. 
It was suggested that the cattle men and 
sheep men gef together and agree upon 
some plan to harmonize their interests. 
The stockmen were warned against over- 
crowding the reserves with cattle and 
sheep, and that the ill-advised actions 
of the few in violating the rules would 
Operate against all. It having been pro- 
posed to limit the number of stock to be 
grazed in the reserve hereafter to 325,000 
head and to define the grazing season as 
continuing from June 15 to September 
25 of each year, the stockmen appointed 
a committee consisting of five cattle men 
and five sheep men, to settle the matters 
under dispute. This committee drew up 
an agreement by the terms of which cer- 
tain parts of the reserve are to be re- 
garded only as cattle ranges and are not 
to be invaded by bands of sheep. The 
charge for pasturage of sheep is to be at 
the rate of $5.00 per thousand, single 
bands not to exceed 2,500 in number. 
The fee for grazing cattle has not yet 
been determined upon. 


34 THE FORESTER 


February, 


Opposition to Reservation Policy. 


The National Stock Growers’ Con- 
vention met in Denver, Colo., January 
26-27. It had been previously announced 
that the convention would be given an 
opportunity to put itself on record con- 
cerning the policy of excluding sheep 
from the forest reservations. Mr. John 
C. Mackay, of Utah, brought the subject 
up for discussion by introducing a reso- 
lution urging the Department of the 
Interior to abrogate the rules prohibiting 
the grazing of sheep on forest reserves. 
In support of his resolution Mr. Mackay 
said, in part: 


My observation of twenty years in the moun- 
tains teaches me that the sheep do not damage 
any timber that is really valuable for mer- 
cantile purposes. Their eating of the grass in 
the timber is a safeguard against forest fires, 
If the executive orders prohibiting the sheep 
from ranging in the reserves is enforced the 
industry will be immeasurably injured, West- 
ern citizens have just cause for complaint. 
We should adopt such means as will bring 
about the desired change. 


A substitute resolution was introduced 
by Mr. A. R. King, a delegate from 
Colorado. This substitute was, in effect, 
a negation of the original resolution and 
proposed to urge upon the Secretary of 
the Interior the wisdom and expediency 
of a strict enforcement of the rules ex- 
cluding sheep from the reserves. In 
advocating its adoption Mr. King said: 


The Government of the United S‘ates never 
attacked the interests of any citizen unjustly, 
nor did the American Forestry Association, 
For instance, when the Battlement Mesa of 
Colorado was reserved it was mainly to protect 
the water supply, upon the request of hundreds 
of citizens of the counties of Delta and Mesa 
on the western slope, except the owners of 
sheep. Those who wanted the protection were 
fruit growers and also stock raisers to more or 
less extent. The order of the Department and 
the law are the result of growth, development 
of the country and the observation of experts 
on the effect of herds on the water supply and 
timber on the public lands. ‘The order did not 
emanate from the influence cf the cattle man 
as against the sheep man. Sheep raising was 
pronounced injurious to the water supply and 
the timber by experts. Evidence showed that 
re-growth of timber follows forest fires, but 
never follows sheep grazing. Sheep destroy 


all the young sprouts each year. ‘The sprouts 
do not come back again until sheep are taken 
away. 

Take the county of Delta, for instance, 
where people are engaged in diversified in- 
dustries. ‘The Government says the good of the 
many is superior to that of the few. We would 
as soon be the slave of the cattle king as of the 
sheep baron. (Applause.) We insist that no 15,000 
sheep should be driven into our headwaters to 
pollute our supply first and then destroy it. 
The cows and steers do not eat out everything, 
but the sheep do eat out the willow leaves as 
high as they can reach, they take out the bunch 
grass and all they can find, and then tramp the 
soil so solidly that the water rushes off the 
surface quickly in the spring, whereas if the 
soil is left in its natural state snow water will 
percolate and eventually serve for irrigation 
purposes when water is needed. 

The people of Utah think the same as we do. 
Take the Uintah reservation. People residing 
in that community took the position that the 
sheep destroyed the range and supported their 
allegations by proof before the Government 
excluded the sheep to preserve the agricultural 
interests that were watered by the country 
included in that reserve. 


Mr. Smith, a delegate from Utah, re- 
plied to the arguments of Mr. King, de- 
claring that the statements that sheep 
destroy the range and the water supply 
was a theory not substantiated by facts. 
He declared if the sheep had killed the 
range the sheep in Utah would not have 
increased as they have. Continuing, Mr. 
Smith said : 

They are a benefit to the range. I can show 
you ranges in Utah where sheep have been 
pastured for years and it is better now than 
ever. Years ago where settlers located in Utah 
on streams and had no water, now they have 
plenty, hence the sheep could not have exer- 
cised a deteriorating influence uponit. They 


have been grazing upon the headwaters of 
those streams right along. 


There was scarcely a sign of applause 
for Mr. Smith. It was evident the sheep 
men had little sympathy from the con- 
vention. A. J. Bothwell, delegate from 
New Mexico, briefly attacked the argu- 
ments of the sheep advocates, saying 
severa! witty things at their expense and 
creating rounds of laughter, adding in 
conclusion : 


But we must look at the matter in a broad 


1899. 


sense, and recognize the fact that we must not 
discuss it from the standpoint of a cattle man 
or as a Sheep man. 

Mr. Barnes, of Arizona, in discussing 
the question said : 

On some of the Arizona ranges where the 
sheep have been for twenty-five years the range 
is as good as ever. It seems the conditions 
are different in the various States. I would 
offer an amendment to the original resolution 
recommending that the order be changed so as 
to prohibit all animals from the forest reserves 
except under such regulations as the Secretary 
of Agriculture may prescribe for each. 

Col. J. M. Dougherty, of Nebraska, 
moved the previous question, but with- 
drew it toallow Mr. Mackay, of Utah, to 
make anexplanation. Mr. Mackay spoke 
with intense feeling as he said: 

I am sorry to see you gentlemen admit by 
your action the theory that sheep are a curse 
to our country. I realize the way this conven- 
tion feels. I say that to-day in Utah, where 
we irrigate more land in proportion to the total 
area than any other State, we have plenty of 
water. We do not need the timber reserva- 
tions for protection, but we do need the grazing 
privileges. Our sheep industry goes down 
without them, 

The previous question being again de- 
manded it was ordered, showing an over- 
whelming vote in favor of the strict en- 
forcement of existing regulations. The 
Barnes amendment was then adopted 

. . ve 
also. This placed the convention on 
record as favoring the prohibition of all 
grazing on the forest reserves except 
when the Secretary of the Interior may 
issue orders permitting such grazing as 
the diversified interests concerned may 
approve of. 


PaPRACTICAL VIEW. 


The friends of the forest movement 
have so often been called ‘blind en- 
thusiasts’”’ and ‘‘misguided theorists,”’ 
that it is a pleasure to be able to quote 
from authorities that cannot, even by 
inference, be accused of taking any other 
than a practical view of an economic 
question. The American Lumberman, 
from which the following is copied, cer- 
tainly cannot be accused of sentimen- 
talism : 

The public, through the forestry advocates 
and the public prints, has become fairly settled 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 35 


in the belief that forests covering the land 
about the headwaters of streams conserve the 
fountains and maintain a good stage and 
equable flow of water throughout the dry 
season. 

This doctrine was the strong argument for 
passing the laws for the segregation of the 
national forest reserves in the mountain dis- 
tricts of the West. Not only has the National 
Government set apart such reserves but State- 
governments have taken up the enterprise and 
legislatures are passing laws to preserve the 
moisture of the soil and thus maintain the 
streams. A notable example is in New York, 
which has provided for a State park in the 
Adirondacks. Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, Min- 
nesota and other States have done something in: 
behalf of forestry. The governor of Utah is. 
also stirred up in behalf of the forests of that 
State. In his late message to the legislature he- 
said that the increasing spoliation of the tim- 
ber of the State was affecting seriously the 
source of the water supply for the valleys, and 
something should be done to arrest denudation. 
C. L. Sessions, of Bountiful, Utah, writes to 
the Salt Lake Herald as follows: 

I notice in the governor’s message that he 
says the increasing spoliation of our timber 
areas is seriously affecting the source of water 
supply for our valleys. I would like to ask 
what relation the timber in the mountains has. 
to supply of water in the valleys, and how. If 
the governor is a close observer, or had asked 
a canon man, he never would bave made such 
aremark. Every person acquainted with the 
source of supply knows that the water used for 
irrigation does not come from. the timber sec- 
tions but from the drifts or pockets where the 
wind piles the snow in great banks, or from 
slides which come down from the mountain 
sides and pack the snow in ravines. Timber 
hinders this, for it is a windbreak and prevents 
the snow from making drifts. It alsostops the 
slides from piling the snow up in vast banks to 
draw from in late irrigation, which is the water 
we want. The snow that lies all over the 
ground and melts just moistens the ground 
where it lies and never gets into the creeks 
at all, 

Mr. Sessions proceeds to ask the governor 
what the bona fide settlers are to do for timber 
if cutting is to be stopped, and calls for practi- 
cal men to make laws for the protection of tim- 
ber. Heasks that business men, farmers and 
laboring men shall have their say in determin- 
ing on a method to control the forests. 


After commenting to the effect that 


36 THE FORESTER. 


the snow drift theory may be a correct 
one in given instances, the Lumberman 
concludes : 

But there may be climatic reasons for pre- 
serving the forests, and there may be economic 
reasons, Forestry advocates as a rule do not 
expect to deprive the people of necessary tim- 
ber, but seek only to have the laws enacted so 
cutting can be carried on in a way that shall 
preserve and perpetuate the younger growth. 
What they aim at is to stop indiscriminate 
slaughter, without reference toa future supply, 
and by preserving carefully and maintaining 
the growth of young trees to keep forests on 
public lands practically intact. No wise econ- 
omist can object to that. It seems tothe Lzsm- 
berman that the objectors to public forestry 
are mainly those who want to go on to Govern- 
ment or State domain and steal timber, thus 
avoiding the necessity of buying land and pay- 
ing taxes thereon. 


Philip Wilson, of Fort Collins, Colo , 
writing to a local paper in opposition to 
the forest reserve policy, which, fortu- 
nately and for good reasons, is very 
popular in that enterprising community 


February, 


of irrigators, argues along the same line 
that Mr. Sessions does. Each argues 
from special instances to general conclu- 
sions; each seemingly forgets the office of 
the forest cover in preventing erosion on 
sloping surfaces and apparently neither 
believes that water can or does percolate 
through the soil. Both writers have 
failed to note, in recording their obser- 
vations, that not all the snow drifts into 
dark canons and gorges, that indeed 
many drifts form on southern exposures 
where rapid melting is early and certain. 
Mr. Wilson even goes so far as to 
advocate the clearing of all the mountain 
forests in the interest of the irrigation 
agriculturist, finally concluding with the 
following language which would seem to 


substantiate the Lwmberman’s conjecture 


as to the real motive of opposition: 


The Poudre valley is one of the best farming 
countries inthe West. We need full swing at 
the timber for building and fencing. Why 
send to Texas for timber when it is here and 
plenty of it? I say, clear this Government 
domain of the fences so that the people can 
have free access to go where they want to and 
get timber where they can find it. 


Lumber 
Log Salvage. 


Under the caption of ‘‘A Dangerous 
Bill” the American Lumberman has the 
following to say in regard to pending 
legislation : 


Mr. Bromwell, of Ohio, has introduced a 
bill in the House of Representatives which it 
will be well enough for the lumbermen who 
are engaged in floating logs in the streams of 
the United States to give some attention 
to. The bill was presented some little time 
ago, and has already been referred to the 
committee on interstate and foreign com. 
merce. Under the operations of this law if a 
lumberman should chance to lose, as lumber- 
men are apt to do, some of his logs, by floods 
or other accidents, it would be entirely pos- 
sible for any one picking up these logs to 
collect from 25 to 50 cents for each log. ‘This 
would mean anywhere from $3 50 upwards a 
thousand additional cost to the log owners. 
The condition on the Mississippi River willserve 
toillustrate. Itisnot an infrequent occurrence 
in the spring for logs to break away at Minne- 
apolis and be carried into the river at points 
between St. Paul and Hastings. Before the 
machinery for gathering these logs into rafts 
again could be put into motion, every owner of 


Industry. 


a little boat could gather such logs as he could 
reach and then collect by process of law the 
large fees provided for in this bill. It is the 
practice of the operators on the Chippewa 
River, and particularly of the manufacturers at 
points on the middle Mississippi River, to float 
their logs down in the open Chippewa River to 
the Mississippi, and then for a considerable 
distance in the Mississippi to the West Newton 
rafting works. Unless this Jaw were supple- 
mented by some other provision, all these logs 
would become subject to the pirating acts of 
any parties who could find a profit in gathering 
them and selling them under the terms of the 
law. In rafting logs to the down-river points, 
it not infrequently is the case that a raft is 
broken up and the logs set afloat. Here again 


the log owners might be subjected to the 


penalties prescribed in this bill, 

The conditions on the Mississippi are prob- 
ably not different from those on other streams 
where logs are floated. Log owners have 
found that they can gather their logs at a great 
deal less cost than named in this bill. Some 
vigorous protests should be sent to Washington 
against the passage of this bill, which it ap- 
pears that Mr. Bromwell has introduced by 
request. At whose request has not transpired, 
but presumably parties in his own State or 
Kentucky. 


J aeaee 


1399. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Uo 
“NI 


BEAR VALLEY DAM, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. SCANT FOREST PROTECTION. 


Le) 
© 6) 


PNB REST Ne PAH. 

In his message to the legislature, Gov- 
ernor Wells touched upon an important 
question when he referred to the pro- 
tection of timber areas from the devas- 
tation which has been jeopardizing not 
only the timber supply, but the water 
supply of the State. 

Traveling over the mountainous sec- 
tions where once the Pine forests were 
almost impenetrable, one is confronted 
with evidences of Government neglect 
and the spoliation of the portable saw- 
mill, great barren tracts of stump-covered 
ground, with piles of sawdust in the 
center, showing where indiscriminate 
milling was carried on before the outfit 
had been moved to another grove of vir- 
gin timber. 

Something ought to be done, as the 
governor suggests, to obtain favorable 
consideration from the Federal Govern- 
ment, to whom alone the State must look 
for aid inthis matter. For although the 
State land board is ‘‘authorized to set 


apart and reserve from sale such tracts © 


of timber lands and the timber thereon 
as may, in the opinion of the board, be 
required to preserve the forests of the 
State, prevent a diminution of the flow 
of rivers and aid in the irrigation of arid 
lands,” the governor calls attention to 
the fact that such provision applies only 
to the State lands which are needed for 
other purposes, and which the General 
Government obviously never intended to 


The sparrow has found an unexpected 
champion in the Prime Minister of 
France. The farmers have recently been 
agitating in favor of the extermination of 
the little bird, and succeeded so far that 
a decree was submitted to Premier Me- 
line for signature, giving orders for the 
destruction of the bird throughout the 
country by all available means. Before 
giving his sanction to the measure the 
Prime Minister determined to make an 
investigation, in the course of which he 
has received so much information in 
favor of the birds, especially from the 
Forest Department, that he has not only 


THE FORESTER. 


February, 


have remain in their natural state as 
forest reservations. 

Members of the legislature would do 
well to heed the governor’s suggestion 
in reference to memorializing Congress 
on this matter. 

If the Government does not come to 
the rescue of the States in the effort to 
stop the devastation which has already, 
in many sections, gone too far, the peo- 
ple will ultimately be compelled to re- 
sort to the expedient of planting forests 
like orchards, and bringing them up by 
hand. It were well to profit by the ex- 
ample of some of the older nations. 

Nor is the destruction of forests com- 
passed altogether by design or for profit. 
Carelessness contributes to the waste. 
Every year there are forest fires which 
destroy infinitely more of wealth and 
prospects than the timber represents 


Last year the fires in Wyoming and 
Western Colorado caused an enormous 
loss. There should be measures and 
precautions adopted by the General Gov- 
ernment and powers vested in the several 
States to prevent this double destruction 
which results from axe and fire. 

There are interests to be consulted and 
rights to be regarded in the selection of 
tracts for reserves, but the necessity of 
some definite, decisive action while there 
is yet time to accomplish good, is im- 
perative, it seems, in the interest of 
agriculture and for the benefit of future 
generations. —Salt Lake City Herald. 


refused to sign the decree, but has an- 
nounced that he is about to take steps to 
promote the increase of the species in 
consequence of its usefulness. It seems 
that the harm they do to the crops is 
more than counterbalanced by the bene- 
fits which they confer in destroying the 
caterpillars, worms and other insects 
that are so detrimental to trees. A West- 
ern exchange, which is evidently skep- 
tical as to the alleged usefulness of the 
sparrow, suggests that now is a good 
time to get rid of the sparrows in this 
country, and pertinently inquires what 
M. Meline will give for them But, 


1899. 


seriously, the European sparrow is of 
doubtful value to the forests of this 
country. Not only does the bulk of its 
food consist of grains, and matters other 
than insects, but its worst feature, as 
demonstrated by the investigation of Dr. 
C. Hart Merriam ofthe U. S. Department 
of Agriculture, is its antagonism toward 
the native insectivorous birds which 
apparently results in the decrease of the 
latter. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 39 


It is reported that mining revival in 
Leadville and vicinity has given an im- 
petus to the mine timber business, and 
that industry has trebled in the last -six 
months. Some timber cutters have con- 
tracts with Leadville mines to supply 
them with timbers for a year to come, 
and the coming year will witness an 
amount of activity in this line and a 
demand on the neighboring forests un- 
precedented in the history of that great 
Colorado mining district. 


Recent Forestry Meetings. 


California. 


A meeting was held in the hall of the 

Chamber of Commerce in San Francisco, 
Cal., on January 21, for the discussion 
of matters pertaining to forest and water 
conservation. It was a representative 
gathering, the fifty-four delegates hold- 
ing credentials from twenty-four different 
organizations, including boards of trade, 
chambers of commerce, horticultural 
societies, granges, farmers’ clubs, the 
University of California, the Yosemite 
State Commission, the Miners Associa- 
tion and the Sierra Club. The meeting 
resulted in the organization of a society 
to be known as ‘‘ The California Society 
for Conserving Waters and Protecting 
‘Forests.”” The following officers were 
elected: President, J. M. Gleaves; vice 
presidents, J. M Walling, Wm. H. Mills 
and Abbot Kinney; secretary, E. H. 
Benjamin; treasurer, Ernst A  Denike. 
An executive board of seventeen mem- 
bers was also chosen. Resolutions were 
adopted requesting the governor to ap- 
point a non-salaried commission te report 
on the subject at the time of the meeting 
of the next legislature, and petitioning 
the present legislature to create a school 
of forestry in connection with the State 
University. 


Minnesota. 


The twenty-third annual meeting of 
The Minnesota State Forestry Associa- 
tion was held January 10, at Minne- 
apolis. Though the attendance was not 
large, the session was rendered interest- 
ing by its spirit. 

President Owen was prevented by 
sickness from attending, his place being 
taken by Capt. J. N. Cross. Capt. Cross 
called the attention of the society to the 
efforts being made by Col. J. S. Cooper, 
of Chicago, toward the establishment of 
a national park at the headwaters of the 
Mississippi, and urged its co operation 
with him. He also spoke of the growing 
interest in forestry evident throughout 
the country. The Cross Bill was then 
discussed. It was decided to reintro- 
duce this bill, and a committee was 
appointed to look after it. 

A paper from Professor Fernow was 
delayed and came too late to be read. 
‘‘Utilizing Our Waste Lands for Fores- 
try Purposes” was the title of an inter- 
esting and careful paper presented by 
Gen. C. C. Andrews. The suggestions 
which it contained were based upon an 
outlme by Dr. C. A. Schenck. THE 
ForEstER hopes soon to present it in 
part. At the afternoon session, Profes- 


40 THE FORESTER. 


sor Green’s paper, ‘‘What About a 
Forestry School in Minnesota,” led toa 
discussion which ended in the adoption 
of a resolution recommending to the 
Board of Regents of the University that 
a tract of original forest be obtained or 
set aside to illustrate the principles of 
forestry. Then followed ‘‘ Native Ever- 
greens of Minnesota,” by Mr. D. A. 
Gaumnitz, of the School of Agriculture. 
In the debate which ensued spruce 
received most attention, and was held 
to be even more valuable than white 
pine. Papers by Mr. H. B. Ayres and 
Mr. C. L. Smith were read, but not dis- 
cussed owing to business before the 
meeting. 

The following officers were elected : 
President, Capt. J. N: Cross, Minne= 
apolis; secretary, Geo. W. Strand, 
Taylor’s Falls; treasurer, R. S. Mackin- 


tosh, St. Anthony’s Park; and one vice.. 


president for each Congressional district. 
Among the resolutions adopted, one 
commended the work of Mr. Gifford 
Pinchot and the Division of Forestry, 
and another advocating legislation for an 
appropriation of $35,000 for a building 
for Horticulture, Forestry, Botany and 
Physics at the School of Agriculture. 


Nebraska 

At the recent annual meeting of the 
Nebraska Horticultural Society, held at 
Lincoln, a committee was appointed to 
arrange for the organization of a park 
and forestry association. Nebraska is 
distinguished as the State in which was 
originated the custom of designating 
one day in each year to be lsnown as 
Arbor Day and to be observed, especially 
by school children, as a tree planting 
holiday. Although millions of trees 
have been planted, this is said to be the 
first effort at organization on the part of 
the planters. Much of the State lies 
within the semiarid region, yet even 
there it has been ascertained by experi- 
ment that there are certain hardy species 
of trees, especially conifers, which sur- 
vive the rigors of a seemingly unfriendly 
climate. The committee appointed by 


February, 


the Horticultural Society consists of 
C. S. Harrison, of York, chairman exe 
Gov. R. W. Furnas, of Brownsville; 
and E. F. Stephens, of Crete. 


Utah. 


The Utah Forestry Association held a 


meeting in the office of its president, 
Dr. John R. Park, in Salt Lake City, 
January 20. There wasa fair number in 
attendance, and several new members 
were elected. 


A communication from Dr. J. E. Tal- 
mage, president of the Microscopical 
Society, inviting a combination of the 
Microscopical Society, Mathematical and 
Historical Societies and the Forestry As- 
sociation, for the purpose of forming a 
joint body under some such title as 
Utah Academy of Sciences. Opinions 
as to the advisability of such a step 
varied and on motion a committee was 
appcinted to confer with Dr. Talmage 
on the subject and to report at the next 
meeting. 

Another committee was appointed to 
confer with the committee on forestry of 
the State legislature for the purpose of 
obtaining such legislation on forestry 
matters as may be deemed beneficial to 
the State: 


The creation of the office of a State 
fish, game and forestry commissioner 
was advocated, as well as the enact- 
ment of stringent laws against leaving 
camps without extinguishing camp fires. 
The advisability of following the example 
of Colorado, where United States forest 
wardens are, by consent of the General 
Government, appointed State fish and 
game wardens, was suggested. 

Prof. W. G. Roylance reported that 
a majority of the people of Utah County 
desired the United States to create a 
forest reservation in the southeastern 
part of the county, at the same time 
allowing some timber cutting for domes- 
tic purposes and some grazing under 
proper directions. After some discus- 
sion the meeting adjourned subject to 
the call of the president. 


pees 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 41 


Educational. 


The New York State College of For- 
estry has a 30,000-acre demonstration 
area of Adirondack forest. The terms of 
sale are agreed on, and only a survey de- 
lays the formal turning over of the prop- 
erty. It containssome virgin forest, some 
from which the lumbermen have taken 
the choice timber, and some from which 
forest fires have taken all the timber. 
The college can, therefore, on the start, 
demonstrate all sides of forestry, from 
planting bare tracts to lumbering and 
getting the logs to market. 

Of this institution, ScAhwetserische Zeit- 
schrift fur Forstwesen, published at Bern, 

Switzerland, says: 


We must grant that the Americans not only 
are in earnest in their efforts to further their 
forestry, but are able to choose with keen vision 
and true comprehension the proper means for 
attaining the desired ends by the shortest road. 


The /ndtan Forester, published at Mus- 
soorie, India, in reviewing the prospectus 
of the College of Forestry, makes the 
following comments: 


We may confess at once that after reading 
through the proposals for the latter, which may 
be termed ‘‘stiff all through,” and the names 
of the President and thirty-two professors and 
instructors who will be engaged in the scholastic 
work, we reflected with no small amount of 
relief that our school and college days aie 
over. In the college courses of instruction, we 
should b2 inclined to say that too many sub- 
jects in too many parts are proposed to be 
taught, when for instance we read tkat eight 
different courses of geology are proposed. In 
all, if we read aright, as at English universi- 
ties, there are about fifteen hours fundamental 
and four hours supplementary or elective work 
per week; and that excursions and laboratory 
work only count one hour for every two anda 
half or three actually spent. Botany is taught 
in the first three years, forestry in the last two 
only; thus students who only take the three- 
years’ course lose a large part of the latter. 
We note that an average of two hours per week 
isto be spent during each of the last seven 
terms on political economy; while the subject 
of pisciculture and venery is alsotaught. A 
thesis will be required from every student in 
his fourth year, and it is noted that there is an 
ample .field for graduate and research work 
which will be encouraged. We see no mention 
of the teaching of accounts. A knowledge of 
these is certainly required in the work ofa 
forest officer. In geology we note that one 


week’s practical work is to be done in the field: 
in addition we would say, regarding this and 
the origin and nature of soils, the geology of 
soils, the way in which they take their origin 
from certain formations of rock, and the kind 
of soil formed from the latter is, for a forest 
officer, far more important than knowing the 
names of fossils; similarly with the knowledge 
of how to read a geological map and the 
way in which strata lie. As regards forest 
protection, an account of fire conservancy as it 
will be taught and practiced, will be of interest. 
to forest officers of this country. We wish the 
New York State College of Forestry every suc- 
cess, both in its teach'ng and its results, large 
and small. 


The board of directors of the Cali- 
fornia State Board of Trade discussed, at 
a recent meeting, the preservation of the 
forests of the West. A committee was 
appointed, consisting of John P. Irish, 
Craigle Sharp and W. H. Mills, to con- 
fer with the board of regents of the Uni- 
versity of California at the meeting of the 
latter on the 21st inst. The committee 
was instructed to urge the faculties of the 
universities of Berkeley and Stanford to 
create a chair of forestry in their re- 
spective institutions. 


The annual report of State Engineer 
John 2 Field, of Colorado, contains 
some valuable suggestions with regard 
to foréstaires: It says in part: 


Forest fires during the last year have been 
more than ever destructive and numerous, and 
I would urge that some law be passed to pre- 
vent, if possible, these conflagrations, even to 
the extent of prohibiting hunters and campers 
from invading the timber reserve or thickly 
wooded portions of our mountains when there 
has been a long spell of dry weather. I would 
then urge that some effective measure be 
adopted for fighting the fires when first dis- 
covered, The entire irrigation section is de- 
pendent on the preservation of our forests, which 
I believe can never, be replaced no matter what 
the necessity and regardless of expense, for with 
the forests the soil alike disappears, is washed 
off by rains and rapidly melting snows, and we 
have in prospect bare rocky ranges without 
trees or soil. I would recommend, instead of 
building reservoirs to hold our flood waters, 
that the forests, those great natural reservoirs, 
be preserved to the end that our floods be not 
increased, and as a consequence, our summer 
flow decreased. 


N 


THE F@RESTER, 


February, 


FIRE. 


PROTECTING FOREST KILLED BY 


COLORADO ; 


SKY LINE CANAL, 


rad 


1899. 
Pie FORESTER. 
PUBLISHER’S ANNOUNCEMENT. 


Tue Forester is published monthly by the 
American Forestry Association at 


No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents, 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


POREST ORGANIZATION. 


Among the resolutions adopted by the 
Pomological Society of Southern Cali- 
fornia at its recent meeting at Covina 
are the following : 


Resolved, That a plan of work in forestry 
and water preservation should be framed and 
worked to. 

Resolved, That an efficient forest patrol 
force can only be formed by disciplined men 
of good physical capacity. 

Resolved, That the plan formulated for 
forest work in the Sierra Madre at our Covina 
meeting be forwarded to the Secretary of the 
Interior, the Secretary of War and the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture. 

The plan mentioned as having been 
formulated at the Covina meeting in- 
cludes, in brief, a proposition to form a 
forest patrol by details from the regular 
Army to serve under forest officers. The 
proposition itself is not a new one, but, 
under new conditions, there seem to be 
reasons why it can no longer be re- 
garded as being either practicable or ex- 
pedient. At present the work of the 
Government pertaining to forestry is 
distributed among three agencies, the 
General Land Office and the Geological 
Survey, both in the Department of the 
Interior, and the Division of Forestry, 
in the Department of Agriculture. This 
distribution of powers and duties has 
not resulted in any direct conflict of au- 
thority. It has, however, served to 
demonstrate that, owing to lack of unity, 
many efforts, well directed though they 
have been, have necessarily involved 
the waste of more or less money, time 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 43 


andenergy. The question very naturally 
arises as to whether the measure advo- 
cated by the Pomological Society of 
Southern California might not tend to 
complicate the situation still further by 
the addition of the Army as a fourth 
agency ? The American Forestry Asso- 
ciation the Pennsylvania Forestry Asso- 
ciation, and the National Board of 
Trade, in meetings held during the past 
few weeks, have adopted resolutions 
favoring the unification of the several 
governmental agencies for the investiga- 
tion, survey and administration of public 
forests, prefacing the proposition by the 
statement that such a change would be 
in the interest of public economy and 
lead to a more efficient and satisfactory 
service. The National Irrigation Con- 
gress, at its meeting in Cheyeune last 
September, declared in favor of the cre- 
ation of a Bureau of Public Forests in 
the Department of the Interior, a propo- 
sition which has since been endorsed in 
the resolutions adopted at the annual 
meeting of the Colorado State Board of 
Horticulture. 

It is unnecessary at this time to dis- 
cuss the wisdom and propriety of utilizing 
the Army in even a temporary plan for 
forest management. There may have 
been a time when such a course might 
well have been adopted as a measure of 
temporary expediency, but if so it would 
seem that such atime has passed. At 
present there are pending in Congress 
two bills for the increase of the regular 
military establishment. This certainly 
indicates that the entire army is occupied 
in the discharge of its proper functions 
and that it now has no men to spare for 
forest patrol purposes. Not only is the 
Army not available for service in any 
scheme of forest administration and 
management, but it is doubtful if the 
War Department desires to have its 
present duties and cares increased. 

Certainly it cannot be said that ‘‘an 
efficient forest patrol” consisting of 
“disciplined men of good physical ca- 
pacity’? cannot be organized apart from 
the Army as readily as within its ranks. 


44 THE PORES@TER. 


On the contrary, there is every reason 
to believe that an organization created 
for the single purpose will, under all 
conditions, prove the most satisfactory. 
if ab any tume, -acpart of the military 
force becomes available for service in 
aiding to patrol the forest reservations 
during the season when there is imm1- 
nent danger from fire, there is no reason 
to doubt that such service would prove 
to be a valuable supplement to that of a 
regularly constituted corps of foresters. 
Army officers who take intelligent interest 
in matters pertaining to forest preserva- 
tion have made the appropriate sugges- 
tion that such service might well be 
substituted for, or made part of, the sum- 
mer practice marches. At the present 
time, however, the further agitation of 
any specific proposition for the utiliza- 
tion of military forces in this capacity, 
coupled, as it would be, by a further 
division of authority, would seem to be 
unwise. This is true not only for the 
reasons already given, but also because 
such a course leads to a common mis- 
conception as to the professional ques- 
tions involved. For this reason efforts 
must be made to promote a wider under- 
standing of tne fact that forest adminis- 
tration, in its strict sense, and forest 
management, are each quite as necessary 
as forest protection. With such an 
understanding established, the creation 
of a proper organization for the control, 
management and care of the forest reser- 
vation system could not be long delayed. 

In this connection it is well to call 
attention to the admirable suggestion of 
Hon. Abbot Kinney, Chairman of the 
Yosemite Park Commission, that stu- 
dents of forestry be recognized as the 
most desirable candidates for employ- 
ment as forest rangers and that they be 
given preference as such. This plan is 
certainly to be commended. Its adop- 
tion would result in the elimination of 
partisan politics from a matter where its 
intrusion is a manifest incongruity, and 
would have a generally elevating and 
beneficial effect on the forest service by 
the addition of discipline and physical 
ability. At the start the forest student 


February, 


who seeks employment as a ranger 
would prove to be much more efficient 
than the average political appointee not 
only on account of his superior intelli- 
gence but also because he would possess 
a certain degree of professional enthusi- 
asm, or pride of service, and an ambition 
for advancement. With such incentives 
he would become distinguished for his 
aptitude, efficiency, and fidelity to duty 
much more than the man who accepts 
such employment only because of the 
wages offered. Mr. Kinney’s suggestion 
is timely and it is to be hoped that it 
may become the subject of favorable 
consideration and action. 


a2 


THE PROTECTION OF IRRIGA- 
TION WORKS: 


In the matter of natural fertility, the 
soil of the arid and semi-arid regions of 
the Western States has few superiors. 
Though the relative amount of organic 
matter is small, the elements of mineral 
fertility are abundant. This is due to 
the very fact of aridity. In the humid 
regions, where there is greater precipita- 
tion, the soils have been leached of their 
soluble salts by the washings and perco- 
lations of ages of rainfall, and now lack 
fertility because of the loss of these 
elements which have been swept to the 
sea. Added to a soil of the highest 
fertility, the arid regions possess a cli- 
mate that is distinguished for its con- 
stant sunshine. With a rich soil and 
constant sunshine but one other con- 
dition is requisite for the attainment of 
the greatest possible returns for all agri- 
cultural and horticultural operations, 
and this is moisture. With this con- 
dition supplied, farming in the rainless 
regions presents one of the most inviting 
and promising fields for industry. That 
its possibilities have as yet been only 
touched is hinted at in the following 
paragraph from the Denver Field and 
Farm, whose editor, a long resident of 
the West, is the author of the well- 
known book, ‘Irrigation Farming”: 


If all the land under canal in Colorado were 
utilized, our State could support a population 


Pinar 


1899. 


ten times as great asnow. The ditches alreacy 
built cover four times the area on which crops 
are being cultivated and matured by the aid of 
the natural flow of the streams alone, The 
best that can be done with the three-fourths 
now left uncultivated is to water it once during 
the flood season, so increasing the pasturage 
or possibly raising one crop of alfalfa instead 
of the three or four crops which could be pro- 
duced with an ample water supply. Many 
of the ditches already built have to remain 
idle and empty during more than half of the 
irrigation season, and the value of the greater 
part of the land under them is but little more 
than it would bring for pasturage alone. The 
period of greatest need in irrigation extends 
from the middle of June to the middle of July, 
while the demand during the last half of July 
is often as great as during the first half of June, 
There is no profit in planting crops which can- 
not be matured ; hence the limit of the area 
which can be cultivated by the natural flow 
alone is not fixed by the flood discharge of May 
and June, but by the short supply of July. 


Briefly stated, the future of irrigation 
development will largely depend upon 
the storage of flood waters that are now 
permitted to flow unused to the sea. 
How this end is to be achieved is a 
problem on the solution of which many 
minds are at work. That it will be 
solved, no one acquainted with the ac- 
tivity and ambition of the Western people 
doubts for a moment. That various 
measures will be adopted is probable. 
One of these is certain to be the re- 
habilitation, preservation and extension 
of forest protective areas. Even if the 
construction of a storage reservoir sys- 
tem would answer for all the purposes of 
water conservation (which it could not), 
the maintenance of protective forests 
would yet be an imperative necessity for 
the adequate protection and the most 
economical operation of irrigation works. 
The rapid confluence of storm waters is 
not the only evil that follows forest de- 
struction in a mountainous region. 
Falling water washes loose particles of 
soil and gravel and small fragments of 
rock. The carrying power of flowing 
water increases as the sixth power of its 
velocity.* A torrent which has its source 
in the timber-stripped area of a steep 
mountain side often attains, after heavy 
rains, a power that not only moves sand 


* LeConte’s Geology, page 18. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 45 


and gravel and small fragments, but 
transports boulders and other rock 
masses. These are deposited as the 
force of the current is checked, perhaps 
choking the bed of a stream and causing 
by its overflow the ruin of the lower 
lands on either side. As the slope of 
the receiving stream decreases the coarse 
gravel and fragments are deposited. 
The sand and silt are still carried in sus- 
pension, to settle finally on the bottom 
of some irrigation canal, so limiting its 
capacity by making it shallower, or to 
be deposited on the bed of a reservoir, 
the available storage capacity of which 
is thus decreased. 

The cleaning of the sandy sediment 
from the bottom of canals is reckoned 
upon annually as an expensive but neces- 
sary item in the operation of many irri- 
gation systems. In eastern Colorado 
the engineers on the Amity Canal re- 
ported that in one instance a small reser- 
voir of two or three acres in extent was 
filled with a deposit of thirty feet of silt 
and sand in the single season of 1895. 
The construction of scouring sluices in 
canal systems and settling basins in con- 
nection with reservoirs may seem to re- 
duce these difficulties to a minimum. 
Such expedients, however, are wasteful 
of either water or money, and results 
obtained are not always satisfactory. 
Even under the best conditions there 
will always be more or less erosion and 
movement of soil and detritus by flood 
waters; and a considerable deposit of 
the finer particles in the slower currents 
and still waters of irrigation works must 
always be taken into account. How to 
reduce these evils to the minimum is a 
question of the very greatest importance 
to the irrigator. Here then is one of the 
great offices of the protective mountain 
forests. To break the force of rapidly 
descending waters and hold a part of 
them in check to feed the springs and 
brooks after the season of flood is gone 
is indeed a useful function; but one 
scarcely less useful is that of binding of 
soil on slopes and, to a great extent, de- 
priving the flood of its harmful power. 

On page 42 THE ForEsTER presents a 


46 THE FORESTER. 


view of a mountain-side irrigation canal 
in Larimer County, Colorado, showing 
how its former forest protection has been 
killed by fire. It is scarcely to be 
expected that, by natural means, a new 
growth will rapidly replace the pro- 
tective forest thus destroyed.* In such 
a case there is a possibility that it may 
at times be necessary to remove gravel 
and other coarse materials from the bed 
of the canal as well as the usual deposit 
of fine sediment. 

Storage reservoirs may supplement 
protective forests, but they cannot be sub- 
stituted for them. Since no agency can 
take the place of forest preservation, 
this subject is one of deepest concern to 
intelligent irrigators. They realize that 
with the destruction of protective forests, 
great material loss must fall upon them. 

In order that all conditions may be 
made the most favorable, that the main- 
tenance and operation of irrigation works 
may be made successful with the least 
expenditure of labor and money, the 
forests must be restored and properly 
cared for. This must be done sooner or 
later, and the sooner it is done the less 
it will cost. 

In a communication to the St. Paul 
Pioneer Press Mr. Otis Staples, a veteran 
lumberman calls attention to the enor- 
mous extravagance involved in the annual 
cutting down of young Spruces and Firs 
for use as ‘Christmas trees.’’ The 
young growths used for this purpose 
for one Christmas in Minnesota would, 
according to his figures, if left standing, 
produce 37,500,000 feet of lumber in 
twenty-five years. It is to be inferred 
that Mr. Staples bases his figures upon 
the assumption that each of the small trees 
thus destroyed would, if left standing, 
grow to full maturity. Such an assump- 
tion would seem to be scarcely war- 
ranted by facts, for the mature forest, in 
the point of numbers, is but a fraction 
of its earlier composition, the surviving 


*See article on ‘‘New Growth on Burned 
Areas”’ by Prof. C, S. Crandall in THE ForeEs- 
TER, Vol. V, No. 1 (January, 1899). 


February, 


trees having crowded out their weaker 
neighbors. It is well, however, to call 
attention to the abuses of which the 
Christmas-tree cutters are guilty. Their 
methods are generally indiscriminate 
and, in effect, are destructive. A young 
forest is benefited by judicious thinning, 
but the prevailing practice of these tree 
cutters is not based upon any thought of 
benefit except that of personal gain to 
the offender. This practice of making 
a clean cut of all young forest growth 
for this purpose, particularly near the 
larger cities in a mountain region, is a 
most reprehensible one, and should be 
made subject to regulation by law. 


The ‘‘Report on Floods of the Mis- 
sissippi River,” by the Senate Committee 
on Commerce, which details the results 
of the investigations made pursuant to a 
resolution of the Senate, has been 
printed. Under the head of ‘* Destruc- 
tion of Forests” the report says: 

Nothing in the evidence or other data ob- 
tained by your committee discloses the fact 
that the destruction of timber at or near the 
headwaters of these river systems tends to 
cause or promote the floods referred to. It 
was shown that where timber is cut down 
for purposes other than cultivation the under- 
brush remains and grows more luxuriant than 
ever, and such underbrush serves to retard 
rather than hasten the movement of water on 
the slopes and hillsides ; and where timber is 
cut down for purposes of clearing and cultiva- 
tion the plowed area becomes an enlarged 
absorbent of surface moisture. It isa generally 
accepted opinion that the destruction of timber 
tends rather to diminish than to increase the 
rainfall. 


A very important phase of the flood 
question is passed over with a very brief 
mention. That the effects of forest de- 
struction would seem to warrant a more 
extended discussion in such a report 
tiiere can be no question, forit has been 
proven over and over again that the re- 
moval of forests in mountain regions 1s 
always followed by disastrous results in 
seasons of great flood. Of the fires that 
burn through the cut-over lands and 
of the soil erosion which follows in the 
wake of the fire on the steeper slopes, 
and the consequent destruction of its 


1899. 


forest-producing capability, no account 
seems to have been taken. The fact 
that a heavy growth of underbrush can- 
not grow on a hillside which has been 
denuded of its surface soil does not seem 
to have been taken into consideration. 
In regard to the ‘‘generally accepted 
opinion that the destruction of timber 
tends rather to diminish than to increase 
rainfall,” there is some question. There 
is another opinion, also more or less 
generally accepted, that forest destruction 
tends to promote violent forms of precip- 
itation and leads to the alternation of 
excessively dry and wet periods, thus 
producing the greatest extremes of varia- 
tion in the flow of water in streams. 
Althougk such an opinion 1s perhaps 
well grounded it would be of doubtful 
wisdom to base any particular line of 
public policy upon any such popular 
assumption, in the absence of scientific 
data. 

The great question of the use and 
abuse of water resources is demanding 
more attention on the part of the people 
of the United States each year, and it 
would be well, in the earlier discussions 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 47 


upon this topic, to omit all mere guess 
work from calculations. Such a course 
would in the end prove to be the most 
economical and facilitate the earliest and 
most complete development of national 
resources. 


e 


That the progress of forestry is often 
seriously hindered by the personal aspira- 
tions of politicians goes without saying. 
In the Oregon legislature a bill was in- 
troduced creating the office of commis- 
sioner of forestry, game and fish, and 
before it had time to pass either house 
there were three avowed candidates for 
the position. The Wisconsin plan of 
creating an unsalaried commission would 
probably result in the appointment of 
more competent though less ambitious 
men. Judging by results attained in 
some Other states it would be better to 
have no legislation enacted upon this 
subject at all than to have it end in the 
selection of an official whose interest in 
forestry and whose qualifications for the 
work in hand were secondary to his desire 
for preferment to a salaried position. 


Recent Publications. 


The Physical Geography of Worcester 
Massachusetts, published by the Worcester 
Natural HistorySociety,isan admirable little de- 
scriptive pamphlet which serves as a mode] for 
works of the kind. Theauthor, is Mr. H. Perry. 


Biennial Report of the State Forest, Game 
and Fish Commissioner of the State of Colo- 
rado, This report covers the years 1897 and 
1898, Three pages are devoted to Forestry, 
and the remaining sixty-three pages to game 
and fish. The fact that Forestry makes no 
greater showing is not due to the preference 
of Commissioner Swan for the other interests, 
but to an uncomfortable condition of the Colo- 
rado law. ‘The law so stands that there would 
seem to be a conflict of authority between 
Commissioner Swan and the State Land Board, 
which has rendered his power inoperative 
by going to both the ‘‘care of all woodlands 
and forests.” Commissioner Swan urges legis- 
lation which shall elude this difficulty. It is to 
be hoped that his suggestions will be carried 
out. We should then have a report as inter- 
esting and pertinent throughout as Commis- 
sioner Swan has made this one concerning 


game and fish, in which matters he has hada 
free hand, 

Forestry in Minnesota, prepared by Prof, 
Samuel b, Green, and published by The Min- 
nesota Forestry Association. This little vol- 
umeis welcome. Itis hard to see how a better 
elementary hand-book adapted both for general 
educational purposes and special local require- 
ments could well be put together. The first 
127 pages deal with ‘‘Elementary Forestry,”’ 
and serve as a good introduction to the study 
in general. The second part deals with the 
trees of Minnesota in their relation to forests 
and planting. That Professor Green’s book is 
necessarily local in certain of its aspects, is 
part of its very purpose, What is most needed 
is a number of such local forest manuals. It is 
by the aid of such writings as this that forestry 
will become widely applied on the part of 
individuals, and hence widely appreciated and 
encouraged by the country at large. Copies of 
this work will be sent to non-residents of Minne- 
sota by the secretary of the Minnesota Forestry 
Association, Geo. W. Strand, Taylor’s Falls, 
Minn., upon receipt of fifteen cents. 


48 


The Second Report of the American Park 
and Outdoor Association, This is an account 
of the meeting of the Association at Minne- 
apolis, Minn., June 22, 23 and 24, 1898. “* To 
promote the conservation of natural scenery, 
the acquirement and improvement of land for 
public parks and reservations, and the ad- 
vancement of all outdoor art having to do with 
the designing and fitting of public grounds for 
public and private use,” are the purposes for 
which it exists. A number of interesting 
papers deal with various aspects of the work, 
which has already been so successful. 

The president of the Association is Mr, 
Charles M. Loring, of Minneapolis; the secre- 
tary is Mr. Warren H. Manning, whose address 
is 1146 Tremont Building, Boston, Mass. 


The Wyoming State University has issued 
an instructive bulletin on the subject of ‘‘Cul- 
tivated Shade and Forest Trees of Wyoming,” 
by Prof. B. C. Buffum. 


In a recent contribution to the AZ/an- 
tic Monthly, President Charles W. Elliott, 
of Harvard University, who is noted as 
an observing traveler, says: 

Any one who has traveled through the 
comparatively treeless countries around the 
Mediterranean, such as Spain, Sicily, Greece, 
Northern Africa and large portions of Italy, 
must fervently pray that our own country may 
be preserved from so dismal a fate. It is not 
the loss of the forests only that is to be dreaded, 
but the loss of agricultural regions now fertile 
and populous, which may be desolated by the 
floods that rush down from bare hills and 
mountains, bringing with them vast quantities 
of sand and gravel to be spread over the low- 
lands. Traveling a few years ago through 
Tunisie, I came suddenly upon a fine Roman 
bridge of stone over a wide, bare, dry river 
bed. It stood some 30 feet above the bed of 
the river, and had once served the needs of a 


THE FORESTER. 


February, 


It is estimated, tne bulletin recites, that 
approximately one-sixth of the area of the 
State, or about ten million acres of land within 
its borders, is covered with timber. All of this 
is in the mountain regions. The bulletin gives 
in detail the results of experiments at the 
various stations in Wyoming in raising forest 
and shade trees. A summary of these results 
shows that the best trees for wind breaks, 
shelter belts and street planting in Wyoming 
are the Cottonwoods and Willows. The most 
rapid Cottonwood is the smooth-bark, or Ryd- 
burgh’s. The next in value are the Broad Leaf, 
Black or Narrow Leaf Cottonwood and the Balm 
of Gilead. In the order of their hardness the 
following trees have been tried at the State 
experiment stations: Cottonwood, Willow, Silver 
Spruce, Douglas Spruce, Hardy Apples, Silver 
Maple, Cedar, White Ash, Locust, Elm, Moun- 
tain Ash, Black Walnut and Catalpa. 


prosperous population. Marveling at the 
height of the bridge above the ground, I asked 
the French station master if the river ever rose 
to the arches which carried the roadway of the 
bridge. His answer testified to the flooding 
capacity of the river and the strength of the 
bridge. He said, ‘‘I have been here four 
years, and three times I have seen the river 
running over the parapets of that bridge.” 
That country was once one of the richest 
granaries of the Roman Empire. It now 
yields a scanty support for a sparse and semi- 
barbarous population The whole region round 
about is treeless. The care of the National 
forests is a provision for future generations, 
for the permanence over vast areas of our 
country of the great industries of agriculture 
and mining upon which the prosperity of the 
country ultimately depends. A good forest 
administration would soon support itself ; but 
it should be organized in the interests of the 
whole country, no matter what it cost. 


AMERICAN FORES TRY ASSOCIATION. 


Bump Rock Road, Park and Page Fence 


Premises of R. B. SYMINGTON, 
At Cape Cod, Mass. —=—aiia— 


In order to preserve the innate beauty of this rustic scene 
Mr. S. was not willing to have it marred ey, even a fence 
post. He used the 


PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE 


Nineteen horizontal wires—s8 inches high and ees it 
to the trees from 30 to 60 feet apart : 


SEE! It does not Lag nor Sag between the supports. 


Abst Viees Or SslOCK: ANDIPARM FENCES 
CONST ANTEY ON HAND 


WRITE FOR DESCRIPTION. 


cee ors snotaennsesttnnsaneatenes — 


Page Woven Wire Fence Co., 


ADRIAN, MICHIGAN. 


BOX. 65. ————aay 


THE Wagige Ss? Hike 


H. J. KOKEN C. P. HANCOCK 


NA RWWA 

syING High-Class Designs and 
Illustrations 

seid (On Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 


Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


4 


4G 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


FORESTEB™. SCHG@en 


At BILAWMORE, Nowe. 


For circular and information apply to 


CA. SCHEIN fan iD. 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE. 


I, he Ik a a a ae dhe Aaa ia A 


MARCH, 1899. | No. &. 


A monthly magazine devoted to the care and use 
of forests and forest trees and to related subjects. 


PUBLISHED BY 
The American Forestry Association. 


S060 Se 


rice 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., as second class matter. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. | 


INGWSHLUGRISA Gi iivcpacestcesasnacks doen iateens avenge ewes datos Ha A ers Ma DU A a eveh ssuicees Speeeceseesees AT SR | HAG 
Why Lumbermen Should be Members of the American Forestry Association ............0:sesseeee 51 
The Douglas Spruce of Northern Oregon ........ seaetetanas Medavdnasineste se Manauhowky ategab Seete PeA ae ket 52 
TBNS COMECHONIOL StAtiStiCs ye ek esis ote cet caleuaeivesbateny cel Onakelehy el donlseuuumtse aan am eabils beaue wanes 58 

MECAEIUIREE CQ CISEIOS aiVinva ve seatuapvdssabadicssecseeteassacunae MU BUT AU u ci uv alta gatalds oUnieca gle mae se ages sea eine bee see OO 
Forest Management: 

Po Reforest WHE EINSK ANAS ie) ye. cellos claes Bameerel cedett oon aabateckyctrarachucds cite Cuacascenay sey esau 61 

WOOG- Piel Industry sic, lp eccecs <dawctee > scdescnncdquadepbusduantwadadphata ce sseeesseieus dvccumarsailntyenvabysada 62 

A Field for Lumber Capitals ....3..., 21... .c...scsscddenesedecdeonssieaisothsaasd soot pssvadecsone+sne seh sis unensenson 63 
Forest Administration: Excessive Timber Land Taxation,............ccccceccsccscsccccsscccscsccccccecs 64 
State Associations: 

A SLSLOY EES hey NS Sa ah age Canada bac cdo oy seeeM be Mace aucldleye vilmcl uses ce sedtaltecaneae ome cMivedss sakes gene 65 

O79) Cob ee: 160 Ape MAR IRAN UL Ae CO RS Ls. A UNL AN UA Re UPR ea SS Le der A 65 

ING TAS Steet shee ee ot eRe eee cal wety eataume ne meate en grslweu aE aS Un LI 2 ata Mea een Unt One ko eins ata 65 
Educational 

MISEPCECELOH 1 KE GL ESEIY) oc ssvcd sve ceviocs sce cce socs ctisla sae temtap een sme clout auecaols edleals (eae tits une tcl tneauinet satan Gaaele 66 

Deckers On POrest TOPs ooo see sci cesedocacovoerpamebavat daw eaney's skpank cde buen Crate darda ule tae us eek Ree 66 
Editorial: | 

Te PRY Pooh 012 nage ais RUG UNE ea LO Be A000 PA RRR a a PU ein et Tal ib ANSE Lae 67 

SPOMOSUATOHITG RESET VATION: (1.1) sucev-vecatsecsae vas quetplamtosnwens car eticcews sk sigue scadod ue stunsya asd ueeRCus ened 67 

New orest: PR CSenvatiOn tie ick hiss sclcoccicoass coated toaiiacteua coamadsatinctawaldaee ewes suacge cewaaty apt uee Dae 69 
PRECEN GIT DUCA OMS iol cele ek ee sso h en eieeoeocobadicacas MMAR nema nes Ne Wace aats cn stage Maeaia Cone Raat Nya tee eemeeeg 70 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 
INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR i899. 


President. 
Hon. James Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President, Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNow. F, H. NEWELL. 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer. 
GrorcE P. WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 
James WILson, CHARLES C, BINNEY, Epwarp A. Bowers. FREDERICK V, COVILLE, 
B. E, Fernow,. Henry GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL, 
GrorGE W. McLANAHAN, GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P, WHITTLESEY. 
Vice Presidents, : 
Sir H. G. JoLy pe Lorsinizre, Pointe Platon, Wo. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
Quebec. Joun GirrorD, Princeton, N. J. 
CHARLES Mour, Mobile, Ala. Epwarp F. Hoszart, Santa Fe, N. M. 
CHARLES C, GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. WarrEN Hictey, New York, N. Y. 
D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. Hoimes, Raleigh, N. C. 
Tuomas C, McRAg, Prescott, Ark. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
AssoTT Kinney, Lamanda Park, Cal. REUBEN H. WarpDeER, North Bend, Ohio. 
E. T. Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo. Witiram T. LitTiz, Perry, Okla. 
RogsertT Brown, New Haven, Conn. E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 
Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RotHrock, West Chester, Pa. 
A. V. Ciusss, Pensacola, Fla. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 
R. B. RepparpD, Savannah, Ga. H. G. RussE.u, E. Greenwich, R. I. 
. M. Courter, Chicago, II. H. A. Green, Chester, S. C. 
AMES Troop, Lafayette, Ind. Tuomas T, WricutT, Nashville, Tenn. 
Tuos. H. MacBripg, Iowa City, Iowa. W. Goopricu Jones, Temple, Texas. 
J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. C, A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. 
Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 
LEwIs JoHNnson, New Orleans, La. D. O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. 
JouHN W. Garrett, Baltimore, Md. Epmunp S. MEAny, Seattle, Wash. 
Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. A. D, Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. 
. D. W. FrReEncu, Boston, Mass. H. C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 
. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich. ELtwoop MEap, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
Cc. C, ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. Grorce W. McLanauAn, Washington, D.C. 
WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 


Cuares E, Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Wma. LitT.e, Montreal, Quebec. 


A 


AROLIN 
RAILWAY 


WESTERN NORTH C 


F SOUTHERN 


0 


E 


ON LIN 


ae 


The og a 


MARCH, es No. 3 
News ce 
The Minnesota Forestry Association the six months that he was a forest 


is the oldest organization of its kind in 
the United States, having been organ- 
ized and chartered in 1876. 


The penalty for cutting timber on State 
lands in South Dakota has been hereto- 
fore a fine of at least $1,000, but a bill 
has lately been introduced to reduce the 
fine to $250 to $500 or imprisonment of 
not less than six months. 


Mr. Charles A. Keffer, for the past 
five years Assistant Chief of the Division 
of Forestry, has resigned to accept a posi- 
tion as the head ot the department of 
horticulture and agriculture in the New 
Mexico Agricultural College, at Mesilla 
ark, N:° M- 


President McKinley formally dis- 
approved of the act of the Choctaw 
Indian Council, in the Indian Territory, 
which prohibited the sale of timber on 
the Indian lands after January 1, 1899, 
and required saw-mills to cease opera- 
tions on that date. 


Mr. Geo. W. Strand, secretary of the 
Minnesota Forestry Association, is fur- 
nishing a series of press articles on 
forestry topics. They are sent out 
twice a month to the papers of Minne- 
sota, and as nearly a hundred journals 
are publishing them regularly a large 
circulation is assured for the interesting 
and valuable matter contained. 


Mr. John D. Benedict has resigned the 
superintendency of the New Mexico- 
Arizona Forest Reservation District to 
accept a position as Superintendent of 
Indian Schools in the Indian Territory. 
Mr. Benedict, who was appointed from 
Illinois, made a very creditable record 


as a faithful and diligent official during 


superintendent and it is to be regretted 
that a more tempting offer should take 
him to another field. 


A bill was introduced into the Minne- 
sota Legislature, by Representative 
Brusletten, of Goodhue County, to repeal 
the forest law of that State and abolish 
tne fire warden system. The measure 
was defeated as it deservedto be. Since 
the enactment of the new forest laws in 
1895 Minnesota has been free from the 
ravages of serious forest fires, though 
during that time the pine regions of 
nclenberne States, where no provision 
for fire prevention has been made, have 
suffered severely. 


Henry Weber, of Eau Pleine, Mara- 
thon County, Wis., stated lately that he 
had within a short time cut what he be- 
lieved to be the biggest pine tree ever 
cut in that county. The tree was cut 
into eleven logs, most of which were 
twelve feet in length, which scaled a 
total. of 6,780 feet. The butt log at 
the large end measured five feet five 
inches in diameter. There was no mill 
in the neighborhood that could saw the 
butt log, and Mr. Weber intended to 
split it with dynamite. 


Great Britain is preparing to expend 
$800,000 per year for a period of thirty 
years in the development of the agri- 
cultural region of upper Egypt by the 
construction of a series of gigantic irriga- 
tion works. The arable area of the Nile 
valley at present is about 10,500 square 
miles and it is proposed to augment this 
amount by the reclamation of at least 
2,500 square miles of arid lands within 
six or eight years. Active work on the 
construction of the first great dam across 
the river has begun. 


50 THE FORESTER. 


Not long since the representative of a 
Puget Sound lumber mill sold a small 
bill of timber consisting of four pieces 
18 by 18 inches by 60 feet long, and four 
pieces 16 by 16, 55 feet long. The whole 
bill amounted to about one carload, but 
owing to their length the timbers had to 
be shipped in two cars, making double 
freight. The delivered price, therefore, 
was very high for this class of material 
—almost prohibitory it would seem—but 
there is where the Pacific coast pro- 
ducers have the advantage. 


Dr. S. A. Knapp, of Louisiana, who 
recently returned from the Philippine 
Islands, reports that he saw a section of 
a mahogany tree that was purchased at 
Manila by U. S. Consul Williams to be 
sent to this country. It was between 
seven and eight feet in diameter and of 
most remarkable beauty. It is to be 
made into tops for center tables. Dr. 
Knapp visited China, Japan and the 
Philippines as special agent of the De- 
partment of Agriculture for the investi- 
gation of the rice-growing industry. 


A White Oak tree was cut in Knox 
county, Indiana, in January that is sup- 
posed to have been one of the largest 
of the kind ever cut in that section. It 
measured eight feet four inches at the 
butt, fifty-three inches at the small end, 
scaled 7,867 feet, and made four twelve- 
foot logs. The tree was cut and rolled 
to White River and loaded on a barge, 
taken to Mt. Carmel, Ill., rolled to side 
track and loaded two logs toacar. A 
silver dollar would have covered the 
heart of any one of the logs The tree 
was bought by John S. Dickson, timber 
buyer for A. B. Mickey & Sons, Prince- 
ton. The logs will cut quartered oak 
panels, 27 to 28 inches wide. 


Until very recently Beech has been 
used for only a few purposes, such as 
plane stocks and tool handles. It is 
now recognized, however, that the wood 
is admirably adapted for furniture and 
interior finish. There is some diffi- 


March, 


culty, it is true, in seasoning Beech in 
any thickness above one inch; but this 
may prove only a temporary limitation, 
and meantime it can be widely employed, 
especially when the stock is cut quite 
thin, making a satisfactory veneer. 
When quarter-sawed, the wood equals 
the Sycamore in the beauty of its grain. 
In the hardwood section of the middle 
South the tree attains a splendid size, 
with long clear bole, and there are 
many mixed forests in which it occurs in 
abundance. 


Owners of timber lands in Pennsy]l- 
vania are interested in a law that was 
enacted by the last Legislature which 
provides that the owners of land in that 
State having on it forest or timber trees 
of not less than fifty trees to the acre 
shall be entitled to receive annually 
from the commissioners of their respec- 
tive counties during the period that the 
said trees are maintained in sound con- 
dition upon the land, a sum equal to 
eighty per centum of all the taxes an- 
nually assessed and paid upon said land, 
or so much of eighty per centum as 
shall not exceed the sum of forty-five 
cents per acre. No one property owner 
shall be entitled to receive said abate- 
ment on more than fifty acres, and proof 
must be made that each of said trees 
measures at least eight inches in diameter 
at a height of six feet above the surface 
of the ground, and that no portion of 
said land is absolutely cleared of said 
EGeeS- 


The following editorial paragraph ap- 
peared in a recent issue of the Phila- 
delphia Record: 


It is a pleasure to know that two misde- 
meanants found guilty of kindling forest fires 
are languishing in the Huntington County jail. 
The news ought to be spread abroad in the 
State as a deterrent to others who, out of willful 
malice or a mere spirit of deviltry, are guilty 
of this crime. The yearly destruction of grow- 
ing timber in Pennsylvania by reason of 
spreading fires inflicts heavy loss upon owners 
of woodland property, and makes almost nu- 
gatory the effort of the State for forest preser- 
vation. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 51 


Why Lumbermen Should Be Members of the 


American Forestry Association. 


The prevalence of forest fires during 
the past summer has called attention to 
the necessity of forest protection with 
unusual torce. The destruction of forests 
by fire brings losses to many parts 
of the community, but to none more 
direct and severe damage than to the 
lumber interest; and the benefits that 
would accrue to lumbermen through the 
protection of forests against fire are 
correspondingly great. Such protection 
would mean the preservation of the raw 
material of the lumber trade on the 
stump, and in many cases the safety of 
the private property of the lumberman 
in the form of mill and machinery, dams, 
roads or slides, as well as in that of 
standing timber or logs in the woods. 
Protection of this kind costs the lumber- 
man very heavily at times, although the 
State or Government should rightly bear 
the cost of an organization to guard 
against fire in the forest, just as cities 
maintain fire engines and apparatus and 
hire firemen at their own expense. 

The continuation of the lumberman’s 
business depends first of all on the suc- 
cess of the attempt to check forest fires. 
When the productive forests disappear 
the lumberman will go with them. In 
many parts of the country this result is 
nearer at hand than is often supposed, 
and in the case of individual millmen 
great hardships are very frequently im- 
posed by the destruction of their tribu- 
tary timber by fire. 

Combined action on the part of all 
who are interested in the protection of 
forests and the perpetuation of the lum- 
ber trade is absolutely necessary before 
any successful attempt can be made to 
check this enormous evil. Forest fires 
throughout the United States are frequent 
to a degree little understood except by 
men familiar with the woods, and the 
magnitude of the task of checking them 
is correspondingly great. The Amert- 
can Forestry Association offers the means 


of united action between the lumbermen 
of the East and West, the North and 
South, toward this most necessary end. 
Organization is absolutely essential in 
any attempt of this kind, and the estab- 
lished reputation of this Association, the 
strong names already on its rolls, and its 
history of honorable accomplishment, 
make it by far the best means for the 
purpose in hand. 

But if we suppose forest fires to be 
checked throughout the country, the 
interests of the lumber trade will still be 
only partially protected. Destructive 
methods of lumbering are often not less 
harmful in their results to the lumber 
business itself than the severest fires. 
Lumbermen hitherto have given but lit- 
tle attention to ways of cutting and 
getting out their timber which would 
not destroy the productive value of forest 
land. In other words, cutting with 
a view to perpetuating the supply of 
lumber through the protection and repro- 
duction of the forest has had little atten- 
tion from lumbermen until now. Many 
of those who have considered it have not 
believed it was practical, but by far the 
greater number have scarcely considered 
it at all. 

Conservative lumbering differs more 
widely from forest protection, as it is 
understood by those mistaken friends of 
the forest who are anxious to have all 
the trees die on the stump, than from 
the methods of lumbermen ordinarily 
used. It consists simply in taking such 
precautions in cutting and getting out 
the timber as will insure a valuable 
second-growth. In the Adirondack for- 
ests of New York, for example, such 
lumbering has recently been introduced 
on two large tracts covering together 
more than one hundred thousand acres, 
and during the past fall and early winter 
fifteen camps were cutting in this way. 
The reasons which led to the adoption 
of these methods were strictly business 


ones, The removal of the old timber in 
a way to protect and promote the growth 
of the young trees adds very little to the 
cost of lumbering, while the increased 
value of the land After cutting much 
more than repays the additional ex- 
pense. 

The method used in the Adirondacks 
will naturally not apply to all the forest 
regions of the United States, but other 
methods of conservative lumbering can 
be used with advantage almost every- 
where. The American Forestry Associa- 
tion works for the diffusion of a knowl- 
edge of these methods and for their 
adoption throughout the United States. 
In doing so, it seeks to perpetuate, not 
to destroy, the lumber business of the 
country, and it is already receiving the 
support of prominent lumbermen in 
different parts of the United States. 

The Association understands thor- 
oughly the premium set on the destruc- 
tion of timber by heavy taxation on tim- 
ber lands, cut and uncut, and is pre- 
pared to interest itself actively in bring- 
ing about achange. The possession of 
an appropriate and effective organ in THE 
FoRESTER, with its extensive exchange 


The Douglas Spruce 


THE FORESTER: 


March 


list and its circulation among men of 
influence, gives it peculiar advantages in 
any agitation of this kind. 

Much misunderstanding has existed, 
and much still exists, on the part of 
lumbermen and others as to the law and 
the rules and regulations which govern 
the National Forest Reserves. It was 
believed at first that the intention of the 
Government in making these reserves 
was to withdraw them from use altogether, 
and to prohibit the settlement of agricul- 
tural lands within their boundaries. <A 
better understanding has gradually come 
about, but the specific provisions of the 
law are not yet widely known. 

Extracts from the law and the regula- 
tions issued under it, explaining in detail 
the ways in which the reserves may be 
made useful to the communities near 
which they lie, and the regulations to 
be observed in the use of their timber 
and other resources, appeared in the 
February issue of THE Forester. Ap- 
plicants for membership in the American 
Forestry Association whose letters to 
that effect are received before April 15 
will receive the February number until 
the edition is exhausted. 


of Northern Oregon. 


By Henry S. GRAVES. 


It is not improbable that the Douglas 
Spruce in Washington and Oregon grows 
more rapidly than any other coniferous 
tree. The long annual shoots of the 
young saplings and the wide rings on the 
stumps of trees which have grown in 
open situations are noticeable even to 
casual observers. There have been pub- 
lished from time to time measurements 
of the growth of the Douglas, but they 
have usually (with the exception of a 
few by Dr. Heinrich Mayr) been taken 
on old trees at haphazard in the forest, 
and may or may not represent the capa- 
bility of the tree under average condi- 
tions. A complete knowledge of its 
growth can be obtained only through an 


exhaustive study, such as is to be begun 
during the coming summer by the Divi- 
sion of Forestry. A few figures repre- 
senting average conditions only and put 
in a usable form should, however, prove 
valuable until this investigation has 
been completed. The measurements of 
growth summarized below, together with 
the notes on the silvicultural character of 
the tree, were collected by the writer 
during the summer of 1896, in connec- 
tion with a special report prepared for 
Mr. Gifford Pinchot. 


OCCURRENCE. 


Douglas Spruce is found from tide land 
to an altitude between 5,000 and 6,000 


1899. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 53 


feet above sea level. A few scattering tion at which the writer observed it on 
trees occur near the coast, but they dis- the eastern side of the Cascade Range 


WAT LENE POS ee oe 
DOUGLAS SPRUCE, NEAR ASTORIA, OREGON ; DIAMETER, THIRTEEN FEET; 


ESTIMATED HEIGHT, THREE HUNDRED FEET. 


like the tide land and only begin to was 2,800 feet. Along streams, how- 
reach their normal development above ever, it is probably found at a lower alti- 
recent sea deposits. The lowest eleva- tude. It reaches its best development 


54 THE FORESTER. 


west of the summit of the Cascades be- 
low 2,500 feet, on river bottoms, in 
sheltered ravines, on rich benches and 
on moderate slopes. It attains the 
greatest height and produces the most 
valuable timber when growing in dense 
forests, on well-drained, loamy soil and 
in sheltered situations. It occurs, how- 
ever, in abundance on rocky soil, steep 
slopes and exposed ridges, where it is apt 
to be comparatively short and scrubby. 
For its best development a considerable 
amount of moisture in the air is required, 
and on this account it prospers better on 
the western than the eastern slopes of 
the Cascades. A deep soil is not required 
on account of the shallow root system. 
This is well illustrated in the lower 
Santiam Valley, where Douglas Spruce 
is frequently found growing with great 
vigor, and producing tall, straight tim- 
ber, on ground with an impermeable 
subsoil, in which the White Oak is short 
and stunted. 
HABIT. 

When growing in open situations, 
Douglas Spruce develops a large spread- 
ing crown, which gives the tree a broad, 
conical aspect. Such trees are com- 
paratively short and grow rapidly in 
diameter. In dense stands, on the other 
hand, the trees are very tall, shed their 
lower branches early, and form long 
clear boles with narrow compact crowns. 
Douglas Spruce carries its diameter well 
up into the crown, and in case of very 
old trees, the stem then tapers within a 
few feet abruptly to a point, this portion 
being usually bent in the direction of 
the prevailing wind. 

The largest tree measured by the 
writer was thirteen feet in diameter and 
had an estimated height of nearly 300 feet. 
One observer states that he measured a 
tree in Washington 335 feet high and fif- 
teen feet in diameter. The oldest tree, 
whose age was determined during the 
present study, was about 400 years old, 
but specimens have been found with 700 
annual rings on the stump. 

The bark of young trees is light gray 
or white, and is smooth, thin, and 
covered with resin blisters. When twenty 
to thirty years old the bark becomes 
longitudinally cracked. In later life the 


March, 


color varies from dark brown, almost 
black, to a whitish gray; and often on 
old trees it is reddish, or light brown 
tinged with yeliow. At about fifty years 
of age the bark is six-tenths to nine- 
tenths of an inch thick, and on old trees 
three to six inches or even more. 

Lumbermen distinguish between Red 
and Yellow Spruce, but botanically these 
are identical. They differ only in the 
character of the lumber they produce. 
The Yellow Spruce is old and mature, 
and is generally found in dense forest on 
good soil and in favorable situations, 
The trees have long, clear, full trunks, 
narrow crowns, and a fine-grained, 
yel!owish wood. Often, however, the 
wood has a reddish tinge near the center. 
The bark is usually ight brown, tinged 
with yellow, and is less coarse in texture 
than that of the Red Spruce. The latter 
has a comparatively large crown, deeply 
corrugated bark, and coarse-grained, red- 
dish wood. The Douglas found on the 
eastern slope of the Cascades, or grow- 
ing in open situations, is for the most 
part Red Spruce. The yellow variety is 
confined to the: Pacific slope. 

The wood of the Douglas is extremely 
durable. Trees have been known to lie 
on the ground forty years and be per- 
fectly sound. Stems of trees which have 
been killed by fire stand many years be- 
fore decaying. On one plot of even- 
aged trees eighty-three years old, near 
Permelia Lake old stubs of the original 
timber were still to be seen, though de- 
caying and crumbling to pieces 


TOLERANCE. 


The Douglas Spruce cannot live in very 
dense shade. This is shown by the great 
scarcity of young growth in the deep 
forest, where the proportion of old Firs 
which are constantly distributing seed, 
is large. Among the western conifers it 
stands between White Pine and Noble 
Fir in the scale of tolerance, the former 
bearing more shade and the latter less. 


REPRODUCTION. 


The youngest tree found bearing seed 
was only sixteen years old. It was grow- 
ing, however, in excellent soil and in an 
open situation. In the forest the period 
at which the Douglas Spruce bears seed 


1899. 


begins much later. Observers testify that 
it bears fruit every year, but that in some 
years the production of seed is more 
abundant than in others and that fre- 
quently the cones are barren. It is cer- 
tain, however, that seed is produced 
abundantly and at short intervals, and 
that the tree continues to bear late in 
life. Very old trees, such as the veterans 
on the slopes of the Coast Range, repro- 
duce themselves sparsely. Trees bear 
more plentifully on rich than on meagre 
soil; in open places than in dense stands; 
and at low than at high elevations. 

In the dense forest young seedlings 
are practically wanting, but where the 
stand is broken groups of small trees are 
abundant. A certain amount of light is, 
therefore, necessary for the germination 
of the seed. The second essential con- 
dition of germination is a good seed- bed. 
Young seedlings are found in largest 
numbers on ground which has_ been 
broken so that the mineral soil is ex- 
posed. A matting of leaves or a firm 
sod, on the other hand, seems unfavor- 
able to the reproduction of the tree. 
When the upper layer of humus has 
been burned off the reproduction is ex- 
cellent. This is the reason that fires are 
often followed by a magnificent growth of 
young Douglas Spruce. Near seed trees 
the second growth is usually very dense, 
but where a tract has been stripped by 
fire, and seed has to be borne from a con- 
siderable distance, the result is an irreg- 
ular, rather ragged, growth of trees, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


‘try was settled. 


55 


varying greatly in size and age. Under 
such conditions two and sometimes three 
generations of trees are necessary to seed 
the ground densely enough to establish 


_a forest equal to the original growth. 


GROWTH. 


In order to determine the rate of 
growth, the following method was em- 
ployed: Sample plots were measured off 
in second growth which had come up in 
regular even-aged stands. All trees on 
these plots were counted and their diam- 
eters measured at breast height. The 
average diameter was then determined, 
and a sample tree of this diameter and 
apparently of average height, was felled, 
and measurements were taken to deter- 
mine its contents and rate of growth. 
This average tree was used as a basis 
for the computation of the total contents 
of all the trees on the sample plots and 
of the average growth in height and 
diameter. 

The writer was fortunate in finding a 
number of even-aged groups of nearly 
pure second-growth Douglas in the San- 
tiam and Willamette Valleys on what 
had been grass prairies before the coun- 
The repeated fires, 
probably set by the Indians, had pre- 
vented new growth from coming up; 
but when the fires were checked by the 
whites, the few scattered Douglas which 
had survived from a former forest seeded 
the ground rapidly to young timber. 

There were measured, in all, nine sam- 


TABLE No. 1.—Summary of Measurements of Nine Sampie Trees. 
fy Ne ets eas =I ae = hoe a 5 z 
eo Mite taeee eee ec | oe | soe a 
® © a nD cS a ‘a 8 Sa a Locality. 
Bee ee eee ee |e |] ve) eg | BE 
ee ees 8 |e | 8 | es: | Ba | 
= Sati) a = mo 
2) | 5) Ss aS pipe >t Fn fa a= a > 5 
| eee ga ran; rae aE Meh EIGN ae 
No. |Tiches. Inches. Inches.) Feet.|Years.| Feet. Years. Inches. Cub. feet. Peon 
Peer oe a4 | fot gtio.s| 23/5 99.2 |)... | eee ws. tli Clackamas. ....: Ore, 
2 3.0 BRS leravon|fors 22 38.2 sae Sere ig aeis siese Shelburne ..... os 
Bale 7 | 27s 2 OF2n 2220 32 68.8 15 1.0 9.61 32 Clackamas..... ‘‘ 
4 Tes 7.9 O53 | ioe 41 73.5 27 fie eons 4,0 Shelburne’ ..... oC 
5 ROME Ses Fok |) wets 38 80.5 | 18 Le 13.8 AsO) jobelburne ..2.- 1% 
GRO leOn fe ao. 2- om. o| 937 asa 27 tens 16.4 4.2 |Shelburne ..... ce 
Hae OO" | -1O.4: Qe Onlelas 4o | 85.5 | 18 TS eee eee 7. Ae Shelburne’ <.2.. us 
8 8E4b| Sg A6 Fon ale O FOual Ole lal 520 0.8 1Q.1 2.6 Clackamas..... ‘* 
Oulelo.O; |= 19.2 | 16.6 |) 2.0 83 |138.8 32 1.6 110 sted Rea SP Uy Permeliay.- +s 
| | | 5 


56 


ple plots: four near Clackamas, four in 
the Santiam Valley near Shelburne, and 
one between Detroit and Permelia Lake. 
The measurements of the trees which 
were analyzed on the various plots are 
summarized in Table No. 1. 

The annual growth of each tree in 
diameter and height was worked out 
separately from the stem analyses, and 
the average of all obtained by entering 
the values on cross-section paper and 
drawing normal curves through them. 
The rate of growth for each decade was 
then read directly from the curves. 
These values are given in Table No. 2. 


TABLE No. 2. 


Rate of Growth in Height and Diameter. 
Average of Nine Trees. 


an- 


nual growth. 
an- 


nual growth. 


alee see donee 
meer safe e tae 6) =) D 
Years.) Feet. Feet. |Inches.| Inches. 

ae) TOs sete ©) (6) | .Iy 5 
20 33. | 2.3 4.2 | 123 4 
30 GEA bora aes 6.6 ~24 4 
40 Tone lO GQEO%)| .24 4 
50 92) | erk.6 II .4 24 4 
60 106 | peace eieshacl 20 5 
70 120 | P40 eS rn AI ov) 6 
80 WOON 51 16.3 | 163} 8 


From this table it will be seen that 


THE FORESTER. 


March, 


the tree reaches its maximum rate of 
growth in height betweenits twentieth and 
thirtieth years, during which period it is 
shooting up two and four-tenths feet per 
annum. The mean annual growth in 
height for the first thirty years is one and 
nine tenths feet, or slightly less than the 
current annual growth. The rate of 
growth in diameter is very regular. It 
reaches its maximum at about the thirtieth 
year and continues at the rate of twenty- 
four one-hundredths of an inch per 
annum until the tree is about fifty years 
old, when it begins to decrease. It 
must be borne in mind that these figures 
of growth do not represent what an in- 
dividual tree is capable of doing if given 
favorable conditions of light and grow- 
ing space, but are the average for all 
trees both large and small, in a dense 
forest. 

The chief purpose in taking the meas- 
urements of sample plots was to deter- 
mine the number of trees per acre and 
the total contents at different ages. 
Table No. 3 gives a summary of the 
nine valuation surveys, and shows for 
each plot the number of trees, the aver- 
age and maximum diameters, the average 
height, age and density, and the total 
contents in cubic feet and cords. No 
computation of board feet was made be- 
cause, with the exception of a few speci- 
mens on Plot No. g, the trees were not 
of a merchantable size. 


TABLE No. 3.—Summary of Sample Plots, Showing Yield per Acre at Different Ages. 

| Boy eller tele tte + | 2 B a ; 

| © oa Seaicaem| a eI od 

3 oe Festa Seng 4S a : cS) Bs = H ‘ 

| Soins S are ae 2 ye #9 & S Locality. 
: : 2 |g i/sed|8od| s | s&s 8 seta | | 5 of 
Bl We deg | Ba ece | Bee | S|. ORAM coos le rc malarial 
epee cee teem, |S) aes ele 
No. Acres. Inches. Inches. Years.| Feet. | Ou. ft Cu. ft 
T |-0.06"|" 242-409 -|--1'8)- 7" >| 23°) 2qt@mimeccen: TO) AsOSScle ee Clackamas . (re. 
2 | 0.25 | 7OI | 125 | 2.9 10 22 38.0 | 1,087 | 1.0 | 2,804 | 4,346] ... | Shelburne. ‘‘ 
3 | 0.25 | 168 ae Oay7aal LO 32 | 69)0ner.613°). 1,0 672 | 6,451 | 72 | Clackamas ‘‘ 
4 | 0.25 | 128)... | 7.1 | 20 | 41 | 74.0} 1,113 |0.8 428 | 4,451 | 51 | Shelburne. ‘“ 
5 | 1.0 | 645 Fhe. |) 105) 38 | 81.0] 8,901 | 1.0 645 | 8,901 | 99 | Shelburne, ‘‘ 
6| 1.0 | 490] .... | 8.9 | 19 37 | 78.0] 8,036 | 0.85) 490 | 8,036 | 90 | Shelburne. ‘‘ 
Fale Ole s3 Om eee GLO 2 aio KOMMsIS AIS || G30 || CC) 360 | 7,812 | 87 | Shelburne. ‘ 
Sel ONES 5 Silas. | 8.9] 19. | 50 | or aoyaen|tors 353 | 6,742 | 76 | Clackamas ‘‘ 
Opa 2O) ELS Ol wees. | L959 | 40) |) 83 |r390nlm7he8onlon7 150 |17,280 |190 | L. Permelia‘ 

| 


1899. 


These figures show that on a fully 
stocked plot. there are between 3,000 
and 4,000 trees per acre at twenty years 
ofage. Asthe trees grow older they re- 


A GROWTH OF DOUGLAS SPRUCE ABOUT 


quire greater room for their development, 
and in consequence many are overtopped 
and die. While the number of trees 
per acre falls off with increase of age, 
there are still 150 trees on Plot No. g at 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Ey 


the age of eighty-three years with a 
density of only seven-tenths (a fully 
stocked area being rated as one). The 
most striking feature of the table is the 


at. 


WATL- ENG-CO, 


FIFTY YEARS OLD. 


large yield in cubic feet and cords. An 
examination of the last column of figures 
will show that the mean annual incre- 
ment is something over two cords per 
acre. 


58 THE FORESTER 


March, 


The Collection of Statistics. 


Under date of December 26 Dr. C. A. 
Schenck, forester of the Biltmore Estate, 
wrote to the Worthwestern Lumberman 
offering some suggestions as to methods 
of gathering timber statistics. Dr. 
Schenck holds that to be of permanent 
use such an investigation should include 
every tree species. As to the selection 
of a unit of measurement he would reject 
as inaccurate all commonly accepted 
rules for finding contents in board feet 
and use only the cubic foot. After sug- 
gesting that much will depend upon the 
extent to which the investigation is 
carried—how far up the bole of the tree, 
and the minimum size of small or young 
trees to be measured—and also as to 
what shall constitute a forest within the 
meaning of such an investigation, Dr. 
Schenck then takes up the cost of such 
an investigation as follows: 


It will be interesting to find out what the 
stock-t iking of the American forests will cost. 
The United States has an average width of 
about 3,000 miles and an average length of 
1,250 miles. If the country was traversed on 
every meridian, and if for the width of four 
poles lying on that meridian the amount of 
standing timber, the area of brush land, of 
agricultural land, of waste land, of prairies, 
etc., was found out, very complete statistics 
could be obtained. There will be 60 strips, 50 
miles apart one from another. Multplying the 
result obtained on each strip by theratio ‘‘ dis 
tance between the strips divided by width of 
strip,” the amount of timber Jand and the 
growing stock, the amount of brush land, of 
waste land, or agricultural land, etc., would 
appear ata glance. I do not think that the 
stock taking could be done by ordinary lumber- 
men, Ihavehadseveral tractsin this neighbor- 
hood investigated relative to the amount of 
timber growing on them by _highly-recom- 
mended lumbermen. The results given in by 
different lumbermen for the same tract vary 
by about 500 per cent. I am c nfident that 
inaccurate results would be ob’ained by the 
Government statistics as well, if they were 
taken with the help of averagelumbermen, A 
thorough scientific way is the only one that 
will yield the desired result. A combination 
ef agricultural statistics with the forest sta- 
tistics will cheapen the entire work very con- 
siderably, while it will make it more interesting 
at the same time. 


The head man of a ‘‘ band of stock-takers” 
should be a botanist well acquainted with the 


flora of the region in which he is working. In 
such places for which maps are not available a 
geologist and asurveyor should accompany him, 
Supposing that a band can thoroughly inves- 
tigate the length of five miles a day, one of the 
strips above mentioned, being 1,250 miles long, 
could be done at an expense of about $20,000. 
As there are 60 strips to be pursued, the total 
expense would amount to $1,200,000, 

I think the strip system is more advisable 
than estimating the standing timber by .coun- 
ties. In the latter case, the inaccessible parts 
of the country are necessarily over or under- 
estimated, and there is little chance that a mis- 
take made in the plus direction will be elim- 
inated by another mistake made in the minus 
direction. 

The strip system above recommended will 
compel the band o° stock-takers to visit even 
more or less inaccessible places. The outcome 
will be maps showing at aglance for sts, brush 
land, abandoned fields, cultivated fields, grass 
lands, ete. Other maps will show the amount 
of cord wood standing per acre ; again others, 
the amount of annual regrowth ; finally, and 
that is for us the most important point, the 
amount of timber standing in the different 
States and counties given by species, average 
size and average quality will be shown by 
tables and illustrated by maps. 


In commenting upon this proposition 
of Dr. Schenck’s, Dr. B. E. Fernow, 
Director of the New York State College 
of Forestry, says: 


One-quarter the expenditure proposed by 
Dr. Schenck will secure this information with 
sufficient detail for practical usesin measuring 
our forest resources. 


Mr. Henry Gannett, who is in charge 
of the forest work of the U. S. Geo- 
logical Survey, takes decided issue with 
Dr. Schenck as to the means that should 
be employed in the collection of lumber 
and timber statistics. In regard to this 
matter Mr. Gannett writes as follows : 

«<The ‘stock-taking’ is at present in 
progress; for the past two years the 
U. S. Geological Survey has been ac- 
tively engaged upon it, and an area of 
about 200,000 square miles, including 
some of the most heavily-timbered por- 
tions of the country, has been covered. 
Moreover, for nearly a score of years, 
the Geological Survey has been gather- 
ing data concerning wooded areas and 
placing them on its maps. 

‘¢The method employed is the simple 


1899. 


one of compiling all definite information 
regarding timbered area and stand, and 
supplementing this by examinations in 
the field. All lumber regions of impor- 
tance have been cruised, some of them 
repeatedly, in the interest of lumber com- 
panies, land grant railroads, etc., and 
the amount, distribution, species and 
condition of the timber, as closely as 
they can be estimated by trained men, 
are matters of record in the possession 
of these companies. Abstracts of such 
records can commonly be obtained at 
trifling expense under the sole condition 
that they be not published in such form as 
to injure the company’s business. From 
railroads, lumber companies, State land 
offices and other parties in Oregon and 
Washington, I have obtained cruisings 
of many thousands of square miles, un- 
der this condition only, and these cruis- 
ings, with the accompanying information 
regarding the forested areas, furnish the 
basis for a close estimate of the amount 
of timber in these States, outside of cer- 
tain mountain regions in which no exam- 
inations have yet been made. This 
estimate is, of course, based on the 
present lumbering practice in the region, 
by which only about one-third of the tree 
comes out of the mill as sawed lumber. 

‘<The wooded area, which is one of the 
most important factors in these data, has 
been mapped in greater or less detail 
over more than one-third the area of the 
country. The atlas sheets of the Geo- 
logical Survey show it in much detail on 
800,000 square miles scattered widely 
Over our domain. Very little, however, 
has as yet been published. The Hay- 
den survey mapped the wooded areas of 
about 100,000 square miles, the Powell 
survey two-thirds as much, and the 
Wheeler survey much more, all in the 
Rocky Mountain Region. <All these data 
are available, and, so far as they extend, 
furnish one of the two essential items of 
information. ; 

‘As to the accuracy of the cruisers’ es- 
timates, I have compared many duplicate 
cruisings with one another, and many 
cruisings with the actual amount cut, 
and have reached a conclusion entirely 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 59 


at variance with that of Dr. Schenck. 
When we reflect that millions of dollars’ 
worth of timber land is bought and sold 
annually, on the basis of these cruisers’ 
reports, we must accord to them some 
degree of reliability. 

‘‘But assuming that cruisers’ reports 
are not sufficiently accurate, what shall be 
substituted for them? ‘These men have 
been trained for years in the sole business 
of estimating amounts of standing timber, 
and are the only class of men so trained. 
If their services cannot be made avail- 
able the only thing is to give up the idea 
of measuring our forests.” 

‘«‘Where the timber has not already 
been cruised, estimates are being made 
by agents in the employ of the U. S. 
Geological Survey, but owing to the ex- 
pense involved such examinations are by 
no means as thorough and detailed as 
cruisings by private companies. They 
have been made of some 30,000 square 
miles, all of which is in the Western 
country in and adjacent to the forest re- 
serves, and have cost on an average in 
the neighborhood of $1.00 per squara 
mile. The cost is not, however, uni- 
formly distributed, the heavily timbered 
reserves of Washington costing much 
more than others in which the timber is 
light and of little present value or is 
almost wanting as in the chapparal re- 
serves of Southern California. These 
examinations are made by traveling 
through the country by such routes as to 
afford near views of the entire region. 
All valleys are traversed and many moun- 
tains climbed, and estimates of the 
average stand are made all along the 
routes. Of course, the timber is classi- 
fied by species and its condition as to 
age, soundness, etc., noted. Maps are 
used for delineating the extent of burns, 
logged areas and areas of merchantable 
timber, its different degrees of density, 
and the distribution of species. 

«¢TIn the examination of the Bitterroot 
Reserve, an area of some 7,000 square 
miles, about 1,900 miles were traveled, 
on horseback and on foot, or about one 
linear mile to 324 square miles. Much 
of this area is, however, so high and 


60 THE FORESTER. 


rocky that the timber is sparse and valu- 
less, and therefore required little exam- 
ination, so that most of the work was 
confined to the lower country which was, 
proportionally, more closely traversed. 

“Dr. Schenck’s plan of gridironing the 
country by routes of travel fifty miles 
apart is open to many objections. It 
would involve an enormous amount of 
unnecessary labor. We know perfectly 
well what regions are timbered and what 
not. Why traverse the vast extent of 
the plains and deserts, where every one 
knows perfectly well there are no trees? 
What sort of an idea of the extent and 
stand of timber in the country could be 
obtained by traversing it along arbitrary 
lines fifty miles apart? We have already 
more information than could be afforded 
by such a skeleton. As to defining the 
areas by such journeys, consider the 
condition of things in the Eastern States, 
which are naturally timbered and where 
to-day the timbered and cleared areas 
form little, irregular patches, a fraction 
of a square mile in extent, scattered over 
the face of the country. These can be 
delineated only by careful, detailed sur- 
veys, such as the Geological Survey is 
now making. 

‘There remains the question of the 
unit to be employed in stating the 
amount of timber. On some accounts, 
it might be well to use the cubic foot 
and give the entire contents of the tree, 
but to this there are two objections. 
One is that when we had completed our 
survey, we would know little about the 
merchantable contents of our forests. 
The other, that we would be obliged to 
throw away all the cruisings which have 
been made and which can be collected 
at such trifling expense, and to do the 
work over again. 

“‘That it is desirable to obtain this 
information regarding our forests, goes 
without saying. It lies, or should lie, 
at the bottom of all forestry movements. 
Such data are fundamental, and _ to 
attempt to build up a forest system with- 
out them, as we are trying to do, is much 


like building a house without a founda- 
tion.” 


March, 


Timber Statistics. 


It is gratifying to find that the great 
daily papers are beginning to pay some 
attention to the lack of reliable timber 
Statistics of the United States. In a 
recent issue of the 77vanscrift, of Boston, 
there is an interview, supplemented by 
editorial discussion, with Mr. Weston, 
of Weston & Bigelow, who insists that 
whereas now there are no reliable data 
as to the timber supply of the country it 
should be no difficult matter to arrange 
for a fairly accurate census, and urges 
that Congress should appropriate the 
money to cover the cost of the work. 
This is a subject which is of interest not 
merely to the lumber trade, but of im- 
partance to the Government as a basis . 
for formulating some intelligent policy 
in forestry matters. 


Ata recent meeting of the American 
Economic Association, a report was 
made by a committee which included, 
among others, Hon. Carroll D. Wright, 
who is probably the best qualified statis- 
tician in the United States, This report 
called attention to the fact that the 
Twelfth Census, which is about to be 
provided for by act of Congress, may 
prove inadequate to the needs of a 
nation such as this. 


The committee makes criticism not so 
much of the accuracy of the previous 
censuses as of the treatment of the data 
which weresecured, and of a lack of con- 
tinuity from census to census. The 
committee believes that there should be 
a permanent census bureau, or that there 
should be constituted special bureaus, 
possibly in connection with some of 
the departments of government, to com- 
pile information upon specific subjects. 
This work should, of course, be in the 
hands of specialists in these subjects. 


This is in line with what the lumber- 
men of the United States recently have 
been urging. It has developed during 
all the agitation concerning the tariff 
that the official records of the United 
States are wofully inaccurate and defi- 
cient concerning the greatest manufac- 
turing industry of the country—lumber. 


1899. 


Our information from Washington is to 
the effect that it is the purpose in the 
bill for the Twelfth Census to strip from 
it all provision for any information be- 
yond that touching the population of 
the country. If other subjects shall be 
taken up, they will be provided for by 
special acts, which shall define the 
expenditure and the scope of the inves- 
tigation to be made. At the meeting of 
Northern and Southern lumbermen held 
in St. Louis in November a vigorous set 
of resolutions was passed, calling upon 
the Government to provide for a compre- 
hensive statistical survey of the timber 
resources of the country and a compila- 
tion of facts pertaining to wood products. 

The resolutions of the American Eco- 
nomic Association are in line with these 
suggestions. If anything is to be done 
to impress upon Congress the need of 
some such bureau as those who have had 
the tariff matter in charge have found to 
be absolutely necessary, it should be 
done at once. It will be remembered 
that in the Eleventh Census Superinten- 
dent Porter was able to make a fairly 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 61 


satisfactory bulletin covering the lumber 
industry in Michigan, Wisconsin and 
Minnesota. He failed, however, to com- 
pile anything at all comprehensive con- 
cerning the great lumber interests in 
other parts of the country. It seems to 
the American Lumberman that it is of 
particular importance to the developing 
lumber interests on the Pacific coast and 
in the South that some means should be 
provided for the compilation of a close 
estimate of the standing timber of every 
kind in these newer lumbering regions, 
and accurate data concerning the volume 
and cost of production, etc. This canbe 
done only by a bureau of experts, with 
ample time and ample means at their 
command. Is it not due to the lumber- 
men of the United States that some such 
provision should be made? Will not 
some such compilation be of vast im- 
portance and value to the friends of 
forestry? The subject is of enough im- 
portance to demand energetic and per- 
sistent effort at the hands of lumbermen 
all over the country.—American Lumber- 
man. 


Forest Management. 


To Reforest White Pine Lands. 


An interesting report of Forest War- 
den Andrews, of Minnesota, calls atten- 
tion to the effect brought about by the 
use of the lumber railroads in devasta- 
ting the forests. ‘‘ These roads,’”’ he 
says, ‘‘reaching far into the forest where 
no trees can be cut if they must be 
rafted by river to the points of con- 
sumption, are tapping timber lands that 
were a few years ago supposed to be 
beyond the reach of the most envious 
lumberman. They are increasing the 
cut of Pine in Minnesota by millions of 
feet yearly, and their ultimate results 
will be to denude the forests at the very 
points where forests are absolutely 
necessary, far up the water-courses and 
on the ridges and the heights of land.” 


According to his statement, lumber- 


ing began some fifty years ago in Minne 
sota, and about fifty billion feet of Pine 
have ‘been cut in that time, and he esti- 
mates there still remains some thirty 
billion more, and unless some methods 
are taken for rehabilitating these forests 
they will be gone in from twelve to 
eighteen years. About 20,000 men are 
employed in the State on this work and 
the cut represents an annual value of $5,- 
000,000 as it stands and about twice that 
whencut. All this will be lost to the State 
unless some measures are taken for the 
reforestation of these tracts. Minne- 
sota is now the only State east of the 
Rockies left with a Pine forest, Michi- 
gan and Wisconsin being practically ex- 
hausted. He estimates that there are 
in Minnesota nearly 3,000,000 acres of 
waste land, from which the trees have 
been cut, and on which no taxes will 


62 THE FORESTER 


ever be paid. These lands are reverting 
to the State for non-payment of taxes 
as fast as the lumbermen can get rid of 
them. Active steps are being taken by 
members of the coming State Legisla- 
ture and others interested toward the 
outlining of a plan by which the State 
shall gradually reforest these millions of 
acres, and hold the lands as public prop- 
erty to be lumbered as occasion may 
require and the State may direct. It is 
claimed that millions of dollars can be 
earned by this course, and that the 
lumbering industry in Minnesota can be 
continued indefinitely and almost unin- 
terruptedly. These new lands, if forested 
at once, will be ready for the axe by the 
time the present forests are gone, if the 
young trees on the present timbered 
lands are preserved and not ruined by 
the cutting of those now only large 
enough to make a board. 

‘‘In Europe,” he says, ‘‘forest lands 
earn an average yearly of from 27 cents 
to several dollars per acre, and that 
Minnesota’s abandoned pineries have 
better soils than most of those of Europe. 
The State now holds some 800,000 
acres of these waste lands and it is pro- 
posed to begin experiments and opera- 
tions on these within a short time, assoon 
as legislation and appropriations can be 
secured.” Mr. Andrews makes the very 
reasonable estimate of go cents an acre 
as a return from these lands, which 
would mean nearly $3,000,000 a year in 
revenue to the State, and a far greater 
income to labor and capital, all of which 
is now sure to be utterly swept away in 
a few years, with present methods con- 
tinued.—Lumber Trade Journal. 


Wood-Pulp Industry: 


The wood-pulp bacillus is the enemy of 
forests, and unless a halt is called in its rav- 
ages it may almost eat them off the face of the 
globe. So many things are now made from 
wood pulp that the demand for the substance, 
constantly increasing, becomes practically 
limitless, and however ample the sources of 
supply may now seem to be, they have a 
bound and tend to diminution, while the de- 
mand promises a constant increase. Printing 
paper alone eats an enormous hole in our na- 


March, 


tional forests yearly, and the future extent of 
that requirement can only be conjectured. 
The huge procession of railway cars all over 
the country runs to some extent on paper 
wheels; carpenters are beginning to use boards 
of paper handsomely veined, requiring no 
planing, twice as durable as the wooden 
variety, and costing only half the money. The 
builder is introducing paper bricks showily 
enameled, which will not burn, and possess 
many advantages over those of burnt clay. 
The shipbuilder introduces masts and spars of 
the same substance, which is likewise used for 
telegraph and telephone poles and flagstaffs, 
These are not fanciful experiments, but serious 
business procedures, justified by the superior 
utility of the articles so produced, The same 
quality is claimed for the paper horseshoe 
recently invented and now extensively used. 

An enumeration of the purposes: for which 
this surprising protoplasm has come to be em- 
ployed would stretch into a catalogue, and new 
ones seem to be discovered every day. They 
give a sign of its waxing demand on our forest 
growths, at which the sylvan economist and 
conservator may look with apprehension, but 
just at present it is difficult to see in what way 
he can intervene for their protection, Hum- 
boldt says that wherever the civilized, earth- 
tilling, wood-consuming man appears in ar- 
boreal regions of the globe he provides the 
conditions for his own extinction by his 
destruction of forests. His dictum antedates 
the wood-pulp man, whose appearance certainly 
does not tend to invalidate it, and, useful as he 
is, it may in time become necessary to take in 
hand and impose some kind of restraint upon 
him.—New York Tribune, 


The ‘‘sylvan economist and conserva- 
tor,’ which, in common parlance, means 
the professional forester, does not ‘‘ look 
with apprehension ” at the work of wood- 
pulp industry nor does he regard it as an 
enemy of the forests. On the contrary 
he recognizes that the requirements of 
new conditions must be met by the adop- 
tion of new methods and that it is the 
office of his vocation to provide forest 
products to meet the necessities of mod- 
ern civilization. With the sentimental 
side of the question he has nothing what- 
ever to do. One thing can be said of 
the wood-pulp industry, and that is, that 
it wastes less of the product consumed 
than most of the timber-using industries. | 
If greater demands for material are to 
be made upon the forest, its productive 
capacity should be so increased as to 
equal such demands. This can only be 
attained by more intelligent methods of 


+e 


1899. 


treatment. The wonderful growth of the 
wood-pulp industry only serves to em- 
phasize the necessity of adopting definite 
systems of forest management. An en- 
terprise which uses the forest products 
in the manufacture of needful commodi- 
ties isa legitimate one, but those interests 
or industries which are wasteful or de- 
structive in their treatment of the same, 
should, as a measure of public policy, 
be regulated or excluded. 


A Field for Lumber Capital. 


Southern timber owners in both Pine and 
“hardwood do not seem to have fully realized 
the value of their property, and lands are much 
cheaper in relation to the value of the lumber 
than is the case inthe North. Something of 
the same kind is the rule in the West, where 
until the past year there has been little advance 
in the price asked for logs or timber, 

Compared with the vast resources of the 
South in Yellow Pine, the manufacture of lum- 
ber is only just starting. It has taken North- 
ern enterprise and capital but a short time to 
get a foothold there, and the development will 
be more rapid in the future than in the past. 
As the Pine of the North is cut away, the man- 
ufacturers have turned their attention more 
and more to the manufacture of hardwood lum- 
ber,but as the field is more limited than was 
the White Pine field, the surplus capital has 
looked elsewhere for investment. Part of it 
has gone West, but much of it has gone South, 
and from Florida to Texas can be found men 
who were formerly leaders among the White 
Pine men of the North. 

There are vast tracts of both Pine and hard- 
wood timber in the South that haveas yet been 
untouched by the axe of the woodsman, and of 
the latter especially there is a wealth of sup- 
ply. This vast wealth is only just beginning 
to be appreciated by the lumbermen of the 
country. On these lands in the South are Cy- 
press, Ash, Oak, Gum, Box, Swamp Maple and 
Pecan. Cypress is a fine wood for building 
purposes, and is capable of the finest finish. 
All of the others have their uses, many of them 
being especially and specifically appropriate 
for certain uses in building. 

The various kinds of Oak are perhaps the most 
useful for general purposes of any of the hard- 
woods, and as an all-round material for build- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 63 


ing, furniture and other uses, is perhaps the 
most valuable of the woods of the South. 
Southern Oak has been a staple for a number 
of years, but the supply has not as yet been 
heavily drawn upon, compared with the 
amount there is yet standing. Its future is 
sure to be greater than its past. Southern 
hardwoods as well as Southern Pine offer a 
great field for the investment of capital that is 
being withdrawn from the manufacture of 
White Pine of the North.—J/zsszsszppiz Valley 
Lumberman. 


Commenting on the foregoing the 


Lumber Trade Journal says : 


While large sums of money have been in- 
vested in Southern timber by Northern lum- 
bermen, yet the field there is practically un- 
touched, as is evidenced by the low value of 
stumpage prevailing alloverthe South. There 
are fortunes awaiting holders of Southern tim- 
ber which will equal if not surpass those pro- 
vided in the past by the forests of the North. 
Owners of good timber, either Pine, Cypress 
or hardwoods, in the South, cannot afford to 
slaughter itforan unremunerative price. They 
would far better let it stand, assured that it 
will not only grow in increment but also in mar- 
ket value steadily and perhaps quite rapidly. 


Governor John Lind, the new chief 
executive of Minnesota, expresses the 
opinion in his message to the Legislature 
that public opinion in that State had been 
educated up to the point of supporting a 
system of forest culture on a large 
scale. However, he favored increasing 
the extent of Itasca Park, asrecommended 
by the game warden, and of prohibiting 
the sale .by the State of public lands 
clearly within the forestry area. He 
thought the State might acquire title to 
large areas of denuded lands forfeited to 
the State by non-payment of taxes. He 
made the novel but meritorious sugges- 
tion that each country school district 
should have a plat of ground connected 
with it on which the children should be 
taught to plant and rear trees, and that 
horticulture and forestry should be made 
regular studies in our normal schools. 


64 THE FORESTER. 


March, 


Forest Administration. 


Excessive Timber Land Taxation. 


In discussing the relation of taxation 
and forest destruction a lumber exchange 
says: 


The Pine of Itasca County, Minnesota, is 
being cut as fast as possible simply to get it 
out of the way and converted into money before 
the tax collector can confiscate a large part of 
its value. Taxes are so high that timber which 
is not immediately cut becomes a sinkhole in 
which investments are lost, instead of a source 
of profit. If forest lands were taxed with more 
consideration, owners would have a natural 
inclination to hold them for an advance in 
value. As taxes are now assessed, they offset 
any increase in the value of the timber that 
results from a diminution of the Pine supply. 

It is a very short-sighted policy which 
prompts officials in frontier counties to pile up 
debts for the timber owners to pay in the form 
of taxes. The effect is that lumbermen re- 
move the timber as rapidly as the market will 
allow, and afterward let the taxes go by de- 
fault. This leaves the country without any 
taxes with which to make improvements and 
meet its obligations. If county expenses were 
kept at a minimum and made proportionate to 
the actual development of the county, and 
were incurred only as needed, the rate of tax. 
ation would be comparatively low. Then the 
lumberman could afford to leave his timber 
standing, and in the long run the county would 
derive a far greater revenue from his property 
than under the present practice. 

It can furthermore be said that the deplorable 
financial condition to which forested counties 
are brought by the method pursued of preying 
on the lumbermen is also accompanied by the 
rapid denudation of the lands. Magnificent 
forests, which might be held in reserve for 
years, are hurriedly cut off, and in a few years 
the lumber industry of the section is atanend., 
Any motive for preservation and continuance 
is negatived by excessive taxation. It is also 
probable that iftaxes could be entirely remitted, 
or made merely nominal, on cut-over lands, 
owners might be induced to make attempts to 
reforest them and hold the lands in reserve for 
perpetual timber growth—if not wholly as an 
individual enterprise, at least in conjunction 
with the State or National Government. 


An effort should be made by the proper 
parties to secure the establishment 
of a forest reservation covering the 
headwaters of the Arkansas’ River, 
Lake, Pine, Four Mile, Seven Mile, the 


Cottonwood and Chalk creeks. The 
South Platte Reserve reaches into Chaf- 
fee County one mile west of the dividing 
line between Park and Chaffee counties, 
extending south to a point about oppo- 
site the Annie C. C. mine, and with that 
exception Chaffee County is without the 
protection afforded by a forest reserve. 
It would seem that the Arkansas River 
is of sufficient importance with its great 
volume of water, reaching as it does 
through hundreds of miles of agricultural 
country, to demand the immediate estab- 
lishment of such a reserve. No section 
of country has been or is being more 
steadily drawn on for all kinds of timber 
than Chaffee County, and without the 
placing of some such restriction as is 
afforded by the forest reserve regulations, 
it is a question of but a short time until 
the entire available supply of timber 
will be exhausted, and the inevitable re- 
sult will be a diminished water supply, 
which will be disastrous to the agricul- 
tural interests, not alone of this county, 
but the entire farming section through 
which the Arkansas flows —4uena Vista 
(Colo.) Herald. 


A special legislative commission raised 
last year by the General Assembly of 
New York to investigate the advisability 
of acquiring additions to the forest pre- 
serve in the Adirondacks has filed its 
report. The latter, a voluminous docu- 
ment, criticizes past extravagances upon 
the part of the forest department and 
charges too much politics in its conduct. 
The commission recommends the pur- 
chase of certain virgin timber lands for 
the exemplification of projected timber 
culture by the State and commends the 
German system of reforestation; also 
that the ownership be vested jointly in 
the State and Nation, and that the prop- 
erty be made a national health resort 
after the manner of Baden-Baden, Ger- 
many. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 65 


State Associations. 


California. 


Concerning the activity of the newly 
organized California Society for Con- 
serving Waters and Protecting Forests, 
the San Francisco Ca// says: 


A few days ago a special committee went to 
Sacramento to ascertain Governor Gage’s senti- 
ment toward the movement for the conserva- 
tion of the waters and forests of the State. 
Their request for an audience was answered by 
the statement that they would be granted 
fifteen minutes, At the expiration of an hour 
and a quarter the committee arose, but the 
Governor asked them to remain and further 
elaborate their proposition 

The outcome of the conference was the 
announcement that the enterprise would have 
the hearty support of the Governor, and, fur- 
thermore, that he would send a special message 
to the Legislature advocating the passage of 
the measure proposed by the society. 

The legislation which is thus called for pro- 
vides for the appointment of a Commissioner 
of Irrigation, whose duty it shall be to co-op- 
erate with the United States Geological Survey 
in surveys and estimates of cost of reservoirs 
for storing flood waters for irrigation, mining 
and industrial purposes. It is stipulated that 
the commissioner shall receive no salary 
and that he is to hold office at the pleasure of 
the Governor. ‘The measure, however, calls 
for the appropriation of $10,000 to be expended 
by the Director of the U.S, Geological Survey 
with the understanding that the Geological 
Survey will expend from Federal appropria 
tions an equal amount in connection with said 
work. 

Another provision of the proposed law is that 
acommission be appointed for the purpose of 
devising means to preserve the forests of the 
State from destruction by fires and wanton 
depredation, and to report to the Governor the 
result of their labors. A striking feature of 
the desired act is the provision that until such 
commission shall have reported to the Governor 
upon the matters intrusted to their care no 
legislative action shall be taken toward the 
acceptance of the proposed donation by Con- 
gress of a million acres of arid lands. 


Colorado. 


The annual meeting of the Colorado 
Forestry Association was held in Denver 
on February 15. A full account of the 
proceedings of the meeting has not 
reached THe Forester, but from press 
reports it is enabled to present the 
following : 


Mr. W. N. Byers, of Denver, was re- 
elected President of the association. 
The other officers chosen were: First 
Vice President, Henry Michelsen, of 
Denver; Secretary and Treasurer, D.W. 
Working, of Denver. 

On motion of State Engineer John E. 
Field, resolutions were adopted endors- 
ing the recommendations of the National 
Irrigation Congress in regard to the crea- 
tion of a bureau of forestry in the De- 
partment of the Interior. The recom- 
mendations of the Irrigation Congress 
set forth the importance of irrigation in- 
terests in the West and the necessity of 
maintaining a supply of water through- 
out the entire season. They further call 
attention to the fact that the forest cover 
conserves the snowfall, forming ar atural 
storage for water, and equalizing the flow 
of the streams, also lessening the load of 
silt in the streams. Recognizing these 
facts the resolutions commend the care 
of the forests to the Secretary of the In- 
terior and urge the formation of a forestry 
bureau, an appropriation by Congress to 
be made sufficient for the support of the 
bureau and the efficient preservation of 
the National forests, whether included in 
forest reserves or not. The resolutions 
also contain a recommendation that legis- 
lation be provided looking to the pre- 
vention of forest fires. After endorsing 
the resolutions of the Irrigation Congress 
the Association then adopted resolutions 
bearing upon local conditions and needs 
and urging some State legislation in the 
interest of forest conservation and pro- 
tection. 


Nebraska. 


Pursuant to a call a meeting was held 
at the Nebraska State University, Lin- 
coln, Neb., on February 15, which re- 
sulted in the formal organization of a 
society which is to be known as the 
Nebraska Park and Forestry Association. 
The meeting was well attended, various 
parts of the State being represented A 
constitution was adopted and the follow- 


66 THE FORESTER. 


ing officers were elected: President, 
C. S. Harrison, of York; Vice President, 
E. F. Stephens, of Crete; Secretary, 
A. J. Brown, of Geneva, Treasurer, 
George A. Marshall, of Arlington; D1- 
rectors, Hon. J. Sterling Morton, of 
Nebraska City, Dr. C. E. Bessey, of 


March, 


the University of Nebraska, and. Peter 
Youngers, Jr., of Geneva. A committee 
was appointed to prepare by-laws and to 
secure additional charter members. It 
is proposed to hold meetings in conjunc- 
tion with those of the State Horticultural 
Society. 


Educational. 


Instruction in Forestry. 


The University of Southern California, 
an institution of learning which is located 
at Los Angeles, has established a short 
course of instruction in forestry. It is 
to be known as the School of Forestry 
of the University of Southern California. 
The following outline of its purposes 
and methods is quoted from the Los 
Angeles Herald : 


The aim of the school and its founders is to 
train foresters, who as members of the Govern- 
ment forest patrol, may render intelligent and 
efficient service in preserving the forests and 
extending their present area. 

President George W. White of the univer- 
sity will be president of the school. Abbot 
Kinney, of Los Angeles, will lecture on the his- 
torical development of forestry and efforts in 
behalf of local forests. Harry Hawgood, of 
Los Angeles, will devote his attention to some 
peculiar phases of the general subject, water 
percolation and the retentive power of the 
earth for water ; also the mechanical properties 
and values of woods. The game and fish in- 
terests involved will be cared for by T. S. Van 
Dyke, of this city, who is an authority on those 
subjects. A. H. Koebig, of San Bernardino, 
willimpart hisobservation on forestry in foreign 
schools, and his technical knowledge of hydrog- 
raphy, the location of reservoir sites, etc. J. 
B. Lippincott, a member of the United States 
Geological Survey Service, will have charge of 
the geological and drainage questions ; also 
the course and changing channels of streams 
and means of conserving their waters. T. P. 
Lukens, of Pasadena, will discuss methods for 
the preservation of our forests and for their 
restoration after being destroyed ;also method of 
tree planting. Ornamental results in forestry 
work will be treated by A. Campbell Johnson, 
of Garvanza. Nursery work and the propaga- 
tion of trees will be under the supervision of 
Harvey S. Styles, of Redlands. Prof. O. P. 
Phillips will lecture on the botanical and geo- 
logical features of the soil. Prof, L. J. Stabler 
will discuss the questions of physics and 
chemistry that are involved. A competent 
lecturer in meteorology will be secured before 
the lectures begin. 


The school will be a permanent regular de- 
partment of the university, and each year will 
offer a course of lectures extending-over a 
period of six months, two lectures being given 
each week. In connection with the theoretical 
work, practical field work will be given to 
students during the summer. Students who 
show a proper degree of efficiency may obtain 
positions as forest rangers in the Governmen 
patrol service. 

The course forthe present year will last for 
sixteen or eighteen weeks and will open in 
about two weeks. There will be no tuition 
charged, but an incidental fee of $5 will be re- 
quired of each student. 


Lectures on Forest Tepics. 


Under the auspices of the art depart- 
ment of the Civic Club of Philadelphia, 
Miss Mira Lioyd Dock, a member of 
the American Forestry Association, has 
been giving the four following lectures in 
several cities of Western Pennsylvania: 

I. National reserves, general and special. 
II. State reserves, the Adirondacks, and Penn- 

sylvania reserves, School of Forestry, 
Pennsylvania Forestry laws, a predic- 
tion and its fulfillment. 

III. Municipal reserves, Parks, parkways and 
playgrounds, ‘‘ Park-making a National 
Art.” 

IV. Local reserves, Within reach of every 
village, Relation to schools, roadsides 
and the State reserves, Massachusetts 
reserves for ‘‘ The protection and preser- 
vation of beautiful and historic places,” 


With the prospectus of these lectures 
there goes an admirable little list of 
books, circulars and so forth, bearing on 
forestry subjects. Miss Dock’s work 
has been of great service; for she could 
not have chosen a better way to further 
the interests of forestry. She tells her 
hearers just what they wish and need to 
know, and in this way wins their appre- 
ciation and interest. 


1899. 


THE FORESTER. 


PUBLISHER’S ANNOUNCEMENT. 


THE Forester is published monthly bythe 
American Forestry Association at 


No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


New Members. 


Since the last issue of THE FoRESTER 
the following named persons have been 
elected to membership in the American 
Forestry Association : 

Edward P. Brennan, 4018 Vincennes 
Avenue, Chicago, III. 


Mrs. Frederick Bronson, Greenfield 
Hill, Conn. 


Dre Arthur 
Scituate, Mass. 

Mrs. Danske Dandridge, 2143 N St. 
N. W., Washington, D. C. 


Lewis C. Flanagan, North Weymouth, 
Mass. 


Prof. W. B. Graves, Andover, Mass. 


Charles Bulkley Hubble, Bank of 
Commerce Building, New York, N. Y. 

C. S. Hulbert, City Treasurer, Min- 
neapolis, Minn. 

Bernard P. Mimmack, 1410 G St., 
Washington, D. C. 

William G. Rockefeller, 292 Madison 
Avenue, New York, N. Y. 


W. M. Shepardson, Middlebury, Conn. 


P. Chadbourn, North 


Two new vice presidents have been 
elected by the Board of Directors: Prof. 
Charles C. Georgeson, of the U. S. De- 
partment of Agriculture, who is stationed 
me sitka, Alaska, and Lieut. H. W. 
French, U. S. Army, who is stationed at 
Manila, P. I 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 67 


Opposition to Reservation. 


The following is from the El Paso 
(Texas) Zzmes, dated February rr: 


A Santa Fe business man who was in El Paso 
the other day let out the secret that a big scheme 
is being hatched at Santa Fe and Albuquerque 
to prevent the development of the new territory 
being opened up by the El] Paso & Northeastern 
Railroad. 

It is said that the scheme originatedin Albu- 
querque and that Mr. Benedict, Superintendent 
of Forestry for New Mexico and Arizona, has 
been interested in the scheme, The Santa Fe 
man who was in E] Paso the other day stated 
that the Government would be asked to get 
aside as a forest preserve a strip of land ex- 
tending from the Capitan Mountains, east of 
White Oaks, to the Texas line, over 100 miles 
in length and thirty miles wide. 

It is intended that this forest preserve shall 
take in all of the Mescalero Indian reservation 
and all ot that rich section of country through 
which the White Oaks road now runs and is be- 
ing built. Mr. Hawkins, attorney for tne road, 
was asked what he knew about the proposition 
and said: 

‘«T have heard some rumors to the effect that 
a forest preserve would be asked for in the sec- 
tion of country you mention, but I hope they 
are merely idle rumors, for, if the Government 
should take that land and close it up as a forest 
preserve, it would simply be roping the people 
who are investing their money there, and more, 
it would be an outrage on the Territory of New 
Mexico, I think it would be best not to men- 
tion the matter, for I feel confident that if any 
such movement is on foot the Department at 
Washington can be relied upon to stand by the 
people of New Mexico.” 

It is understood that Mr. Benedict will be in 
El Paso in a few days to make a trip through 
the country which it is proposed to have set 
aside as a forestry preserve. And it is a well- 
known fact that of late years forest preserves 
have been a popular fad with the Land Depart- 
ment, and in nearly every instance where a few 
petitioners have asked for forest preserves the 
petitions have been granted. The officials at 
Washington seem to think that the agricultural 
and timber lands of the West are not needed by 
homeseekers and are only fit for forest or game 
preserves. 

But if this latest forestry scheme is carried 
into execution it will cost El Paso millions of 
dollars by making useless one of the richest 
sections of New Mexico, which is now being 
developed and made tributary to El Paso, while 
it would not interfere with the development of 
the mineral lands of that section, it would tie 
up the timber and agricultural lands and close 
the fine cattle ranges. Those ranges would 
market in El Paso every year thousands of 
head of cattle and large quantities of wool, 
and the agricultural lands would furnish thou- 


68 


sands of prosperous farms that would market 
their product in this city and purchase their 
supplies here. ; ; 

According to information, certain commercial 
points in northern New Mexico are dissatisfied 
because this wealthy section of the Territory 
has been made tributary to El Paso, and like 
the dog in the manger, they propose to try to 
keep from El Paso’s lips that luxury which they 
cannot get totheirown. But the people of this 
city will make a fight for their own and will call 
upon the solid Texas delegation in Congress to 
stand by El Paso. 

There is now pending in Congress a bill pro- 
viding for the opening of the Mescalero reser- 
vation to homesteaders, but the Forestry Union 
will fight that bill, and if it carries pressure 
will be brought to bear on the Land Depart- 
ment to recommend the setting aside of this 
vast territory as a forest preserve. The forest 
fanatics will not be satisfied with the Mescalero 
reservation, but as already stated, they want 
in their preserve a territory 100 x 30 miles in 
area, extending in length from the Capitan 
Mountain due south to the Texas line. 

The foregoing is not reprinted in THE 
FoRESTER because it is in itself worthy 
of special consideration. With sensa- 
tional phraseology and appeals to local 
prejudice THe Forester has nothing 
whatever to do. This does, however, 
open for discussion a matter to which 
public attention should be drawn, so that 
it is pertinent to make some observations 
in this connection. During the past two 
years several petitions have been made 
and suggestions offered, having for their 
purpose the segregation of the timbered 
areas of the Sacramento mountain region 
in southern New Mexico as a permanent 
forest reserve. These petitions and sug- 
gestions have emanated from citizens of 
New Mexico who were prompted by mo- 
tives of public interest. Each time the 
matter has been agitated it has raised a 
storm of protest on the part of certain 
citizens of the town of El Paso, Texas, 
who assert that such a course would pre- 
vent the industrial and commercial de- 
velopment of the region in question. It 
is safe to say that the people of New 
Mexico would be the last to throw any 
obstacles in the way of the development 
of any part of their own Territory. 
When New Mexico was annexed to the 
United States her people were promised 
statehood atanearly day. For fifty years 


THE FORESTER. 


March, 


this boon has been withheld. To-day 
her people, both the descendants of the 
original Spanish-American stock and the 
immigrants from the eastern States, are 
at one in their enthusiasm for the admis- 
sion of New Mexico into the Union as a 
State. Under such circumstances it is 
highly improbable that even a small part 
of the citizens of the Territory would 
jeopardize their political interests merely 
to spite a rival commercial community. 


The Sacramento mountains are of con- 
siderable altitude, that of Sierra Blanca 
being 11,982 feet, and as the rainfall is 
abundant, many of the slopes are covered 
with a heavy growth of fine timber. The 
streams issuing from these mountains are 
of some local importance, as they make 
possible the development of agriculture 
in the arid valleys below. The climate 
is mild, the productions are varied, and 
these valleys, when properly developed, 
will undoubtedly support a thriving popu- 
lation. With this desired end in view it 
certainly cannot be said that the estab- 


lishment of a forest reserve, to include. 


all the lands not suited for agriculture, 
would work injury to the interests of any 
one now concerned. On the contrary, 
such a course would insure the most 
equable distribution of the water supply 
throughout the growing season, and it 
would at the same time provide for the 


perpetuation of the forests in a produc- 


tive state, with an assurance of an ample 
supply of timber for local needs for all 
coming time. For these reasons it would 
also be for the best interests of the city 


of El Paso itself if, as is claimed, this | 
region is to become permanently tribu- | 
tary to that growing commercial center. | 
It is true that El Paso might be thef 
gainer temporarily if those splendid for- | 
ests were to be stripped to meet a demand | 


would not compensate for the reaction | 


that would surely follow when the forests 


were exhausted and the highest agricul- | 
tural development seriously, if not per- | 
The new railroad | 
which has been built from El] Paso into | 
the Sacramento mountain country may 


manently impaired. 


| 
\ 


1899. 


not pay as high a dividend during its 
earlier years if such a conservative policy 
is adopted, but in the long run its pro- 
moters would be justified in encouraging 
the very movement they now seck to 
oppose. 

Much of the land in the Sacramento 
mountains is not fit for agriculture. It 
is destined by nature to produce forest 
crops and nothing else. If its forest 
cover were removed it would sooner or 
later become a barren waste, unproduc- 
tive and incapable of holding in check 
the rapid descent of waters that might 
otherwise be utilized for irrigation. The 
retention of lands better suited for agri- 
culture or mining has never been advo- 
cated even by the most ardent forestry 
enthusiast. Moreover, it is not proposed 
to withhold the products of the forests of 
any reserve from the use of the people 
for whose benefit all reserves are created. 
The regulations of the Department of the 
Interior make ample provisions for the 
use of timber from the reserves for do- 
mestic,agricultural,and mining purposes. 
The establishment of a reserve within the 
bounds of the region indicated would not 
interfere with the rights of any one, but 
in the end it would inure to the benefit 
of all. 


New Forest Reservation. 


By proclamation of President McKin- 
ley, dated January 30, the Trabuco 
Canon Forest Reserve in Southern Cali- 
fornia was enlarged by the addition of a 
contiguous area estimated to contain 
50,000 acres. The total area is now 
109,920 acres. It was enlarged as the 
result of the petition of the residents of 
adjoining valleys. 

On February 10 two new reservations 
were created by executive proclamation 
—the Fish Lake Reserve in Utah and 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 69 


the Gallatin Forest Reserves in Mon- 
tana. The Utah Legislature had memo- 
rialized Congress to grant a part of the 
Fish Lake tract for use as a State park. 
As it is difficult to secure the passage of 
such a measure Representative King, of 
Utah, concluded that a forest reserve 
would answer practically as well. The 
lands embraced within the limits of this 
reserve are all of a mountainous character 
and surround the lake from which it 
takes its name. Its area is 67,480 acres. 
The Gallatin Forest Reserves include the 
even-numbered sections on a tract that 
is drained by the Gallatin River near 
Bozeman. These 640-acre_ reserves, 
whose aggregate area is 40,320 acres, 
were created at the request of Mr. S. M. 
Emery, Director of the Montana Agri- 
cultural Experiment Station, and others 
who were equally as interested, The 
odd-numbered sections in the tract are 
embraced within the limits of a railroad 
land grant, thus necessitating thecreation 
of separate reserves of each of the even- 
numbered sections. Although technically 
the Federal Government will have no 
jurisdiction over these unreserved lands, 
yet it is plain that they will be benefited 
for they will at least be protected from 
the ravages of fire by the forest patrol. 


Reference is made elsewhere in this 
issue Of THE FORESTER to excessive tax- 
ation of pine lands in Minnesota. Ina 
recent letter on this subject Mr, H. B. 
Ayers, of Carlton, Minn., states that in 
1898 he paid $3.94 1n taxes on a tract of 
thirty six acres of pine land which is 
valued at $3.00 per acre, virtually at a 
rate of 3.64 per cent per annum on the 
actual market value. On another tract 
of forty acres, also valued at $3.00 per 
acre, the tax was $6.58, amounting toa 
rate of 5.4 per cent. 


70 THE FORESTER. 


March, 


Recent Publications. 


The Adirondack Spruce, by Gifford Pinchot. 
(The Critic Company, New York City.) ‘‘The 
owners and operators of Spruce lands in the 
Eastern United States will find within the 
covers of this little book a collection of facts 
and figures which is intended first of all to be 
of practical use. The information it contains 
is the product of a prolonged investigation con- 
ducted throughout with that intention. If its 
results have any merit, therefore, it must be 
because they are capable of assisting American 
lumbermen to get better returns from their 
investments in Spruce lands through conserva- 
tive lumbering and successive crops than they 
could by considering the productiveness of 
these lands as of merely temporary interest.” 

These words, with which the preface opens, 
will serve to indicate at once the author’s aim 
and the reader’s standard of criticism. 

To begin with, a word must be said about 
the investigation which forms the pith of the 
text, about its subject-matter and the handling 
ot it. Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park, on the western side 
of the Adirondacks, was the principal field of 
work. Dr. W. Seward Webb, its owner, con- 
tributed the funds needed for the work; while 
Mr. Pinchot undertook the task of supervision, 
and afterwards, that of throwing the material 
collected into the form of the present book. 
The measurements taken, which cover nearly 
2,500 trees and over 1,000 acres, were made for 
the most part under the direction of Mr. Henry 
S. Graves. 

To turn now to the book itself. Its con- 
venient size and business-like appearance 
suggest what we afterwards find true of its 
contents, From first to last the writing is 
terse, clear and straight to the point. We are 
not drawn into the details through which the 
material had to pass on its way to completion; 
but are given the valuable results in an in- 
teresting, almost a pictorial, form. By means 
of a couple of simple devices we are made to 
see the forest before we are asked to follow the 
author in his statements and reasonings about 
it. The devices are these: First, the forest as 
a whole is classified under four types, dis- 
tinguished according to soil and elevation, and 
further emphasized by the addition of figures 
showing the relative extent of each type: 
Swamp lands, 22 per cent ; Spruce flats, 10 per 
cent; Hardwood lands, 42 per cent; and 
Spruce slopes, 26 per cent. Second, a table 
for each one of these types shows the average 
size and occurrence of Spruce, and associated 
trees, over its particular area. When once we 
have thus got a picture of the forest in our 
mind's eye, there is no difficulty in following 
the exposition from this point. The Spruce 
in its silvicultural character is treated next, 
and then come the species associated with the 
Spruce within each of the four types. From 
this presentation of the general forest con- 


ditions the author now comes down to a pre. 
liminary practical question: What are the 
effects of cutting on subsequent growth? The 
answer is supplied in an important table (No. 
7), which is based, like all the tables in the 
book, on unquestionable data, and offers a 
valuable working suggestion. Growth in the 
original forest, whichis next considered, comes 
out in contrast. 

The most valuable tables in the book are the 
Yield Tables. These ‘‘are prepared for the 
purpose of predicting future crops of timber 
after cutting to a given limit on lands yielding 
a known amount of Spruce.’’ By the aid of 
tables of volume, or cubic contents, and the 
tables showing the rate of growth under a 
variety of conditions, it is possible, if we know 
how much Spruce has been cut on any given 
number of acres, and down to a given diameter 
limit, to tell how soon again a like crop can be 
cut from the same area, And by comparing 
the amount of a given crop and the limit to 
which it has been taken with the time required 
to replace a similar stand, or with the time 
required to replace a stand of some other 
diameter limit, we are able to determine what 
diameter limit it is most profitable to choose in 
each case, according as we wish to reap the 
full return at one general cutting or to defer 
part of the return for any preferred number of 
years. The working of these yield tables is 
pointedly illustrated by a number of problems 
which they are made to solve. 

The second part of the book contains a work- 
ing plan adapted to the conditions described 1n 
the first part. As a part of it there are here 
given the following nine general rules for 
cutting under conservative methods: 

‘rt, Only trees marked by the forester must 
be cut, and each tree marked must be cut un- 
less a reason satisfactory to the forester can 
be given for leaving it. 

“2, No timber outside the line of a road 
shall be used for corduroys, culverts, or other 
road purposes, until all timber cut tor the 
clearing of the road has been utilized; and 
when more timber is necessary, all available 
trees of other kinds within reach must be used 
before any Spruce is taken. 

“3, All lumber roads must be marked out by 
the contractor with the co-operation and assist- 
ance of the forester. 

“4, As a protection against fire all tops must 
be cut or lopped so that the thin branches will 
be brought in contact with the ground by the 
weight of the winter’s snow. 

‘5, Extreme care must be taken to prevent 
fire. No fire must ever be lighted where it 
can get into a rotten log or into duff. 

‘6. Great care must be taken not to injure 
young growth in felling timber, or to bark 
valuable young trees in skidding. 

‘7, Felled trees must be cut into logs at 


1899. 


once, to release young growth crushed by 
their fall, unless a reason satisfactory to the 
forester can be given for some other course. 

“8, Any young growth bent over by felled 
trees must be released and allowed to straighten 
without delay. © 

“g Provision for carrying out these regula- 
tions should be made in all contracts with 
lumbermen, and fines should be imposed by 
the contracts for failure to comply with them.” 

The author adds: ‘‘ The application of such 
general rules to specific cases is the province 
of the forester.” 

This working plan, which, as has been said, 
was drawn up to meet the conditions of 
Adirondack forest management, and more 
especially the conditions in Ne-Ha-Sa Ne 
Park, has been in operation for nearly a year, 
over the property of Mr. Webb and that of 
Mr. Wm. C, Whitney, an area of 106,000 acres. 
Mr. Patrick Moynehan, a very successful 
lumberman of well-known practical ability, 
has done the cutting under the working plan 
and is thoroughly convinced that it is a good 
thing. It is gratifying to know that other 
owners of Adirondack lands have expressed 
their intention to have similar plans prepared 
for their forests also by the Division of Forestry. 
Thus the book has done what it was intended 
to do. 

It is a significant fact that many of the data 
put to use were collected on the property of 
the Santa Clara Lumber Company, near Santa 
Clara, Franklin County, N. Y. This, together 
with the approbation of the practical lumber- 
men who are doing the work it recommends 
and the spirit and scope of the book itself, 
renders it specially valuable as a sign of the 
growing friendliness between lumberman and 
forester, who at the last are dependent on each 
other. 

A review of The Adirondack Spruce, how- 
ever slight and cursory, must at least mention 
the illustrations with which the teachings of 
the text are so tellingly brought home. These 
add, besides, an air of completeness and verity. 


Measuring the Forest Crop, by A. K. 
Mlodziansky. (Bulletin No. 20 of the Division 
of Forestry, prepared under the direction of 
B. E. Fernow.) A salient fact of this publi- 
cation is that almost throughout it employs the 
cubic foot, a unit of measurement practically 
unused in this country. The board foot, the 
unit in general use in all parts of the United 
States, is mentioned in two connections, once 
on the first page, where it receives scant but 
contemptuous mention, and again in the dis- 
cussion of the determination of the volume by 
sample trees and sample areas. The method 
of treatment adopted is perhaps more largely 
responsible for this result than any deliberate 
disregard of the American lumber unit, but the 
effect is the same. 

It might be said in justification of this course 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 71 


/ 


that the board foot is in itself misleading and 
uncertain as a.standard, and that in conse- 
quence it is not important that it should receive 
any but the most casual reference. This re- 
ply would overlook the fundamental fact that 
the board foot is a vastly more practical unit 
than the cubic foot, for the reason that it tells 
a man not what absolute quantity of wood 
there is in his log, without reference to waste 
in manufacture, as the cubic foot does, but 
how much usable wood his log contains, with 
all due allowance tnade for necessary loss be- 
fore the log can be converted into merchant- 
able lumber. This, and not the absolute cubic 
contents, is the fact of importance. It is 
quite true that the variety of log-scales in use 
in different parts of this country tends to con- 
fusion, and that in other ways thereis room for 
improvement, but when all is said the fact re- 
mains that the board foot isan immensely more 
practical and usable measure than the cubic 
foot. The different conditions of the lumber 
trade in the various partsof the United States, 
which determine in one place that a log is 
merchantable when it will square four inches, 
and in another not till it will square twelve, 
demand a unit which will expre:s the mer- 
chantable value, not the utterly irrelevant solid 
contents of a tree or a forest. Evenif that 
were not true it would be unwise in a publi- 
cation of this kind to ignore the unit in gen- 
eral use in the country for which the book was 
written. To do so is to create a needless prej- 
udice against the book and the Division from 
which itemanates It is but fair to the latter to 
add that its course during the last few months 
indicates unmistakably that no such lack of 
practical application will be found in any of its 
future bulletins. 

Considered strictly asa summary of European 
methods there is much to be said in praise of 
Bulletin No. 20. It covers fairly the best of 
them, and in some respects it is the most 
usable treatise of the kind in the English 
language. On the other hand the rigid man- 
ner of presenting these methods robs them of a 
large part of whatever elasticity they have in 
their original forms, and the direction for work 
in the field at times suggest that the author is 
quietly amusing himself at the expense of 
his reader, as when on page 26 he advises 
kim to have his sample tree sawed up 
to ascertain its contents in lumber. Such a 
procedure would seem superfluous to the prac- 
tical American mind when the same result can 
be reached with all the accuracy the method 
permits by simply consulting a little book 
which may be carried in the vest pocket. 


Water Supply and Irrigation Papers, Nos. 
17 and 18, published by the U. S. Geological 
Survey, have been received. They are both 
written by Carl Ewald Grunsky, who treats, in 
the first, of Irrigation near Bakersfield, Cal., 
and in the second, of Irrigation near Fresno, in 


=2 . THE FORESTER. 


the same State. A third paper is to follow, 
which will complete the set of three, dealing 
with irrigation in San Joaquin Valley, of which 
Nos. 17 and 18 are the first and second. The 
papers give careful and graphic descriptions 
of the local methods of irrigation, and are 
specially well illustrated with maps and half- 
tones. 


Glaciers of Mount Rainier, by Israel Cook 
Russell; with a paper on The Rocks of Mount 
Rainier, by George Otis Smith. This pam- 
phlet is an extract from The Eighteenth Annual 
Report of the U. S. Geological Survey, Part 
II. These papers are chiefly of a theoretic 
nature but they contain much that is of general 
interest and many illustrations as well. Mount 
Rainier lies eleven miles west of the crest of 
the Cascade Mountains and forty-two miles 
southeast of the city of Tacoma and in the 
northern part of the great forest reserve which 
bears its name. The forests by which it is 
surrounded, especially those on the side toward 
Puget Sound, are among the most magnificent 
on the continent. The Pacific Forest Reserve, 
an area about thirty-five miles square, was 
originally mace by proclamation of President 
Harrisonin1893. By proclamation of President 
Cleveland, dated February 22, 1807, this reserve 


March, 


was enlarged to include more than 2,200,000 
acres, since which time it has been known as 
the Mount Rainier Forest Reserve. 


American Lumber, by B. E. Fernow, in 
The Chatauguan for February. 

This is a popular article, which gives im- 
portant facts about American lumber; the 
various species now used, the development of 
the lumber industry in the last fifty years— 
attributed chiefly to the railroads—the pros- 
pects of future development and supply, and 
the statistics which serve as a basis for calcu- 
lations in dealing with the treatment of our 
forests and with the problem of permanent 
supply. It notes that though we possess in all 
not more than 500,000,000 acres of so-called 
forest land, yet millions of acres within this 
area are barren of merchantable timber, while 
if our present rate of consumption is to go on, 
we need 600,000,000 acres under full forest. It 
emphasizes our wastefulness in using wood 
where stone or iron would be better, and 
points out that lumbermen of intelligence all 
over the country are alive to the fact that the 
forester stands for their own better judgment. 
Dr. Fernow does not neglect to call attention 
once more to the great variety of useful species 
which renders our country unique, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Bump Rock Road, Park and Page Fence 


3 Premises of R. B. SYMINGTON, 
At Cape Cod, Mass. —=aaii— 


In order to preserve the innate beauty of this rustic scene 
Mr. S. was not willing to have it marred ig even a fence 
post. He used the 


PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE 


Nineteen horizontal wires—s58 inches high and stapled it 
to the trees from 30 to 60 feet apart : 5 


SEE! It does not Lag nor Sag between the supports. 


eosesssscanoms 


Meee its, OF] SLOCK AND FARM FENCES 
CONSTANTEY,-ON HAND 


WRITE FOR DESCRIPTION. 


——_———_——-~ 
sweneneausemannaansessanes™ ss caentomnanenmnazannascee i 


Page Woven Wire Fence Co., 


ADRIAN, MICHIGAN. 


BOX 65.—_—..wy 


THE FORESTER. 


H. J. KOKEN Cc. P. HANCOCK 


OVA 


ING High-Class Designs and 


Illustrations 
Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 
Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


a 


FORESTRY SCE eG 


At BILTMORE, N. C. 


For circular and information apply to 


C. A. SCHENCK PhD: 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE. 


WASHINGTON, D. C. - 


Les 


APRIL, 1899. No. 4. 


A monthly magazine devoted to the care and use 


ef forests and forest trees and to related subjects. 
SSS == 
PUBLISHED BY 
The American Forestry Association. 


SS Ses Ee 


Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., as second class matter. 


TABLE OF CONTENTS: 


INGE ELCIIELY Wiis hleseethcsbavadstedve ‘esse ssheesaseenseasseanenenrenees sceneeeeee AIA a SI HNMR ESNE ART RB eth 3. 38 
Why Miners Should Join the American Forestry Association...........:::0eecssscssseeseeseseeser arenes 75 
Government Forests and Their Preservation........... Ae cece RE Ge Lat bah ses atolets wpaiotne abs atberee gaia eet oe ae 
Forest Administration: | Mining in Forest. Reserves. i.i...1.00 i. ceecsnsssenssieoransenseeou tna seems esilat 79 
MOrOst POMC y. ihcck iis ce sleldncdecasysatensycnveanbso'l esudjenps deeselsabsdeeelianeebheyade aalemus hey Bays sl etle vit eoeM datas eam 81 

PA FROASONEDIC POLICY, (iiss c jee ceessccononusevccestokonbecsedebbacsscoanadasdecisperebhaiataunty neesluneh dey sider aie ae 84 

The Gila River Forest Reserve ............. eseeecneceensasseseneeeee sesccecuccecauererssssnssenoneonecessesececea 85.) 
The Sheep Industry in Tulare County, California 2. ..iio. oh. is cc in sscecensssnecsencenacs cscessueupuccesenses 86 ig 
POPs t Mana moment: i. i. ees th cen vas sero dncvur eens sunvoncuh Gavesnapy chy sisiecwy tan oi nadlasocetalekeme yds tie anise seaee 86 
Forest Utilization: ; 

BICAPCILY OF | MING PImMDGLS, (5 5050 ss cccesc ceo velowcondaadaes daadeedsopetplays lis teuaisledine ueul otuea bs ae Renee Caen 87 : 

PHO PDEVEESION OE! SPT! aye cs cio: ee suse ccasemendes bubcpnmen hb Ane anbibeewete de legates eh. deal mUan edna eee 88 

PS EPO eon hia swab uvagy ot Lia icy oes denvoorndus pnp ech ste olaoee SORoM Rem accip sae) comer cael et nae aati ca ae eet aan 89 # 
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State Associations: 

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Recent Legislation: i 

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Indiana Forest; Dax: Lieoislations, oi fic2....1, 05s anceds uewek enebcddey oof ch Foeb eco actus gedaan ane ae Meee tals 93 

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Editorial: 

New Members—Life Member... 5.ii.35-4 ky ok Sed ae aw eek hee BUN ae rec eae Mer a 95 
FRBCORESEUDNOATIONS, 3 cies ssc sehscdechccsscvevvevscabwans cvinddoluateebeekiaue lasts See sabe eh paD aU Geb” DDE SRAN en aaeE ame 96 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. i 
INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 
Hon. JAmMEs WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. 


First Vice President, 
Dr. B. E. Fernow. 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer, 
GrorGE P, WHITTLESEY. ; 


Directors, 


Epwarp A. Bowers. 
ARNOLD HAGUE. 
GIFFORD PINCHOT. 


Vice Presidents. 


James WILSON, Cuar.es C, BINNEY. 
B. E. Fernow, Henry GANNETT, 
GroRGE W. McLAMAHAN, 


Sir H. G. Joty pg Lorsinikre, Pointe Platon, 
Quebec. 

CuHarLes Mour, Mobile, Ala. 

CHARLES C, GEoRGESON, Sitka, Alaska, 

D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. 

Tuomas C. McRAkg, Prescott, Ark, 

AszoTrt Kinney, Lamanda Park, Cal. 

E. T, Ensien, Colorado Springs, Colo. 

Rosert Brown, New Haven, Conn. 

Ws. M. Canzy, Wilmington, Del. 

A. V. CLusss, Pensacola, Fla. 

R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. 

‘J. M. Coutter, Chicago, Ill. 

James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. 

Tuos. H. MAcBripg, Iowa City, Iowa. 

J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. 

Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. 

Lewis JoHnson, New Orleans, La. 

Joun W. Garrett, Baltimore, Md. 

Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. 

J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. 

W. J. Beat, Agricultural College, Mich. 

C, C, ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. 

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. 

CHARLES E, Bressry, Lincoln, Neb, 


‘H.C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 


Corresponding Secretary. 
F. H. NeweEt, 


FREDERICK V. CovILLe, 
F. H. NEwe.t, 
GrorGE P. WHITTLESEY. 


Wo. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
JouHn GirForD, Princeton, N. J. 
Epwarp F. Hosart, Santa Fe, N. M. 
Warren Hictey, New York, N. Y. 

J. A. Homes, Raleigh, N. C. 
W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
REUBEN H. WarpeEr, North Bend, Ohio, 
WILLIAM T. LitTie, Perry, Okla. 

E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 

J. T. RorHrock, West Chester, Pa. 

H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 

H. G. RussE.1, E. Greenwich, R. I. 

H. A. Green, Chester, S. C. 

Tuomas T, Wricut, Nashville, Tenn. 
W. GoopricH Jongs, Temple, Texas. 
C. A. WuitTinc, Salt Lake, Utah. 
REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

D. O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. 
EpMunD S. MEany, Seattle, Wash. 

A. D. Hopxins, Morgantown, W. Va. 


E1woopv Mean, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

Grorcr W. McLanauan, Washington, D.C 
Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 

Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. 


‘OdVNOIOD ‘LOINLSIG YAAAO A'TddIyO NI ANAS 


{SYANIW Ad HAAWIL AO ASN 


News 
Timber is being furnished from Or- 


egon forests to be used in the construc- 
tion of a Russian railroad in China. 


A paper mill, to cost $600,000, is to 
be erected at White Rapids, on the 
Menominee River, upper Michigan, this 
year. 


Cedar logs have been exhumed in New 
Jersey which geologists affirm are fully 
4,000 years old. They are in perfect 
condition. 


There are now thirty-five forest re- 
serves. The aggregate area within the 
boundaries of the land thus reserved is 


45,913,794 acres. 


The surveyor general of the Minneap- 
olis district, Minnesota, estimated that 
the cut of logs on the upper Mississippi 
River would be, this season, not far from 
600,000,000 feet. 


Tue Forester is under obligations to 
the American Lumberman, of Chicago, 
through whose kindness it is enabled 
to produce several of the illustrations 
which appear in this issue. 


A walnut tree was cut down on the 
Woods farm in Wabash County, Indiana, 
says the /ndiana Farmer, which was 
nine feet in circumference at the base 
and sixty feet to the first limb. 


Mr. Elwood Mead, who for ten years 
past has been State Engineer of Wyom- 
ing, has resigned to accept a position as 
Irrigation Expert in charge of investiga- 
tions in the Department of Agriculture. 


W. J. Hoover, of Hoover & Slavin’s 
lumber camps, near Glen Campbell, Pa., 


The Forester. 


APRIL, 1899. 


Items. 


reports the cutting of a big Pine tree 
which was 51 inches in diameter, and 
which cut 10,000 feet. The butt log 
scaled 2,240 feet. 


We wish to call attention to an error 
of proof reading in the March number of 
THE Forester, in which, on page 54, 
the names Red Fir and Yellow Fir 
should have been used instead of Red 
and Yellow Spruce. 


The great pontoon bridge for the 
Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway 
across the Mississippi River at Prairie du 
Chien, Wis., was launched lately. It 
absorbed in its construction 500,000 feet 
of Washington Fir. 


The world’s supply of timber bids fair 
to last for many years yet. It is stated 
that in the Province of Archangel, in 
Russia, there are forests belonging to the 
Government which cover 88,970,400 
acres in which the ring of the woodman’s 
axe has scarcely yet been heard. 


The German Government has been 
purchasing Puget Sound Fir decking for 
its new war vessels. One ship recently 
took 1,200,000 feet of decking for Ham- 
burg and other shipments were to follow. 
Heavy purchases have also been made 
for the same purpose by Philadelphia 
ship yards. 


Labor has been in great demand in 
the lumber camps of Michigan, Wiscon- 
sin and Minnesota during the past winter. 
Common laborers have received as 
high as $35.00 per month, while skilled 
woodsmen have commanded higher 
wages than they have been able to do 
for many years. 


74 THE FORESTER. 


The North American Paper & Lumber 
Company has recently secured from the 
Nova Scotia Legislature the lease of a 
tract of nearly 1,000 square miles of 
land in Victoria and Inverness Counties, 
Cape Breton. The lands are leased for 
the purpose of converting the timber 
thereon into pulp and paper. 


During the last month tree bounties 
to the total of $19,563 68 were paid 
out to farmers in Minnesota who have 
planted trees under the act of the Legis- 
lature in that State giving bounties to 
those who thus plant. Bienville County 
has 1,761 acres of trees planted, the 
farmers receiving therefor a total of 
$4,226. 

General Andrews, the chief fire warden 
of Minnesota, is authority for the state- 
ment that while that State for the past 
twenty-five years has been paying the 
annual sum of $20,000 in bounties on 
tree planting, the destruction of forest 
growth has far exceeded the renewals; 
at a rate which, he believes, will exhaust 
the White Pine supply of that State in 
fifteen to twenty years. 


By the sale of Pine logs in the years 
past the Menominee Indians, in north- 
eastern Wisconsin, to the number of 
1,300 men, women and children, have 
accumulated a fund of $1,000,000, which 
is held for them, in the form of interest- 
bearing bonds, by the Government. This 
fund grows from year to year. The tribe 
expends about $75,000 a year in logging 
operations, and annually clears from 
$50,000 to $100,000. 


Prof. James Troop, of the Indiana 
Agricultural Experiment Station, has 
been appointed State Entomologist. 
Under the law recently enacted by the 
Legislature of that State he is required 
to inspect all nurseries in the State, 


April, 


where trees or plants are grown for sale, 
at least once a year, and report upon the 
discovery of insect pests infesting nur- 
sery stock. 


The biggest sticks of timber ever cut 
in Portland, Oregon, were cut at the 
mill of Inman, Paulsen & Co. recently. 
They were of Fir, and were three feet 
square, anda little more than forty-eight 
feet long. They contained 5,200 board 
feet, and weighed about 20,000 pounds 
each. The timbers were sawed without 
the aid of special machinery, and were 
handled easily by the ponderous appa- 
ratus at the mill. 


One of the most persistent and active 
workers in the cause of forestry for 
several years past is Mr. John P. Brown, 
of Connersville, Ind., who has been 
elected president of the newly organized 
Indiana Forestry Association. It was 
due to Mr. Brown’s tireless efforts that — 
the Indiana Legislature passed the law 
for the encouragement of the care and 
preservation of forest lands in that State, 
mention of which is made elsewhere in 
this issue of THE FORESTER. 


The snowfall in the mountains of Col- 
orado during the past winter seems to 
have been unprecedented in quantity. 
Some of the lines of railway were not 
reopened for traffic until March 20, 
having been completely blockaded by 
snow for two months. Capt. Edward L. 
Berthoud, of Golden, Jefferson County, 
who is one of the most active members: 
of the American Forestry Association in 
Colorado, reports the snowfall for the 
winter as follows: September, October 
and November, 2734 inches; December, 
1534 inches; January, 10% inches; Feb- 
ruary, I2 inches; March, 734 inches; ' 
total 734 inches, and it is probable that 
it was much heavier in the higher ranges. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 75 


Why Miners Should Join the American Forestry 


Association. 


By THE DIRECTOR OF THE U. S. G&kOLOGICAL 


The interests of miners in the protec- 
tion of timber is a vital one. In the 
Popular Science Monthly of February, 
1898, I said: 

‘¢Mininc INTEREsTS.—The mining in- 
terests of the Western States should be 
the most urgent in the demand for care 
and protection of the forests under 
Government direction. Upon the abund- 
ance or scarcity of timber will depend 
the development of many mining enter- 
prises, and through them the advance or 
retardation of the growth of the State 
in which they are situated. That scarcity 
of timber will limit mining is without 
question, unless the mines are sufficiently 
rich to pay the added cost that transpor- 
tation from a distant source of supply 
will entail. This will apply particularly 
to the small mine owner, and to the 
miner with little capital who wishes to 
develop promising prospects. 

‘‘There is no doubt that the abundant 
timber supply of the Black Hills of 
South Dakota has given great impetus 
to the development of the mineral wealth 
of the region. It is equally true that if 
that timber supply is removed by being 
wasted, or is destroyed by forest fires, 
the future mining of the region will be 
limited to the working of a few rich 
mines which can afford to pay high 
prices. Scarcity of timber all over the 
West is not a remote contingency if the 
present waste and destruction are per- 
mitted to continue; it is already in sight. 
Indeed, it will not be long before the 
magnificent forests of the Pacific coast 
will be so greatly injured by fire and 
wasteful cutting that the mining com- 
munities will have to draw their best 
timber from Canada and Alaska. 

‘« The opponents of the forest reserves 
have frequently stated that the reserva- 
tion policy would cripple the mining 
industry. It is believed, however, that 
there would be much more truth in the 


SURVEY. 


statement that the destruction of the 
forests would seriously injure and in 
many instances ruin the mining industry. 
This industry demands a permanent 
source of supply of timber, and it hardly 
needs to be said that, without some such 
policy as that of forest reservation, no 
such source of supply can be maintained. 
If mining men can be brought to under- 
stand that their industry el be pro- 
tected by the proper administration of 
the reserves, the future of both the 
mining and the lumber interests of the 
West will be provided for.” 

There are great areas of Western 
forest lands no longer held by the 
Government, the protection of which 
from waste and destruction is as impor- 
tant to many mining regions as that of 
the forest reserves themselves. Such 
protection should not mean the with- 
drawal of any part of these lands from 
use, but the harvesting of their timber 
product without destroying their capacity 
to produce valuable trees. Many timber 
owners do not realize how quickly young 
trees too small to cut grow to merchant- 
able size if protected, and how simple 
are the methods by which the forests can 
be kept from losing their productive 
power. 

Among the objects of the American 
Forestry Association the prevention of 
forest fires and the introduction of simple 
and effective improvements in lumbering 
stand pre-eminent. It is particularly 
fitted for such work on account of its 
membership, which includes many promi- 
nent lumbermen and nearly all the prac- 
tical foresters in the United States. Its 
membership includes men interested in 
forests and forestry from every point of 
view, and it unites for the common 
object all these different influences, 
which otherwise would be scattered and 
comparatively ineffective. Its efficiency 
in attaining its chief end, the preserva- 


76 THE FORESTER. 


tion of the forests by use, is greatly in- 
creased by the publication of THE 
Foresver, through which medium it 
reaches miners, irrigators, and lumber- 


April, 


men, as well as those who have a less 
direct interest in forest protection. 


CHARLES D. WatcorTt. 


Government Forests and Their Preservation. 


By THE COMMISSIONER OF 


There is so much theory and so much 
real poetry and romance in the bare men- 
tion of forests and forest life, and their 
association with untrammeled nature, 
that it becomes difficult to divert the 
mind to the more artificial phase and 
the practical details of forest preserva- 
tion and management. It is, however, 
with this view I have to deal now. So 
important has this subject already be- 
come in its far-reaching result that it 
may be said to affect more or less every 
great industry of the nation. Agricul- 
ture, manufactures, and mining are per- 
haps at present more closely related to 
the fate of the forest than most other 
industries. Having disposed of the larger 
portion of its forest wealth to those 
whose selfish ends look only to the 1m- 
mediate present, the General Govern- 
ment at last has come to the rescue and 
through tardy legislation and limited 
appropriations has partially provided for 
the preservation of its remaining forests. 
In this wise policy it has in view a two- 
fold purpose—the encouragement and 
protection of the timber growth and the 
conservation of the watersupply. These 
are so interdependent that to remove 
either one, both are destroyed. The 
most formidable foes to forest life are the 
wasteful acts of man and the devastating 
fire. The object of the Government is 
to restrain and limit the one, and to pre- 
vent the other. It is not essential to 
the preservation of the forest that it be 
walled in and its products entirely with- 
held from use. The prime object of the 
reserve is that it shall the more largely 
contribute to a beneficial end. Experi- 
ence in other nations has demonstrated 
that much of the matured timber should 
be judiciously culled from the forest, and 


THE GENERAL LAND OFFICE. 


while this surplus is utilized the forest 
growth is greatly improved. Such cut- 
ting and removal, however, should only 
be permitted after the dead or matured 
tree has been selected and designated, 
and where so located that its removal 
shall not result injuriously to the forest 
cover and the tree life surrounding it. 
The purchaser, under our rules, “is 
obliged to remove or destroy the branches 
and waste material of the fallen trees not 
essential for use, thereby preventing an 
accumulation of dry matter which is so 
conducive to fires. That reasonable 
compensation may be had to the Govern- 
ment, the timber is estimated and ap- 
praised and the price paid by the 
purchaser, and this forms a fund in 
partial aid of forest administration. So 
systematic and so businesslike and eco- 
nomical is the management of other 
countries in the disposal of the surplus 
timber from their forest domain that 
some nations actually count the annual 
wood yield as among their most profit- 
able revenues. For instance: India col- 
lected in one year three millions of dollars _ 
net, while Prussia received an income 
from her forests of six millions of dollars 
net. The amount expended by the latter 
country in the management of her forest 
domain in one year amounted to the 
enormous sum of eight millions of 
dollars. 

Not only as to the removal of timber, | 
but in other respects is our Government 
liberal in allowing access to the forest | 
reserves. Prospecting and mining, with | 
the free use of timber for such purposes 
is allowed; while roadways, bridges, 
church buildings and school-houses may 
be constructed and timber used therefor. 
To the small user of timber, resident in | 


1899. 


the reserve, permission is given to remove 
free of charge in any one year timber to 
the amount of one hundred dollars for 
individual use on his own claim, subject 
to the usual restrictions and supervision. 
To discourage the demand for reserve 
timber no export removal of the same is 
allowed from the State or Territory 
wherein cut. The precaution against 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, TG 


were, with few exceptions, excellently 
protected. The largest single reserva- 
tion is in Oregon ; it contains nearly four 
and one-half millions of acres, and ex- 
tends from north to south over 234 miles. 
For a third of a century inthe fall of the 
year it was rare that a clear view could 
be had in all that distance of the high 
mountain ranges, least of all of that 


VIEW OF BURNED 


fires, the methods adopted for extinguish- 
ing the same, the penalties for causing 
them, and the discipline which supervises 
the fire patrol are all so minute in detail 
as to forbid more than a reference to 
them. Though but one year has elapsed 
since the organization cf an efficient for- 
estry force, yet the most gratifying re- 
sults are already the reward. Though 
numerous most destructive fires last year 
swept over the great forests not under 
reserve, yet those under reservation care 


FOREST, 


RESERVE. 


PRIEST RIVER 


majestic, far-famed and ever sought for 
Mount Hood. Travelers from remote 
countries came to gaze upon its snow: 
capped summit and lofty height as it 
towers far above all the higher mountains 
of the range, but usually so dense was 
the volume of smoke as it ascended from 
the burning forests that no satisfactory 
observation could be had. Last year, 
however, so thoroughly had the forest 
rangers guarded the reserve that not a 
single day was Mount Hood or any of the 


aS THE FORESTER 


entire Cascade Range obscured from 
view by smoke. So noticeable was this 
relief that the leading newspaper of the 
Pacific Northwest conmented editorially 
as follows: 

‘Usually from the first of July to the 
middle of September the air has been 
heavy with smoke and cinders and the 
destruction of timber great. As aresult 
of the vigilance of the range patrol the 
valleys of the Umpqua and Rogue rivers 
are now free from smoke, no fires being 
in progress in that section. oe 
The absence of the forest fires in the 
mountains of southern and southwestern 
Oregon as the result of this system for 
the first time in many years may be held 
to have proven its efficacy under a vigi- 
lant supervision.”’ 

Reports from superintendents of other 
reservations in other States all contain 
testimony as to the great exemption of 
fires from the forests within theircharge. 

The progress thus far made in reserv- 
ing forest area can best be appreciated 
when it is known that at the present date 
there have been nearly forty-six millions 
of acres set apart and withdrawn from 
entry, or a quantity which would about 
equal thirty-one times the size of the 
State of Delaware. The reserves are 
situated in eleven States and Territories. 
The area embraces thirty-five distinct 


reserves, not including the Afognak 
Forest and Fish Culture Reserve in 
Alaska. Tosuperintend, supervise and 


patrol this vast empire of forest land 
there will be employed during most of the 
present year nine superintendents, twenty- 
seven supervisors, and 275 rangers or fire 
patrolmen. Thereserves are all mapped 
and each fire patrol district is designated, 
so that reference to the map will indicate 
the location of each supervisor and of all 
the rangers under him. Reports are 
promptly made at stated periods from 
which can be seen where each official has 
been at any particular day and the kind 
of service engaged in. Campers, tourists 
and hunters while in the reserves will be 
under the constant supervision of the 
rangers, who will visit the camps and 
inspect the fires and see to their extin- 


April, 


guishment when the camp is abandoned, 
and who will make arrests of persons 
violating the regulations or permitting 
fires to extend into the forest, and in 
further aid of this purpose the Depart- 
ment of Justice has been requested to 
direct United States Marshals to deputize 
all forest rangers in order that they may 
have authority to make arrests within 
the reserves for offenses committed in 
violation of the forest regulations. 

We can never fully comprehend the real 
value of the forest relative to conserva- 
tion of the water supply until we are 
reminded of the vast domain of our 
country now remaining vacant and un- 
appropriated, aggregating 546,549,655 
acres, exclusive of Alaska and our recent 
Island possessions. Of this aggregate 
332,176,000 acres require the aid of water 
to render them of utility for farming, and 
of these acres 69,000,000 are barren, irre- 
claimable waste. Under the best eco- 
nomic management sufficient water is 
available for the reclamation of only 
71,000,000 acres for agricultural crops. 

One thing yet remains to make the 
success of the Government complete as 
to its forest administration, and that is in 
a more earnest co-operation on the part 
of the States and land-grant corporations 
having lands within or near the reserves. 
A patrol of the even sections of the Gov- 
ernment can never be adequate so long 
as the corporation owning the odd sec- 
tions fails to exercise like vigilant care 
as tothem. Where sheep grazing is per- 
mitted on the odd section it cannot be 
prevented on the even section except at 
an enormous cost to the Government. 
Fire originating through carelessness or 
design on the one section quickly com- 
municates to that adjoining, whatever 
may be the efficiency of the patrol. The 
General Land Office is now in corre- 
spondence with State authorities, and 
with land-grant companies owning lands 
within or near the reserves, with a view 
to mutual co-operation for forestry pro- 
tection, and I am glad to say that already 
many cordial assurances are received in 
response. A further suggestion still re- 
mains. There exist vast bodies of vacant 


1899. 


forest lands not yet reserved, which 
having no responsible patrol become the 
prey of the depredator and the fire fiend, 
and each year, until remedied, we shall 
continue to read in the dispatches of the 
magnificent forests and great wealth 
which go up in smoke and down in ashes 
with no sufficient power to control the 
devouring element. The same laws, 
tules and regulations which now govern 
the forest reserves, should be extended 
over all such unreserved forests, with 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 79 


the same powers and safeguards for their 
protection and disposal. It is a solemn 
and imperative duty the citizens of our 
country owe to posterity to co-operate 
singly and collectively in the care of the 
great forest wealth of the nation, for in 
so doing they contribute not only to the 
industrial wealth, but alike to the happi- 
ness and health of the unborn millions 
who are to succeed us. 


BINGER HERMANN. 


Forest Administration. 


Mining in Forest Reserves. 


The laws for the regulation of mining 
in forest reserves make ample provision 
for the protection of the miner’s interests 
and permit the exercise of every privilege 
that is consistent with public welfare. 
Among the provisions of the law are the 
following : 


“It is not the purpose or intent of these 
provisions or of the act providing for such res- 
ervations to authorize the inclusion therein of 
lands more valuable for the mineral therein, or 
for agricultural purposes, than for forest pur- 
poses. 

‘“The Secretary of the Interior may permit, 
under regulations to be prescribed by him, the 
use of timber and stone found upon such res- 
ervations, free of charge by bona fide settlers, 
miners, residents and prospectors for minerals, 
for firewood, fencing, buildings, mining, pros- 
pecting and other domestic purposes, as may 
‘be needed by such persons for such purposes, 

‘‘Nor shall anything herein prohibit any per- 
son entering upon such forest reservations for 
all proper and lawful purposes, including that 
of prospecting, locating and developing the 
mineral resources thereof, provided, that such 
persons comply with the rules and regulations 
covering such forest reservations. 

‘‘All water on such reservations may be 
used for domestic, mining, milling or irrigat- 
ing purposes, under the laws of the States 
wherein such forest reservations are situated, 
or under the laws of the United States and the 
rules and regulations established thereunder. 

‘Upon the recommendation of the Secretary 
of the Interior, with the approval of the Presi- 
dent, after sixty days’ notice thereof, published 
in two papers of general circulation in the State 
or Territory wherein any forest reservation is 
situated, and near the said reservation, which 
after due examination by personal inspection 
of a competent person appointed for that pur- 


pose by the Secretary of the Interior shall be 
found better adapted for mining or agricultural 
purposes than forforest usage, may be restored 
to the Public Domain. And any mineral lands 
in any forest reservation which shall have been 
or which may be shown to be such and subject 
to entry under the existing mining laws of the 
United States and the rules and regulations 
applying thereto, shall continue to be subject 
to such location and entry, notwithstanding 
any provisiors herein contained.” 


Under the authority vested in the Sec- 
retary of the Interior by the act to insure 
the objects for which forest reservations 
are created, rules and regulations were 
prescribed June 30, 1897, by the Com- 
missioner (24 L. D., 189), among which 
the following are important : 


“‘3, Itis the intent to exclude trom these res- 
ervations, as far as possible, lands that are 
more valuable for the mineral therein, or for 
agriculture, than for forest purposes; and where 
such lands are embraced within the bounda- 
ties of a reservation they may be restored to 
settlement, location and entry. 

‘‘t9, The law provides that ‘any mineral 
lands in any forest reservation which have been 
or which may be shown to be such and subject 
to entry under the existing mining Jaws of the 
United States and the rules and regulations 
applying thereto, shall continue to be subject 
to such location and entry, notwithstanding 
the reservation.’ This makes mineral lands 
in the forest reserves subject to location and 
entry under the general mining laws in the 
usual manner. 

“¢90, Ownersof valid mining locations made 
and held in good faith under the mining laws 
of the United States and the regulations there- 
under, are authorized and permitted to fell and 
remove from such mining claims any timber 
growing thereon, for actual mining purposes in 
connection with the particular claim from 
which the timber is felled or removed.” 


80 THE FORESTER, 


Special Agent Frank Gryglar, of the 
United States Land Department, is nowin 
Alaska investigating timber depredations. 
It seems that while the squatter has a 
right to timber, he has no right to cut 
timber for sale. A number of yards in 
Skagway are well stocked with Fir wood, 
and it is said that some of these parties 
have already been proceeded against in 
the court. Some of these made applica- 
tion for settlement, some explained that 
they were cutting for others. The rail- 
road company had a certain right-of-way, 
which had to be cleared, and they gave 
certain parties the timber on condition 
that they would clear it. This has been 
investigated already and _ permitted. 
Where the fire went through last summer 
the removal of the injured timber has 
been allowed. Outside of these two 
instances all who cut and sell timber will 
be prosecuted. 

Mr. Gryglar has over 200 cases of lands 
in Alaska located for speculative and not 
for bona fideimprovement. Such locators 
have been warned not to cut the timber. 

The idea of the Government in this is 
the protection of the country, since strip- 
ping the hillsides near Skagway would 
allow the cold winters to sweep down on 
the town unhindered and would make 
snowslides more easy of occurrence. — 
Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 

From present indications there will 
be no sheep in the San _ Bernardino 
Forest Reserve this summer, for the 
authorities are already making prepara- 
tions to keep the bands out. 

Deputy United States Marshal Pourade 
came in from the reserve Wednesday 
and found orders awaiting him | from 
B. F. Allen, Forest Superintendent at 
Los Angeles, instructing him to be on 
the watch for sheep and not allow 
them to infringe on the reservation. 
Pourade says that he will enforce the law 
even if it is necessary to call out the 
troops to do so. Sheep are not re- 
stricted from passing along the roads 
but will not be allowed to graze on the 
reserve. 

The sheepmen have received notice 


April, 


from the officials to notify them when 
they desire to take their sheep through 
the mountains, and a patrol will be sent 
to accompany the bands and see that 
no harm is done. It is thought that 
the sheepmen will take kindly to the 
work of the officials and will not en- 
deavor to break the law, but if such 
should not prove to be the case, they 
will be severely dealt with.—San Bernar- 
dino (Cal.) Times-Index. 


A half million feet of Red and White 
Pine lumber were sold at noon yesterday 
by United States Marshal Bailey. 

Thesale was conducted in Park County, 
about eighteen miles west of Cripple 
Creek. This is the largest sale ever held 
in this State, of replevined lumber ille- 
gally cut from Government lands. The 
original value of this lumber when cut 
was from $10 to $15 per 1,000 feet. 

United States District Attorney Whit- 
ford said yesterday that the Government 
would be glad if $5 per thousand was 
realized by the sale. Both the men who 
cut this timber have paid fines for their 
offense. 

The price obtained by Marshal Bailey 
will not be known until after his arrival 
in Denver to-day. Several Denver lum- 
ber dealers sent representatives to bid on 
the lumber.—Denver Republican, Feb- 
ruary IO. 


The officeseeker has -discovered that 
there is an office at the city hall to be 
filled, or will be as soon as the ordinance 
creating a city forester has become a law, 
and the mayor’s office is besieged with 
applications forthe place. The appoint- 
ment will be made by the board of public 
works, but any recommendations in this 
line offered by the mayor will be con- 
sidered. Yesterday he stated that he 
would recommend no one for the place 
who was not thoroughly posted in regard 
to the planting and care of trees and who 
was not young and active enough to 
get around and do the work.—<Xansas 
City Journal. 


The Government officials are having 


1899. 


trouble with the owners of saw-mills in 
the hills, who have been cutting down 
timber on public land. 

John Norris was arrested by Deputy 
Marshal Crocker, twelve miles north of 
Florissant, El Paso County, charged with 
cutting the prohibited timber. He was 
taken before James B. Severy, United 
States Commissioner, Colorado Springs, 
and gave $500 bonds.—Denver ( Colo.) 
Republican, March 2. 


Forest Superintendent W. H. Bun- 
tain, “successor of J. D. Benedict, is 
actively at work in his new position at 


eee 
The National Wholesale Lumber 
Dealers’ Association held its annual 


meeting at Boston, Mass., during the 
first week in March. The meeting was 
concluded by the usual banquet, and 
among the speakers on that occasion was 
the Hon. John M. Woods, of Boston, a 
member of the Massachusetts Forestry 
Association, who was introduced to 
speak concerning a lumberman’s interest 
in forestry. Mr. Woods said, in part: 

‘«‘Gentlemen, I want to say to you here 
that you think perhaps in some parts of 
the country the lumber business is old, 
I want to say to you here that you are 
meeting here to-night on the anniversary 
of the first exportation of lumber from 
the United States—200 years ago from 
this part of the country the first cargo 
was sent abroad. 

‘As the chairman has said, I have one 
or two specialties. I will touch on only 
one of them now. The first is on the 
lumber business—the forestry of the 
United States, and something about the 
legislation that has taken place in this 
country. As you know, the Pilgrims 
landed in 1620, and in 1631—eleven 
years afterward—the first law that was 
ever made in this country was passed in 
regard to it. It was enacted by the Pil- 
grim colony that there should be no fires 
set on the Lord’s day and that any one 
that set any fire, if it did any damage, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 81 


the Federal Building. He was assistant 
postmaster at Momence, IIIl., where his 
father was postmaster; but his health 
was not good because of the confining 
work, and he came West.—Santa Fe New 
Mexican. 


The Leader learns that Superintendent 
E. B. Hyde, of the forest reserve, on 
Friday seized a lot of logs near Twenty- 
five Mile creek, belonging to Jerry Dun- 
lee, on the charge that they were illegally 
cut on the reserve.—Chelan (Wash.) 
Leader. : 


poten 


should pay ten shillings or be publicly 
whipped In 1639 it was further enacted 
that no man should set a fire on the 
Lord’s day, the last day of the week, and 
if he did, and it did any damage, he 
should be required to pay a fine of forty 
shillings, and if it were done by a minor 
his parents or guardians should pay. In 
1697 the first effort was made to find out 
the value of woods in North America. 
The English Government sent a commis- 
sion here. The chairman was Mr. 
Bridges, who was a ship builder in the 
English dock yard at Portsmouth. He 
came here under a royal commission, and 
the commission read that he was to ascer- 
tain the conveniences of the woods of 
North America for furnishing woods for 
the royal navy. In 1699 the first cargo 
was shipped abroad. The largest part 
of this cargo was cut on the Piscataquis 
River, a little river that runs up from 
Portsmouth, N. H., about forty miles 
from here. 

‘‘There was no further legislation to 
amount to anything during the colonial 
period, and there never has been since 
to amount to anything. In 1743 Gov- 
ernor Wentworth, of the territory of New 
Hampshire, was appointed commissioner 
of all his majesty’s woods in North 
America. Youcan have some idea, gen- 
tlemen, of the size of his commission. 
The king instructed the commissioners 


82 THE FORESTER 


to mark a large number of trees for use 
for the royal navy and this was done, but 
this commissioner, like the commission- 
ers of later days, was human. He was 
denounced as a fraud and a villain and 
complaint was made to the royal governor 
of Massachusetts, who was governor of 
the territory of New Hampshire, and a 
petition was sent to the king for his re- 
moval, but they had ‘pulls’ in those days 
as they do in these days and he managed 
to hold his place for many years. 

«We have seen the woodworking bus- 
iness from this country depart. Gentle- 
men around this board who are or have 
been in the business any length of time 
know that Boston forty years ago was 
the center—and the circumference, I 
might say—of the furniture business of 
this country. It has now gone where 
the raw material is. We have an incor- 
porated society, and our idea is this: 
The first thing—and we believe it is the 
proper thing to do in the first place—is 
to educate public opinion to realize the 
necessity of the preservation of what we 
have. There is a bill before the legisla- 
ture now which asks for an appropriation 
of $4,000 to make a forest survey of the 
State. The forests in this State prac- 
tically amount to nothing. There area 
few box boards in this State and some- 
thing of that kind, but we believe that 
the time has come to agitate this ques- 
tion and to ask the State—not only this 
State, but other States and the National 
Government—to reserve forests as na 
tional domains. There are a quarter of 
a million of acres in this State which are 
valueless for taxation and we purpose to 
ask the Government to reserve those. It 
has been demonstrated that it is possible 
to make this a paying investment for the 
State, so that this land which is prac- 
tically valueless shall make some return. 
I will give you one illustration: In Ply- 
mouth County, less than forty miles from 
here, is a small tract of Pine land, and I 
will say to you for the benefit of those 
who are not aware of the fact that Cape 
Cod is a sandy district, and sandy land 
is adapted for the growing of Pine. 
There are two tracts of land down there 


April, 


owned by different owners, and one of 
these was sown forty years ago with Pine 
seed, while the other was allowed to run 
wild. The result is that now the one 
tract is assessed for $150 an acre and the 
other for $2.50. That demonstrates that 
it is practicable to do something along 
these lines. It does not need any argu- 
ment to show that we can do it. The 
chairman has referred to the fact that 
Memphis is the great market for hard- 
wood to-day. Indianapolis was the great 
center not many yearsago. Ilived there 
from 1869 to 1873 and I have heard it 
said that it was impossible to exhaust 
the hardwood of Indiana, but you and I 
know that forty per cent of the hardwood 
to-day is brought in there. It behooves 
us to lock the door before the horse is 
stolen. We have public-spirited men 
in this State and they have taken hold 
of it. The idea is to enlighten the pub- 
lic and to influence the legislature to 
take hold of this matter. 

‘Another thing I might touch on is 
that our water supply depends on the 
forests. This Commonwealth has spent 
more than $50,000,000, or will have 
spent, when the water-works system is 
completed, to maintain her water supply, 
when if our forests had been saved and 
cared for at least one-half of that sum 
would have been saved. In New York 
State through her Forest Commission 
they are saving the Adirondacks largely 
for this reason. 

‘‘Tt is a practical question, gentlemen, 
and I commend it to you for careful study 
and to take home with you. As the hon- 
orable president has said, it is a serious 
question where they are going to get the 
supply for the future from unless some- 
thing is done along these lines.”’ 

Mr. Woods was followed by Hon. 
Robert C. Lippincott, of Philadelphia, 
who spoke of the growing interest in the 
question of forest conservation in his 
own State, briefly outlining the legisla- 
tion that has been enacted and commend- 
ing Dr. Rothrock for the faithful and 
efficient service which he has rendered 
as Commissioner of Forestry. Mr. Lip- 
pincott closed with the assertion that the 


tt A IE ES A ES 


1899. 


forestry question is one that should be 
seriously considered by lumbermen; that 
when as a class they did take the matter 
up it would be well taken care of. 


In the March number of The /rrigation 
Age there appeared a paper on ‘‘ The 
Irrigation Problems and Possibilities of 
Northern Wyoming,” by Capt. H. M. 
Chittenden, Corps of Engineers, U.S. A. 
The purpose of Captain Chittenden in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 83 


in the Bighorn Mountains under the patronage, 
I believe, of the Burlington Railroad, It may 
have been the surpassing beauty and sublimity 
of the scenery around Cloud Peak Lake, which 
I had seen but a week before, that caused this 
much-advertised spot to appear altogether tame 
in comparison. More probably, however, it 
was the desolate appearance of the surrounding 
country, which is almost divested of the noble 
forests that once covered it. Here indeed is 
an impressive example of the ruin that has 
spread over many forest areas of the West. It 
alone is sufficient to convince any believer in 
the necessity of preserving our forests, that 


LOGGING SCENE IN THE STATE OF WASHINGTON. 


making a tour through Wyoming in the 
months of August and September, 1897, 
was to investigate the question of the 
construction of reservoirs in the arid 
regions through the agency of the Gen- 
eral Government. As aclose observer 
he does not fail to note the importance 
of forest preservation in the region in- 
cluded in his professional investigation. 
Of the effects of forest destruction he 
writes: 

On our second day out from Sheridan we 


-visited Dome Lake, a nascent summer resort 


prompt and vigorous measures ought to be 
taken by the Government to save what remains 
and to restore what has been lost. 

In this connection I may mention a matter 
which came to my attention about a week be- 
fore. I made a short excursion from Buffalo, 
up the valley of Clear Creek to the old military 
reservation of Fort McKinney, where I had 
spent some time nine years before surveying 
its boundaries I passed through the aban- 
doned post, now the property of the State of 
Wyoming. The perfect state of preservation 
and the neat appearance of everything spoke 
highly for the care with which this piece. of 
property is being preserved. But I imagine 
that the State is at a loss to know what to do 


84 | THE FORESTER, 


with it. It at once occurred that here was a 
central position from which to protect the for- 
ests of the entire Bighornrange Let the post 
of Fort McKinney be reoccupied by United 


States troops, held there to do duty as foresters. - 


If this is not considered a proper function for 
the regular troops, let a regiment be raised 
whose duty shall be confined to that of forest 
protection and let a portion of it garrison this 
post. There is no good reason that I can think 
of why the army should not afford the basis of 
an efficient police system for our national for- 
ests; there are many and excellent reasons 
why it should. 


Captain Chittenden presents some very 
strong evidence in support of the asser- 
tion that the preservation of forest cover 
on mountain slopes is absolutely neces- 
sary in order that soil erosion may be 
reduced to the minimum—a fact that is 
almost always overlooked by those who 
oppose a conservative forest policy, In 
describing his journey through the mount- 
ains he says: 


Teton Pass is incomparably the most difficult 
pass I have met with in the mountains. Its 
slopes are so steep that one would scarcely 
believe it possible for wagons to cross did he 
not see the evidence of their having done so, 
Unlike most passes, the two slopes of this one 
come together almost like the top of a roof, 
with no space on top; and it is but a mild ex- 
aggeration to say that a saddle horse on arriv- 
ing at the top is laboriously digging its way up 
on one side with its hind feet and vigorously 
bracing with its fore feet to keep from sliding 
down on the other. 

On the summit of this pass we were in dense 
clouds, from which the rain came down in per- 
fect floods until we were drenched through and 
through. The road carried such torrents of 
water that it seemed unsafe to travel in, but 
the occasion afforded an excellent opportunity 
of seeing: how forests protect mountain slopes 
from erosion by the elements. - The heavy rain 
caused streams of water to pour down every 
gully or depression, but wherever this was in 
the forest areas the water came out clear, not- 
withstanding its heavy volume. Wherever we 
came upon open tracts destitute of vegetation 
the surface water was invariably laden with 
sediment. 


A Reasonable Policy. 


The following, in reference to forest 
reserves, has been furnished the /ourna/- 
Miner by a gentleman who has made a 
study of the proposition, and hence is 
conversant with the subject, and will be 
found of special interest at the present 


April, 


time, inasmuch as it corrects some erro- 
neously conceived opinions on the sub- 
jects 

‘There seems to be a general dis- 
position upon the part of those interested 
in sheep grazing and other pursuits in 
the vicinity of forest reservations to con- 
fuse them with Indian and military reser- 
vations, upon which none are allowed to 
trespass, and which are set aside for 
specific uses of the Government. 

‘¢The forest reservations are of en- 
tirely different nature, and are set aside 
by the Government for what is considered 
the public good of the Territory. Scien- 
tific men, men of wide experience, who 
have been interested in this subject, have 
made thorough reports upon the arid 
condition of the Southwest and the 
necessity for the conservation of its 
meagre water supply. They came to 
their conclusion by years of careful ob- 
servations, and in an unbiased manner, 
without interest, except the general wel- 
fare and prosperity of the country. 

‘‘Aside from this great question of 
water supply, there are other questions 
of equal importance to the people of 
Arizona, in whatever business they may 
be interested 

‘‘Remove the great pine forests, strip 
the territory of its magnificent belt of 
timber, and what have you left? A few 
rich men, who cut and sold the timber, 
upon one hand, and upon the other a 
vast territory denuded of its threefold 
value; the timber gone that should be 
used in the development of the Terri- 
tory’s great mineral wealth ; the means 
for impounding water shipped to other 
States, and thousands of acres of worth- 
less, barren, non-taxable, untillable land 
reverted to the Territory. 

‘‘Just where the reasoning man can 
find objection to the forest reservations, 
under the existing conditions, is difficult 
to say. The general rule governing 
forest reserves allows grazing privileges 
to all stock except sheep. In the San 
Francisco reservation even sheep are 
allowed to graze, and it is very probable 
that this ruling will be permitted so far 
as this reservation is concerned; the 


1899. 


reservation does not prevent the sale of 
timber to people of the Territory for all 
uses and purposes when there is need of 
same; it does not prevent bona fide 
entrymen from taking up land that is 
more valuable for agricultural purposes 
than for timber or mineral. 

«A reservation does prevent fraudu- 
lent entries as homesteads on timber 
lands ; it does prevent an indiscriminate 
slaughter of timber; it prevents the 
vast waste of timber by forest fires ; 
it prevents a few people from deriving 
all the benefits from our forests to the 
detriment of the people in general. 

‘Tt is not the intention of the Interior 
Department or any of its representatives 
to put hardships upon the people of 
Arizona, but to preserve for her citizens 
those things which will, some time in the 
future, make her a proud sister among 
the sisterhood of States; it is their desire 
to people the Territory with men who 
come to make Arizona their home, and 
to protect them against those who come 
to glean, gather, and go.”—Arizona 
Journal-Miner. 


The following statement of the effect 
of forest removal on the water supply is 
extracted from Weekly Bulletin No. 28, 
Colorado Experiment Station. The bul- 
Jetin was prepared by Prof. L. G. Car- 
penter and relates to the discharge of 
water by the Cache la Poudre River dur- 
ing the season of 1808: 

‘Since the early settlement the areas 
of forest have become much less from 
fires, denudation for mining, and railroad 
purposes. The amount used for domes- 
tic purposes is of small importance, ex- 
cept as careless and irresponsible cutting 
gives conditions favoring the spread of 
the devastating forest fires. From the 
standpoint of the water supply on which 
agriculture depends, the protection of 
the forests becomes of vital importance. 
The protecting influence of the forests 
on the™snow cover is of the greatest im- 
portance. The letting in of the sun and 
wind melts and evaporates the snow 
without sensible formation of water, dries 
the springs and lessens the amount of 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 85 


water available for use. It is safe to say 
that with the former forest cover, even 
with the small snowfall and little rainfall, 
the low stage of the river would not have 
fallen to thirty-four second-feet as it did 
this year, but would have been several 
times more, for the innumerable small 
springs would have continued their sup- 
ply. If the forest cover continues to be 
removed, autumns of low water like the 
present will cease to be exceptional, but 
become the rule, the river will be lower 
than it has been this year, and may be 
come as dry as some of the tributaries.” 


The Gila River Forest Reserve. 


By proclamation of President McKin- 
ley, dated March 4, The Gila River 
Forest Reserve was formally segregated. 
It embraces a rough, mountainous region 
in the southwestern part of New Mexico, 
the Black Mesa Forest Reserve adjoin- 
ing it on the west. It includes part of 
the Mogollon, Black, San Francisco and 
other ranges of mountains. The land is 
exceedingly rough, having no roads and 
but few trails through it. There are not 
many settlers within the bounds of the 
reserve. Those whoare there are stock- 
men. ‘They have a great many cattle, 
but not many sheep Considerable areas 
of the forests within the reserve have 
been burned over. It is asserted that 
the Cliff Dwellers once inhabited the 
gorges and cafions within the bounds of 
the new reserve, and that remains of 
their dwellings are still in existence. 

The Gila, San Francisco, Tulerosa, 
and Mimbres rivers and other streams 
have their sources in the mountains of 
this reservation. As several of these 
streams flow into Arizona, the people of 
that Territory have some interest in the 
preservation of the forests on their moun- 
tain water sheds. The rich alluvial val- 
leys through which these streams run 
after emerging from the mountains, and 
the mild but arid climate, makes the con- 
servation of water a matter of prime im- 
portance there. 


The business men of this city have no 


86 


desire to see the sawmills shut down or 
the post and wood haulers deprived of 
their business through the establishment 
of a forest reserve, and would not advo- 
cate the establishment of such a reserve 
if they thought it would have that result. 
They, as well as the timbermen, are 
satisfied that the establishment of a forest 
reserve will not interfere in the least with 
these industries, and therefore they ad- 
vocate it.—Fort Collins (Colo ) Express. 


The Sheep Industry in Tulare County, 
California. 


A writer in the Pacific Rural Press for 
March 4, 1899, states that in Tulare 
County, California, the value of taxable 
real estate and personal property is $41,- 
775,133; of sheep and lambs, $299,712. 
The sheep owners therefore pay only 
about seven-tenths of 1 per cent of the 
county taxes. The writer of the article 
then says: 


If it is true, as it appears upon the records, 
that this great sheep industry pays less than 1 


THE FORESTER. 


April, 


per cent of our taxes ; if itis true that our Gov- 
ernment has placed it upon the protective tariff 
list; if it is true that our Government is to con- 
tinue to furnish them pasturage free in future 
as it has in the past; if it is true that they are 
very largely responsible for the destruction of 
our forests, which means the destruction of our 
water supply; then I would suggest in all can- 
dor, and with due respect to the 99 per cent 
industry, that, as a financial proposition and as 
a proposition looking to the welfare of ourselves 
and our children, to the saving of our farms, 
our orchards, our vineyards, in short, all that 
we hold dear, that if we expect to continue to 
live here, we would better purchase this 1 per 
cent industry and ship it to another country, 
and thereby save our homes, 


In a private letter, from which THE 
ForRESTER is permitted to make an extract, 
President James Reid, of the Montana 
College of Agriculture, says: 


I am glad that the President has seen fit to 
set apart the Gallatin Reserves, and sincerely 
hope that a much larger tract may be added, 
including all the headwaters of that river. 
There are many fertile valleys in the State of 
Montana and throughout the Rocky Mountain 
region, whose fertility can be made permanent 
only by making reserves at the headwaters of 
the streams that supply them. 


Forest Management. 


In a letter to the Evanston Wyoming 
Press Mr. W. F. Hill writes as follows 
of the wasteful way in which the timber 
is being stripped from the mountains in 
the vicinity of the town of Wells: 


Th2 Rock Springs Lumber Company now 
has a large force of men at work cutting tim- 
ber on Townships 38 and 39 North, Ranges 1009, 
tto West, which land is not yet open to settle- 
ment. Itisclaimed that they have bought this 
land with soldier scrip, and it is claimed as ag- 
ricultural land, and that removing the timber 
Is necessary to put it in condition for settle- 
ment. Now every one in this country knows 
that such land is not, and never will be, of any 
account for agricultural purposes, the soil being 
shallow and situated on sidehills too steep to 


admit of cultivation. The settlers of this sec- 
tion have asked repeatedly to have an investi- 
gation ordered from headquarters, but so far 
very little attention has been paid to our de- 
mands. However, there are too many people 
interested in the matter for it to be put aside 
for long. The amount of timber in this coun- 
try is comparatively small and the future in- 
terests of a large and prosperous community 
demand that it be protected. This outfit pays 
no attention to either the rules of common sense 
or of the Interior Department in regard to the 
prevention of fires, and it is certain that if left 
alone they will cause great damage to what 
timber they do not cut, by fires which will un- 
avoidably start among the refuse left by them. 
There is no law by which they can take this 
land without swearing thatit is agricultural land 
and such a statement would be utterly false. 


1899. 


Scarcity of Mine Timbers. 


While the mining situation nere con- 


-tinues to improve 


are many factors which are likely to re- 


tard operations for 
many weeks to 
come. There is no 
difficulty, particu- 
larly, in the actual 
mining of ore. If 
other conditions 
were favorable the 
tonnage of the camp 
would be up to the 
standard of 1,800 
tons per day. But 
there are several 
almost insuperable 
difficulties in the 
way. In the first 
place, the roads are 
wretched. The ore 
teams have recently 
discarded their run- 
ners andare making 
Bmestrips with 
wheels, but the 
snow is soft, and 
great ruts are cut 
down through the 
slush, into which 
the wagons sink up 
to the hubs. At 
one time yesterday 
afternoon at least a 
dozen teams were 
stuck on East Fifth 
Street, near Harri- 
son Avenue, and it 
was all that four 
and six horses, aided 
by the picturesque 
vocabulary of the 
orehaulers, could do 
to raise the block- 
ade. Even with a 


four-horse team it is necessary to move 
only about half a load. 
are greatly in favor of the conditions 
getting rather worse 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Forest Utilization. 


steadily, still there 


LOGGING ON THE COLUMBIA RIVER. 


The chances 


than better, for 


87 


several weeks at least, unless another 

very cold snap should occur. 
Then there is the timber famine. 

is a cold, hard reality, as a visit to the 


This 


saw mills very clearly 
proves. This camp 
in ordinary times 
can consume about 
five carloads of logs 
per day, but in Feb- 
ruary only three 
cars reached the 
city, and there is 
but little improve- 
ment in the situ- 
ation. Logs have 
KISeN: iN), price. ait 
least 33%4 per cent 
and it will be a 
month before there 
iS any improve- 
ment. Mr. Winten 
Morrell, of Guller 
o&. Co. Starw. mill 
men, explains that 
last year the log- 
gers were getting 
very low prices for 
their logs, and asa 
result many of them 
were compelled to 
turn their attention 
to other channels 
of business. They 
couldn’t make a liv- 
ing at the prices 
they were then re- 
ceiving. During 
the winter the local 
lumber dealers ad- 
vanced the _ price 
slightly, and there 
was a decided stim- 
ulus in the log mar- 
ket. But the block- 
ade came, tying up 


the sources of supply on the Blue River 
and the Frying Pan. 
logs have been bringing from 60 to 65 
cents, while a year ago the same logs 


Lately eight-inch 


88 THE FORESTER. 


brought 30 cents ; seven-inch logs 30 to 
35 cents, former price 20 cents ; ten inch 
logs 70 cents, former price 60 cents; 
twelve-inch logs go cents, formerly 65 
cents. Tothese figures 15 cents is added 
by the saw mill men for framing, etc., this 
being their regular figure at all times. 
Of course the timber bill for the big 
mines, under these conditions, is in- 
creased from one-third to one-half, but 
probaby the mine manager would not 
complain providing there were plenty of 
timbers. But even at these fancy prices 
only a stray carload now and then can be 
secured, and the shrewd logger naturally 
holds out for the highest prices. In 
fact the local saw mill men have had to 
bid very lively in order to secure what 
few timbers they have on hand, which 
accounts, partially, at least, for the 
high prices now prevailing. 

The result of this timber famine is 
apparent. The big mines gobble up 
every stick of timber on the market. 
The small lessee is the one who par- 
ticularly suffers. He is unable to pros- 
ecute his operations, particularly in 
catching up the iron stopes, and as a 
result a large amount of this work has 
had to be abandoned. Jn fact some of 
the lessees have found themselves in a 
rather serious predicament, and several 
of them have had to temporarily aban- 
don work.—Leadville (Colo.) Herald- 
Democrat. 


The frontispiece of THE ForesTER is 
a view of the entrance of a mine in the 
Cripple Creek (Colo:) -district in its 
earlier stages of development, and illus- 
trates some of the uses to which timber 
is put in the mining industry, while the 
hill in the background, once heavily 
timbered, shows that a mining commu- 
nity utilizes practically all of the timber 
at hand. The interior timbering of the 
mine is necessarily not shown, but in 
many formations it is most important 
and the quantity required for this purpose 
is large. On page 77 is presented a 
view of a forest in a reserve near one of 
the largest mining camps in the North- 
west. It tells its own story—a story 


April, 


that must appeal strongly to the mine 
owner. It is true that he may secure 
many good mine timbers from the charred 
trunks of the burned forest, but if he 
cares for the perpetuation of the great 
industry in which his interest lies he 
must feel a personal responsibility in 
hastening the adoption of a policy which 
will limit if not prevent the occurrence 
of forest fires in the mining regions. 


The Diversion of Spruce. 


Emphatically the pulp material is 
Spruce. No other wood, available in 
large quantities, has to so high a degree 
the requisites for this class of manufac- 
ture as has the leading element in the 
forests of New England. Its fiber is 
long and tenacious and the logs are both 
easily handled and worked; so that as 
the business of paper pulp manufacture 
develops greater and greater have been 
the inroads upon the Spruce supply for 
this purpose, and it is rapidly being 
diverted from its use as a lumber timber 
to the purposes of the pulp makers. 

Ten years ago Spruce was the leading, 
or one of the leading, woods in use in 
New England and adjacent territory, and 
the condition of the Spruce market was 
of more interest to Eastern lumbermen 
than that of any other wood excepting 
White Pine, and perhaps exceeding that 
wood in its real significance. But Spruce 
lumber is rapidly becoming a thing of 
the past. Elsewhere in this issue of the 
Lumberman wiil be found a review of the 
changes which have taken place and are 
now in progress in the Spruce hold- 
ings and manufacture in New England. 
They come from the fact that, manufac- 
tured into paper, Spruce is many times 
more valuable than when made into 
lumber. The pulp business originated 
more than ten years ago, but even as 
recently as that the Spruce put into pulp 
consisted mainly of timber too small for 
profitable lumbering operations. The 
saw mills took the saw logs, and what 
was left on the lands, ranging perhaps 
from four to twelve inches in diameter, 
was taken to the pulp mills. But now 


1899. 


entire tracts are logged for pulp manu- 
facture. 

The article referred to has one forcible 
illustration of this change, in connection 
with the production of wood pulp on the 
Androscoggin River. In 1888 the con- 
sumption of Spruce timber on that 
stream in pulp manufacture was only 
22,000,000 feet; in 1898 it was 195,000,- 
ooo feet. The same thing has been 
going on all over New England, though 
resisted in some sections, as on the Pe- 
nobscot River. Spruce therefore is rap- 
idly becoming a material not available 
for the lumber manufacturer, who 1s out- 
bid for its possession by the pulp maker. 

While New England is the home of 
the Spruce, the idea that it is confined to 
that section of the country is errone- 
ous. There are large quantities of it in 
the Allegheny Mountains and no small 
amount in the upper peninsula of Michi- 
gan and in northern Wisconsin. There 
are a few million feet of Spruce lumber 
produced in Michigan, but the real use 
of the wood there as elsewhere is for 
pulp making. Two of the greatest 
centers of wood pulp manufacture in the 
country are now to be found in Wiscen- 
sin, the Spruce districts in that State 
being respectively on the Fox River, in 
the eastern part of the State, and on the 
Wisconsin River. The Spruce in that 
section ordinarily does not grow in solid 
bodies of any size, but is scattered in 
narrow belts through the other timber or 
is found mixed with other growths.. But 
in the aggregate the output is consider- 
able, and the traveler along the railroad 
lines which penetrate the upper penin- 
sulasees at every station piles of pulp 
wood bolts brought in by the farmers and 
small jobbers, to be shipped to the pulp 
mills further south. Spruce has had its 
day as a lumber wood, but is even more 
valuable as standing timber available for 
the use of pulp making than it was when 
its only or chief use was the production 
of lumber.—American Lumberman. 


Mine Props. 
It is generally known that in all coal 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 8g 


mines the roof above the coal vein has 
to be propped up as the coal is dug out. 
This is done with wooden props made of 
round timber cut to proper lengths. In 
this country the coal mines are usually 
situated in wooded localities, and the cost 
of the mine props is a small matter ; but 
in the United Kingdom and some States 
in Europe the trade in such timber is an 
important one. By the by, mine props 
in England are called ‘‘pit props” and 
‘pit wood,” and they come largely from 
the Scandinavian countries. While there 
is a limit to the amount of lumber timber 
in this country, the amount of small tim- 
ber suitable for pit props may be truly 
said to be inexhaustible if used for no 
other purposes. We have had some in- 
quiries as to the feasibility of shipping 
pit wood from the hardwood section of 
the Central South to British ports. The 
data as to prices, cost of freight, etc., 
available at present is not sufficient to 
permit any satisfactory answer; but it 
may be of interest to inquirers to know 
that English experts have some queer 
ideas as to the crushing strength of tim- 
ber. The following extract is from 77m- 
ber of March 4, 1899. We do not know 
just what is meant by ‘ordinary oak 
props”: 

‘‘Ata general meeting of the Federated 
Institution of Mining Engineers, held at 
Shelton, Stoke-upon-Trent, on the 22d 
ult., Prof.,H; Louis read a paper, en- 
titled ‘Further Notes on Pit Props,’ 
stating that of half a dozen ordinary oak 
props he had tested the best result was 
given by the straightest prop; yet this 
was only 1.11 tons per square inch, 
while the average of the six was only 0.g2 
ton per square inch. This figure com- 
pared very unfavorably with the result 
obtained from ordinary Baltic soft-wood 
props—viz, 1.571 tons—being only 60 
per cent of that figure. The lowest 
figure obtained from soft wood—1.1 
tons—was equal to the highest given by 
an oak prop. It was, therefore, impossi- 
ble to doubt that the oak prop was far 
weaker than an ordinary Baitic prop.” 
Southern Lumberman. 


go THE FORESTER: 


Lumbering in the Northwest. 

Graphic reproductions of forest scenes 
and lumbering operations are always in- 
teresting, even to the most casual ob- 
server. Especially is this true of the 
great forests of the Pacific Northwest, 
where the trees are of truly gigantic pro- 
portions, the growth upon the ground 


very dense, and where lumbering meth- 
ods are necessarily upon a scale com- 
mensurate with these conditions. In 
this issue THE Forester presents three 
lifelike illustrations of some of the 
methods in vogue in the lumber camps 
of that region. The above scene and 
one on page 87, are from Oregon, twenty 
miles below Portland, on the Columbia 
River, and another, on page 83, is from 


April, 


a point in the southern part of the State 
of Washington. The latter represents a 
view of a waterway where the great logs 
are received to be floated to the sawmill. 
The two Oregon views show something 
of the methods by which great obstacles 
in the way of successful logging have 
been overcome by the ingenuity of re- 


Timber slides 
are constructed, upon which immense 
logs are quickly drawn up a steep hill- 
side by means of steel wire cables, oper- 
ated by machinery. Similar slides 
are used to conduct logs down hills or 
mountain sides to the mill, road or water- 
way. THE Forester will present other 
views of equal interest from time to time. 


sourceful lumbermen. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. gI 


State Associations. 


Southern California, 


The meeting called by the Southern 
California Academy of Sciences was held 
yesterday forenoon in the assembly room 
of the Chamber of Commerce to organize 
a Forest and Water Society. There were 
about forty men present, representing 
several branches of the Fruit Growers’ 
Exchange, and other organizations, as 
well as a number of persons engaged in 
water development and hydraulic engi- 
neering. 

B. R. Baumgardt acted as temporary 
chairman, and Abbot Kinney was elected 
president and W. H. Knight secretary. 
The president read a paper on forestry, 
and a number of persons participated in 
a discussion of the work to be done. 

It is the object of the society to pro- 
mote the interests of forestry and irriga- 
tion by inducing the Federal Government 
to take greater interest in the subjects, 
though so far as could be ascertained, 
the society is not prepared to make any 
suggestions to the Government of specific 
irrigation development to be undertaken. 

Acommittee of five, consisting of A. R. 
Sprague, T. P> Lukens, G. H. A. Good- 
win, A. Campbell Johnston and B. R. 
Baumgardt, were appointed to draft reso- 
lutions and report a constitution and by- 
laws. They urged the Executive Com- 
mittee to secure the membership in the 
society of all organizations and individ- 
uals interested in the work ; endorsed the 
forest school conducted under the aus- 
pices of the University of Southern 
California; request the Secretary of the 
Interior to recognize forestry graduates 
on forestry patrol; and endorse the es- 
tablishment of a botanical garden in one 
of the public parks of Los Angeles. 

Vice presidents will be appointed for 
each county in Southern California. 
Three were named for the following 
counties: Los Angeles, W. G. Kerckhoff; 
Ventura, N. W. Blanchard, and San 
Bernardino, Col. Adolph Wood. The 
others will be appointed later. 


Some idea of the scope of the work of 


the society may be gathered from the 
committee work provided for in the Con- 
stitution. The Committee on Forestry 
shall devise plans for the conservation 
of our forests, and adjust conflicting in- 
terests; that on flood waters and reser- 
voirs shall obtain data regarding suitable 
sites for storage ~eservoirs, and their cost 
of construction; that on the distribution 
of waters shall consider how the waters 
of this section can be best utilized for 
agricultural and industrial purposes; and 
that on legislation shall endeavor to 
secure such State or National legislation 
as may be approved by the association. 

Much enthusiasm was manifest in the 
meeting. The president spoke of the 
annual destruction by fires that are de- 
nuding the mountains of their beautiful 
forests, which serve not only to increase 
precipitation, but act as natural storage 
reservoirs for holding the snows and rain- 
falls on the mountains. This work of 
conservation must be taken up at once, 
he declared, or the mountains will be 
bare in a few years, and we shall leavea 
heritage of shame to the next genera- 
tion. 

Olaf Ellison spoke of the work that 
had been accomplished in various parts 
of Europe, in France about the Bay of 
Biscay, in the Peninsula of Jutland, and 
in Sweden and Norway. 

Capt. S. S. Mullins felt an eager, ab- 
sorbing interest in this question. He 
had witnessed the vandal work of shep- 
herds, who build four fires a day, one for 
each meal and one at night, if it is cool. 
They do not, like intelligent hunters, see 
that their fires are extinguished before 
leaving them, but leave that matter to 
chance and to the grossest neglect. 

Col. Adolph Wood, of the Arrowhead 
Company, thought that shepherds should 
be forbidden to take their flocks into or 


over aGovernment reserve. He consid- 
ered the subject one of vital, far-reaching 
interest. 
A. W. Koebig, Dr. C. G. Baldwin, 
George H. Peck and others were among 


the speakers. —Los Angeles Times, Mar. 9. 


92 THE FORESTER. 


Indiana. 


The Indiana Forestry Association was 
formally organized at a meeting held in 
the rooms of the Commercial Club, at 
Indianapolis, on March 16. Rees 

The purpose of the new association 1s 
to awaken public interest in the care of 
forests and woodlands; to promote the 
afforestation of land which is at present 
unproductive and to encourage the plant- 
ing of trees in public parks, private 
grounds and along streets and highways. 
A congratulatory letter was read from 
Dr: C. A. Schenck, of Biltmore, N.C. 
It is expected that the association will 
eventually have a membership of from 
300 to 500. John P. Brown, of Conners- 
ville, was elected president; William H. 
Drapier, Amos W. Butler, John H. Hol- 
liday, Albert Lieber, of Indianapolis, 
and Alexander Johnson, of Fort Wayne, 
vice presidents; William Watson Wool- 
len, secretary, and Lewis Hoover, treas- 
urer; William Watson Woolen and 
John P. Brown and Alexander John- 
son were chosen as a committee on 
forestry, while J. Clyde Power and John 
R. Pearson were named as a committee 
on parks. 

The officers elected were constituted 


April, 


an executive board, to have entire charge 
of the work of the association. It was 
agreed to hold monthly meetings on the 
second Saturday in each month. The 
annual meeting will be held on the 
Wednesday following the second Mon- 
day in January next. 


The present membership comprises the 
following: John P. Brown, William Wat- 
son Woollen, James A. Mount, Dr. C. A. 
Schenck; Biltmore; NimG. 7) |) Clyde 
Power, John H. Holliday, Albert Lieber, 
Alexander Johnson, of Fort -Wayne ; 
A. W. Butler, William H. Drapier, Dr. 
]. We Bates, DruGe Ne Woollent rer 
D. M.. Geeting, Hugene |.+ Barney, ot 
Dayton, O.; George H. Cooper, Mont- 
gomery Marsh, Prof. John S. Wright, 
James G. Kingsbury, Lewis Hoover and 
John R. Pearson. 


The following honorary members were 
elected: J. Sterling Morton, of Nebraska; 
A. J. Brown, secretary of the Nebraska 
Forestry Association; Mr. Allen Cham- 
berlain, secretary of the Massachusetts 
Forestry Association; Prof. Samuel 
Green, of the University of Minnesota ; 
Prof. Ellen Hayes, of Wellesley College, 
and Prof. William Trelease, director of 
Shaw’s Botanical Garden, St. Louis. 


Recent Legislation. 


Minnesota, 


‘‘An act to encourage the growing and 
preservation of forests, and to create 
forest boards and forest reserves” has 
passed the Minnesota House of Repre- 
sentatives and seems likely to pass the 
Senate also. This bill profits by pre- 
vious forest law and contains most of 
the points which the history of the sub- 
ject in this country has shown to be most 
important or most helpful. Some special 
points deserve mention here. 

There is to be a State Forestry Board 
of nine members. The Chief Fire War- 
den and the Professor of Horticulture at 
the State University are to be ex-officio 
members; three other residents of the 
State are to be selected by the Board of 


Regents of the University, each of them 
chosen for his. knowledge of special 
conditions; and The Minnesota State 
Forestry Association, the Board of Man- 
agers of the Minnesota State Agricultural 
Society, the Minnesota Horticultural So- 
ciety and the State Fish and Game Com- 
mission are each to appoint one of the 
remaining four. There will be a presi- 
dent, vice president and secretary, ap- 
pointed by the Board, and an executive 
committee ; tne State treasurer is to be 
the treasurer of the Board. The Town 
Boards of Supervisors and the County 
Commissioners, respectively, are to be 
town and county forest boards, which are 
to have such authority only as is ex- 
pressly conferred by legislature. 


1899. 


The forest preserves are to consist of 
tracts (1) set apart by the State for for- 
estry purposes, (2) deeded, devised or 
granted to the State for these purposes 
by persons or granted by the United 
States Government, or (3) given or de- 
vised outright by persons. 

The Board is empowered to accept 
certain classes of lands deeded by their 
owners, in which case the lands are to be 
permanently devoted to forestry pur- 
poses; to sell dead and down timber and 
mature timber ; to deed tracts whenever 
the growth of towns, railroads or need 
of water-power may demand it; to cut 
and sell forests or trees or sell tracts 
with the right to cut and sell timber 
thereon; but the proceeds of such sales 
must be divided like the rest of the in- 
come from the forests. This income is 
to be divided, at least once in every five 
years, one-third going to reimburse the 
State for the expenses of forest manage- 
ment and for the non-payment of taxes 
on the tracts deeded, the State receiving 
one-half and the county and town each 
one-fourth of this third; two-thirds going 
to support the educational institutions or 
systems of the State. 

As a source of revenue, or for their 
protection from the fire Board may lease 
(2) low meadow tracts and (4) other 
tracts for pasture, when this can be done 
without endangering the growth of trees. 

If this bill passes, as it bids fair to do, 
the State of Minnesota will have joined 
the good movement for perpetual State 
ownership and protection of forest lands 
in which New York and Pennsylvania 
have already made such noteworthy 
progress. 


Indiana Forest Tax Legislation. 


The General Assembly of Indiana en- 
acted a law during its late session which 
has for its object the encouragement of 
the preservation and proper manage- 
ment of timber lands in that State. It 
provides that upon any tract of land in 
the State of Indiana there may be se- 
lected by the owner, or owners, as a per- 
manent forest reservation, a portion not 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


93 


to exceed one-eighth of the total area of 
said tract, which shall be appraised for 
taxation at one dollar per acre. If the 
tract is original forest with not less than 
170 trees on each acre its owner may 
avail himself of the benefits of this pro- 
vision immediately by filing a descrip- 
tion of the selected tract with the county 
auditor. If the land owner elects to 
plant a tract he must cultivate the same 
and have not less than 170 trees growing 
onit at the end of three years before he 
can have his reservation confirmed for 
the reduced assessment. In all cases 
dead trees must be replaced by new ones 
planted so that the minimum number on 
each acre shall not fall below 170; and 
it is further provided that no land owner 
who receives the benefits of this law 
shall permit cattle, horses, sheep, goats 
or hogs to pasture upon such reservation 
until the trees are four inches in diameter. 
Not more than one-fifth of the full num- 
ber of trees on any such reservation shall 
be cut in any one year, except that dead 
trees may be removed and other trees 
planted in their places. 

One section of the law enumerates the 
trees which shall be considered as forest 
trees within the meaning of its provi- 
sions. About twenty varieties of timber, 
including probably forty or more species 
of trees, are specified. It would not 
seem to include the Beech, Sycamore, 
Cottonwood, Black Cherry, Hackberry 
and Juniper, all of which are indigenous 
and each of some economic value, al- 
though the Kentucky Coffee, Osage 
Orange, Sassafras and Catalpa are given 
in the list that will be considered as forest 
trees within the meaning of the law. 

It is made the duty of the county 
auditors to keep a record of all forest 
reservations. They are also to require 
owners or agents to subscribe under oath 
to the extent and description of the land 
reserved. It is made the duty of asses- 
sors to personally examine the various 
forest reservations when the real estate 
is appraised, and to note upon the return 
the conditions of the trees, in order that 
the intent of the law may be fully com- 


plied with. 


O4 THE FORESTER. 


A New National Park. 


By an act of Congress approved March 
2, 1899, a tract of land eighteen miles 
square, embracing in all 207,360 acres, 
and including Mount Rainier itself, was 
withdrawn from the Mount Rainier For- 


April, 


est Reserve and dedicated to the pur- 
poses of a national park, ~It, is to be 
known as the Mount Rainier National 
Park. The Mount Rainier Forest Re- 
serve thus reduced contains 2,027,520 
acres. 


Educational. 


The College of Forestry recently added 
to the curriculum of the University of 
Southern California, was formally opened 
in the college building at West Los 
Angeles yesterday morning. The exer- 
cises and lectures were held in the bio- 
logical lecture room, and will continue 
to be given there for the present. After 
a few remarks by President George W. 
White the first lecture in the course was 
delivered by the Hon. Abbot Kinney. 
In an exhaustive discourse upon ‘‘ The 
History of Forestry and Its Need in 
Southern California,” Mr. Kinney set 
forth the original cause of a study of 
forestry in the dependence of primitive 
man upon the forest and its products for 
subsistence. The nations of Europe 
have made a science of forestry and it is 
conducted under governmental super- 
vision. 

To Southern California, with its tree- 
less plains and scant rainfall, this subject 
is all-important, and this school will 
meet the want by turning out trained for- 
esters, who will carry out this work under 
Government control. Their efforts will 
be directed to preserving and enlarging 
the present forest area on our watersheds. 

At 1.20 p.m, ‘Professor ©) Ps ehallips 
addressed the students upon ‘‘The 
Botany of Tree Growth.” In brief he 
described the method of tree growth and 


the absorption of moisture from the 
atmosphere by the leaves and the slow 
evaporation of the moisture from the 
soil through the trees. 

Prof. Laird J. Stabler followed with a 
lecture on ‘‘Soi] Physics.”” He described 
the meteorological instruments used in 
practical forestry and explained the effect 
of forests on the rainfall.—ZLos Angeles 
Flerald, March 4. 


Mr. Peter Barr, a prominent horticul- 
turist and arborist, of London, Eng., 
who is visiting Ottawa at present, makes 
a suggestion that is well worth the atten- 
tion of the Government. It is the estab- 
lishment of a School of Forestry for 
instruction in the propagation and con- 
serving of the forests. Much attention is 
being directed to this branch throughout 
the British Empire, especially in India, 
where it is a well-organized departmental 
work, the country being divided into dis- 
tricts under foresters and rangers. There 
is no School of Forestry in the British 
dominions in North America, and Mr. 
Barr thinks that the Imperial authorities 
would make a grant for the support of 
such an institution where thorough in- 
struction could be imparted in the 
growth, care and preservation of timber, 
and that Ottawa is just the place for its 
location,— Canada Lumberman. 


1899. 
hHeE- FORESTER. 
PUBLISHER’S ANNOUNCEMENT. 


Tur Forester is published menthly by the 
American Forestry Association at 


No. 117 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents, 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FoRESTER. 


New Members. . 


Since the last issue of THE Forester the 
following named persons have been elected to 
membership in the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation : 

Austin Corbin, 102 Broadway, New York, 
INIG: Whe 

Sydney Arnold, Box 308, North Yakima, 
Wash. 

Wm, J. Roberts, Pullman, Wash. 

Joel Shoemaker, North Yakima, Wash. 

Geo. H. Wallis, 333 Bay St., San Francisco, 
Cal. 

Douglas T, Fowler, Berkeley, Cal. 

Ezra F. Stephens, Crete, Neb. 

Henry O'Sullivan, Indian Lorette, Prov. 
Quebec. 

James Dun, Topeka, Kan. 

Hon, Joseph M. Carey, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

Hon, Henry C, Dillon, 321 Bullard Block, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 

Arthur Gunn, Wenatchee, Wash. 

Charles H. Baker, Seattle, Wash. 

Peter Koch, Bozeman, Mont. 

Henry E. Glazier, Stillwater, Okla. 

W.N. Wiley, Holly, Colo. 

Oscar R. Young, C. E. McCormick Building, 
Salt Lake City, Utah 

Norval W. Wall, C. E., Colorado Springs, 
Colo, 

F, A. Hutto, Stillwater, Okla. 

Walstern R. Chester, 27 Doane St., Boston, 
Mass. 

W.H. Howcott, 838 Common St., New Or- 
leans, La. 

E. L. Tebbets, Locke’s Mills, Maine. 

Fred Larkins, White Springs, Fla. 

Geo. J. Krebs, Cairo, Il, 

Richard Thornton Fisher, 44 Brattle St., 
Cambridge, Mass. 

G. Fred Schwarz, Department of Agricul- 
ture, Washington, D. C. 

Nathan B. Prescott, 28 Boylston Terrace, 
Jamaica Plain, Mass, 

C. H. Shinn, Berkeley, Cal. 

Geo. S. Edwards, Commercial Bank, Santa 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 95> 


Barbara, Cal. 

A, Edwards, Commercial Bank, Santa Bar- 
bara, Call: 

Ee: H. Frink, 725 State St., Santa Barbara, 

al. 

es P, Dunn, Arlington Hotel, Santa Barbara, 
Cal. 

Clio L. Lloyd, Morning Press, Santa Bar- 
bara, Cal. 
Res) 1a 

Cal: 
J. M. McNulty, M. D., Santa Barbara, Cal. 
D. B. Harmony, cs oe 
Be Cyballant: ae AG 
E. M. Pyle, ce S 
HaC) Roeder; 3¢ ate 
Jonn F. Diehl, es a 
i= AS Canant- ct “6 
T. R. Dawe, os uC 
Garrett S. Richards, Be 6 
C, A. Storke, OG “ 
Bennett Fithian, ac ve 
A. W. Maulsly, es Gr 
O. A. Stafford, Hope, Cal. 
D. L. Wiggins, Ashland, Wis. 
C. F, Latimer, Ashland, Wis. 
Frederick Abbot, Milwaukee, Wis. 
Mack Morris, Trenton, Tenn. 


Winchester, M. D., Santa Barbara, 


Life Member. 
Mrs. Edward Whitney, Belmont, Mass. 


To THE EDITOR: 

I note in your last issue the patriotic criti- 
cism which the reviewer of the Bulletin om 
‘‘ Measuring the Forest Crop” makes because 
the cubic foot measure has been employed, at the 
same time breaking a lance for the American 
lumber foot. 

In this attempt the critic recommends and at 
the same time discredits the usual log rules, 
which, as is well known, are not really a meas- 
ure but a complex agreement dependent in 
part on volume and on usage in conversion. 

Will you please explain for the benefit of 
your readers how one can measure trees di- 
rectly with the lumber foot, and how, for in- 
stance, a pulpman may know how much a 
given parcel of land or a lot of logs contains, if 
the report merely gives the amount of ma- 
terial according to the Doyle or Scribner rule. 

Sincerely yours, 
Wm. B. HowArp. 

Utica, N. Y., March 31, 1899. 


In our criticism of Bulletin No. 20 of 
the Division of Forestry, ‘‘ Measuring 
the Forest Crop,” by A. K. Mlodziansky, 
in the March number of THE FORESTER, 
we did not state that directions for com- 
puting the contents of trees in cubic feet 
should have been entirely omitted, but 


96 THE :-FORESTER. 


we. criticised the lack of directions for 
measuring timber by American methods, 
namely, the board foot, standard, and 
cord. These measures will be used in 
this country for many years, both by lum- 
bermen and foresters, and any treatise 
which subordinates them to a method 
used in some other country and almost 
never used in America is not complete 
and can have but little practical value. 


The report of the Special Committee 
-of the New York Legislature appointed 
to investigate as to what additional lands 
shall be acquired within the forest pre- 
serve in order to protect the watersheds 
and for the Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion has been printed under date of Feb- 
ruary g. It is a document of sixteen 
pages, chiefly occupied with puffs of the 
regions visitéd by the Committee. Its 


April, 


recommendations are supported by no 
arguments of consequence and appar- 
ently by little actual examination. The 
report as a whole is inconclusive and in- 
complete. It represents an exceedingly 
small return for the expenditure of the 
three thousand dollars appropriated for 
the Committee which made it. 


The edition of THE Forester for No- 
vember, 1898, having been exhausted, it 
has been found necessary to have a new 
one printed. Members of the Association 
and subscribers who may need copies 
of that issue (No. 11, Vol. IV,) to com- 
plete files for binding, will be supphed if 
they notify the publishers to that effect. 

A limited number of complete copies 
of Vol. IV of THE Forester are offered 
for sale. Price $1.00. Previous vol- 
umes are out of print. 


Recent Publications. 


The European and Japanese Chestnuts tn 
the Eastern United States, Bulletin No. 42, 
Delaware Agricultural Experiment Station, by 
Prof. G. Harold Powell, treats of chestnut cul- 
ture from a horticultural point of view. The 
history of the introduction of the cultivated va- 
rieties of the chestnut from France and Japan is 
briefly sketched and several pages are devoted 
to a discussion of the value of its fruit as food. 
Four pages are filled with the botanical con- 
sideration of the American, Asiatic and Euro- 
pean types, their similarities and differences. 
Cultural suggestions include production of va- 
rieties from seedlings and hybrids; propaga- 
tion, by budding and grafting; the treatment 
of the planted orchard and the grove of top- 
worked sprouts; subsequent care of trees; in- 
sect enemies and fungous diseases. The merits 
and advantages of the two introduced species 
are compared and the conclusion is drawn that 
the Japan Chestnut is the more desirable for the 
nut culturist, although the European species is 
accorded a higher value as atimber tree. A 
great development for this branch of horticul- 
ture in the Eastern States is predicted. A list 
of thirty-six desirable varieties, about equally 
divided between the two species, with brief 
descriptions of each, completes the pamphlet of 
thirty-five pages. It is well illustrated and 
well written, and serves excellently as an 
introduction to the subject under consider- 
ation. 


Bulletin No. 40 of the Wyoming Experiment 
Station is entitled Zhe Trees of Wyoming and 
flow to Know Them, This bulletin of fifty 
pages was prepared by Prof. Aven Nelson, 
botan‘st of the Wyoming Station. It is a brief 
but comprehensive description of the native 
arborescent flora of Wyoming, and, with Prof, 
Buffum’s bulletin on the shade and forest trees 
inartificial plantations, it makes avery complete 
exposition of the subject of trees and tree cul- 
ture in that State. In consequence of the 
great altitude of the mountains of Wyoming 
and the arid conditions prevailing on the plains 
the forests are limited in area and it is but 
natural to presume the list of species included 
would not be large. Prof, Nelson has listed 
thirty-one species in this bulletin, although 
not all of these would be classed as timber 
trees. Of these eight are conifers, three Pines, 
two Spruces (Pzcea), the Douglas Spruce 
(Pseudotsuga), and two Junipers, The de- 
ciduous trees enumerated include five species 
of Poplar, two of Birch, one of Oak, three of 
Maple, and one of Ash and a number of species 
of lesser importance. The bulletin devotes 
some space to observations on the growing 
interest in trees and tree culture, forests and 
forestry and advocates an extension of theforest 
reservation system in Wyoming. It is well 
illustrated with half-tones and drawings of 
forest scenes, trees, twigs, foliage, flowers and 
fruits of the species described, and altogether 
it is a very interesting and instructive bulletin. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 
Bump Rock Road, Park and Page Fence 


Premises of R. B. SYMINGTON, 
At Cape Cod, Mass. —=aii— 


In order to preserve the innate beauty of this rustic scene 
Mr. S. was not willing to have it marred Py even a fence 
post. He used the : : 


PAGE “WOVEN WIRE FENCE 


Nineteen horizontal wires—s58 inches high and pape it 
to the trees from 30 to 60 feet apart : 


SEE! It does not Lag nor Sag between the supports. 


scnstarensseSSuqgesssSteasems 
= 


Mipsis S OF STOCK AND PARM- FENCES 
CONSTANTLY ON) HAND 


WRITE FOR DESCRIPTION. 


—aaneeneceettnsnannrnnnwases saennnanananmecsnnsnsaneen 


Page Woven Wire Fence Co., 


ADRIAN, MICHIGAN. 
i 


THE FORD S Ei 


H. J. KOKEN 


TENTH STREET AND PENNA. AVENUE, 


C. P. HANCOGEK 


Ze 


High-Class Designs and 
Illustrations 
Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 
Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


7 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


FORESTRY, SCHG@O@E, 


At BILTMORE N. C. 


For circular and information apply to 


C. A. SCHENCK rh: im. 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE 


ae 


new WIT, TIAIVIE) ear TLLUOITIAIEU 


v MAY, 1899. No. 5. 
it : 

| A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 

z devoted to the care and use of 

: i forests and forest trees and 

q to related subjects. 


PUBLISHED BY 


; The American Forestry Association. 


ft 


SSS 0 = SS 
Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D, C., as second class matter, 


THE OF IN 


i 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. f 
IMO HRCA TNT Teh a ae eels a Frontispiece 4 
Tue New Mount RalniER NaTIONAL PARK. Illustrated. 22... ce snesccssmeeeensecsnene O77 i 
(By permission of the Director of U. S. Geological Survey.) is 

THE TRAINING OF PROFESSIONAL FORESTERS IN AMERICA.. ..sss-0- Wi asda aeurelasa tote 103 


(A symposium in three papers.) 
I. By the Director of the New York State College of Forestry. 
II. By the Forester of the Biltmore Estate. 
III. By the Forester of the Department of Agriculture. 

TIMBER TE ROTECTIONUIN I METINNESOTA: 6555 A OUARO ET ONC Tyee ee Ps 1 ae 
PPREE | PLANTING VIN FOANSAS. 0002110 Cc ON nee Ween CL MERON ih Ute bes 
fF Raise (NLAHOGANY.?)) OF SOUTH AMERICA 22 2A oe Co ee poy ie 
PERICRUAINNGER TIN OTS kc Aa A cece tS ny ea eC 
Man MOR THCOMING WY BARS OOK yc) REIN IS ST eas Sah Sp eee eee 

Work of the Division of Forestry for the Farmer. 

Notes on Some Forest Problems. 

(From advance sheets by courtesy of Secretary of Agriculture. ) 
A BOLD (STROKE GFOR (TE RRIGATION: 6000 e ee NC RUC ek Tea ent a ale EL 
COLGRADG A DVICH ee RU! LY Bi NU EO Rae MAE A) hia seed eee a eu Ae 
COLORADO! VE XPERVENGE ice e000) Ln PA I oe CP ce SALA OS Ae Ua ee 
RECENT PLEGISEATION: oct CAE MU eek Ray nS nel Oe VACA Cah aa NAG EAE i 

New York. Missouri. Arkansas. 

Minnesota. Wisconsin. Canada. 
DseGiSuATION “PENDING. O00 0 Pen CE CA OTE Red AL nrc aay 

Minnesota. 
A Scarcity oF TIMBER AND ITs HINDRANCE .......... Og ae SL ae Mi GPA a es Oe 
WATER SUPPLY AND FORESTRY vccsossssssssssssssenssssssssstssussessseecepnssese BHR ae rca. AN, NE 3 8 2, 
EDL GW) 2 VN SRN EMR Ata Ati Ma Re a Rene aon SALAS CUSSED I BY PRGA Ni 

Special Announcement. 

Editorial Note. 
INVER SHURE MTS: tc ce EN RE a0 NST OE on 

Miscellaneous. 

Forest Fires. 

Timber Prospects in Cuba. 

Utilization of Water Power. 

Snowslide or Landslide Next ? 
IRECENT NEUBLICATIONS : 001504 20. a U0) aaa CR a LA 


108 
109 
110 
110 
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The Forester. 


WOE, V. 


MAY, 1899 Non" 5): 


Meno tount Rainier National Park. 


Compiled partly from official data hitherto unpublished. 
{Published by permission of the Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.| 


The first suggestion for the establish- 
ment of a Rainier National Park came 
from two widely traveled foreigners. In 
1883 they visited Mount Rainier, the one 
Prof. Karl Zittel, of Munich, a geologist 
familiar with all the aspects of Europe, 
and the other the Hon. James Bryce, a 


member of the English Alpine Club, and’ 


a traveler whose mountaineering con- 
quests included Ararat. Ina joint letter 
these gentlemen wrote: 


““The scenery of Mount Rainier is of rare 
and varied beauty. The peak itself is as noble 
a mountain as we have ever seen in its lines 
and structure. The glaciers which descend 
from its snow fields present all the characteris- 
tic features of those in the Alps, and though 
less extensive than the ice streams of the 
Mount Blanc or Monta Rosa groups, are in 
their crevasses and serracs equally striking, 
and equally worthy of close study, We have 
seen nothing more beautiful in Switzerland or 
Tyrol, in Norway or in the Pyrenees, than the 
Carbon River glacier and the great Puyallup 
glaciers; indeed, the ice in the latter is unusu- 
ally pure, and the crevasses unusually fine. 
The combination of ice scenery with woodland 
scenery of the grandest type, is to be found 
nowhere in the Old World, unless it be in the 
Himalayas, and, sofar as we know, nowhere 
~ else on the American Continent. * * #* 
We may, perhaps, be permitted to express a 
bope that the suggestion will at no distant date 
be made to Congress that Mount Rainier should, 
like the Yosemite Valley and the geyser region 
of the Upper Yellowstone, be reserved by the 
Federal Government and treated as a National 
park.” 


The hope expressed by these foreign- 
ers found no response in legislative ac- 
tion until the winter of 1895. Then a 
memorial prepared by a committee repre- 
senting the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science, the Geological 
Society of America, the Sierra Club of 
California, and the Appalachian Moun- 
tain Club, was presented to the Senate 
by Mr. Squire, the Senator from Wash- 
ington. In 1897, the action of which 


this memorial was a feature, led to a bill 
designed to establish a National Park, 
which passed both Houses of Congress, 
but failed of signature by the President. 
In the winter of 1899 this bill, with 
slight modifications, was again intro- 
duced, passed both Houses, and receiv, 
ing the signature of the President, be- 
came a law on March 2. 

The bill provides for a National Park 
eighteen miles square, designed to in- 
clude the glacial system of Mount Rai- 
nier, its parks, and some part of the sur- 
rounding forests. The boundaries are 
laid off according to township and range 
lines of the Government Land Survey, 
beginning at a point three miles east of 
the northeast corner of T. 17 N., R. 6 E. 
of the Willamette meridian. The square, 
eighteen miles on a side, is broken on the 
eastern line to an unknown extent by the 
provision that: ‘‘In locating the said 
easterly boundary, wherever the summit 
of the Cascade Mountains is_ sharply 
and well defined, the said line shall fol- 
low the said summit where the said sum- 
mit line bears west of the easterly line 
as herein determined.” 

It is provided that the National Park 
shall be under the exclusive control of 
the Secretary of the Interior, whose duty 
it shall be to make and publish such 
rules and regulations as he may deem 
necessary for the management of the 
same. The Secretary may, in his dis- 
cretion, grant parcels of ground for the 
erection of buildings for the accommo- 
dation of visitors, and all the proceeds 
of the leases, and all other revenues that 
may be derived from any source, con; 
nected with the Park, are to be expended, 
under his direction in the management 
of the same and for the construction .of 
roads and bridle paths therein. Rights. 
of way may be granted to railway or 


98 THE FORESTER. 


tramway companies for access to the 
Park, fish and game are to be protected 
from wanton destruction, and police au- 
thority is given. Provision is made to 
compensate the Northern Pacific Kail- 
way Company for such part of its land 
grant as falls within the boundaries of 
the Park, it being authorized to select 
other non-mineral lands in lieu of those 
taken. The last section of the law ex- 
tends the mineral land laws of the 
United States to the lands lying within 
the Forest Reservation and Park. 

The occasion for creating the Rainier 
National Park cannot be more concisely 
stated than in the quotation from Profes- 
sor Zittel and Mr. Bryce: ‘‘The com- 
bination of ice scenery with woodland 
scenery of the grandest type is to be 
found nowhere in the Old World, unless 
it be in the Himalayas, and, so far as we 
know, nowhere else on the American 
Continent.’”’ The district lies wholly on 
the western side of the Cascade Range, 
where the moist and equable climate 
promotes the growth of vegetation, and 
the heaviest forests of the United States 
clothe the slopes. These virgin forests 
of the Cascades are deep and dense. 
The tall, light-loving trees, tower to 
heights of 250 feet or more, on relatively 
slender shafts, which near the ground 
are 6 to 10 feet in diameter. Beneath 
their interlacing crowns grow trees more 
tolerant of shade, bearing branches to 
within a few feet of the ground. Shrubs 
crowd among the tree trunks, rising 
from rich ferneries, vines and matted 
mosses. The air is damp, the light 
sombre, the solitude becomes oppres- 
sive. But little animal life is seen, and 
few birds. The wind plays in the tree 
tops far overhead, but seldom stirs the 
branches of the smaller growth. The 
great tree trunks stand immovable. 
The more awful is it when a gale roars 
through the timber, when the huge col- 
umns sway in unison and groan with 
voices Strangely human. The upper 
limit of the dense forest is about 4,000 
feet above the sea, but trees of less 
wigOrous growth cover the slopes and 
ridges up to 6,000 feet, and the limit of 


May, 


tree growth in many places meets the 
snow line at 7,000 to 7,500 feet. 

From the sea of the evergreen forest 
the gigantic snow peak, Mount Rainier, 
rises solitarily to an altitude of 14,530 
feet. Its form is that of a many-sided 
pyramid, 5,000 feet in height, rising 
from a broad and deeply-carved base. 
The summit consists of three peaks, two 
of which are nearly a mile apart, and 
their broad expanse is deeply covered 
with a mantle of glistening snow. The 
sides of the pyramid are precipices, 
which descend into vast amphitheatres. 
Glaciers flowing from the nevée fields of 
the summit hang upon the cliffs, break 
in avalanches over their steepest facets, 
or descend in cascades of flashing ice 
pyramids to the broader platform. Gath- 
ering their spray, as it were, beneath the 
steep scarps, the ice rivers flow outward 
in all directions and descend far into the 
forest-clad valleys. Forest, glacier and 
precipices combine to form scenes of the 
wildest grandeur and the deepest sub- 
limity. 

Strangely environed in this rugged 
scenery lie alpine meadows of exquisite 
beauty. In July and August they bear 
a richly-tinted flora, comprising more 
than 400 species of flowers, and they are 
set with groves of exquisitely symmetri- 
cal Firs, whose dark foliage is a foil to 
the brilliant coloring of the flowers and 
the pearly aspects of the snow peak. 
These are the scenes which no student 
of nature can visit without interest, nor 
any one view without realizing an in- 
spiring and uplifting influence. 

At present there is but one easily ac- 
cessible route to the Park. This is by 
stage from Tacoma southward to the 
Nisqually Valley and thence eastward to 
Longmire’s Springs. The distance is 
about 60 miles and the roads are not yet 
adequately constructed. From Long- 
mire’s, Paradise Park, one of the moun- 
tain meadows on the southern slope, is 
reached by a mountain trail 7 miles in 
length. Beyond Paradise Park all ex- 
cursions involve mountaineering of 
greater or less difficulty. A second 
route extends from Wilkeson, at the end 


1899. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 99 


NORTH BOUNDARY FOREST RESERVE 


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of the railroad north of Mount Rainier, 
southward across Carbon River to the 
northwestern spur of the mountain, and 
reaches a district known as Spray Falls 


MAP 
SHOWING POSITION OF THE 


MT. RAINIER NATIONAL PARK 
IN THE 
RAINIER FOREST RESERVE, 
WASHINGTON 


AND PROPOSED AMENDED BOUNDARIES. 


COMPILED BY : 
Bw 


Park. The distance is about 30 miles 
over a well built bridle path, which is 
now, however, in poor repair. It wasat 
one time easily possible to leave Wi!ke- 


10o 


son in the morning and watch the sunset 
from a camp at an elevation of 7,000 
feet on the northwestern side of the 
snow peak. The wanton destruction by 
fire of a bridge across Carbon River ren- 
ders necessary a dangerous ford at that 
stream, and now makes this route un- 
available for any except mountaineers. 

Other lines of access which may be 
opened up but are not now used are (1) 
from the southwest up the Cowlitz River, 
which rises in the glaciers on the south- 
eastern slope of Mount Rainier, (2) from 
the east through the Cowlitz Pass in the 
Cascade Range, and (3) from the north 
along the summit of the Cascades. The 
Cowlitz Pass has repeatedly been ex- 
amined as a possible route for railroad 
construction, and it is probable that the 
establishment of a National Park may 
lead to the construction of a railroad 
across the range at this point. In all 
legislation relating to the National Park, 
care should be taken not to close the 
Cowlitz Pass against traffic, as it affords 
an important line of communication 
between the Yakima and the lower 
Columbia Valleys. 

Access to Mount Rainier from the 
north along the summit of the Cascade 
Range is at present practicable only with 
a pack train. There is a rough trail 
which may be followed by mountaineer- 
ing mules, and which may serve to sug- 
gest a great driveway that shall be built 
to connect the Northern Pacific Railroad 
with the Cowlitz Pass and the National 
Park. Such a road will be about 50 miles 
in length, and will throughout much of 
the distance run at altitudes of 5,000 to 
6,500 feet along the somewhat evencrests 
of the range. Formany milesthe traveler 
along this road will have Mount Rainier 
in view beyond mountain slopes which 
sink from his feet into the vast expanse 
of the great forest. Abreast of Mount 
Rainier the road will be 12 miles distant 
from the summit, and the splendid snow 
peak will rise from the depths of canyons 
far below to a height of 8,000 feet above 
it. That it is practicable to lay out this 
road there is no doubt, and that it will be 
found profitable and will be built is more 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


than probable. It will challenge the 
world for its equal in variety and majesty 
of scenery. 

Two central points for tourists are de- 
termined by the topography of the dis- 
trict. These are Paradise Park on the 
southand Spray Falls Park on the north. 
Both of them lie at elevations of 6,500 
to 7,000 feet, between adjacent glaciers. 
Routes within the Park will be developed 
chiefly for communication between these 
two points and for the ascent of the 
mountain. At the present time to pass 
around Mount Rainier at a low altitude 
is an extremely arduous undertaking, and 
at higher altitudes across the glaciers a 
task requiring alpine experience. At the 
higher levels the construction and main- 
tenance of trails will never be practicable, 
as four-fifths of the way is across the ice 
and through mazes of crevasses, but 
below the glaciers trails may be laid out 
to the east or to the west of Rainier, 
traversing the canyons and _ winding 
through the forests, where the traveler 
will te charmed with the harmony of 
tints in the vegetation, delighted with 
waterfalls, and transported with glimpses 
of the snowy summit far above them all. 

The ascent of Mount Rainier can 
never become a popular pastime, as 
under the best conditions it demands 
unusual strength and steadiness of nerve, 
yet a considerable number of climbers 
have already ascended the peak, and 
with due care the ascent may be made 
from Paradise Park across Gibraltar 
Rock and the snow fields beyond without 
serious risk. Many who might be un- 
equal to the task of ascending and de- 
scending the peak in the same day will 
avail themselves of the caverns within 
the crater of the mountain. There, pro- 
tected by a roof of ice from the freezing 
blasts without, and warmed by the steam 
which issues from many vents in the old 
volcano, they may pass the night, divid- 
ing their dreams between Jack Frost and 
Pluto. All other ascents of Mount Rai- 
nier than that by Gibraltar involve great 
risk and should be undertaken only by 
experienced mountaineers familiar with 
work among crevasses. The climb has 


Iol 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


1899. 


j= 


r. 


FEE 


2,000 


ELEVATION 


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RAINIER 


MOUNT 


FOREST ON SLOPE OF 


The figure of a man 


bout to feet. 


may be seen to the right of it.) 


eenisa 


int s 


ir at the lowest po 


(The diameter of the large F 


I02 


been successfully made up the glacier on 
the western slope, and also from the 
northeast and east up the great ice mass 
that covers the eastern slope, but the 
conditions which made success possible 
in these instances are constantly chang- 
ing with flow of the ice and variations of 
the seasons. 

The boundaries to the Park as now es- 
tablished by law are not well considered 
for its future development. They are 
too limited. They fail to include dis- 
tricts whose scenic aspects are essential 
to the unity of the Park and whose fea- 
tures should not be left outside of its 
protection. This is most especially true 
of the western limit, and it is to some 
extent true of the northern and southern 
bounds. 

According to the best information 
available, the western boundary of the 
established Park traverses the spurs of 
Mount Rainier at altitudes which range 
from 2,500 feet in the canyons to about 
7,000 feet on the ridges. The extremities 
of several notable glaciers probably ex- 
tend to or beyond the Park limit. The 
valley of the headwaters of the South 
Fork of the Puyallup has a northwest 
course in the three-mile strip which lies 
west of the National Park and within the 
boundary of the Rainier Forest Reserve. 
The most accessible route for communi- 
cation around the mountain from the 
Nisqually Valley to Spray Falls Park 
should cross the low divide north of the 
Nisqually and traverse this valley of 
the South Puyallup. Such a route 
should be within the Park limits. 
The valley of the Puyallup is heavily 
timbered, and if preserved within the 
National Park may be protected from 
those operations of the lumbermen which 
it is part of the economic policy of the 
Forest Reserve to a certain extent to 
promote. It is not much to demand that 
the virgin forest within a strip 3 miles 
wide by 18 miles long should be pre- 
served for all time to come. 

North of Mount Rainier hes a group 
of jagged peaks rising to elevations of 
7,000 to 8,000 feet, known as the Sluis- 
kin Mountains. The boundary of the 


THE FORESTER, 


May, 


established Park crosses these summits 
apparently through the highest peaks of 
the group. It may probably be desirable 
to extend the National Park northward 
approximately 6 miles to the northern 
boundary of the Forest Reserve. The 
northeast corner of the established Park 
probably includes some portion of the 
Summit mining district, which is sep- 
arated from Rainier by a high spur of 
the Cascade Range. It may be necessary 
here to curtail the limits of the Park in 
such manner as to exclude the mining 
district. 

It has already been stated that the 
Cowlitz Pass should be left open for 
railroad construction, but in order that 
the routes into the Park may have a 
rational development it is desirable that 
the Park boundary on the east should 
extend along the summit of the Cascade 
Range southeastward to the Cowlitz 
Pass, and that the southern limit should 
follow thence down the Cowlitz River 
probably to the western side of the For-- 
est Reserve. This will include in the 
Park the Tatoosh Range, south of Mount 
Rainier. The rugged peaks of this range 
form part of the environment of the snow 
mountain, and are to some extent still 
densely forested. A broad area of burnt 
forest covers their northern portion and 
extends to the headwaters of the Cowlitz 
River. Under the practical management 
of the Forest Reserve this broad area 
will be reforested, but it is desirable to 
preserve that forest against future cutting, 
except as may be necessary to promote 
its proper growth, if the object of the 
National Park as a tourist resort is to be 
fully attained. 

If these amendments to the bound- 
aries should be carried out, the northern 
and western boundaries would remain 
straight lines artificially determined by 
U. S. land surveys; the eastern bound- 
ary would be defined by a spur and the 
crest of the Cascade Range, and the 
southern boundary by the Cowlitz River. 
The two last are natural features, always 
to be preferred, where practicable, to 
artificial lines extended across a moun- 
tainous country. 


1899. 


The bill which has been passed creat- 
ing the National Park is without effect 
because it carries no appropriation. Be- 
fore anything can be done toward the 
appointment of an administrative force, 
for the accomplishment of surveys neces- 
sary to intelligent plans, or for the pro- 
tection of the district from careless 
campers, means must be provided and 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


103 


modifications of the boundaries must be 
adopted. 

The societies which have been active 
in presenting the matter to Congress and 
all who appreciate the inspiring influ- 
ence of Nature in her most majestic 
aspects should energetically interest 
themselves in the further development 
of the Rainier National Park. 

BaILey WILLIs. 


The Training of Professional Foresters in 
America. 


A Symposium in Three Papers. 


ieee bine DIRECTOR OF THE NEW YORK STATE COLLEGE OF 
BORE ST RY, IT HAGA ON. -Y. 


There are many roads leading to Rome 
and there are many ways of getting an 
education or a preparation for a profes- 
sion, and according to the make-up of 
the man is the one or the other best to 
travel. 

I know a most competent scientific in- 
vestigator, an excellent teacher and 
manager, who started life as a cowboy ; 
yet, though undoubtedly his early ex- 
perience of independent thinking and 
acting benefited him, we would hardly 
prescribe such a preparation for general 
use. The next man might remain a 
cowboy. 

Even if we knew the ideal way to 
knowledge, practical limitations often 
forbid to follow it, and finally we find our- 
selves forced to take the main-traveled, 
broad road of uniformity, which our 
educational institutions, schools, col- 
leges, and universities have built, with 
the prescribed or at least systematically- 
laid-out curricula, without regard to in- 
dividual requirements or dispositions, 
except so far as the student is left to select 
his studies within a prescribed circle. 

For a profession which, like forestry, 
has to deal with the direct application of 
knowledge to practical problems, the 
need of an opportunity to see such ap- 
plication in actuality and to have a hand 
an the practice early, is obvious, just as 


in the engineering or medical professionor 
in fact almost any other profession. Yet we 
must not forget that all practice is based 
on theory ; and the more thorough the 
theoretical knowledge, the more intelli- 
gent and more sure will be the practice, 

The attempt to satisfy the popular but 
ignorant cry for so-called ‘‘ practical in- 
struction” usually leads to the production 
of superficial and incompetent prac- 
titioners, lacking a safe guidein thorough 
knowledge, although by no means lack- 
ing in self-assurance. I would, there- 
fore, advise any student of forestry in 
this country, as well as in any other, to 
lay as broad a foundation of theoretical 
knowledge as he can afford ; he will be 
more successful in the end with his 
practice. 

As to the time and manner of acquir- 
ing practical insight, whether it should 
precede or follow the theoretical studies 
or be interspersed with the latter, opin- 
ions vary. Even the Germans, who have 
the reputation of being good educators, 
have not been able during the hundred 
years of forestry education to come to a 
final verdict. 

Yet, if we may take the number of 
students as an indication of the prefer- 
ence of methods, we find that the Uni- 
versity method which leaves much choice 
to the student in electing his studies and 


104 


seeking practical instruction where and 
when he can, seems to be in favor, for 
the College of Forestry at the University 
of Munich shows by far the largest at- 
tendance—namely, 140 students during 
the last term, more than double that of 
the best attended separate schools, ex- 
cepting only its own preparatory school 
at Aschaffenburg, the total number of 
students inscribed at all the eight forestry 
schools being 587. 

I should be inclined to advise Ameri- 
can students, if they can find the oppor- 
tunity, to begin their forestry education 
in some well-conducted lumber camps, 
in actual employment, either before or 
after the Freshman and Sophomore 
years of their college education, so as 
to learn the practical side of forest ex- 
ploitation—forestry, largely, being mere- 
ly an improvement on lumbermen’s 
practice. Then after laying the founda- 
tion of theoretical knowledge in profes- 
sional forestry at the Cornell State Col- 
lege of Forestry, or wherever else it may 
be attainable with as much _ practical 
demonstration in this country, a visit to 
European forest districts for inspection 
of object lessons, which are, as yet, not 
at hand in this country, would be advis- 
able. Such a visit after the theoretical 
instruction will be more instructive and 
helpful than if timed otherwise. 

As to qualifications, we must not over- 
look the fact that forestry, like all other 
professions, when once established, will 
soon call for specialization. We shall 
need not only captains, but leutenants 
and privates, managers as well as in- 
structors, investigators, etc. In the 
end, therefore, the qualifications re- 
quired for this profession are no more 
nor less than for any other. 

Yet before the profession is further 
established, I would not advise to enter 
it, any one who is not possessed with a 
spirit of enterprise and independent 
thinking, who has not the capacity for 
finding a way where none is marked out 
for him, and who has not a large amount 
of business sense or gumption. For 
finally the fully-equipped forester is a 
business manager, whose business it is 
to turn into profit the product of a forest 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


property sustained incontinuous revenue- 
producing capacity. This under our 
economic conditions is not easy and re- 
quires judgment. Judgment, to besure, 
is formed by experience, nevertheless 
there is a disposition of mind which 
ripens experience into judgment, sooner 
in some than in others. It is alertness. 
of observation and capacity for combi- 
nation which we call practical sense. 
The student, therefore, should be sure 
that he possesses this disposition, that 
he is interested in technical, as well as 
in practical things, such as the manage- 
ment of a property represents. 

I may only add, that at the newly- 
established New York State College of 
Forestry, the aim is to run it on broad 
University principles, allowing students 
who have attained the proper degree of 
knowledge in their Freshman and Sopho- 
more years in Natural Sciences, Mathe- 
matics and other supplemental branches, 
to’ elect their forestry studies in 
the Junior and Senior years as_ they 
desire, except those studying for a de- 
gree, who are expected to elect a com- 
plete prescribed course. As much prac- 
tical demonstration as possible is given 
during the terms, and there is more 
opportunity for this than had been an- 
ticipated. The summer vacations are to 
be spent in practical work in the experi- 
ment forest or wherever else an oppor- 
tunity may offer. 

The beginning has been encouraging, 
for during the first two terms there have 
been in attendance in the five strictly 
forestry courses (excluding duplication 
of names in the different courses and 
also excluding students of the College 
in the Freshman and Sophomore years), 
thirty-six students, taking either one or 
several courses—namely, students of 
Civil Engineering, Architecture, Agri- 
culture, Political Economy, besides those 
who propose to make forestry their pro- 
fession. The experiment forest coming 
into the possession of the College only 
by the 1st of April, the work has not 
yet begun; but the students will be 
largely employed in making the neces- 
sary surveys and working plans. 

B. E. FERNow. 


— 


1899. 
i. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


105 


Bie) LO oth. OF THE BEeERMORE ESTATE, BILT- 


MORK. Nive 


All thinking people realize that the 
financial result of forestry consists in 
part of a positive gain obtained, and in 
part of economic losses avoided—losses 
threatening navigation, water supply, 
public health, etc. And all must agree 
that forestry on a large scale in the long 
run is not possible unless it be found to 
be remunerative one way or the other, 
unless it be established as a well paying 
business. 

The American forester, in almost any 
position, must be a business man. 

Abroad, things may differ where large 
forest areas are controlled by thecommon- 
wealth and municipalities, or consist of 
entailed property, institutions for which 
business considerations do not hold good, 
perhaps, altogether. In this country, at 
least 85 per cent of all woodland is 
owned by private individuals, who can- 
not possibly be compelled to manage 
their forests for the general welfare, when 
such management interferes with the 
owners’ financial views. 

The American forester, being employed 
for business purposes, must be well ac- 
quainted above all with the economic con- 
ditions of the various sections of the 
United States, and more especially with 
their lumber interests. The more time 
he spends traveling in the woods, in the 
dumber camps, in saw mills and wood- 
working establishments, the better for 
him. Knowledge thus acquired will be 
more valuable to him, the business for- 
ester, than a thorough acquaintance with 
chemistry, physics, zoology, mineralogy, 
geology and mathematics, with which for- 
est students are packed full in Europe. 

If the American forest student mas- 
ters the principles of botany, survey- 
ing, political economy and private law, 
he will not know enough to pass as an 
expert, but enough to take a deep plunge 
into any question connected with forest 
botany, forest surveying and so on that 
May present itself; and if he finds the 
question too difficult for his own head, 
there are plenty of specialists to whom 


he may appealforhelp. It is impossible 
for one single individual to be a thorough 
botanist, zoologist, chemist, geologist, 
mineralogist, surveyor, economist and 
lawyer; besides, more important than the 
theoretical knowledge, however valuable 
it may be, is the practical knowledge for 
the forester as a business man. It is 
just as little feasible to study forestry 
from books or at a university alone, as it 
is possible for the physician to become a 
master in his branch unless he have 
large experience in clinic and hospital 
work. True, the physician must know 
something of chemistry, of botany, and of 
physics; but it would be preposterous 
for him to devote more time to the study 
of such branches than will be justified 
by the needs of the practice. 

A young man who is anxious to take 
up forestry as a profession should, I 
think, adopt the following course of 
studies: 

The first year should be given to the 
study of botany, surveying, political 
economy, law and, to a certain extent, 
mathematics, chemistry, physics and 
geology. The proper place to study is 
at a university, which offers concentrated 
courses suited to the needs of the forest 
student. 

The second year should be devoted to 
the study of forestry under the guidance 
of a forester of some experience and ina 
range where forest administration is 
conducted on a comparatively large scale. 
If, as is the case at Biltmore, N. C., daily 
lectures on forestry are given at the same 
time, the young man will have a chance for 
the study of forestry as well as fora sort 
of apprenticeship, which we might com- 
pare to the hospital or clinic practice of a 
medical student. All operations in for- 
estry (logging, road making, planting, 
and whatever there be) repeat them- 
selves, as a general rule, in the course of 
ayear. Thus a twelve-months study of 
forestry at a place like Biltmore seems 
sufficient. 

The third year should be spent partly 


106 


in lumber camps and lumber mills; 
partly on atrip to Germany or France, 
where silvicultural principles may be 
studied, and nothing else. The eco- 
nomic conditions on the other side of the 
water are so different from those prevail- 
ing in this country that it is futile to try 
an adaptation of European forestry to 
American woods—silvicultural principles 
excepted. 

We cannot import German forestry 
unless we import German conditions, 
conditions under which conservative 
forest management pays better than 
rapid lumbering. If our lawmakers were 
filled with the conviction that the com- 
monwealth needs forests, and that it should 
pay for forest maintenance just as much 
as that maintenance is worth; if our 
Government would only provide and pay 
for a state of affairs making conservative 
lumbering of forests more remunerative 
to the owner than rapid forest destruc- 
tion, we would get ‘‘ European Forestry”’ 
at once. 

The legislatures, the people, we our- 
selves are guilty of committing the crime 
of deforestation by carelessly allowing 
conditions to remain unchanged which 
make forest destruction more remuner- 
ative to the owner than forest conserva- 
tion. Release the heavy burden of taxes 
on young forests not yielding immediate 
returns ; save maturing forests from the 
short-sightedness of local tax assessors ; 
protect young and old forests from fire and 
theft as well as any other property, and 
youwill have forestry, because it will pay. 


THE FORESTER 


May, 


The change in American forest econ- 
omy must come, and must come soon. 
Forest proprietors have anticipated it in 
sections where the conditions are less 
unfavorable, and have begun to apply 
conservative management to the forests 
which they control. 


Still the forests of the United States 
do not offer illustrations exhibiting the 
effect of applied silviculture. Even 
those at Biltmore show only ten years’ 
management. Thus it will be advisable 
for the forest student to visit countries 
where silviculture has been practiced for 
overacentury. Hesimply follows the ex- 
ample of the American artist who studies 
those masters in the Old World which 
the New World does not yet offer. 


In the course of three years a young 
man will be ready to fill a position in a 
forest undertaking. It will depend on 
the work to which he is put whether he 
has to enlarge upon his knowledge of 
botany or on his knowledge of law or 
political economy and so on, and so on, 
Neither the physician nor the forester 
can ever stop learning. It is impossible 
in this complicated world to be prepared 
for all emergencies. Any new situation 
necessitates new study. 

Again and again, forestry is business, 
the forester a business man, and the 
primary training he needs in order to 
become a ‘‘ master of his art,” is a com- 
mon sense and business training. 


CalA SCHENCK 


Ill. 


a 
~ The general objects of training in for- 
estry are: first, to develop what may be 
called, after the French, the forester’s 
eye—that is, the capacity to observe and 
understand the condition and needs of 
forest land; and, secondly, to give such 
a knowledge of methods and circum- 
stances that the forester may be able to 
act intelligently, in accordance with the 
facts he has observed. To reach these 
ends the forest student must have some 


BY THE FORESTER OF THE 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 


knowledge of physical science, a good 
working acquaintance with the theory of 
forestry, and a considerable experience 
with the forest itself under a variety of 
conditions. The first step, in my judg- 
ment, should be a college or university 
training, wherever that is possible. 
Forest work, on the rougher side, de- 
mands great bodily endurance and strong 
enthusiasm, but there are other divisions. 
of the subject which make less stringent 


1899. 


physical demands. It may be said in 
general, however, that none but the 
completely sound in body should under- 
take the active work of a forester. 

The more important auxiliary subjects, 
a knowledge of which should in most 
cases be obtained, at least in part, be- 
fore the training in forestry itself is be- 
gun, are: 

(1) Botany, emphasis to be laid 
chiefly on the structure and life of plants. 
Systematic botany need not be dwelt on 
at length. The knowledge essential to 
the determination of the species of trees 
is, naturally, of greatimportance, Cryp- 
togamic botany should not be entirely 
neglected, although only a general view 
is required. 

(2) Geology, with special emphasis 
on the origin and meaning of the surface 
features of the earth. 

(3) Some Physics and Chemistry is 
essential, and a slight knowledge of 
Zoology and Entomology should not be 
omitted. 

(4) Mathematics shouldinclude Geom- 
etry and Trigonometry, and, preferably, 
Mechanics also. A good working knowl- 
edge of Surveying should be acquired. 

(5) Some knowledge of Law and busi- 
ness methods. 

(6) German or French, preferably the 
former, and still better both together. 

(7) A good course in Economics. 

(8) History and Geography of the 
United States, with special reference to 
economic development and production. 

A considerable part of these auxiliary 
subjects may be acquired during a col- 
lege or university course. If, however, 
work in forestry begins after graduation 
and without previous training in auxiliary 
subjects, it should be commenced by 
several months of practical work in the 
woods. Indeed, it will be well, in all 
cases, for the forest student to begin 
practical work before plunging too 
deeply into his theoretical training. 
For this purpose the position of Stu- 
dent Assistant in the Division of For- 
estry, United States Department of Ag- 
riculture, offers a valuable opportunity 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


107 


to a few well-qualified men to become 
acquainted with the true nature of forest 
work. Students are paid at the rate of 
$300 per annum, and all field expenses 
are borne by the Division. 

After such an experience in the field, 
when the forest student has achieved a 
correct conception of his future work, 
the auxiliary training should be begun, 
followed by a year or more in forestry at 
a forest school, with the vacations spent 
in the woods, and, finally, not less than 
a year abroad. To my mind, this final 
year is of very great value, because in 
this country it is not possible to gather 
an adequate conception of the response 
of forests to treatment through long pe- 
riods, or of the application of remedies 
to defective forests and the results. 
Forest management in this country is 
still too young to offer the necessary ex- 
amples. 

It will be essential for the American 
student to acquire some considerable 
knowledge of lumbering and the forests 
in the United States before going abroad, 
where much that he sees will interest 
him only as to the principle involved 
and not as toits practical application. 

Not less than three years should, 
in general, be devoted to the special prep- 
aration of a forester for his profession. 
At that time he may reasonably look 
for paying employment either from pri- 
vate owners of forest land, such as great 
companies or wealthy lumbermen, from 
States such as New York or Pennsylva- 
nia, or from the Government, either in 
the General Land Office, where the na- 
tional forest reserves are administered, 
in the Geological Survey, where they are 
mapped and described, or in the Divi- 
sion of Forestry, to which the general 
progress of the science and art of for- 
estry is assigned, together with all tech- 
nical forest work, and in which the in- 
terests of the vast area of private forest 
lands are considered. At present the 
pay of foresters is on about the same 
plane as that of the instructors and pro- 
fessors in a university. 

GIFFORD PINCHOT. 


108 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


Timber Protection in Minnesota. 


The bill to repeal the Fire Warden 
Law in Minnesota was defeated at the 
last session of the Legislature. The 
wisdom, and, in fact, necessity of afford- 
ing efficient protection to these timber 
lands is shown by the following state- 
ments. 

Commissioner Hermann, of the Gen- 
eral Land Office, said : 

‘<Instead of repealing the law it should 
be made more stringent, and every effort 
made to bring about co-operation with 
the Federal authorities. In many in- 
stances the public timber of the United 
States and of a State are so contiguous 
as to make protection of one protection 
of the other. This should be mutually 
in the matter of surveillance. The ten- 
dency of most States is to protect the 
timber interests, and recent legislation 
in New York is in the interest of forest 
preservation in the Adirondack region. 
I have noted, with interest, the relation 
of Minnesota to timber interests. The 
State lands of Minnesota aggregate a 
great deal, and an important part of their 
value comes from the timber contained 
on those lands. The forests of that 
State, I presume, in common with the 
forests of the General Government, are 
subjected to great depredations, and the 
greatest depredator of all is the fire fiend. 
The loss sustained in one of the last 
notable fires aggregated more than would 
compensate for fifty years’ appropriations 
for the administration of forestry. This 
subject is of great importance to Minne- 
sota, and I cannot understand a desire 
to relax from the most efficient efforts 
that can be made for the protection of 
her forest interests. 

“<The chief difficulty we have experi- 
enced is to secure active co-operation on 
the part of the States with the Federal 
authorities in aid of prevention and ex- 
tinguishment of fires, as well asin the 
apprehension of depredators on forest 
lands. Efforts should be made by the 
Legislatures in all States to make their 
legislation in line with that of the Federal 
Government. I have urged that the for- 
est rangers on the several reservations 


should be better equipped to enforce the 
law. Our department has asked the 
Attorney General of the United States 
to have United States marshals deputize 
the rangers to make arrests for offenses 
committed in defiance of forest regula- 
tions. I have been in some correspond- 
ence with executive officers in different 
States asking that co-operation may be 
had on the part of forest wardens of 
such States with Government officials, 
which would inure to the benefit of the 
Federal and State interests. I would be 
glad also if the Federal forestry officers 
could have authority to act as game war- 
dens, so that while protecting timber 
interests they could also aid in protect- 
ing game on the reservations without 
additional cost to the State 

“<The State laws of Minnesota for the 
protection of timber interests are equal, 
if not superior to, those of any State, 
and the annual reports of the State off- 
cials contain much interesting and val- 
uable information, and it is to be hoped 
that the State authorities will strengthen 
rather than detract from the efficiency of 
their laws for forest preservation. This 
forestry question is becoming more im- 
portant every year, and statistics show 
that if losses by fires are not speedily 
checked our great timber interests will 
soon be things of the past. State and 
Federal authorities in this country may 
with profit study the results and experi- 
ences of Prussia and other European 
countries in promoting their export trade 
in timber by wise national laws for for- 
estry preservation and development.”’ 

Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the De- 
partment of Agriculture, who is familiar 
with Minnesota’s law to prevent forest 
fires, regards it as oneofthe best in force. 
He said : 

‘¢Tf the bill under consideration is in- 
tended to do away with the office of chief 
fire warden and suspend the work which 
has been conducted by Gen. Andrews I 
disapprove of it heartily. Whatever the 
actual accomplishment of Gen. Andrews 
during his tenure of this office (and in 
my judgment the good he has done is 


1899. 


very great), the mere fact that there is 
a law on the statute books intended to 
guard against the damage from forest 
fires is in itself of great value. Protec- 
tion against fire can never be fully suc- 
cessful until it is based on an active and 
healthy public sentiment. 

«¢Such sentiment, as I understand it, 
the present law has done very much to 
promote. That it is capable of im- 
provement I have no doubt, but to re- 
peal it instead of improving it would be 
a backward step, especially in view of 
the enormous loss of life and property 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 10g 


caused by so recent a conflagration as 
the great Hinckley fire, 

‘¢The Minnesota law is one of the best 
and most progressive in force in any 
of the States, and it would be a national 
misfortune if it should be repealed, 
Public sentiment throughout the coun- 
try has made such important strides in 
the last three or four years in the direc- 
tion of a keener and more effective in- 
terest in forest protection that any retro- 
grade step is all the more to be regret- 
ted 2 


Tree Planting in Kansas. 


Kansas has been settled for a long 
time, but its timber-covered area is not 
increasing very rapidly. To readers of 
the papers it must seem that there are 
more persons writing about the de- 
sirability of increasing the timbered area 
than there are persons planting trees and 
tree seed. There are so few planting, 
because every one wishes to reap the 
results of his labor at once. They can- 
not afford to wait a few years. If this 
Spring and every Spring, land owners 
would all plant an acre to trees, Kansas 
would improve in beauty, climatic con- 
ditions and prosperity, to such an ex- 
tent that a Kansan returning to his 
State fifteen or twenty years hence would 
scarcely recognize it. Another reason, 
aside from selfishness and impatience, 
why so little planting is done, is in- 
experience. Very few know how easy 
it is to raise a large supply of forest 
trees, such as Box Elder, Soft Maple, 
Ash, Walnut, Pecan, Oak, Catalpa, 
Honey Locust, and many others. It will 
take but an earnest trial, properly made, 
to convince most farmers that they can 
Taise trees as well as corn. 

To start a forest plantation by buy- 
ing the trees is rather expensive ; but to 
start one by raising the trees costs only 
a little more than the work. Seeds of 
many kinds may be obtained from trees 


_that grow naturally along the streams. 


Of other kinds the seed may be pur- 
chased of seed supply houses. Addresses 
of such firms will be furnished by the 


Horticultural Department of the Kansas 
State Agricultural College ; or the De- 
partment, if requested at the proper 
season, will often be able to gather and 
ship seeds of some kinds such as are 
mentioned above, excepting Pecans, for 
the cost of the labor. 

For Box Elders and Soft Maples the 
seeds should be gathered in July or as 
soon as ripe, and planted immediately 
in loose, moist soil, covered very lightly, 
not more than one-half inch deep. Four 
feet apart is a good distance for the 
rows. They will come up at once; if 
too thick, they can be thinned, but more 
and better trees will be obtained by re- 
setting in similar rows, placing the trees 
a foot apart. In three or four years, 
with careful cultivation, they will be 
ready for the plantation. 

Most seeds should be gathered in the 
fall and stored in moist sand till spring. 
If they are surrounded by a hard shell, 
as Walnut and Honey Locust seeds, it 
is essential that they be placed where 
they will stay moist and be exposed to 
the freezing and thawing of winter. 
Plant in spring as soon as the ground 
will work well, letting the size of the 
seed govern the depth of covering. 
Walnuts, Butternuts, and Pecans should 
be covered two or three inches deep. If 
the ground is not needed for other pur- 
poses, these can be planted where they 
are to remain; but most trees should be 
grown in nursery rows for a few years. 

With the work and attention one 


I1o 


gives to a potato crop he can in a few 
years raise trees in vast numbers and of 
sufficient size for a plantation of many 
acres. Let every land owner help to 
cover a proper portion of Kansas with 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


useful trees, largely for his own good 
and for the good of those who are to 
follow. 
CPS A aerLey, 
Kansas Agricultural College. 


“False Mahogany” 


Here, in a growing country, clothed 
as God seldom has clothed any land 
with all that makes a forest grand and 
glorious, stand remarkable trees from 
which no man’s axe has ever taken a 
chip, and scattered throughout the land 
are varieties more beautiful than Ma- 
hogany. 

All things considered, probably the 
greatest aggregate value in any one va- 
riety of tree growing in tropical America, 
based upon abundance, availability and 
adaptability, will be found in the ‘‘Cam- 
pano Espabi” or ‘‘ False Mahogany.”’ 
The great round magnificent trees grow 
absolutely clear of surface defects, from 
which, all conditions being equal, the 
Indians and Negroes of the entire coast 
from Honduras down prefer to make the 
large and beautiful canoes which enter 
so largely into the lives and methods of 
these people. 

A trunk starting from the root like an 
upright section of an iron water main, 
averaged not far from seven feet in di- 
ameter, and forty to fifty feet to the first 
limb, above which there was nothing of 
value. A tree with a fifteen-foot stump 
was estimated to contain 65,000 feet of 


of South America.” 


strictly surface clear. Near by wasa com- 
pleted canoe 43 x9 x 4% feet hewn from 
a tree 13 feet at stump, running 58 feet to 
the first limb; and neither on stump, 
canoe nor trunk was there a defect of any 


kind. 


No wood can work more kindly under 
axe than this, and none can be less 
affected by time, wind, water, or any of 
the elements of decay. Your knife will 
tell you it is as susceptible to finish 
as walnut; and being free from sap, 
pitch or gum, you can readily see how 
it would receive paint. It shrinks so 
little that a great canoe—broken, aban- 
doned, and so long forgotten as to have 
good sized trees growing around and 
over it—stands exposed to the sun and 
wind, the rain and dews of a tropical 
climate, and has not opened a single 
check. I think time will show that in 
this lies the greatest source of wealth of 
Colombia’s forest resources—but there 
are others. 


*An American explorer, A. H. Winchester, 
of West Virginia, has written from Cartagena, 
United States of Colombia, to the American 
Lumberman, an interesting description of that 
country, from which these excerpts are taken. 


At the commencement (March 24) of 
the Minnesota School of Agriculture, 
three young women and thirty young 
men were graduated. This school is 
taxed to its utmost to care for all those 
who are knocking for admission within 
its doors. ‘‘ Packed like sardines in a 
box” fully describes the situation there. 
—Minnesota Horticulturist. 


It is stated as a conservative estimate 
of the usefulness of forest reservations 


that the forests under the control of the 
State of New York will be more valu- 
able as a source of income and wealth 
than all the iron and minerals which the 
State has produced.—American Lumber- 
man. 


An association has been formed in 
Chicago of the retail lumber dealers of 
Cook County, forty-two of the leading 
firms being represented in the member- 
ship. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Tie 


The Forthcoming Year- Book. 


Review of Two Papers by Gifford Pinchot Relating to Forestry. 


(From the advance sheets, by courtesy of 
THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE.) 


Work of the Division of Forestry for 
the Farmer. 


‘No part of the work of the Division 
of Forestry is without a distinct in- 
fluence for good upon the farmer: For 
example, its study of forest fires, re- 
cently begun, has the closest relation to 
the farmers of Minnesota and Wiscon- 
sin, while, in all mountainous regions, 
the protection of the forest from fire is 
of vital interest to agriculture. So with 
the supply of lumber, to maintain which 
is the object of the studies by the Divi- 
sion of methods of lumbering, also re- 
cently undertaken with a view to im- 
proving their effect on the future of the 
forest without sacrificing the profit of 
the lumberman. 


‘‘Practical assistance given to the 
owners of forest lands has the same 
general object in view. A knowledge of 
the yearly rate of growth, in cords or 
board feet, of commercially valuable 
trees per acre of forest is of great value 
to every man who owns awood lot ; and 
this knowledge the Division is engaged 
in providing, with particular attention to 
the trees which, like the Loblolly, or Old 
Field Pine, are sure to increase in 1m- 
portance as time goes on. 


‘¢But however close the relation of 
the others, two branches of the work of 
the Division are related to the welfare of 
the farmer in a special manner. The 
two are concerned with the _ intro- 
duction of suitable trees for planting in 
the treeless portions of the West, and 
with the better handling of the wood 
lots on farms in the regions where trees 
now grow. fe a 

«©Of the 623,000,000 acres of farms 
in the United States, according to the 


Census of 1890, more than 200,000,000 
are under wood. ‘This enormous total, 
broken up into wood lots over a very 
large part of the United States, exerts a 
most powerful influence on the welfare 
of the farmer to whom it belongs. Yet, 
as a rule, the treatment which farmers” 
wood lots receive is calculated to de- 
stroy rather than increase their pro- 
ductive capacity and value, The object 
of the undertaking described in the 
pages following is to devise, and assist 
the farmer in applying, better methods by 
which the forest on his wood lot will be 
improved without appreciably increasing 
the cost of harvesting the forest crop, or 
simply to apply such methods where 
they already exist. si 7 “3 

‘¢To benefit the owner and the forest 
at the same time is the real problem. 
In other words, the cost of harvesting 
the timber crop from a wood lot in the 
usual way differs but little, if at all, from 
the cost of harvesting it, so that its pro- 
ductive value will be improved and in- 
creased. Thus, the difference to the 
farmer in expenditure will be very small, 
while the difference in result, both to the 
individual and, from the enormous area 
of all wood lots taken together, to the 
nation at large, will be very great.” 

The pamphlet concludes with a com- 
plete working plan for a wood lot at 
Oakland, N. J., as set forth in detail by 
Henry S. Graves, superintendent of 
working plans. This is illustrated by 
two drawings and numerous tables sum- 
marizing the work done. The methods 
of cutting recommended, the details of 
the cutting plan, and the rules which 
should be observed to secure the best 
results from cutting, are given in con- 
densed form. 


T12 


Notes on Some Forest Problems. 


The public standing of forestry has 
made notable progress in the last few 
Still the forester and the lum- 


years. 
berman are often not fully agreed. Yet 
‘‘the forester, without the special 


knowledge of the lumberman, can never 
do effective work in preserving the for- 
ests by using them nor succeed in a 
money way; while without the methods 
of the forester the lumberman will speed- 
ily exhaust his supplies of timber and 
disappear with the forests he has de- 
stroyed.” 

Forestry in the treeless West deals 
with the supply of water as well as wood, 
and consists largely in tree-planting. 
<¢« At first blush such work might seem 
to fall outside the province of the fores- 
ter, on the ground that it has to do with 
trees and not with forests. But when it 
is remembered that protection and wood 
supply are the two objects of the work, 
and how important a public service may 
be rendered by the introduction of bet- 
ter trees and better ways of planting 
them, it appears at once that this also is 
~one of the tasks of true forestry.” 

After referring to the deplorable dis- 
persion of the Government’s forest work 
-among three agencies, heavy taxes on 
timber land are characterized as ‘‘a 
premium on forest destruction, a pre- 
‘mium that is doing more than any other 
~single factor to hinder the spread of con- 
-servative lumbering among the owners 
of large bodies of timber land,” for the 
reason that these owners cannot afford to 
hold their lands for a second crop. 

Another powerful factor in preventing 
dumbermen from adopting improved 
amethods hes in their inability to answer 
“this question: ‘‘ How can the lumber- 
man get out his logs without destroying 
the capital value of his lanl ?” 

Here the Division of Forestry steps in 
with the offer of practical assistance on 
the ground, under the conditions set 
forth in its Circular 21, the fundamental 
idea of which is ‘‘to provide successful 
-examples of conservative lumbering, and 
4y giving them wide publicity to ac- 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


quaint fresh owners with better ways of 
handling their timber lands.’”’ Applica- 
tions for such assistance had, at the time 
the paper in question was prepared, 
reached more than 1,000,000 acres. At 
present, we are informed, they surpass 
I, 500,000. 

‘«The question of forest grazing has 
aroused more opposition to the forest 
reserves than any other single issue. At 
present the advocates of forest protec- 
tion are successful at many points, 
though not everywhere. A careful and 
trustworthy study by Mr. Frederick V. 
Coville of the effect of sheep grazing, 
leads to the conclusion that ‘‘to regu- 
late pasturage, if it is rightly done, is 
better than to prohibit it altogether,” 
although ‘‘many forest regions should 
be entirely protected against sheep.” 

Forest fires are enormously harmful 
even when, as in the majority of cases, 
they do not kill the older trees. Light 
surface fires are often the direct cause of 
unsoundness and disease. Great fires. 
while they may destroy the forest tempo- 
rarily over great areas, are very seldom 
able to prevent its return in the end, 
«« The devastating fires which have swept 
over this country for centuries have not 
succeeded in leaving it barren of trees.” 


A Bold Stroke for Irrigation. 


The Pacific Improvement Company, 
which is only a convenient name for one 
of the departments of the Southern 
Pacific Company, is about to inaugurate 
a novel and extensive irrigating scheme 
near Santa Barbara in connection with 
its seaside Hope Rancho of 2,000 acres, 
a few miles westward of the city. A 
3,000-foot tunnel is to be driven into the 
neighboring mountain range to draw off 
storage water at an elevation of 1,100 
feet, and with the force generated by 
piping this water down two miles and a 
half larger volumes piped from lower 
levels are to be raised by suction to a 
height of fifty feet and allowed to pour 
into Felton Lake, which is on Hope 
Rancho, and has a storage capacity of 
380,000,000 gallons, an area of about 


my 


1899. 


sixty acres and an elevation at its bot- 
tom of 138 feet above the level of the 
ocean. 


The plan contemplates the irrigation not only 
of the Hope Rancho, but of 3,000 acres of rich 
lowlands in the Goleta Valley, owned by many 
different persons. It is believed that this dis- 
trict, when properly watered, will produce 
great crops of superior early vegetables for the 
Eastern markets, which are already eager buy- 
ers of early California celery, peas, carrots and 
similar vegetables adapted to long-distance 
shipment. The land, naturally rich for ordi- 
nary farming, will, when parceled into small 
holdings for Chinese or Italian truck gardeners, 
be worth ten times its present value as a 
source of revenue to its owners. 

The company, by buying 2,000 acres of rug- 
ged mountain, has executed a bold stroke, set- 
ting completely at defiance all the claims of 
riparian owners along the creek, the source of 
which is to be practically undermined by the 
mountain tunnel. Supreme Court decisions 
and the testimony of experts are quoted to show 
that the company has the lawonits side. One 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


bis oe = 


of the best known cases is that of Sheffield vs. 
Gould, in Santa Barbara, in which Gould was 
upheld in having bored atunnel into the moun- 
tain on his own property and secured by natural 
percolation water that formerly flowed into a 
little creek running through the Montecito 
Valley eastward of Santa Barbara, 

Work will be started on the tunnel imme- 
diately, and will be prosecuted with vigor. 
The water system will be completed within a 
year, so that everything will be in readiness 
for any further developments incident to the 
inauguration in May, 1900, of the coast railroad 
route which runs through Hope Rancho, 

It will cost $25,000 to bore the tunnel, which 
is expected to yield a constant flow of twenty 
miner’s inches of water, a technical expression 
better understood, perhaps, by the explanation 
that twelve inches of water is equivalent to a 
continuous flow of a stream one foot wide and 
one inch deep. 

State Mineralogist A. S. Cooper, of this city, 
and City Engineer J. K. Harrington, of Santa 
Barbara, both recognized autuorities on moun- 
tain water tunnels, have been perfecting the 
plans.—/ournal, N. Y. 


Colorado Advice, 


It is to be regretted that the legisla- 
tures of Colorado have not given more 
earnest attention to the preservation of 
the forests of this State. There is no 
one thing of so much importance. If 
the time comes when the snows of the 
mountains are no longer protected by 
the shade of the trees, the prosperity of 
the valleys will vanish. The injury may 
not come to this generation, but will be 
visited on those that come after us,— 
Denver Republican. 


Among the many interests of this 
Western country some of the more im- 
portant are our forests. To hold the 
snows, increase the moisture and abate 
the winds, our forests should have espe- 
cial care. The Government is giving 
them more attention, and minimizing the 
constant wasteandalmost willful destruc- 
tion that have been going on. These 
forests are a most important factor in 
the comfort and growth of the West.— 
Western Progress, Denver, Col. 


Colorado Experience, 


The ice gorges in the North Platte this 
season are unprecedented. That at the 
Cheyenne & Northern bridge, a mile 
south of Orrin Junction, is on a level 
with the track. Superintendent Rasbock 
has sent out a force of men with dynamite 
to blast it away. The bridge built over 
the Platte last season by the Platte Val- 
ley Sheep Company, of which Governor 
Richards is president, has already been 
partially wrecked by gorged ice, and its 
total destruction is said to be inevitable. 
Higher up the river, at Fairbanks, the 
county commissioners have had men at 
work for a week fighting the formation 
of a gorge, and they are now there per: 
sonally superintending the work. This 
latter bridge is of vital importance, as it 
connects the iron mines at Hartville 
with the Cheyenne & Northern Railroad 
at Badger, over which the teams are 
hauling ore.— Western Progress, Denver, 
Col. 


114 


THE PORESTER: 


May, 


Recent Legislation. 


New York. 


The New York State Senate, by a vote 
of 33 to 4, passed Senator Ellsworth’s 
bill appropriating $300,000 for the con- 
tinuation of the Adirondack land pur- 
chases by the Forest Preservation Board. 
The Special Committee which consid- 
ered the bill advised the immediate pur- 
chase of additional lands, both for the 
protection of the water shed of the Hud- 
‘son, and for the establishment and 
maintenance of a large tract upon which 
forest culture may be successfully insti- 
tuted. 

The number of acres of land pur- 
chased by the State is the subject of a 
‘statement by Superintendent Verplanck 
‘Colvin of the State Adirondack Survey. 
‘The total acreage of land included within 
the Forest Preserve to which tne State 
has title is 1,058,444.53. In addition 
to this, 20,169.75 acres have been con- 
tracted for and will be added thereto as 
-soon as it is found that the present own- 
ers can give clear title to the land. 


Minnesota. 


The Legislature has passed the bill 
entitled, <‘An act to encourage the grow- 
ing and preservation of forests and to 
create forest boards and forest reserves,” 
a review of which was published in the 
April Forester. The bill was approved 
and became a law April 13. 


The Minnesota Senate Committee on 
Logs and Lumber, after three meetings 
with the lumbermen and the Surveyor- 
General of Minnesota, has decided that 
the fee for surveying logs shall not be 
reduced from five cents to four cents a 
thousand, on the ground that it would 
impair the efficiency of the service. 


In the Minnesota House of Represen- 
tatives, the San Jose scale bill, shorn of 
its bond and license features, was re- 
ported by the forestry committee provid- 
ing for State inspection to eradicate the 
insect wherever found, and fixing fines 
for violations of the law. The bill was 
killed. 


Missouri. 


In a recent message to the Missouri 
Legislature, Governor Stephens says 
there are about half a million acres of 
Government land in the State not yet 
taken up, and that there are 5,000,000 
acres of vacant land susceptible of culti- 
vation. The timber supply, of the 
finest quality of hard woods, will be 
inexhaustible, it is said, if judiciously 
handled. 


Wisconsin. 

The Wisconsin Legislature has under 
consideration a bill to exempt from all 
taxation cut-over lands which have been 
replanted with Pine according to cer- 
tain provisions. 


Arkansas. 


An important act of the Senate of the 
Arkansas Legislature was the passage of 
the Buckner game bill. The act de- 
clares all fish and game, except fish in 
private ponds, to be the property of the 
State of Arkansas, and the catching and 
hunting of the same to be a privilege. 
It is unlawful for any person to export 
game or fish from the State unless he 
personally accompanies it. The fine for 
violation is from $25 to $100. It is un- 
lawful for any agent of freight, express 
or steamboat companies to receive fish 
or game consigned to points outside the 
State. An important provision of the 
bill is a section which would subject to 
a $25 fine a woman wearing a stuffed 
bird on her hat. 


Canada. 


Canadian lumbermen from Georgian 
Bay, Rat Portage and British Columbia 
who petitioned the Dominion government 
toimposea duty of $2 a thousand on Amer- 
ican lumber, 25 cents on shingles, and 
30 cents on laths, all of which are now 
on the free list, got merely a hearing at 
Ottawa. They said that a Canadian 
duty equal to the Dingley duty would be 
preferable to reciprocity with the United 
States. Manitoba, which is a free trade 


1899. 


province, will oppose, because of its 
advantage in low freights on Minnesota 
lumber. After the arguments of the 
delegation had been presented, Premier 
Laurier intimated that before coming to 
a decision in the matter officially, the 
government would afford a hearing to the 
interests representing the opposite side 
of the case. 


Legislation Pending. 


Minnesota.—The ‘‘Staples Bill,” H. 
R. 529, prohibiting the removal of either 
timber or mineral from the State lands 
before the taxes have been paid. 

State Auditor Dunn, in a statement, 
says: ‘‘It has been a common practice 
with corporations and individuals owning 
thousands of acres of timber lands in the 
northern part of this State to allow the 
taxes to accumulate for years, and then 
go before the county authorities and make 
a settlement which involves heavy loss to 
the counties. In many cases the taxes 
are not paid atall. It requires five years 
for the State to acquire a perfect title 
under tax foreclosure proceedings, and in 
that time the land has been rendered 
worthless by stripping it of timber.” 

The auditor also calls attention to a 
‘statement of a member of the State board 
of equalization, before that body last fall, 
when it was proposed to increase the 
assessment upon the iron properties in 
‘St Louis County. The member in ques- 
tion advised the board that it would do 
well to leave the assessment of St. Louis 
County real estate as it was returned by 
the county board, for if any increase was 
made, the owners of producing mining 
lands would refuse to pay their taxes, 
and before the property thus delinquent 
could be brought into the absolute pos- 
session of the State all ore would be 
removed from it, and the State and county 
would receive no taxes whatever. 

Under the law as it now stands, Au- 
‘ditor Dunn says that many owners of 
Pine lands bulldoze the officers of the 
‘smaller counties into accepting whatever 
‘taxes they see fit to pay. They tell the 
officers plainly that if they do not accept 
athe amounts offered they will cut all the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


II5 


timber from the lands and pay nothing. 
Not all lumbermen do this, but the au- 
ditor says he has personal knowledge of 
the fact that many of them do. 

Many large tracts are owned by non- 
residents, ao have no interest whatever 
in the State save for the Pine they hold 
on these lands, and they are willing 
to resort to any subterfuge to avoid the 
payment of the taxes. 


e 


A Scarcity of Timber and Its 
Hindrance. 


The art of carpentry, as understood in 
this country, can hardly be said to exist 
in Persia, the greatest efforts in this de- 
partment being there confined to the 
construction of flat roofs of inconsider- 
able span; and this might be expected 
from the circumstance of timber being 
there exceedingly scarce. 

For farming roofs a sort of Poplar is 
generally employed, but for other pur- 
poses Oak, Chestnut, Plane, and other 
kinds of hardwood are used. Hard tim- 
ber, as sold in bazaars, is all of small 
scantling, as it has to be brought from 
the forests on the backs of mules or 
camels. 

In accordance with the invariable cus- 
tom of all Eastern artisans, the carpen- 
ter sits upon the ground while at work. 
Instead of a bench, a strong stake is 
driven down before him, leaving about 
ten inches above ground, and upon this 
he rests his work and keeps it steady 
with his feet. The facility with which 
the work is executed in this position has 
always been a matter of surprise to 
European workmen. In the royal arsen- 
als English tools are used, and a better 
system of working has been introduced 
under the superintendence of British 
officers, but in the native workshops the 
workmen are still to be seen squatting 
on the ground; and, being used to this 
position from infancy, and their tools 
being formed to work with more efficiency 
when used in this way, any alteration is 
scarcely to be expected. Their princi- 
pal tools are the frame saw, adze, planes, 
hammers, nails, and a few smaller tools. 
—Southern Lumberman. 


116 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


Water Supply and Forestry. 


If there is one question above another 
that comes nearer to the people of South- 
ern California, it is that of an abundant 
water supply—how to get it and how to 
retain it; in other words, the preserva- 
tion of forests and water, as the one nat- 
urally insures and secures the other. 
As it is, the rain which falls on our 
mountains, which have been so much 
denuded of vegetation, rushes in tor- 
rents down the bleak slopes, and is re- 
sistlessly carried through the canyons out 
into the great ocean deep, instead of be- 
ing arrested by tree and root, branch 
and blade, and conveyed into the re- 
cesses of the earth—nature’s great res- 
ervoir for the natural storage of a vast 
supply sufficient to meet all the demands 
of man. 

The thinking, prudent people have 
become thoroughly awakened to the ne- 
cessity for taking active measures to 
remedy the trouble and as far as possible 
prevent its recurrence. Organizations 
are being formed, memorials presented 
to the legislative authorities, State and 
national, and measures suggested both 
scientific and practical whereby to fur- 
ther prevent the great forest destruction 
which has been going on all these years, 
causing the headwaters of our rivers and 
streams to be laid bare, so that the wa- 
ter, instead of seeping into the ground 
and being deposited in the mountain 
fastnesses of mother earth, is carried off 
in torrents, causing, in many cases, great 
flood and waste. It is a question of ac- 
tion by the individual, and by the Gov- 
ernment. The individual who owns or 
controls large land areas should give 
earnest and immediate attention to this 
important question. 

The Government has wisely created a 
number of forest reserves, and the policy 
is being continued in the setting apart of 
others as their needs are understood and 
the public necessities require. It is not 
only the preservation of large trees 
which is looked after, but also the smaller 


growth which in their sphere perform an 
important function in the economy of 
nature through every twig and fiber of 
which the rain and moisture percolates 
the soil. The question is one of protec- 
tion and promotion—protecting the ex- 
isting growth from further destruction 
by fire or otherwise, and also the pro- 
motion of its growth. In this way can 
the great watersheds be preserved and 
effectually made to serve the great pur- 
pose which nature intended them to do, 
The primary object of Forest Reserves 
is stated to be that of saving and im- 
proving the forest for the purpose of se- 
curing for the people a permanent sup- 
ply of timber and also insuring condi- 
tions favorable to continuous water flow. 

Every public-spirited citizen who ap- 
preciates and values these conditions is 
gratified that the Pine Mountain and 
Zaca Lake Forest Reserve was estab- 
lished, the only regret being that it had 
not been done long before. What is 
left in the public domain of the Santa 
Ynez Mountains—and which is now 
chiefly valuable for forest-reserve pur- 
poses—should have been included, as 
they are situate right on our borders, in 
fact at our very doors ; so close, indeed, 
and so important as to seriously influ- 
ence our continued and permanent water 
supply, together with the prevention of 
destructive fires which periodically sweep 
over them, and not infrequently menace 
property, and also to guarantee the bet- 
ter care and preservation of the remain- 
ing vestige of growth upon them. 

It is a question of public concern, a 
matter extremely vital to our present and 
future welfare, and it is exceedingly grat- 
ifying therefore to know that the proper 
measures are being taken to have them 
brought under the supervision of the 
forest reserve control, so as to secure 
and perpetuate these important safe- 
guards against the possibility of anni- 
hilating our forest and water supply. 
—Editorial, Santa Barbara (Ca/.), Press. 


1899. 
mnie EORESTER. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 


Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT, 


THE ForEsTER is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon JAmeEs WItson, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 


No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. 


A change in the editorship of THE ForeEsTER 
having taken place during the past month, the 
incoming editor desires to c3ll the attention of 
exchanges to this fact, with the request that 
they note the address of Tur Forester as given 
above, and see that their publicaticns are for- 
warded promptly. 


EDITORIAL NOTE. 


The unfortunate confusion arising from the 
great number of popular names for various 
species of trees is no better exemplified than in 
the case of the great lumber tree of the North- 
west, variously known as Red Fir, Douglas 
Spruce, Yellow Fir, Oregon Pine, Washington 
Pine, Red Pine, Puget Sound Pine, ete. Our 
attention has recently been called to the use 
of several different names in various issues 
of THe Forester, and the necessity has be- 
come apparent that there should be but one 
name for each tree. Most botanists prefer 
the name Douglas Spruce on account of its 
greater resemblance to Spruce than Fir. The 
name Red Fir is used, however, far more 
extensively than any other, both in the woods 
and in commerce, and on that account it has 
been definitely accepted by THE Forester and 
will be used in all future references to the tree. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ELY 


The log cut in Maine this season is 
estimated to aggregate 400,000,000 feet. 


The State Board of Education of North 
Carolina has sold a tract of 80,000 acres 
of timber lands at $1 per acre. 


The Baltic timber charter controversy 
between the shippers and the shipowners 
in Great Britain has been settled by a 
compromise. 


An interesting proof of the power of 
wood to stand the ravages of time is 
found in the uncovering, near the banks 
of the Nile, of several Egyptian boats, 
made of cedar probably in use 4,500 
years ago, 

There is still an immense amount of 
virgin timber in West Virginia, but the 
present rapid extension of railroads in 
that State will doubtless bring every 
valley and mountain cove within the 
reach of transportation in a few years. 


The lumber exports from Norway and 
Sweden form a large proportion of the 
annual export trade of those countries. 
In one year Norway placed over $16,000, - 
ooo worth of manufactured lumber in 
the markets of the world, while Sweden 
exceeded these figures by $30,000,000 
in sawn and hewn lumber alone. 


In view of the efforts toward reforest- 
ing mountain sides in the West, a suc- 
cessful experiment by the Marquis of 
Athol, in Scotland, is interesting. The 
grandfather of the present Duke planted 
hundreds of thousands of Larches on the 
barren hillsides of his estate, and saw 
them covered in his lifetime by an enor- 
mous forest, which began to pay divi- 
dends on the investment thirty years 
after the planting. 


Kansas City is taking up the subject 
of tree-planting in the most practical 
Ata recent meeting of the City 


way. 
Council, ordinances were introduced 
authorizing the planting of trees on 
eleven different streets, for distances 
aggregating about three miles. Tour of 


118 


the ordinances were passed immediately, 
and a number of others referred. The 
newly-appointed city forester, L. F. 
Timming, is urging immediate action, 
his plan being to finish all planting be- 
fore May t. 


A curiosity exists near the Red Bluff 
Primitive Baptist Church in Ware 
County, Ga. It isa mammoth Mulberry 
tree and the heart has long since rotted. 
Out of the heart of the Mulberry grows 
a Cherry anda Peach tree, both of which 
are eight inches in diameter. They grow 
at a point ro feet above the ground. All 
three of the trees are alive and bear fruit 
every year. 


The large number of applications for 
positions as forest rangers at the Cas- 
cade forest reserve, Oregon, coming 
from men of every walk of life, some of 
them old men and invalids, has led to 
the announcement that the reserve is not 
primarily a sanitarium, and that only 
those will be appointed who have some 
knowledge of woodcraft, and who are 
vigilant, vigorous and fearless in dealing 
with violators of the forest laws. 


Ata public meeting in Pasadena, Cal., 
to arouse interest in the cultivation and 
protection of the mountain forests of 
that State, Abbott Kinney, in the course 
of an address, said that it had cost the 
Government $12,000 to fight fires in the 
neighborhood of Pasadena last year. He 
advocated the establishment of a well- 
organized patrol, working on the block 
system, by which fires might be immedi- 
ately located and checked. This ‘‘ ounce 
of prevention,’’ he said, would cost less 
than half the amount of last year’s losses. 


The most noted grove of Walnut trees 
in the United States, containing fifty-one 
Black Walnut trees, all of them of enor- 
mous size, wassold at Cassopolis, Mich., 
for $10,000 cash. There was _ strong 
competition from all parts of this coun- 
try and abroad. The purchasers were 
German and English parties, The logs 
will be cut and squared for shipment. 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


It is estimated that one of the trees will 
produce $1,200 worth of choice lumber. 
It was over one hundred feet of good 
logging size, its largest diameter was 
seven feet, circumference 21.99 feet, and 
it would require five men hand in hand 
to encircle it. 


Forest Fires. 


Heavy forest fires raged during the 
first week of April on three sides of 
Eastport, L. I., resulting in the destruc- 
tion of much valuable timber. Two 
other fires devastated a large area near 
Quogue and Riverhead. At the latter 
place the smoke in the village was said 
to be ‘‘uncomfortably thick,” which 
fact, together with the destruction of 
hundreds of rabbits and foxes in the 
brush, resulted in energetic efforts to 
stop the flames. The Pines Hotel at 
East Hampton was saved by the sturdy 
fight of volunteers. 

Several thousand acres of woodland 
in Plymouth woods near Wenham, 
Mass., were burned in the first large 
forest fire of the season in that State 
recently. Some very heavy Pine wl 
was burned, but most of that consumed 
was small Oak and Pitch Pine. 


Timber Prospects in Cuba. 


A trio of Pennsylvanians who went to 
Cuba to investigate the timber prospects 
of the island, reached the conclusion 
that ‘‘to invest in timber lands alone 
would not be a paying investment, but 
to cultivate lands by raising coffee and 
tobacco, ‘there’s millions in it.’”” They 
traveled 300 miles on horseback, cutting 
their way through forests with machetes, 
and inspecting 10,000 acres of timber 
lands, of the following woods: Mahog- 
any, cedro, majagua (a strong, flexible, 
and plentiful wood, used for furniture, 
trapeze bars, etc. ): jique (a hardwood 
for finishing work, and making mallets ) ; 
coguarau, like steel; fustete, or log- 
wood ; coguaui, similar to coguarau ; 
igaya, for shafts and wagon tongues ; 
almiqui, like rosewood ; sabicu, a log- 
wood; roble, used for axe handles ; and 


1899. 


almendro, avery springy dyewood. The 
mahogany was found to be very disap- 
pointing, and the uses and value of the 
innumerable other woods still problem 
atical. 


Utilization of Water Power. 


A company has been organized in 
Clear Creek County, Colorado, for the 
purpose of developing and utilizing the 
water power in Clear Creek Cation. The 
sum of $800,000 has been raised, all of 
which will be expended in the construc- 
tion of the plant, erecting lines for the 
transmission of power and for the pur- 
chase of the necessary real estate and 
water rights. The contract has been 
let for the construction of the central 
plant which is to develop 2,000 horse 
power. Its location has been so selected 
that wire can be run to every part of the 
adjacent mining district at a minimum 
cost. While at all ordinary stages Clear 
Creek will furnish enough water to oper- 
ate the system, the company does not 
propose to run any chances of loss on 
account of low water, so it will construct 
a reservoir above Empire that will have 
a superficial area of 250 acres. Besides 
its effect on the local mining industry by 
supplying a cheaper and more conven- 
ient form of motive power this enterprise 
will benefit the ranchers below the mouth 
of the cafion, as the storage of water 
during the spring floods and its use later 
in the season by the power plant will 
make it available for irrigation at a time 
of the year when there is a scarcity of 
water for that purpose. 


Snowslide or Landslide Next ? 


At 3 o’clock last Saturday afternoon 
there occurred in this town an accident 
which was the cause of wonder to hun- 
dreds of people who visited the spot 
from that time until dark. 

Gus Wold and H. T. Foy were getting 
wood on the hillside northwest of town, 
near the top of the hill, when a dead 
Pine tree which they had just cut down, 
started down the slope with fearful ve- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


11g 


locity, and a few seconds later they 
heard it go crashing through the houses 
2,000 feet below. It ran along within a 
few feet of B. Flaig’s house, and thirty 
feet below it struck the roof of Iver Ol- 
son’s kitchen, going through it just like 
a bullet and passing out above and a lit- 
tle to the left of the front door. Twenty- 
five feet below this it struck the wall 
of Mr. Nickerson’s dining-room, passed 
through that and through the floor of 
the front room and through the base- 
ment, which is used as a_ woodshed. 
The next house in line was the one occu- 
pied by Mr. and Mrs. William Presley, 
seventy feet below Nickerson’s. It en- 
tered the back shed above the kitchen 
door, through to the floor, finally plow- 
ing up the floor half way across the 
front room and stopping when it had 
penetrated the frozen ground beneath. 
The log was fifty-nine feet long and 
two and one-half feet in diameter at the 
butt, yet the holes which it made through 
the different buildings were but very lit- 
tle larger than the diameter of the log. 
It passed within two feet of a sash door 
in the Olson building without breaking 
the glass. But the most remarkable 
and fortunate feature of the novel acci- 
dent is that no one was killed or even 
injured. The effect of such a projectile 
striking a human being is almost too 
dreadful to contemplate. Four children 
were playing in the Olson home when 
the log passed just over their heads, 
covering them with snow and broken 
shingles and scaring them half to death. 
Mrs. Presley had just left the bedroom, 
and the moment the log struck, she had 
just moved to the fore part of the front 
room—the only safe place in the build- 
ing. Mrs. Nickerson was at home also, 
but out of the path of the destructive log. 
The men who were the unwilling cause 
of the disaster were almost beside them- 
selves until they rushed down the hill 
and learned that no one was injured, 
when they immediately set to work to 
saw up the log and repair the damages 
to the buildings.x—Wardner (Ldaho) 


News. 


120 


THE FORESTER. 


May, 


Recent Publications. 


Biennial Report of the Yosemite Valley and 
Mariposa Big Tree Grove Commission.—This 
pamphlet shows the careful attention to the de- 
tails of the work imposed upon this Commis- 
sion. Despite the small appropriations for 
needed improvements and the meagre allow- 
ance for traveling expenses necessarily in- 
curred by the members of the Commission, a 
most commendable showing is made, The 
Commissioners urge the establishment of free 
roads and an increase in the protective patrol 
force on the part of the General Government. 


* 


The U. S. Department of Agriculture has 
just issued Farmers’ Bulletin No. 92, under the 
title of ‘‘ Experiment Station Work, IX.” The 
subjects included treat of Sugar Beets on Al- 
kali Soils; Planting and Replanting Corn; Im- 
provement of Sorghum; Improved Culture of 
Potatoes; Second-Crop Potatoes for Seed; Cold 
v. Warm Water for Plants; Forcing Head 
Lettuce; The Date Palm in the United States; 
The Codling Moth; Jerusalem Artichokes for 
Pigs; Feeding Calves; Pasteurization in Butter 
Making; Gassy and Tainted Curds, and Pure 
Cultures in Cheese Making. 


Experiment Station Record, Vol. X., No. 
8, just issued by the Department of Agri- 
culture, contains a description of the Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station in Alaska; the Pro- 
ceedings of the Twelfth Annual Convention of 
the Association of American Agricultural Col- 
leges and Experiment Stations; a review of 
recent work in agricultural science, and other 
valuable information covering a wide field of 
usefulness. 


Bulletin No. 152 of the New York Agricul- 
tural Experiment Station (Geneva) is very 
timely. It tells how to meet at every stage a 
pest which was very much in evidence in or- 
chards last year. The bulletin gives a full 
account, illustrated, of the life-history of the 
apple-tree tent-caterpillar, with concise direc- 
tions for recognizing and fighting it when in 
the egg, as larva, or in the cocoon. Notes are 
also given upon spraying experiments against 
the spring canker-worm; and two new insecti- 
cides are recommended as both better and 
cheaper than Paris green. Orchard owners 
will be furnished free copies of the bulletin 
upon making request to the Experiment Station, 


The report of the Director of the New York 
Agricultural Experiment Station (Geneva) has 
been issued as Bulletin No. 153. It will be 
found of much interest, as it shows what one 
State institution is doing and trying to do for 
agriculture. The extension of the buildings, 
and the different lines of investigation under 


way during the year are summarized and the © 


most important results noted. Well executed 
half-tone plates add much to the appearance of 
the pamphlet. Bulletin sent free upon request. 


A review of the experiments made in Long 
Island in 1898 to determine the amount of fer- 
tilizer, per acre, which could be used profitably 
in potato growing, has been published in Bulle- 
tin No. 154 of the New York Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station (Geneva), while the sugar- 
beet industry of the State is reviewed in 
Bulletin 155. Any of the bulletins of this 
Station will be sent free upon request. 


NOTE. 


The edition of THE Forester for November, 
1898, having been exhausted, it has been found 
necessary to have a new one printed. Mem- 
bers of the Association and subscribers who 
may need copies of that issue (No. 11, Vol. IV,) 
to complete files for binding, will be supplied 
if they notify the publishers to that effect. 

A limited number of complete copies of Vol. 


IV of THE Forester are offered for sale. 


$1.00. 


Price 


Previous volumes are out of print. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 


INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 18g. 


President. 
Hon, JAMes Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President, Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNow. F, H, NEWELL, 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer, 
GrEorRGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 
JaMEs WILSON. CHARLES C, BINNEY. EDWARD A. Bowers. FREDERICK V, CovILLE, 
B. E. FERNow. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE, F, H. NEweE.t, 
GEORGE W. McLamaHaAn, GIFFORD PINCHOT, GrorRGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents. 


Sir H. G, JoLy pE Lorsinizre, Pointe Platon, Wo. E. Cuanv_er, Concord, N. H. 
Quebec. JouNn GirrorD, Princeton, N. J. 

CHARLES Mour, Mobile, Ala. Epwarp F. Hopart, Santa Fe, N. M. 

CuHaRLEs C, GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska, WARREN HiG ey, New York, N. Y. 

D. M. Rrorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. Hormes, Raleigh. N. C. 

Tuomas C. McRAg, Prescott, Ark. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 

AsBoTTt KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. ReEuBEN H. Warper, North Bend, Ohio 

E. T. Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo, Witi1am T. LittLe, Perry, Okla. 

RosBerT Brown, New Haven, Conn. E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 

Wm. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del: J. T. Rorurock, West Chester, Pa. 

A. V. CLusps, Pensacola, Fla. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 

R. B. Repparp, Savannah, Ga. H. G. Russet, E. Greenwich, R. 1]. 

J. M. Courter, Chicago, III. H. A. GREEN, Chester, 8. C. 

James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. Tuomas T, Wricut, Nashville, Tenn. 

Tuos, H. MAcBripe, Iowa City, Iowa, W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 

J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. C. A. WuiTinG, Salt Lake, Utah. 

Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

LEwis JoHnson, New Orleans, La. D. O. Nourse. Blacksburg, Va. 

Joun W. GakreETT, Baltimore, Md. Epmunp S. MEany, Seattle, Wash. 

Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. 

J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. H. C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 

W. J. Beat, Agricultural College, Mich. E.twoop Meap, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

C. C. ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. Grorce W. McLANAHAN, Washington, D.C 

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 

CHARLES E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Wo. Lirrire, Montreal, Quebec. 


The object of this Association is to promote : 
1. A more rational and conservative treatment of the forest resources of this continent. 
2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to promote 
this object. 
3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and renewal of 
forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper utilization of forest 


products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate subjects of arboriculture. 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, as well as 


are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth. 


THESEORE STE: 


H. J. KOKEN C. P. HANCOCK 


SZ 


High-Class Designs and 
Iustrations 
Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 
Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


... TIMES BUILDING... 


a 


TENTH STREET AND PENNA. AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Bump Rock Road, Park and Page Fence 


Premises of R. B. SYMINGTON, 
At Cape Cod, Mass. == 


In order to preserve the innate beauty of a rustic scene 
Mr. S. was not willing to have it marred by even a fence 
post. He used the 


PAGE WOVEN WIRE FENCE 


| 
4 


Nineteen horizontal wires—s58 inches high and stapled it 
to the trees from 30 to 60 feet apart 


ALL STYLES OF STOGCIGAND) FARM EE NCES 
CONSTANTLY ON: HANS 


WRITE FOR DESCRIPTION. 


———— SS 


Page Woven Wire Fence Co., 


ADRIAN, MICHIGAN. 
BOX65; 


WALLUIMIDTUUn Fameo Forest LUO TATED 


Vot. V. ; JU!" 3, 1899. No. 6 


te ee ta 


_ The Forester 


a A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
devoted to the care and use of 


forests and forest trees and 
to related subjects. 


SS  ——- 


PUBLISHED BY 


_._ The American Forestry Association. 


a) se Se 
i" 
4 
COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D, C., as second class matter. 


wrinurnaaera. —— <« ranrnrTgyn 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


VALE OMBROSAG sesssasseeecsnennnesnsenttnnsesecnneeenseeeeeeecertsununeetannnananmnrenengnuanaeaparaneceeerececcnseesanaset ia Frontispiece 

Tue WorLD-FaMED ForEST OF VALLOMBROSA. Illustrated. aca al PoE 12 
By the founder of THE FoRESTER. _ 

Tue New LAKE TAHOE FOREST RESERVE, CALIFORNIA .-sccscecccscosseeesssssenennnnseeseneteentseceets 124 
(By courtesy of the Secretary of the Interior.) 

FISHERMEN FOR THE FOREST S.e.sssssesscsesscssssorsseeepssnesnsestenenecsnsssnsestecensecneeescnnansnsenenseamessn asaneteametenns 125 
Why Anglers Should Become Members of the American Forestry 
Association. 

Tuer RELATION OF FoREST PRESERVATION TO THE PUBLIC WELFARE...scssccsssseesesesse 127 


By the Superintendent of the United States Forest Receives 
in Montana. 
Wouar Saat We Doiron) THE FOREST Pig Oe co edo 129 
(A symposium in four papers.) 
I. An Object Lesson of Forest Destruction. 
II. The Need of Forest Legislation in Colorado. 
III. The Advisability of Forest Culture. 
IV. The Increasing Interest in Forest Preservation. 
Vk, PROPAGATION OF FOREST TREESL Ed) ALBA f 50 DISA Sse 132 
The State Sylvaton Society of North Dakota. 
‘DHE LUMBERMAN’S VIEW OF THE FOREST co cect ct cccssdovarerinmrenstertcmonneeeseassstartaasenacntos EWR. Ge Ic 
_ (A symposium in two papers.) 
I.. Destruction. 
II. Conservation. 


FUMCENT: LEGISLATION (0500.05 ..)sccentieys lie shes Welle sh Shi cy ane AE BG A ALS GIP He ANT 136 
New York, Massachusetts. Michigan. © 
New Jersey. Minnesota. * Colorado. 
California. - Wisconsin. 
A WEUMBER SCENE IN. San’ MaArreo Counmy; QO any) oy re eae ey ee 
TUSDAT eh tS Ne Ee a ce a 138 


Special Announcement. 

Necrology—Life Member R. P. Flower. 

A Steady Avance—New Members. 

Ghips and Clips—News Items. 

Forest Fires. 

Educational. 
RECENT) RUBETEATIONS |. 0.200000 UN I gy ale ee mre 144. i 


AMERK wh FCRESTRY ASSOCIATION. ( 


CRESTS, MONOGRAMS, 
COATS OF ARMS 

EN WAGLASIOIN, 9 7. Lc als 
RECEPTIONZAND <3) 551] 
VISITING CARDS. 


W. A. COPENHAVER, ay 


Society Wngraver 
and Stationer, 


14th and G Sts. N. W., Washington, D.C. 


Swell designs for every t) pe of engraving for 
Schools and Colleges. ° ‘ : : 


The Foremost School for Young Women| 


a> VN AMERICA’... 


ATIONAL PARK SEMINARY is named from its proximity to the great National Rock 
Il ; Park, recently purchased by the Government and designed to become the most beauti- 
ful reservation of the National Capital. This whole region is marvelously beautiful and 
picturesque with its combination of forest, stream, hill and dale. It rises gradually 
from the City of Washington till at Forest Glen the Seminary stands on an eminence four hun- 
dred feet above the level of the city. Forty acres of sunny slopes and wild ravines, towering 
trees and winding paths, babbling brocks and tangled dells, combine to form a site seldom 
rivaled in varied and inspiring scenery, where the beautiful zs utilized to develop character 
The altitude of its location precludes possibility of malaria, The equable climate, free fro 
the rigors of a northern winter promotes health by inviting out-door sports. The buildit 
itself crowns the highest hill and was erected and equipped at an expense of $80,000; it has 
frontage of two hundred and seventy-five feet, with three large center halls thirty by forty feet 
on each floor, which afford a charming rendezvous for student life; heated by steam and light 
by gas, with bath rooms plentiful and sanitary arrangements complete. The house is situated 
so that every room gets the sun at some time during the day. 


The close proximity to the National Capital, with all the educational and social advan 
tages appertaining to such a residence, offers wonderful facilities toits pupils. The Semin» , 
is within twenty minutes of the heart of the city and, with twenty trains daily, besides electric 
cars, easy access is afforded to all the Libraries, Musevms, Departments of Government, Con- 
gress and Foreign Legations. These with the official and social life of the National Capital offer 
opportunities for profitable study. 


The course of study is planned to produce womanly women. There are twenty-two 
teachers and the limited number of pupils permits of much personal attention and individual 


instruction foreach. Health zs a matter of first constderation always. There are no nerve- 
Straining examinations, Thirty different States represented among the pupils, bringing 
together the daughters of representatives families throughout the entire Union. 

The Seminary’s watchword : ‘* We consider text-book training only a part of our work as 
educators. We shall be satisfied with nothing less than the development of the whole being” 


The yearly expenses at National Park + Address 
are $350 to $500. Early application is neces. i ——— : 
sary. Catalogue giving views of the school ¥ J. A. CASSEDY x Principal, 
and opinion of enthusiastic patrons will be i 4, 
tent a ea plication: = . i P. O. Box 100. Forest Gler, Md. 
Kindly mention Tue ForesTer in writing. 


THE FORESTER. 


HENRY ROMEIKE. 


The First Established and [Most Complete 
Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 


10 Fifth Awenue, New York. 


Established London 1881, New York 1884. 


Branches: London, Paris, Berlin, Sydney. 


‘The Press Cutting Bureau... 


which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London and 
1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every 
newspaper and periodical of importance published in the United 
States, Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of sub- 
scribers, professional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, 
newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, 


referring either to them or any given subject... . 


Piety Rormeike, 


@, 110 Fifth Awenue, New York. 


Kindly mention THE ForesTER in writing. 


f-punos8yovq ot{} tr 41g JOATIG JO S}so1oq Surmoys] 
‘ALALILSNI AULSAAOM NVIIVLI IVAOW AHL—VSOUANOTTIVA 


WO. Ve 


The Forester. 


JUNE, 1899. No. 6. 


The World-famed Forest of Vallombrosa. 


[Seat of the Roya! Italian Forestry Institute. | 


With Illustrations from Photographs forwarded from Europe especially for 
The Forester. 


BY THE FOUNDER OF ‘f THE FORESTER.”’’ 


One of the most attractive places in 
Europe is Vallombrosa. Every traveler 
in Italy should not fail to visit it. No 
matter what his profession he will find 
something of interest. All admire the 
beautiful views and the forests and enjoy 
the fresh, dust-free mountain air and 
pure spring water, far above the bells 
and yells and smells of Italian cities. 

The word Vallombrosa. itself means 
‘shady valley.” ‘‘Thick as autumnal 
leaves that strow the brooks in Vallom- 
brosa, where the Etrurian shades high 
overarched embower,’”’ says Milton, who 
visited this lovely spot before he lost his 
sight. 

Such a place in Italy, where the forests 
have been recklessly wasted, where al- 
most every tree is lopped and pollarded 
and where the mountains are bare, the 
streams dry at times, at others rushing, 
raging torrents, is certainly refreshing. 

Vallombrosa was formerly one of the 
richest and most famous of the monas- 
teries of Europe, and is now of special 
interest to foresters because the only 
forestry school in Italy is located here. 
It may be easily visited from Florence. 
At S. Ellero, a short-distance up the 
Arno, on the main line to Rome, the 
traveler must change cars. High on the 
mountain top in the distance Vallom- 
brosa is partly visible, as a mass of dark 


green foliage surrounded by bare moun- 
tain sides. The little train, consisting 
of one car and a small locomotive, as- 
cends by means of a cog-wheel working 
in a toothed middle rail. The engine 
was built in Philadelphia and the car in 
Belgium, although the latter was fin- 
ished in American pine. 

The train passes through many well- 
kept olive groves and vineyards, the 
scenery being very beautiful. _ The fruit 
trees were in full bloom (April 5) and 
the olives were a rich, silvery color. 
Women dressed in bright-colored cos- 
tumes were working in the soil, the men 
were lopping the trees, to which the 
vines are tied with willow withes. Others 
were ploughing the rich, brown earth 
with teams of large, pure white oxen. 

Trees in Italy are planted for vine 
props. The clippings they yield serve 
for fuel and the leaves are used for fod- 
der. The twigs take the place of twine, 
Italian agriculture is partly arboricul- 


ture. Almost every field yields grapes, 
nuts, figs, olives, wood, fodder and grain. 

We passed through a coppice of chest- 
nut and oak with large mother ‘trees on 
the steep mountain side. The ground 
was carpeted with broom, gorse and 


many other wild flowers, among which 
we could hear the busy honey bees hum- 
ming. The woods were filled with song 


5 THE FORESTER. 


birds, something unusual for Italy, where 
formerly birds of every kind were cap- 
tured for the pot in a wholesale fashion, 
by means of ingenious nets. A few 
sheep were visible, rambling amongst the 
herbage. Here and there choppers were 
cutting the young chestnut trees for vine 
props, stripping off the bark, dipping the 
ends in tar, and binding up the fagots. 

In season, many peasants are occu- 
pied in picking the wild strawberries and 
raspberries and gathering mushrooms. 
A large income is yielded by the chest- 
nuts, from the flour of which the bread 
of the peasants is made. 

In the course of an hour the train 
reaches Saltino, the terminus. Below 
one, stretching for miles, is the well- 
tilled valley of the Arno; all about one 
the bare mountain tops of the Apen- 
nines ; and plainly in the distance the 
famous city of Florence, with its exten- 
sive gardens and treasures of art. 

About half a mile from the station of 
Saltino, the beautiful silver fir forests of 
Vallombrosa begin. The trees are large, 
with tall, straight boles and dense, dark 
green canopy. . The air is fragrant with 
the orange perfume exhaled by the 
leaves in the sunshine. One could easily 
imagine himself in the midst of the Black 
Forest at Herrenwies or St Blasien. 

The trees are in lines, betraying the 
fact that they had been planted.. In 
truth the whole of the forests of Vallom- 
brosa were planted by the patient and in- 
dustrious Benedictine monks, who were 
arduous agriculturists and foresters dur- 
ing the Dark Ages. Itis to them in fact 
that civilization owes much, and it was 
often with much injustice that their prop- 
erties were confiscated and their treasures 
of art and science injured or destroyed. 
Some beautiful stems, fit for the masts 
of ships, were piled by the wayside. 
They seemed almost out of place in a 
land where twigs and fuel are often sold 
by weight, and where a decent fire is the 
greatest of all luxuries. 

Soon one reaches an open meadow, 
surrounded on all but one of its sides by 
the amphitheater of green, forest-clad 


June, 


hills. It was. here, in about the year 
1015, that San Giovanni Gualberto 
founded the famous monastery of Vall- 
ombrosa, under peculiar circumstances 
too lengthy to describe in this connection, 

Above the Silver Fir on the mountain 
side a fine forest of old Beech is visible. 
The Silver Fir being more hardy is 
usually above the Beech. In order of 
hardiness there comes first the Spruce, 
then the Silver Fir, then the Red Beech, 
and then the Chestnut. The monks, no 
doubt, had’ some special purpose in 
placing the Beech above the Fir. They 
raised many pigs which fed upon the 
mast. 

In front of the thick-walled monastery 
is the Albergo della Foresta, which is 
large and comfortable. Near by there is 
an old sawmill and ponds built by the 
monks for the collection of ice. The 
water here is excellent, coming from a 
famous spring which was long supposed 
to have great curative properties. Sev- 
eral students dressed in uniform were 
working in the nurseries. They are 
called to their work by bugle blasts. 

We presented our cards and were most 
cordially received by the director, Comm. 
F. Piccioli, and his accomplished 
daughter, both of whom speak German 
and French. Director Piccioli was sent 
by his government to France to study 
the reforestation of mountains, and his 
report, entitled ‘‘Sui Rimboschimenti 
Eseguiti in Francia,” appeared in. 1887. 

We were shown the museum, the 
library, the dormitory, the queer old 
kitchen and the refectory, with many 
portraits on the walls, including one of 
Gualberto, the founder of the monastery. 
The institution has eight professors and 
about 35 students. These students are 
of two classes—those who expect gov- 
ernment work and those who do not. 
The Italian Government possesses only 
about 50,000 hectares of forest, so that 
the number of foresters needed is not 
large and their pay is small. The stu- 
dents have four months vacation in win- 
ter. From the prospectus the regulations 
seem rather strict. The course covers 


oe Le i it 


1899. 


four years and seems quite like the work 
of a German forest academy. 

Italy could not have a better object 
lesson. She has had it many years and 
it seems to have little effect. Were all 
her mountains forested as at Vallombrosa 


, 


ANOTHER VIEW 


she would be rich instead of poor. If 
she had them it is doubtful, though, 
whether they would be properly managed. 

One leaves this beautiful region with 
regret and with the thought that much 
credit is due to the old monks who 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


123 


planted these forests and instituted an 
excellent system of agriculture, and that 
much blame is due the Italian Govern- 
ment for not following this excellent ex- 
ample by planting the denuded mountain 
tops—the birthplace of destructive tor~ 


OF VALLOMBROSA. 


rents, and certainly the places above all 
others which should be owned and regu- 
lated by the State. 
OHN GIFFORD, D. 
Florence, April 16, 1899. 


— 


124 


THE FORESTER: 


June, 


The New Lake Tahoe Forest Reserve, California. 


President McKinley issued a procla- 
mation on April 13, establishing the Lake 
Tahoe Forest Reserve, in California, 
upon the recommendation of the Secre- 
tary of the Interior, after a very thorough 
examination of the subject had been made 
by that Department, during a period of 
two years. The area of the reserve is 
estimated at 136,335 acres. 

On November 16, 1896, the Depart- 
ment of the Interior referred to the Gen- 
eral Land Office the petition of residents 
of Carson City, Nev., to have certain 
lands in E] Dorado County, California, 
in the immediate vicinity of Lake Tahoe, 
reserved for further disposal and set apart 
as a public park. Among the signers to 
this and other similar petitions were the 
Governor of Nevada, the Chief Justice 
of the Nevada Supreme Court, the State 
Treasurer, the Attorney General and 
other State officers, the University of 
California (including the Lick Observa- 
tory), the Leland Stanford, Junior, Uni- 
versity, the Sierra Club, United States 
Senators Stephen M. White and George 
C. Perkins, and many other citizens of 
California. 

As the result of a special examination 
of these lands and their suitability for a 
forest reserve, the agent of the Depart- 
ment made a favorable report in Decem- 
ber, 1897, which is, in part, as follows: 

‘<The land embraced within the bound- 
aries of this proposed reservation is all 
rough and mountainous with but little, 
if any, agricultural land. There are no 
public traveled roads and but few trails 
in this territory. 

‘The elevation at Lake Tahoe is 6,200 
feet above sea level, and all of the land 
in the proposed reservation is at a still 
higher elevation, and consequently is 
free from snow only in the lower portion 
for about four months in the year. In- 
cluded in the territory are mountains 
which are never free from snow. 

‘« The scenic features of the proposed 
territory are of the finest possible de- 
scription and will attract tourists from 


all parts of the world. The highest 
mountains between Lassen’s Butte, on 
the north, and the Yosemite Reservation 
on the south, a distance of several hun- 
dred miles, are included within this pro- 
posed reservation, as will appear from a 
map of the Sierra Valley. 

‘‘Fine forests of Pine and Fir are 
scattered throughout the proposed reser- 
vation, and constitute one of the most 
interesting features of the landscape. 
The general elevation is too great for 
dense forests of Pine, or Pine of as large 
growth as may be found 1n the Sierras at 
a lower plane, but the forests are inter- 
esting and exceedingly valuable in pre- 
venting the rapid melting of the snows. 

‘‘What people there are in this dis- 
trict are only Summer inhabitants, that 
is to say, they drive their flocks to this 
region the latter part of June, pasture 
them in the meadows and on the moun- 
tain sides, and then return in October to 
the valleys below. I did not find any 
one except those connected with the fine 
hotels about Lake Tahoe, who remain 
in this region during the Winter. Snow 
not unusually falls in this region to an 
aggregate depth of twenty feet. The land 
is of no possible value except for grazing 
purposes in the narrow valleys during 
three or-four months in the year. 

‘‘Scattered through this region are 
many lakes. Some of them have been 
stocked with fish and have become a 
place of considerable resort for mountain 
tourists. If this plan of making a forest 
reservation is carried out, it will be the 
most convenient of access of any reser- 
vation in California, and will be much 
more visited than any other, and a great 
National Park established, easily acces- 
sible to all the people, and one which 
will be visited much more than any 
other. 

«The region is so attractive that al- 
ready many hotels and watering places 
have been established and seem to re- 
ceive a large patronage. Benefit will 
result to all the people of the country by 


1899. 


the establishment of such a National 
Park for their use, and as time passes 
these benefits will be appreciated more 
and more.” 

On February 10, 1899, after a further 
examination and reconsideration of the 
proposed boundaries, in response to the 
requests of various petitioners, a revised 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


125 


plan, comprising seven townships, was 
recommended as satisfactory to all the 
interests involved. There are a few 
claims of record within the limits of the 
reservation, but their acreage forms so 
small a part of the total area that their 
existence presents no difficulties to the 
administration of the reserve. 


Fishermen for the Forests. 


Why Anglers Should Become Members of the American Forestry 
Association. 


Although it has to do only with their 
pleasure, yet anglers, more than most 
men, are interested in the preservation 
of the water supply. Fish must swim. 
Without water there can be no fish, and 
the angler who appreciates the condi- 
tions governing the water supply is one 
of the strongest advocates of forest 
preservation. There are a thousand 
reasons why he wishes to have forests 
about the brooks and lakes that he 
fishes. 

As we become better acquainted with 
the result of fish culture, the economic 
aspect of fish and fishing has come to be 
regarded as more and more important, 
and this is a consideration which should 
appeal strongly to the average man ; 
but after all it is not with such results 
that the.angler chiefly concerns himself. 
He loves his art less for the fish that it 
yields him than for the recreation it 
affords, for the opportunity to employ 
his skill, and for the absolute rest which 
he derives from an occupation so differ- 
ent from that of most of his life. Yet, 
if there were no hope of catching fish, 
he would not care to be an angler, and 
so he greatly desires to have the fish 
supply preserved and increased. With- 
out an abundant supply of pure water 
of the proper temperature, this cannot 
be done and that water cannot be had 
without the forests, 

The forest and 
aptly enough compared 


its floor have been 
to a great 


sponge, which the me‘ting snows and 
the Spring rains fill full of water, and 
which holds this water, giving it out by 
innumerable springs and rills through 
the dry months, to make glad the thirsty 
earth. This is above all things the 
function of the forest: to gather water, 
to hold it, and to send it out again little 
by little, so that it may do the most good 
possible. On the forests depend the 
water supply, the food supply and the 
shelter for the fish. They regulate, too, 
the temperature an 1 purity of the water, 
and are the home ‘f much of the food 
which supports the 1.sh._ In view of all 
this it is not strange ‘hat anglers as a 
rule are earnest advovates of forest 
preservation. 

These are some of the reasons that 
they give for the faith that is in them. 

Well-wooded districts are subject to 
more rain than treeless regions; and 
the forests are vast reservoirs of humid- 
ity, lessening the dryness of the sur- 
rounding atmosphere, assisting the flow 
of spring and stream, preventing fresh- 
ets at the end of the Winter, and in Sum- 
mer feeding spring and lake giving forth 
the clear and cold water in which fish 
delight and thrive. On the other hand 
we know that when the forests are de- 
stroyed the volume of the waterflow is 
diminished and the fish is injured in 
many ways. The disastrous freshets, 
which are likely to occur, follow the 
melting snows or the Spring rains, sweep 


126 THE FORESTER. 


down mud, sand and debris, covering 
the spawning ground and the eggs which 
are on them, suffocating them and the 
young fish, or perhaps even floating eggs 
and fry out of the stream, and, when the 
water recedes, leaving them high and 
dry on the bank to perish. Besides this, 
freshets wash away and cover up food 
and the sources of food supply, so that 
the stream cannot support so great a 
number of fish. Trees and shrubs keep 
the water cool by their shade and fur- 
nish a resting place and cover for food 
for the fish, so that it will nearly always 
be found that shaded brooks or those 
running in part through woodland offer 
to the angler better results than those 
which flow through open meadows or 
plains. 

In ponds and small lakes, in which 
the water supply has been diminished, 
the shallow water freezing nearly to the 
bottom gives iess freedom to the fish, 
diminishes the air space for each, and is 
likely to cause wholesale destruction. 
Such diminished water supply, of course, 
means a lessened area to the lake or 
pond, which again means a less number 
of fish. In like manner the reduced 
shore line of the pond of lessened area 
gives less feeding ground for the fish, 
and so less food. 

It is in the game fish that the angler 
is especially interested, and it is for their 
protection that he chiefly cares. They 
live in fresh-water streams, and push 
their way as fast as possible toward the 
heads of those streams, into the depths 
of the woods or high up on the mountain 
side, striving always to reach those 
sources where the water, cooled and 
purified by the influence of the forest, 


June, 


is at its best. To preserve the best sort 
of fish, therefore, we must preserve the 
forests, and each angler should do his 
part to strengthen the public sentiment. 
in favor of this work. If the past few 
years have seen an extraordinary growth. 
of this sentiment, it is hoped that those 
to follow will see one still greater. 

So far as the water and its inhabitants: 
are concerned, the forest acts as a great 
governor or regulator. As it cools the 
summer stream, so it warms the same 
stream in winter; as it prevents bank- 
bursting freshets which may cause incal- 
culable harm, so in time of drought it 
supplies from its secret sources an 
equable, unfailing flow which gives life 
to the fish and to all things that live in 
the water and along the river’s bank. 
And since the forests regulate the water 
supply and its temperature and purify 
it, it may fairly be said that those who 
care for the forests care also for the fish 
in the stream, and that when they pre- 
serve the forests they preserve also the 
game fish. 

The summer traveler who journeys. 
along the sun-baked, treeless slopes of 
the southern Rocky Mountains or the 
Sierras comes now and then upon a dry 
watercourse in which, if he follows it up 
and down, he will sometimes see a pool 
standing in which trout are moving 
sluggishly here and there waiting for the 
passage of the week’s drought which 
shall destroy them. Further to the 
north, in the same chain of mountains, 
where man or man’s fire has not swept 
away all the timber, this is not seen. 
There the streams are ever-flowing and 
the fish are active and full of life. 

Gero. BirD GRINNELL. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


12% 


The Relation of Forest Preservation to the 
Public Welfare. 


(Being an address delivered on Arbor Day at the Montana State University at Missoula.) 


By THE SUPERINTENDENT OF THE UNITED STaTES Forest RESERVES IN MONTANA} 


The celebration of Arbor Day seems a 
most fitting occasion to consider briefly 
the great question of our forests and to 
note how we, as a nation, are guarding a 
most priceless heritage. 

When the Puritans of New England 
and the chevaliers of Virginia blazed 
pathways in the primeval forests, made 
clearings, and laid waste vast areas of 
mighty Oaks, sturdy Elms, and giant 
Hickories, it was deemed by them essen- 
tial and proper for the onward march 
of cizilization and necessary for the pro- 
ductiveness of the country. Conditions 
have very materially changed since then, 
and as we stand at the dawn of the 
Twentieth Century, we begin to realize 
what the loss of our mighty forests means. 
We begin to estimate their value not 
alone in dollars and cents, but as affect- 
ing our water supply and as an adjunct 
to human as well as animal and vege- 
table life, and we are now crying aloud 
and long: ‘‘Oh! Woodman spare that 
M@ree;”’ 

I believe it is right and proper that the 
subject of our forests should be brought 
to the attention of our teachers and of 
our schools, and that in the school-room 
should be laid the foundation for the 
rational treatment of the same. The 
public generally, in years past, has given 
but scanty attention to this great subject, 
but if the youth of our land could but 
be brought to understand the momen- 
tous interests at stake the public would 
gradually be led to realize the impor- 
tance of the question. 

The forest area of the United States 
(exclusive of Alaska and our recent 
acquisitions) is estimated in round num- 
bers at 500,000,000 acres, Seven-tenths 
of this is found on the Atlantic coast, one- 
tenth on the Pacific, one-tenth in the 
Rocky Mountains, and the balance scat- 
tered over the middle Western States. 


On the Pacific coast hard woods are rare, 
the principal growth being coniferous 
and of extraordinary development, Here 
we find the gigantic Red woods, the soft 
Sugar Pine, the hard Bull Pine, as well 
as Spruces, Firs, Cedars, Hemlocks and 
Larch. In the Rocky Mountains we have 
no hard woods of any great commercial, 
value, the growth being mainly Spruces,. 
Firs, Pines and Cedars, In the Southern: 
States we find the Cypress and a great 
growth of hardwoods with some conifers 
and some small quantities of Spruce, Fir 
and Hemlocks. In the north Atlantic 
States we find hardwood with conifers 
intermixed, and the same along the lakes, 
in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota. 

In 1896 it was estimated that there 
was then standing throughout the United 
States 2,300,000,000,000 feet, board 
measure, of timber. In the census of 
18g0 the value of forest products was: 
estimated at $1,044,000,000. The value 
exceeds ten times the value of our gold 
and silver output, and three times the 
annual product of all our mineral and 
coal mines put together. It is three 
times the value of our wheat crop, and 
with all the toil and risk which our agri- 
cultural crops involve they can barely 
quadruple the value of the product 
yielded by nature for the mere harvest- 
ing. 

The total annual cut is estimated at 
40,000,000,000 feet, board measure, and 
to this let us add the amount consumed 
for fuel, fence material, the waste in the 
woods and at the mills, and the loss by 
fires, and we find that the total annual 
consumption of wood in the United 
States is easily 25,000,000, 000 cubic feet, 
and this consumption, it is said, increases 
in greater proportion than the popula- 
tion. : 

In considering this vast consumption 
of wood it is interesting for Montanians 


128 | THE FORESTER. 


to know that Butte City alone consumes 
300 carloads of cordwood a day. The 
loss by fires varies from year to year, but 
it is enormous, especially in the West. 
It is estimated there is an annual loss of 
$25,000,000o—and this is exceeded in 
some years. From careful statistics and 
records we know that the annual growth 
of wood per acre and year does not 
average more than fifty-five cubic feet, 
though, under favorable conditions, it 
may rise to double that amount with 
some species. If we consider the pro- 
duction of such sizes as are used in this 
country our timber, at the age of 125 
years, would be found to have grown not 
more than thirty-five cubic feet per acre 
per year. 

Our present forest acreage, therefore, 
even if well stocked and well managed, 
could not produce our annual consump- 
tion. We are consuming much more 
than the area produces, probable dou- 
ble this amount, and every year the 
disproportion increases. It takes roo 
years to produce a good-sized saw log. 
Most of the timber we are now cutting 
is over 200 years old. It is said that at 
the present rate of denudation going on 
in Minnesota that in forty years there 
will not bea stick of timber left, and at 
the present rate of cutting in Maine in 
eight years its once grand forests of Pine 
will be no more. In the light of these 
facts and figures, taken largely from 
governmental statistics and believed to 
be accurate and reliable, should we not, 
as a people, pause and consider the 
situation that stares us in the face? 

Having considered, so far, only the 
commercial or money interests as at- 
tached to our forest production, let us 
now consider other features of this sub- 
ject. Science has demonstrated that 
‘forests temper the extremes of climate, 
equalize the rainfall, equalize the flow of 
streams, and so preserve fertility and 
increase comfort.”” The humus in tne 
forest cover is nature’s reservoir, the 
forest cover affords a natural watershed. 
The melted snows of winter and the 
spring rains find lodgment there, gradu- 
ally and naturally the many springs in 


June, 


our mountains are fed, and in turn are 
the creeks and larger streams. A cer- 
tain amount of humidity is disseminated, 
essential to vegetable, animal and even 
human life, and all nature, animate and 
inanimate, feels the life-giving qualities, 
the refreshing influences given or ex- 
erted by the forests under the mighty 
hand of Omnipotence. 

Denude our forests and what are the 
results? Tne humus becomes hard and 
packed, being exposed to the hot rays 
of the sun in summer and to winter’s 
cold blasts, the forest cover disappears, 
the melting snow and the heavy rain- 
fall, not being able to percolate gradu- 
ally and naturally through the hard 
packed soil, rushes off down the moun- 
tain side, swelling all the creeks and 
larger streams and creating floods that 
cause immense damage. Later, their 
source of supply having become ex- 
hausted, the springs cease to flow, the 
creeks dry up, the streams are but empty 
channels through the parched land, and 
drought appears, vegetable and animal 
life droop and wither, and a baneful 
condition of affairs prevails. The pres- 
ervation of our forests is essential, there- 
fore, to other interests than those of the 
woodsman. 

The National Government proposes to 
save what yet remains of our grand 
forests. To this end the executive pro- 
clamation of February 22, 1897, thirteen 
forest reservations, with an aggregate 
area of 21,379,840 acres, were estab- 
lished, and the President is empowered 
to increase the number whenever, in his 
judgment, it appears wise and necessary. 
The management of these reservations 
is placed in the hands of the Commis- 
sioner of the General Land Office, De- 
partment of the Interior, Washington, 
D. C. In Montana there are four forest 
reservations at present with an aggregate 
area of 5,043,680 acres, over one-fourth 
of all yet established in the United 
States. Each reserve has one superin- 
tendent anda number of rangers. These 
latter daily patrol a certain prescribed 
territory in the reserve to which they are 
assigned, and are ever vigilant against 


Le pesiny -~h galiat aha sn anal 


2a!” te? i aaah ee 


| 


1899. - 


fires, an evil that does more than any 
other one thing to destroy our forests. 
It is also their duty to prevent timber 
depredations, infringement against thie 
land laws of the country and to enforce 
the State laws in protection of game and 
fish within the limits of the respective re- 
serves. 

This is a subject which should be dear 


to the heart of every true American ; it 


What Shall We 


AMERICAN FORESTRY. ASSOCIATION. 


Do: Foret ke 


129 


is a subject so large, of such immeasur- 
able possibilities, of so vast importance, 
that a far abler pen than mine is needed 
to adequately set forth its value. Other 
nations receive great profit from their 
forests, why should not we? And then 
think of the future, think of posterity. 
My friends, it will, and it has a right, to 
hold us, in this enlightened age, respon- 
sible. J. BLatrcurorp Co.iins. 


Forest ? 


A Symposium in Four Payers. 


Pa ODP CimilnssON OF FOREST, DESTRUCTION. 


There is an ‘‘object lesson”’ of forest 
destruction on the regimen of water-flow 
in the streams and ravines of Jefferson 
County, Colorado, and its mountain 
neighbors, the mining counties of Gilpin 
and Clear Creek, since their settlement 
forty years ago. My observations began 
in May, 1860, and have been more or less 
continuous since that period, excepting 
from May, 1862, to August, 1866, at 
which latter date I returned from army 
life, 

In 1860 the creek valleys and the 
mountains of these three counties were 
filled with Pines and Firs, and the creek 
bottoms were fringed with Alders and 
Willows. Clear brooks, never dry in mid- 
summer, were to be found in every bushy 
ravine. Vasque Fork of the South 
Platte (now called Clear Creek) flowed 
clear. Snows and rains never swelled it 
disastrously, even in June, and its afflu- 
ents rarely appeared discolored by mud, 
which in the main stream itself was but 
very slightly discolored, Beautiful trout 
abounded in all the larger creeks, and 
well it deserved the name of Clear Creek. 

In 1860-61-62 the unceasing rush to 
the gold mines of these three counties 
began the wholesale destruction of their 
forest for fuel and mine timbering and 
for the erection of thousands of cabins 


and stamp mills, mining timbers espe- 
cially requiring the best trees. This 
wholesale consumption of our forest was 
still further hastened by destructive fires 
caused by criminal carelessness and in- 
difference. 

As these elements of use continued un- 
abated as years rolled on, in 1875-76 all 
the trees surrounding the mining camps 
and those in the most accessible slopes 
disappeared until the denudation forced 
the mills, mines and saw-mills to draw 
their supplies from the denser forests of 
central ranges, while the sparsely-tim- 
bered foot-hills occupied by farms, and 
the necessities of the prairie farmers for 
fuel and fencing completed the denuda- 
tion of all the accessible trees of the foot- 
hills. 

Following this condition in the seven- 
ties, Clear Creek and its affluents, Ral- 
ston, Beaver, North Fork Clear Creek 
and Soda Creek, began to show the force 
of denudation of forest growth. » The 
winter snows melted more rapidly on the 
bare mountain slopes, and their drainage 
increased in rapidity, followed, as the re- 


sult, with total cessation of flow or re- 


markable and early diminution of their 
former abundant supply. the smaller 
gulches which, in the Spring, when shel- 


tered by Willows and timber gr wth, gave 


¥ 30 


out a very appreciable amount of water 
-were totally dry or, when recipients of 
‘rains and cloud-bursts, emptied the gath- 
ered water-fall into Clear Creek in two or 
three hours, hurling down and carrying 
into the parent stream all the rich vege- 
table mould of their narrow valleys which 
had been stored there, during past ages, 
from the decomposition of vegetable mat- 
ter. So that to-day, where twenty-five 
years ago there stood a vigorous growth 
of trees and under-shrubs, we see the al- 
luvial soil washed to bed-rock, in some 
cases twenty feet or more deep, while 
everywhere the original wagon roads, 
opened in the low grounds of the gulches 
and creeks, have been moved at great 
expense to the more rocky mountain 
slopes, away from the violence of sudden 
floods. 

Nor is this all. The denudation of 
tree growth in all our mountains, on the 
summits of the foot-hills, as well as in 
the valleys, has furrowed with ravines 
and covered with sand and loose rock 
acres of good soil, and on Bear Creek 
utterly spoiled meadow and cultivated 
land, every rainin June, July and August 
adding yearly to this calamity. 

Another element of injury seems to act 
with increasing yearly fury. Bare moun- 
tain slopes and fields, heated by the tor- 
tid rays of the June and July sun, seem 
to create, by the force of ascending cur- 
rents of heatedair, disastrous hail-storms, 
accompanied by violent thunder-storms, 
which wreak their fury on the crops and 
fruit-trees and gardens of the prairie 


THE FORESTER. 


June, 


ago this condition was almost unknown, 
or else was trifling in effect. 

In 1898 hail fell in Jefferson County, 
east of Gulden, with terrific violence in 
a swath nearly three miles wide and of 
indefinite length. Tothe eastward apple, 
plum and pear trees, stripped of all their 
leaves, fruit and flowers, raspberry, black- 
berry and strawberry beds were annihi- 
lated almost completely, while growing 
wheat, oat and corn fields were beaten 
down and their yield much lessened from 
the weakness of their aftergrowth. The 
hail, rain and thunder storm of July 24, 
1894, will long be remembered in Jeffer- 
son County for its violence, destruction 
and loss of life. The accompanying 
heavy rain on the foot-hills hurled down 
vast accumulations of boulders, gravel 
and soil into the valleys of Beaver, Bear 
and Clear Creeks, and swelled the streams 
in some places to twenty feet or more in 
depth. Boulders weighing two tons or 
more were floated down one and one- 
half miles into Clear Creek, the flood 
waters leaving beds of shingle and soil 
and gravel mixed where cultivated fields 
stood, while on Bear Creek twenty-two 
lives were lost in the flood. Hail stood 
in piles from one to one and one-half feet 


in depth. The storm came from the 
northwest. It was a veritable object 
lesson. 


I have gauged the water-flow of Clear 
Creek repeatedly since September 20, 
1860, and give the following figures, 
showing difference of flow up to Septem- 
ber 15, 1880, at the same location of 


farms near the foot-hills. Forty years gauging: 

Sept. 20, 1860, width of stream, 53 ft. ; veloc. per sec., 3.60; area, 101. 
Sept. 19, 1879, width of stream, 32 ft. ; veloc. per sec., 2.38; area, 46.15. 
Sept. 15, 1880, width of stream, 34 ft. ; veloc. per sec., 2.23; area, 38.22. 


Greatest flow gauged at same point— 
June 10, 1872, width of stream, 62.65 ; 
velocity per second, 4.27; area, 280.23. 


Least flow gauged at same point— 
March 22, 1880, width of stream, 31 feet ; 
velocity, 2.04; area, 25.72. 

E. L. BerTHoup. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


13a 


LEE NEED OF FOREST LEGISLATION IN COLORADO: 


The experience of the past year has 
emphasized the need of strict legislation 
for the protection of what forest lands 
are still in existence in Colorado. Dur- 
ing the latter part of last October and 
during the whole of November forest fires 
raged inour mountains. I traveled over 
a great part of the State and can hardly 
express my indignation at the wanton 
waste of timber. Good work is being 
done in other States to preserve forest 
lands, but the problem confronting us 
here cannot be solved in such a way. 
For us it is necessary both to save and 
to replant. 

I am sure a practical solution of the 
difficulty would be made if forest con- 
servators were aware of the opportunities 
still open here. There are some ways in 
which much could be achieved. For ex- 
ample, our State Land Board is in the 
habit of selling stumpage—ten cents a 
tree or so—and then the saw-mill man 
and tie-cutter practically take what they 
want and then pay the State as much or 


as little as they please, burning Govern- 
ment and State forests to cover their 
tracks. 

We might do something if some such 
plan could be put into operation here as 
has been done in Asheville, N. C. It 
seems impossible to convict despoilers or 
those committing arson on Government 
lands. Private ownership appears to be 
the only solution. 

I rode through the forest of white 
pines between Durango and Pogosa 
Springs. It is forty miles wide and prac- 
tically untouched. I rode through an- 
other piece of woodland, some eight or 
ten miles square, north of Creede. In 
Routt County there is much fine timber 
that could be saved. But the eastern 
slope of the mountains has been cut and 
burnt into a desolation, and during the 
last autumn more timber has been burnt 
in Colorado than has been legitimately 
used during the last forty years. 

HENRY MICHELSEN, 
Denver, Col. 


fi fie AD VISABIEILY, OFSFOREST CULTURE: 


‘There is no subject of so much public 
importance, locally considered, as forest 
treeculture. We say locally considered, 
meaning to apply the remark to Southern 
California. Here, it is safe to say, the 
planting of forest trees is more needed 
than in almost any other portion of the 
United States. Fertile as this country 
is, strip it entirely of trees and it would 
become a desert. If the rain-makers 
would give their attention to planting 
trees they would accomplish something 
worth while. 

There is no better way to conserve 
that dampness which insures fertility 
than by planting and protecting forest 
trees, and there is no such sure way of 
converting a country into a desert as by 


destroying the forests. When Western 
New York was clad with primeval forests 
it was penetrated everywhere by ‘‘ mill 
stream.” Since the original woods have 
been mostly cleared away these mill 
streams have been nearly all dried up and 
the mills that once ran by water-power, 
and with plenty of it, are now either shut 
down or are running with steam. 

Other countries recognize the necessity 
of preserving their forests. In Germany 
the laws are very strict on that subject. 
Every manis obliged to recognize the ad- 
vantage to the public at large in preserv- 
ing the forest trees on his own land. 
But our own legislators have not had time 
to consider subjects of such great and 
lasting importance as forest tree culture, 
—Editorial, Santa Monica, Cal., Outlook. 


132 
IV. 


It is encouraging to note that an increas- 
ing interest is being taken by the people 
of this section on the subject of forest 
preservation. This is an important sub- 
ject, in any part of the country. Already, 
in the East, apprehension is expressed 
at the rapidity with which the great for- 
ests of the Northwest and North are be- 
ing denuded, not only for lumber, but in 
the ever-increasing demand for wood 
pulp in the manufacture of paper. It is 
now suggested that the Government 
should permit wood and wood pulp to 
come in free from Canada, so that there 
may be less inducement to cut down the 
American forests in such wholesale man- 
ner. 

If the question of forest preservation 
is such an important one in other parts 
of the country, which enjoy a regular 
rainfall throughout the year, how much 
more so is it here, in Southern Califor- 
nia, where our farmers have to depend 
so largely uponirrigation forcrops. The 
supply of water for irrigation depends 
mainly on the condition of the wood 
growing on the mountains. Where it 
has been swept bare by fire, the rain, 
when it comes, runs off in torrents, cut- 
ting up the mountain sides, and often 
causing floods in the valley below, 
whereas, when the slopes of the moun- 


The Propagation 


THE FORESTER, 


june, 


THE INCREASING INTEREST IN FOREST PRESERVATION. 


tains are well covered with trees and un- 
derbrush, the rain soaks in slowly, and 
most of it reaches the valley in shape to 
be of service to the horticulturists. Dam- 
age equal to that done by fire is often 
worked by bands of sheep, which eat off 
every vestige of a green thing and tear 
the thin soil from the rocks with their 
hoofs. 

While'we are making provision for the 
protection of our forest reservations, we 
should not lose sight of the necessity of 
doing something to replant the stretches 
of forests that have been destroyed by 
fire during the past few years. It is a 
noteworthy fact that there is no river in 
Southern California which has been so 
much denuded in its upper stretches as 
the San Gabriel, where the damage done 
to agricultural lands in that valley in- 
creases steadily as the forests on the 
mountains are destroyed. 

When it is considered that, in addition 
to the material advantage derived from 
the mountain forests, they have also an 
esthetic side, and that this section ob- 
tains many millions of dollars every year 
from tourists, we certainly ought not to 
hesitate over the moderate expense of 
replanting these bare and_ uninviting 
mountain slopes. —Laditorial, Los Angeles, 
Cal Sunes. 


of Forest Trees. 


Energetic Work of the State Sylvaton Society in North Dakota. 


Public interest in the propagation of 
forest trees in North Dakota is being 
greatly stimulated by the energetic efforts 
of the State Sylvaton Society, and its 
originator, W. W. Barrett, State Super- 
intendent of Irrigation and Forestry in 
that State. During the past month Mr, 
Barrett has sent out personally over one 
and one-half million of Box Elder and 
White Ash seeds to the county superin- 
tendents of schools for distribution in all 
the schools in the State, to be planted by 
the scholars, not only in the school 


grounds, but at their homes, on the 
farms, and in the city and village lots. 

‘“‘As the twig is bent, the tree is in- 
clined”; as trained in youth so fixed in 
manhood years. According to the Bis- 
marck TZribune, Mr. Barrett and his 
brothers became interested in the raising 
of trees in Maine, where they operated a 
nursery on the old homestead farm. 
They are now practical foresters in their 
respective States—Maine, California, 
North Dakota and Minnesota. 

Ten years ago when running his farm 


1899. 


with three plodding oxen, near Church’s 
Ferry, N. D., Mr. Barrett became con- 
vinced that the great need of the West 
was a large increase of trees and forests 
for producing the most favorable climatic 
and crop conditions, and the furnishing 
of fuel, building and fence material. Ad- 
vocating tree culture as a prime factorin 
diversified farming, the present Forest 
Commissioner mapped out his present 
system of tree culture and the artificial 
use of water, when needed in cultural pur- 
suits, devoting two years, at his own ex- 
pense, to bring to consummation the 
creation of the Department of Irrigation, 
Forestry and Fish. 

In order to interest the young in the 
subject of forestry, he originated in 1892 
the Sylvaton System, which received the 


‘highest award at the World’s Columbian 


Fair of 1893. The system has been fully 
organized; the aims and _ objects of 
the members of the State and local 
Sylvaton societies are set forth in 
twenty-five tenets. One of the leading 
ideas is to enlarge the school grounds, 
fence the same and convert the premises 
into attractive Sylvaton parks. 

During the past two years the State 
Sylvaton Society, at the private expense 
of the State Superintendent, has fur- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


133 


nished forest seeds and seedlings to nu- 
merous schools. The pupils have planted 
the stock in the school yards and also 
near their homes in the country and in 
the villages and cities. Many trees have 
thus been started and made good and 
substantial growths under the tender and 
watchful care of the young boys and girls 
of those schools. This year the original 
plan has been enlarged and forest seeds 
have been sent out in behalf of the society 
to every pupil in North Dakota. The 
seeds selected were the best to be found 
in the State; all were stripped from the 
stems and put up in packages convenient 
for handling, and were then duly shipped 
for distribution, with circulars and direc- 
tions for planting. 

The repeal of the State law providing 
a bounty for tree culture has made the 
plans of the society all the more benefi- 
cent. In addition to the school distri- 
bution there has been furnished an ad- 
ditional lot of 500,000 seeds to be used 
in starting the Sylvaton Home, School 
and Church Nurseries, making a total of 
two millions of seeds. If this practical 
work is continued from year to year, 
under a proper tillage of the trees, North 
Dakota bids fair to become the tree home 
land of the great Northwest. 


The Lumberman’s View of The Forest. 


A Symposium in Two Papers. 
PeeoESTRUCELION. 


With lumbermen accustomed to life in 
the green pine-woods, the desolation of 
the cut and burned-over lands is felt most 
keenly. Passing through charred stumps 
and bleaching stubs, he feels as one mov- 
ing through a cemetery where, at every 
step, he is reminded of lost friends. 
These sad reminiscences are useful. 
They start conceptions of what might 
have been; of a better way. 

Several lumbermen, in talking about 
the matter, have in substance said: ‘‘If 
we could get timber-lands in a compact 
body, then we could perhaps do some- 


thing in forestry; but, as we are now, 
limited to alternate sections, our lands 
are isolated ; our border lines are greatly 
extended. Irresponsible and careless 
parties have free-access to our property. 
We cannot protect ourselves. 

There are as many tramps in the woods 
as elsewhere. They come to our camps, 
perhaps ask for work, get board: over 


night, perhaps several days, then leave 
as unexpectedly as they came. In sum- 
mer they stop in our vacant camps and 
often set fire to them. They are utterly 
careless of property and sometimes de- 


134 


light in destroying it. After lighting their 
pipes, they drop the burning matches into 
the grass. They camp along the trails 
and roads and leave their fires unextin- 
guished. They have been known to start 
fires just for the wanton satisfaction of 
-seeiug them burn. 

Sometimes the settler in the remote 
woods is quite as much of a nuisance. 
‘Often they are people who like no re- 
-straint and who have come to the woods 
to avoid living under the immediate re- 
straint of the law. They range about, 
hunting, fishing, stealing timber, build- 
ing fires for their lunches and camps 
against trees or in black muck or rotten 
trunks that hold the fire. Usually the 
first summer they burn over a lot of the 
adjoining land to allow grass to spring 
up and make pasture for their cattle, re- 
gardless of the timber they kill or the 
extent of country over which the fire 
spreads. When very dry, so a thorough 
‘*burn” can be made, they put fire in the 
slashings they have been making during 
the year and simply let it go. 

If a lumberman could acquire timber 


THE FORESTER. 


June, 


in a compact body—a township or more— 
he could do something to protect himself. 
He could clear strips of land around the 
borders, cultivate vegetables, hay or 
grain, and thus have a good fire-break. 
He could demand an explanation for the 
presence of any one found upon the land. 

With timber and stump land thus pro- 
tected against fire, he could establish a 
permanent business, put in a substantial 
mill, build up a town, and, by cutting 
the land in rotation, he could keep the 
woods green and productive instead of 
desolating them as he does now. 

The lumberman is ashamed of the re- 
sult of the present custom, but it is not 
in his power to improve the present state 
of affairs. The manner in which a large 
part of the public domain has been dis- 
posed of makes forest preservation seem 
impossible. A more thorough system 
could hardly be devised, in my opinion, 
for the introduction of fire-brands into 
the forest than the application of the 
Homestead law and the land grants of 
alternate sections to pine-timber lands. 

Horace B. AYREs. 


Il {CONSERVATION 


The subject of Forestry was made the 
leading topic of discussion at the annual 
meeting of the Paper and Pulp Asso- 
ciation in New York in March, 1898. 
Asa result, the mill owners were brought 
to realize that they were pursuing a very 
short-sighted policy in stripping their 
woodlands. Their attention was called 
to the fact that the Spruce of the East- 
ern States was rapidly disappearing, 
and that while only a small part of the 
capital of a paper mill was invested in 
woodlands, the enormously valuable 
water powers and plants would be use- 
less without the raw material. 

From this meeting dated the first ac- 
tion on the part of the paper mills of 
this country looking toward the adop- 
tion of scientific management for their 
timber lands. 

When the various mills were com- 
bined in the International Paper Com- 
pany, Mr. A. N. Burbank was placed at 


the head of the woodlands department. 
He instructed the writer of this article 
(as forester for the company) to exam- 
ine, first of all, the woodlands of New 
Hampshire, to report on the stand of 
Spruce, rate of growth, and the best 
method of lumbering to insure a supply 
of wood for the future. Some 100,000 
acres owned by the company, in the 
vicinity of the White Mountains, were 
first explored. 

The stand of Spruce was determined 
by valuation and surveys, the strip 
method being used, and all trees down 
to 5 inchescallipered. Then the rate of 
growth was determined and a prelimi- 
nary working plan made for the whole 
tract. 

This limited the cutting of Spruce to 
12 inches, ‘‘ breast high,” or 14 inches 
on the stump, which was found to be 
the same thing and much easier for the 
choppers to understand. The writer 


1899. 


realizes perfectly that cutting in all cases 
to 14 inches is by no means the best 
policy, but it is far better than stripping 
the land, and was adopted only as a 
temporary measure until men could be 
trained to mark the timber which should 
becut. This working plan was submit- 
ted to Mr. Burbank, who thought favor- 
ably of it, and ordered that in all new 
contracts the cutting of Spruce should 
be limited to 14 inches. 

At the same time Mr. Burbank, after 
consulting with Mr. Gifford Pinchot, 
‘Chief of the Division of Forestry, made 
application to the division for detailed 
working plans for over 300,000 acres of 
timber land. Thus two very important 
points were gained. 

The first detailed working plan is be- 
ang completed for a very fine tract of 
about 24,000 acres. A forest ranger will 
be employed to mark all the trees which 
are to be cut, superintend the work of 
the contractor, see that the cutting is 
carefuily done, that all the conditions of 
the contract are fulfilled, and in the dry 
season to guard against fire. 

The mature and dying Spruce will be 
cut first wherever possible, and the Fir 
an all cases to 5 inches, which is the 
smallest size the mills can well handle. 
‘The cbject in cutting the Fir to 5 inches 
as to remove the seed trees as soon as 
possible, and thus guard against its won- 
derful power of regeneration, as in many 
‘cases it would crowd out the Spruce. 

Fir alone will not make good pulp, 
and gives satisfactory results only when 
united with Spruce, 15 per per cent of 
Fir being the usual allowance. 

In New Hampshire, the Spruce grow- 
ing well up on the sides of the moun- 
tains must be clean cut, for any timber 
which is left blows down and is a dead 
loss. But in Maine, New York and Ver- 
mont this will not always be a necessity, 
as the mountains are not so steep, and 
the Spruce secures a firmer hold on the 
soil. A few mills use a small per cent of 
Hemlock in mixture with Spruce, but 
generally itis nevercut. No other wood 
is used for pulp to any extent, so the 
supply of Spruce must be depended 
apon. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


135 


The hardwoods, with the exception of 
in a few localities, have no value at 
present. The Spruce, in a mixed growth 
of hardwood, is always of a superior 
quality, has a fairly favorable seed bed 
and is protected from heavy winds. If 
the stand of hardwood is not too dense 
it is allowed to remain, but if it is sup- 


. pressing the Spruce and preventing re- 


generation the stumpage is sold. 

In land where a heavy stand of Spruce 
has been clean cut, White Birch is now 
coming up. This has a ready sale in 
many sections for bobbin and peg wood, 
and may be utilized in future years by 
the paper mills. 

The waste of good pulp wood through 
present methods of lumbering is enor- 
mous. Lumbermen have been accus- 
tomed for many years to get out saw 
logs alone, and are very slow to change 
their system of cutting and learn that a 
paper mill can use a great deal of wood 
which a sawmill would not accept. So 
they continue to top the logs at 7 or 8 
inches, thereby losing an average of 18 
feet, B. M., per tree, which they could 
have saved by running the top up to 5 
inches. They also chop the stumps 
about 2 feet above where they could be 
sawed, thus wasting 20 feet, B. M., per 
thee: 

To guard against this waste our con- 
tracts will specify that the timber shall 
be run up to 5 inches in the tops, and 
the stumps sawed as close to the ground 
as possible. 

The aim of the company is to have 
woodlands tributary to each mill with a 
sufficient stand of Spruce to furnish its 
annual supply of logs or pulp wood for 
all time, cutting to 10, 12 or 14 inches, 
as the case may be, and on a fixed rota- 
tion. The International Paper Company 
owns or controls at present about 
1,000,000 acres of Spruce land, which 
will be operated eventually under this 
system, thus setting a good example to 
other owners of Spruce land, by adopt- 
ing forestry methods in the management 
of their own woodlands. 

E. M. GRIFFITH, 
Forester for the International Paper Com- 
pany. 


THE FORESTER. - 


June, 


Recent Legislation. 


New York. 


A bill was introduced in the Assembly 
at Albany, authorizing Governor Roose- 
velt to appoint a state commission to 
confer with a like commission from the 
State of New Jersey as to means of pre- 
serving the Palisades of the Hudson. In- 
calculable damage has been done in the 
destruction of historic landmarks, and 
besides the voluminous protests on this 
score by historical societies and individ- 
uals, there have been additional remon- 
strances from adjacent land-owners. The 
face of the Palisades has been blasted 
away in a number of places by gigantic 
charges of dynamite, for the purpose of 
securing stone blocks for street paving 
purposes. After years of remonstrances, 
the matter has reached the attention of 
the State law-makers. 

Governor Roosevelt has named the fol- 
lowing as members of the commission to 
represent the State of New York: Enoch 
C. Bell, of Nyack; Waldo G. Morse, of 
Yonkers ; and James R. Croes, of Yon- 
kers. 


New Jersey. 


Governor Voorhees has appointed the 
following commission to make an exami- 
nation into the facts and report a plan of 
procedure for the perpetuation of the 
Palisades: Franklin W. Hopkins, of Al- 
pine; William A. Linn, of Hackensack; 
S. Wood McClave, of Edgewater; Eliza- 
beth B. Vermily, of Englewood, and Ce- 
cilia Gaines, of Jersey City. This com- 
mission will work in conjunction with the 
New York commission appointed by Gov- 
ernor Roosevelt. 


California. 


The bills creating a Commission of 
Forestry and a Commissioner of Irriga- 
tion in California, having failed of Gov- 
ernor Gage’s approval after passing the 
Legislature, have been carried into effect, 
notwithstanding, by the prompt action 
of the California Water and Forest So- 
ciety, which initiated and secured the 


favorable legislative action on the sub- 
ject. 

Though official sanction has been with- . 
held, it is proposed to carry out the full 
intent of the measures under the volun- 
tary supervision of this society. The first 
subject to be considered has been the 
raising of funds to insure successful ef- 
forts. With financial support assured, 
the working of the plan is expected to 
demonstrate the necessity for these offi- 
cials in the State. 


The Commission of Forestry appointed 
by the society consists of Prof. E. W. 
Hilgard, of the University of California; 
Prof. Dudley, of Stanford University; 
Abbot Kinney, of Los Angeles; Warren 
Olney, Sr., of San Francisco; and Geo. 
Fowle, of Placer County. The Commis- 
sioner of Irrigation is Prof. Geo. David- 
son. 


The legislation which failed officially, 
but will thus become operative in fact, ~ 
provided for the appointment of the offi- 
cials named to serve without pay; that 
the Commissioner of Irrigation should 
co-operate with the United States Geo- 
logical Survey in preparing surveys, es- 
timates, etc., for sites for storage reser- 
voirs for impounding waters for mining, 
agricultural and industrial uses; that re- 
ports be made on the feasibility, etc., of 
such reservoirs and irrigating systems 
and that the Commission of Forestry 
should devise a means of protecting the 
forests of the State from destruction by 
fire or wanton depredations, and recom- 
mend means for preserving the forests 
and of storing and distributing the flood 
waters of the State. — 


It is realized that the commissioners 
can do little more in two years than ac- 
quire information, ina field that requires 
a vastamount of investigation, and form- 
ulate recommendations for further prog- 
ress. This the California Water and 
Forest Society proposes to do. 

In behalf of Governor Gage it is said 
that he gave his hearty support to both 
of the two measures introduced, but that. 


1899. 


neither of them reached him officially 
until after final adjournment had been 
made, without having an appropriation 
attached. 


Massachusetts. 


The bill providing for the codification 
and amendment of the laws relating to 
the preservation of trees was taken up 
by the Massachusetts Legislature on an 
amendment proposed to strike out the 
provision requiring towns to elect tree 
wardens. The amendment was rejected, 
the mover being the only one to vote in 


its favor. The final vote in favor of the 
bill was unanimous, 104 votes being 
cast. 


The Metropolitan Park Commission 
bill was signed by Governor Wolcott on 
Mays 27. he bill provides-an ap- 
propriation of $500,000 for additional 
roadways and boulevards. 

The forest survey measure has failed 
in Massachusetts. 


Minnesota. 


A review of the work accomplished in 
Minnesota shows that a distinct and grat- 
ifying advance was made by the legisla- 
ture, in the section just closed, in legis- 
lation looking to forest preservation. An 
appropriation of $20,000 was made to ex- 
tend the area of Itasca State Park over 
the contiguous timber lands. To round 
out this forest park, at the summit sources 
of the Mississippi, it is necessary to ac- 
quire about 8,000 acres, and if the ap- 
propriation, half of which is to be ex- 
pended this year and half next, does not 
go far enough, the attorney-general is 
authorized to secure an option for a term 
of two years on other desirable lands. 

The Cross forestry act was passed. It 
creates a forestry board, consisting of the 
chief fire warden, the professor of horti- 
culture at the State agricultural college, 
three persons to be named by the regents 
of the State university, and four to be 
recommended by the forestry association, 
the State agricultural society, the horti- 
cultural society and the State game and 
fish commission. Forestry reserves are 

created to consist of such State lands as 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


 Sii/ 


may be set apart for the purpose or which 
may be deeded by private owners or 
granted by the United States Govern- 
ment. The care and management of 
these reserves is vested in the forestry 
board. 

It is hardly necessary to restate other 
provisions of the bill relating to the dis- 
position of the income from these lands, 
or to the comprehensive duties imposed 
upon the board of reforesting denuded 
lands, foresting waste lands, preventing 
the destruction of forests by fire, admin- 
istering forests on forestry principles, the 
conservation of forests about the head- 
waters of rivers, etc., because all these 
provisions are practically rendered nuga- 
tory for the present by the failure of the 
legislature to make any appropriation to 
carry them out. An appropriation of 
$1,000 annually is made for the actual 
expenses of the forestry board. As the 
St. Paul Pioneer Press says, not much 
can be done with so small a sum, but it 
is doubtless considered the thin edge of 
a wedge which is to be hammered home 
in future sessions of the legislature. 


Wisconsin. 

The Wisconsin legislature, after con- 
sidering the advisability of taking effect- 
ive measures to protect the forest inter- 
ests of the State, finally defeated, on 
May 2, the bill providing for a commis- 
sioner of forestry at a salary of $2,500 
a year, and a number of deputy com- 
missioners. The sum of $15,000 was 
estimated for their total salaries and 
expenses. 


Michigan. 


A bill was brought before the State 
Senate providing for the creation of a per- 
manent forestry commission, which is to 
consist of three members, one to be 
by chosen the Michigan State Agricul- 
tural Society, to serve six years; the 
second to be chosen by the Michigan 
State Horticultural Society, to serve four 
years, and the third to be chosen by the 
Michigan Academy of Science, to serve 
two years; the appointments to date from 
July 1, 1899, and at the expiration of their 


138 


several terms the successors of the mem- 
bers so chosen are to be selected in like 
manner, the term of office to be six years. 
The commission is to elect one of its mem- 
bers president, another member secre- 
tary, maintain an office and records in 
the Capitol at Lansing, and serve with- 
out compensation, but entitled to travel- 
ing and other expenses while on business 
relating to the work of the commission. 
The secretary may be paid such amount as 
the commission may determine, not to 
exceed $300 a year. The bill included 
five sections in amplification of the ob- 
jects intended, making its scope very 
comprehensive. By amendment the Gov- 
ernor was given the power of appointing 
the commission. The bill was put under 


THE FORESTER. 


June, 


the head of unfinished business, with 
good likelihood of final passage. Its 
main object is to get the movement well 
started now, to provide recommendations. 
for future legislatures to act upon. 41 

The bill has been passed by the 
House and Senate, and has gone to the 
Governor. 


Golpeao: 


The Colorado legislature has passed 
the Beaman game bill, which had been 
under consideration for some time. Gov- 
ernor Thomas promptly attached his sig- 
nature, and reappointed Game Commis- 
sioner T. H. Johnson, whom the new law 
deposed. 
comprehensive. 


Oa et RR de ws SSE 


A LUMBER SCENE IN 


This spot is one of the most picturesque 
in California. The mill is kept scrupu- 
lously clean in order to avoid any fire 
possibilities. Fifty men are employed 
during the active season of seven months 
in the year. The lumber from the mill 
is hauled on cars for a distance of two 
miles and then carried to the summit of 
the mountain by a cable road 3,600 feet 
long, climbing an elevation of 1,200 
feet. At the summit of the ridge the man- 
ufactured lumber is stored, says Wood 
and Tron, and teamed from there to any 
designated point. 


SAN MATEO CO., CAL. 


The frequency of forest fires in Penn- 
sylvania has led to the employment of 
detectives to ferret out the malefactors. 
Three arrests were made in Franklin: 
County, and similar efforts are in pro- 
gress in Lebanon County. 


Forest fires raged in various parts of 


Mexico during May, destroying growing 
crops and valuable timber. Many of the 
fires were of incendiary origin. 


The bill is very lengthy and 


oe ee et 


oe 


1899. 


Pie FORESTER. 
A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 


Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 
Tue ForesTER is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon. James Witson, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 
No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed, 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. 


The special summer meeting of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association will be held at Los 
Angeles, Cal., July 19 and 20, A large number 
of prominent members of the Association have 
signified their intention of being present, and 
it is believed that the meeting will be one of 
the most interesting and enthusiastic of recent 
years. A number of papers on live topics will 
be read, further announcement of which will 
be made early next month. The leading papers 
read will be published in the August number 
of THE ForRESTER. 

— 

The attention of all readers of THE FoRESTER 
who are desirous of possessing a complete li- 
brary on the subject of forestry is called to the 
several notices inserted in the advertising pages 
of the present issue. 

Tue increasing public interest in the sub- 
ject of Forestry is evidenced frequently in 
letters to THe Forester, approving of the 
work of this Association and its magazine. In 
a recent letter, one of the best-posted forest 
experts in the West says: ‘‘I am proud of 
the good work done by the American Forestry 
Association, We are now beginning to see 
the practical results of an intelligent agitation 

f the forestry problem. The National Gov- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


139 


ernment and a number of States have taken 
advanced steps in behalf of forestry. But 
there is need of still greater work in the- 
economic reform, both West and East.” 


SaaS aS 
Life Tlember. 


Roswell Pettibone Flower, former Governor- 
of New York State, and a life member of the 
American Forestry Association, died sud- 
denly at the Eastport Country Club, Long 
Island, N. Y., on the evening of May 12, The 
cause of his death was acute indigestion,. 
which induced heart failure. 

Mr. Flower was born in Theresa, Jefferson 
County, N. Y., on August 7, 1835, the fourth 
of seven sons of Nathan Flower, a manufac- 
turer. 

Spending hisearly days on a farm, and in his 
father’s wool-carding establishment, he was suc- 
cessively a store clerk, school teacher, deputy 
postmaster, and jeweler, until 18€9. Ten years 
later on the death of his brother-in-law, Henry 
Keep, President of the New York Central 
Railroad, ‘the latter’s personal estate came un- 
der Mr. Flower’s management and brought 
him into the financial circles of the metropolis. 

Mr Flower was prominent in the Democratic 
party, representing the Watertown District 
in the Forty-seventh, Forty-eighth and Forty 
ninth Congress, In 18g9t he was elected Gov- 
ernor of New York. He refused to consider a 
renomination, and became a special partner in 
the firm of Flower & Co. in Wall Street. He 
became interested in great financial uncertak- 
ings, in which he made himself a powerful 
factor. 

In 1859 Mr. Flower married Sarah M. Wood- 
ruff, who survives him, with one daughter, 
Emma Gertrude, the wife of John B, Taylor. 

The funeral was held May 15 from his New 


York City home at 597 Fifth Avenue. Services 
were held at St. Thomas Episcopal Church, of 
which Mr. Flower had been a warden for maby 


years, and interment was made the next day at 
Watertown, N. Y. 


SME 


THE FORESTER. 


A Steady Advance. 


140 June, 


During the past month seventy annual members and two life members have — 


been elected to membership in the American Forestry Association. These latest ad- 
vocates of forest conservation represent twenty-five different States, giving very 
conclusive and gratifying evidence of the spread of interest in the subject of for- 
estry in America. 

Life lembers. 


Emily L. Osgood, 57 Bay State Road, Boston, Mass, 
Charles Lathrop Pack, Cleveland, Ohio. 


Annual [lembers. 


J. H. Barber, Paso Robles, Cal. 

F. R. Barrett, Box 616, Portland, Maine. 

Dr. Cheves Beville, Winfield, Ark, 

Charles E. Bigelow, 1800 Santa Barbara St., 
Santa Barbara, Cal. 

H. P. Bowditch, Jamaica Plain, Mass. 

W. J. Brennan, Calispell, Mont. 

L. C. Bridget, Little Shasta, Cal. 

Frank W. Brovks, 28 Inman St., Cambridge, 
Mass. 

W. H. Buntain, Santa Fe, N. M. 

Turner Buswell, Solon, Maine. 

J. 1. Campbell, Houston, Tex. 

J. M. Coburn, Adobe Walls, Tex. 

Miss Helen Collamore, 317 Commonwealth 
Avenue, Boston, Mass. 

C. A. Colmore, Santa Monica, Cal, 

Uriel N. Crocker, 247 Commonwealth Ave- 
nue, Bostcn, Mass. 

Rufus H. Darby, Hickory Hill, Fairfax 
County, Va. 

J. W. Davis, Porterville, Cal. 

Henry M. Dunlap, Savoy, Ill. 

Morton J. Elrod, University of Montana, 
Missoula, Mont. 

William Engel, Bangor, Me. 

Charles Fitzenreiter, Lake Charles, La. 

David B. Flint, 360 Commonwealth Avenue, 
Boston, Mass. 

Alfred Gaskill, 4309 Springfield Avenue, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 

Benj. S. C. Gifford, Fall River, Mass. 

L. A. Goodman, Westport, Mo. 

C. A. Goodyear, Tomah, Wis. 

A, A. Grant, Albuquerque, N. M. 

Gilbert H. Grosvenor, Amherst, Mass. 

Andrew S. Hallidie, 1032 Washington St., 
San Francisco, Cal. 

William Herring, Tucson, Ariz, 

Robert P. Hill, U. S. Geological Survey, 
Washington, D. C. 

Lee G. Howell, ‘‘Grasmere,’’ Kouts, Ind. 

Miss Marian C. Jackson, 88 Marlborough St., 
Boston, Mass. 

Thomas W. Jones, Great Falls, Mont. 

John L. Kaul, Hollins, Clay Co., Ala. 

John H. Kirby, Houston, Tex. 


Prof, Charles R. Lanman (Harvard Univer- 
sity), 9 Farrar St., Cambridge, Mass. 

William E. Leftiingwell, Glen Springs, Wat- 
kins, N. Y. 

A. Liliencrantz, 359 Telegraph Ave., Oak- 
land, Cal. 

Seth Marshall, San Bernardino, Cal. 

Albert Matthews, 145 Beacon Street, Boston, 
Mass. 

George H. Maxwell, 801 Claus Spreckles 
Building, San Francisco, Cal. 

Elizabeth Meagher (Mrs. T. F. Meagher), 
Southfield, Orange Co., New York. 

Heloise Meyer, Hamilton, Mass. 

Morrison—Reeves Library, Richmond, Ind. 

William H, Niles, Cambridge. Mass. 

Warren Olney, 101 Sansome St., San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

J. E. Payne, Cheyenne Wells, Colo. 

Pasadena and Mt. Lowe Railway Com- 
pany, J. S. Torrane, General Manager, Echo 
Mountain, Cal. 

James W.Pinchot, 2 Gramercy Park, New 
York City. 

Mrs. James W. Pinchot, 2 Gramercy Park, 
New York City. 

Amos R, Eno Pinchot, 2 Gramercy Park, 
New York City. 

Charles A. Platt, 107 East 27th Street, New 
York City. 

Prof, R. H. Price, College Station, Tex. 

Louis E. K. Robson, 242 Madison St., Mal- 
den, Mass, 

B. Schlesinger, Brookline, Mass. 

P. M. Shelley, Cliff, N. M. 

Danie] Smieley, Mohonk Lake, N. Y. 

Hugh N. Starnes, University of Georgia, 
Athens, Ga, 

John Keim Stauffer, Reading, Pa. 

Walter Sutton, 2514 Sacramento Street, San 
Francisco, Cal. 

William W. Thomas, 1841 2 Middle St., Port- 
land, Me. 

Edward R. Warren, Walnut Place, Brook- 
line, Mass, 

J. B. Weber, Bitter Root Forest Reserve, 
Hamilton, Mont. 


a eg Et 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


141 


Annual Members—Continued. 


Wendell M. Weston, Room 811, 53 State St., 
Boston, Mass. 

J. M. Wilson, Secretary State Board of Ir- 
tigation, Lincoln, Neb. 

C. M. Winslow, Brandon, Vt. 


_Jos. Worcester, 1030 Valley St., San Fran- 
cisco, Cal. 

A. Wormser, Wormser City, Sweetgrass Co., 
Mont, 

P.K. Yonge, Pensacola, Florida. 


Choirs AND CLIPS: 


‘‘Pitch Pine continues in capital de- 
mand” in London. 


The agitation in the West for reforest- 
ing denuded slopes and waste lands isa 
hopeful sign for forest conservation. 


Large quantities of Mahogany are 
being brought from the tropics to Balti- 
more, Md., for finishing. 


Mahogany is said to have been brought 
to England by Sir Walter Raleigh in 
1595, but not to have come into general 
use till 1720. 


President McKinley has issued the 
necessary instructions to secure the ad- 
mission of common Pine lumber into 
Cuba free of duty. 


Ten carloads of Black Walnut logs 
were sold recently in Kentucky for ex- 
port abroad, principally to London, Glas- 
gow and Hamburg. 


A new railroad being constructed from 
Hattiesburg to Jackson, Miss., will open 
for development a very resourceful sec- 
tion. The line runs for miles through 
the virgin Pine forests. 


The United States has about 450,000, - 
ooo acres of forest, but this is being 
rapidly depleted by the axe and by de- 
structive fires. The Government is now 
investigating means to prevent or control 
the latter. 


Two thousand acres of timber lands, 
covered with Fir and Cedar, in Skagit 
County, Washington, have been sold to 
Michigan capitalists for $36,000. It is 
said that the timber will not be cut for 


marketing, but simply held as an invest- 
ment. 


The area and cost of the park landsin 
Des Moines, Iowa, is computed as fol- 
lows: West Des Moines, 340 acres at 
an average cost of $330 an acre; East 
Des Moines, 112.55 acres at an average 
of $364 an acre. 


Eighty-three thousand acres of Pine 
timber lands, near Pine Bluff, Ark., have 
been sold for lumbering purposes at an 
aggregate price of over half a million 
dollars, This is said to be the largest 
business deal of the kind in the history 
of this section. 


It is encouraging to note that the New 
York State College of Forestry has suc- 
ceeded in planting with valuable tree 
growths the first fifty acres of burned 
lands. The college expects to plant every 
year at least 500 acres. This is the first 
encouraging step toward reclaiming the 
losses caused by forest fires. 

The ‘‘Christmas Tree’””—Evergreen— 
has been adopted by the school children 
of Montana, by a popular vote, as the 
State tree. Much enthusiasm was dis- 
played in the consideration of the sub- 
ject, and the selection was made with 
practical unanimity. 


An evidence of the fact that all the big 
timber of the country does not come from 
the Pacific Coast is found in a recent 
letter to the editor of Tue Forester. 
The writer tells of his firm cutting four 
pieces of timber twenty-two by twenty- 
four inches and sixty feet long, out of 
White Pine. This timber was rafted 
from Michigan the full length of the tree 


142 


and cut as wanted, at Cleveland, Ohio, 
for track scales. 


The forest area of all the British pos- 
sessions in America is estimated at about 
800,000,000 acres. The settler has cut 
his way into the fringe of the vast wood- 
land, but his depredations are nothing as 
compared with the terrific scourge of fire 
which has rampaged through it at dif- 
ferent times. 


The historic White Pine forests of Penn- 
sylvania are so near extinction that, ac- 
cording to a careful estimate, the total 
standing timber of this kind in the entire 
State is barely 400 million feet. The 
larger part of this timber is in five tracts, 
the residue being in small and scattered 
lots. 


Black Walnut has become so valuable 
in Indiana that those who are cutting 
timber of that kind there are exercising 
great care and economy in the work. 
Each tree is cut off at the root, in order 
to save every bit of timber in the stump. 
Lumber which was considered almost 
worthless a féw years ago is now being 
worked into costly veneers. 


Los Angeles, Cal., gets its great elec- 
tric power and electric lights: from elec- 
tricity generated by mountain streams, 
eighty-five miles west of that city. About 
40 or 50 per cent of the power generated 
by the water wheel is carried the eighty- 
five miles in the form of electrical energy. 
This is a very high per cent to be ob- 
tained from so long a line. 


In quoting the sale of the Black Wal- 
nut grove at Cassopolis, Mich., from the 
May Forester, the Conservative says: 
‘‘ For forty years we have been actively 
exhorting people to plant Walnuts in 
Nebraska, and besides practicing what 
we preach, we have several hundred fine 
Black Walnut trees to show in demon- 
stration of our theories. On a farm near 
Dunbar we have nearly two hundred 
trees, which will average five feet in cir- 
cumference and are worth nearly as much 


THE FORESTER. 


June. 


as.a whole quarter section of ordinary 
unimproved Otoe County land. Plant 
Walnuts.” 


All the White Oak timber on a tract of 
50,000 acres, in Washington County, 
Mississippi, about 140 miles south of 
Memphis, Tenn , has been sold to a firm 
in Vienna, Austria. There is much val- 
uable timber of other kinds on the tract, 
and the sale includes the White Oak 
only. The money consideration is esti- 
mated at $25,000 at the least, and pos- 
sibly more than double this amount. 


An unfortunate circumstance which re- 
tards the advancement of irrigation plans 
in the West is the inconstant interest of 
a large part of the general public. There 
has been found to be tumultuous interest 
in the plan, asin 1873, after lack of water 
has caused inconvenience and suffering. 
Last year there was a sudden interest in 
the water resources of the State. The re- 
sult this year is said to depend largely 
upon whether there will be ‘‘a good year” 
or not. 


A White Oak tree which was recently 
cut down in Knox County, Ind., is said 
to have been one of the largest of the 
kind ever cut in that section. It meas- 
ured eight feet four inches at the butt, 
fifty-three inches at the small end, scaled. 
7,867 feet and made four twelve foot logs. 
After being cut the tree was rolled to: 
White River, where it was loaded on a 
barge. It»was then taken to Mount Car- 
mel, Ill., rolled to side track and loaded 
two logs toacar. The heart of each of 
the logs was the size of a silver dollar. 


Six hundred million feet of standing 
timber on the coast between Norfolk, Va., 
and Charleston, S. C., has been acquired 
by a new corporation, chartered under 
the laws of Virginia, with the title of the 
«Atlantic Coast LumberCompany.”’ Itis 
legally authorized to do almost anything 
in the timber and mineral line, and is 
permitted by its charter to acquire one 
million acres of land. It is said that it 
will practically control the lumber trade 


| 
| 


1899. 


of the coast from Charleston to Boston. 
Most of the incorporators are Eastern 
capitalists. The minimum capital, one 
million dollars, may be increased to 


twenty millions. 


The increasing need of forest conser- 
vation is emphasized by a recent dispatch 
from Memphis, Tenn., toa leading trade 
journal, saying: ‘‘ The only trouble is 
the shortage of timber, which continues, 
and is likely to become an ag geravated 
evil, instead of diminishing.”” The wood- 
man’s axe is a powerful educator, but the 
trouble lies in the fact that the knowledge 
is usually acquired when it is too late to 
take advantage of it. 


In Nebraska the evergreen trees, es- 
pecially exotic conifers, like the Siberian, 
Japanese and Chinese Arborvite, have 
been very generally injured, and in many 
cases killed, by the severity of the past 
Winter. White Pines, Scotch Pines, 
and other varieties, which went into the 
Winter with their roots very dry, have 
suffered in some counties where old and 
mature trees, as well as young trees, have 
been killed. The question is now being 
asked there why the past Winter caused 
this great loss, when the trees had es- 
Caped .it in all the previous severe 
seasons. 


Forest Fires. 


Destructive forest fires were reported 
as raging about Canaan and Averill, Vt., 
during the middle of May. A wide ter- 
ritory was burned over and thousands of 
cords of wood were destroyed. - The loss 
amounts to some thousands of dollars. 
A large crowd of men were engaged for 
several days in fighting the fires both day 


and night. 


A disastrous timber fire occurred on 
April 18 between Pestletown and Water- 
ford, N. Y. A thousand acres of trees 
were burned through a brush-pile fire 
started on a farm. 


One of the largest forest fires ever ex- 
perienced in that section started near 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


143 


Bohemia Village, N. Y., during the mid- 
dle of April. After burning all day, the 
flames swept toward the village at night, 
endangering many houses on the out- 
skirts of the place. By great vigilance 
and energetic work the flame ss were kept 
back, women and children joining the 
men in fighting the fire. 


During the latter part of May a big 
forest fire was reported near Port Re- 
public, N. J. It had its origin in a small 
fire kindled to consume a mass of rub- 
bish, but finally spread beyond control 
and burned over a large area. Fortu- 
nately the fire burned away from the 
village and did no damage to houses 
there. 


e¢——— _ —- 


Educational. 


The Franklin Forestry Society was or- 
ganized on Arbor Day, April 22, at 
Chambersburg, Pa , to create a more gen- 
eral interest in the subject of forestry in 
that immediate neighborhood. The offi- 
cers for the current year are: President, 
Alvin B. Kuhn; Secretary, W. G. Bow- 
ers; Treasurer, E. H. Keefer. Much in- 
terest has been manifested in the work 
already undertaken. 


The subject of tree-planting will be 
prominently considered at the Summer 
meeting of the Missouri State Horticul- 
tural Society, at Peirce City, Mo., June 
6, 7 and 8. The meeting will be held 
under the direction of the South West 
Fruit Growers’ Co-operative Union, and 
special arrangements have been made for 
accommodating visitors from a peranee. 
Among the papers to be read are: ‘‘ De- 
ciduous Trees for Street and a,” if 
M. Irvine, St. Joseph, Mo.; ‘‘Ornamen- 
tal Planting” (with stereopticon views), 
Prof. J. C. Whitten, Columbia, Mo.; 
‘¢ The Business of Planting Orchards,” 
J. E. Thompson, Windsor, Mo. 


Association 
Mich., to 
and 


The Michigan Hemlock 
has been formed at Saginaw, 
better the conditions of that trade, 
secure uniformity of grading, et 


144 


THE FORESTER. 


June, 


Recent Publications. 


A primer of forestry, soon to be published 
by the Division of Forestry of the Department 
of Agriculture, will consist of two small cloth- 
bound volumes profusely illustrated. Part I, 
entitled ‘‘The Forest,’ may be expected to 
appear during the month of June. It will 
treat of the units which compose the forest, 
of its character as an organic whole, and of 
its enemies. Part II will be entitled ‘‘ Prac- 
tical Forestry,” and will deal with the practice 
of forestry, with work in the woods, with the 
relations of the forests to the water and the 
streams, and will conclude with a brief descrip- 
tion of forestry at home and abroad. The in- 
tention in preparing these two little volumes 
has been to make so simple a statement of the 
essential facts in forestry that it could be used 
in the schools while at the same time retaining 
enough of general interest to warrant its circu- 
lation among all classes of readers. A more 
detailed review of Part I will appear in the 
next number of THE FORESTER. 


The Maine Agricultural Experiment Station 
has sent out two bulletins—No. 51, ‘‘ Feeding 
Stuff Inspection,” and No. 52, ‘‘Spraying of 
Plants.” The first-named contains the analyses 
of the samples of feeding stuffs collected by the 
station inspectors during the past winter. Bul- 
letin 52 tells why spraying is necessary; when, 
how and what to spray and where the neces- 
sary apparatus can be obtained. Bulletins will 
be sent to all who apply to the Agricultural 
Experiment Station, Orono, Me. In writing, 
please mention THE ForesTeER. 


The Maine Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion, at Orono, will shortly make an investi- 
gation into the kinds of weeds contained in 
agricultural seeds sold in that State. Samples 
of seeds sent in before June 15 will be ex- 
amined free of charge and a report returned. 


The Kentucky Agricultural Experiment Sta- 
tion, Lexington, has just issued Bulletin No. 80, 
treating of ‘‘Some Pests Likely to be Dis- 
seminated from Nurseries,’ and ‘‘The Nur- 
sery Inspection Law.” There has also been 
issued Bulletin No. 81, describing a method of 
avoiding lettuce-rot, and a review of potato 
scab experiments. 


The New Hampshire College Agricultural 
Experiment Station, at Durham, has issued 
Bulletin 64 on ‘‘ The Forest Tent Caterpillar.” 
This isa very interesting and valuable treatise, 
by Clarence M. Weed, showing the life-history, 
habits, description of the life stages, food 
plants, abundance, and injuries of these de- 
structive creatures. Their various names, 
natural enemies among birds, insects, and 
spiders, and the remedial measures suggested, 
complete the bulletin. Many illustrations are 
included, 

The Experiment Station of the Utah Agri- 
cultural College, at Logan, has issued Bulletin 
No. 59, on ‘‘ Utah Sugar Beets in 1898.” The 
subject is reviewed in detail, with an intro- 
duction by Director Luther Foster, including 
sugar factory conditions in Utah, sources for 
market, relation of the water supply, localities 
interested and conditions suitable for the in- 
dustry. Bulletin mailed free on request. 


The same station has also issued a folder on 
‘‘Spraying,” containing the most important 
facts regarding the chief injurious insects and 
fungous diseases of the fruits of Utah, with 
directions for their treatment, compiled from. 
the latest results obtained in this and other 
stations in combatting them. This bulletin is 
published especially for use in the field by 
those who spray, and will besent upon request. 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882, 


INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 
Hon, JAMes Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
first Vice President, Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNow. F, H. NEWELL, 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer. 
GeorGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Directors, 
JAMEs WILSON, CHARLES C, BINNEY, Epwarp A. Bowers. FREDERICK V, CovILLE, 
B. E. FERNow. HENRY GANNETT, ARNOLD HAGUE, F, H. NEweELt1. 
GEORGE W. McLAnAHAN, GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P, WHITTLESEY, 


Vice Presidents, 


Sir H.G. Joy pE LoTsinizreE, Pointe Platon, Wo. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
Quebec. Joun GiFForD, Princeton, N. J. 

CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. Epwarp F., Hosart, Santa Fe, N. M. 
CHARLES Monr, Mobile, Ala, WarrEN Hictey, New York, N. Y. 
D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. Hoimess, Raleigh, N. C. 
Tuomas C. McRag, Prescott, Ark. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
AssotT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. REUBEN H. Warper, North Bend, Ohio 
E. T. Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo, WiLiiaM T, LiTTLe, Perry, Okla. 
RosBert Brown, New Haven, Conn. E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 
Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RorHrock, West Chester, Pa. 
A. V. CLusss, Pensacola, Fla. H. G. Russet, E. Greenwich, R. I. 
R. B. RepparD, Savannah, Ga. H. A. Green, Chester, S. C. 
J. M. Cou.rer, Chicago, Ill. Tuomas T, WricutT, Nashville, Tenn. 
James Troor, Lafayette, Ind. W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 
Tuos. H. MacBripE, Iowa City, Iowa, C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. 
J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. REDFIELD Procror, Proctor, Vt. 
Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. Noursg, Blacksburg, Va. 
Lewis Jounson, New Orleans, La. Epmunp S, MEAny, Seattle, Wash. 

oHN W. GARRETT, Baltimore, Md. A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. 

ouN E. Hopsss, North Berwick, Me. H, C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 

. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. E.Lwoop Meap, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

. J. Beat, Agricultural College, Mich. GrorcE W. McLANAHAN, Washington, D.C 

C. C. ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 
WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Wo. Litre, Montreal, Quebec. 


CHARLES E, Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Lieut. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 


The object of this Association is to promote : 
1, A more rational and conservative treatment of the forest resources of this continent. 
2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to promote 
this object. 
3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and renewal of 
forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper utilization of forest 
products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate subjects of arboriculture. 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, as well as 
are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth. 


THE FORESTER. 


THE INCREASING INTEREST 


in the history of American forests and the efforts that have been made 


for their conservation, development, and use, has led THE ForRESTER to 


secure, for the benefit of its readers, a number of complete sets of the 


“Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress” and 
‘Proceedings of the American Forestry Association” 


covering a period from December, 1888, to December, 1897. These 
issues include many valuable papers on forestry as read at the various 
annual meetings throughout the country during the years named, 


including the sessions in 


WASHINGTON, QUEBEC, ATLANTA, GA., BROOKLYN, N. Y., 
SPRINGFIELD, MASS,, ASHEVILLE, N. C., NASHVILLE, TENN., and the 
WORLD'S FAIR CONGRESS IN 1893. 


Those who desire a complete library to keep pace with the rapidly 
advancing interest in forestry can hardly afford to be without these 
valuable pamphlets. The complete series, covering the years named, 
will be sent postpaid to any address in the United States at the 
following prices: 


In one large volume 


Handsomely bound in red cloth, with gilt lettering 


and re-enforced corners j : : $2.00 
Just as durably but less ornately, ingreen . 1.75 | 


THE Forester will endeavor to supply separate pamphlets upon application, 


at auniform price of 25 cents, whenever complets sets will not be broken thereby) 


For any further information address 


FWHE POR Sah ice 


WASHINGTON Ve eo 


Kindly mention THE ForEsTeEr in writing. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


H. J. KOKEN C. P. HANCOCK 


ye mee NY : 
iP AU cnavin - 


Os. Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 


~ i 
S 
i ya 


: 
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| 


Brass and Metal Signs 


Rubber Stamps 
..- LIMES BUILDING... 


TENTH STREET AND PENNA. AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


WO dele Y¥. SCEROOTL, 


At BILIMORE ‘N.C. 


For circular and information apply to 


GA. SCHENCK, Ph.D; 


Forester to the BILTMORE | 


Kindly mention THE ForEsTER in writing. 


THE FORESEES 


IN RESPONSE TO NUMEROUS 
INQUIRIES... 


pAChe ae oreéetes 


Begs to announce that it has secured a small number of the early issues of this 


publication, as follows: 


Vol. l—The New Jersey Forester, 1895. 
Volvtl—The Forester 1ce0r 
Vole Hl see Pomester, 1ea7. 


These, with Vol. IV, 1898, and Vol. V, thm 
present year, constitute a library of great value 


to every one interested in forest conservation. 


For any information concerning the 


above, address 


ihe FRorester 


W ASHINGEON; eae 


Kindly mention Tue Forester in writing, 


ose 
ee 


P AEPUNCOIANIUN THe QUUTTWCG 


Vo. V. _ JULY, 1899. 


_ The Forester 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


devoted to the care and use of 
forests and forest trees and 


to related subjects. ANY 


The American Forestry Association. 


eee 
rae 


oy 
ee 


= SS 


= = Te - 


i 


i 


Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


i 


‘4 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D, C., as second class matter. 


BR Far rissaanrrm BE €Ftkte ® Ca es =m, eamena mn wm 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


REFORESTATION IN (CALIFORNIA ...-scccewonscceesorserssmatecersusesroentectoraesnoninceananetoonmanneneet KORE SD ICCEE Be 

NaturAs REFORESTATION IN THE SOUTHWEST ooo..0)o-cs-t-tevteestscesentecietenyecmtont osama oman Mf 
By the Special Agent of the ee of Forestry, Department of 
Agriculture. 

THE REDWOOD FOREST OF CALIFORNIA. Illustrated... eesnsccnesesceteccsnseneseeenseess nite 
By the Geographer of the United States Geological Survey. 

PDE VEREND OF) SLOUGH T acco ccicsfl ls cemnns pei aeececieaet be btesea pecan nn ORE ance oe Beas tata? ; 


A Hopeful Sign. 
Moderation in All Things. 

RESTORATION OF MOUNTAIN COVERING. Illustrated... sesessecsmessccescnnssesneenensesoees 
By the Vice-President of the Forest and Water Association of 
Los Angeles County, California. 

THE PROFESSION OF FORESTRY........0-0 rote leu tent ee se ond 2a ntl a RL MEL TAs a eR a 
By the Forester of the Department of Agriculture. 
With four illustrations of the famous Yale Elms. 

APPOINTMENTS OF STUDENT “ASSISTANTS: cent OS Oe eta ane 
Names of young men selected ee field ae a 

CONSERVATION AND /RESTORATION/ 00 (00 a Br RRC ANA LI ORAL BA 
The Proposed Leech Lake Forest Reserve, Minnesota. 
Lumbermen and Charcoal Makers. 
The Enthusiasm of Conviction. 
A Significant Showing. 


RECENT LEGISLATION! Soyo ae eS IB YU Ae eat SY Oe gs EO a ak CO 

New York. Michigan. Washington. 
Massachusetts. Minnesota. Canada. 
Pennsylvania.. Colorado. Nova Scotia. 

TUX CHANGE) NOTES 3 icc lie ceos sites oeadccane nese te net eset nUBOt aie ee oM a CGM SEE Sco ae NO OP 


The Trust That Failed. 
Wooden Pavements in Paris. 
REIGN OF THE SPIRE VAING.) 5 ilo CAO ie UB ee oto Re pS om ee boa EUG CI 
Forest Fires in Wachinetant | 
Forest Fires in Oregon. 
Swift Punishment of an Incendiary. 
LLCO END Ae Ae ee mT GteE Ans hb MLN doi drt GEN Ps LeU 
Special Announcement. 
Editorial Notes—Vols. I, II, and III. 
A Further Increase—New Members. 
Chips and Clips—News Items. 
Forest Fires in Many’ States, 
RECENT) PUBLICAWIONS Ua Mie cen 00S AA eae AES AES a Be 2 gi teat oe OCI AL 


THE FORESTER. 


ARE YOU INTERESTED... 


The American Forestry Association. 


Announcement of Summer Meetings. 
Los Angeles, Cal., July 19-20. 


The arrangements for this meeting are in the hands of Mr. 
_ Abbot Kinney, of Los Angeles, to whom inquiries ey be ad- 
dressed. 
It is expected that the President of the Association, Hon. 
_ James Wilson, Secretary of Agriculture, will preside at one 
_ or more sessions, and that papers will be read by Mr. F. H. 
_ Newell, Hydrographer of the Geological Survey, Mr. Gifford 
- Pinchot, Forester of the Agricultural Department, and others. 
Detailed announcements of the place and the hours of sessions 
_ will be published in the local papers. 
_ This meeting of the Association promises to be of peculiar 
_ importance. The deep and increasing interest in forest mat- 
_ ters which now pervades Southern California, the nearness of 
the San Gabriel, San Bernardino, and other forest reserves, to 
_ which excursions are being planned, the opportunity to in- 
r: 4g spect the results of the forest policy of the Government ina | 
region of very special interest in this direction, and the repre- 
sentative attendance which this meeting will undoubtedly at- 
_ tract—all these facts combine to assure one of the best con- | 
q ventions ever held. In view of the pressing importance of 
a the question of sheep grazing on forest lands, nowhere better 
_ illustrated than in the neighborhood of Los Angeles, and of 
_ the intimate relation of forestry and irrigation, a full eee 
_ of Western members is especially desired. 
# Persons wishing to attend can take advantage of the low 
q railroad rates secured by the National Educational Associa- 
tion, which meets in Los Angeles July 11-14. Round-trip tickets 
_ can be had at the price of the regular fare one way, plus a $2 
_ membership fee in the N. E. A. The going limit is July 11; 
a the return limit September 4. Many attractive side trips have 
been planned at low rates. Full information can be obtained 
_ from the passenger agent of any leading railroad. 

Selected papers will be printed in THE Fores TER, the official 
organ of the American Forestry Association. 


REFORESTA‘ 
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THE FORESTER. 


ARE YOU INTERESTED... 


PN POmn ST roy 


After looking through this issue, write us, 


if you are not already a member of... 


The American Forestry Association 


We would like to tell you why you should be. 


VMOUR] NAME, ON A> POSTAL WILL: BRING 
Eee ROME RESPONSE: os): 


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THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


as An Up-to-Date Paper 
NOTE. 


The edition of THE FoRESTER for November, 
1898, having been exhausted, it has been found | The 
necessary to have a new one printed. Mem- 
bers of the Association and subscribers who ( y 
may need copies of that issue (No, 11, NolsIVS) J reeley 
to complete files for binding, will be supplied 
if they notify the publishers to that effect. 


A limited number of complete copies of Vol. : ri bu ne 


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postpaid, $1.00, unbound ; durably bound in 


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Editor: JOHN HYDE, 
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AssociIATE EDITORS: 


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American Ethnology. Geodetic Survey. 
HENRY GANNETT, MARCUS BAKER 
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Survey. = 
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Department of Agriculture. Treasury Department. 
DAVID J. HILL, ict ELIZA RUHAMAH SCIDMORE, 
Assistant Secretary of State. Author of “Java, the Garden of the 
Bast ates ; 
CHARLES H, ALLEN, _ CARL LOUISE GARRISON, 
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0 LN AMERICA .., : 


ATIONAL PARK SEMINARY is named from its proximity to the great National Rock 
Il : Park, recently purchased by the Government and designed to become the most beauti- 
ful reservation of the National Capital. This whole region is marvelously beautiful and 
picturesque with its combination of forest, stream, hill and dale. It rises gradually 
from the City of Washington till at Forest Glen the Seminary stands on an eminence four hun- 
dred feet above the level of the city. Forty acres of sunny slopes and wild ravines, towering 
trees and winding paths, babbling brocks and tangled dells, combine to form a site seldom 
rivaled in varied and inspiring scenery, where the beautiful zs utclized to develop character. 
The altitude of its location precludes possibility of malaria. The equable climate, free from 
the rigors of a northern winter promotes health by inviting out-door sports. The building 
itself crowns the highest hill and was erected and equipped at an expense of $80,000; it hasa 
frontage of two hundred and seventy-five feet, with three large center halls thirty by forty feet 
on each floor, which afford a charming rendezvous for student life; heated by steam and lighted 
by gas, with bath rooms plentiful and sanitary arrangements complete. The house is situated 
so that every room gets the sun at some time during the day. 


The close proximity to the National Capital, with all the educational and social advan- 
tages appertaining to such a residence, offers wonderful facilities to its pupils. The Seminary 
is within twenty minutes of the heart of the city and, with twenty trains daily, besides electric 
cars, easy access is afforded to all the Libraries, Muserms, Departments of Government, Con- 
gress and Foreign Legations, These with the official and social life of the National Capital offer 
opportunities for profitable study. 


The course of study is planned to produce womanly women, There are twenty-two 
teachers and.the limited number of pupils permits of much personal attention and individual 
instruction foreach. Health zs a matter of first consideration always. There are no nerve- 
straining examinations, Thirty different States represented among the pupils, bringing 
together the daughters of representatives families throughout the entire Union. 

The Seminary’s watchword: ‘* We consider text-book training only a part of our work as 
educators. We shall be satisfied with nothing less than the development of the whole being.” 

The yearly expenses at National Park + Address 
are $350 to $500. Early application is neces. i 


sary. Catalogue giving views of the school® J. A. CASSEDY, Principal, 
and opinion of enthusiastic patrons will be * 


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Branches: London, Paris, Berlin, Sydney. 


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VINUYOATTVO 


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SHAYOAAA TVAYOLVN 


Wor, V:. 


JULY, 1899 


The Forester. 


Natural Reforestation in the Southwest. 


The Gradual Restoration of Tree-Growths on Denuded Lands. 


BY THE SPECIAL AGENT OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY, 


DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE, * 


The importance of tree and shrub 
growth in the mountain and foot-hill re- 
gions of western America, adjacent to 
irrigated regions, is evident. The for- 
est reservations of the arid regions were 
set apart by the National Government 
for the purpose, primarily, of affording 
protection to the farmer. Mountain for- 
ests and chaparral, in acting as conser- 
vators of moisture, need no better argu- 
ment in confirmation of their value than 
the present activity in Southern Califor- 
nia regarding forest management and 
reforestation. 

Recognizing the importance of forest 
cover to irrigable lands, every public- 
spirited citizen in that section has be- 
come interested in forestry. A flourish- 
ing association has been built up in the 
five southern counties, and a subordinate 
forest and water society has also been 
established in each county. Knowing 
well that the life of the country depends 
upon the perennial flow of mountain 
streams, every board of trade, educa- 
tional association and city council, and 
many private corporations as well, have 
formulated petitions aimed at procuring 
the most effective service possible. 
Some measures of this sort are neces- 


[*The wiiter of this article, who is the De- 
partment’s expert in tree-planting, has just re- 
turned froma trip, of nearly three months dura- 
tion, through this section of country. ED. | 


sary, in order that the welfare of that 
section of country may not be seriously 
affected by inadequate protection, either 
to the forests or the lesser growth cov- 
ering the mountains. For the valleys 
depend upon the mountains for a con- 
stant supply of water. 

The financial loss entailed by a pro- 
longed scarcity of water has had a great 
influence in arousing public opinion. 
The people of Southern California 
justly consider the fine forest reserves of 
that region as communal property; for 
these reserves with their growth of Pine, 
deciduous trees, chaparral, and grass 
give an additional value to the agricul- 
tural lands. 

The farmer depends as greatly upon 
forest conservation as he does upon the 
team which turns the furrow. Naked 
mountains induce destructive floods, del- 


uging the valleys with sand, mud, 
gravel and boulders. Then there are 


alternating periods, more or less pro- 
longed, when the streams are dry or 
greatly reduced in volume of flow. The 
modifying influence is the forest, chap- 
arral and grass covering of the mouh- 
tains. 

It is amatter of general public knowl- 
edge that the mountains are natural res- 
ervoirs, but only so long as they are 
with vegetable growth, with 

he basis of this growth. It 


covered 
forests as the 


146 THE FORESTER 


is also known that the value of the nat- 
ural reservoir is in almost direct ratio to 
the density of growth. In no other por- 
tion of the United States has the de- 
pendence of the tillable lands on. the 
water supply of the mountains been 
brought to public notice with such em- 
phasis. 

A destructive forest fire in any of the 
mountain ranges may greatly lessen the 
crop over the entire area depending for 
its water supply upon the streams origi- 
nating in the burned district. Not only 
will the immediate effect be noticeable, 
but the destructive results will follow for 
years, until the burned districts become 
covered with vegetable growth sufficient 
to lessen the surface flow and surface 
washing. The new growth will cause a 
large percentage of the rainfall to pass 
into the soil, to be available later in a 
more constant stream flow. 

The topography of Southern California 
and Arizona is such that at best much of 
the rainfall flows off in immediate floods. 
Even during the most favorable seasons 
the streams vary greatly in their volume 
of flow. The mountain covering must 
be cared for and extended ; burned areas, 
and regions otherwise denuded, must be 
protected from sheep, and in some places 
even from horses and cattle. This is 
necessary in order that growth may spring 
up as quickly as possible, to take the 
place of that destroyed. Wherever the 
new growth is slow in starting from lack 
of seed, the seeds of the common chap- 
arral of the neighborhood should be 
sown, andoccasionally artificial reforesta- 
tion should be undertaken. 

All expenditure of time and money in 
improving the forest cover by reforesta- 
tion is of little value unless provision is 
made for a reasonable degree of security 
against forest fires. Equal provision 
must be made at least in the mountains 
of Southern California and Arizona for 
the restriction of sheep grazing, which 
should be absolutely prohibited in the 
forest reserves of this district. 

As a specific instance in illustration of 


July, 


the destructive effects of grazing the 
forest reserves in Central Arizona may 
be cited. Many of the streams which 
flow into the Salt River have their sources 
in these reservations. Whenever sheep 
have been driven there in large numbers, 
the farmers of the Salt River Valley have 
suffered material injury from the canals 
and laterals filling with sand and silt. 

Not only do sheep crop to the ground 
and kill much of the smaller plant life, 
but their sharp hoofs so cut up the soil 
that much of it washes from the rocks, 
causing injury to agricultural interests. 
All of the southern mountains are 
scantily supplied with soil. There is no 
sod to bind to the rocks what httle soil 
there is. A scattered growth of mixed 
vegetation constitutes the cover of a great 
part of the mountain region. After a 
destructive fire or excessive sheep graz- 
ing, all of these localities become prac- 
tically barren, and incapable of support- 
ing, for a long period, more than a very 
limited amount of vegetation. When 
the scanty covering of vegetable mold 
and soil is swept into the valleys by the 
first rains, a half century must elapse, 
under normal conditions, before rocks 
have disintegrated to form a new soil, to 
be held in place by the slow growth of fu- 
ture vegetation. 

Some of the burned mountain districts 
of Southern California have been so 
ruined that little of the original soil re- 
mains in place. Inthese mountains the 
raintall flows as it does from the roofs of 
houses. Recent investigations have 
shown that, in some localities, fully 
ninety per cent of the precipitation flows 
off as surface water. 

Having in mind the great value of for- 
est cover to those who dwell in arid re- 
gions, the question of the best method of 
reforesting denuded areas is of first im- 
portance. Artificial reforestation is ex- 
pensive, and in but few places is it prac- 
ticable. This is particularly true of 
mountain sides previously swept by fire, 


as well as in instances where original 


vegetation has been badly injured by 


— ——. 


1899. 


grazing. Onthe other hand areas which 
were once wooded will again become 
wooded if protected from fire and stock 
and left to Nature. 

A destructive fire will undo all that a 
quarter of acentury has accomplished in 
the way of natural reforestation; while 
close cropping by cattle and sheep, for 
a long series of years, may prove almost 
equally destructive. 

After carefully studying the open 
groves of California the opinion is forced 
upon one that they are the direct result 
of man’s activity. In a recent journey 
over the California Sierras, north of 
Lake Tahoe,* I was impressed, in pass- 
ing over the hydraulic gold regions, by 
the natural reforestation taking place 
where, less than fifty years ago, the nat- 
ural surface was so torn and changed by 
hydraulic mining that the land was prac- 
tically denuded of itstimber. Bush and 
tree alike were torn from the hills ; chap- 
arral and manzanita were uprooted. 
Finally valleys and mountain sides, for 
miles in extent, were as barren as the 
open desert. 

Soil sufficient tosupport vegetation has 
been brought by wind and flood to the 
hydraulic pits, and to the open gashes in 
the mountain sides, which were originally 
cut down to bedrock. Half-grown pines 
and other trees, intermixed with chap- 
arral and bush, already hide the desola- 
tion wrought a half century ago. 

One of the finest examples of reforest- 
ation that this country affords is on 
General Bidwell’s ranch at Chico, Cali- 
fornia. Forty or more years ago, when 
General Bidwell acquired this ranch, 


*See June FORESTER. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


147 


much of it was covered with isolated 
specimens of large wide-spreading Live 
Oaks, the individual specimens averag- 
ing more than four feet in diameter. 
These trees, growing from five to ten 
rods apart, formed an open grove, no- 
where making what might properly be 
termed a forest, 

Forty acres of this area was fenced and 
protected from ‘fire and stock. As .a 
result there grew up a dense growth of 
young Oaks of the same species. Dur- 
ing the past forty years this growth has 
produced one of the most uniform and 
thickly wooded Oak forests in America. 
The trees, tall and straight, grew close 
together, and are from one to two and 
one-half feet in diameter. Theystandin 
marked contrast to the heavily branched 
old trees nearby. 

The frontispiece in this issue of THE 
Forester, reproduced from a photograph 
by G. B. Dornin, of San Francisco, has 
attracted attention because of its splen- 
did illustration of the process of natural 
reforestation in the high Sierras. As 
this region was a forest originally it will 
revert to its former condition if protected 
from fire and excessive grazing, and left 
to natural conditions. 

Under such circumstances, in a few 
more generations, this entire section of 
country will show but little effect of the 
early gold miner, at least so far as forest 
cover is concerned. But the process is 
a very slow one. Successful reforesta- 
tion in the West and Southwest, when 
the chief desideratum is forest cover, will 
depend almost entirely upon affording 
adequate protection upon the lines indi- 


cated. 
ifr W. TouMEY. 


148 


THE FORESTER. 


July, 


The Redwood Forest of California. 


BY THE GEOGRAPHER OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, 


As one who makes a pilgrimage to the 
old English abbeys, the traveler through 
the great Redwood forests of the Pacific 
Coast seems to stand transfixed by the 
silent grandeur of the place. He finds 
himself in one of Nature’s cathedrals, 
with a high, o’erarching roof of foliage, 
supported by great tree columns, while 
the dim{twilight of the scene suggests 


COURTESY OF 


home of these tree-giants. 


with its shadowy recesses and a stillness 
which suggests the possibility of dryads 
confronting one at any moment, will ap- 
preciate in greater measure the almost 
supernatural conditions existing in the 
Tis 

The densest forest on earth is, in all 
probability, the Redwood forest, of the 
Pacific Slope, as measured by the amount 


re 
ey 
% 
sf 
Ba 
i 


NATL. GEOGRAPHIC MAG. 


REDWOOD FOREST, SHOWING DENSITY OF GROWTH. 


the stained glass windows of the preten- 
tious edifices built by man—remarkable 
in their conception and execution, yet 
less wonderful than the marvelous forest 
temple of the lordly Redwood. 

In a Redwood forest the sun never 
shines—it is always twilight. Those 
who are acquainted with the beautiful 
deep-green of the Pine forest, as found 
in various parts of the East and South, 


per acre of merchantable timber—that is, 
of timber suitable for the saw-mill. As I 
said in an article in the Wational Geo- 
graphic Magazine, it is not merely the 
size of the trees which accounts for this, 
—although even in this State of large 
things they are exceptionally large—but 
it is the number of trees on each acre. 
The closeness of stand of Redwood 
trees is as remarkable as its habitat is 


1899. 


peculiar. It is found only in a narrow 
strip, closely hugging the Pacific Coast, 
and extending southward from the south- 
ern part of Oregon through Northern 
California nearly to the Bay of San Fran- 
cisco. It is practically extinct in regions 
further south, where it doubtless existed 
not many centuries ago, and there are 
not more than about 1,000 acres of these 
trees in Oregon. So it will be seen the 
present habitat is limited. 

The densest forests are found in Hum- 
boldt County, where the Redwood strip, 
which includes the westernmost of the 
coast ranges, averages ten to twelve miles 
in width. The greatest breadth is in 
Mendocino County, where it extends for 
twenty miles. 
gion of heavy rainfall in the Winter, and 
of fogs which sweep in from the Pacific 
at all seasons of the year. It is a very 
moist, temperateregion. Both of these 
conditions seem to be essential to the 
growth of the species. 

Redwood is so called because of its 


COURTESY OF 
= REDWOOD LOGS LOADED FOR SHIPMENT, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Its entire habitat is a re- 


149 


color, which, when freshly cut, is a 
bright, though not deep, red, changing 
to a brown-red when thoroughly sea- 
soned. The wood is soft, with a rather 
coarse, straight grain. Itiseasy to work, 
quite as much so as our Eastern White 
Pine. It contains practically no resin, 
but a large amount of water, which makes 
the green wood so exceedingly heavy 
that often the lower log of a tree will sink 
in water. 

Botanically, the Redwood (Seguota 
sempervirens) 18 a brother of the big trees 
(Sequoia gigantea) of the Sierra Nevada, 
the two species being the sole living rep- 
resentatives of the genus Seguwoza. It is 
a cousin of the Cedars, which it resem- 
bles in many respects, in habit and ap- 
pearance, in bark and foliage. It is an 
immense tree, larger than the Fir of 
Washington, but not as large as the Big 
Tree of the Sierra. It often attains a 
height exceeding three hundred feet and 
a butt diameter of fifteen feet. It rarely 
branches low, but almost invariably 


NATL. GEOGRAPHIC MAG. 


150 
shows a Straight, fluted trunk, perfectly 
symmetrical, rising with a slight taper 
for two hundred feet to the lower 
branches. The bark is covered with thin 
flakes of epidermis, lying parallel to the 
stem. The foliage is dull green in color, 
fineand drooping. Itis amost beautiful 
tree, both in form and color. 

There is one cause of destruction from 
which this tree is entirely exempt—that 
is, fire. Containing no pitch, but on the 
other hand, a large amount of water, it 
will not burn when green. No fire can 
run in a redwood forest. We shall, 
beyond reasonable question, have the 
use of our supply of redwood; shall not 
have the pain of seeing tt go up in smoke. 
It is the only one of our coniferous lum- 
ber trees which is thus exempt. 


THE FORESTER, 


July, 


The best lumber and the heaviest 
growth is everywhere in the valleys and 
on the flats. On the hillsides the trees 
are smaller and not so close. Nowhere 
is there any young growth. 

When the timber has been cut there 
is no sign of reproduction from seed. 
In many localities sprouts are growing 
from stumps in the cut areas, but even 
this form of reproduction is limited. 
Indeed, everything appears to indicate 
that for some reason, probably a pro- 
gressive drying of theclimate, the present 
environment is not favorable to the 
growth of redwood, and that with the 
clearing away of the present forests the 
end of the species as a source of lumber 
will be at hand. Henry GANNETT. 


The Trend 


A Hopeful Sign. 


The agitation for the protection of our 
forests is bearing fruit in almost every 
direction. The State of Massachusetts 
continues to set an excellent example for 
the rest of the country by reserving large 
tracts of land, which possess great natu- 
ral beauty, for the enjoyment of future 
generations. Greylock, the noble moun- 
tain in the northwestern corner of the 
commonwealth, was threatened with the 
loss of its charms a few years ago by the 
reckless assaults of lumbermen, who saw 
in the extensive forests along its slopes 
only so much wood. Happily, there were 
public-spirited citizens who recognized 
the shame which it would be to their gen- 
eration if these mountain-sides should be 
swept bare, and a movement was organ- 
ized which, with the co-operation of the 
Legislature, ended in the permanent ac- 
quisition for the community of a great 
tract of land. 

Greylock being secure, Wachusett, a 
fine mountain near the center of the State, 
next invited attenticn, and the State will 
soon come into possession of 10,000 acres 


of Thought. 


of land there, covering not enly the sum- 
mit, but alsoits approaches on every side. 
The readiness of a democracy thus to 
spend large sums of public money in the 
interest of beauty and taste is one of the 
most hopeful things in the development 
of our institutions.—Editorial, Vew/ort, 
Tinea) SIV CIOS: 


Moderation in All Things. 


‘¢Timber is like wheat or any other 
crop. If we wish to harvest it again and 
again on the same land we must grow it 
there. The timber limits are practically 
fixed by the immutable laws of climate, 
and particularly of rainfall, and our forest 
resources therefore are not inexhaustible. 
With our enormous population and vast 
demand for lumber it is easy enough to 
denude thousands of square miles and to 
destroy the supply of the most desirable 
woods faster than unaided nature can re- 
place them. But if we treat our forests 
half as well as we treat the other forms 
of vegetable and animal life that enrich 
us, they are just as inexhaustible as the 
cattle on our plains or the fishes in our 
lakes and rivers.”’—V. Y. Sun. 


: 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


151 


The Restoration of Mountain Covering. 


A comment on the trees available, their characteristics, growth and habitat. 


BY THE VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE FOREST AND WATER ASSOCIATION 


OF LOS ANGELES COUNTY, CAI, 


The mountains, undisturbed by the 
work of the woodman, or the scourge of 
forest fires, or the depredations of do- 
mestic animals, benefit mankind not only 
by furnishing a natural water supply at 
all times of the year, but by increasing 
that supply under certain conditions, 
which, when taken away, result in 
droughts and a general wasting away of 
the most productive soil. 

Few people now fail to appreciate this 
great value of the mountains to our pros- 
perity. But there are not so many who 
are convinced that the forest covering 
must be preserved. Where fire has burned 
off the natural covering, the denuded area 
should be replanted at once without wait- 
ing for the slow processes of Nature. 

In many cases the fire has been so 
severe that the roots of every tree and 
bush have been killed and the seeds con- 
sumed. The soil which has been so many 
years in accumulating has also been con- 
sumed, or, if it does remain, is in danger 
of being washed away by storm water. 
An occasional desert wind will scatter a 
few seeds where they will take root, and 
the birds will also give some help. But 
while we are waiting for the mountains 
to be reclothed by Nature’s process alone, 
the rains will go wasting to the sea, and 
all interests in Southern California suffer 
to an alarming extent because of the 
destruction of the trees and brush by fire. 

This is more particularly true of the 
San Gabriel range, owing to its greater 
area being so precipitous. Thus it is of 
the utmost importance to the people de- 
pendent upon water from this source to 
protect the growth, and, where it has been 
destroyed, to replant as soon as possible: 
It would hardly seem possible to get any 
plant or tree to grow on the steep, soil- 
less slopes of our mountains, especially 
facing the South, where the heat is in- 
tense during all the Summer months. 


But Nature has provided the possible 
means; it is for us to learn how to use 
such means to advantage. 

The Tuberculata Pine is but little 
known because it is soseldom found. It 
is the most dignified evergreen we have, 
and it is extremely selfish, for it holds 
its cones of seeds as long as it lives, never 
voluntarily giving them up; and when the 
seeds are liberated, they, unless helped, 
are not planted far from home, owing to 
their not having a wing as most conifers. 
They thrive from 1,500 to 4,500 feet ele- 
vation at this latitude. A fine lot of them 
can be seen growing on the south slope 
of the San Bernardino Mountains, along 
the City Creek stage road, and here, too, 
can be seen the power of these trees, 
which is greater than any other ever- 
green known, to resist fire. 

The foliage is light green. At the age 
of seven or eight years the tree begins to 
bear cones, noton the branches, but on 
the main axis, and as they never fall off 
or open while the trees live, a grove of 
any considerable size will produce a great 
many seeds. As many as 100 cones are 
often seen on a tree apparently 35 years 
old and each mature cone has 125 seeds. 
As the tree grows older the cones grow 
out from the older limbs as well as from 
the main axis. 

This Pine isa long-lived tree and, bar- 
ring fire and man, has littletofear. Even 
long droughts do not prevent their reach- 
ing the age of 300 years, and many reach- 
ing the height of 75 feet. John Muirsays 
the tree is admirably adapted to the fire- 
swept regions, where alone it is found. 
After a grove has been destroyed, the 
ground is at once sown lavishly with all 
the seeds ripened during its whole life, 
and a young grove immediately springs 
up. The seeds seem to be held in store 
for just such a calamity as this. 

Oftentimes these trees are referred ta 


152 


as the fireproof evergreen. Of course 
there is no conifer that is strictly fire- 
proof, but this tree resists fire to a greater 
extent thanany other known. In my care- 
ful observation I find that where groves 
have been sown thickly, so as to occupy 
all the ground, they have resisted fires 
that have apparently come with great 
force. Where trees have been destroyed 
by fire, it has been where they grew 
sparsely and where there has been an 
abundance of chaparral and other similar 
inflammable growth. 

By planting the seed carefully, sys- 
tematically, and a uniform distance apart, 
nearly all this danger from fire is re- 
moved, for in ten or fifteen years the en- 
tire surface of the mountain is shaded so 
that nothing else will try to grow, and 
the rains will no longer go madly rush- 
ing to the sea, but will be returned to us 
bountifully during the summer months, 
through the various subterranean and 
surface channels. 

The higher altitudes, where the growth 
has been burned, must also be restored, 
and Nature again offers abundant seed 
of the tree which is best adapted and 
which will bring the best results. This 
is the big tree of California, the ‘‘Se- 
quoia Gigantea.”’ The Yellow and Sugar 
Pines will also do well, in the higher al- 
titudes, as we see them in the San Ber- 
nardino mountains, but none will so 
quickly and effectively cover our higher 
mountains as the Sequoia. 

In reply to the question, ‘‘ What are 
its relations to climate, soil and the as- 
sociated trees?”, John Muir, in his cele- 
brated work on the ‘‘ Mountains of Cali- 
fornia,’”’ says of the Sequoia: 

«« All the phenomena bearing on these 
questions also throw light upon the pecu- 
liar distribution of the species, and sus- 
tain the conclusion already arrived at on 
the question of extension. In the North- 
ern groups there are few young trees or 
saplings growing up around the failing 
old ones to perpetuate the race, and in- 
asmuch as these aged Sequoias, so nearly 
childless, are the only ones commonly 
known, the species, to most observers, 
seems doomed to speedy extinction, as 


THE FORESTER, 


July, 


being nothing more than an expiring 
remnant, vanquished in the so called 
struggle for life by Pines and Firs that 
have driven it into its past strongholds 
in moist glens, where climate is excep- 
tionably favorable. 

‘‘But the language of the majestic con- 
tinuous forests of the South creates a 
very different impression. No tree of all 
the forest is more enduringly established 
in accordance with climate and soil. It 
grows heartily everywhere in moraines, 
rocky ledges, along water-courses, and 
in the deep, moist, alluvial meadows, 
with a multitude of seedlings and sap- 
lings crowding up around the aged, seem- 
ingly abundantly able to maintain the 
forest in prime vigor. For many old 
storm-stricken trees, there is one or more 
in all the glory of prime; and, for each 
of these, many young trees and crowds 
of exuberant saplings. So that if the 
trees of any section of the main Sequoia 
forest were ranged together according to 
age, a very promising curve would be 
presented, all the way up from last year’s 
seedlings to giants, and with the young 
and middle-aged portion of the curve 
many times longer than the old portion. 
Even as far north as the Fresno, I 
counted 536 saplings and seedlings grow- 
ing promisingly upona piece of rough 
avalanche soil not exceeding two acres 
inarea. This soil bed is about seven 
years old and has been seeded almost 
simultaneously to Pines, Firs, Ibocedrus 
and Sequoia, presenting a simple and 
instructive illustration of the struggle for 
life among the rival species ; and it was 
interesting to note that the conditions 
thus far affecting them have enabled the 
young Sequoias to gain marked ad- 
vantage. 

‘In every instance like the above I 
have observed that the seedling Sequoiais 
capable of growing on both dryer and wet- 
ter soil that its rivals, but requires more 
sunshine than they; the latter fact being 
clearly shown, wherever a Sugar Pine or 
a Fir is growing in close contact with a 
Sequoia of about equal age and size, and 
equally exposed to the sun; the branches 
of the latter in such cases are always 


1899. 


less leafy. Toward the south, however, 
where the Sequoia becomes more exu- 
berant and numerous, the rival trees be- 
come less so; and where they mix with 
Sequoia they mostly grow up beneath 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


153 


Sugar Pines which lay crumbling be- 
neath them, an instance of conditions 
which have enabled Sequoia toccrowd 
out the Pines. 

‘TI also noted eighty-six vigorous sap- 


COURTESY OF 


NATL. GEOGRAPHIC MAG. 


A TYPICAL FOREST SCENE. 


them, like slender grasses among stalks 
of Indian corn. Upon a bed of sandy 
flood-soil, I counted ninety-four Sequoia, 
from one to twelve feet high, on a patch 
of ground once occupied by four large 


lings upon a piece of fresh ground pre- 
pared for their reception by fire. Thus 
fire also furnishes bare virgin ground, 
one of the conditions essential for its 
growth from the seed. Fresh ground is, 


154 


however, furnished in sufficient quantities 
for the constant renewal of the forests 
without fire, viz., by the fall of old trees. 
The soil is thus returned and mellowed, 
and many trees are planted for every one 
that falls. Landslidesand floods also give 
rise to bare virgin ground, and a tree now 
and then owes its existence to a burrow- 
ing wolfor sguirrel. But the most reg- 
ular supply of fresh soil is furnished by 
the fall of aged trees. 

‘‘The climatic changes in progress in 
the Sierra, bearing on the tenure of the 
tree life, are entirely misapprehended, 
especially as to the time and the means 
employed by nature in effecting them, 
It is constantly asserted in a vague way 
that the Sierra was vastly wetter than 
now, and that the increasing drought 
will of itself extinguish Sequoia, leaving 
its ground to other trees supposed to be 
capable of flourishing in a dryer climate. 
But that Sequoia can and does grow on 
as dry ground as any of its present rivals, 
is manifest in a thousand places. ‘Why 
then,’ it will be asked, ‘are Sequoias al- 
ways found in greatest abundance in well 
watered places where streams are ex- 
ceptionally abundant ?’? Simply because 
a growth of Sequoias creates these 
streams. 

‘«The thirsty mountaineer knows well 
that in every Sequoia grove he will find 
running water, but it is a mistake to sup- 
pose that the water is the cause of the 
grove being there: on the contrary the 
grove is the cause of the water being 
there. Drain off the water and the trees 
will remain, but cut off the trees and the 
water will vanish. Never was cause 
more completely mistaken for effect than 
in the case of these related phenomena 
of Sequoia woods and perennial streams, 
and I confess that at first I shared the 
blunder. 

‘‘When attention is called to the 
method of Sequoia’s stream-making, it 
will be apprehended at once. The roots 
of this immense tree fill the ground, 
forming a thick sponge that absorbs and 
holds back the rains and melting snows, 
allowing them only to ooze and flow gen- 
tly. Every fallen leaf and rootlet, as 


THE FORESTER. 


July, 


well as long clasping roots and prostrate 
trunk, may be regarded as a dam, hoard- 
ing the bounty of storm clouds, and dis- 
pensing it as blessings all through the 
Summer, instead of allowing it to go 
headlong in short-lived floods. Evapo- 
ration is also checked by the dense foli- 
age to a greater extent than by any other 
Sierra tree, and the air is entangled in 
masses and broad sheets that are thickly 
saturated ; while thirsty winds are not 
allowed to go sponging and licking along 
the ground.”’ 

There are many reasons to justify the 
assertion that the tree would flourish in 
our mountains of Southern California, 
from 4,000 to 9,000 feet elevation. . What 
a thing of beauty our mountains would 
be if thus planted, and that in a com- 
paratively few years, and the problem of 
a water supply for our homes and farms 
would be solved forall time. The work, 
of course, should be done by the Federal 
Government, through all the semi-arid 
regions, but communities that are suffer- 
ing for water should move in the work, 
and the Government will soon take it up. 
A system of scientific forest culture, such 
as is now being developed by the Gov- 
ernment, will doubtless secure as excel- 
lent results for America as other coun- 
tries have attained in Europe. 

The Silver Firs, Abies, Concolor and 
A. Magnifica, the most beautiful native 
conifer, will grow and thrive in the 
higher elevations, but not in poor soil, 
or on steep, hot slopes. An occasional 
group of these beautiful, fern-like trees 
would add much to the attractiveness of 
the forests, and no other tree grows so 
compact, or so long shelters the snow 
from melting. 

The Ponderosa or Silver Pine is found 
more generally both as to altitude and 
latitude, below the great Redwood belt 
of Northern California. The Ponderosa 
forms at least two-thirds of all the conif- 
erous forests, and reaching as they do, 
away over the high plateaus of Arizona. 
It is useful for lumber, but is not so use- 
ful as some others, as a covering for our 
mountains, mainly because of its lack of 
density of foliage. 


‘ qe 


1899. 


The Sugar Pine, the king of all the 
Pines, does not take kindly to our South- 
ern mountains, while through the middle 
and northern Sierras, it is a close rival 
of the Sequoia in size and perfection of 
shaft, far outstretching its relative, the 
Ponderosa. With us it takes second 
place to the Ponderosa. <A few favored 
spots should be planted with them to 
perpetuate the species. No conifer pre- 
sents a more striking picture in fruitage 
than the Sugar Pine. Its cones are two 
years 1n maturing, and are borne in large 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


155 


clusters on the ends of the branches, and 
when mature are from Io to 20 inches in 
length. As Winter approaches, the 
cones open and set free vast numbers of 
edible winged seeds, which furnish good 
food for the bears, squirrels and _ birds. 
Not one seed in many thousand finds 
shelter in the soil, where it can grow, 
but, with a little help from man, many 
would find covering and become forest 
monarchs. 
deo: eUKENS, 
Pasadena, 


Cale 


The Profession of Forestry. 


Being an address delivered before the students of Yale University. 
(Copyright, 1899, by the Yale Alumni Weekly.) 


BY THE FORESTER OF THE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. 


THE OSBORN 


HALL ELMS, 


Even the massive architecture fails to dwarf the trees, 


The subject matter of the profession 
of Forestry is equally distinct from 
street tree-planting on the one side and 
landscape architecture on the other. It 
has to do with wooded regions, with the 
productiveness of forests, chiefly through 
conservative lumbering, and, in the 
treeless parts of the United States, with 
planting for economic reasons. Except 
for a comparatively small area of desert 


land in the West, the whole land sur- 
face of the United States is included in 
the possible field of work for the forester. 
How extensive this field is will appear 
from the fact that the woodland in 
farms alone, in 1890, comprised more 
than 200,000,000 acres, or more than 
four times the area of the National for- 
est reserves. 

The first question asked by a man 


156 


who has in mind forestry as his pro- 
fession, usually concerns the chance of 
finding work when his preparatory study 
is ended. The sources of demand for 
trained foresters at the moment are com- 
paratively few, but they are increasing 
with remarkable rapidity. The great lum- 
bering concerns, such as the International 
Paper Company, which controls more 
than 100,000,000 acres of Spruce land, 
are rapidly getting to see that it is worth 
their while to employ trained foresters. 
One Yale man is employed by the com- 
pany just mentioned; another college 
graduate, not a Yale man, has charge for 
a company of certain phases of its lum- 
bering in Maine; and a recently organ- 
ized company in the Adirondacks will 
do its lumbering conservatively under 
the direction of the Division of Forestry. 
The demand from this source may be 
expected to increase very greatly within 
the next ten years, as the great holders 
of timber land come to realize more 
generally that conservative lumbering 
pays better than the destructive methods 
now employed. 

In a similar way mining companies 
will eventually find it to their interest 


THE FORESTER. 


July, 


to employ foresters. The owners of 
game parks have already taken steps in 
this direction. Private owners of large 
areas such as Biltmore Forest in North | 
Carolina, the property of George W. 
Vanderbilt, Ne-Ha-Sa-Ne Park, in the 
Adirondacks, owned by W. Seward 
Webb, a Yale man, and the contiguous 
land held by the Hon. Wm. C. Whitney, 
another Yale man, are already under the 
management of trained men. The need 
of foresters to care for the forest in- 
terests of the several States is already 
making itself felt. States such as New 
York, with its million and a quarter acres 
of forest land; North Carolina, with its 
Geological Survey thoroughly interested 
in forest study ; New Jersey and Mary- 
land, of which the same is true; Maine, 
New Hampshire and several others, with 
their Forest Commissions; Minnesota, 
with its Fire Warden law, and other 
States are rapidly creating a demand 
for foresters, and would be doing so still 
more rapidly if men were available to do 
the work. Finally, the National Gov- 
ernment already employs a considerable 
number of men, and in the comparatively 
near future will very largely extend the 


‘“NEATH THE ELMS” 


Trees within the Campus, overshadowing ‘‘ The Old Brick Row.” 


1899. 


work which requires them. The Gen- 
eral Land Office, to which is intrusted 
the administration of the National for- 
est reserves, has this year an appropria- 
tion of $175,000 for the care and pro- 
tection of forty-five million acres of forest 
reserves. At present it employs no 
trained men at all, but in view of the 
vital importance of forest preservation, 
especially in the West, and of the great 
and growing public interest in its ex- 
tension, this system of political appoint- 
ment cannot be expected to last. 

The Division of Forestry, which is 
charged with the general progress of 
forestry and the interests of private for- 
est lands, in the subdivision of the Gov- 
ernment’s forest work, is at this moment 
unable to find suitable trained men, 
enough to supply its needs. It would 
be easily possible, it is true, to secure 
Germans or other foreigners, but a con- 
siderable experience has convinced me 
that, except in rare cases, such as that 
of the present forester to the Biltmore 
Estate, the attempt to use foreign-born 
men trained abroad is not likely to suc- 
ceed. 


COMPENSATION. 


The second question asked by the 
prospective forester very often relates to 
the rate of pay. I cannot answer this 
question any more accurately than by 
saying that trained foresters now receive 
about the same rate of pay as instruc- 
tors and professors at Yale. Those in 
the employ of the Division of Forestry 
receive from $1,000 to $2,500 a year. 
Scientific work under the Government 
is always underpaid, and it is most prob- 
able that those foresters who enter the 
service of lumber companies or other 
commercial organizations will fare better. 
It is even possible that a few men may 
develop such skill that they will be called 
in consultation over difficult problems. 
Such work will naturally pay well. 

As with teaching, so with forestry ; by 
no means all the compensation comes in 
the form of dollars. While the life of 
the forester in the field is often rough, 
many times exceedingly hard, and always 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


MAGNIFICENT ELMS ON THE PUBLIC GREEN, 
NEW HAVEN. 


without most of the comforts of life, it 
is to those of us who have been follow- 
ing it the most delightful of occupations. 
Briefly stated, it deals, on the scientific 
side, with the life-history of forests and 
forest trees, with their behavior in health 
and disease, their reaction under treat- 
ment, and their adaptation to and effect 
upon their surroundings. On the eco- 
nomic side, it has chiefly to do with rec- 
onciling the perpetuation of the for- 
est with the production of timber. 
Measurements of the stand of timber per 
acre, and of the rate of growth of single 
trees and whole forests by counting rings, 
and subsequent calculations, often form 
a considerable part of a forester’s work. 
There is often a great deal of office work. 
It is by no means the easy existence it 
has often been supposed to be by the 
many men who have taken up forestry, 
and then have dropped it. But it has 


158 


a charm which lies perhaps first of all 
in the fact that in the United States it is 
almost an untried field. 


ORIGINAL WORK DEMANDED. 


Unless forestry as a profession has 
qualities to recommend it other than 
those I have already mentioned, 1t would 
scarcely be worthy of consideration be- 
fore many other lines of work. It has, 
however, two peculiarities in which it 
stands somewhat by itself. In the first 
place, because the field is practically 
untouched, a forester finds himself com- 
pelled to do original work at every turn. 
The pleasure of investigation of this 
is very real, and to those of us who are 
praticing forestry it is one of its two great 
attractions. Thesecond lies in the fact 
that, because forestry is almost unknown 
in the United States, in no profession 
is it easier for a man to make his life count. 
I need not dwell further on the vastness 
of the interests it touches nor the great 
utility of forestry to the nation, but I 
should like to emphasize this statement— 
in few other professions can a man lead 
so useful a life. 


WHAT THE PROFESSION DEMANDS, 


These are the things which forestry 
offers. Now as to what it demands. In 
the first place success in forestry, as in 
any other profession, must come largely 
from the possession of what we know so 
well as ‘‘ Yale spirit,” the habit of accom- 
plishment and the willingness to do the 
work first and count the cost afterward. 
It is interesting to note here that a ma- 
jority of the young Americans who have 
fitted themselves for technical forest 
work are Yale men. Whatever the con- 
nection or the special fitness may be 
which brings Yale men into this line of 
effort and achievement, I should lke to 
see the recruits from Yale come in fast 
enough to maintain something like the 
old proportion. 

After the ‘‘ Yale spirit’? comes sound- 
ness of body and hardiness, for foresters 
must often expect the roughest kind of 
life in the woods. The helpmeet of 
hardiness is a contented spirit. There 


THE FORESTER. 


July, 


is no more pernicious character than a 
grumbler in camp, and nothing will 
help so much to get field work done 
as the willingness to bear privation 
cheerfully. 

A man who takes up forestry will often 
find the field work exceedingly or even 
unexpectedly hard, for it combines 
severe mental work with severe bodily 
labor, under conditions which make each 
one peculiarly trying. Work in the woods 
differs profoundly from camp life as it is 
uusually understood. Foresters get a 
certain amount of hunting and fishing, 
and every forester will do his work 
better for a wholesome love of the rod 
and gun, but the line between work and 
play is still sharply drawn. 

I have been speaking of the funda- 
mental qualities which are more or less 
necessary to success in any vigorous 
outdoor life. There are several addi- 


‘tional capacities with which the forester 


should be well endowed. The first of 
these is the power of observation. It is 
often difficult to say a@ prior¢ whether 
a man has it or not. In many cases it 
makes itself known as a love of hunt- 
ing or fishing, or a general pleasure in 
all outdoors. To the forester it is one 
of the most essential qualities in his 
mental equipment. Finally, persever- 
ance, initiative and self-reliance are 
peculiarly necessary, because the for- 
ester is so often withdrawn from the in- 
spection of his superiors and altogether 
dependent on his own steadfastness and 
devotion to keep him up to the high 
standard he should set himself for his 
work. In a new field of effort this is 
especially likely to be true. It is one 
of the distinguishing characteristics of 
the profession of forestry. 


PREPARATION. 


The preparation for forestry as a pro- 
fession should, as a rule, begin with a 
college or university course, and should 
be continued after graduation in most 
cases for three years. 

The first step in the preparation for 
forestry as a profession is for the possi- 
ble forester to discover whether his con- 


1899. 
ception of forestry is a right one. To 
do so he must get into the field. The 


Division of Forestry has made provision 
to meet this requirement by establish- 
ing the grade of Student Assistant, with 
pay at the rate of $300 a year. Men 


who take this position are required to 


WH AF 
‘i ij 


ly ge 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


159 


specific advantage this grade offers in 
enabling a man to take part in actual 
forest work under a trained forester, and 
so discover what the profession really 
means, it has a special usefulness in en- 
abling men who cannot afford fuller 
preparation to support themselves while 


A VISTA OF ELMS. 


With Welch Hall and Lawrence Hall on the Yale Campus. 


assist in the work of the Division with 
the same steadiness and devotion to 
duty as in all its other members, and 
they are employed so far as possible in 
work of peculiar value to them and at 
the same time of use in the general pro- 
gress: All their expenses are defrayed 
while in the field. In addition to the 


getting their education. It does not 
replace a forest school with advantage, 
nor isit the intention that it should. No 
future forester who can possibly afford 
to take a course, either at Cornell, under 
Dr, Fernow, or at Biltmore, under Dr. 
Schenck, should fail to do so. 

The number of positions as Student 


160 THE FORESTER. 


Assistant is decidedly limited. Parties 
will be in the field during the coming 
summer in the Adirondacks, in the State 
of Washington, and possibly also in 
Maine. No one will be received as 
Student Assistant who has not defi- 
nitely made up his mind to take up for- 
estry as a profession, although of course 
no pledge to that effect is required. 

In my judgment the best course for 
the future forester to pursue, so far as 
his systematic training is concerned, is 
first, one year at a university, filling up 
the blanks in the auxiliary subjects neces- 
sary, as mentioned in the symposium pub- 
lished in the May issue of THE ForeEs- 
TER; second, a year at a forest school, 
preferably where practical work in the 
woods goes hand in hand with theo- 
retical instruction; and third, a year 
abroad. The latter is of the greatest 
value, because in this country forestry is 
too young to show the effect of silvi- 


July, 


cultural treatment on the various kinds 
of forests; although much that is learned 
abroad must be unlearned later. This 
experience in a region where forestry is 
of old date is, in my judgment, a most 
essential portion of a forester’s educa- 
tion. It goes without saying that vaca- 
tions, as far as possible, should be spent 
in the woods. 

Forestry on its executive side is closer 
to lumbering than any other calling, and 
a good knowledge of the lumberman’s 
methods is an essential part of a for- 
ester’s education. But it must not be 
forgotten that it offers a field for pure 
research of the widest and most attract- 
ive character for those who are inclined 
and can afford to occupy it. It is so 
broad a subject that as yet we do not 
quite know what its development and its 
subdivisions are going to be. 

GIFFORD PINCHOT. 


Appointments of Student Assistants. 


Names of those selected for field work during the present summer under the direction of the 


Department of Agriculture. 


The opportunity offered by the Divi- 
sion of Forestry of the Department of 
Agriculture, for field instruction during 
the present summer, met with an imme- 
diate response from a large number of 
young men, many of them college un- 
dergraduates, who were desirous of be- 
coming student-assistants. The great 
excess of applications made a careful 
examination and selection necessary, 
with the result that the following young 
men have been chosen to work under 
the direction of these officials: 


With Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the 
Department of Agriculture, working in 
the State of Washington: Stuart Hotch- 
kiss, Richard Thornton Fisher, E. eS: 
Moore, E. Koch, J. Frazier-Curtis, 
William M. Maule, Thomas C. Carson, 


Kinsley Twining, Jr., William B. Hodge, 


Jr., Henry James, 2d., William James, 


|r., Frank A. Sprage, BE. T Allen, anc 
William F. Wight. 


With Henry S. Graves, Assistant For- 
ester of the Department, working in the 
Adirondacks: Smith Riley, Henry Grin- 
nell, Fred Nash, Oscar S. Pulmany [a 
Edward T. Grandlienard, M. De Turk 
High, . John’ Victor) > Doniphany ajier 
Charles Jones, Edwin Colby Lewis, and 
William P. Haines. 


With W. W. Ashe, Forest Expert of 
the Division of Forestry, in North Caro- 
lina: A. EB. Ames, A.-E, Gohoon; ja 
Caldwell, Jr., and H. McC. Curran. 

In the office of the Division of Fores- 
try at Washington: Treadwell Cleve- 
land, Jr. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


161 


Conservation and Restoration. 


The Proposed Leech Lake Forest Re- 
serve, [linnesota. 


With the idea of providing the State 
of Minnesota with a public park reserve, 
larger, more easily accessible, and almost 
as beautiful as the Yellowstone National 
Park, a plan is being formulated, for in- 
tended legislative action, regarding the 
Leech Lake country in Minnesota. 

The balsamic forests of that region are 
said to have healing powers not found 
elsewhere, on account of which the lo- 
cality has been suggested as the site for 
a large sanitarium for wounded and dis- 
abled soldiers, for whose support the 
Government spends a largé sum annu- 
ally, in various States. 

The suggestion is made that these in- 
valids, besides being greatly benefited 
in health, could act as guards in the pro- 
posed forest reservation, making the plan 
not only feasible, but extremely practi- 
cable from a financial view-point. 

The plan was originally suggested by 
Colonel John S. Cooper, of Chicago, who 
has been enthusiastically advocating the 
movement until its success now seems 
more than a mere possibility. 


Lumbermen and Charcoal [lakers— 
Next ? 


The growth of popular interest in for- 
est conservation has been very marked 
during the past year, but even the most 
enthusiastic advocates were hardly pre- 
pared to hear that lumbermen and char- 
coal makers—the destroyers of the for- 
ests—are now taking steps to administer 
their forests as permanent investments. 

A Minnesota lumberman, E. L. Reed, 
of Anako, has determined to apply forest 
principles to a tract of one thousandacres 
of Pine lands in Mille Lacs County, ac- 
cording to a recent article in the A/znne- 
apolis Journal. Other owners of forest 
tracts in the same State have also deter- 
mined to adopt conservative methods, 
and are taking advantage of the offer 


made some time ago by the Division of 
Forestry of the Department of Agricul- 
ture. This plan provides, as heretofore 
announced, for examining forest and 
woodlands, and outlining a scheme of 
scientific administration with a view to 
the preservation of the forest as a whole, 
while yielding an annual revenue. 

The preliminary examination of these 
tracts has already been made under the 
direction of Horace B. Ayres, special 
agent of the Division of Forestry. 

Even more significant are the applica- 
tions which have come from charcoal 
makers in the upper peninsula of Michi- 
gan, who desire to begin a system of 
economical management of woodlands 
from which they procure wood for the 
charcoal kilns. After years of burning 
without thought of preserving the source 
of supply, they have become alarmed, 
and want to make the remaining lands 
furnish annual crops. 


The Enthusiasm of Conviction. 


Former Mayor T. P. Lukens, of Pasa- 
dena, Cal., an evergreen seed-grower of 
twenty-five years experience, intends to 
spend the greater part of the Summer in 
the mountains at Pine Lake, where he 
has built a log cabin, and will devote his 
time to forest investigation. He will col- 
lect seeds of the Pinus tuberculata, take 
them out by fire, and plant them in the 
Fall in the burned districts above Pasa- 
dena. In the absence of Government 
aid, Mr, Lukens intends to give a per- 
sonal object lesson in support of his 
views. 


A Significant Showing. 


The applications from private land- 
owners to the Division of Forestry of 
the Department of Agriculture for a 
scientific administration of their wood- 
lands, under the recent offer of the De- 
partment, represent a total of one and 
one-half million acres. 


102 


THE FORESTER. 


Recent Legislation. 


New York. 


A victory for those in favor of forest 
conservation was gained in New York 
State in the early part of June, when 
the Court of Appeals, in session at 
Albany, affirmed the decision of the 
lower courts declaring unconstitutional 
a forest law in dispute. This law was 
passed by the Legislature of 1894, 
making Moose River and its tributaries 
public highways for the floating of logs 
and timber. W.S. de Camp, a large 
landowner, brought the suit against 
Lemon and Edward Thompson, lumber- 
men, who had cut 19,000,000 feet of 
lumber. As the decision prevents taking 
this out, except at considerably increased 
expense, it is believed the landowners’ 
victory will be a permanent one. 

In the new rules adopted by the New 
York State Civil Service Commission, and 
approved by Governor Roosevelt, the 
offices of fire inspectors of the Forest 
Preserve Board are transferred to the 
‘competitive class,” by which appli- 
cants are made subject to examination 
under the classification of ‘skilled 
laborers.”’ 

Governor Roosevelt has signed a bill 
authorizing the expenditure of $30,000 
for Beaver Park, Albany. 


Massachusetts, 


A plan has been proposed to enlarge 
and improve the grounds around the 
Massachusetts State House soas to form 
apark. The Governor, President of the 
Senate, and Speaker of the House are 
the committe on a proposal to defray the 
expense by issuing $2,000,000 of four per 
cent forty year bonds. 

The Massachusetts Legislature has 
appropriated $200,000 this year to be 
used in fighting the gypsy moth, which 
is very injurious to Elm and other trees. 

The Massachusetts House has voted 
to appropriate $600,000 for the purchase 
by the State of Nantasket Beach and its 
conversion into a public reservation. 


Pennsylvania. 


A bill authorizing the purchase: of 
timbered lands for State forest reserva- 
tions whenever there are available funds. 
in the treasury for that purpose, has 
passed the Legislature and has been 
approved by Governor Stone. Under 
the safeguards provided there is no 
necessity for delay awaiting special legis- 
lation for each instance of a new pur- 
chase. The advantage of this provision 
cannot well be overestimated, as it will 
enable the State Forest Commission 
to establish reserves without the hin- 
derance of the customary official red tape. 


Michigan. 


The. Governor of Michigan has ap- 
proved Senate Bill No. 101, providing 
for a permanent commission on forestry, 
a review of which was published in the 
June Forrester. The commission ap- 
pointed by him consists of Hon. Arthur 
Hill, of Saginaw; Hon. Charles W.-Gar- 
field, of Grand Rapids, and Hon. Wil- 
liam French, of Alpena, Commissioner 
of the State Land Office, ex-officio. 

The bill which was introduced into the 
Michigan Legislature to create the office 
or Fire Warden, failed of enactment. It 
was planned to model the law on the 
lines of that enacted in Massachusetts 
in 1894. Though encountering a set- 
back in this defeat, the friends of the pro- 
posed measure hope to arouse sufficient 
public sentiment to pass the bill at. the 
next session of the legislature. 

The main provisions are that the Gov- 
ernor shall appoint a State Fire Marshal, 
who shall hold office for a period of two 
years, and shall maintain an office at Lan- 
sing, and whomay beremoved for cause at 
any time. This marshal or warden shall 
appoint two deputies, one of whom shall 
reside in the upper peninsula. The fire 
chief of Detroit is also constituted a 
deputy, as is the fire marshal or chief in 
every city or village in the State. Super- 
visors of townships shall also be depu- 
ties. 


1899. 


Minnesota. 


Under the new forest reserve law, pro- 
viding for a State Board of Forestry, the 
Minnesota State Forestry Association 
has chosen Judson N. Cross as its repre- 
sentative on the board. 


Colorado, 


At arecent meeting of the State Board 
of Agriculture, resolutions were adopted 
directing the preparation and circulation 
of bulletin leaflets containing plans and 
suggestions for the ornamentation of 
grounds by tree-planting, etc. Though 
intended primarily for the improvement 
of school-house grounds and country 
homes, it is certain that the effect of 
such bulletins will be far-reaching in 
other directions as well. 


Washington. 


The reorganization of the forest re- 
serve service in Washington provides for 
one State Superintendent instead of 
two as before ; four Supervisors instead 
of three, and a large force of rangers 
to guard against forest fires during the 
dry season. 

The State Superintendent’s salary has 
been reduced from $2,000 to $1,000 per 
annum. ‘The Supervisors are placed in 
charge of the different squads of rangers 
and are paid $5 a day salary, $1.50a day 
subsistence, Sundays included, and all 
traveling expenses. The Supervisor’s 
salary thus amounts to about $2,000 per 
annum. From 60 to 75 rangers will 
be employed, half of them having gone 
on duty June 1, and the remaining 
ones on July 1. Their salary will be 
$60 a month, out of which they must 
supply their own outfit and subsistence. 

Representative D. B. Sheller has been 
appointed Superintendent. E. B. Hyde, 
of Spokane, one of the former Superin- 
tendents, is one of the new Supervisors. 
He has charge of that part of the Wash- 
ington reserve lying east of the Cascade 
Mountains, together with the strip of 
the Priest River reserve which extends 
into Washington, and has headquarters 
at Spokane. Supervisor Matheson has 
charge of Mt. Rainier Reserve, with 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


163 


headquarters at North Yakima. Super- 
visor Ham is in charge of the Olympics, 
with headquarters at Tacoma. Super- 
visor Hulbert has charge of the western 
part of the Washington Reserve, and is 
stationed at Everett. 


Canada. 


After official inquiry into the subject, 
the Canadian Government has decided 
not to issue permits to cut timber on 
Dominion lands along the eastern slope 
of the Rocky Mountains and the foot- 
hill country adjacent thereto south of 
Bow River, and to preserve the timber 
as far as possible from being destroyed, 
with a view of securing a permanent 
supply of water for irrigation purposes. 


Nova Scotia. 


At the recent session of the Nova 
Scotia Legislature E. McDonald, M. P. 
for Pictou, introduced in the House of 
Assembly a bill designed to protect work- 
men employed by lumbermen, The bill 
was passed there but was defeated in the 
Legislative Council. Itis known as the 
‘¢Woodmen’s Lien Act,” making wages 
a first lien upon the forest product to 
the exclusion of all other claims except 
those of the Dominion Government, and 
will be reintroduced at the next session 
of the Legislature. 


A movement was recently made to con- 
solidate all the Cypress lumber mills of 
Louisiana and Mississippi into a ‘‘ trust,” 
but it fell through, says Bradstree?’s, sim- 
ply because all the mills have orders 
ahead for almost the entire output, con- 
siderable trade coming from Cuba and 
Porto Rico. 


Wooden pavements are common in 
Paris, made of blocks 4.7 by 5.9 inches, 
of Landes Pine, with some of the 
principal thoroughfares laid with Ameri- 
can Pitch Pine. The latter is said to 
have been employed with marked suc- 
cess. It is estimated that up to 1897 
over three million dollars had been ex- 
pended by that city for wooden pave- 
ments.—American Lumberman. 


THE FORESTER. 


July, 


Reign of the Fire King. 


Forest Fires in Washington. 

While cruising in the vicinity of the 
headwaters of the Lewis and Sispus 
between Mt. Adams and Mt. 
St. Helen, last August, I saw the destruc- 
tion by fire of a great quantity of very 
valuable timber. At that time fifty sec- 
tions of heavily-timbered country were 
totally devastated by fire within forty- 
eight hours. I would estimate the tim- 
ber thus destroyed to be from 40,000 to 
50,000 feet per acre. The loss approxi- 
mated 1,280,000, 000 feet of first-class Fir 
timber, which, when worked up into lum- 
ber, would amount to not less than ten 
millions of dollars in value. A fire en- 
tailing such losses would be considered 
a great disaster in any part of the country. 
This is but one instance among many— 
in fact, there are miles and miles of that 
country that have been thus destroyed. 

There are evidently several causes for 
these fires. First, the Indians purposely 
set fires where the brush is so thick as to 
interfere with hunting; secondly, the 
sheep men cause these conflagrations to 
make better pasturage on the sheep 
ranges ; and, thirdly, prospectors and 
travelers through the country are often 
careless of their camp-fires. 

Something, indeed, must be done at 
once if the forests of the higher lands of 
the Cascade range are to be saved from 
the destroying brand. It is necessary 
not only to have a stringent law, but it 
must be strictly enforced. If nothing is 
done to save this great wealth of forest at 
once, it will soon be too late. Under the 
existing inactivity on the part of the Gov- 
ernment and State to preserve these for- 
ests, the end of the next ten years will 
see the bulk of the timber on the high- 
lands destroyed. This, of course, en- 
dangers the lower lands also, and will 
soon be the cause of inroads on the tim- 
ber of the valleys. 


Rivers, 


hs Coxe 
Chenowith, Wash. 


Forest Fires in Oregon. 


Much of the loss occasioned by the 
disastrous forest fires of recent years in 
Washington and Oregon is undoubtedly 
due to the indifference and carelessness 
of settlers. 

In my personal experience one man, 
J. B. McDonald, admitted on the witness 
stand that, after having cleared off an old 
burn of about two acres, he had set fire 
to the debris, and that at dark he had 
put it in shape so as not to spread to the 
adjoining forest, but that about 100’clock 
that night, noticing a bright light, he 
went up to the clearing and discovered 
that the fire had crept into the timber; 
that before it was extinguished ten mil- 
lions of first-class Fir was destroyed. 

The man said that his two acres, when 
cleared for the plow, were not worth ten 
dollars. The difference between the two 
amounts represents the premium on his 
carelessness and the cost of the experi- 
ence to the State. 

It is perfectly awful to go through the 
forests of Oregon and Washington and 
see the waste caused by needless fires. 
The statements of ‘‘boomers”’ regarding 
the immense forests in these States are 
gross exaggerations. The lands origi- 
nally covered by forests have been so 
burned over that I do not believe 40 per 
cent of the timber remains—perhaps not 
30 per cent. 

J. B. Montcom_ry, 
Portland, Oregon. 


Swift Punishment of an Incendiary. 


Lowville, N. Y.—Henry Kennedy, 
of Watson, was arrested by Sheriff Geo. 
Denslow and brought before Justice J. C. 
Bardo for examination. The charge is 
setting forest fires in the town of Watson. 
He entered a plea of guilty. He was 
fined $25 or twenty-five days in jail, and 
not having the necessary funds was com- 
mitted to jail. 


1899. 
PE -FORES TER. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 


Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 


THE ForesTER is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon. JAMEs WILson, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 


No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. 


Attention is called to the arrangements for 
meetings of the American Forestry Association, 
as given in the pink slips enclosed in each copy 
of this issue. 


An unexpected demand having exhausted 
the supply of complete files of THE ForEsTER, 
Vols. I, II, and III, the management will deem 
it a great favor to them, and more especially to 
those who have applied for the early volumes, 
if subscribers who have extra single copies or 
files, which they are willing to donate or sell to 
the Association, for the spread of forest in- 
formation and interest, will kindly write to this 
office, stating volume, number, and how many 
copies they will forward, in order to fill out in- 

complete files now in stock, 


The laudable efforts of many public-spirited 
men in the West, who have been energetic in 
arousing public sentiment for the care and pres- 
ervation of the forests, have lately been de- 
cried by a newspaper writer who holds other 
views. While not denying the perfect right of 
every individual to hold whatever views appeal 
to him, THE ForeEsTER feels an interest in pre- 
senting to its readers this month several able 
comments on the cerservation and restoration 
of forests. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


165 


The August ForeEsTER will contain a full ac- 
count of the Los Angeles meeting of the 
American Forestry Association, with a num- 
ber of the leading papers read at its sessions. 
This will be an important issue. 


It is gratifying to the editor of THE ForRESTER 
to be in receipt of commendatory articles from 
various parts of the country, in reference to 
Tue Forester and its contributors of the last 
few months. Theaim of the management will 
be to present facts with such official authoriza- 
tion as will make all its articles recognized as 
worthy of unquestioned acceptation. 

It is encouraging, therefore, in an age of sharp 
criticism, to find that the opinions expressed in 
THE ForESTER meet with the hearty approval of 
those who are in 4 position to know the facts. 
In prefacing a review of Mr. Bailey Willis’ ar- 
ticle on ‘‘Mount Rainier” from the May For- 
ESTER, the Seattle (Wash.) Post-Jntelligencer 
says: 

‘Mr, Bailey Willis has written for the May 
number of THE ForesTER an article describing 
Mount Rainier National Park, and suggesting 
various modifications in the boundaries, which 
might profitably be given wider circulation. 
The descriptive portion of the article is the sort 
of material which the Information Bureau re- 
cently formed in this city might find advan- 
tageous to distribute. Theadventures of moun- 
tain-climbing frequently form the most seduc- 
tive inducements possible to be put before 
tourists; and Rainier, with its peculiar combi- 
nation of iceand forestry, would commend itself 
to an unusually large range of explorers and ex- 
ploiters. A pamphlet, well compiled and hand- 
somely illustrated, containing the interesting 
data of Mr. Willis’ article, could but find alarge 
range of interested readers.” 


Mr. Willis, through his connection with the 
United States Geological Survey, has become 
known as an authority on matters pertaining 
to the physiography and glacial phenomena 
of the Northwest. He first visited Mt. Rainier 
in 1881 when he explored a large part of Wash- 
ington and Oregon, especially the Cascade 
Range, during a feriod of three years, becom- 
ing thoroughly familiar with the entire region 
and repeatedly ascending the famous mountain 
at its most difficult points. He has visited there 
three times since, and in 1896, with Prof. Rus- 
sell and several associates, reached the summit 
of Mt, Rainier up the northern slope—this being 
the only authenticated trip ever made by this 
route 


THE FORESTER. July, 


166 


A Further Increase. 


Since the announcement, in the June Forester, of the large increase in the 
membership of the American Forestry Association during a single month—May— 
further applications have come in with hardly any diminution in the ratio of increase, 
notwithstanding the advent of torrid weather and the vacation season. [But for the 
fact that the July ForesTreR appears in advance of the usual date of publication— 
on account of the conventions of the National Educational Association and of the 
American Forestry Association at Los Angeles—it is more than likely that the 
marked increase announced last month would have been duplicated in the present 
issue. 


Life Member. 


D. H. Holmes, ‘‘ Holmesdale,” Covington, Ky. 


Annual Members. 


W. P. Allen, 711 Lincoln Ave., St. Paul, 
Minn. 

Dr. A. A. Angell, Tryon, N. C. 

Frank Hilliard Brooks, St. Johnsbury, Vt. 

Henry Deering, Box 938, Portland, Me. 

Lewis G. Farlow, 61 Franklin St., Newton, 
Mass. 

William French, Silver City, N. M. 

E. S. Gosney, Flagstaff, Ariz, 

Charles H. Green, Rochester, Vt. 

Samuel Hartsel, Hartsel, Park Co., Colo. 

Miss Clara Hersey, 315 Walnut Ave., Rox- 
bury, Mass. 

D. Blakely Hoar, Brookline, Mass. 

Rosewell B. Lawrence, 73 Tremont St., 
Boston, Mass. 

John B. Mason, Princeton, Mass. 


W.S. Melick, Pasadena, Cal. 

James Sturgis Pray, 27 Everett St., Cam- 
bridge, Mass, 

Walter Retzer, 436 La Salle Ave., Chicago, 
Ill. 

Paul Schneider, Bedford, Ohio. 

C. R. Smith, Menasha, Wis. 

William E, Strong, Tryon, N. C. 

Henry F. Tapley, 194 Congress St., Boston, 
Mass. 

E. S. Thacher, Nordhoff, Cal. 

H. A. Unruh, Arcadia, Los Angeles Co., 
Calk 

Charles S. Westcott, Malden, Mass. 

Charles S. Wheeler, 532 Market St., San 
Francisco, Cal. 

Lucien Wulsin, Cincinnati, Ohio. 


CHIPS AND CLIPS. 


‘‘ Dead green” is the description given 
of much lumber being shipped lately. 


The price of Hemlock in New York 
is said to have reached the best figure 
in its history. 


‘«‘There are no soft spots in the Pine 
trade,” is the way a lumber contempo- 
rary describes the situation. 


The season’s lumber drive in Maine, 
by the Kennebec Log Company, is re- 
ported as one hundred million feet. 


A lumber firm has bought an entire 
township in Maine, and will manufac- 
ture a hardwood tape for improved pegg- 
ing machinery. 


The raft-towing from the Georgian 
Bay District to Michigan will aggregate 
less than seventy-five million feet this 
year, according to a recent estimate. 


A considerable trade is said to have 
been developed in cedar posts for man- 
ufacture into paving blocks, creating a 
scarcity in that grade of article. 


1899. 


A Russian firm has been making ex- 
tended inquiries regarding firms in a 
position to supply railway sleepers and 
wood blocks suitable for paving pur- 
poses. 


The heaviest sale of hardwood timber 
in the history of Emmet County, Mich., 
was recently made, consisting of 36,000 
acres, the total consideration being 
placed at $52,000. 


Export orders of Cypress ties are being 
figured on at New Orleans in lots of 
250,000 for Cuban purchasers. Under 
the recent ruling, these ties will be ad- 
mitted free of duty. 


A lumberman’s marine insurance com- 
pany has been incorporated with a capi- 
tal of $50,000 at Norfolk, Va., in conse- 
quence of disagreements with the general 
insurance companies. 


The timber on 30,000 acres of hard- 
woods at Algoma, W. Va, is about to be 
cut at the rate of 35,000 feet per day. 
It is estimated that five years will be 
‘spent in finishing the tract. 


One and one-half million feet of lum- 
ber has already been delivered in Phila- 
delphia for the buildings of the Com- 
mercial Museums’ Exposition of Amer- 
ican products and manufactures. 

The timber on a tract of virgin forest 
in Mississippi, 23,000 acres in extent, 
heretofore reserved for United States 
naval purposes, was offered for sale at 
the highest bid filed by the middle of 
June. 


A special commissioner, recently sent 
to San Francisco by the Philadelphia 
Exposition of American Manufactures 
and Products, has secured the promise 
of a California exhibit, including nuts 
and raisins. 


A large tract of Pine, situated on the 
north shore of Lake Superior, has been 
purchased, it is announced, to be rafted to 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


167 


Ashland, Wis. The timber will amount 
to about two hundred and fifty million 
feet and is the first large amount of Min- 
nesota timber to be brought to the Ash- 
land mills to be sawed. 


The Ontario Department of Forestry 
has received inquiries from Great Britain 
regarding the quality of Birch timber to 
be found in Canada. There is said to be 
a good demand in Great Britain for Cana- 
dian Birch for furniture manufacture. 


A consolidation of all the interests of 
a number of West Virginia timber pro- 
ducers, including U. S. Senator Stephen 
B. Elkins and all the mills on the W. 
Va. Central & Pittsburg Railroad, has 
been rumored for some time, but lacks 
confirmation. 


An American company, composed 
largely of Pennsylvania ‘capitalists, has 
invested in extensive timberlands, under- 
laid with minerals, in Honduras, Central 
America. About 40,000 acres of land 
have already been purchased for devel: 
opment. 


Three Scotch lumbermen, from Crieff 
and Montrose in the Land of the Thistle, 
have been touring Michigan to acquire 
general information touching their busi- 
ness. Besides having interests in Eng- 
land and Scotland, they are factors in 
the lumber trade of Sweden. 


A short time ago there was recorded 
at Davis, W. Va, the largest trainload 
of logs ever brought into that place. 
The cargo was West Virginia Spruce and 
consisted of thirty-seven trucks, loaded 
and unloaded and hauled a distance of 
twenty miles—all within twelve hours. 


A valuable tract of land in Mississippi, 
well timbered, has been sold to New 
York lumbermen for immediate devel- 
opment. The purchase includes Yazoo 
Delta lands, of rich alluvial bottoms, 
which are regarded very highly, and will 
be good farming tracts, it is said, when 
the timber is cut. 


168 


A. W. Belding, for four years forest 
ranger of the Biscotasing district of On- 
tario, under the Canadian Government, 
died suddenly several weeks ago. He 
was an expert lumberman previous to his 
official service. 

The passing of the axe-man from the 
Michigan and Wisconsin fields to the 
South, is becoming something hke an 
exodus. Among other recently an- 
nounced purchases by Northern lumber- 
men is a tract of 160,000 acres of Pine 
timber lands in Calcasieu Parish, Lou- 
isiana. 


One of the leading forest experts in 
Scotland. M. Malcolm Dunn, died re- 
cently. He wrote frequently upon for- 
est, horticultural, and literary topics af- 
fecting Scotland. For many years he 
had been in charge of the grounds of 
Dalkeith Palace, one of the Scotch es- 
tates of the Duke of Buccleuch, 

Four hundred million feet of standing 
Pine in Lake County, Minn , have been 
sold to former U. S. Senator Vilas and 
Col. J. H. Knight, of Wisconsin, for one 
million dollars. Thesale is one of great 
importance to the prosperity of the towns 
bordering on Lake Superior, and North- 
ern Wisconsm in general. 


The aggressive and successful prose- 
cution of a pulp and paper company for 
pollution of the Potomac River, has led 
to the formation of a board of trade by 
residents of Piedmont and Iuka, W. Va., 
and Western Port, Md., near by, to pre- 
vent opposition to lumbering enterprises 
which may be induced to locate there. 


The consolidation of the interests of 
five Michigan lumbermen, and the capi- 
talization of a company at $550,000, is 
announced, for the purpose of buying 
and selling lands and timber, principally 
in the Parishes of Calcasieu, Vernon, 
and Rapides, Louisiana. The present 
holdings amount to 143,000 acres, for 
which an aggregate amount of $900,000 
was paid, 


THE FORESTER. 


Se 


July, 


The successful propagation and growth 
of forest trees is admirably exemplified 
in the Farlington Tree Plantation, in 
Crawford County, Kansas. After nearly 
two decades of experimentation on two 
tracts of land, specially set apart for the 
purpose, there is ample evidence of what 
can be accomplished when scientific 
methods are employed. : 

The planting was completed hardly 
more than a dozen years ago and since 
then the only attention given to either 
of the tracts has been to keep out the:fire 
and to cut out the small inferior trees. 


——— 


Forest Fires. 


Marquette, Mich.—Forest fires are 
burning north of Bessemer, the entire 
range being under a dense cloud fof 
smoke. =-4 


pee aa 

Bangor, Me.—A fierce fire has raged 
in the woods along the line of the Mount 
Desert Branch R. R. near the Green 


Point road. 


North Eastham, Mass.—The forest 
fire in this section swept a territory of 
1,600 acres, causing a loss of between 
$12,000 and $15,000. 


Brewer, Me.—A forest fire started on 
the Bar Harbor Railroad, at the top of 
Brewer grade, and burned fiercely ; but 
spreading into a dead woodland district 
little damage was done. 


Santa Fe, N. M.—Forest fires have 
recently done great damage in the Jemez 
and Via Mountains, destroying thousands 
of dollars’ worth of timber. The fires — 
can be seen for many miles. 


Kanab, Utah.—Three immense forest 
fires swept Buckskin mountains, in. 
northern Arizona and southern Utah. | 
Over 100 square miles of timber on the - 
Grand Canon forest reserve were de- 


stroyed. 


Lewiston, Me.—A crew of twenty-one | 
men were sent by Street Commissioner | 
Murphy to the farms on the Noname 


1899. 
road, to extinguish the forest fires there. 
They worked from noon to midnight be- 


fore beating back the flames. 


Clinton, Mass.—A forest fire burned 
in the woodlands along the Boylston 
Road, the territory affected covering 
Many acres, with ‘‘miles of flame.” 
There were no houses in the vicinity and 
no efforts were made to check the fire. 


Port Republic, N. J.—The fire men- 
tioned in the June ForesTeR, was the 
worst forest fire in this section in eight 
years. The flames at one time extended 
fifteen miles in width, and, with an unfa- 
vorable wind, would have threatened At- 
lantic City. 


Rockland, Me.—A terrible forest fire 
raged at Razorville, sweeping everything 
before it and damaging land and timber 
greatly. A stiff northwest breeze sprang 
up, driving away the fire fighters. No 
buildings had been destroyed, at last 
accounts. 


Buzzard’s Bay, Mass.—A fire which 
started in the Plymouth woods, near 
Bournedale, swept toward Plymouth, 
being aided by a heavy wind. A large 
force of men went out to fight the flames, 
and saved the immense cranberry bogs 
by flooding. 

Pueblo, Colo.—A large forest fire 
burned through a part of the Hardscrab- 
ble region, the best watered and best 
timbered portion of the Greenhorn range. 
The locality of the fire was several-miles 
north of Hardscrabble canon, and west 
of Wetmore. 


Hill City, S. D.—It is stated on the 
authority of H. G. Hamaker, Forest 
Supervisor for the Black Hills forest 
reserve, that fire in four different sections 
of the Southern Hills had destroyed 
large areas of valuable timber. In 
every instance the fire was started bya 
ranchman who was burning off old grass 
and brush on cleared lands. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


169 


Sparrow Bush, N. Y.—The recent for- 
est fire on Hawk’s Nest Mountain killed 
some thousands of fine young trees on 
the bluff west of Butler’s Lock. A trip 
through the burned strip showed exten- 
sive loss. Several mountain farmhouses 
and barns narrowly escaped destruction. 
As the Port Jervis, N. Y., Gazette says: 
‘‘The starting of such fires is a crime 
that ought to be punished.” 


Iron Mountain, Mich.—Northwest of 
this place a woodchopper left his camp- 
fire burning, and the wind, blowing a 
gale, fanned it into a conflagration. 
The flames spread both to the west and 
south. Another fire started near the 
compressor works on the Menominee 
River, south of this town, and burned 
standing Pine and. cut hard wood. 
Many farmers had narrow escapes from 
being burned out. 


St. John’s, N. F.—The village of Bay 
of Islands, a settlement on the West 
coast of Newfoundland, forming part of 
what is called the French Shore, was de- 
stroyed by forest fires the middle of June. 
Sixty-nine houses were burned and fifty- 
seven families are homeless. 

The French and British warships on 
the coast afforded assistance to the des- 
titute people until relief could be secured 
from the nearest towns. 

_ Rangeley, Me.—At ‘‘The Chain of 
Ponds” where there are large tracts of 
merchantable timber, a forest fire burned 
the supply-station of a large mill com- 
pany and swept through 1,000 acres of 
merchantable timber, some weeks ago. 
The lives of two hundred lumbermen were 
endangered. There was a northwest gale 
blowing, causing the fire to spread with 
great rapidity, with no possible means of 
checking it. The station-keeper, Wil- 
liam Mahoney, and his wife, escaped in 
safety. 

At Mooselookmeguntic another fire 
occurred. Two log booms burst and 
entailed a loss of $1,500. Five million 
feet of logs were included in the booms. 


DHE FORESTER: 


July, 


Recent Publications. 
A Primer of Forestry, Part I.—Gifford Pinchot. 


A simple book on forestry in the United 
States has long been needed—a book that could 
be readily used in schools and yet one thorough 
enough to serve as a basis for advanced work 
later on. Mr. Pinchot’s forthcoming volume 
is the first part of a book written for this very 
purpose, and for this reason merits a welcome 
from all who have sought in vain for such a 
help to elementary study. 

This account of the life of trees and forests 
is written in a light and very interesting way, 
yet contrives to tell all the facts and explain all 
the laws of forest growth which are not too 


abstract and difficult for the aim in view. It. 


consists of four chapters. The first chapter 
tells of the habits of a tree; how it lives, and 
gains food, and breathes. The second chapter 
shows how numbers of trees live when they are 
grouped together in a forest. When this hap- 
pens the trees are no longer able to follow their 
separate inclinations, but commence at once 
to fight with one another for the required 
amount of sunlight and growing space. ‘There 
begins that competition between one tree and 
another, and between one kind of tree and 
another kind, which lends so much interest to 
the history of the forest. 

Yet in spite of the struggle that is going on 
for survival, the trees are, oddly enough, bound 
together in mutual helpfulness, in this way re- 
sembling not a little the members of a human 
community ; so that the sharpness of the ri- 
valry is softened, andthe tree that wins, claims 
our true admiration. 

Crapter three is of special interest. It is de- 
voted to the story of a forest crop through all 
its long and gradual growth from the seedling 
to the mature tree. At first the young trees 
start on nearly an equal footing ; but before 
long they crowd up against one another, and 
their branches interfere, so that the sunlight is 
shut out from the leaves, and the least advan- 
tage of faster growth quickly gives some trees 
the means of overtopping tne rest, leaving the 
latter to starve and die while they stretch up 
to gather strength and bulk for the next stage 
in the struggle. 

This fight is rep2ated until the trees have 
reached their full height, when, being unable 


to develop a larger crown of leaves above them, 
they resort to growing sideways, so that their 
branches again interfere with those of their 
neighbo:s. All this while the trees are grow 

ing in three ways—in height, thickness and vol- 
ume—and it is shown how there comes a time 
when the trees can be cut or harvested with 
more profit than at any other time. 

The final chapter deals with the enemies of 
the forest. Fire comes first in importance, 
The author describes how fires arise and how 
they are best prevented orextinguished. Next 
in order comes sheep grazing, which, besides. 
being a frequent cause of destructive fires, is a 
menace to the forest in many other ways, such 
as the tearing of the soil on hillsides, the tramp- 
ling or devouring of seedlings, and the like. 
Then there are insects without number, cattle, 
horses, swine, snow and wind—a whole army 
against which the forest battles more or less. 
strenuously all its life. 

But if Nature were left to herself, as was the 
case before the intrusion of man into the depths 
of the virgin forests, a very great part of all 
this damage now being done to the forest 
would never happen. Man has been the worst 
enemy of the woods. Independently of the 
fires which his interest: occasion, there is ]um- 


_ bering which, as now conducted, despoils the 


forest, and benumbs or destroys its growing 
power for long periods. 


‘The Forest” is rendered doubly attractive 
to the general reader, and doubly useful for 
the end which it is written to serve, by its 
plentiful illustrations. There are forty-three 
full-page illustrations and eighty-seven more 
in the text. They consist almost entirely of 
photographs taken in the forest. The greater 
number were secured expressly for the book, 
while all elucidate various points of the expo- 
sition, The photographsof the different phases 
of forest life are remarkable for the clearness 
with which they show the contrasting stages. 
of growth, distinct forest types, the effects of 
fire, grazing and wind, and the characteristics. 
of many species of trees. In addition there 
are a number of photographs showing the parts. 
of a tree, such as cones, roots, bark, and, par- 
ticularly, the wood itself. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 


INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 


Hon, JAMEs Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 


First Vice President. 
Dr. B. E. FERNow. 


Corresponding Secretary, 
F. H. NEWELL. 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer. 


GEORGE P,. WHITTLESEY. 


James WILson, CHARLES C, BINNEY. 
B. E. FERNow. HENRY GANNETT. 
GEORGE W. McLAnaHAN, 


EDWARD A. Bowers. 
ARNOLD HAGUE. 
GIFFORD PINCHOT, 


Directors. 


F, H. NEwELt. 
GrorGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents, 


Sir H.G. Joy DE LoTsinizreE, Pointe Platon, 


Quebec. 
CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. 
CHARLES Monr, Mobile, Ala. 
D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. 
Tuomas C. McR4eg, Prescott, Ark. 
AxssotT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. 
E. T. Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo. 
RoBert Brown, New Haven, Conn. 


Wo. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N, J. 
EpwarpD F, Hosart, Santa Fe, N. M, 
WarrEN Hictey, New York, N. Y. 

J. A. Hotes, Raleigh. N. C. 

W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
REUBEN H. Warpber, North Bend, Ohio. 
WiILuiaM T. LitTLez, Perry, Okla. 

E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 


FREDERICK V, CovILLE.. 


Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. 

A. V. CLusss, Pensacola, Fla. 

R. B. RepparD, Savannah, Ga. 

J. M. Coutrer, Chicago, II]. 

James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. 

Tuos. H. MacBripeE, lowa City, Iowa. 
J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. 

Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. 
Lewis JoHnson, New Orleans, La. 
Joun W. Gaxkrett, Baltimore, Md. 
Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. 
J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. 

W. J. Beat, Agricultural College, Mich. 
C. C, ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. 
WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. 
Cuar.es E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 


J. T. RotHrock, West Chester, Pa. 
H. G. RussE.1, E. Greenwich, R. I. 
H, A. Green, Chester, S. C. 

Tuomas T, WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. 
W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 
C. A. WuitTine, Salt Lake, Utah. 
REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

D. O. Nourse. Blacksburg, Va. 
EpMmunND S. Meany, Seattle, Wash. 

A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. 
H. C. Purnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 
Etwoop Meap, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
GrorGcE W. McLanaHuan, Washington, D.C 
Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 

Wm. LitTLe, Montreal, Quebec. 
Lieut. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 


The object of this Association is to promote : 
1, A more rational and conservative treatment of the forest resources of this continent. 
2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to promote 
this object. 
3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and renewal of 
forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper utilization of forest 


products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate subjects of arboriculture, 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, as well as 


are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth. 


THE FORESTER. 


THE INCREASING INTEREST 


in the history of American forests and the efforts that have been made 


for their conservation, development, and use, has led THE ForESTER to 


secure, for the benefit of its readers, a number of complete sets of the 


“Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress” and 
“Proceedings of the American Forestry Association” 


covering a period from December, 1888, to December, 1897. These 
issues include many valuable papers on forestry as read at the various 
annual meetings throughout the country during the years named, 


including the sessions in 


WASHINGTON, QUEBEC, ATLANTA, GA., BROOKLYN, N. Y., 
SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ASHEVILLE, N. C., NASHVILLE, TENN., and the 
WORLD'S FAIR CONGRESS IN 1893. 


Those who desire a complete library to keep pace with the rapidly 
advancing interest in forestry can hardly afford to be without these 
valuable pamphlets. The complete series, covering the years named, 
will be sent postpaid to any address in the United States at the 
following prices: 


In one large volume 


Handsomely bound in red cloth, with gilt lettering 
and re-enforced corners : : 3 $2.00 


Just as durablv but less ornately, in green . 1.75 


THE FORESTER will endeavor to supply separate pamphlets upon application, 


at a uniform price of 25 cents, whenever complets sets will not be broken thereby. 


For any further information address 


THE FOREBSstee 


WASHING LON eee. 


Kindly mention THE ForESTER in writing. 


THE FORESTER. 


‘Valuable . . . cannot fail to be of the ‘““The sections are marvels of mechanical 
greatest practical assistance.’—-Revzew of dexterity . . . most interesting.’—MVew 
Reviews. York Times. 


|| HOUGH’S “AMERICAN WOODS.” 


PUBLICATION on the trees of the 
United States illustrated by actual 
specimens of the woods, showing three 
distinct views of the grain of each spe- 
cies, with full explanatéry text. (Sa@- 
ples of the spectmens used, 10 cents.) 

“Exceedingly valuable for study. A 
work where plant life does the writing 
and no one can read without thinking.” — 
G. A. Parker, Hartford, Conn. 

‘*Most valuable and the price reason- 
able.”’—Prof. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 
Preparations of Woods for Stereop- 

ticon and Microscope. 
Wooden Cross-Section Cards for fancy 
and business purposes. (Samples free.) 
Views of Typical Treesshowing habits of 
growth, Write for circulars, addressing 


R. B. HOUGH. 
10 Collins St., Lowville, N. Y. 


PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON AND MICROSCOPIC 
VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES, WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS. 


H. J. KOKEN CC. P; HANCOCK 


WZ 


— 


High-Class Designs and 
Illustrations 
Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 
Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


7 


TENTH STREET AND PENNA. AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Kindly mention Tue Forester in writing. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


BEREA COLLEGE, 


BEREA, KENTUCKY. 
A YEAR'S WORK IN FORESTRY IS OFFERED. — 


Local Forest Growth Affords Fine Facilities for Study. Z 


661 ‘Er raquia}das suadg wiosy [ey 


Excellent Advantages at Moderate Expense. 


LINCOLN HALL, BEREA COLLEGE. 


ONES" MORTICULT URE "Se anen?® 


For full information address 
S. C. MASON, M. Se., 
Professor of Horticulture and Forestry. 


PY TRAE ee 


Consulting Forester, 


Mahwah, N. J. 


Kindly mention THE ForEsTER 1n writing. 


A 


” THE STATE AND FORESTAY 


_ Vou. V. AUGUST, 1899. 


edeR rete cee a z 


Columbus, Ohio, August 22-23. 


This meeting is proposed in response to the invitation of the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science, which 
meets at Columbus August 22-26. The local arrangements are 
in charge of Prof. William Lazenby, of the Ohio State Uni- 
versity, Columbus. 

The sessions will be held on August 22 and 23 at Room 1, 
Horticultural Hall. 

Persons wishing to attend have the advantage of all favors 
as to railroad rates, excursions, etc., arranged for by the 
American Association for the Advancement of Science. 

Full information will be furnished by the Secretary, Dr. 
L. O. Howard, of Washington, D. C. 


Missoula, Montana, September 25-27. 


The close relations between forestry and irrigation make it 
especially suitable that this Association should accept the in- 
vitation to hold a meeting in connection with the National Ir- 
rigation Congress, which convenes at Missoula, Montana, on 
September 25. 

The immense forest reserves in and surrounding the Yel- 
lowstone National Park lend an additional attraction to 
this meeting. 

A committee of arrangements will shortly be appointed, an- 
nouncement of which will be made in THe Forester. Until 
further notice, information can be obtained from Mr. I. D. V. 
Donnell, Chairman Executive Committee, National Irrigation 
Congress, Billings, Montana. 


Papers. 


Members are earnestly and cordially invited to submit pa- 
pers on forest topics, to be read at one or another of these 
meetings. Those which cannot be presented by the writer in 
person may be sent to the gentleman in charge of the arrange- 
ments, as named above. Selected papers will be published in 
THE ForEsTER. 


—] 


1.00 a Year. 


inn 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION: 


BEREA COLLEGE, 


A Yi 


Excellent Advantages at Moderate Expense. 


For fv 


THE STATE AND OnEoTAT 


Vou. V. AUGUST, 1899. 


rT The Forester 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


devoted to the care and use of 
forests and ferest trees \\ 
to related \, \ 


Ab 
we 


‘7 The American Forestry Association. 


PUBLISHED BY 


PSS OSS 


Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


Mt COPYRIGHT, 18Q9, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., as second class matte 


ees pcanior arerounine 


ri 
TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

FOREST FIRE DEVASTATION IN COLORADO.-..:-:seccssssssssmesssessscssseetsssenuneces asseareuent . Frontispiece 
SUMMER MEETING OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION\..u0.cccssssescssssscessstecesssee 171 i 
Proceedings of the Convention. ae 
(From the official notes of the Secretary. ) 
Report of the Committee on Resolutions. aan 
THE STATE (AND! FORESTRY oi. 100) SU it os ceca bek aati aetna ee a Ue tee 179 a 
An Address delivered at the Summer Meeting. : 


(Number One of the Series.) 
WATER (CONSERVATION, INS SOULS 200108 eg iO Oe Tk A es a a ee Oe 181 


A Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. 
(Number Two of the Series.) 

NaturE’s (STORAGE RESERVOIRS 3000 Wee ge lk AUR aU ee eee ee 183 
A Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. 
(Number Three of the Series.) 

A FOREST EXPERIMENTAL, STATION 202.020 2008 2) M0 SGI eae ees ek ede an Jot 185 
A Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. 
(Number Four of the Series.) 

SUMMER MEETING NOTES ........ccccees Pa UN 0 UO PASSAIC Deane SUL UTMR LAL RS i) AN bea 188 
Insect Enemies of Trees. 
Sight-Seeing on Tally-Hos. 


MRECENT (LCR GISLATION 3002 Na OU a AOE ee aD ae A A NE a 189 
Minnesota. Michigan Canada. 

AN INTERESTING” (DISCOVERY .1050 0 AR WI Nese de Se EC a Aa es aa 190 

SPRUCE PULP) FOR | NEWSPAPERS .2..4 het 0p a ST ar aC eed ae Sea 190 

PRESERVATION OF PHILIPPINE ForESTS......-- PRIDE MMO ia TMI PUN Aka ik nL UNUM Igo 

EDITORIAL 


The Summer Meeting. 
Minnesota’s New Forest Reserve. 
The Need of Forest Legislation. 
Coming Issues of THE FORESTER. 
Chips and Clips—News Items. 
Surveying Forest Lands. 
Counterfeiting Nature. 
A Montana Conflagration, 
Canadian Incentive for Forest Study. 
The Signs of the Times. 

REcENT PUBLICATIONS 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. ? 


POmresS TRY SCHOOL 


Atos ied MOE eNi ne 


For circular and information apply to 


© A. SCHENCK] BE. D., 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE 


The Foremost School for Young Women 


a oe IN’ AMERICAGe = 


ATIONAL PARK SEMINARY is named from its proximity to the great National Rock 
WD Park, recently purchased by the Government and designed to become the most beauti- 
ful reservation of the National Capital. This whole region is marvelously beautiful and 
picturesque with its combination of forest, stream, hill and dale. It rises gradually 
from the City of Washington till at Forest Glen the Seminary stands on an eminence four hun- 
dred feet above the level of the city. Forty acres of sunny slopes and wild ravines, towering 
trees and winding paths, babbling brooks and tangled dells, combine to form a site seldom 
rivaled in varied and inspiring scenery, where the beautiful ts utilized to develop character. 
The altitude of its location precludes possibility of malaria. The equable climate, free from 
the rigors of a northern winter promotes health by inviting out-door sports. The building 
itself crowns the highest hill and was erected and equipped at an expense of $80,000; it has a 
frontage of two hundred and seventy-five feet, with three large center halls thirty by forty feet 
on each floor, which afford a charming rendezvous for student life; heated by steam and lighted 
by gas, with bath rooms plentiful and sanitary arrangements complete. The house is situated 
so that every room gets the sun at some time during the day. 


The close proximity to the National Capital, with all the educational and social advan- 
tages appertaining to such a residence, offers wonderful facilities to its pupils. The Seminary 
is within twenty minutes of the heart of the city and, with twenty trains daily, besides electric 
cars, easy access is afforded to all the Libraries, Museums, Departments of Government, Con- 
gress and Foreign Legations. These with the official and social life of the National Capital offer 
opportunities for profitable study. 

The course of study is planned to produce womanly women. There are twenty-two 
teachers and the limited number of pupils permits of much personal attention and individual 
instruction foreach. Health zs a matter of first consideration always. There are no nerve- 
straining examinations, ‘Thirty different States represented among the pupils, bringing 
together the daughters of representatives families throughout the entire Union. 

The Seminary’s watchword: ‘‘ We consider text-book training only a part of our work as 
educators. We shall be satisfied with nothing less than the development of the whole being.” 

The yearly expenses at National Park 4 Address 


are $350 to $500. Early application is neces- 


sary. Catalogue giving views of the school § J. A. CASSEDY, Principal, 
and opinion of enthusiastic patrons will be 
sent on application. P. O. Box 100. Forest Glen, Md. 


Kindly mention THE Forester in writing, 


THE FORESTER. 


HENRY ROME: 


The First Established and [ost Complete 
Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 


Mo Fiftleas Avemue. New York. 


Established London 1881, New York 1884. 


Branches: London, Paris, Berlin, Sydney. 


‘The Press Cutting Bureau... 


which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London and 
1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every 
newspaper and periodical of importance published in the United 
States, Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of sub- 
scribers, professional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, 
newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, 


referring either to them or any given subject... . 


Henry Romeiice 


@&,. 110 Fifth Avenue, New York. 


Kindly mention THE ForeESTER in writing. 


“OD INF LLYN 


The Forester. 


vou. V. AUGUST, 1899. No. 8. 


The American Forestry Association. 


A Notable Summer Meeting at Los Angeles. 
FROM THE OFFICIAL NOTES OF THE SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION, 


The American Forestry Association held a special Summer Meeting at Los 
_ Angeles, Cal., on July 1g and 20. The arrangements were made by Mr. Abbot 
Kinney, Vice President for California, and were admirable in every respect. Prior 
to the date of the meeting the newspapers of Los Angeles and other towns in the 
State made frequent mention of the coming convention, both in their news and 
editorial columns, emphasizing strongly the importance of the subject and the 
value of an expert discussion of it. 

The sessions were held in Assembly Hall, 330 South Broadway. At 8 o’clock 
on Wednesday evening, July 19, the convention was called to order by Mr. Kinney, 
in the absence of the President of the Association. The hall was comfortably filled 


and the audience manifested deep interest in the proceedings. 

Among those present at this and other sessions were: 

Abbot Kinney, Vice President for California and President of the Forest and 
Water Society of Southern California; Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the U. S. De- 
partment of Agriculture; F. H. Newell, Hydrographer U. S. Geological Survey; 
William G. Kerckhoff, Vice-Pres. Forest and Water Society of Southern California; 
_W. H. Knight, Secretary Forest and Water Society of Southern California; Hon. 
W. S. Melick, former. member of the State Legislature; J. B. Lippincott, U. S. 
Geological Survey; H. Hawgood, Consulting Engineer; S. M. Woodbridge, Ph. D.; 
Prof. W. R. Dudley, of Stanford University; James D. Schuyler, Consulting En- 
gineer; F. H. Olmsted, City Engineer; Fred Eaton, mayor of Los Angeles; T. 5S. Van 
Dyke; Elwood Mead, Irrigation Expert, U. S. Department of Agriculture; George 
H. Maxwell, Chairman National Irrigation Association; A. J. McLatchie, University 
of Arizona; T. P. Lukens, Pasadena; C. M. Heintz, Editor Rural Californian; 
Lucius A. Booth, Oakland; C. L. Cory, Berkeley; N. W. Blanchard, Santa Paula; 
‘James Boyd, Riverside; J. A. Lippincott, Philadelphia; C. G. Baldwin, Clare- 
mont; Prof. L. J. Stabler, University of Southern California; Capt. G. G. Mullins, 


rye2 THE FORESTER. August, 


U, S. A. (retired); Mary B. Moody, New Haven; Edgar W. Camp, Esq., Los 
Angeles; J. W. Mills, Pomona; E. F. C. Klokke, Los Angeles; Charles E. Rich- 
ards, Los Angeles; A. Campbell Johnson, Los Angeles; Ad. Petsch, Los Angeles; 
William F. Burbank, Los Angeles; C. E. Rhone, Los Angeles; Wallace W. Ever- 
ett. Editor Wood and Iron, San Francisco; Prof. M. H. Buckham, President Uni- 
versity of Vermont; Lew E. Aubury, Mining Engineer, Delegate from the Cali- 
fornia Miners Association; O. S. Breese, Manager Wining and Metallurgical Journal, 
Los Angeles (also Delegate from the California Miners Association); Charles H. 
Shinn, Berkeley, Collaborator, Division of Forestry, U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture, and Inspector of Experiment Stations of the University of California; C. A. 
Colmore, Foreman Santa Monica Experiment Station, California; George P. Whit- 
tlesey, Washington, D. C., Recording Secretary and Treasurer of the American 
Forestry Association; W. Goodrich Jones, Temple, Tex.; Charles A. Keffer, 
Mesilla Park, Ariz.; Samuel B. Green, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, 
Minn.; Col. Adolph Wood, San Bernandino, Cal.; Charles S. Swisher, Washing- 
ton. D.C: 

Mr. Kinney welcomed the Association to Southern California, this being its 
first meeting on the Pacific Coast. He pointed out that the presence of persons 
from many parts of the Union showed a live interest in the subject of forestry, a 
subject which he regarded asa matter of vital importance to California, a question 
of expansion under our own flag. <A great arid country lies at our door, he said, 
and we have the opportunity to conquer a great empire, to be taken up by people 
of our own blood and language, who will do a great deal to build up our trade and 
commerce. 

Mr. Kinney made the announcement that the Park Commission of Los Angeles 
had tendered the Association a drive through the parks of the city; that a trip up 
Mt. Lowe was being arranged; also a trip to Squirrel Inn, and a reception by the 
Chamber of Commerce. He called attention to a beautiful vase of Eucalyptus 
ficifolia which decorated the stand on the platform, the gift of Mr. A. Campbell 
Johnson. 

Hon. W. S. Melick, of Los Angeles, a former member of the State Legisla- 
ture, read a carefully prepared paper describing the relation of ‘‘The State and 
Forestry,” as published in this issue. 

He was followed by Mr. Gifford Pinchot, Forester of the Department of Agri- 
culture, who explained the forest work carried on by the division of which he is 
chief, also the work of the U. S. Geological Survey and the General Land Office 
of the Department of the Interior. He stated that his division was in full harmony 
with the Geological Survey, and that the results obtained were consequently more 
than doubled. Mr. Pinchot then turned to the question of forest protection, and 
by means of stereopticon views emphasized the necessity of guarding against fire 
and sheep, the two great enemies of old and young growth. He also dwelt on the 
good that can be accomplished by an organized body of persons, such as the 
American Forestry Association, and expressed the hope that its membership might 
be greatly increased, as its objects became known more generally throughout the 
country. 

_ Mr. J. B. Lippincott, of the U. S. Geological Survey, read an interesting de- 
scription of ‘*The Bitter Root Forest Reserve,” following it with a series of stere- 
opticon views of the mountains, forests and lakes of that region. 

Che Chair, having been empowered to appoint a Committee on Resolutions, 
named the following: W. G. Kerckhoff, Gifford Pinchot, Adolph Wood, G. H. 
Maxwell, Elwood Mead, T. P. Lukens and N. W. Blanchard. 

Adjourned to 10 o’clock Thursday morning, 


1899. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 173 


Second Day’s Sessions. 


Mr. Kinney called the convention to order at 10 o’clock Thursday morning. 
Mr. Knight read letters of regret from United States Senator Perkins, Congressman 
R. J. Waters, Congressman-elect J. C. Needham, Dr C. A. Schenck, of Biltmore, 
N. C.; W. N. Beyers, President Colorado State Forestry Association; Sir Joly 
de Lotbiniere, Vice President of the Association for Canada; Mr. Elwood Cooper, 
President State Board of Horticulture; Mayor Phelan, of San Francisco, and others. 

A paper by Mr. A. Campbell Johnson on ‘‘A Forest Experimental Station’’ 
was read by Secretary Whittlesey. Mr. W. H. Hawgood read a valuable paper on 
‘‘Some Kelations between Forests, Percolation and Water Supply.” Mr. S. M. 
Woodbridge, Vice President Chemical Agricultural Works, presented an interesting 


paper on ‘‘ Water Conservation in Soils.””. Mr. Elwood Mead made a strong plea 
for ‘‘ Leasing the Public Grazing Lands.”’ Mr. W. W. Everett presented the lum- 
berman’s side of the question in a paper on ‘‘ The Practical in Forestry.” Mr. O.S. 


Breese discussed ‘‘ The Relations of Mining to Forestry.” 
A recess was then taken until 2.30 p. m. 


At the afternoon session papers were read as follows: 

‘«The Reclamation of Drifting Sand Dunes in Golden Gate Park,” by Mr. John 
McLaren, Superintendent of the Park, (read by Secretary Whittlesey). ‘‘ Sequoia 
of the Sierras and their Distribution,” by Prof. W. R. Dudley, of Stanford Univer- 
sity. ‘‘ The Influence of Forests upon Storage Reservoirs,” by Mr. James D. Schuyler. 
*‘A California School of Forestry,” by Rev. George W. White, President University 
of Southern California (read by Professor Stabler). ‘Forestry in North Dakota,”’ 
by Mr. W. W. Barrett, State Superintendent of Forestry in North Dakota (read by 
Secretary Whittlesey). 

Mr. F. H. Olmsted, City Engineer of Los Angeles, then addressed the meeting 
on the subject of ‘‘ Forest Preservation and the Watershed of the Los Angeles 
River,” illustrating his remarks by a large map of the watershed. He expressed 
gratification that the Forestry Convention was being held in Los Angeles, and said 
that its work was appreciated. ‘I feel,’ he said, ‘‘that we need such an object 
lesson. It is not always easy to see why the Government is not more careful of our 
interests. But the growth of the city has been such that our hands are full, and so 
it is not strange, perhaps, that we are lax in looking after our watershed. Yet no 
interest could be more vital. One of the teachers attending the National Educa- 
tional Association Convention laughed at the Los Angeles ‘River.’ But we can 
forgive her. With my experience of several years I have yet to see, in many 
respects, a more remarkable stream. Its limited watershed, the limited rainfall, 
and dry seasons cannot prevent it from furnishing a steady supply of water. I 
regard it as a wonderful stream. Most of the slopes of the watershed are covered 
with brush—we can hardly say timber. But I observe that these slopes are as well 
protected as though covered by coniferous growth. The formation of the basin 
favors the growth of brush.”’ 

Mr. Olmsted then described the geological formation of the mountains sur- 
rounding the San Fernando Valley, which he called an awful picture of desolation 
and drought ‘‘ But it is really a great filter,” he said, ‘‘through which the water 
is percolating to the river.” Mr, Olmsted thought the difficulty with the Govern- 
ment rangers is that they do not live in the mountains, but merely make trips into 
them. In the whole basin there are three men who have ranches, and they have a 
personal interest in putting out fires. ‘‘In time we shall have municipal guards to 
watch this basin,” he concluded; ‘‘we cannot afford to take any chances of having 
our water supply diminished,” 


174 THE FORESTER, August, 


At the suggestion of Mr. Olmsted, Mr. Kinney then called upon Mayor Eaton, 
of Los Angeles. His Honor said, in part: ‘I did not come here to-day to deliver 
an address. Mr. Olmsted said there would be a possible niche to fill in, and so I 
accompanied him. I cannot add much to whathe has said. For the short time he 
has been City Engineer he has made himself very familiar with this subject. 

‘‘Mr. Olmsted spoke of the large gravel beds in the valley portion of the Los 
Angeles River watershed, which he described as a natural underground reservoir. 
In this connection I might say something as to the possibility of increasing the flow 
of the stream by enlarging the saturated area in this mass of sand and gravel, which 
extends along the base of the mountain shed on the north side of the valley. It is 
of great depth and has an area of about twelve thousand acres, extending from the 
mouth of two main cafions to the river, with a surface inclination averaging about 
seventy-five feet per mile. The plane of the saturated portion of this deposit hasa 
gradent of about fifty feet per mile, which leaves an average depth of at least one 
hundred feet of dry material above the ground water, having a void capacity suffi- 
cient to supply the present average normal run-off for six years without replenish- 
ment. A very considerable portion of this area is wholly unsuited to agriculture, 
as it consists of dry sand and boulder washes, which parallel the base of the moun- 
tains, after emerging therefrom, and extending at intervals over a width of about 
two miles. The floods of later years have been confined to one of these channels, 
and I believe it quite practicable to divert the flow into a large number of channels 
and thus secure a greater absorption during the periods of excessive rainfall. About 
one year in five there is a large run-off which passes beyond the point where it is 
available in maintaining the supply of this stream. 

‘The western slope of the Sierra Madre and Coast range is very steep and few 
suitably located surface storage sites are to be found, and in the absence of these, 
the only method remaining for increasing the supply is to store the surplus rainfall 
below the surface. We should commence where the rain first hits the ground, by 
preserving our timber and plant growth, so that it will protect the soil from erosion 
and retain it on the precipitous surface of our rainshed, which in reality is about 
the only area in Southern California that yields anything to the run-off, with an 
average precipitation. The western half of the Los Angeles River watershed con- 
tributes little, if anything, to the waters during the normal flow of that stream. It 
being principally valley, the usual rainfall is consumed by evaporation and plant 
growth. 

‘«The importance of protecting the sources of our water supply is not generally 
appreciated by the people. These scientific papers and discussions, while exceedingly 
interesting to us, must be followed by an active campaign on lines that will engage 
the attention of those with whom the solution of this matter rests. The average 
citizen thinks that timber has value only for commercial use, and that brush is only 
an incumbrance. Most of our mountain watershed in Southern California is below 
the snow line, where the erosive effects from precipitation are greatest, and the brush 
is the principal protection. 

‘‘When the people have learned that existence in this country depends upon 
the maintenance of the water supply, and that it is the chief factor in the develop- 
ment of all our resources, there will be no difficulty in getting protection for the 
forests and plant growth of our watersheds.”’ 

Mr. T. S. Van Dyke then made some remarks on ‘‘ Irrigation Problems.” He 
said in part: ‘¢The productive power of the United States has almost reached its 
limits. A little more may be done by improved methods of agriculture. But if we 
are to keep pace with the rest of the world in production we must take up irriga- 
tion, not only in the West but in the East, because it is found that in the East the 
product is increased as much in proportion by irrigation as in the West. It is hard 


1899. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 175 


for some of us to understand that we cannot expect to see any more large irriga- 
tion works built by private enterprise. We here are simply the pioneers. We 
must create a public sentiment and keep it going. There are of course many 
projects. One trouble is that private works do not pay. The reason is this: If 
you have a city of any given number you can calculate that 97 or 98 per cent will 
take water from the pipes of a water supply system, but if you have a given area 
of land and a big body of water back of it and bring it down to the land, about 85 
or go per cent of the population will not take the water. 

‘«This is a strange statement, but it is true. The most rapid rate of settle- 
ment has been at Redlands, but the rate has not been large enough even there to 
insure the success of an irrigation company which depended solely on the annual 
payments for the use of its water. All attempts in India, Europe and the United 
States to build irrigation works have resulted in disaster. The most rapid rate of 
settlement will not do it unless the rate of payment for water is so high as to be a 
bar to settlement. In the next place the majority of settlers on every ditch do not 
wish to raise oranges and alfalfa. The crop they wish to raise is tender-feet. 
They want to take out strangers and sell them land. In nearly all cases the profit 
has been to the land owner and not to the builder of the works. 

‘“‘The Government must take up this matter, just as it takes up river and 
harbor improvements. If not the Government, then the States must doit. Mr. 
Mead’s idea is a good one. It meets the objection that it would cost too much to 
carry out such a scheme. 

‘It has been suggested that the difficulty of building water works could be met 
by co operation. The first step is that four or five men working together build the 
ditch, the land furnishing meantime feed and supplies for them and their teams. 
The land has built the ditch. The next step is that some one man comes along 
with money and buys a large tract and hires some one to build the ditch; then he 
sells off the land in lots and gets back the money from the buyers, and when it is 
all sold he steps out and the land owners own it, and it becomes a land owners’ 
company. If he works it right he will make money; but the difference comes out 
of the increased value of the land. That is the way almost all the works in South- 
ern California have been built. There are but four exceptions. Riverside started 
as a City Water Company. In 1883 they had to turn it into a land-owners’ com- 
pany. Every one of these companies has been a success, while the others are a 
failure. No one will now plant any large area unless he belongs to a land-owners’ 
company. 

‘‘Another way to accomplish the same thing is by building a ditch and selling 
the water right, a perpetual right to water, for so much money. It has been par- 
tially successful, but it cannot be relied upon any longer. Consequently we must 
look to the State or the Government and we must create a public sentiment. It 
will take a long time to doit. The great trouble is that the East does not under- 
stand the question. We must go at it in some way that does not excite their fears 
of jobbery. There is some reason for this fear. Mr. Olmsted has said that every 
man on a certain river had a dam site; but if the Government began buying dam 
sites it would be found that every one of those men had two for sale.”” Some dis- 
cussion followed as to the Los Angeles River and its water supply, participated in 
by Messrs. Sprague, Hyde and Steele. 

Professor Dudley mentioned some interesting facts in regard to palms, to the 
effect that he had found palms growing on the desert at the mouths of cafions 
where there was a salty deposit. 

‘James Boyd strongly advocated keeping sheep out of the forest reserves. Mr. 
Maxwell thought that in some parts of the country grazing might be permissible 
in the forests, but that it should be absolutely prohibited in Southern California. 


6 THE FORESTER. | August, 


Mr. Pinchot stated that he had tried to bring out the same idea last night. 
Mr. Kinney thought that any overstocking of pasture lands was disastrous. He 
thought that the leasing of public lands necessitated a strong and able body of 
men in control, and that it was inadvisable to undertake such a policy until we can 
surely control it. 

Professor Shinn expressed his pleasure at the good prospects of forestry in 
California, and related his first experiences in Southern California years ago. He 
knew of no place in the United States so well adapted for comprehensive work, 
and no place where we can learn so many lessons. This convention is just the 
beginning of a comprehensive organization, he said. He wished every one could 
see the Sequoia and be uplifted thereby. He thought there was no greater work 
than to save the forests. If we keep the forests alive, we are aiding to preserve 
civilization. Let us go home feeling that we are brothers in a great work for the 
forests, he said, as against the destructive forces arrayed against them. 

Mr. Baldwin, President of Pomona College, thought an important question 
was, where the water comes out. In his land, he said, at a height of 7,000 feet 
one miner’s inch of water was worth fifty cents a day. His question was how to 
get it before it was lost. If it can be done by planting Sequoias above the 7,000- 
foot level, it would pay to do it. He was willing to spend some money if it would 
pay. He wanted to know what to do with the ten or twenty thousand acres on the 
high levels; the rainfall is from twenty to fifty inches; there is plenty of soil and a 
good deal of natural forest. 

Professor Dudley thought we ought to call upon the Government experts in 
such matters; he had no doubt that they would take up such points and that the 
number of experts would be increased if the people requested it. Mr. Richards 
called attention to the fact that trees and roots make conduits for the water into the 
soil. His experience had been that the efficiency of these conduits depends upon 
their size; that is, the size of the tree, and consequently it never would pay to plant 
trees that grow to any great size; smaller ones are much better. Mr. Kinney said 
that in Australia there are portions where there are no springs,-but the natives take 
the roots of trees and plants, cut them in sections and hang them up and get enough 
moisture to live on. 

Mr. Pinchot, in reply to Professor Dudley, stated that the Government would be 
only too glad to send experts to take up all such questions in the way he had sug- 
gested; all they wanted was the work to do and the money with which to do it. 


At the evening session:-Mr. F. H. Newell, the Corresponding Secretary of the 
Association, and Hydrographer of the United States Geological Survey, gave an 
illustrated lecture on the work of his division and the different methods of obtain- 
ing, preserving and utilizing water supplies in different parts of the country. 

Following this Mr. George H. Maxwell, Executive Chairman of the National 
Irrigation Congress, addressed the meeting on ‘‘Nature’s Storage Reservoirs,’’ be- 
ing a concise commentary on the subject, as published in this issue. 

Col. Adolph Wood then took the chair and Mr. Kinney read a paper on ‘* For- 
est Problems in the West.”’ 

At its conclusion, Mr. Maxwell, for the Committee on Resolutions, submitted 
its report, which was unanimously adopted, as published in full, hereto attached. 

Mr. Whittlesey moved a vote of thanks to the Forest and Water Society of 
Southern California for its cordial assistance in making this meeting of The Ameri- 
can Forestry Association a success. He also moved the thanks of the Association 
to the newspapers of the city and the State for the generous manner in which they 
had published advance notices of the meeting, and for their full and able reports of 
the proceedings. These motions were carried. 

The convention then adjourned. 


' 


+ 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


177 


The Resolutions Adopted. 


Complete Text of the Report of the Committee on Resolutions. 


WHEREAS, ‘‘ The tree is the mother 
of the fountain,’ and the forests and 
foliage of our mountains must be pre- 
served in order to maintain both the sur- 
face and underground supplies of water 
for irrigation, navigation, water power 
and other purposes, and to prevent the 
ruin and desolation which has followed 
the destruction of the forests in so many 
of the older countries of the world ; and 

WHEREAS, the very life of the com- 
munities which have already grown up 
in the arid region of the United States, 
and the further development of that vast 
area of our national territory, with all its 
attendant benefits to the entire country, 
depends absolutely upon the preserva- 
tion of the remaining forests and the re- 
forestation of denuded forest areas ; and 

WuereEas, the problem is a national 
one, and involves the preservation of 
national resources, the destruction of 
which would be disastrous to the people 
of the entire country : 

Now therefore be tt resolved by the Amer- 
tcan Forestry Assoctation— 

1. That we earnestly urge upon the 
Congress of the United States the im- 
portance of carrying into full effect the 
legislation enacted with a view to secur- 
ing the broadest and most effective ac- 
tion by the National Government for the 
preservation and reforestation of the 
forest lands of our country and the re- 
sulting conservation of our timber and 
water supplies, and wise and systematic 
utilization of our lumbering resources. 

2. That we favor the adoption of a 
system for the leasing of the public graz- 
ing lands under which the revenues 
would be devoted to forest preservation 
and irrigation development in the States 
and Territories where situated, but with- 
cut any grant in trust or otherwise of the 
title of the land to the States. Where, 
however, the value of the forest areas as 
sources of water supply so far overbal- 
ances any possible value they may have 


for grazing purposes, as is the case in 
Southern California and other places, no 
grazing whatever should be allowed in 
the forests. 

3. That we commend the action of 
our National Government, and especially 
the interest and efforts of the Secretary 
of the Interior and the Secretary of Ag- 
riculture and of the Division of Forestry 
of the Department of Agriculture, 
through Mr. Gifford Pinchot, and of the 
Division of Hydrography of the Geolog- 
ical Survey, through Mr. F. H. Newell, 
and of the Irrigation Investigation of 
the Department of Agriculture, under 
Mr. Elwood Mead, to increase our 
knowledge of forest problems and of their 
relation to the conservation and mainte- 
nance of our water supplies, and inas- 
much as the State of California offers 
unusual facilities for the investigation of 
the close connection between forest pres- 
ervation and irrigation, we urge that a 
thorough investigation thereof should at 
once be made by Mr. Elwood Mead in 
that State, in connection with the irriga- 
tion investigation of the Department of 
Agriculture now being made under his 
charge, and that the investigations as to 
water supplies now being made by the 
Division of Hydrography of the United 
States Geological Survey should, wher- 
ever practicable, embrace an investiga- 
tion into the actual effect of forest denu- 
dation upon the flow of streams from the 
denuded watershed. 

4. That we commend the efforts of the 
National Irrigation Congress and the 
National Irrigation Association and of 
all local organizations, such as the South- 
ern California Forest and Water Society, 
to awaken and unify public sentiment as 
to this great question of forest preserva- 
tion, and we strongly urge the vital im- 
portance of absolute harmony of policy 
and concentration and unity of pur- 
pose among all who are laboring in the 
cause. 


178 THE FORESTER. 


WueErREAs, the efforts of the U. S. 
Government for the preservation and 
right use of forests throughout the country 
are now scattered among three agencies, 
viz: The General Land office, the U. 5. 
Geological Survey, and the Division of 
Forestry, and 

WHEREAS, very serious loss of effi- 
ciency and waste of power is the neces- 
sary result of this diffusion of energy: 
therefore be it 

Resolved, that the American Forestry 
Association calls the attention of Con- 
gress to this wasteful and deplorable 
condition, and strenuously urges the con- 
solidation and unification of the na- 
tional forest work 

Resolved, that the American Forestry 
Association Jearns with much pleasure 
of the establishment of the Forest School 
of the University of Southern California, 
and that it urges upon the Federal forest 
authority the desirability of co-operating 
with it in its good work. 


WHEREAS, the Forest and Water So- 
cieties of California and of Southern 
California have requested the Honorable 
Secretary of Agriculture to cause to be 
made a full investigation of the forests 
of California and their condition and 
needs; and 

WHEREAS, such an investigation is 
the necessary precursor of the best treat- 
ment of forest problems: therefore be it 

Resolved, That the American Forestry 
Association urges upon the Honorable 
Secretary of Agriculture the speedy com- 
pletion of this investigation, which has 
already been begun. 


WHEREAS, The Commissioner of the 
General Land Office and other public 
officers have repeatedly and officially 
advocated the withdrawal from sale or 
entry other than mineral of all public 
lands of the United States more valuable 
for forest purposes than for agriculture: 
therefore be it 

Resolved, that the American Forestry 
Association once more urges upon the 
President the reservation of all public 
timber lands, pending full examination 


August, 


of their character, and especially of the 
mountain forest at the headwaters of the 
Sacramento River and its tributaries, as 
also in all the arid districts of the country. 


WueErEAS, for many years the forest 
and brush covering of our mountains 
have been destroyed by fire, thereby 
very materially diminishing the supply 
of water for irrigation, and if Nature’s 
slow process in reforesting is depended 
upon without aid from man, most serious 
loss will result in retarding the progress 
of developments, especially in Southern 
California: therefore, be it 

Resolved, That it is the sense of the 
American Forestry Association that the 
Federal Government take steps at the 
earliest possible time to reforest portions 
of the Forest Reserves of Southern Cali- 
fornia that have been denuded by fire, 
and are reasonably safe from fire in the 
future. 

Resolved, Vhat this Association en- 
dorses the request to Honorable R. J. 
Waters to secure the passage of a law 
making every one responsible for dam- 
age done by fire made or used by him, 
onall public lands. (Appendix ‘‘A.”’) 

Resolved, That this Association re- 
quests the Secretary of the Interior to 
put into immediate operation in the 
Forest Reserves the principles involved 
in the request to the Honorable R. J. 
Waters to secure the passage of a law 
making every one absolutely responsible 
for damage done by fire made or used by 
him. 


Appendix <‘A.’’ 


Los ANGELES, California, July 19. 
Hon. AR oy). Wanees, Moe: 

Dear Sir: You are hereby requested 
to secure the passage by the next Con- 
gress of a law substantially as follows: 

‘‘Whoever kindles, uses, or leaves 
after using, any fire, whether made by 
himself or others, that does any damage 
to grass, brush, timber or other vege- 
tation on land of the United States, 
beyond a circle of six feet radius from 
the center of such fire, shall pay a fine of 


1899. 


one hundred dollars, without regard to 
the amount of care used to prevent such 
damage.” 

‘‘As this is an innovation on all pre- 
cedent it may at first arouse some oppo- 
sition. But the records of our courts 
will show the present law almost worth- 
less, because the words ‘negligently ”’ 
or ‘‘carelessly’”’ throw on the prosecu- 
tion the burden of proof, which is almost 
impossible to secure. Even the sheep 
herder who fires the woods on purpose 
always shelters himself behind the asser- 
tion that the fire escaped in spite of his 
care. 

Every one should be made absolutely 
responsible. If any one does not know 
how to make a fire that is safe, or how 
to put it out when done with it, let him 
pay for the lesson or stay out of the 
woods. There is absolutely no excuse 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


179 


for a fire escaping. There is so much 
rebuilding of fires left by others that 
one should be responsible for that also. 
There is no hardship in this, for there 
is everywhere plenty of ground on which 
it is safe to make a fire, and where it is 
fit for camping there is plenty of water 
to extinguishit. It is nearly always pure 
recklessness, or else is caused by the 
stupid building of fires so large that they 
cannot be extinguished. No one of ex- 
perience ever does this for cooking or for 
comtore- , ltiis, only to. look atit.™ 1ise: 
itis worth one hundred dollars 

The fine should be made light so that 
there will be no objection to its enforce- 
ment. Fifty dollars might be better. It 
is always easy to find who made or left 
a fire. Proving the manner in which it 
was handled is quite another matter. 

aS. Van iD vires 


The State and: erestry: 


Being an Address Delivered at the Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, Cal., 1899. 


(NUMBER ONE OF THE SERIES.) 


Although hailing from a city and a 
valley whose life-blcod is in so large a 
measure dependent on the protection of 
her contiguous forest reserves; realizing 
that our shortened water supply to-day 
is the direct result of the disastrous con- 
flagrations which last year and three 
years ago swept through those cafions 
and over those mountains, ruthlessly 
destroying thousands of acres of those 
water conserving forests; and standing 
now in the peril of having the balance 
of those watersheds stripped of their 
snow-catching and rain-holding foliage, 
it would be idle to read to this interested 
body an essay on the necessity of forest 
protection. 

Your presence and the splendid pro- 
gramme provided are evidence enough 
that you realize that the axe of industry 
and the torch of ignorance and of care- 
lessness must be stayed, if our orchards 
and our homes are to be maintained 
with the life-giving waters. 


The American Forestry Association, 
perhaps more than any other body, 
realizes that America, especially arid 
America, must awaken and throw off her 
cloak of carelessness and chance, put 
on her robes of system and watchfulness, 
and go forth to protect and propagate 
before it is everlastingly too late. 

This convention, then, needs not so 
much the alarm of fire and destruction 
sounded as that we should formulate a 
system of protection and propagation in 
forestry and then awaken the slumbering 
people by the trumpet of education and 
legislative action. 

Perhaps every one here will agree— 

First. That forests are of vast impor- 
tance in the economy of nature. 

Second. That forests influence the 
humidity of the air and the earth (a) by 
screening the soil from the sun’s heat; 
(4) by the large surface of the leaves 
exposed in radiation, and (c) by the 
c ypious evaporation from the leaves. 


180 


Third. That the uncontrolled destruc- 
tion of the forests is in progress and 
should be stopped. 

Fourth. That the experience and his- 
tory of those sections and countries 
where the forests have been conserved 
show that improvement has resulted. 

Fifth. That such conservation and 
improvement should be made by gov- 
ernmental regulation and protection. 

Sixth. That it is the imperative duty 
of man and of government to prevent 
the excessive waste of wood. 

Seventh. That the dense ignorance 
that prevails in regard to forestry should 
be dispelled, (a) by organizations like 
the American Forestry Association and 
the Southern California Forestry and 
Water Society; (4) bya free diffusion 
of forest information through the press ; 
(c) by the establishment of schools of 
forestry in our universities. 

America, of all great countries on the 
globe, was originally the most thickly 
wooded. Her primitive forests were of 
immense extent. But opulence made us 
profligate. The last census showed a 
forest area reduced to 481,000,000 acres, 
and that still being reduced by an annual 
output of twenty billion feet of lumber, 
being ripped out by thirty-odd thousand 
sawmills and careless annual fires denud- 
ing hundreds of thousands of acres. 

Restrictive legislation has been slow 
in the United States. In 1817 the first 
Congressional action was taken and that 
restricted the cutting of Oak and Red 
Cedar. When the Timber Culture Act 
of 1873 was passed, it was a great step 
forward, and although over 5,000,000 
acres were entered under it in one year, 
it was a failure so far as the propagation 
of forests is concerned in this arid South- 
west. My acquaintance with hundreds 
of timber cuiture claims in this district 
leads me to assert that in nota half dozen 
instances were the trees planted and 
grown as the law provided. I don’t be- 
lieve there are 100 acres of forests in 
Southern California as the result of that 
law. 

As others will cover the general forest 
conditions and national needs, this paper 


THE FORESTER. 


August, 
is curtailed to a brief review of the con- 
ditions in California, to the end that this 
State may more effectively co-operate in 
this forest movement. The dependence 
of the valleys on the forest-covered 
mountain watersheds has not stayed the 
hand of the axeman nor the fires of care- 
lessness or maliciousness. Neither has 
there been rational legislative action. 
In this matter of forestry, California has 
had spasms and spurts, but little system- 
atic growth. 

On’ March, 3, 1885; State Forest 
Commission was provided for, but after 
an existence of 54% months of political 
turbulence (at a very large expense to 
the State, $33,495 of which was spent on 
forest stations), the commission was 
abolished ; and on March 23, 1893, they 
turned over the forest station experiment 
work to the State University, and ap- 
propriated $4,000 to be used for that 
purpose 

To day we have in California two 
State Forest Stations; one in Santa 
Monica cafion, of 20 acres, and one 
near Chico, of 29 acres. The general 
character of the trees in the former is 
the Eucalypti. In the latter the conifers 
predominate. I am familiar with the 
work and conditions at these stations, 
especially at Santa Monica. I have only 
good words for their management. 
With the money at their disposal for this 
purpose the Agricultural Department of 
the University has done faithful, eco- 
nomical service. 

But the provisions under which our 
State maintains these stations are far in- 
adequate to the importance of the sub- 
ject. Itis a wrong policy at all times 
merely to keep in existence any depart- 
ment of state. There should either be 
support enough to make that depart- 
ment increasingly useful with good re- 
sults, or else abolish it. On the floor of 
the Assembly, in the session of ’g7, I 
amended the appropriation bill to pro- 
vide for $8,000 to carry on this work of 
propagating and experimenting in fores- 
try, but Governor Budd vetoed the ap- 
propriation. Since that time these sta- 
tions have been simply kept alive on such 


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1899. 


meagre support as the Regents of the 
State University could spare. 

In our laws in regard to carelessness 
with fires in the mountains, we are woe- 
fully behind the times. We have two 
laws on the subject, one passed in Feb- 
ruary, 1872, and the other in March, 
1891. Both are ineffective, as we know 
by the number of fires, and by the few 
arrests and convictions. Section 3345 
of the Political Code, which provides 
that constables may call out persons 
subject to poll taxes to fight fires, with- 
out providing any penalty if they don’t 
respond, or any payment if they do, il- 
lustrates the impotence of our laws on 
this subject. 

As the object of this convention is to 
formulate some policy to be pursued in 
the matter of forestry in furthering the 
good national work so well begun, espe- 
cially in. this district, under Supervisor 
of Forest Reserves, Col. B. F. Allen, 
the views of each one may help; there- 
fore, | recommend, so far as California 
is concerned : 

First. That the National Government 
be given every aid and encouragement 
possible in its efforts to protect the 
forests in the reserves. 

Second. That protection be supple- 
mented with a proper system of propa- 
gation that the denuded portions be re- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


181 


covered as proposed by Mr. T, P. Lu- 
kens. 

Third. That the State revise its laws 
in regard to carelessness and malicious- 
ness in firing forests, etc., to the end 
that offenders may be detected and 
guilty persons punished. 

Fourth. Vhat our forest experiment 
station work be broadened from mere 
existence to a field of usefulness that 
will discover, propagate and distribute 
the trees best adapted to the various 
mountains, foot-hills, mesas, valleys and 
other conditions of the State; perhaps 
founding additional forest stations on 
Mount Hamilton and Mount Lowe. 

Fifth. By perennial appeals to the 
people, through this and all other or- 
ganizations, as wellas through the press, 
for them to plant trees, plant trees, 
plant trees and then take care of them ; 
impress upon them that individual action 
should come first in all things, and the 
State and nation are to aid where indi- 
vidual effort cannot go. 


Siti se lantetrees, 

Seventh. Take care of your trees. 
Highti. Elamt trees. 

Ninth. Take care of your trees. 
Tenth. Plant trees. And my forty 


other recommendations are the same as 
these. Wee Seo Miner 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


Water Conservation in Soils. 


Being a Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. 1899. 


(NUMBER TWO OF THE SERIES.) 


Most individuals have general ideas 
upon special subjects, the whys and 
wherefores of which they pretend to 
know nothing about—e. g., any one can 
analyze a face to the extent of saying: 
‘< That is an honest man,” or ‘‘I would 
not trust sucha one.” And yet if the 
criticiser should be called upon to give 
the minute details of the face, he would 
probably, in nine cases out of ten, be 
incapable of specifying objectionable 
points, or, at least, of defining why they 


are objectionable. So in regard to our 
mountains ; we often hear that they are 
the great reservoirs which store up our 
water and enable us to irrigate our fer- 
tile valleys during the dry season. It is 
to show why this is so that I propose to 
give the results of a few simple experi- 
ments, in regard to the porosity of soils 
and their absorptive and retaining pow- 
ers for water. 

In the first place let me remark that 
there are comparatively few cisterns or 


182 THE FORESTER. 


in Our mountains that hold 
large bodies of water. In the technical 
sense a reservoir is ‘‘a basin, either 
natural or artificial, for collecting and 
retaining water or other liquids.”’ 

There are two essentials to make a 
reservoir a success: First, there must 
be means for.collecting the water; and 
second, means for retaining it until it is 
needed. When we speak of the moun- 
tains as reservoirs, the word is not used 
in its ordinary sense, for I believe that 
the great volumes of water that contin- 
uously flow from our mountains are 
held in the interstices of the soil and 
rocks. My own investigations show that 
our different soils hold from about 17 to 
26 per cent of water, although some 
authorities make a much larger percent- 
age. 

Different kinds of soils vary in regard 
to their porosity, and the same soils 
vary to a very great degree in-regard to 
their absorptive power of water, de- 
pending upon the amount of moisture 
already contained in them. For ex- 
ample, here is a sample of red maca 
soil—it is hard and dry, containing but 
a trifle over one per cent of moisture. 
Water was turned on it and it absorbed 
only one-twentieth of the amount of 
water absorbed but a short distance from 
it by soil of the same kind, which con- 
tained, at the beginning of the experi- 
ment, about 8 per cent of moisture. 
This experiment was carried on on com- 
paratively level land; but if on a hill- 
side you see that 95 per cent of the 
water would have run off. 

This may be an extreme case, but it 
is remarkable how much water will run 
off from the soil when it is dry. We 
see the same effect if we dip a dry 
feather in water: when we pull it out it 
comes out dry. But if we moisten it 
and then dip it in water, it comes out 
saturated. 

It seems necessary then in order to 
have our land absorb the maximum 
amount of water that it should retain a 
goodly percentage of moisture. Or in 
other words, if we wish to fill our moun- 
tains with water and preserve the great- 


reservoirs 


August, 


est amount of rainfall, they should be 
kept moist. 

Having shown that it is necessary to 
have some moisture in the soil in order 
to have it absorb the rainfall readily, and 
thus make our mountains a reservoir, 
let us look at the other side of the case— 
that of retaining the moisture; and I 
regret to say that the experiments are 
not so complete and numerous as they 
should be, as they have only been fairly 
begun. 

In the first place, let me call your 
attention to the fact that capillary action 
in soil is in every direction from a given 
point. Water spreads out sidewise, as 
well as upwards and downwards by this 
action. Soil that had been thoroughly 


irrigated was taken and the amount of - 


water determined at 26.12 per cent. 
Some of this soil was put in beakers, 
filling them about half full, and placed 
in the laboratory. Onthe following day 
66 per cent of the moisture had dried 
out. Tin cans, without either bottoms 
or tops, were pressed down into the soil, 
and the soil taken from the side of the 
can, and a slide passed under the can, 
thus cutting off connection from the 
earth beneath. It was found that about 
the same amount of water had disap- 
peared from these cans as had disap- 
peared from the beakers. Where these 
cans had been pressed some inches be- 
low the surface of the ground, and the 
soil above raked, or cultivated, there 
was practically little loss of moisture 
where they had been covered with a 
mulch. : 

Conclusions from these facts are very 
obvious—that in order to make reser- 
voirs of our mountains, it 1s necessary 
to keep them in such condition that they 
will readily absorb water and retain it. 
And that this result can be brought 
about only by keeping them covered 
with a product of growth, or in other 
words, with the forests, as these forests 
make a covering, or mulch, for retaining 
the moisture. 

S.-M. AWoopBrRipGE.. ‘Pu... 
Lenapuente Experimental Ranch and 
Laboratory, South Pasadena, Cal, 


= a be ae 


‘ ‘ tnt | 
TP aie SARE, 


ed ee a gee Gel Oe eed 
ee ATS on ae re ee 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


183 


Nature's Storage Reservoirs. 


Being a Paper Read at Los Angeles by the Executive Chairman of the 
National Irrigation Congress. 


(NUMBER THREE OF THE SERIES.) 


Nearly every one now recognizes the 
need and importance, all through the 
arid region of America, of great storage 
reservoirs to save the waters that now, 
in the seasons of high water, run away 
to the ocean, not only wasting the wealth 
that the use of the water would produce, 
but oftentimes carrying destruction in 
their pathway, as the floods sweep down 
the mountain sides and through the 
valleys. 

There are not so many who realize 
the equally important fact that Nature 
has already made for us great storage 
reservoirs which must be preserved if 
we are to maintain the water supplies 
that we are now using. These natural 
storage reservoirs are absolutely essen- 
tial to the very life of many communities 
in the arid region, and yet, in many 
places, we are allowing them to be reck- 
lessly and ruthlessly destroyed. 

Much that I would have said to you 
on this subject has already been better 
said by others. In his address to-day 
Mr. Schuyler strongly brought out the 
close relation between forests and reser- 
voirs, and showed how essential it is, if 
we are to utilize the opportunities which 
Nature has created for building storage 
reservoirs in the mountain cafions, that 
we should preserve the forests and the 
foliage that covers the mountain sides, 
so that the winter storms will not bring 
down masses of detritus which will 
rapidly fill up and destroy the storage 
capacity of the reservoirs. 

He has showed, too, how imperative 
it is, if we would preserve our sources 
of water supply, that we should preserve 
the reservoirs which Nature has pro- 
vided for holding back the water in the 
natural sponges, made by the network 
of undergrowth and roots and decaying 
leaves, and shrubs and brush and trees 


which in so many places line our hill- 
sides and the precipitous slopes of our 
mountain cafions. And he has showed 
you how, when this natural sponge is 
once destroyed by fire or grazing, the 
waters will rush down in torrential floods, 
carrying away the scant remaining soil, 
and making it difficult and often im- 
possible to restore the growth on the 
slopes that are left barren. 

Mr. Olmstead, the City Engineer of 
Los Angeles, also portrayed to you most 
vividly what a wonderful natural reser- 
voir existed to enlarge the water supply 
of the city of Los Angeles from the Los 
Angeles River, by filling with water in 
times of flood the great gravel bed lying 
between that river and the mountains, 
leaving it to gradually percolate out into 
the river in the later months of the year. 

In this suggestion there are great possi- 
bilities for water storage in probably every 
arid State, where the water can be ied 
out in time of floods onto the high mesa 
lands and the porous sandy and gravelly 
soils on the higher levels can be satu- 
rated with water in seasons when it is 
abundant, leaving it to gradually find its 
way out into the canals and natural chan- 
nels on lower levels in seasons when it 
is needed. 

Mr. Olmstead has given us another 
illustration to prove the fact, now so 
generally recognized, that water stored 
on the headwaters of navigable rivers, 
and first taken out on the bench lands 
for irrigation, will find its way back into 
the river in the low-water season when 
it is most needed for navigation. The 
use of the water for irrigation is merely 
another illustration of water storage in 
one of ‘‘ Nature’s storage reservoirs ”’ un- 
til itis needed for navigation, and shows 
how superficial is the objection some- 
times made to the use of water for irri- 


154 


gation which has been stored for the 
benefit of navigation. 

I was deeply impressed by what was 
said by Mayor Eaton and by Mr. T. S. 
Van Dyke as to the lack of information 
by the public generally on these sub- 
jects, and the need of a campaign to 
arouse the interest of the general public 
and awaken a public sentiment which 
would demand and accomplish the solu- 
tion of the various problems that con- 
front us in the preservation of our forests 
and water supplies. And I could not 
help thinking that if the enormous im- 
portance of these matters was generally 
appreciated there would not be a man 
who is now tilling an irrigated farm or 
vineyard or orchard in Southern Califor- 
nia who would not be here to-day. 

Every irrigator from an underground 
supply would be here if each would 
only stop and ask himself: ‘* Where is 
the source of supply of the well or the 
tunnel from which my water comes ? 
How long will it last? Howdo I know 
that Nature is replenishing for me the 
supply from which I am drawing ?” 

As you watch an artesian well, every 
one realizes that the beautiful drops that 
are thrown up from below by the unseen 
power to glisten and sparkle in the sun- 
shine have not come up underground di- 
rect from the sea. They were at some 
time evaporated from the ocean and car- 
ried in clouds to the mountains and pre- 
cipitated there. Now what checked 
them from rushing down the hillside and 
back through stream and river to join 
again the ocean from whence they came ? 

Somewhere in their onward course they 
were stopped by some leafy covering 
which held them until their course was 
turned downward into the earth. And 
from thence they have percolated through 
some underground channel or stratum 
until they have found a vent through the 
artesian well that has brougnt them once 
again to the surface. They may have 
fallen with last winter’s rainfall; they 
may be coming from some one of “ Na- 
ture’s storage reservoirs”? underground, 
which has been gradually filling for a 
thousand years; it may be that each 


THE FORESTER. 


August, 


winter’s rainfall is replenishing the un- 
derground supply as fast as it is being 
drawn off, and it may be that it is not. 
But of one thing we may be sure: If 
we allow our mountain slopes to be de- 
forested and permit the destruction of 
the undergrowth and foliage which did 
check, in their downward flow, the waters 
that are coming to us now, our under- 
ground reservoirs will cease to be replen- 


ished and refilled. The waters which 


should find their way down into the 
earth to come up again in our wells and 
out through our tunnels will rush down 
the steep and bare mountain slopes in 
torrents to the sea. And not only our 
underground supplies but our surface 
supplies as well will be gone, and aridity 
will overcome our fertile fields just as it 
has where the forests have been de- 
stroyed. 

This need not happen and will not 
happen if the people will wake up to 
the possibility and the danger. All we 
need to do to prevent it is to preserve 
these storage reservoirs of Nature and 
see to the maintenance of conditions that 
will perpetually replenish our under- 
ground reservoirs. How are we to do 
this? By acampaign of education. It 
is absolutely essential that the whole ~ 
community al! through Southern Cali- — 
fornia should be aroused to the vital and 
far-reaching importance of this great 
subject. The people must be awakened ~ 
from their apathy. The dead wall of — 
indifference on the part of the people ~ 
generally must be broken through. 


We must unite all who realize the — 


magnitude and immediate importance of : 


the subject to preach a crusade to awaken =. 


a right public sentiment about it, not 
only in Southern California, not only in 
the West, but all through the East as 
well. 
lem, and as a national problem we must 
treat it. 

The preservation of our forests means — 
not only the preservation of water sup- — 
plies for irrigation in the West; it means ~ 
the preservation of water 
throughout the whole country for power, 
for navigation, and for all the manifold | 


It isa national, not a local, prob- _ 


supplies 


1899. 


needs for which the waters of the Eastern 
streams and rivers are used. 

The American Forestry Association is 
a national organization. It is already 
strong and influential. It has worked 
wonders already in its labors for forest 
/ preservation. Let us make it still 
stronger and more influential by extend- 
ing its membership and resources. By 
doing so you are putting in the field an 
army of peaceful and ceaseless workers 
to protect your homes from destruction 
by Drought—an enemy as much to be 
feared as any foreign invader. 

The National Irrigation Association is 
another organization fighting in the same 
field, one of its purposes being forest 
preservation. It is strongly advocating 
the inauguration of a leasing system, 
which will enable the now wasted re- 
sources of our great public domain to be 
utilized so as to yield a revenue for 
forest preservation and irrigation de- 
velopment in the arid region. Several 
million dollars annually could be realized 
from such a leasing system. Of course 
the mountains of Southern California 
have too great a value as sources of 
water supply to permit of their ever be- 
ing leased for grazing. But after ex- 
cluding all forest areas which should be 
exclusively reserved for water conserva- 
tion, there are still left in California over 
25,000,000 acres of public grazing land. 

Through this National Irrigation As- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


185 


sociation we mu! first unite the West in 
favor of one distinct policy, and then 
turn to the work of converting the East. 
It needs only concentration of purpose 
and tireless work to accomplish this. 
The wage-earners of the East want 
wider fields for labor. The manufactu- 
rers of the East want new markets for 
their wares. Where can either get what 
they want so fully as by the development 
of the great arid West which is capable, 
with irrigation for its irrigable lands, of 
sustaining a greater population than the 
whole United States holds to-day. 

And here in Southern California there 
is a local organization which every one 
who has any interest in the welfare of 
the people of this section should join. 
It should number its members not by 
tens but by thousands. And its influ- 
ence will grow as its membership roll 
lengthens. 

Again, the National Irrigation Con- 
gress will convene for its eighth annual 
session at Missoula, Montana, on the 
25th of next September. Southern Cali- 
fornia should send a delegation to take 
part in its deliberations, and to give aid 
and strong encouragement to the efforts 
of the Irrigation Congress to bring be- 
fore the minds of the people of the 
whole nation the importance of these 
great problems, and secure the national 
legislation necessary to solve them. 

Georce H, MaxweELt. 


A Forest Experimental Station. 


Being a Paper of the Summer Meeting. 


(NUMBER FOUR OF THE SERIES.) 


Among the many questions of vital 
interest for the discussion of which The 
American Forestry Association has met 
in Los Angeles, I think the need of a 
Forest Experimental Station, and what 
it may hope to accomplish, must appeal 
to us all. 

Before reaching our mountains in Cali- 
fornia we must generally pass through 
a belt of foot-hills, often too barren and 
too steep for cultivation. In the San 


Joaquin Valley this belt of foot-hills ex- 
tends often ten to fifteen miles; occa- 
sionally groups of these hills reach out 
some way into the cultivated valleys, and 
these conditions prevail to some degree 
in Southern California. 

Here, in the city of Los Angeles, if 
you will take the street-car to the Fre- 
mont gate of the Elysian Park, looking 
north from the Southern Pacific yards, 
you will be confronted by these dry bar- 


186 THE FORESTER. 


ren foot-hills—their arid, unsightly ap- 
pearance brought out in sharp contrast 
by the plantations of trees and shrubs 
around the Fremont gate—a scene fairly 
representative of hundreds of thousands 
of acres scattered through California and 
the dryer portions of this southwestern 
region. These hills are also representa- 
tive of the greater portion of over three 
thousand acres comprising Griffith’s 
Park, a grand heritage of our people, 
but entailing also its responsibility. 

Los Angeles can never permit these 
barren spots to remain almost alongside 
our beautiful homes. We must cover 
them with trees and shrubs, guided in 
our selection by the experience of other 
countries. Should this be accomplished 
the lesson will be of incalculable benefit 
to al! the Western country, and we may 
confidently hope that the United States 
Government will guide and assist us in 
this work. We must appreciate the good 
work done by Mr. Ellwood Cooper, Mr. 
Abbot Kinney and other pioneers in 
forest work. 

In approaching the selection of trees 
suitable for foot-hill planting, I think we 
must somewhat resolutely refuse to con- 
sider our Eastern forest trees or the trees 
of other, and of cooler, portions of Cali- 
fornia. Selection has often been made 
on this basis. After having planted un- 
suitable trees, we try artificial watering 
and other plans of cultivation to keep 
them alive, in direct opposition to 
Nature’s plan, so ably discussed by 
Darwin—the survival of the fittest. Let 
us seek trees from semi-arid regions, in- 
ured by centuries of loug, dry summers, 
and a limited rainfall. ‘AS best answer- 
ing these conditions, I think Australia 
offers the most inviting region for such re- 
search, more especially since that coun- 
try has been quite active in forest work. 

The name of the late Baron Ferd Von 
Mueller has for over forty years been as- 
sociated with forest planting in all parts 
of the world, describing and introducing 
the varied and the beautiful Australian 
flora. His work on ‘Select Extra- 
Tropical Plants for Industrial Culture 
or Naturalization” has been translated 


August, 


into all languages. The first fragmentary 
publications of this work were at one 
time printed here in California by Mr. 
Ellwood Cooper, formerly President of 
the State Board of Horticulture. Prof. 
Charles Naudin, a great leader in scien- 
tific cultivation, has adopted this work 
in a somewhat altered and enlarged 
French form, more especially for the use 
of countries on the Mediterranean Sea, 
where, in parts, there exists a climate 
very similar to our own in California. 

The following quotation from this 
work applies directly, in my opinion, to 
the question of forestry in California : 

‘‘Furthermore, as methodic forestry 
is as yet limited everywhere to indige- 
nous kinds of trees, except in India, and 
at the Mediterranean Sea, where Euca- 
lyptus, much through the initiating early 
efforts of the writer, became reared on a 
forestal scale, it may be presumed that 
the present pages will also aid in vastly 
amplifying forest operations by transfers 
of peculiarly superior kinds of sylvan 
trees from hemisphere to hemisphere in 
a truly cosmopolitan spirit, so far as this 
can be carried out within climatic scope; 
renewal and even originating of forests 
having become so needful in many re- 
gions of the world.” 

The continent of Australia contains 
some three million square miles, a large 
portion having a dry and wet season, 
and a comparatively light rainfall. It 
would be an attractive task to describe 
the forest trees of Australia, the great 
family of Myrtaca, including the Euca- 
lyptus, Angophoras, Metrosideros, Me- 
lalenucas, etc, and the Leguminose, 
numerically the largest of these great 
Australian families, containing over three 
hundred species of Acacias alone—but 
the limits of this address will not per- 
mit. Some description of these trees 
and shrubs, successfully introduced into 
France, can be found in a work in the 
Public Library of Los Angeles, by P. 
Mouillefert, Professor of Forestry at the 
National School of Agriculture at Grig- 
non, entitled ‘‘Trees and Shrubs for 
Forestry, 
poses,” giving the description and uses 


Useful or Ornamental Pur- 


1899. 


of more then 2,400 species and 2,000 
. varieties cultivated or introduced into 
Europe and more particularly into 
France. 

On March 3, 1885, California created 
a State Board of Forestry, and it is to 
that Board that we owe, directly or in- 
directly, nearly all we know of expert- 
mental forestry in Southern California. 
The thousands of trees reared and dis- 
tributed by them are now old enough to 
judge of their good and bad qualities. 
By far the larger number were Eucalyp- 
tus. Should our visitors be asked what 
trees are most prominent in our land- 
scape, what trees have done most to 
beautify our streets and parks, I think 
they would reply, the Eucalyptus. Ten 
to twelve species out of one hundred and 
fifty have been pretty thoroughly tested 
in our parks and elsewhere; we have 
learned that Eucalyptus Globulus (Blue 
Gum) and Eucalyptus Robusta (Swamp 
Gum) will not succeed on our foot hills. 
We have found several varieties well 
suited for this purpose, and there are 
probably many more which have not as 
yet been tested. 

At the Forest Station at Santa Monica 
are the original 50 to 60 species of Eu- 
calyptus, planted out by our former State 
Board of Forestry. These should prove 
valuable for collecting and distributing 
seed and for identification of species, 
though I am sorry to say they are now 
of a shape that render it rather difficult 
to obtain specimens of seed or fruit. We 
have now, however, planted out dupli- 
cates of nearly all of the varieties, in the 
Elysian Park, and in a few years we 
shall have specimen trees for comparison. 

For economical or other reasons the 
State Board of Forestry was abolished. 
The Forestry Station at Santa Monica 
was handed over to the University of 
California, and, perhaps from lack of 
funds, from that time very little has been 
accomplished. The locality for the sta- 
tion was, I think, not well chosen. Itis 
too inaccessible ; we need a Forestry 
Experimental Station in our parks— 
where the public can see it and become 

interested init. Since the formation of 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


187 


our Forestry School at Los Angeles, 
such a station has become more than 
ever a necessity—to give the students 
practical lessons in arboriculture and 
knowledge of forest trees. 

A beginning in this direction has al- 
ready been made. A rare and beautiful 
collection of trees and shrubs, number- 
ing some three hundred specimens, ex- 
ists in the Elysian Park. These speci- 
mens were collected and planted by a 
former resident of Los Angeles, Mr. 
Harvey, assisted by W. S. Lyons, for- 
merly State Forester, and others inter- 
ested in these matters. Many rare and 
valuable trees and shrubs are growing 
well, and would forma very good begin- 
ning for a suitable botanical collection. 
It is of the greatest importance, how- 
ever, to commence systematically; let 
each great botanical family come in its 
proper sequence, and let a plan be 
mapped out giving proper space to each 
genus, 

I have not here dwelt on what is per- 
haps outside of a Forest Association— 
the selecting and testing of avenue trees; 
the introduction of flowering shrubs for 
beautifying our lawns and gardens. 

Such a station near our homes would 
be extremely useful. From the many 
brilliant-colored flowering shrubs of Aus- 
tralia we could select some rare and 
beautiful plant to light up the conifers 
and palms which, too often, form the 
only ornament of our lawns and gardens. 
Los Angeles, so progressive in other 
matters, has been slow in this work, 
Hundreds of botanical gardens exist 
elsewhere in the world. It was over 
three centuries ago that Italy and Ger- 
many, having recognized the necessity 
forso doing, commenced to establish 
botanical gardens. 

Is it not time that we should profit by 
the countless beautiful gifts offered to us 
by Nature, more especially in this fa- 
vored climate, where we may mingle the 
trees and shrubs from our Eastern gar- 
dens with the gorgeous extra-tropical 
vegetation of the New World ? 

A, CAMPBELL JOHNSON, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


THE FORESTER. 


August, 


Summer Meeting Notes. 


Insect Enemies of Trees. 


The following letter from A. D. Hop- 
kins, Vice Director and Entomologist of 
the West Virginia Agricultural Experi- 
ment Station, Morgantown, W. Va., was 
read at the Summer Meeting at Los 
Angeles at the session of July 20: 

“It was my intention to prepare a 
paper for the Summer Meeting of the 
Association, but the accumulated duties 
during my absence of some ten weeks, 
conducting investigations for the Divi- 
sion of Entomology, United States De- 
partment of Agriculture, in the forests 
of the Northwest, have left no time for 
me to do so. 

‘T desire to say, however, that while 
there is not much agitation of the forest 
question in West Virginia, the subject is 
being studied here, and some of the 
problems are receiving especial atten- 
tion, the results of which will form the 
subject of a paper for a subsequent 
meeting. 

‘‘T also wish to suggest that insect 
enemies of trees should receive more 
attention from students and investigators 
of forest problems. Insects are vastly 
more destructive to forests and for- 
est products, in their direct attacks and 
influences, than any one, but a special- 
ist in this particular branch of study, 
can conceive ; and when we take into 
consideration the inter-relations of in- 
sects with the diseases of trees and 
forest fires in wide spread devastations 
of timber, the subject presents itself as 
one of the important problems in forest 
inquiry ; yet, so little is generally known 
of this subject, or its importance is so 
little appreciated, that one seldom sees 
reference to it in the writings of our 
principal specialists on forest questions. 

«« The possibilities of preventing losses 
from insect invasions and their destruc- 
tive influences, through a better and 
more general knowledge of the subject, 
are far greater than is supposed. In 
fact, as we become more familiar with 
the peculiar habits of some of the 


destructive insects and the relation of 
agricultural and lumbering methods to 
their destructive ravages, quite simple 
and practical preventives and remedies 
are suggested, which, if put into prac- 
tice, will prevent the loss of some of 
our most valuable forest resources. 

‘‘It is therefore earnestly hoped that 
the members of the Association will take 
some interest in this phase of the forest 
question and stimulate inquiry along this 
line by noting and reporting unhealthy 
conditions of forests resulting from 
causes other than fire. The writer will 
gladly assist in this inquiry by direct 
correspondence, or through the columns 
of THE FORESTER. 

‘Sincerely regretting that I cannot 
attend the Los Angeles meeting and 
take part in its proceedings, I am, 

‘¢ Very truly yours, 
6 A. DaAHMoPKINnss 


Sight-Seeing on Tally-Hos. 


A large number of delegates to the 
convention of the American Forestry 
Association, under the guidance of Park 
Superintendent Garey, visited several of 


-the parks yesterday. The party drove 


through Elysian Park in tally-hos, and 
examined closely the botanical garden 
there, where trees are growing that can be 
found in few other places in this country. 
The delegates were particularly inter- 
ested in the experiments the park de- 
partment is making to grow trees and 
plants sent here from the tropics, some — 
of which have been more successful than 
was expected. There has not been time 
enough to accomplish anything with the 
seeds and slips received here from 
Manila, although some are growing. ; 
The different varieties of trees were 
shown the visitors, and their uses fully 
explained. After visiting Elysian Park 
the party went to East Los Angeles Park 
and inspected the plants in the hothouse 
there, some of which are of a variety 
to be found in no similar place in this 
country.—Los Angeles Times. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Recent Legislation. 


Minnesota. 


The Minnesota State Forestry Board 
completed its organization several weeks 
ago by the election of officers and the 
appointment of committees. The per- 
sonnel of the new board, under the pro- 
visions of the law as published in the 
June Forester, is as follows: 

G2 G6. Andrews, of St. Paul, Chief 
Fire Warden; Prof. Samuel B. Green, 
of Hamline, for the State Agricultural 
College; John Cooper, of St. Cloud, 
Frederick Weyerhaeuser, of St. Paul, 
and Orville M. Lord, of Minnesota City, 
for the regents of the State University; 
Judson N. Cross, of Minneapolis, for 
the State Forestry Association; Green- 
leaf Clark, of St. Paul, for the State 
Agricultural Society; A L. Cole, of 
Walker, for the State Horticultural 
Society, and Judge William Mitchell, 
of the Supreme Court, for the State 
Game and Fish Commission. 

The board organized by the election 
of Captain Cross, President; Mr. Clark, 
Vice President; General Andrews, Sec- 
retary. A committee was named to per- 
fect the organization, and consists of 
Captain Cross, Mr. Green and Mr. 
Clark. 

An executive committee, made up of 
the president, secretary and Professor 
Green, was named for the purpose of 
arranging at once for a visit of inspec- 
tion of the Minnesota forests by Protfes- 
sor Schenck, forester of the famous Bilt- 
more estate. 

The interest of the general public has 
been shown in the assurances given that 
in the near future gifts of forest lands 
aggregating thousands of acres will be 
made to the board. 


An Achievement of Perseverance. 


The Forest Commission bill which has 
been signed by the Governor and is now 
in full operation with Arthur T. Hill, of 
Saginaw, Charles W. Garfield, of this 


city, and Land Commissioner French as 
members, is the result of the persistent 
efforts of one man to have a start made, 
in an official way, toward forest preser- 
vation in this State. That man is Mr. 
Garfield, of this city. Many others 
have been interested in this work, but 
Mr. Garfield’s experience in the Legis- 
lature, on the Board of Agriculture, and 
as an officer in local, State and national 
horticultural and similar societies, has 
aided him in finding a way to secure the 
passage of a bill which provides for 
taking up the forest matter systemati- 
cally, where other efforts have failed. 
Aside from the utilization of waste areas 
and the effect of deforestation on our 
climate—being possibly responsible for 
the long summer droughts Michigan did 
not formerly have—the reforestation of 
the denuded Pine areas of Michigan 
promises large ultimate profits to the 
State. But the time between seed time 
and harvest is so long that capitalists 
cannot be interested, and the State itself 
seems to be the only agency adequate to 
undertake this necessary work. It has 
been begun none too soon.—Editorial, 
Grand Rapids, Mich., Democrat. 


Remunerative Timber Lands in Can- 
ada. 


The annual report of the Department 
of Interior of the Dominion of Canada 
states that the timber dues collected dur- 
ing the year 1898 amounted to $119,- 
769.03, being an increase of $50,274.85 
as compared with the previous year. Of 
this amount $21,081.26 was for bonuses, 
ground rents, royalties and dues on tim- 
ber cut from lands in the railway belt in 
the province of British Columbia. The 
total revenue received from timber in 
Manitoba, the Northwest Territories, 
and the Yukon territory, up to July 1, 
1898, was $1,569,893.17, and the total 
revenue from timber within the railway 
belt of British Columbia up to same date, 
$326,086. 19. 


TQO 


An Interesting Discovery. 


Gen. E. Bouton, of this city, in boring 
a well on his ranch at Bixby Station, on 
the Terminal Road, this week, at a depth 
of 500 feet encountered the trunk of a 
tree of which the drill brought to the 
surface several pieces. The wood is 
charred, and shows the grain of the 
Cypress tree, and is in perfect preserva- 
tion. What force this find gives to the 
preacher’s cry, ‘‘ There is no new thing 
under the sun!” There were forest fires 
on this part of the coast so long ago that 
the limit of recorded time is infinitely 
small in comparison to it. Itis possible 
that this find will be interesting to stu- 
dents of coast flora. The drill also 
brought up Oak and tule leaves in a very 
good state of preservation and exactly 
like those growing to-day —Los Angeles 
(Cal.) Times. 


Spruce Pulp for Newspapers. 


The utilization of Spruce pulp for 
making the ordinary paper on which 
newspapersare printed is the subject of a 
carefully-compiled table, says the Boston 
Transcript, which shows the enormous 
consumption of this product. A cord of 
Spruce wood is equal to 615 feet board 
measure, and this quantity of raw ma- 
terial will make half a ton of sulphite 
pulp, or one ton of ground wood pulp. 

Newspaper stock 
twenty per cent of sulphite pulp and 
eighty per cent of ground wood pulp. 
The best known Spruce land, virgin 
growth, possesses a stand of about 7,000 
feet to the acre, taking the best as a 
basis. Twenty-two acres of this best 
Spruce land will therefore contain 154,- 
ooo feet of timber. An average gang of 
loggers will cut this in about eight days. 
This entire quantity of wood turned in 
at any one of the large mills will be con- 
verted in a single day into about 250 
tons of such pulp as goes to make up 
newspaper stock. This pulp will make 
about an equal weight of paper, which 
will supply a single large metropolitan 
newspaper just two days. 


THE FORESTER. 


is made up with’ 


August, 


Preservation of Philippine Forests. 


There are many rare woods in the 
Philippines, which may be made a source 
of great wealth to this country if prop- 
erly protected. If speculators are al- 
lowed to have their own sweet will in 
the jungles, however, the same thing 
will happen which has happened in some 
of the richest timber districts of this 
country—the land will be reduced to an 
arid and cheerless desert, for there is 
nothing more dismal than a tract of land 
which has been denuded of trees by the 
greed of men who care only for imme- 
diate returns. 

The British Government established 
in India a forest department, whose 
officers are scattered all over the country. 
Their duty is to see that the young trees 
are not destroyed by predatory animals, 
to prevent and extinguish fires in the dry 
season, to study the district to which 
they may be assigned and set out new 
trees which may suit the climate and 
conditions, and generally to look after 
the section of jungle under their 
charge. 

Something like this may be necessary 
in the Philippines, to say nothing of 
there being some need for it in certain 
parts of the United States. The reck- 
lessness with which Americans have de- 
stroyed their own wealth is equaled only 
by the speed with which they replace it. 
We cut down our forests and ruin our 
climate, and then invent systems of irri- 
gation to do what nature did without our 
help. We destroy all the shade trees 
within miles of a new town, and then 
contrive unnumbered devices to keep the 
houses cool by artificial means, We ruin 
our health by an unnatural and feverish 
way of living, and then pay immense 
sums to marvelously skillful physicians 
who have made a study of nervous dis- 
eases. When we learn to preserve our 
inherited wealth as well as to acquire 
new riches, we shall be the greatest peo- 
ple on the face of the earth.—Lartorzal, 
Washington Times. 


ainaiebdi 


1899. 
fiote- PORES TER. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 


Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 


THE FoRESTER is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon. James WILson, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 


No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


SPECIAL ANNOUNCEMENT. 


In order to present to the readers of THE 
ForEsTER a complete report of the proceedings 
of the Summer Meeting at Los Angeles, to- 
gether with the resolutions adopted and some 
of the valuable papers read, it has been found 
necessary to curtail some of the usual depart- 
ments and omit others. 

In compliment to those zealous advocates of 
forestry in California by whom the American 
Forestry Association was entertained during 
the week of the convention, several of the pa- 
pers published in this issue have special refer- 
ence to the Pacific Coast. Those of a more 
general nature, and more applicable to the in- 
terests of the country at large, have been re- 
served for future issues, in order that their value 
may not be in the least impaired—as would be 
the case were any attempt made to compress 
into a single issue the entire number of papers 
recorded in the report of the convention. 


The energy displayed by the advocates of 
the proposed new forest reserve in Northern 
Minnesota, in the vicinity of Leech Lake, 
mention of which was made in the July For- 
ESTER, has given the project a great impetus, 


with every indication of a successful outcome’ 


As the plans at present are in a rather tenta- 
Eive 351-2, 211 92211550: ti2;912dem11 ded 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


IgI 


by the account of the Summer Meeting, the 
map and account of the project prepared for 
this issue have been held over for the September 
number. 

At the meeting in Chicago, the latter part of 
July, a joint committee on organization was 
provided for to promote the best interests of 
the project. The St. Paul members of the 
committee are: J. J. Hill, C. P. Noyes, George 
Thompson, F. A. Young, A.H. Lindeke, A. K. 
Pruden, E. C. Stringer, Jesse A. Gregg, E. 
Ganish, Dr. Henry Hutchinson, Dr. Parks 
Ritchie, Ross Clark, Dr. H. M. Bracken, Dr. 
C. L. Greene, George F. Gifford. 

A similar delegation of fifteen has been se- 
lected to represent Minneapolis on the com- 
mittee, but the names of this contingent have 
not yet been announced. The organization will 
be perfected at an adjourned meeting to be 
held in Chicago on August 11. 


The need of forest legislation in Colorado, of 
which THE ForEsTER made mention in the June 
issue, is well exemplified by the frontispiece of 
the present number. Itis more than likely that 
citizens of many other States will regard the 
illustration as applicable quite as well to their 
own localities. ‘‘An ounce of prevention’ is 
a very efficacious prescription, but that the 
health of the forests is not always conserved 1n 
that way, this picture gives evidence. 


The coming issues of THE FoRESTER will con- 
tain, in addition to these convention papers, a 
number of articles by leading officials of the 


U. S. Government who are authorities on for- 
estry in its various phases ; by college profes- 
sors whose investigations are attracting atten- 
tion, and by men whose work has been more 
particularly on the lumbering side of the ques- 
tion. 


Among the interesting features of the Sep- 
tember issue will be a very thorough consider- 
ation of ‘‘The Forest Ranger System in the 
United States,” by one whose official position 
makes his contribution authoritative—the Com- 
missioner of the General Land Office of the De- 
partment of the Interior. 


The forest resources of the new colonial 
possessions of the United States will be ac- 
curately described in a series of papers by 
writers who have studied them within the past 
year. The first paper of the series will be 
published next month under the title: ‘‘The 
Forest Resources of Porto Rico,” 


Ig2 


THE FORESTER. 


August, 


CHIPS AND CLIPS. 


Experiments being made for utilizing 
sawdust indicate a commercial success. 


It is estimated that forty per cent of 
all the White Pine lumber manufactured 
in this country is used for boxes. 


In some parts of Russia the only food 
for the people consists at present of 
acorns, leaves and the soft bark of trees. 


The Argentine Republic, which has 
no timber of any account, imported last 
year 48 million feet of White Pine, 68 
million feet of Spruce, and 88 muilhon 
feet ol=Pitch. hime: 


W. H. Mills, of San Francisco, has 
been appointed honorary expert in the 
Forestry and Fisheries Department of 
the Paris Exposition of 1900 by U. S. 
Commissioner-General Peck. 


A Canadian expert in forestry, John 
Durkin, died last month at the General 
Hospital in Toronto. He was 57 years 
of age, and was an official in the woods 


and forests branch of the Ontario Crown 


Lands Department. 


Thirty-two thousand acres of timber- 
lands in Raleigh County, West Va., 
were bought two weeks ago by the Bow- 
man Lumber Company of Williamsport, 
Pa., their total holdings now being 
65,000 acres, all contiguous. 


Forest fires in the vicinity of Lyon 
Mountain, near Plattsburg, N. Y., sev- 
eral weeks ago drove game of all kinds 
to the clearings, and, in some instances, 
into the village. Deer, bear and wild- 
cats were seen almost daily. 


Paris contains more trees than any 
city in the world. These trees are prin- 
cipally of three kinds—the Chestnut and 
Acacia, such as line the Champs Elysees, 
and the Lime tree, which grows in such 
abundance in the Bois de Boulogne and 
on certain of the outer boulevards. 


A marked illustration of changed con- 
ditions in the Saginaw Valley, Michigan, 
is shown by the reduced shipments by 
water from that locality. A few years 
ago ninety per cent of the mill product 
went out by water, a single season’s ship- 
ment once aggregating 858 million feet. 
Last year the total amount was barely 
go million feet. 


A heavy purchase of timberland was 
made last month when Michigan capital- 
ists bought Jarge timber holdings near 
San Bernardino, Cal. The property 
comprises 6,000 acres of Pine land, a 
sawmill of 50,000 feet daily capacity and 
a box factory with similar capacity. The 
standing timber on the purchased land 
aggregates 82,000 feet. 


On account of the high prices of cot- 
tonwood a Memphis firm, one of the 
largest box manufacturing concerns in 
this country, has decided to try gum 
in a number of its boxes. It is found 
that the gum can be well dried, so that 
there is no odor whatever about it, anda 


fairly clear surface for lettering is 
afforded. 


The sale of the hardwood timber on 
the Menominee Indian reservation has 
been abandoned. The law providing 
for the sale of timber on reservations 
specifically names Pine, but does not 
mention hardwood, and it is therefore 
believed that the Indian Commissioner 
has no authority to sell it without in- 
structions from Congress. 


Cuba increased its purchases of lum- 
ber from the United States nearly three- 
fold during the first four months of the 
year, the shipments during that time of 
year being valued at $607,563 as against 
$258,076 during the corresponding 
period of last year. The difference is 
expected to be still greater later in the 
year, for it will be less difficult, after the 
hurricane season is passed, to secure 
vessels for West Indian voyages. 


pane dienge. 


cana 


ea ee ot ee 


i ta ae 


oe 


1899. 


Surveying Forest Lands. 


A party of engineers left Albany, N. Y., 
the latter part of July to survey the tract 
of forest land in the Adirondacks, re- 
cently given by the State to Cornell 
University for forest experimentation. 
The land consists of 30,000 acres in 
townships Nos. 23 and 26 of Franklin 
County, in the vicinity of Saranac Lake. 
The purchase of this tract, a year ago, 
consumed the greater part of the appro- 
priation ($500,000) made by the Legis- 
lature of 1898 for the extension of forest 
preserves. 


Counterfeiting Nature. 


Entertaining in ‘‘shanty style” is the 
up-to-date method of affording recrea- 
tion for one’s friends in the lumbering 
districts of Canada. Recently a wealthy 
lumberman took two hundred prominent 
guests to his estate in the woods, where 
modern conveniences were disdained for 
the novel experience of a real ‘shanty 
dinner,” with demonstrations of life in 
a lumber camp. All the scenes were 
represented ona beautiful lawn, which 
for the time being was entirely trans- 
formed into a wilderness which rivaled 
the primeval forest. 


A Montana Conflagration. 


A press dispatch from Anaconda, 
Mont., stated that a forest fire broke 
out in the mountains west of that place, 
in the vicinity of Mount Haggin, a fort- 
night ago. The fire originated near the 
base of the mountains from the camp-fire 
of some picnickers. It spread rapidly 
through the forest on the sides of the 
mountain, both east and west, doing 
great injury to the property of a number 
of woodsmen. The fire was said to be 
visible 100 miles away. 

At midnight the sight was brilliant, 
with the snow-capped peak of Mount 
Haggin towering heavenward above the 
mass of flames, which then covered sev- 
eral thousand acres.- The mountain sides 
are heavily wooded and there are no 
prospects of rain. The fire must burn 
ils way out, either to perpetual snow or 
to the timber line. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


193 


Canadian Incentive for Forest Study. 


The Commissioner of Crown Lands 
for Ontario offers a prize of $10 for a 
paper on ‘‘The Forestry Problem as 
Applied to Ontario,” to be written by 
a graduate of the School of Practical 
Science. No restriction is made as to 
choice of subject. It may relate to the 
engineering phase of forestry, to forest 
fires and prevention, timber cutting, 
forest reproduction, or any other allied 
subject. 

Papers are not to exceed 2,000 words, 
and the successful manuscript is to be- 
come the property of the Bureau of 
Forestry for publication in the annual 
report. Manuscripts are to be sent in 
to the Bureau of Forestry on or before 
December 1, 1899. The decision as to 
the merit of the manuscripts will rest 
with William Houston, M. A., McMaster 
College; Alexander Kirkwood, Crown 
Lands Department, and Thomas South- 
worth, Clerk of Forestry. 


The Signs of the Times. 


This will probably be the last season 
of the Sawyer & Austin mill at La Crosse, 
Wis. For some time there have been 
rumors that this would be the case, the 
company sawing all the logs it can and 
selling the remainder and take the mill 
down to Pine Bluff, Ark. The stump- 
age in the new purchase is said to be 
about 800,000,000. 


One more year and the great lumber 
firm of Knapp, Stout & Co., of Menom- 
onie, Wis., that has operated in that 
section for forty years, will have cut the 
last timber and the concern will take up 
its residence in the South, where they 
already have a large plant in operation. 
Thus one by one the old lumber con- 
cerns are winding up their affairs and 
moving into the South or further West. 
It was a source of great wealth, and 
more fortunes have been made in lum- 
bering than have been made out of any 
one other product in the State.—7Zzhe 
Lumberman’s Review. 


194 THE FORESTER: 


August, 


Recent Publications. 


Mr. Gifford Pinchot’s ‘‘ Primer of Forestry,” 
Part I., which was reviewed in the July For- 
ESTER, Will shortly be issued by the U.S. De- 
partment of Agriculture as an official docu- 
ment. It will be published as Bulletin No. 24 
of the Division of Forestry. A great amount 
of interest has been displayed in the book, and 
it is sure to be widely read. 

It is to be expected with confidence that the 
book will quickly make its entrance into the 
school-room and the school library, and there 
prepare the way for its successor, ‘‘ Practical 
Forestry,” and that the Primer in its complete- 
ness will bring many fresh and enthusiastic 
minds and hands to bear upon the forest studies 
of their own country, which from day to day 
are moving steadily to the front. By the time 
the younger readers of Mr. Pinchot’s book have 
become of age, or perhaps long before, the 
profession of forestry will, past question, offer 
inducements which will call for many of our 
best and most efficient men. 


The New York Agricultural Experiment 
Station will shortly issue a circular desc: ibing 
on2 of the enemies of forest trees—the Forest 
Tent-Caterpillar. This insect has been abun- 
dant this year throughout the central and east- 
ern portions of New York. Thz2 caterpillars 
resemble the common Apple-Tree tent- 
caterp'llar, except that they have a row of 


feed upon the foliage of a large variety of for- 
est trees, especially Maple, Elm and Basswood, 
also various kinds of fruit trees. 

The caterpillars spin oblong, white co- 
coons in any convenient place, along the fences, 
in the grass, under rubbish, on the trunks of 
the trees or partially concealed in a leaf wkich 
bas been drawn about the cocoon. In about 
ten days a brown moth will escape from each 
healthy cocoon. Ina few days the females lay 
their eggs. They are placed on the smaller 
twigs in masses, reaching nearly or quite 
around the twig, abruptly rounded at each end 
and covered with a glistening, frothy varnish. 
Each mass contains about 200eggs. The cater- 
pillars do not come from the eggs until the 
following Spring. 

Every healthy cocoon that is destroyed 
means one less moth, and, as a fair percentage 
will be females, each one of which will probably 
lay 200 or more eggs, it is apparent that col- 


lecting and destroying of the cocoons means a_ 


decided decrease in the number of caterpillars 
next year. 

Early in Ju’y the egg masses appear on the 
twigs. They will show plainer when the leaves 
are gone this Fall. While it may be impracti- 
cable, in most cases, to collect them from the 
forest trees, on shade trees, which are not too 
large, they can be easily found. On fruit trees 
it is little trouble to find them. These egg 
masses should be searched for especially when 


cream white spots down the back instead of a 
white stripe, as has the Apple-Tree tent- 
caterpillar, They do not build a nest. They 


pruning the trees. Whenever found they 
should be destroyed at once. Bulletin sent 
free upon request. 


NOTE. 


The edition of THE Forester for November, 
1898, having been exhausted, it has been found 
necessary to have a new one printed. Mem- 
bers of the Association and subscribers who 
may need copies of that issue (No, 11, Vol. IV,) 
to complete files for binding, will be supplied 
if they notify the publishers to that effect. 

A limited number of complete copies of Vol. 
IV of THE Forester are offered for sale. Price, 
postpaid, $1.00, unbound; durably bound in 
green cloth, $1.50. 


4 


a 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 


INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 
Hon. JAmMes Witson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President, Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNow. F, H. NEWELL. 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer, 


GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 
James WILSON, CHARLES C, BINNEY. EDWARD A. Bowers. FREDERICK V, COVILLE 
B. E. FERNow. HENRY GANNETT, ARNOLD HAGUE. F, H. NEwELL. 
GeEorGE W. McLanmauHan, GIFFORD PINCHOT. GrorRGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents, 


Sir H. G. Joty pE Lorsinikre, Pointe Platon, Ws. E. CHanpDLeEr, Concord, N,. H. 
Quebec. Joun GiFForD, Princeton, N. J. 

CHARLES C, GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EpwarpD F, Hopart, Santa Fe, N. M. 

CHARLES Monr, Mobile, Ala. WarREN Hictey, New York, N, Y. 

TD. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. Hoimes, Raleigh, N. C. 

Tuomas C. McRAg, Prescott, Ark. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 

AxsBoTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. REUBEN H. Warpber, North Bend, Ohio 

E. T. Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo. WiuiaMm T, LittTie, Perry, Okla. 

RosBerRT Brown, New Haven, Conn. E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 

Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RorHrock, West Chester, Pa. 

A. V. CLusss, Pensacola, Fla. H. G. RussE1, E. Greenwich, R. I. 

R. B. REpparD, Savannah, Ga. H. A. GREEN, Chester, S. C. 

J. M. Courter, Chicago, Ill. Tuomas T, Wricut, Nashville, Tenn, - 

James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 

Tuos. H. MacBripg, Iowa City, Iowa, C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. 

J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. Nourse, Blacksburg, Va. 

Lewis Jounson, New Orleans, La. EpMuND S. Meany, Seattle, Wash. 

Joon W. GarreTT, Baltimore, Md. A. D. Horxins, Morgantown, W. Va. 

Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. H. C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 

J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. Extwoop Meap, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

W. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich. Grorce W. McLananan, Washington, D.C 

C. C. ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Wm. Litrie, Montreal, Quebec. 

CHARLES E, Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. Lieut. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 


The object of this Association is to promote : 
1. A more rational and conservative treatment of the forest resources of this continent. 
2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to promote 
this object. 
3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and renewal of 
forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper utilization of forest 
products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate subjects of arboriculture, 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, as well as 
are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth, 


THE FORESTER: 


THE, INCREASING INTEREST 


in the history of American forests and the efforts that have been made 


for their conservation, development, and use, has led THE ForESTER to 


secure, for the benefit of its readers, a number of complete sets of the 


“Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress” and 
“Proceedings of the American Forestry Association ” 


covering a period from December, 1888, to December, 1897. These 
issues include many valuable papers on forestry as read at the various 
annual meetings throughout the country during the years named, 


including the sessions in 


WASHINGTON, QUEBEC, ATLANTA, GA., BROOKLYN, N. Y, 
SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ASHEVILLE, N. C., NASHVILLE, TENN., and the 
WORLD'S FAIR CONGRESS IN 18093. 
Those who desire a complete library to keep pace with the rapidly 
advancing interest in forestry can hardly afford to be without these 
valuable pamphlets. The complete series, covering the years named, 
will be sent postpaid to any address in the United States at the 
following prices: 


In one large volume 


Handsomely bound in red cloth, with gilt lettering 
and re-enforced corners ‘ : : $2.00 


Just as durably but less ornately, in green . 1.75 


THE ForeESTER will endeavor to supply separate pamphlets upon application, 


at a uniform price of 25 cents, whenever complets sets will not be broken thereby. 


For any further information address 


THE FORESTER. 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Kindly mention THE ForEsTER in writing 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION: 


“Valuable . . . cannot fail to be of the ‘The sections are marvels of mechanical 
greatest practical assistance.”—evzew of dexterity . . . most interesting.” —/Vew 
Reviews. York Times. 


PUBLICATION on the trees of the 
United States illustrated by actual 
specimens of the woods, showing three 
distinct views of the grain of each spe- 
cies, with full explanatory text. (Sam- 
ples of the specimens used, 10 cents.) 

““Exceedingly valuable for study. A 
work where plant life does the writing *~ 
and no one can read without thinking.” — 
G. A. Parker, Hartford, Conn. 

“Most valuable and the price reason- 
able.’’—Prof. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 
Preparations of Woods for Stereop- 

ticon and Microscope. 
Wooden Cross-Section Cards for fancy 
and business purposes. (Samples free.) 
Views of Typical Trees showing habits of 
growth, Write for circulars, addressing 


R. B. HOUGH., 
10 Collins St., Lowville, N-. Y. 


|| HOUGH'S “AMERICAN WOODS.” 


PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON AND MICROSCOPIC 
VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES, WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS. 


H. J. KOKEN C. P. HANCOCK 
Ne 


high-Class Designs and 
Illustrations 
Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 
Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


TENTH S1REET AND PENNA. AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Kindly mention THE Forester in writing. 


THE] FORESTER. 


BEREA COLLEGE, 


BEREA, KENTUCKY. 
A YEAR’S WORK IN FORESTRY IS OFFERED. 


Local Forest Growth Affords Fine Facilities for Study. 


66g1 ‘€1 raquiaydas suadg wisay [ey 


: me = rg 
—=—& a >“ pine, ea we 


Excellent Advantages at Moderate Expense. 


LINCOLN HALL, BEREA COLLEGE. 


aYFae'™ HOKTICULTQRE “Stn? 


For full information address 
S. C. MASON, M. Se., 
Professor of Horticulture and Forestry. 


FF, R.o Mit Vee. 


Consulting Forester, 


Mahwah N43 


Kindly mention THe Forester 1n writing, 


FORE PROBLEM IN THE Weal 


Vor. V. SEPTEMBER, 1899. 


iT he Forester 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


devoted to the care and use of 


forests and forest trees and .) 
to related subjects. OS 


< WO 
a ll 


The American Forestry Association. 
SS OE: 


Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


14 
i) 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Enterediat the Post Office in Washingtor, D. C., as second class matter. 


PORTO RIAN = MINNESOTA'S 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


GROVE OF WILD CHERRY TREES IN NORTH CAROLINA cccssscccscccssssessesctscsssseen Frontispiece. — 


Tue Uniren States (FOREST RANGER SYSTEM ccosscctiercerctdesmpredrieealetdnien ninco 195 
An Official Review. 
By the Commissioner of the General Land Office of the Depart- 
ment of the Interior. f 
THE FOREST PROBLEM IN THE: WEST 3. ee a a 
A Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. : 
(Number Five of the Series.) 
By the President of the Forest and Water Society of Southern 
California. 
Minnesota’s ProposED New NaTIONAL PaRK 


RII ens he UAELOE ibe ( E 204 
Formation of a Forest Association. 4 


PORES’ CONDITIONS “OF [PORTO WRICO sh Oa a a ea 206 
First Paper—Conditions affecting Forest Growth. 
(By courtesy of the Secretary of Agriculture.) i 
ONTARIO (FOREST RESERVE 6 occcccc ccc e canada dn 9 8 UN) RR Se ne 210° i. 


THE AMERICAN \FoRESTRY ASSOCIATION! ...c00.000 ou ae fae APES) UBS Maa 211 )a 
A Special Meeting at Columbus, Ohio. | 
CURRENT (COMMENT 200001000 oe oe a OU ONC Ea pe Ucar 212 
Results will Compensate. ., 
Investigation of Red Fir. 
A Popular Parasite. 
POREST PROTECTION fi 2.0002 GS A ae eA Sn Nae a 213, q 
Minnesota’s Example. 
Forest Fire Laws in Pennsylvania. 
An Enlightened Policy. 
The Dawn of Success. iH) 
BUDYTORVPAT rei ca ae EI eee freee ay HEME SENS ALND MARU, Adel) 21 5 i ; 
Interest in New Colds Possessions. j 
An Announcement of Interest. 
Live Features of Coming Issues. 
Chips and Clips—News Items. 
Forest Fires In Three States. 
The Power of Public Sentiment, 
Aboriginal Simplicity. 
An Alaskan Enterprise. 
A Relic of Old Manila. 
A Friendly Suggestion. 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS .cccsecessccsosssssesses 34 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


POR ST TRY  =SeHOoLt 


At BILTMORE N. C. 


For circular and information apply to 


G2A; SCHENCK Enh.. D., 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE 


The Foremost School for Young Women 


=... IN AMERICAU~ 


ATIONAL PARK SEMINARY is named from its proximity to the great National Rock 
WD Park, recently purchased by the Government and designed to become the most beauti- 
ful reservation of the National Capital. This whole region is marvelously beautiful and 
picturesque with its combination of forest, stream, hill and dale. It rises gradually 
from the City of Washington till at Forest Glen the Seminary stands on an eminence four hun- 
dred feet above the level of the city. Forty acres of sunny slopes and wild ravines, towering 
trees and winding paths, babbling brocks and tangled dells, combine to form a site seldom 
rivaled in varied and inspiring scenery, where the beautiful zs utilized to develop character, 
The altitude of its location precludes possibility of malaria, The equable climate, free from 
the rigors of a northern winter promotes health by inviting out-door sports. The building 
itself crowns the highest hill and was erected and equipped at an expense of $80,000; it has a 
frontage of two hundred and seventy-five feet, with three large center halls thirty by forty feet 
on each floor, which afford a charming rendezvous for student life; heated by steam and lighted 
by gas, with bath rooms plentiful and sanitary arrangements complete. The house is situated 
so that every room gets the sun at some time during the day. 


The close proximity to the National Capital, with all the educational and social advan- 
tages appertaining to such a residence, offers wonderful facilities to its pupils. The Seminary 
is within twenty minutes of the heart of the city and, with twenty trains daily, besides electric 
cars, easy access is afforded to all the Libraries, Museums, Departments of Government, Con- 
gress and Foreign Legations. These with the official and social life of the National Capital offer 
opportunities for profitable study. 


The course of study is planned to produce womanly women. There are twenty-two 
teachers and the limited number of pupils permits of much personal attention and individual 
instruction foreach. Health zs a matter of first consideration always. There are no nerve- 
straining examinations, Thirty different States represented among the pupils, bringing 
together the daughters of representatives families throughout the entire Union. 

The Seminary’s watchword: *‘ We consider text-book training only a part of our work as 
educators, We shall be satisfied with nothing less than the development of the whole beng.” 


The yearly expenses at National Park + Address 
are $350 to $500. Early application is neces- in 
sary. Catalogue giving views of the school } A | eg Vie CASSEDY, Principal, 


and opinion of enthusiastic patrons will be 
sent on application. P. O. Box 122. Forest Glen, Md. 


Kindly mention THE ForRESTER in writing. 


THE FORESTER. 


HENRY ROMEIKE, 


The First Established and [ost Complete 
Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 


10 Pitta vy ciiue New York. 


Established London 1881, New York 1884. 


Branches: London, Paris, Berlin, Sydney. 


‘The Press Cutting bureau. 


which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London and 
1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every 
newspaper and periodical of importance published in the United 
States, Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of sub- 
scribers, professional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, 
newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, 


referring either to them or any given subject... . 


Ficnry Romici=e 


@, 110 Fifth Awenue, New York. 


Kindly mention THE ForesTER in writing. 


easy | 


centane. 


i 


WILD CHERRY (PRUNUS SEROTINA), IN NORTH CAROLINA. 


GROVE OF 


A 


d for making fine furniture. 


ing an 


ish 


A very valuable timber for inside furn 


The Forester. 


Vor Vv. 


SEPTEMBER, 1899. 


No. 9. 


The United States Forest Ranger System. 


An Official Review of the National Forest Reserves and their 
Administration. 


BY THE COMMISSIONER OF 


OVX bebs, 


Much has been written as to the 
theory of forest preservation and the 
resulting benefits, but little is known, to 
the general public, of the administra- 
tive details in connection with the ob- 
jects in view. It may be of interest, 
therefore, to the readers of THE For- 
ESTER to be informed of some of the 
machinery which experience has thus far 
shown to be necessary and practicable. 

In the eleven States and Territories of 
Mxazona, Calitornia, Colorado; Idaho, 
Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, South 
Dakota, Utah, Washington and Wyo- 
ming there are 36 forest reserves, con- 
taining an aggregate area of about 46,- 
000,000 acres. These reserves are 
divided into nine districts, each having 
a general officer, known as a Forest 
Superintendent, in charge. Each dis- 
trict is divided into supervisors’ dis- 
tricts, the number depending on the 
number of reserves, total area and diffi- 
culties of supervision, as affected by 
topography and liability to fires and 
depredations of all kinds. For each of 
these supervisors’ districts there is ap- 
pointed an officer called a forest super- 
visor, who has direct charge of the re- 
serve ora portion of a reserve forming 
his district. There are 39 such super- 
visors’ districts. Each reserve is di- 
vided into patrol districts, the size of 


THE GENERAL 


DEPARTMENT 


LAND OFFICE 


OF THE INTERIOR. 

each patrol depending upon topography 
and the liability to fires and depreda- 
tions; and a forest ranger, whose head- 
quarters shall be at some central point 
in his subdivision, 1s appointed for each 
such district. There are 350 patrol 
districts, or rangers’ subdivisions, in the 
36 reserves. Two hundred and fifty rang- 
ers for immediate duty were authorized 
May 2, 1899, to serve until October 15, 
1899. One hundred additional rangers 
were authorized to enter upon duty July 
I5, toserve until October 15,1899. The 
rangers report to the supervisors and are 
under their immediate supervision. The 
supervisors report to the superintendents 
and the superintendents report to the 
Commissioner of the General Land 
Office in Washington. 

The forest superintendents are di- 
rectly responsible to the Commissioner 
of the General Land Office for the 
proper administration of the reserves. 
They receive from the Commissioner all 
orders and instructions, and are required 
to see that they are carried out. The 
forest supervisor is responsible for the 
work pertaining to his district, and for 
the proper discharge of duties by the 
rangers, and reports to the superin- 
tendent. The respective duties of these 
officials are described in detail in the 
following pages. 


196 THE FORESTER. 


The Superintendent. 


The forest superintendents are re- 
quired to post themselves thoroughly as 


to all the rules and regulations govern-— 


ing the reserve, as laid down in a gen- 
eral circular of instructions issued June 
30, 1897, and reissued, with amend- 
ments, August 5, 1898; and to see that 
these regulations are enforced, to ob- 
serve the results of their operation and 
to report thereon. They are to obtain 
information against persons violating 
the provisions of the forest fire law, and 
report it to the proper United States at- 
torney, and to render all necessary 
assistance in their prosecution. They 
are to give special attention to the in- 
structions regarding forest fires and to 
co-operate with the supervisors in all 
large and important fires which are lia- 
ble to get beyond the control of the 
supervisors and their rangers, and, when 
necessary, to employ additional help to 
extinguish the fires. 

They are required to study the effect 
of sheep grazing upon the reserves ; to 
examine as to the question of the free 
use of timber and stone as provided by 
the regulations; timber trespasses ; lands 
in the reserves more valuable for mineral 
than for timber; areas in the reserves 
more valuable for agricultural than for 
forest uses. They also have charge of 
the appraisement of timber to be sold, 
and many other similar duties. They 
promulgate all orders from the Commis- 
sioner, and examine and pass upon all 
reports made to him by the supervisors 
and rangers. 


The Supervisor. 


The Supervisor must have his head- 
quarters in or near the reserve of which 
he Ms anchatee.. He must. familiares 
himself with all the conditions existing 
in his district, especially in regard to 
forest fires: He must see that notices of 
the forest-fire act of February 24, 1897, 
which are printed on cloth, are posted in 
conspicuous places in the reserve ; that 
all campers, hunters and others found in 
the reserve are duly warned as to their 
camp fires and their attention called to 


September, 


the fire act. They have immediate su- 
pervision of the rangers and are required 
to be in and through the reserve to see 
that the time of the rangers is fully occu- 
pied in. patrolling their districts, clearing 
up old trails, cutting new trails and per- 
forming their duties generally. They 
make weekly reports of daily service 
rendered, and monthly reports on the 
general conditions existing in the reserve. 
They also make detailed reports to the 
superintendent on forest fires, showing : 

First Class: The number of camp or 
small fires found left burning, which 
were afterward extinguished by the for- 
est officers or rangers. 

Second Class: The number of fires 
(not included in the first class) which 
had gained considerable headway before 
being located and extinguished. Total 
area, in acres, burned over; number of 
volunteers, if any, who aided; number 
of extra men hired, if any, to aid; total 
amount paid for the extra help; amount 
of other extra expense incurred (not in- 
cluding amount paid for extra help and 
for tools). 

Third Class: Number of large and im- 
portant fires requiring extraordinary ef- 
fort, time and expense to extinguish (not 
included in the first or second class), 
which were extinguished ; total area, in 
acres, burned over; number of volun- 
teers, if any, who aided ; number of ex- 
tra men hired to aid; total amount paid 
for the extra help ; total amount of other 
extra expense (not including amount 
paid for extra help and for tools). 

All Classes: Total amount expended 
during the month for tools, the dates of 
fires, the names and addresses of the par- 
ties responsible for their starting, the 
origin, the damage done, the probable 
market value of the timber burned and 
the effect upon the forest cover and 
water supply. 


The Ranger. 


The Rangers are required to be con- 
stantly on guard, to patrol their districts, 
to extinguish camp and other fires, to re- 
port to the supervisor all fires as indi- 
cated above, and to carry out their in- 


ee 


1899. 


structions as prescribed by a general 
circular dated May 12,1899. They make 
monthly reports of daily service ren- 
dered, which reports are examined by 
the supervisors and superintendents and 
are then forwarded by the superintend- 
ents to the United States General Land 
Office. 

A ranger must provide himself with 
horse and equipment, while the Govern- 
ment furnishes him with the various im- 
plements necessary to open trails in the 
dense forest, to construct fire barriers 
and to extinguish and surround fires. 
Each ranger is provided with a nickel 
badge, which is worn as an evidence of 
his official authority. 

The official titles of the reserves and 
the men in charge of them are as follows : 


Arizona and New Mexico. 


The superintendent of the six reserves 
in Arizona and New Mexico is W. H. 
Buntain, of Santa Fe, New Mexico. 
These reserves have an aggregate area 
of 7,234,080 acres, consisting of, in Ari- 
zona, Grand Cafion, 1,851,520 acres; 
San Francisco Mountains, 975, 360 acres ; 
Black Mesa, 1,658,880 acres, and Pres- 
cott, 10,240 acres; in New Mexico, 
Pecos River, 411,040 acres; Gila River 
2,327,040 acres. 

This district is divided into six super- 
visors’ districts, with Fred. S. Breen, of 
Flagstaff, Arizona, as Supervisor of the 
Francisco Mountains Reserves ; *W. P. 
Hermann, Flagstaff, Arizona, Supervisor 
of the Grand Cafion; Mathew H. Rowe, 
Showlow, Arizona, Supervisor of the 
Black Mesa; W. H. Thayer, Prescott, 
Arizona, Supervisor of the Prescott; 
J. B. Wilhoit, Pecos River, New Mexico, 
Supervisor of the Pecos River Reserve, 
and Albert S. Osterman, Silver City, 
New Mexico, Supervisor of the Gila 
River Reserve. 

Twenty-eight rangers were assigned 
to this district in May for immediate 


{Since the preparation of this article the 
death of Supervisor Hermann has been re- 
ported to the General Land Office. His former 
district has been placed temporarily under the 
direction of Supervisor Breen,—ED. ] 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


197 


duty, and, on July 15, nine additional 
for the Arizona Reserves and five addi- 
tional for the New Mexico Reserves, 
making the total force of rangers for the 
Superintendent’s district forty-two. 

The twenty-eight first assigned were 
distributed as follows: Grand Cafion 
Reserve, 5; Prescott Reserve, none (the 
Supervisor acting as Ranger); San Fran- 
cisco Mountains, 8; Pecos River, 5, and 
Gila River, 5. The fourteen additional 
rangers were appointed as rangers-at- 
large, being assigned from time to time 
to such reserves as the Superintendent 
sees fit. 


Northern California. 


The Superintendent of the three re- 
serves in Northern California is Charles 
S. Newhall, of Fresno, Cal. These re- 
serves contain an aggregate area of 
4,923,535 acres, and consist of the Stanis- 
laus Forest Reserve, 691,200 acres; 
Sierra Forest Reserve, 4,096,000 acres; 
and the Lake Tahoe Reserve, 136,335 
acres. 

There are four supervisors’ districts, 
Withee ©. Bartlett. sballaceCaloamwas 
Supervisor of the Lake Tahoe Reserve, 
having also the general supervision of 
the Stanislaus, of which last-named Re- 
serve George Langenberg is the Super- 
visor in immediate charge, reporting to 
Mr. Bartlett, J. W. Dobson, Raymond, 
Cal., Supervisor of the Northern Divi- 
sion of the Sierra Reserve, and Harrison 
White, Visalia, Cal., Supervisor of the 
Southern Division of the Sierra Reserve. 

Twenty-six rangers were first author- 
ized, and 8 additional, on duty at large, 
for assignment to duty on July 15. 
Of those for immediate duty there were 
assigned to the Stanislaus 4, and to the 
Sierra Reserve 22. 


Southern California. 


The Superintendent of the five South- 
ern California reserves is B. F. Allen, of 
Los Angeles, Cal. These reserves con- 
tain an aggregate area of 3,784,594 
acres, consisting of the Pine Mountain 
and Zaca Lake Reserve, with an area of 
1,644,594 acres; San Bernardino, 737,- 


198 THE FORESTER. 


280 acres; San Gabriel, 555,520 acres; 
San Jacinto, 737,280 acres, and the 
Trabuco Cafion, 109,920 acres. They 
are divided into five supervisors’ dis- 
tricts, with B. F. Crawshaw, Santa 
Barbara, Cal., Supervisor of the West- 
ern Division of the Pine Mountain and 
Zaca Lake; Willis M. Slosson, Nord- 
hoff, Cal., Supervisor of the Eastern Di- 
vision of the Pine Mountain and Zaca 
Lake; W. A. Buick, San Bernardino, 
Cal., Supervisor of the San Bernardino, 
and W. A. Border, Los Angeles, Cal , 
Supervisor of the San Gabriel. The 
Trabuco Cafion and San Jacinto form 
the other supervisors’ districts over 
which Mr. Buick will soon assume juris- 
diction, a contingency caused by some 
special work, and Grant I. Taggart will 
take his place as Supervisor of the San 
Bernardino. 

Forty-five rangers in May and June, 
and 10 entering on duty July 15 were 
authorized. There have been assigned 
to the Western Division of the Pine 
Mountain and Zaca Lake 8; Eastern D1- 
vision of Pine Mountain and Zaca 
Lake, 8; San Bernardino, 8, and to the 
San Gabriel, 12. 


Colorado and Utah. 


The Superintendent of the five re- 
serves in Colorado and the two in Utah 
is W. T. S. May, of Denver, Colorado. 
These reserves have an aggregate area of 
4,046,720 acres, comprising, in Colorado, 
the Battlement Mesa, 858,240 acres; 
Pike’s Peak, 184,320 acres; Plum Creek, 
£79; 200 (acres: South “Platte; 683,520 
acres, and the White River Plateau, 
1,290,000 Lacres,) In jUitah, the: “Bish 
Lake, 67,840 acres, and Uintah, 875,520 
acres. 

This district is divided into seven su- 
pervisors’ districts, each reserve consti- 
tuting a district. E. C. Carter, Colorado 
Springs, Colo., is the Supervisor of the 
Pike’s Peak Reserve; Oliver T. Curtis, 
Debeque, Colo., of the Battlement Mesa; 
Stephen H. Standart, Pine, Colo., of the 
South Platte; Frank J. Steinmetz, Col- 
orado Springs, Colo., of the Plum Creek 
and White River Plateau, and George 


September, 


F. ,Bucher, .Coalvalle;s Witah; sof - the 
Uintah and Fish Lake reserves. 

Sixteen rangers were assigned in June 
for immediate duty, and 18 additional 
entered on duty July 15. Of the first- 
named on duty 2 were assigned to the 
Pike’s Peak Reserve, 2 to the Plum 
Creek, 3 to the South’ Platte: 2ate the 
the Battlement Mesa, 3 to the White 
River Plateau, 1 to the Fish Lake and 
3 to the Uintah. 


Idaho. 


The Superintendent of those portions 
of the Bitter Root and Priest River 
Reserves lying in Idaho is James Glen- 
denning, of Grangeville, Idaho. This 
area consists of about 3,997,160 acres— 
about 3,456,000 acres of the Bitter Root 
and 541,160 acres of the Priest River 
Reserve being in this State. 

There are three supervisors’ districts, 
the Bitter Root having two. Benton 
Mires, Elk City, Idaho, is the Supervisor 
for the southern part of the Bitter Root, 
and W. D. Robbins, Grangeville, Idaho, 
for the north end. Robert S. Bragaw, 
Priest River, Idaho, is the Supervisor of 
the Priest River. 

Fifteen rangers were assigned for im- 
mediate duty—r1o0 to the Bitter Root 
and 5 to the Priest River Reserve. 
Eleven at large for duty from July 15 
were authorized. ‘ 


Montana. 


The Superintendent of all the reserves 
in Montana is J. B. Collins, Missoula, 
Montana. These contain an area of 
5,040,000 acres, comprising that portion 
of the Bitter Root Reserve lying in Mon- 
tana, with an area of 691,200 acres; the 
Flathead 1,382,400 acres; the Lewis and 
Clarke, 2,926,080 acres, and the Gallatin, 
40, 320 acres. 

Each of these constitutes a super- 
visor’s District, John B. Weber, Hamil- 
ton, Montana, being the Supervisor of 
the Bitter Root Reserve in Montana; 
Gust Moser, Missoula, Montana, Super- 
visor of the Lewis and Clarke Reserve, 
and W. J. Brennan, Kalispell, Montana, 
supervisor of the Flathead Reserve. No 


eS eS 


1899 


supervisor for the Gallatin Reserve has 
yet been named permanently. 
Twenty-nine rangers were assigned to 
these reserves in June for immediate 
duty, 8 being for the Bitter Root, in 
Montana, g for the Flathead, 6 for 
the Lewis and Clarke and 6 for the 
Gallatin. There were also authorized 
for these reserves, 10n July 15, g ad- 
ditional rangers, for assignment to duty 
at the discretion of the Superintendent, 
making a total force of 38 rangers. 


Oregon. 


The three forest reserves in Oregon— 
the Cascade Range Reserve, area 4,492,- 
800 acres; the Bull Run, area 142,080 
acres, and the Ashland, area 18,560 
acres, or an aggregate area of 4,653,440 
acres—constitutea Superintendent’s Dis- 
trict, of which S. B. Ormsby, Salem, 
Oregon, is the Superintendent. 

There are three supervisors’ districts, 
the Northern Division of the Cascade 
Range Reserve and the Bull Run being 
under the supervision of W. H. Dufur, 
Dufur, Oregon; the Central Division of 
the Cascade Range forming another su- 
pervisor’s district, under Ralph b 
Dixon, of Roseburg; and the Southern 
Division and the Ashland another, in 
charge of Nat Langell, Jacksonville. 

Forty rangers were assigned for the 
entire season— 37 for the Cascade Range, 
2 forthe Bull Runand 1 for the Ashland. 


South Dakota and Wyoming. 


The Black Hills Reserve, in South 
Dakota and Wyoming, the Teton, the 
Yellowstone National Park Timber Land 
Reserve, and the Big Horn Reserve, 
make a district of which C. W. Garbutt, 
Sheridan, Wyoming, is the Superin- 
tendent. The total area of these reserves 
Is 4,407,840 acres, the Black Hills, in 
South Dakota, having 1,166,080 acres, 
and in Wyoming 45,600 acres; the Teton 
829,440 acres; the Yellowstone 1,239,040, 
and the Big Horn 1,127,680 acres. 

There are four supervisors’ districts. 
Charles Deloney, of Jackson, Wyoming, 
is the Supervisor of the Teton and that 
portion of the Yellowstone lying imme- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


199 


diately south thereof; A. D. Chamber- 
lain, Cody, Wyoming, is the Supervisor 
of the remainder of the Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park Reserve; W. N. Jackson, 
Big Horn, Wyoming, is the Supervisor 
of the Big Horn Reserve, and H. G. 
Hamaker, Custer, S. D., is the Super- 
visor of the Black Hills Reserve. 
Twenty-seven rangers—g for the 
Black Hills, 5 for the Yellowstone, 
8 tor -thessbig’ Elorn and 5° for the 
Teton were authorized for immediate 
duty in June, and for duty July 15 9 
additional for the Black Hills and g 
additional for the Wyoming reserves. 


W ashington. 


The Superintendent of the reserves in 
Washington is D. B. Sheller, Tacoma, 
Washington. These contain an aggre- 
gate area of 8,121,880 acres, comprising 
that part of the Priest River Reserve 
which lies in this State, area 103,960 
acres; the Washington, 3,594,240 acres; 
the Olympic, 2,188,800 acres, and the 
Mount Rainier, 2,234,880 acres. 

The Washington and Priest River form 
a supervisor’s district, of which Edward 
Burin, Custer, Washington, is the Su- 
pervisor; F. C. Mathewson, of Shelton, 
is the Supervisor for the Olympic, and 
George McCoy, of Napavine, for the 
Mount Rainier. 

Twenty-three rangers—8 for the Wash- 
ington, 6 for the Olympic and g for the 
Mount Rainier—were authorized for im- 
mediate duty, and for duty on July 15 
eleven more as rangers at-large. 

In concluding this review it may be 
proper to state that only persons physic- 
ally, as well as otherwise, qualified are 
selected for the position of ranger. Old 
age, indolence, weakness and intemper- 
ance are disqualifications which, when 
made known to the Department, will 
lead at once to the dismissal of the ob- 
jectionable ranger. These officers are 
the sentinels in the forest, and absence 
fromtheir post of dutyis not permissible. 
This regulation guarantees constant vigil- 
ance in the hour of fire peril or timber 
depredation. 

BINGER HERMANN. 


200 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


The Forest Problem In The West. 


Being a Paper Read at the Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, Cal., 1899. 
(NUMBER FIVE OF THE SERIES. ) 


BY THE PRESIDENT OF THE FOREST 


The economic interest of the Ameri- 
can people in their forests everywhere, 
and especially in the West, is to preserve 
the integrity and water-holding power of 
the mountain water-sheds of the country. 
This is clearly the public interest, whether 
these mountain water-sheds could or 
could not support by their products and 
wise use asystem of management guaran- 
teeing the integrity of their water-hold- 
ing power. The public interest is both 
economic and humanitarian in preserv- 
ing the mountain forest covering. With- 
out forest preservation most of our re- 
maining wild public land districts cannot 
be settled, and districts already settled 
are likely to lose in man-sustaining 
power. This has occurred already over 
wide areas of the world from undue 
forest denudation, on the one side by the 
irregular or exhausted water supply and 
on the other by the destructive action of 
flood and torrent through sudden rain- 
fall delivery from bared areas. The 
proper preservation of forest balance 
does not require that ripe timber should 
not be cut, or that other uses, such as 
mining, should not be enjoyed. 

The interest and requirements of dis- 
tricts vary in what treatment of forested 
areas is most advantageous. In most of 
the West and in all of the Southwest, 
the conditions of topography, rainfall 
and climate exact the highest care and 
treatment of the comparatively small 
forested area, all of which in the South- 
west is on mountains or high plateaus 
only. 

In this district it were better, for the 
country and for its people, that no use 
should be made of forest lands or for- 
est products than to have the forests 
wasted and burned as at present is gen- 
erally being done. 

However, no such drastic remedy as 
the isolation of the forests from human 


AND WATER SOCIETY OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 


use is necessary. .Under a proper and 
intelligent forest system -the integrity of 
the water-sheds can be safely maintained, 
and yet plenty of use can be found for 
both land and products; uses that can 
go on without fatal results to the forested 
area. 

It is only in the extreme southwestern 
mountains that the conditions are such 
as to counter-indicate the cutting of any 
timber or even firewood in the mount- 
ains. But even here mining, resorts, 
power companies and irrigation works 
can be established with no disadvantage 
to the trees or chaparral, but rather to 
their increased safety. The nation can 
gain by preserving its forests in safe 
proportion, and can in no way consent 
to see this proportion of safety to its 
people diminished. The nation will 
gain by forest preservation even though 
the system be without any resources or 
power of self-sustenance. 

While forestry has become a living 
issue in the Atlantic States, through the 
depletion of perennial flow of springs 
and streams and increased flood action, 
and probably by greater and increasingly 
injurious extremes of frost and heat aris- 
ing from forest destruction, in the West 
and Southwest effective forestry is a 
question of life or death. 

With irrigated districts, present or 
prospective, the conservation of the 
Forest Natural Reservoirs is at least as 
important as the conservation of any 
part of the rainfall by artificial storage 
diversion or distributing systems. 

’ The lands on the mountains and water- 
sheds in this part of the United States 
are in large part Federal public lands. 
By the extensive reservation of forested 
mountain lands from sale or settlement, 
the Federal Government has committed 
itself to a rational forest system. What 
the situation demands and what the 


1899. 


people desire is a forest management of 
these important mountain water-sheds 


that will serve the highest interests of 
Interests built. 
up under the neglect and waste and. 


the entire community. 


abuses of the Government’s forestal 
mistakes and laches should be treated 
with all the consideration that the safety 
of the communities affected and the 
welfare of the great majority of the 
people will permit. 

All foresters, and especially all fores- 
ters in the Southwest, endorse, and must 
endorse a Federal forest policy, whether 
the forest management pays its way or 
not. 

The Government forestry systems of 
European nations, of Canada, Algiers, 
India and Australia, are self-sustaining, 
and for the most part bring in consider- 
able revenues. Curiously enough, it is 
in the countries like Spain, Arabia, 
Persia and Turkey, in which forestry is 
neglected, where national productive 
power has most diminished, and in 
which both nation and people individu- 
ally are poorest. 

The success of other countries in 
maintaining national forest systems in- 
vites our attention to this subject. 

The principal revenue from all forest 
systems is from the sale of forest pro- 
ducts. These are mainly merchantable 
timber and fuel. The Western districts 
in which the principal areas of public 
lands exist, are situated so that one part 
or ancther of California would resemble 
their conditions closely enough for pre- 
liminary plans and outlines of forest 
management appropriate for the entire 
Western public land area. 

California contains mountains and 
plains, valleys, farm lands and deserts. 
In the northwest its climate is one of, if 
not the moistest in the United States; 

-in the southeast it is one of the most 
arid. In the Redwood belt there is a 
very large rainfall, and almost continu- 
ous fog and mist between the rainy sea- 
sons. In the Cocopah desert years pass 
without a drop of rain, or even a cloudy 
day. California conditions, carefully 
considered, can do much to outline a 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


201. 
forest and public land policy. 
the public land situation here? as 
California contains 99, 361,083 acres of 
land, of which 


The area appropriated is — 40,392,418-acres.-” 
The area unappropriated is 43,841,044 ~‘., 
The area reserved is 15, U2 7RO2 Taeeniee 


99,361,083 acres. 


What is 


This gives a substantially accurate 
picture of our land situation. In the 
other Western States the public lands 
are in much larger proportion, as an an- 
nexed table will show. 

The above figures, however, do not 
give the exact facts. Of the appropri- 
ated area some has gone to the State for 
taxes. In some of the mountain coun- 
ties this tax areais quite considerable. 
The State Comptroller and the county 
officers thus far have found no general 
record of this tax land, therefore no one 
can now tell to what it amounts. 

Of the area reserved, a considerable 
part is patented and in private hands. 
In some reserved districts, the propor- 
tion of private holdings is large, in oth- 
ers very small. 

The National Yosemite Park, of about 
one million acres area, is a little more 
than half in private hands The San 
Gabriel Reserve, from the Cajon West 
has a very small proportionate area in 
private hands, while the San Bernardino 
part of the forest reserves of the South 
has a considerable area in private hands. 

The Reserve System suggests the pol- 
icy of Switzerland. Inthat republic ex- 
perience has demonstrated the immedi- 
ate and often awful results of forest de- 
nudation on steep, high mountains to 
lower agricultural lands 

From this experience has been evolved 
a forest system which lays out as a part 
of its functions forest reserve districts. 
The lands within these, whether public 
or private, are under public control, and 
not a tree can be cut without public au- 
thority. We may come to this system 
some day. 

There are in this State about 83,000 
square miles of public lands in the 
hands of the Federal Government. An 


202 


examination made by expert civil 
engineers on section lines, and mapped 
by the old State Board of Forestry, shows 
in its reports that the mountain land 
with merchantable timber is substan- 
tially allin private hands. There is, 
speaking generally, no timber of mer- 
chantable quality and accessibility in 
California not in private hands. 

Fuel and small wood costs more to 
bring out of the high Sierras at present 
than it will bring. There are restricted 
districts where the waste and fallen wood, 
or small standing timber could pay its 
way for useas ties, posts, fuel or mining, 
but no large revenue is in sight from this 
source at present. Consequently, the 
sources of revenue and support of for- 
eign systems is absent in California. 

We may assume that the known con- 
ditions of California in this respect in one 
or another of its districts apply to those 
of the entire West. 

There is, however, a source of reve- 
nue to the Government from a rational 
management of its mountain forest lands, 
when handled in conjunction with the 
development by public irrigation works 
of the vast area of arid public land. 

The reason why there is such a large 
amount of public land in California and 
in the West generally, is that the land 
is allin an arid climate, and that it is 
therefore incapable of supporting a 
farmer or settler, without a secure sup- 
ply of water for irrigation, and often for 
domestic use. 

The mountain forested areas are all 
incapable of agriculture in the South- 
west. There is consequently no gain of 
productive area, as in the settlement of 
Ohio, for instance, by denuding them. 
On the other hand, these forests are the 
natural reservoirs of the Southwest. 

The forests in this section are of the 
highest importance both to the irrigation 
districts already developed, and also to 
the enormous areas that may by future 
irrigation works be made fertile. 

Storage reservoirs, diversion works, 
ditches, etc., are all safer and more per- 
manent when under a forested water- 
shed than when under a bare one. In 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


the first case, with forest covering, there 


.is a minimum of flood action, and prac- 


tically no torrential detritus to fill up the 
works. From a denuded water-shed, 
the water delivery is irregular, torren- 
tial and detritus-laden. 

The public land now at its limits, or 
near its limitsof support of population, 
can, by judicious irrigation works, be 
made capable of supporting a popula- 
tion of between fifty and one hundred 
millions. Irrigated land has always 
been as capable as that for supporting 
the densest population from agricultural 
returns. We see this in the history of 
the Euphrates and the Nile. In both of 
these cases, and in the more modern de- 
velopments in India, we see that the im- 
portant works were carried out by the 
community or Government, were man- 
aged by the community, are thus man- 
aged, and that new work for further de- 
velopment in the application of water 
to land in genial and dry climates, such 
as those of India and Egypt, is planned 
or being executed solely as Government 
undertakings. 

There are three good reasons with us 
for this policy. The first is that the 
lands susceptible of improvement are 
largely public lands, The second is that 
the undertakings are too large for most 
private initiative, and the third is that a 
public administration of irrigated lands 
is the only one in which the land occu- 
pants can feel safe in not becoming serfs 
of the water company, as 1s now practi- 
cally the case in the rich, irrigated val- 
ley of the Po, where the returns are 
large, but the people in misery. 

Governments in the past and Govern- 
ments now recognize the advantage and 
propriety of making their lands produc- 
tive by public irrigation works. The 
peoples who have done this in the past 
have been among the greatest. One 
of the most powerful governments of the 
present day, that of Great Britain, is 
now, as it long has been, engaged in 
such irrigation development. The dam 
on the River Nile, near Assouan, will be 
the greatest land reclamation work in 
the world. The values created by the 


1899. 


application of water to land in Egypt 
will far exceed the values created by the 
exclusion of water from land in Holland. 
Both are Government undertakings. 

In this country the Government has 
undertaken land reclamation by- exclud- 
ing water, as by the Mississippi dykes. 
It has also added to land-values and 
product-values by the construction of 
harbors and canals, thus reducing or re- 
moving freight tariffs or lighterage and 
landing tariffs The States on, or hav- 
ing rivers, have been benefited by this 
policy. So also the Coast States, or 
those on the Lakes or served by the 
great Sault Ste. Marie Canal have been 
benefited; so has the country generally 
been benefited. 

It is eminently proper that the people’s 
Government should apply this policy to 
the development of the rich and sunny 
Western lands that cannot produce and 
serve mankind without water. In this 
case the benefit is direct to the public. 
It is the public land that will be most 
benefited. It is homes for the people 
that will be created. It is of course 
markets and a high productive power 
population in our own bounds that we 
thus create. It is the conservative agri- 
culturist that we thus introduce and 
encourage to balance the more radical 
bodies of employes in the great manu- 
‘facturing districts. Fifty million such 
Americans will consume more American 
products and support more American 
trade than all our present foreign trade 
combined. 

Taking the public land area as a whole 
we find some that is inherently worth- 
less, some that can be made good and 
productive, some where forests and their 
products can be safely used under rea- 
sonable regulations, some where the 
forests can only be safeguarded, but not 
used, as in the chaparral mountains of 
the South, and a wide district that is at 
present used for pasturage, excessive and 
premature. The pastures thus constantly 
deteriorate and carry less stock. 

The public land pastures have deteri- 
orated and are deteriorating in stock and 
sheep-carrying power. Fighting and dis- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


203 


order is everywhere present among the 
pasture users. Sometimes they have 
wars. These stock and sheep men, as 
far as seen, welcomed a proposed system 
of leasing the public lands appropriate 
to pasture, under judicious restfiction as 
to the number of stock permitted on 
each section and the time of year when 
thestock should goon. The public lands 
in California have a present value for 
pasturage that varies with seasons. It is 
estimated to have an annual rental value 
of not less than $250,000 and may ex- 
ceed half a million dollars. Its rental 
value varies with the seasonal rainfall. 
The stockmen would be glad to pay rent 
and thus know upon what feed they could 
rely, without the present accompani- 
ments of murder and arson. 

Those districts where pasturage in- 
jures the water-sheds could have the stock 
reduced to a safe number by reasonable 
regulation or entirely removed. 

When we consider the vital impor- 
tance of the entire forest question, and 
past and present precedent in the matter 
of forestry and irrigation; when we con- 
sider the effect of forest denudation in 
filling up navigable rivers and harbors, 
the importance of water to miners, to 
cities and to irrigators; when we further 
reflect on the empire at our hand and in 
our borders to be created by irrigation 
works, we can agree that forests, reser- 
voirs and public land management all 
go hand in hand. 

The land system asa unit can be self- 
supporting and revenue producing. All 
interests can be fairly dealt with and the 
country brought to its highest productive 
power. 

Those who engage in promoting this 
great work have strenuous efforts before 
them; they deserve the garlands of re- 
ward as civic patriots as much or more 
than those who foment distant foreign 
wars. The conquest of this empire 
within our bounds for our own children 
is more useful, more profitable, more 
secure and more glorious than any for- 
eign conquests can ever be. 

ApBpot KINNEY, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


204 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


Minnesota's Proposed New National Park. 


An Organization Formed in Chicago to Secure the Perpetuation of Natural 
Grandeur at the Headwaters of the Mississippi River. 


The most important forest reserve pro- 
ject ever inaugurated by public senti- 
ment in the United States was success- 
fully launched at Chicago on August II. 
The meeting was held at the Chicago 
Athletic Club, where there were assem- 
bled deputations of prominent citizens 
from Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth and 
Chicago to consider the feasibility of 
creating a grand national park and forest 
reserve about the headwaters of the Mis- 
sissippi River in Northern Minnesota. 

This section is one of marvelous 
natural beauty, where there are eleven 
~ hundred lakes replete with fish, untram- 
meled forest wilds abounding in game 
and an ozone unsurpassed. © By ‘those 
who have lived and hunted in that ‘region 
its value as a health-resort is‘highly re- 
garded. Its ‘location is one easily ac- 
-cessible to great numbers of people. 

Prominent among those who have 
recognized the advisability of pre-empt- 
ing these lands for the public, before 
timber pillagers and forest fires have 
marred the beauty of nature, has been 
Col. John S. Cooper, of Chicago. 
Two motives impelled him to arouse 
public sentiment to action: First, the 
duty of the National Government to take 
such action as should make the head- 
waters of the Mississippi common prop- 
erty forever; second, the preservation for 
historical,educational,sport and pleasure 
purposes of a region which otherwise, 
if left alone, is doomed ina short time to 
become a barren waste, denuded of tim- 
ber, crossed by dry water-w ays, unfit for 
agriculture and the scene of disastrous 
timber fires. 

The enthusiasm evinced at the pre- 
liminary meeting, to which reference was 
made editorially inthe August ForEsTER, 
left no doubt as to the immediate success 
of the plan to form a national organiza- 
tion. This having been done the future 
seems propitious for favorable action by 


Congress in consummation of the pro- 
ject. 

‘‘The Minnesota National Park and 
Forestry Association’ was the title 
adopted for the organization, and offi- 
cers were chosen as follows: 

President Cyrus M. Northrop, Presi- 
dent of the University of Minnesota. 

First Vice President. — Theodore 
Roosevelt, Governor of New York. 

Second Vice President—Judge Horace 
L. Burton, of Tennessee, 

Third Vice President.—Judge Hub- 
bard, of Cedar Rapids, Iowa. 

Treasurer. —John H. Whitbeck, of 
Chicago. 

Corresponding Secretary. Col. Jolie 
S. Cooper, of Chicago. 

Recording Secretary.—H.M. Becker 
olrot. Paul: 

Executive Committee.—Mayor Carter 
H. Harrison, of Chicago; C. S. Dennis, 
EE: -W. Blatchford; C.l- iutehinsonm 
George M. Nelson, Messrs. Beard, 
Clark, Gray and Work, G. G. Hartley, 
A.xG. Comstock, {S; Hi: Stewarts; Se 
Stevenson, F. W. Leavitt, W. B. Mir- 
schon. 

The object of forming the association 
is thus described in the constitution 
adopted: 

‘The object of this association is to 
preserve as a great national park, so far 
as practicable, the native forests, waters 
and topography of an extensive tract of 
land in the northern part of Minnesota, 
together with the wild game in the woods, 
that an intelligent system of forestry may 
be established therein, and that our citi- 
zens may have, for generations to come, 
a great region abounding in native and 
cultivated forests and waters, to which 
they can resort in search of health and 
enjoyment, and that preservation and re- 
newal of the forests may be inaugurated 
in the central Western States of the 
Union. 


eee: ae 


1899. 


«‘Any citizen of the United States of 
good character and in sympathy with the 
object and purposes of this association 
shall be eligible to membership, and 
shall become such member when elected 
by the executive committee of the asso- 
ciation, but no dues shall be required 
from members. The funds necessary to 
carry out the object and purposes of this 
organization shall be raised by volun- 
tary contributions, and shall be paid to 
the treasurer, to be by him disbursed as 
directed by the executive board.” 

In order to assure a more general ap- 
preciation of the project and the desira- 
bility of early action by Congress, it was 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


| * 
| WINAIBIGOSEESD ocx 


205 


together the objects of this association 
will be facilitated; therefore be it 

‘« Resolved, That this association shall 
immediately organize for an expedition 
into that region during the coming 
Autumn, and that the following gentle- 
men be appointed a committee to have 
full charge of the same, viz: 

Colson S. Cooper, C- EsrReck; 
John H. Witbeck, Otis R. Glover, Mar- 
vin Hughitt, Jr., Wesley M. Lowrie, 
Henry S. Fitch, O. W. Nixon, George E. 
Coles Ea Pitcher, Harry G. McCart- 
ney, Dr. Frank Billings, W. C. Brown, 
T: 2: Shouts, B: Thomas and]. 8. 
Clow, of Chicago; Thomas H. Shevlin, 


MAP OF 1HE REGION WHICH CONGRESS WILL BE ASKED TO SET ASIDE AS A NEW NATIONAL PARK, 


decided to take a delegation of Congress- 
men and other prominent public men on 
a trip of investigation to the Leech Lake 
country early in October—the Indian 
Summer there—in order that they may 
gain personal knowledge of the proposed. 
reserve. The following resolution was 
passed providing for the trip: 
‘¢Whereas, It is believed that there 
are no legal or practical obstacles in the 
way of establishing a national park in the 
northern part of Minnesota, which may 
not be overcome by the joint action of 
Congress, the State of Minnesota and 
private parties having vested interests in 
that territory, and that by bringing the 
representatives of all those interests 


Thomas Lowry, James Gray and C. A. 
Pillsbury, of Minneapolis; George R. 
Finch, George C. Squires, Charles Cris- 
tadoro, J. I. Hill: and ‘Charles 5. Fee, 
of St. Paul. 

The only circumstance lacking to 
make the spontaneity of thought and 
action complete was the reluctance of the 
Duluth delegates to enter heartily into 
the scheme, for fear of certain commer- 
cial disadvantages to that city by the 
withdrawal of nearby lands from settle- 
ment, if included in the proposed re- 
serve. 

Congressman Page Morris presented 
this view of some of his constituents, 
but added that all would approve if the 


206 


project would not conflict with the in- 
terests of Duluth people. 

Colonel Cooper replied, calling atten- 
tion to the fact that two hundred thou- 
sand tourists a year to such a reserve 
might be of greater financial interest to 
Duluth than the trade of scattered set- 
tlers in that region, after forest fires had 
devastated everything. 

Mr. Christadoro said the efforts now 
being made were to save for posterity 
‘¢a few hundred acres” of forest land in 
Minnesota, and that those who criticized 
did not sufficiently understand this in- 
tention. He pleaded for recognition of 
the necessity of preserving natural forests 
for the benefit of future generations. 

The Duluth delegates were assured 
that no part of the purpose of the forest 
reserve organization is to interfere with 
the ownership of merchantable Pine, or 
the rights of Indians or settlers already 
on the ground. When this is generally 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


understood by those having interests i1n- 
volved, it is believed that their cordial 
support will be enlisted forthwith. 
Various sub-committees will be ap- 
pointed on finance, press, etc., by the 
executive committee. There is every 
prospect of good results for forestry in 
general from such energetic efforts. 
Those who took part in the final or- 
ganization of the project, were: 
Chicago—Col. John S. Cooper, Henry 
S. Fitch, George H. Cole, SiC. Base 
man, Dr Nixon and F: S: Band. 
Minneapolis—Mayor Gray, S. F. John- 
son, Vice President Board of Trade; 
Drs. Beard, Bell, Moore, Crafts, T. H. 
Shevlin, A. H. Linton and F. W. Leavitt. 
St Paul—Drs. Bracken and Hutchin- 
son, Ross Clark, George M. Nelson, 
Charles Christadoro and E. V. Smalley. 
Duluth—Cok  C. “Be. 4+Graves,.. Cone 
gressman Morris, F. A. Patrick and J. C. 
Hunter. 


Forest Conditions of Porto Rico. 


Review of the Forest Resources of the Island, by the Special Agent of the 
U, S. Geological Survey, for Issue by the Department of Agriculture. 


FIRST PAPER—CONDITIONS AFFECTING FOREST GROWTH. 


A FEW EXTRACTS FROM THE ADVANCE SHEETS. 
(BY COURTESY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE. ) 


Porto Rico was originally mantled by 
forests from the level of the sea to the 
summit of its mountains. It is doubtful 
if there was a single foot of its area 
which was not at some time covered by 
tree growth, varying in height from the 
diminutive mangrove bushes which 
border the seashore to the gigantic 
deciduous trees mingled with the fronds 
and trunks of towering palms, which 
add height to the loftiest peaks and 
ridges. To understand the distribution 
and natural occurrence of these, it is 
necessary to explain briefly the topo- 
graphic and physical features of the 
island. 

The island is the most eastern and the 
smallest of the four Great Antilles. But 


though it nowhere attains the great alti- 
tudes of the other Antilles, the island is 
practically the eastward continuation of 
the Antillean chain of uplifts, the upward 
extension of a remarkable submerged 
mountain slope, which, at least on the 
north side, descends nearly 30,000 feet 
to the bottom of the Brownson Deep, 
until recently supposed to be the deepest 
hole in the world. The island is 95 
miles long, 35 miles wide, and has an area 
of 3,668 square miles. It is 500 square 
miles lessin areathan Jamaica. Its areais 
300 miles greater than that of Delaware, 
Rhode Island and the District of Colum- 
bia combined, and 1,300 square miles 
less than that of Connecticut. At the 
same time, in proportion to area, it is of 


1899. 


all the Antilles the most productive, the 
most densely settled, and the most estab- 
lished in its customs and institutions. 
Itis also notable among the West Indian 
group, because its preponderant popula- 
tion is of the white race, and because it 
produces food-stuffs almost sufficient to 
supply its inhabitants, in addition to its 
exports to some of the neighboring 
islands. 

Its outline presents the appearance of 
an almost geometrically regular parallel- 
ogram, nearly three times as long as 
broad, with its sides following the four 
cardinal directions. The sea line is 
nearly straight, and the coast is usually 
low, especially on the southern side, 
although there are a few headlands. It 
is void of fringing keys and deep inden- 
tations of its coast, such as border Cuba. 
The coast line is 360 miles. 

Porto Rico, like all the Antilles, in 
comparison with the United States, has 
a configuration ancient in aspect, al- 
though comparatively new in geologic 
age. Of the four chief topographic 
features of the Great Antilles (central 
mountains, coast-border topography, in- 
terior plains and enclosed mountain 
basins) only the central mountains and 
coast- border topography are represented 
upon this island. 

The central mountains are largely of 
one physiographic type. The coast- bor- 
der topography is more complex and 
diversified, consisting of three sub- 
types, which may be called coast hills, 
parting valleys and playa plains. The 
mountains constitute the major surface 
of the island, approximately nine-tenths 
of the whole. The other features col- 
lectively make an irregular and lower 
lying belt around the coastal margin 
comparable to the narrow rim of a high- 
crowned alpine hat. 

The whole island is practically an 
elongated elevated sierra made up mostly 
of volcanic rock, surrounded by a narrow 
collar or dado of limestone hills, former 
marginal marine incrustations which 
have been elevated. Viewed from the 
sea, these mountains have a rugged and 
serrated aspect, consisting of numerous 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


207 


peaks and summits with no definite crest 
line, rising from a general mass, whose 
steeply sloping sides are deeply corru- 
gated by drainageways; they present the 
aspect of a wrinkled handkerchief—a 
figure of description ascribed to Colum- 
bus in telling Queen Isabella of the 
Antilles. Their superfice has been 
etched by erosion into innumerable lat- 

eral ridges, separated by deep gorges. ~ 

The main crest line extends from 
Mayaguez on the west through Aibonito 
and Adjuntas to Humacoa on the east. 
This is called the central Cordillera west 
of Aibonito and the Sierra de Cayey east. 
of that town. 

There are virtually two crest lines in 
tne eastern half of the island. The nor- 
thern branch is the Sierra Luquiilo, 
which practically extends from the west 
of the San Juan-Ponce military road to 
the northeast cape. This range contains 
the highest island summit, El Yunque. 

These mountains, as a whole, when 
looked down upon from the highest 
points, present the aspect of a sea of 
conical peaks and beaded ridges, rather 
than a dividing ridge. The highest em- 
inences of the billowy summits nowhere 
exceed 3,500 feet, and this altitude. if at- 
tained at all, is reached by only one peak 
that of El Yunque, at the extreme north- 
east. The height of this peak is given on: 
the Spanish maps at 4,087 feet, but it is 
reported much lower by other authorities. 
Other summits of the island, although 
numerous, hardly anywhere exceed 3,000 
feet: 

Through the mountainous mass nu- 
merous and copious streams ramify in 
every direction. These have deep valleys 
singularly free from cliffs, and they etch 
the surface into many lateral ridges and 
points. Of these streams, the largest 
and longest drain into the north coast, 
the next largest flow to the west, while 
the streams of the south and east sides, 
although copious, are comparatively 
short. The upper ramifications of the 
three principal rivers of the north coast 
reach southward nearly across the island. 

Besides the wide alluvial plains near 
the mouths of the streams, to be described 


208 THE. FORESTER. 


later, the lower stretches of these nor- 
thern streams present considerable areas 
of bottom land, extending for some dis- 
tances within the margin of the mountain 
area, rarely broadening out into local 
circular mountain valleys. Their upper 
portions are steep angular gorges, how- 
ever, where habitations are confined to 
the slopes and not the valleys. There 
are other streams of the island which 
also present small areas of bottom land 
indenting the mountanous area for a 
very short distance from their coastal 
borders, notably the Portugues, near 
Ponce on the south, and the Anasco on 
the west. 

The most unobservant traveler re- 
marks the radical natural differences 
which take place upon passing from the 
mountains into the lower’ lying coastal 
plains and foothills, especially upon the 
south side. The coast-border topog- 
raphy comprises a narrow belt of low 
hills and plains encircling the: main 
or mountainous mass of the island, and 
broken in continuity upon the northeast, 
southeast and west by spurs of the cen- 
tral mountains which run across it into 
the sea. This border region of itself is an 
exceedingly diversified area, presenting 
two conspicuous major types of relief, 
coast hills and playa plains, and gener- 
ally a third type, which may be called 
parting valleys. 

On the north the coast hills stand as 
steeply sloping solitary mounds or 
domes, rising singly or in chains above 
wider extents of plain lying between 
them and the mountain front. The cit- 
adels of San Juan are built upon a hill 
of this character; others rise to the east 
and west of the city as far as Rio Grande 
and toward Arecibo. 

Along the shore from the southwest 
cape of Porto Rico to within three or 
four miles of Ponce, except where occa- 
sionally broken by playas, coast hills are 
finely developed. These hills, like those 
of the north coast, are the remants of 
what was once a steeply slanting bench 
plain. The slant is from the central 
mountains toward the sea, where the 
hills are in some places terminated by a 


September, 


steep scarp or sea bluff too feet in i 


height. The interior side scarp of these 
hills is bordered by a valley occupied 
by the lake of Guanica, separated by 
still another row of hills called the 
cerros from the central mountains. 

On the southwest end of the island 
there are two parallel rows of hills sepa- 
rated from each other and the interior 
mountains by long and fertile valleys. 
The interior chain of hills, which ex- 
tends from north of Cabo Rojo to within 
three miles of Yauco, passing west of 
San German, is of a peculiar type not 
seen elsewhere on the island. It is a 
single chain of highly rounded wooded 
hills of the type called ‘‘ knobs” in this 
country, and ‘‘cerros”’ by the Spaniards. 
They owe their configuration to a: thick 
cap stratum of hard mountain limestone, 
the lower portion being composed of 
the softer decomposing rock. Where 
the cap has been removed erosion has 
widened the valleys into great elongated 
plains or vegas. 

For want of a better, the term ‘‘playa 
plains” is used for the wide alluvial 
plains found at more or less frequent in- 
tervals along the entire coast between 
the hills which limit them. The word 
‘‘playa”’ means literally ‘‘shore’’ or 
‘‘strand.” Many cities of Porto Rico 
are situated upon the interior border of 
such plains where they meet the foot- 
hills, several miles from the port of 
entry, which is located at the immediate 
seashore, and which is usually designated 
‘playa,’ in order to distinguish it from 
the city proper. These playa plains are 
usually fan-shaped in area, with their 
broader base next to the sea, where they 
are often many miles in width, and stand 
only a few feet above the ocean. They 
are bordered by escarpments composed 
of the sharp rise of the coast hills, and 
extend with constantly decreasing width 
backward up the stream valleys toward 
the central mountains. Ponce is situated 
upon a typical playa plain, which extends 
a short distance back of the city up the 
valley of the Rio Portugues. To the 
west of Ponce the playa plains are quite 
exceptional. 


1899. 


The name ‘‘ parting valley” the writer 
has given to certain long and narrow 
valleys which sometimes occur between 
the foothills and the front central mount- 
ains.. Some of'the streams, as they 
emerge from the mountains and cross the 
lower country, tend either to bend along 
the mountain front as they pass from it 
or to send out laterals parallel to the 
‘same. The erosion attendant upon such 
phenomena produces long parallel val- 
leys at the junction of the mountains 
and foothills. Parting valleys of this 
character are especially well developed 
on the south side of Porto Rico, such as 
the. plain of Saba Grande and the de- 
pression of Guanica lagoon. Other 
parting valleys of a similar character are 
developed in many places around: the 
rest of the island, although perhaps not 
quite so extensive in area. 

Several features which are more de- 
veloped upon the other Great Antilles 
are exceptional or lacking in the config- 
uration of Porto Rico—notably, interior 
mountain vallevs, bordering benches of 
elevated coral reef, the coast lagoons or 
lakes, and the mangrove swamps. The 
interior mountain valleys of Porto Rico 
-are not conspicuous features, nor are 
they completely closed (without drainage 
outlets), like those of Jamaica. 

Elevated reef benches or sedorucco, 
which in Cuba form the narrow coast rim 
of hard rock and protect a softer interior, 
thereby-producing the excellent pouch- 
shaped harbors, are but faintly developed 
in Porto Rico. This material was seen 
only at the entrance of San Juan Harbor. 
The coast lagoons or lakes are collec- 
tions of water in swales of the coastal 
plain on the north and in parting valleys 
of the type of Guanica, previously de- 
scribed. Mangrove swamps are ex- 
tensively developed around the interior 
margin of San Juan Harbor. 

Inthe Southern United States and the 
Antilles, where altitude is not a control- 
ling factor, the chemical and physical 
composition of the soils are two of the 
chief factors producing vegetal differ- 
ences. Inasmuch as the soils of Porto 
Rico, with the exception of that of the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


209 


playa plains, are all residual (the surface 
decay of the underlying rock), it is 
impossible to make a clear presentation 
of the forest conditions without a few 
remarks upon the nature of the rocks. 
Inasmuch as all ‘cultural and natural 
aspects are intimately associated with 
geologic structure, a few words upon 
this subject are absolutely essential to a 
complete understanding of the subject. 
But in abrief-review, suchas this, having 
called attention to the omission, we may 
speak briefly, not of the history, but only 
of the present condition of the soils. 
The chief and ‘radical differences of 
flora‘'in Porto Rico oecur between the red 
clay mountain soils and the calcareous 
foothill soils, the latter being of the 
open-textured white limestone’ type 
which abounds from Florida southward, 
but is not common in the United States. 
_ The mountain areas present but little 
if any barren indurated rock surface, 
but are covered with a deep red soil, to 
which vegetation clings tenaciously. 
This mountain soil is one of the most 
marked features of the island, and to it 
are largely due many of its agricultural 
and forest conditions. Were it. less te- 
nacious and sticky than it is (and lan- 
guage can hardly convey an idea of the 
unctuousness of this stickiness, which is 
especially disagreeable in a road mate- 
rial) the mountain slopes of Porto Rico 
would now be washed and dreary wastes 
of barren rock. This mountain soil is 
mostly red ferruginous clay, accom- 
panied by much pebble and other rock 
debris. It is naturally ameliorated by 
the vast amount of humus derived from 
the native vegetation. Decay is so rapid 
under perpetual warmth and moisture 
that the volcanic rocks quickly rot and 
weather into soils of this character. 
The regolith or decayed superfice of the 
rocks is unusually deep on these moun- 
tains, extending down 50 or 100 feet, 
correspondingly affording a_ splendid 
medium for root hold and penetration. 
Owing to this soil the mountains were 
originally wooded and are now cultivated 
to their very summits, verticality of slope 
presenting no obstacle to cultivation in 


210 


the minds of the natives. The writer 
has seen the steepest possible slopes 
cultivated to the highest degree in coffee 
and tobacco; in fact, the most produc- 
tive crops of this character are grown 
upon declivities upon which the Ameri- 
can farmer would not risk limb and life. 

Much of the soil of Porto Rico is now 
abandoned and in the condition known 
throughout the English-speaking West 
Indies as ‘‘ruinate.” This has resulted 
from long cultivation, from the failure to 
apply fertilizers, and, in some cases, from 
erosion. Land of this character was 
observed in many parts of the island. 
The reclamation of these lands by for- 
estry, or the methods of scientific agri- 
culture, is one of the problems which 
Porto Rico presents to the civilization of 
its new owners. 

Regarding the climate of Porto Rico, 
no attempt will be made to describe it 
other than to state a few facts relating 
to its bearing upon the distribution of 
life and culture. The whole island may 
be divided into a wet and a dry belt, on 
the north and south sides of the central 
Cordillera, respectively. The greatest 
rainfall, which sometimes attains 120 
inches a year on the slopes of El Yun- 
que, is at the northeast end. On the 
south side, from Guayama to Cabo Rojo, 


THE FORESTER: 


September, 


the climate is dryer, but most of the 
island is wet in comparison with the 
standard of the United States. 

The higher mountains are slightly 
cooler than the coast belt, but the 
temperature is so uniformly warm that 
altitude has but little bearing upon dis- 
tribution of.vegetation. The mountains 
are constantly bathed in moisture, either 
by daily rainfalls or dense mists which 
collect upon them at night, except upon 
the lower portion of their southern slopes; 
hence, it may be said that the superfice 
is never dry and the subsoil is constantly 
saturated in the mountain region. 

On the southern coast, however, owing 
both to the porosity of the limestone, 
which quickly drains off the moisture, 
and to the intermittent dryer periods, 
the surface above has a parched and 
arid look, especially in the long dry 
season. Some portions of this south 
belt are very arid, and great complaint 
was heard in places that the rainfall for 
the past two years had been insufficient 
for domestic supply. In fact, to culti- 
vate the staple crops of the lowlands of 
the south coast, irrigation is necessary. 
This is practiced with great skill and at 
considerable cost along the whole south- 
ern border from Guayama to Cabo Rojo. 

[Continued in next issue. ] 


Ontario Forest Reserve. 


The Ontario government is making 
rapid progress toward the adoption of a 
complete system of reforestation, having 
recently set apart an important reserve 
in Frontenac and Addington Counties. 

After inquiries from time to time as to 
the most eligible territory for a reserva- 
tion in the eastern part of the province, 
the Commissioner of Crown Lands came 
to the conclusion that the McLaren 
limits, now operated by Isaac Allan, of 
Mississippi Station, were the most suit- 
able for the purpose. These limits cover 
parts of the townships of Abinger, Mil- 
ler, Barrie, Clarendon, Palmerston, 
Ashby, Denbigh, Effingham, South 
Caninto, Olden, North Sherbrooke and 


Oso, and contain an area of 27334 miles. 
The territory is watered by numerous 
lakes and streams and lies on the head- 
waters of the Mississippi River, a stream 
of considerable importance flowing into 
the Ottawa River, and on the head- 
waters of a branch of the Madawaska 
River. All the good land available has 
been either sold or located, and the 
merchantable pine timber has been 
almost entirely cut away. The Pine 
growth remaining consists of young 
trees springing up, which are spread 
over considerable areas of the territory, 
and, if protected from fires and allowed 
to attain a fair growth, will, it is deemed, 
become a valuable asset of the province 
in the near future.—Canada Lumber- 
Wan. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


211 


The American Forestry Association. 


A Special Meeting at Columbus. 


The American Forestry Association 
held a special meeting at Columbus, 
Ohio, on August 22 and 23. The meet- 
ing was held under the auspices of the 
Columbus Horticultural Society, and 
the arrangements made by the officers of 
that organization were all that could be 
desired. As an affiliated society of the 
American Association for the Advance- 
ment of Science, all privileges of accom- 
modations and entertainment, as well as 
railroad rates, were shared by members 
of the Forestry Association. 

The sessions were held in Horticul- 
tural Hall, Ohio State University. At 
2 o'clock on Tuesday afternoon, August 
22, the meeting was called to order by 
William R. Lazenby, President of the 
Horticultural Society, who was made 
chairman of the convention. The attend- 
ance was not large, but all present mani- 
fested a deep interest in the proceedings 
and evinced an enthusiasm that was in- 
spiring. 

Among those present at this and the 
subsequent sessions were: Dr. W. J. 
Beal, Vice President for Michigan of the 
’ American Forestry Association, and Pro- 
fessor of Botany and Forestry in the 
Michigan Agricultural College; Dr. C. 
E. Bessey, of Nebraska State University, 
Vice President for Nebraska; Rev. James 
Poindexter, President of the Ohio State 
Forestry Bureau; S. C. Mason, Profes- 
sor of Horticulture and Forestry, Berea 
College, Kentucky; William Saunders, 
Director of the Canadian Experimental 
Farms; Dr. B. B. Halsted, of the New 
Jersey Experiment Station; Prof. A. D. 
Hopkins, of the West Virginia Experi- 
ment Station, Vice President for West 
Virginia; John F. Cunningham, Secre- 
tary of the Columbus Horticultural So- 
Siety; Prof. J. A. Holmes, Vice Presi- 
Ment for North Carolina; Prof. L. C. 
Corbett, of West Virginia University; 
ie. ). Janney, Columbus; Prof. F. W. 


Rowe, of the New Hampshire Agricul- 
tural and Mechanical College; Prof. N. 
L. Britton, Superintendent of the Bo- 
tanical Garden, Bronx Park, New York 
City; W. R. Beattie, Columbus: T. A. 
Scott, Westerville; F. R. Luke, Ohio 
State University; Prof. J. H. Lageman, 
Columbus; J. F. Cowell, Superintendent 
of Parks; Buffalo, N. -Y.; Walliam R: 
Lazenby, Professor Horticulture and 
Forestry, Ohio State University, and 
President of the Columbus Horticultural 
Society; L. M. Freeman, Rex, Lecturer 
on Forestry. 

Telegrams and letters of regret were 
read from Gifford Pinchot, Forester of 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture; 
Dr. -€. “A;= Schenck, Forester *to the 
Biltmore Estate, North Carolina; W. 
W. Ashe, Consulting Forester, Raleigh, 
N. C.; Prof. John Craig, lowa Agricul- 
tural College, Ames, Iowa; George W. 
Minier, Austin, IIl., and others. 

In a brief opening address Professor 
Lazenby welcomed the Association to 
Columbus. Speaking of the rapid and 
reckless destruction of the forests of 
Ohio, one of the best agricultural States 
inthe Union, he called attention tothe av- 
erage annual rainfall of Ohio,and whether 
it had been materially increased or its dis- 
tribution greatly modified by the removal 
of the forests. ‘*We do know,” he said, 
‘*that our soil rapidly loses its summer 
moisture; that our springs and wells are 
failing and our streams and rivers are 
more Capricious in their flow; droughts 
are more severe and floods are more 
common.” He urged the planting of 
trees upon all land that was not culti- 
vated or that was cultivated at a loss. 

After the appointment of a committee 
on resolutions and hearing verbal reports 
from the members representing different 
States, a formal address was delivered 
by Rev. James Poindexter, president of 
the Ohio Forestry Bureau, on the past 


212 


and future work of that department. 
John F. Cunningham also read a paper 
on ‘Observations upon the Woodlands 
of Ohio.” 


The session then adjourned, the re- 


mainder of the afternoon being spent in 
an inspection of the native trees and 
shrubs on the grounds of the State Uni- 
versity. 

At the morning session of the second 
day the following papers were presented 
and read: ‘‘Natural. Regeneration of 
Forests on Old Fields in Eastern Ken- 
tucky,”’ by Prof. S. C. Mason, of Ken- 
tucky; ‘‘ Lumbering in Northern Michi- 
gan,” by Dr. W. J. Beal, of Michigan; 
‘“‘The Rate of Growth and Temperature 
of Various Varieties of Forest Trees,” by 
William R. Lazenby, of Ohio; ‘‘ Capi- 
talistic Review of Conservative Lum- 
bering,” by C. A. Schenck, of Biltmore, 
NVC: 


Results Will Compensate. 


The Minnesota forest reserve scheme 
will need the co-operation of the General 
Government, and it will doubtless re- 
ceive it. Both the last and the present 
national Administrations have shown 
their sympathy with forest preservation 
movements. During the past five years 
a number of large national parks have 
been created from Government lands. 
One of the latest of these is the Lake 
Tahoe Forest Reserve in California, con- 
sisting of 136,335 acres which was set 
aside by the proclamation of President 
Mckinley last April. The Government 
will continue this policy and other bodies 
of public land will be withdrawn from 
sale and created into parks. One of the 
chief objects of the proposed Minnesota 
reserve 1S to protect the headwaters of 
the Mississippi River. The need of this 
is plain, and it should encourage the pro- 
moters to persevere in their plans not- 
withstanding the difficulties to be over- 
come. The results will compensate for 
all the labor and patience involved.— 
Editorial, Philadelphia Press. 


THE FORESTER 


September, 


These papers will be fully considered 
in coming issues of THE’ Forester. 


- A discussion was then held on twenty 


questions, which had _ been printed 
upon the programs, relating to the exten- 
sion of general interest in Forestry, and 
the characteristics of various trees, con- 
ditions of growth, insect enemies, etc. 
This proved to be a very profitable fea- 
ture of the session. 

During the afternoon a number of 
short excursions were taken to view large 
and unique specimens of native trees bor- 
dering the Olentangy River. Before the 
close of the meeting the Committee on 
Resolutions presented a report which 
was unanimously adopted. 

A paper on ‘‘Are the Trees Advanc- 
ing or Retreating upon the Nebraska 
Plains?” was read by C. E. Bessey, of 
Lincoln, Neb., at the meeting of the sec- 
tion on botany, of the Science Convention. 


Investigation of Red Fir. 


The Division of Forestry of the De- 
partment of Agriculture at the present 
time has sixteen men in the State of 
Washington gathering data regarding the 
growth of Red Fir and how best to keep 
the land in a productive condition. Fir 
is a rapidly growing timber and Gifford 
Pinchot, chief of the division, believes. 
that with proper care there should bea 
perpetual supply which should maintain 
Washington as a great lumber producing 
State in perpetuity.—A mer. Lumberman. 


A Popular Parasite. 


The mistletoe has become so popular 
as a Christmas decoration in England 
that it seems likely to be exterminated in 
certain places, It was formerly permit- 
ted to grow iv many apple orchards, 
sometimes seriously injuring the trees, 
but with the increased demand this has. 
all been removed. In some places steps. 
are being taken to propagate it, and 
young apple trees can now be purchased. 
on which the parasite has become estab~ 
lished.—Plant World. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


213 


Forest Protection. 


Minnesota’s Example. 


The annual report of the Chief Fire 
Warden of Minnesota, Gen. C. C. 
Andrews, has been recently sent out, 
and shows a very satisfactory and aggres- 
sive enforcement of the laws relating to 
forest fires. 

The object of the fire warden law is 
to prevent great forest fires from starting, 
or if, unfortunately, they have ‘started, 
to extinguish them before they become 
unmanageable. Prevention is the main 
feature of the law, as is seen in the im- 
portance attached to posting and publish- 
ing warning notices. Thus far the State 
has expended, under this law, less than 
$5,000 a year, including the one third 
of-county expenses which it pays; and 
the expense of the thirty-odd counties 
affected by the law has averaged less than 
$100 a year, yet the State has escaped 
the heavy losses suffered by nearby 
States. 

Reports from the fire wardens, made 
to the Chief Fire Warden, of forest fires 
in 1898, show that there were fifty-one 
such fires, which burned over 21,580 
acres, much of which was light timber 
or cut-over lands. The total damage 
_ reported, $9,063, is accounted for in part 
by some of the damaged timber being 
cut the succeeding winter. Seventy- 
eight per cent of the whole number of 
fires reported were extinguished or con- 
trolled by fire wardens or their helpers. 
A man in Todd County was made to pay 
a fine of $100 and costs for carelessly 
causing a fire which spread a half mile into 
a neighbor’s field, where it fatally burned 
a woman and severely injured a boy who 
tried to protect her. There were sev- 
eral other vigorous and effective prosecu- 
tions. The number of acres reported as 
burned over by prairie fires was 54,360; 
damage, $13,436. The number of such 
fires caused by burning grass, straw or 
stubble was 23; by railroad locomotives, 
14, other causes 5, unknown 25. 

The report contains numerous illustra- 
tions of the Minnesota forests, describes 


some of the timber country in Beltrami 
and Cass Counties, also a splendid Pine 
forest on the south shore of Cass Lake, 
recently made accessible by railway; and 
some very fine forest on the north shore 
of Vermillion Lake, belonging to the 
State University, which the Chief Fire 
Warden advocates being set apart as a 
demonstration forest for the use of the 
school of forestry connected with the 
Agricultural College and Experiment 
Station. If this were done, he thinks 
the State University of Minnesota would 
outrank all other Universities except 
Cornell in this country in the important 
science of forestry, which is so rapidly 
coming tothe front. The need of roads 
and paths in the Itasca State Park is 
commented upon. 

There is a splendid review of Euro- 
pean forestry, historically considered. 
In proportion as the people are informed 
in regard to forestry will they be dis- 
posed to use precaution against the rava- 
ages of forest fires. The importance of 
setting apart primeval Pine forest lands 
as a health resort is urged upon the 
State. 


Forest Fire Laws in Pennsylvania. 


Dr. J. T. Rothrock, State Forestry 
Commissioner of Pennsylvania, and Vice 
President of the American Forestry 
Association for the Keystone State, said, 
in a recent statement to the Philadel- 
phia ‘‘ North American ”’ : 

‘‘The recent destructive forest fires 
in Centre County bring prominently for- 
ward the laws which were passed by the 
Legislature of 1897 for the suppression 
of forest fires, and the question may be 
raised, and doubtless will be, are these 
laws effective? 

‘*The best answer to this is found in 
the fact that ten years ago the loss to 
this State by forest fires was estimated, 
by those most competent to judge, at 
$1,000,000 annually. In 1896 the loss 
was $557,056. In 1897 it was $394, 327. 
With every effort on the part of this 


24 


office to secure information, the loss to 
the State by forest fires in 1896 only 
sums up $53,345. In other words, some- 
thing has caused a gradual decrease in 
forest fires during the ten years past from 
$1,000,000 worth of property destroyed 
to $53,345—that 1s a saving in one year 
of $946,655. 

‘<The Spring of 1899 was remarkably 
dry as the trees were coming into leaf. 
An unusual number of forest fires were 
started in Luzerne, Lackawanna, Pike 
and Monroe counties, as well as in some 
other counties. There always will be 
such seasons, and we may expect that 
they will show an increase in the usual 
number of forest fires until we are 
authorized by law to throw over the af- 
fected districts such thorough protection 
as is afforded by other civilized countries. 

‘¢ The fire laws passed in 1897 are two. 
First, thésact of March 30, ‘making €on- 
stables of townships ex officio fire war- 
dens for the extinction of forest fires, and 
for reporting to the Court of Quarter 
Sessions violations of the laws for the 
protection of forests from fire, prescribing 
the duties of such fire wardens and their 
punishment for failure to perform the 
same, and empowering them to require, 
under penalty, the assistance of other 
persons in the extinction of fires.’ This 
act has been upheld by the Supreme 
Court. . 

‘«¢The second act was approved the 
15th day of July. This act makes it the 
duty of the County Commissioners ‘to 
appoint persons under oath, whose duty 
it shall be to ferret out and bring to pun- 
ishment all persons or corporations who 
either willfully or otherwise cause the 
burning of timber lands within their re- 
spective counties, and to take measures 
to have such fires extinguished where it 
can be done,’ and it provides a penalty 
for failure on part of the County Com- 
missioners to attend to this duty. 

‘¢ The obvious duty of the State is to 
protect its citizens against those who ig- 
norantly, carelessly, or with criminal in- 
tent would waste or destroy property. 
It is, therefore, the duty of Commission- 
ers of counties where forest fires prevail 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


to make an honest effort to apprehenl 
those who start them. 

‘Unless a general rain occurs within 
a reasonable time, we have cause to fear 
that destructive forest conflagrations will 
happen elsewhere than in Centre County, 
and the officers named in the laws above 
mentioned would do well to weigh very 
carefully their responsibility under the 
circumstances.”’ 


An Enlightened Policy. 


During the present year the State has 
come into possession by purchase of ad- 
ditional large tracts of the Adirondack 
forest. This acquisition has been made 
under the special law and appropriation 
passed at the instance of Governor 
Black. 

The reclamation of these woods from 
private ownership is an enlightened 
policy. The entire ‘‘ wilderness” should 
have remained a heritage for all the peo- 
ple of the State. Its benefits as a mag- 
nificent park, a conservator of the water 
supply and an unequaled sanitarium 
could not be estimated. But while va- 
rious clubs and individuals have secured 
possession of some of the choicest por- 
tions of the great tract, there is enough 
left under State control to constitute the 
finest State park in the world if itis 
properly guarded and cared for.—Wew 
York World. 


The Dawn of Success. 


While most of the States have not 
taken any notable steps in the direction 
of scientific forestry, or of any adequate 
care of the forests that remain to them, 
yet in nearly all of them the subject is 
now engaging the attention of earnest 
and thoughtful men. The campaign of > 
education in favor of forest preservation 
has begun to achieve successes in all 
parts of the Union. The people are be- 
ginning to understand more and more 
clearly the importance of the issue and 
the urgent necessity of applying a rem- 
edy to the evil of the careless wasting of 
cur noble woods.—San Francisco Call. 


1899. 
Mme FORESTER. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 
Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 


Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 


TuHE ForeEsTER is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon. JAMEs WILson, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 


No. 17 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed, 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


The patriotic interest of the American people 
in everything pertaining to the new colonial 
- possessions has prompted the publication of a 
Teview, which, while not exhaustive, is suffi- 
ciently full to answer the great majority of 
questions of immediate interest concerning 
forestry in Porto Rico. It embraces the results, 
in part, of observations made during a rapid 
reconnoissance through the military depart- 
ment of Porto Rico by R. T. Hill in January, 
1899, during which be became familiar with its 
orests, and, by inquiry among various _per- 
sons engaged in wood-working trades, obtained 
valuable information as to the qualities and 
uses of the native timbers. The complete re- 
port contains not only aclear statement of the 
forest resources of Porto Rico and the extent 
of its timber lands, but also such succinct de- 
Scriptions of the physical features of the island 
as are necessary for an understanding of its 
forest problems. It will shortly be published 
by the Department of Agriculture. 


An announcement of interest to all who ap- 
preciate the undoubted advisability and ne- 
cessity of forest conservation in this country, 
s the appointment of Hon, John Gifford, of 
Princeton, N. J., to a chair of forestry at Cor- 
nell University. Mr. Gifford gave early evi- 
dence of his earnest consideration of the subject 
as well as of his zeal in promoting a scientific 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


205 


investigation and popular realization of forest 
try in general, in the founding of the ‘‘New 
Jersey Forester,” which made its appearance 
at the beginning of 1895. As editor of the 
New magazine he worked assiduously for the 
advancement of the cause, and as proprietor 
showed that convincing enthusiasm which can- 
not be dampened by mere lack of financial sup- 
port, The magazine having developed under 
his capable management into an organ of con- 
siderable influence, far beyond the bounds of 
its original scope and local character, Mr. Gif- 
ford consented to a continuance of its publica- 
tion by The American Forestry Associa- 
tion. Through this medium THE FORESTER 
has reached every part of this country, and 
finds interested readers also in Canada, Eng- 
land, Germany, France, Italy, and even India, 
all of whom will follow with interest the fur- 
ther efforts of Mr. Gifford in his chosen field. 

The position which Mr. Gifford has just ac- 
cepted is the Assistant Professorship of Fores- 
try, which was offered him immediately upon 
his receiving the doctor’s degree in forestry at 
the University of Munich. He will take up his 
new work in the early Autumn, when there will 
be offered to the student body the following 
courses under his care: Forest protection, 
forest administration, forest history and poli- 
tics ; forestry, with special reference to silvi- 
culture ; and German forest literature, 


An interesting description of the country 
included in the proposed new National Park in 
Northern Minnesota will bea feature of the 
October issue of THE ForREsSTER, which will 
also contain further papers of the Summer 
Meeting at Los Angeles, additional notes of the 
special meeting at Columbus, and a report of 
the meeting at Missoula, Mont. 


An able article, of especial value to those 
whose interests are linked with forestry through 
irrigation, will treat of percolation and water 
supply, as affected by forests—a subject which 
has attracted very considerable attention. 


The work of State organizations, in arousing 
general public interest in forestry, will be de- 
scribed by taking the example of an active or- 
ganization—that of Massachusetts. 


Among other features of this and following 
numbers will be articles presenting views on 
forestry as applied to mining, sheep grazing, 
agriculture, and storage reservoirs. The arti- 
cles on colonial forests will be continued. 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


CHIPS AND: CLIPS: 


India-rubber heels on shoes, decreas- 
ing the fatigue of marching, will be 
adopted, it is said, by the French army. 


Port Blakely, Wash., recently sent a 
steamer laden with three million feet of 
lumber to Taku and Woosung, China. 


The hardwoods in the vicinity of Cad- 
illac, Mich., are estimated at eleven bil- 
lion feet, of exceptionally fine quality. 

Notwithstanding a law to prevent the 
pollution of streams by mill refuse, the 
Ottawa River is reported to be filled 
with sawdust. 


At the Paris Exposition of 1900 the 
Canadian exhibit of forestry will be 
under the supervision of J. M. Macoun, 
of Ottawa. A complete collection of 
native woods will be shown. 

A large quantity of standing timber, 
including Elm, Basswood, White and 
Red Oak, Sycamore, Whitewood, Birch 
and Soft Maple, in Ontario, has been 
sold to a syndicate to manufacture for 
export to British markets. 

North Africa claimed a cargo of nearly 
half a million feet of Canadian lumber 
in the beginning of the month, four-fifths 
of it going to Tunis and the remainder 
to Morocco. Buenos Ayres took a cargo 
even larger than the preceding. 


The distinction of having produced 
the best quality of Cork White Pine ever 
grown in North America is accorded 
to the Cass River country, Michigan. 
Since 1864 nearly a billion feet of logs 
have been rafted down that river. 


Tamarack gum is being sought in 
Canada by a patent medicine company 
or use in its preparations. The tree 
grows well in the highlands of new On- 

_tario, north of the height of land, but is 
found only in swampy places i the older 
part of that province. 


In parts of South America where Ma- 
hogany is used for railroad ties and other 
ordinary uses, the native business men 
are said to prize the cheap Hemlock and 
Pine boards which are sent in the form 
of boxes and crates from this country. 


The Chinese propensity for decapita- 
tion has manifested itself in an unusual 
way recently. Li Hung Chang is re- 
ported to be one of the leading promoters 
of a huge lumber-mill project in China, 
to give some of the forest monarchs the 
coup-de-grace. 


A forest reserve is likely to be estab- 
lished in the Lake Temagamingue dis- 
trict of Ontario, as the result of a visit 
by the Commissioner of Crown Lands. 
A dense growth of White Pine exists all 
around the shores of the lake greatly in 
excess of what was previously known, 


The timber supply of Georgia has 
been estimated by lumbermen of that 
State as sufficient to last only nine years 
at the present rate of sawing, 2,600,000 
feet daily. The timber resources of the 
State at present are placed at one and a 
half million acres, calculated to saw 
three thousand feet to the acre. 


The finest Spruce area in Canada, asit | 
is claimed to be, will be opened to de- | 
velopment by the new Restigouche & 
Western Railway, which is now being } 
constructed. The line extends from | 
Campbellton, N. B., a distance of 110 | 
miles to St. Leonards, on the St. John] 
River, to a region hitherto inaccessible. 

Although Colorado has considerable | 
timber, it is of coarse quality, suitable | 
only for the roughest uses. It is esti-} 
mated that four-fifths of the lumber and | 
timber used in the State is imported. | 
White Pine comes from Wisconsin and | 
Minnesota, alargeamount of Yellow Pine | 
is used, while the products of Oregon | 
and Washington mills also finds a regu- 
lar market. 


1899. 


Forest Fires in Three States. 


Cheyenne, Wyoming, Aug. 27.—For- 
est fires are raging about Laramie Peak, 
in the northern portion of Laramie 
County. They have been burning for 
the past ten days, and have destroyed a 
large quantity of valuable timber. 


Deadwood, S. D., Aug. 27.—A fire 
has been raging in the timber east of 
this city in the Iwo Bit District for the 
past twenty-four hours. The country is 
very dry, and fears are entertained that 
the fire will get beyond control. Sixty 
range riders are fighting the flames. 


Denver, Colo., Aug. 27.—Forest fires, 
which it is thought were started by camp 
fires, are raging in the foothills near the 
entrance to Platte Canon, about twenty 
miles south of here. The fires started 
five miles up the canon, and burned 
over the mountains on both sides of the 
canon and are now devastating the tim- 
ber section along the foothills. Millions 
of feet of lumber have been consumed, 
and there are reports of loss of life. 


The Power of Public Sentiment. 


The Connecticut legislature has passed 
a law protecting the trailing arbutus. 
This is said to be the first law ever 
passed in any State of the Union for the 
protection of a wild flower. A newspa- 
paper article calling attention to the 
need of such a law is credited with hav- 
ing aroused sufficient public sentiment to 
secure the passage of the law. 


Aboriginal Simplicity. 


A novel tramway is in operation in 
British Columbia, It is formed of trees 
from which the bark has been peeled off, 
being firmly bolted together and used for 
fails. Upon these runs a car with 
grooved wheels ten inches thick. The 
tramway is two miles long. 


* 


An Alaskan Enterprise. 


The Alaskan trade is becoming the 
center of important lumber develop- 
ments. A newly-organized company at 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


2 


Seattle, Wash., has secured large timber 
concessions, consisting of hard Cedar of 
an exceptionally fine quality, on the west 
coast of Alaska. Sunny Point, on Prince 
of Wales Island, has been selected as 
the industrial center of the business, with 
stores on Cholmondelay Sound. 


e 


A Relic of Old Manila. 


Rosewood and Mahogany attract the 
attention of visitors to the Hotel Orient 
in Manila. The interior is described as 
being beautifully finished in hand-sawed 
wood, the staircases of the first three 
floors being of Rosewood. Solid Mahog- 
any forms the floors, the boards being 
twenty-two feet long and two and a half 
feet wide. Though in use twenty years, 
these boards are stillin perfect condition. 


A Friendly Suggestion. 


Now that some attention is being paid 
by the most practical of lumbermen to 
forest subjects, the forest primer recently 
issued by the Division of Forestry of the 
Department of Agriculture at Washing- 
ton will be assured of a wider circulation 
and more general study than would for- 
merly have been the case. Timber own- 
ers are coming to realize that there are 
many comparatively inexpensive meth- 
ods by which their interests can be con- 
served and their properties, to some ex- 
tent, preserved from the dangers which 
threaten them by fire and insect pests. 
These are treated of quite elaborately in 
this so-called primer, which is such 
mainly because of its style and the direct 
and simple way in which the questions 
with which it deals are presented. The 
time is at hand, moreover, when more at- 
tention will be paid than in the past to 
conservative methods of lumbering, and 
it is not too much to hope that some of 
the simpler and less expensive methods 
of forest culture will be put into prac- 
tice. At any rate, there are many lum- 
bermen and timber owners who will read 
with interest this book, and perhaps find 
in it some suggestions of value to them in 
the conduct of their business. —/atoria/, 
American Lumberman. 


218 


THE FORESTER. 


September, 


Recent Publications. 


‘Orchard and Forest Tree Culture” is the 
title of a pamphlet printed by order of the 
English Parliament and now being circulated. 
It gives the complete evidence of the official 
horticulturist, W. T. Macoun, of the Central 
Dominion Farm, Canada, before the Commit- 
tee on Agriculture and Colonization of the 
House of Commons, 

Mr. Macoun appeared in response to the 
committee’s request for such information as 
would enable them to care for the interests of 
tree-owners generally. He described fruit- 
tree culture at length, answering many ques- 
tions of the committeemen, and then spoke of 
his study of forest trees. 

“Taking the forest belts, which cover an 
area of about twenty-one acres,” he said the 
objects of planting were to find out how long 
it would take trees to reach a certain height; 
the rapidity of growth of each variety; the 
proper distance apart to plant to get the best 
results; and the value of trees as wind-breaks 
for crops grown in the vicinity of them. 

‘‘During each year the heights of a large 
number of trees in this belt are taken, and the 
data published. This will be valuable when 
the time comes to reforest parts of Ontario, 
and I think that time is not far distant. 

‘‘Tt has also been found that much depends 
on the way in which trees are plan‘ed, and 
the proportion of thick and thin-foliaged kinds 
there are in the belts. For instance, if a 
farmer plants a few acres of Ash expecting to 
reap a large crop in twenty-five or thirty yea’s, 
it is likely he will have to expend a great 


because the Ash is a thin-foliaged tree. By 
mixing some thick-foliaged trees, such as Box 
Elder, Maple, or other sorts, planted as acover | 
crop for the ground to prevent the growthof | 
weeds and to obtain proper forest conditions, 
he will be able to get the best conditions in 
the shortest time at the least expense. These 
area few of the objects and advantages of the - 
forest belt.” 


Several North American trees either new 
or little known, are described by Prof.C.S. | 
Sargent inthe Botanical Gazette. One of |} 
the trees is a new Elm (U/mus scrotina), with 
a trunk forty to fifty feet in height and from 
two to three feet in diameter, which has long 
been confused with the Cork Elm (UV. race- 
mosa), It is aa autumn-flowering spe:ies, and 
thus easily distinguished from all others. It is 
found on the banks of the French Broad River 
near Dandridge. Tenn.; on limestone bluffs of 
the Cumberland River near Nashville, Tenn. ; 
near Huntsville, Ala., and Rome, Ga. 

A magnificent new Palm is also described 
under the name of Serenoa arborescens, It 
is thirty or forty feet in height, with one or 
several stems only three or four inches in 
diameter. The leaves form a crown at the | 
summit of the stem, and are two feet wide and 
long, and are on petioles about two feet in 
length. It grows on the margin of swamps 
near the Chockoloskee River in Southwestern | 
Florida. In order to accumulate sufficient | 
material to determine the status of this and | 
other little-known forms, Professor Sargent 


made several exploring trips to the Keys of | 


amount of labor to bring these to perfection, Florida. 


NOTE. 


The edition of THE ForEsTER for November, 
1898, having been exhausted, it has been found 
necessary to have a new one printed. Mem- 
bers of the Association and subscribers who 
may need copies of that issue (No. 11, Vol. IV,) 
to complete files for binding, will be supplied 
if they notify the publishers to that effect. 

A limited number of complete copies of Vol. 
IV of THe Forester are offered for sale. Price, 


postpaid, $1.00, unbound; durably bound in 
green cloth, $1.50. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY. ASSOCIATION. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


OXGANIZED APRIL, 1882. 


INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 18g. 


President. 


Hon, James WILson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
first Vice President, Corresponding Secretary. 


Dr. B. E. FERNow. F, H. NEWELL, 
Recording Secretary and Treasurer, 


GrorGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 


Epwarp A. Bowers. 
ARNOLD HaGueE., 
GIFFORD PINCHOT, 


James WILSON. CHARLES C, BINNEY. 
B. E. FERNow. HENRY GANNETT. 
GrorGE W. McLamaHANn, 


FREDERICK V, COVILLE, 
F. H. NEwELL, 
GrorGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents, 


Sir H.G. Jo_y DE LorsinizreE, Pointe Platon, Wo. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
Quebec. JoHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N, J. 

CuHaARLEs C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. Epwarp F. Hopart, Santa Fe, N. M. 

CHARLES Mour, Mobile, Ala. WarREN Hiciey, New York. N. Y. 

TD. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. Houmes, Raleigh. N. C. 

Tuomas C. McRag, Prescott, Ark. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 


ApssotT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. 
E. T, Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo, 
RoBeRT Brown, New Haven, Conn. 


REUBEN H. Warper, North Bend, Ohio 
Wiuiiam T. Litt ez, Perry, Okla. 
E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 


Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. 

A. V. CLusss, Pensacola, Fla. 

R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. 

J. M. Coutrer, Chicago, Il. 

James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. 

Tuos. H. MacBripe, Iowa City, lowa. 
J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. 

Joun R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. 
Lewis JoHnson, New Orleans, La. 
Joun W. GarreTT, Baltimore, Md. 
Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. 
J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. 

W. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich. 
C. C. ANDREws, St. Paul, Minn. 
WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. 
CHARLES E, Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 


J. T. RoruHrock, West Chester, Pa. 
H. G. RussE.i, E. Greenwich, R. I. 
H. A. GREEN, Chester, S. C. 

Tuomas T. WriGHT, Nashville, Tenn. 
W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 
C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. 
REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

D. O. NoursE, Blacksburg, Va. 
EDMUND S. Meany, Seattle, Wash. 

A. D. Hopkins, Morgantown, W. Va. 
H. C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 
ELwoop MEap, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
GrorGE W. McLananan, Washington, D,C 
Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont. 

Wo. LittLe, Montreal, Quebec. 
Lieut. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 


The object of this Association is to promote : 
1. A more rational and conservative treatment of the forest resources of this continent, 
2. Tlie advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to promote 
this object. 
3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and renewal of 
forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper utilization of forest 
products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate subjects of arboriculture. 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, as well as 
are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth, 


THE FORESTER. 


THE INCREASING INTEREST 


in the history of American forests and the efforts that have been made | 
for their conservation, development, and use, has led THE ForRESTER to 


secure, for the benefit of its readers, a number of complete sets of the |; 


“Proceedings of the American Forestry Congress” and 
“Proceedings of the American Forestry Association” 


covering a period from December, 1888, to December, 1897. These 
issues include many valuable papers on forestry as read at the various 
annual meetings throughout the country during the years named, | 


including the sessions in 


WASHINGTON, QUEBEC, ATLANTA, GA., BROOKLYN, N. Y., 
SPRINGFIELD, MASS., ASHEVILLE, N. C., NASHVILLE, TENN., and the 
WORLD'S FAIR CONGRESS IN 1893. 
Those who desire a complete library to keep pace with the rapidly | 
advancing interest in forestry can hardly afford to be without these | 
valuable pamphlets. The complete series, covering the years named, 
will be sent postpaid to any address in the United States at the | 
following prices: 


In one large volume 


Handsomely bound in red cloth, with gilt lettering 
and re-enforced corners ; : : $2.00 


Just as durably but less ornately, in green . 1.75 


THE ForeEsTER will endeavor to supply separate pamphlets upon application, 
at a uniform price of 25 cents, whenever complets sets will not be broken thereby, 


For any further information address 


THE FOR Sik 


WASHINGTON, D. ¢. 


Kindly mention THE ForEsTER in writing. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


“‘Valuable . . . cannot fail to be of the ‘“«The sections are marvels of mechanical 
greatest practical assistance.”—Review of dexterity . . . most interesting.”—MVew 
Reviews. York Times. 


HOUGH'S ‘‘ AMERICAN WOODS.” 


PUBLICATION on the trees of the 

United States illustrated by actuad 
specimens of the woods, showing three 
distinct views of the grain of each spe- 
cies, with full explanatory text. (Sam- 
ples of the specimens used, 10 cents.) 

““Exceedingly valuable for study. A 
work where plant life does the writing 
and no one can read without thinking.”’— 
G. A. Parker, Hartford, Conn. 

“Most valuable and the price reason- 
able.’”’—Prof. C. E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 
Preparations of Woods for Stereop- 

ticon and Microscope. 
Wooden Cross-Section Cards for fancy 
and business purposes. (Samples free.) 
Views of Typical Trees showing habits of 
growth, Write for circulars, addressing 


R. B. HOUGH. 
10 Collins St., Lowville, N. Y. 


PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON AND MICROSCOPIC 
VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES, WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS. 


H. J. KOKEN Ci Ps HANCOCK 


Wag — 
TY pvING High-Class Designs and 


Illustrations 
Sass 
———— Half Tone and Line 
—— Engraving 


Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


a 


TENTH STREET AND PENNA. AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Kindly mention THE Forester in writing. 


THE FORESTER. 


BEREA COLLEGE, 


BEREA, KENTUCKY. 
A YEAR’S WORK IN FORESTRY IS OFFERED. 


Local Forest Growth Affords Fine Facilities for Study. 


te" 


aul 


*66g1 *€1 raquiaydas susdg wis, [ey 


al 3 er . er ene some, 


Excellent Advantages at Moderate Expense. 


LINCOLN HALL, BEREA COLLEGE. 


47848 N HORTICULTURE "Secthi?® 
For full information address 


S. C. MASON, M. Se., 
Professor of Horticulture and Forestry. 


F. R. MET eee 


Consulting Forester, 


Mahwailaee nt 


Kindly mention THE ForeEsTER 10 writing. 


TUNEOINY IN MAQOKUHUOEI to 


Tou. V. OCTOBER, 1899. No. 10. 


ay Ae eee 


_ The Forester 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


devoted to the care and use of 
forests and forest trees and 


\ 


PUBLISHED BY 

_ The American Forestry Association. 
oe 

rice 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


i, 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 
Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D, C., as second class matter. 


ARI7ZNNA SW oe IRRIGATION 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


In THE PINERIES NEAR Du Bois, PENNSYLVANIA 200..-cc:csecs---sesesceeceesseaeesenes Frontispiece. — 
oe 
AM 

THe (MASSACHUSETTS . FORESTRY ASSOCIATHON. 4 0) Uh ee 219% 


Some Suggestions for State Organizations, 
By the Secretary of the Association. 


RECLAMATION \OF DRIFTING, SAND DUNES 22 oi) oes eae Co ae ee 
A Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. 
(Number Six of the Series.) 


MINNESOTA’S PARK! FOR THE PEOPLE. ee Ne sR aly he Ae Oe See le 
A Symposium of Views and Descriptions. 


ae EXAMPLE (OF) PENNSYLVANIA? Hoc. es ak Id eT a ese 
Reappointment of the State Commissioner of Forestry. 


SHEEP GRAZING! IN VARIZONA 2.5. 0cc lah nn ENA A at 
A Paper Regarding Its Effect on Forest Reserves. 


BOREST) CONDITIONS:'OF -PORTO RICO. 18 Oe ee ee eee ee Nase) Be 
Second Paper—Forest Aspects of the Island. 
(By courtesy of the Secretary of Agriculture.) 


PRRIGAEION AND PORESTRY 2.200.000 1205. Anes le eid aaa oe Real ibaa ete 
The Joint Meeting in Montana. 
Resolutions Adopted at Columbus. 


HGOREST  SPROTBCLION 38008 bee eee Aa SU Ee AR a Os ee Cea 
Fires in Nehasane Park, Adirondacks. 
A Bit of Historical Information. 


THE KIND OF TREES TO PLANT 


MounicipaAL CARE OF TREES 


Forest Fires or a Monto 


na een e cwcemen een des conn wenn wasn nn - sae wenn e ea ew ene sek eens nen n dete een a anne ene snews Pawaceneennseen 


THE. PREVENTION (OF )/ROREST {FAURES.). saab ae OU BN kA SN ea et 
Three Chapters on a Question of Importance. 


Regarding Communications. 

The Minnesota Park. 

A History of American Forestry. 
Chips and Clips—News Items. 
The Almighty Dollar. 

In Enlightened Africa. 


RECENT PUBLICATIONS 


EDITORIAL 


FOR e mien en ent pean mmm mati anna a mentee anna wenn ee nanan a esna naan mei tase nna an Oe nnges asaunasuanssnasasneasnaseuceaes 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


BOWES lRYeSeEtooL 


At BILTMORE N. C. 


For circular and information apply to 


CA. SCHENGES Fh. 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE 


National Geographic Magazine. 


A JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY—PHYSICAL, 
COMMERCIAL, POLITICAL $e 


Editor: JOHN HYDE, 
Statistician of the U. S. Department of Agriculture, 
AssociATE EDITORS: 


ma Ww. GREELY, WILLIS L. MOORE, 
Chief Stgnal Officer, U. S. Army. Chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau 
W J McGEE, Has ERIRCHELT, 
Ethnologist tn Charge, Bureau of Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and 
American Ethnology. Geodetic Survey. 
HENRY GANNETT, : MARCUS BAKER, 
Chief Geographer, U. S. Geological U.S. Geological Survey. 
Survey. 
C. HART MERRIAM, F 0) Pe aAUsSa LN, 
Chief of the Biological Survey, U.S. Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, O.S 
Department of Agriculture. Treasury Department. 
DAVID J. HILL, ELIZA RUHAMAH SCIDMORE, 
Assistant Secretary of State. Author of ‘Java, the Garden of the 
East,” etc. 
CHARLES H. ALLEN, CARL LOUISE GARRISON, 
Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Principal of Phelps School, Wash- 


ington, D. C. 
Assistant Editor: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Washington, D. C. 


$2.50 a Year, 25 cents a Copy, Three’ Months Trial Subscription, 50 Cents. 


Requests for Sample Copies should invariably be accompanied by 25 cents. 


Corcoran Building, W ashington, IE eged Ss 


Kindly mention THE ForesTEr in writing, 


THE FORESTER. 


HENRY ROMBEIKE] 


The First Established and [ost Complete 
Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 


mo Mimth Avenue New York: 


Established London 1881, New York 1884. 


Branches: London, Paris, Berlin, Sydney. 


‘The Press Cuttige Bureau. 


which I established and have carried on since 1881 in London and 
1884 in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every 
newspaper and periodical of importance published in the United 
States, Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of sub- 
scribers, professional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, 
newspaper clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, — 


referring either to them or any given subject... . 


Fienmry IRonitetae 


@, 110 Fifth Awenue, New York. € | 


Kindly mention Tne Forester in writing, 


JANIA 


PENNSYLYV 


NEAR DU BOIS, 


NERIES 


I 


THE P 


IN 


The Forester. 


Vou. V. 


OCT OBER} 1890: 


No. 10. 


Massachusetts Forestry Association. 


What It Is and What It Does; Some Suggestions for Similar Organizations 
in other States. 


By THE SECRETARY OF THE ASSOCIATION. 


In talking with a Southern gentleman 
at the National Capital within the past 
year I was told that ‘‘ Massachusetts has 
had her day, and in the present hour 
she cuts but a small figure in these 
United States.” 

Perhaps Massachusetts people will be 
unwilling to accept this statement in its 
widest application, but we must admit 
that in point of proportional forest re- 
sources we are sadly behind many of our 
sister States. This, of course, is in a 
measure due to the fact that the State is 
very generally fertile, and, as we under- 
stand the principles of forestry, it is not 
desirable, as a rule, to hold in timber 
and cordwood the land which is capable 
of growing other crops more profitably. 

By the census returns of 1895 (the 
latest available statistics on this subject) 
it appears that the woodland area of this 
State is nearly a million and a half acres, 
and that its valuation is almost $24,- 
000,000. This is a gain of over 71,000 
acres in ten years, but the valuation 
shows a depreciation of more than 
$1, 300,000 in a like period, notwithstand- 
ing the increased acreage. In point of 
valuation our woodland is to-day some 
$440,000 ahead of what 1. was thirty years 
ago, and the acreage shows almost identi- 
cally the same figures in increase. On 
the whole, judging from the census re- 
turns of woodlands of various classes, 


their character appears to have improved 
in the ten years, from 1885 to 1895, but 
the depreciation of considerably more 
than a million dollars in value in that 
time seems to indicate that further im- 
provement is possible. 

As to the so-called unimproved and 
unimprovable land of the State, which 
includes permanent pastures, swamps 
and other waste country, it is pleasing 
to note that its area has declined since 
1885 by nearly 250,000 acres, It is not 
so reassuring, however, to note that the 
value has shrunk by nearly $4,000,000, 
which seems out of proportion to the 
loss in area. This loss is not offset by 
any gain in arable land, for there has 
been a loss in area in that class, and with 
a gain in valuation notwithstanding. It 
is not offset by the gain of 71,000 acres 
in woodland, for that is less than one- 
third of the total loss of unimproved and 
unimprovable lands. Some of this un- 
improved land has, no doubt, gone into 
residential property, but the tremendous 
loss in valuation still remains. 

‘‘But why all these dry-as-dust statis- 
tics >’? some one asks. It is to show 
more clearly one reason why the Massa- 
chusetts Forestry Association exists. 
The problem in this State is, not to in- 
crease our wooded area as a whole, neces- 
sarily, but to make the most of what we 
have in the way of growing trees, and in 


220 


making lands which are worthless for 
other purposes, yield a revenue both 
to their owners and to the Common- 
wealth. 

This is the home problem. Beyond 
our political borders we have a natural 
interest in wide areas of commercially 
valuable forest in the States to the 
north. Massachusetts is dependent on 
those forests in many ways. Many of 
the streams which rise in their midst 
furnish water power to important manu- 
facturing interests in Massachusetts. 
Those forests have a more or less direct 
bearing also on the generai commercial 
prosperity of Massachusetts, inasmuch 
as Boston is the business center of New 
England. If the forests are mismanaged 
and wrecked, many lines of business 
enterprise in Massachusetts will be seri- 
ously affected. It is impossible, how- 
ever, for a Massachusetts association to 
exert any direct influence in other States, 
but its Forestry Association hopes to be 
able to inspire citizens in those States to 
act for themselves and to assist in the 
work as far as it may be permitted. 

At the time that the initial conferences 
were being held looking to the forma- 
tion of the Massachusetts Forestry Asso- 
ciation, the organizers placed themselves 
on record to the effect that unless the As- 
sociation could have influential support, 
both moral and material, its field would 
be restricted and its services be practi- 
cally valueles. It must be a business 
corporation in every sense of the word, 
but any profits which may accrue belong, 
not to the corporate members as such, 
but to the Commonwealth of Massa- 
chusetts and to New England at large. 
As an earnest of this spirit one gentle- 
man subscribed $1,100 on the spot. 
Since then four others have done like- 
wise. These donations of $1,000 and 
the life membership fees are invested in 
the permanent fund, which it is hoped 
will shortly be swelled by other dona- 
tions, that the Association may be en- 
abled to enter upon its career of greater 
usefulness. 

The Association was barely on its feet 
and trying its first steps when the hurri- 


THE FOREBS@ER: 


October, 


cane of war swept down upon the land, 
and the child was obliged to retire and 
wait for the storm to pass. At the time 
of the incorporation, which wasin June, 
1898, the membership numbered one 
patron (a subscriber of $1,000 or more), 
tour lite members, and some_ thirty 
annual members. Almost immediately 
after the cessation of hostilities with 
Spain the Association arose once more, 
and applications for membership began 
to come in. The growth has ever since 
been steady and healthy and the rolls 
showed on the first of October 5 patrons, 
18 lite members, 239 annual members. 
This growth seems to indicate that 
there is an intelligent public interest in 
the subject of forestry and tree-culture 
in Massachusetts, and the Association 
has been thus encouraged to apply its 
energies systematically to increase that 
interest. During’ the past Winter it has 
carefully prepared a bill providing for 
the codification and amendment ot the 
laws relative to the preservation of trees, 
and has given its support to several 
other legislative measures bearing upon 
the forestal welfare of the Common- 
wealth. Most of the bills succeeded, 
but most important of all in the eyes of 
the Association was its own codification 
bill. This provided that every town in 
the State should annually elect a Tree 
Warden, who should have sole charge of 
and be held directly responsible for the 
roadside trees and shrubbery. The bill 
carefully defined his duties and increased 
his powers. Heretofore the election of 
a Tree Warden has been permissive 
merely, and not more than five or six 
towns ever availed themselves of the 
privilege. It is now mandatory with all 
towns. The law having been enacted, 
the Massachusetts Forestry Association 
will endeavor at once to interest respon- 
sible citizens in the several towns of the 
State tn the necessity for choosing none 
but competent and public spirited men 
for the post, and offering whatever 
assistance the Association may be able 
to render once the Warden is duly in- 
stalled in office. Naturally the Associa- 
tion cannot exert any influence in the 


1899. 


electioneering line, as it is not a politi- 
cal organization and has no desire to 
meddle with the private affairs of the 
towns. As the office carries no salary 
unless the towns see fit to provide one, 
none but public-spirited persons will seek 
the position, 

The Tree Warden law is, of course, 
primarily for shade tree protection, but 
it will indirectly awaken an interest in 
the better management of woodlands 
and timber. The original draft of the 
bill also included a most important pro- 
vision for a forest fire warden system, 
but this the legislative joint committee 
on agriculture did not see fit to report, 
on the ground that its provisions were 
too drastic. This matter must therefore 
be left for another year. ‘hat there is 
sore need of a more stringent fire law is 
shown by the records of the past Spring. 
Six towns, situated in various parts of 
the State, have thus far this year been 
subjected to heavy losses. Much of this 
destruction might have been prevented 
had there been an adequate law govern- 
ing the setting of fires, defining a system 
for their prompt extinguishment, fixing 
the responsibility for their origin, and 
providing for the punishment of the 
offenders. 

With a view to bringing the subject of 
forestry and of roadside. tree culture more 
generally and more forcefully before 
the people of Massachusetts, in a plain 
way, the Association has spent the Sum- 
mer months this year in securing an 
original set of photographs of existing 
conditions, ideal and otherwise, through- 
out the State, from which lantern slides 
may be made. Lectures will soon be pre- 
pared to accompany the pictures (for the 
pictures will carry greater conviction 
than mere words, and are therefore the 
primary factors), and next Winter will 
be started a campaign which it is hoped 
will be as successful as those which have 
been conducted in similar fashion in 
Pennsylvania and other States. 

Another means of helping farmers in 
the improvement of their woodlots and 
in the planting to trees some of their 
valueless waste land, and for the guid- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


221 


ance of Tree Wardens and others in 
caring for shade trees and roadside 
shrubbery, is found in a concise little 
book, which the Association expects to 
publish before long. This book is the 
work of Warren H. Manning, of the 
Executive Committee of the Associa- 
tion, and the funds for its publication are 
being subscribed by members and other 
interested persons. 

In many other ways the Association 
has been and is still active. For ex- 
ample, a committee of business men has 
been hard at work for many weeks past 
in taking testimony from persons repre- 
senting various lumber interests all over 
the country on the subject of a lumber 
tariff. They have studied the matter 
carefully and from all sides, and now 
report that the interests of our forests 
demand that foreign lumber of all kinds 
shall be admitted duty free. Another 
committee, composed of members living 
in the cities and towns infested by the 
notorious gypsy moth, has been engaged 
during the past Summer in following the 
State’s work of attempting to exterminate 
this pest. This committee, after studying 
the work, will return a report to the next 
General Court, advising a continuation of 
the crusade in its present form, or sug- 
gesting some new plan of action in 
accordance with what it considers the in- 
terests of the State demand The As- 
sociation also furnishes articles relating 
to forestry and tree-culture to the daily 
press, and it is most encouraging to note 
the readiness of the papers generally to 
publish all such articles. In several in- 
stances these articles have been accorded 
positions in the editorial columns. 

On the whole the outlook for a life of 
useful activity seems bright to the Massa- 
chusetts Forestry Association. It already 
possesses the courage to go ahead, and 
it needs only the active support of every 
interested citizen of the State to hasten 
the day when scientific forestry shall be 
as common as are destructive lumbering 
operations and forest fires at the present 
time. 

ALLEN CHAMBERLAIN, 
Winchester, Mass. 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


The Reclamation of Drifting Sand Dunes. 


(GOLDEN GATE PARK, CALIFORNIA. ) 


Being a Paper Read at the Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, Cal., 1899. 


(NUMBER SIX OF THE SERIES.) 


About 700 of the 1,040 acres com- 
posing the reservation were originally 
acres of drifting sand that moved with 
every gale, heavy storms sometimes 
moving it to a depth of three feet in 
twenty-four hours. This sand is sharp 
and clean, with nothing in its composi- 
tion of a loamy nature, barren and poor, 
so poor that barley sown on its surface, 
after being plowed and cultivated in 
a favorable season with plenty of moist- 
ure, grew only about six inches in height, 
and failed to perfect its seed, although 
perfectly protected from winds by a high 
embankment on its westerly side. 

The first operation necessary in the 
reclamation of ground of this sterile 
nature, was to bind the sand to prevent 
its moving. Experiments were made by 
sowing barley, also by sowing seeds of 
the blue and yellow shrub lupin Lupinus 
Arborea, also by planting seeds of Pinus 
Maritima, all of which were partially 
successful; but the first complete success 
was with the planting of the entire area 
with the sea bent grass (Calamagrestis 
Arenaria), which was done by planting 
the roots about three feet apart, and run 
in with the plow. A furrow was run 
about fifteen inches deep, in which afew 
roots were dropped, about three feet 
apart; then two furrows were turned, in 
which no roots were set; in the third 
furrow roots were again planted, and so 
on over the entire tract. Where the 
dunes were too steep for horses to travel, 
pits were dug by hand and the roots 
planted the same distance apart as when 
the land was plowed, care being taken 
to firmly press with the foot the sand 
immediately about the roots. Moist or 
even wet weather is, of course, the best 
time to plant this grass, the best season 
for planting being between December 
1 and February 15. If planting be de- 


layed much later, dry weather is apt to 
set in before the plants become firmly 
rooted, and the consequence is many are 
lost either by drought or by being blown 
out by the winds. 

Where any large areas of plants were 
blown out by the roots, care was taken 
to have the ground immediately re- 
planted, a gang of men being sent after 
every storm to pick up the scattered 
roots and to plant them deeper if possi- 
ble than before. The entire tract being 
planted with this grass, the next opera- 
tion was the building of brush fences 
across the wind about 100 yards apart 
and from four to six feet in height, on 
the sheltered side of which young seed- 
ling trees were planted, averaging five 
feet apart. A variety of trees were ex- 
perimented with, among which were the 
Norway Maple, which is so highly recom- 
mended in European works of reclama- 
tion; the Tamarix and the Poplar, the 
Monterey Cypress, the Pinus Insignis, 
the Pinus Maritima, the Acacia Lophan- 
tha, the Acacia Latifolia and the Euca- 
lyptus, Viminalis, Globulas, etc. All 
these made satisfactory progress, ex- 
cepting the Norway Maple and the Pop- 
lar, the summer winds blowing off every 
leaf, almost as soon as formed. The 
Acacia Latifolia and Acacia Lophantha, 
the Monterey Pine, the Monterey Cy- 
press and the Tamarix are all about 
equally well adapted for standing exposed 
sea winds, and all seem to thrive equally 
well in the sand; but we find that the 
barren sand does not contain nutriment 
sufficient to grow trees more than ten 
feet in height, or until the tree begins to 
form heart wood. 

About that stage of growth the tree 
begins to show signs of distress, the 
leaves of the conifers gradually grow 
shorter, the bark gets bound and the 


1899. 


whole tree shows a stunted, starved look. 
Acres and acres are now in that state, 
and unless given assistance will die out- 
right. Several years ago the work of 
fertilizing the forest trees was begun, 
and wherever a load of loam, manure or 
other good rich dressing was spread, the 
hungry tree responded very quickly by 
making good growth, a more thrifty look 
was noticed, and in less than a year they 
had a vigorous, healthy look, showing 
that want of nourishment alone was the 
cause of their stunted appearance. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


223 


Now that the young Pines, Cypress, 
Eucalyptus, etc , are up twenty or more 
feet high, with good soil and plenty of 
water, most any tree that thrives in the 
neighborhood will do well. The Willow, 
the Elm and the Poplar, as well as the 
Oak and the Maple, are doing very well, 
and all of the shrubs, such as Rhodo- 
dendrons, Azaleas and many others 
very well, indeed, protected as they are 
by the shelter of the hardier kinds. 


Joun McLaren. 


Minnesota’s Park for the People. 


Symposium of Views of the Forest Expert, the Lumberman and the Press. 


Friends of forestry and others have 
long wished to have a portion of our 
northern Minnesota forest reserved as 
a park, health resort and game preserve. 
The Itasca State Park already created, 
of less than 20,000 acres, but for the in- 
crease of which the last legislature ap- 
propriated $20,000, has realized this 
wish only in part. 

Coley ohny Ss: Cooper, of Chicago, 
having come forward with a project of 
a ‘national park’ of 7,000,000 acres, 
the happy audacity of his plan has aroused 
the interest and discussion which are 
desired. 

I do not suppose that anything like 
7,000,000 acres will be taken for a na- 
tional park, but hope that a reasonably 
extensive area will be appropriated be- 
fore interest in the subject subsides. 
The annual report of the Commissioner 
of the General Land Office shows that 
the United States still holds in northern 
Minnesota 6,000,000 acres of public 
land, stretching (though not all in a 
compact body) from the eastern limit on 
the north shore of Lake Superior to the 
Red River Valley, a distance of 350 
miles. In the eastern and northern 
parts the surface is broken, and to some 
extent rockv. There are extensive 
swamps, mostly covered with stunted 
Spruce. But the region as a whole, 


though perhaps of a sombre cast, 
abounds with clear lakes and streams, 
is a natural forest of Pine, Spruce and 
mixed woods ; has always been, and still 
is, the covert of valuable game, and is 
well adapted from its prevailing sandy 
soil and coniferous foliage for a national 
park health resort. There are spots that 
are ideal for sylvan beauty. 

Contiguous to these United States 
lands are, in round numbers, a million 
acres of valuable Pine and mineral lands 
belonging to private parties, anda million 
or more acres ot cut-over lands belonging 
to private parties ; also about three mil- 
lion acres of school and swamp lands be- 
longing to the State of Minnesota as the 
gift of Congress. Of the 6,000,000 
acres of United States lands, probably 
3,000,000 acres are non-agricultural, yet 
suited for forestry. 

I speak only for myself, but I favor a 
national park, and one just as extensive 
as it can reasonably be. I will not 
venture now to advise how it should be 
created. It might be by act of Con- 
gress authorizing the Secretary of the 
Interior to select and set apart all such 
tracts as are unsuited for agriculture, or 
a commission of disinterested and emi- 
nent men, such as selected and set apart 
the national forest reserves, might be 
authorized to createit. Under the latter 


224 THE FORESTER. 


system is a method of eliminating all 
lands better suited for other purposes 
than for forestry. The authority that 
would be least lable to political and 
local influence would have my prefer- 
ence, 

Much opposition to the proposed na- 
tional park is being made by the news- 
papers of northern Minnesota from a mis- 
taken apprehension that it will withdraw 
farming lands from settlement, obstruct 
lumbering and retard the general pros- 
perity. In answer to this I have re- 
peatedly, in various newspapers, cited 
the example of the Black Forest (so 
called from the dark color of its conif- 
erous woods), a tract ninety miles long 
by from thirteen to forty miles wide, lying 
in Baden and Wurtemburg, and which, 
though essentially a forest, managed on 
forest principles, and a most popular 
health and summer resort, still has within 
its limits cities and villages, a popula- 
tion of a million, fine roads, manufac- 
tures and cultivated farms. The Thurin- 
gian and all other forests illustrate a 
similar fact that land which is better 
fitted for forest than for agriculture can 
be maintained as forest so as to yield a 
continuous revenueand afford the benefits 
of a park, without preventing the culti- 
vation of any neighboring agricultural 
land. If I am not mistaken the Adiron- 
dacks, in which the State of New York 
now holds a million acres as a forest re- 
serve and park, contains several villages, 
many private summer homes, good roads, 
and while affording all the benefits of a 
park, of a fish and game preserve, and 
of a summer resort, is the theater of 
active prosperity; and there can be no 
doubt whatever that if a reasonably ex- 
tensive national park be established in 
northern Minnesota it will greatly in- 
crease rather than retard the general 
prosperity. 

Under the free and easy public land 
system which the people, through their 
Congress and Government, have per- 
mitted, the timber lands in Minnesota, 
as well as elsewhere, have been disposed 
of in a prodigal manner. Within the 
past fifty yearsa hundred million dollars’ 


October, 


worth of Pine has been cut in Minnesota, 
for which the Government has received 
less than $7,000,000. The greater and 
best part of the Pine forest has been 
cut; and now, if the people of the country 
at large wish to reserve a few groves 
of the remaining Pine belonging to the 
Government as a future health resort, it 
does not become any one to make too 
violent an opposition. 

The lumbermen of Minnesota, as a 
class, are broad-minded and liberal, and 
will not oppose a suitable national park. 
But timber thieves and all suchas ‘‘ dead 
and down” timber rascals will oppose it 
and make their opposition felt. It is 
a question which concerns the public 
quite generally and ought to be decided 
promptly or it will be too late. 


C. C. ANDREWS, 
Chief Fire Warden of Minnesota and 
Secretary of the Minnesota State Forestry 
Board. St. Paul; Minn: 


The Minnesota National Park and 
Forestry Association has set itself to the 
task of securing a national park for the 
plain people of the United States. In 
area, its acres will count by the millions, 
and in scenic and native conditions this 
combined forest reserve and park will be 
among the most picturesque and primal 
solitudes that are grouped around the 
headwaters of the Mississippi River. Its 
forests are magnificent and stately, the 
cascade and rivulet trickle down its 
slopes and gorges. It has lakes that 
silver spot its open landscapes, the air 
is crispy and bracing, it is easily access- 
ible to some twenty millions of people, 
and for Nimrods, Waltons and tourists 
it has the savage beast, the game fish 
and a vestige of what is left of old Amer- 
ica, and of unvandalized domain. It is 
proposed to keep the ruthless axe of the 
nomadic chopper out of the woods, and 
to spare the coming generation a gloomy 
vista of blackened stumps, sand-stran- 
gled streams and gorges filled with slash- 
ings or sawdust. 

This forest is one of the few left east 
of the Rocky Mountains; but in all its 


1899. 


grim grandeur of massiveness and mag- 
nitude, it will be but a desolation of 
slabs and stumps and moss-covered 
charcoal in less than a decade if timber 
rapacity is not repressed. The move- 
ment now being made has forest preser- 
vation as one of its objects, and if an 
act of Congress can be secured to make 
national property of this splendid do- 
main, the timber thief, the fire fiend, 
and some other repellant annexes to 
camps and saw mills, will give up the 
ghost or quit the country. The regulat- 
ing of timber cutting will avert the cli- 
matic catastrophes that follow the whole- 
sale destruction of forests the wide world 
over, and will give the people of the 
Mississippi Valley a domain as large as 
an ancient kingdom, where the debili- 
tated can renew their strength, feast 
their eyes on landscapes tranquilizing 
and superb, or carry out their Nimrodic 
instincts to the haunt of the wolf and 
the den of the bear. It would seem 
that public opinion would be a unit in 
this movement, but, while it is not unani- 
mous, there is sufficient weight and mo- 
mentum to give the project a reasonable 
hope of success. 

In the establishment of forest reserves 
and national parks the Government of 
the United States has confined itself to 
the Pacific coast and the extreme West, 
the whole making an aggregate of 4o0,- 
000,000 acres. The Mississippi Valley 
has not had a Lazarus crumb from the 
tablecloth of Dives. It may be the 
country has grown too fast, and has 
ribbed out an empire before its juvenile 
mouth was filled with second teeth. It 
is no longer a stripling. It is now the 
commercial spine of a nation. It has 
turned the sod of the prairie, and made 
a patchwork of orchards and _ fields of 
the wilderness. It teems with life. The 
church is on the hill and the school house 
in the valley. The throats of furnaces 
breathe like Vesuvius. The chasms are 
bridged, the streams spanned, and steel 
rails spread a web of blue-white lines on 
mountain slopes and from sea to sea. 

From the valley of the American Nile 
crowds of men and women make their 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


225 


annual trips to the hills of New Hamp- 
shire, the rock-ribbed slopes of Old 
Maine, the gorges of the Adirondacks, 
the crags and woods of the White Moun- 
tains, to the Yosemite and the Yellow- 
stone, and the white and yellow sand- 
lines of two oceans. What about a 
Minnesota diversion for Nimrods, Wal- 
tons and tourists? It is within twenty- 
four hours’ reach of twenty millions of 
people, who, if rigid and forceful in their 
several avocations, are as eager and in- 
tent in their once a- year go-out for health 
or rest, or in man-like quest of some sport 
or other that shakes the sawdust out of 
brains, and nerves the hand for the gun 
or the fishing-rod. 

In a commercial sense, aside from all 
other considerations, a home park for 
the tribes of the Valley would b2 a mag- 
net for the largest dollar ever made. It 
has been a matter of dispute with some 
as to whether or not this privilege would 
be abused. Would it become a monop- 
oly, or a whole mob of monopolies, as 
has been the traditional practice of some 
sportsmen’s clubs in securing the control 
of hunting and camping grounds? In 
this instance exclusiveness would be im- 
possible. The Minnesota National Park 
would be for allthe people. It will have 
no necktie or club button privileges, if 
the program as on the card is lived up 
to. Such an outing place as is pro- 
posed, if anywhere near the descriptions 
given of its natural characteristics, and! 
if free from that yellow paint that too 
often gets on scenic maps, the Park of 
the Valley would be a godsend to its. 
people and an honor to the nation. 


The last of the great Pine timber tracts: 
of the Northwest lies in the upper por- 
tion of Minnesota, a vast region of many 
thousand square miles which was once 
too remote from transportation to make 
the marketing of its lumber easily prac- 
tical. Out by the port of Duluth, and 
south by the highway of the Mississippi 
River, and out also from the stations of 
the railroads which have been steadily 
invading that region, there have long 


226 


been coming the old streams of logs. 
Minnesota is by no means a new region 
for the lumberman, but a part of the 
State, more especially that covered by 
certain Indian reservations, is still un- 
cut, and is looked on eagerly by the eyes 
of those men whose capital is invested 
in the lumber trade. The eastern and 
northwestern portions of Minnesota have 
been well logged off. The forest fires at 
Hinckley and elsewhere, which wiped 
out whole villages and destroyed scores 
of lives, show what possibilities of ruin 
there are latent in a slashed-off, aban- 
doned lumber country. Little by little 
the axe and the saw have been working 
toward the last of the great North- 
western Pine forests. 

It is not the purpose of this forestry 
organization to injure any existing prop- 
erty rights. It is the intention to be not 
unjust, but just, to the Indians who live 
in that country. It is not the intention 
to rob the State of Minnesota, or any 
citizen of that State in any particular, 
but to benefit that State and its citizens. 
The organization is not presumptuous 
enough to ask for any given limits for 
this national playground. The gentle- 
men of the organization have merely 
asked the members of Congress to come 
out and see that country, and then to 
decide the question whether it should 
belong to the people of America or be 
given over to the axe and saw of a few 
lumbermen, who must soon ruin it, as 
they have ruined the Pine tracts farther 
to the east. 


The organization of the National Park 
and Forestry Association will give im- 
petus to the general movement to save 
the forests in the States and Territories. 
There is now very little opposition to 
the plans inaugurated by the Govern- 
ment for the preservation of forests, and 
in most of the older States there is a 
strong sentiment in favor of a system 
under which the trees so ruthlessly de- 
stroyed in the timber States of the East 
may be replaced. In the prairie States 
much progress has been made. 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


The State of Minnesota, under its own 
forest laws, is taking some care of its 
forest lands, and each year a report of 
the wardens is submitted as to ravages 
of fire and destruction from other causes. 
Of the 11,890,000 acres of natural forest 
in the State 10,889,000 acres are in twen- 
ty-three counties. Seven million acres 
lie to the west of Duluth, and here the 
members of the new park association 
propose toestablish a national park that 
shall preserve the natural forest, its 
plants and animals. The only opposi- 
tion to this will come from those who 
believe that it would be against the in- 
terests of the State to reserve any great 
extent of wild land from settlement. 
This opposition may be overcome by the 
plan pursued in other States where parks 
have been located in a way not to inter- 
fere with the development of remote 
sections of the State. 


The necessity for prompt action, in 
view of the rapidity with which large 
areas of forest are denuded of timber, is 
shown in the following press dispatches 
from that section of country: 

‘¢Two hundred men are now gather- 
ing in camps on Turtle River, north of 
Cass Lake, to cut 300,000,000 feet of 
Pine. The camps on the upper branches 
of the Mississippi, where 300,000,000 
additional feet of Pine is to be cut, were 
established last year, and 35,000,000 
feet has been driven down the Missis- 
sippi to Bemidji, and is now being 
loaded on cars—8o0,000 feet each day— 
and railroaded out of that region on the 
Brainerd & Northern. 

‘‘Tf the Ojibway Pine is sold to these 
lumbermen under the Nelson law, every 
Pine tree in the whole region, except at 
Itasca Lake, in the State Park, will be 
cut and turned into lumber before the 
expiration of the ensuing fifteen years at 
the present rate of destruction. It will 
then be absolutely impossible to prevent 
devastating and enormous forest fires 
similar to those which have heretofore 
occurred in the cut-off Pine regions of 
Minnesota.”’ 


1899 


The Congressional party invited to 
explore the country advocated for a 
Government reserve by the Minnesota 
National Parkand Forestry Association, 
left Chicago Thursday, September 28, 


arrived in St. Paul the next morning, 


left the same evening over the Great 
Northern Railway, and at last accounts 
had reached Walker, Minn., where a 
houseboat was taken for a trip down 
Leech Lake. The original itinerary was 
changed so as to visit Otter Tail Point, 
where a council was being held by the 
Pillager and Chippewa Indians. After 
meeting several influential chiefs, the 
party returned to Walker for a banquet 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


227 


in their honor in the evening. On 
Thursday, October 5, the party was 
expected to proceed by special train to 
Duluth, thence to Minneapolis and Chi- 
cago, concluding the journey on Octo- 
ber 7. 

The present plan of the Association 
is to ask that only 800,000 acres be set 
aside now, to begin the new park. This 
area would include seventy lakes of con- 
siderable size, besides several hundred 
small ones, with a number of square 
miles of finest White Pine trees. The 
settlers in this region have become en- 
thusiastic supporters of the plan, since 
they have learned of its true scope. 


ihe @xample offfennsylvania. 


Reappointment of a Worthy Official in Spite of Political Clamor— 
Unanimous Approval by the Press. 


The Governor of Pennsylvania, on 
September 18, reappointed for four years, 
as State Commissioner of Forestry, Dr. 
J. T. Rothrock, vice president of the 
American Forestry Association for Penn- 
sylvania. 


Joseph Trimble Rothrock was born in 
McVeytown, Mifflin County, Pa., April 
g, 1839. He was graduated from Har- 
vard University in 1854, and in 1868 re- 
ceived his medical degree from the Uni- 
versity of Pennsylvania. From March, 
1865, to November, 1866, he was engaged 
in exploration in British Columbia and 
in Alaska. He had previously served in 
the civil war. From 1869 to 1873 he 
was actively engaged in the practice of 
medicine in Wilkesbarre. From 1873 to 
1876 he was surgeon and botanist to the 
Wheeler Exploring Expedition of the 
United States Engineering Corps and 
served in Colorado, Arizona, New Mex- 
ico and California. The University of 
Pennsylvania elected him Professor of 
Botany in 1876, which position he still 
holds, though granted leave of absence 
since 1893 to serve as Commissioner of 
Forestry of the State. He has delivered 


many lectures in the interest of forestry, 
and has written several books on the 
subject. 


Governor Stone has done the State a 
service and added luster to his adminis- 
tration by reappointing Joseph T. Roth- 
rock as Commissioner of Forestry for 
another four years’ term. This State 
first waked up to the necessity of doing 
something for the preservation and per- 
petuation of her forests about eight 
years ago. This awakening was due 
largely to the public addresses and writ- 
ings of Professor Rothrock, and when 
the Legislature in 1893 was moved to 
authorize the appointment of a Forestry 
Commission to look into the subject of 
State forestry, Dr. Rothrock, though a 
Republican, was selected by the Demo- 
cratic Governor Pattison as the head of 
that commission 

The State has made progress since 
then. The Forestry Commission made 
a most instructive and valuable report 
on the forests of the State. The com- 
mission of two gave place toa single 
Commissioner of Forestry, to which 
place Governor Hastings appointed the 


228 


one man in the State pre-eminently qual- 
ified for the position, Joseph T. Roth- 
rock. The commission had collected 
information on forests and forestry. The 
Commissioner applied himself to the task 
of getting legislation under which forests 
might be protected and new growths of 
timber encouraged. Asaresult we have 
our fire-warden law, acts to encourage 
tree planting, the act providing for the 
creation of forest reservations at the 
headwaters of our chief rivers, the act 
providing for the purchase by the State 
of unsettled lands, sold for taxes, for the 
purpose of creating forestry reservations 
out of them. 

Before Dr. Rothrock came to their res- 
cue our forests had scarcely a single law 
on the statute book in their interest. 
Now Pennsylvania stands in the van of 
the States which manifest an intelligent 
concern for their forests and provide for 
their protection. We will have three 
large forest reservations as soon as the 
Legislature will appropriate the money 
to secure the land, and many smaller 
reservations through the purchase by the 
State of wild lands fit for forest growth. 
Our forests will be protected from burn- 
ing by fire wardens, and partial relief 
from taxation will encourage farmers to 
plant trees. 

A new and intelligent interest has 
been awakened in this State on the sub- 
ject of forestry, and to no one man is 
this due so much as to Dr. Rothrock. 
He has been the soul and inspiration of 
the forestry movement in Pennsylvania— 
its intelligence and executive head. We 
are glad that Governor Stone recognizes 
this, and we embrace with pleasure this 
opportunity to commend him for a most 
excellent appointment.—P/z/la. Press. 


Recently Governor Stone has made 
several appointments which merit the 
hearty commendation of his fellow citi- 
zens. The one, however, which has 
probably caused the most general satis- 
faction is the reappointment of Dr. 
Joseph T. Rothrock to the position of 
Commissioner of Forestry, All who 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


have the interest of forest culture at 
heart will feel particular gratification, be- 
cause it insures fora term, at least, the 
continued advance of this important 
work in Pennsylvania. Dr. Rothrock 
is eminently fitted for the post of Com- 
missioner of Forestry; in fact, there is 
probably not another available man in 
the State as well equipped for the work 
as he is. He has held the office since 
its creation, and he has done more than 
any one else to bring the State to a 
realizing sense of the importance of 
taking active steps for the preservation 
of the forest area which remains, and to 
interest agriculturists and others in the 
subject of tree planting and the desira- 
bility of planting more woodlands. In 
every respect he has filled his office 
worthily, and it would have been a se- 
vere blow to the forest interests of Penn- 
sylvania if he had been removed. 
Governor Stone, since his incum- 
bency, has frequently made removals 
and appointments which have not met 
with popular approval. He has often 
shown too much partisan zeal in such 
matters and too great an inclination to 
listen to the voice of ex-Senator Quay 
rather than to that of the people. Dr, 
Rothrock, it is said, was marked for re- 
moval, to make room for some one hav- 
ing greater ability as a political worker. 
The report carried widespread dissatis- 
faction and protest, and it is gratifying 
to learn that it was without foundation, 
or, if his removal was in contemplation, 
that Governor Stone has listened to the 
voice of the people, and not to the de- 
mands of the factional politicians. It is 
much pleasanter to commend than to 
disapprove, and for once Governor 
Stone merits the hearty approval of the 
citizens of the whole State by his reap- 
pointment of Dr. Rothrock as Commis- 
sioner of Forestry.—Phila. Ledger. 


So little has yet been done in this 
country toward the protection of our for- 
ests that any step in this direction, in 
whatever part of the United States, is 
cause for national satisfaction. Six years 


1899. 


ago some public-spirited citizens of 
Pennsylvania induced the Legislature to 
authorize the appointment of a Forestry 
Commission, and Governor Pattison, 
himself a Democrat, selected as its head 
Dr. Joseph T, Rothrock, a Republican, 
who was universally admitted to be the 
best man for the place. Two years later, 
when a single Commissioner of Forestry 
was given charge of the matter, Gov- 
ernor Hastings appointed Dr. Rothrock, 
with the approval of all good citizens. 
Under his leadership, acts have been 
passed by the Legislature for the crea- 
tion of forest reservations at the head- 
waters of the State’s chief rivers, and 
for the purchase by the State of unset- 
tled lands sold for taxes, with a view to 
creating forest reservations out of them, 
while a body of fire wardens has been 
established to protect the forests from 
burning. 

On every public ground, Dr. Rothrock 
deserved reappointment when his term 
expired. But, although a Republican in 
his opinions, he is no politician, and hun- 
gry office-seekers clamored for his place 
as a reward for their services to the party 
or the machine. There was fear that 
the Quay Governor would yield to these 
demands, but he has happily disap- 
pointed the public by commissioning Dr. 
Rothrock for another four years. The 
advocates of forest reform throughout 
the country will be encouraged by this 
evidence that the movement has already 
grown strong enough to command the 
respect of the politicians. — Avening 
mast, IV. Y. City. 


While there are many things in the 
administration of the affairs of the State 
to criticize, there are also some to com- 
mend. One of these is the reappoint- 
ment this week of Prof. J. T. Roth- 
rock to be Commissioner of Forestry. 
It was reported a few months ago that 
Professor Rothrock would be retired at 
the expiration of his present term, but 
Governor Stone has shown that he is not 
utterly devoid of sense in retaining in the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


229 


service of the State this most capable 
and popular servant. 

As Commissioner of Forestry, Pro- 
fessor Rothrock has given the Common- 
wealth the benefit of his large experience 
and the enthusiasm which he brings to 
the consideration of the subject. He 
believes that there is no one thing more 
deserving the attention of the people 
than the restoration of the forests and 
those still left in the mountain region of 
Pennsylvania. He has been at the head 
of all these movements to promote tree 
culture, and through his efforts much 
good has resulted. The laws relating to 
forest protection and growth have been 
largely enacted through his personal ef- 
forts, and it would have been a lasting 
shame to remove him from a position of 
such great usefulness. 

With the assurance of a certain ten- 
ure, Professor Rothrock can go ahead 
with those plans which have been under 
consideration in his department, and the 
whole State will applaud the Governor 
for once setting aside merely political 
considerations in making an appoint- 
ment.—Cvty and State, Philadelphia. 


In the reappointment of Professor 
Rothrock as State Commissioner of For- 
estry Governor Stone certainly consulted 
the best interests of the Commonwealth, 
wisely casting political considerations to 
the winds. 

In technical and practical knowledge 
of the subject of forestry Professor 
Rothrock is easily in the front ranks of 
his profession. During his eight years 
of service in his present position he has 
become thoroughly familiar with the 
needs of Pennsylvania in the matter of 
reforesting its denuded and barren acres, 
and is better qualified than any other 
man to make practical suggestions as to 
the best means of protecting the existing 
forest area of the State. 

Professor Rothrock’s reappointment 1s 
to be commended without qualification, 
and the State is to be congratulated upon 
the prospect of securing his efficient serv- 
ices for another term.—//z/a. Times. 


230 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


Sheep Grazing in Arizona. 


A Paper on the Statement that the Forest Reserves are Injured by Grazing. 


[THE ForEsTER assumes no responsibility for views expressed in signed communications, 
The opposite view on this question will be published in the November issue,—Ep. ]. 


The object of the American Forestry 
Association and of the Department of 
Forestry of the United States Govern- 
ment is to be attained, if at all, by 
candid, conservative and careful investi- 
gation of all the conditions of each local- 
ity and the establishment, for each local- 
ity, of such conservative regulations as 
the conditions, after such study, are 
found to require. There have been in 
the past many statements of a general 
nature, some of them coming from ap- 
parently high authority, that were based 
upon facts and conditions found in ]im- 
ited localities and applicable only to 
such localities. Such statements are 
extremely unfortunate, not only because 


they are unjust to local interests, but- 


that they break the confidence of the 
settler of these localities in the Depart- 
ment of Forestry and bring into ridicule 
the whole plan of forest reservation 
among the settlers, on whom, in Ari- 
zona, at least, the preservation of the 
young forest most depends. 

In the July ForESTER appeared an 
article on ‘‘ Natural Reforestation in the 
Southwest,” in which the author dis- 
cussed sheep grazing in the forest re- 
serves of ‘*Central Arizona” from the 
standpoint, evidently, of facts and con- 
ditions found in California, and falls 
into the grievous errors above referred 
to. Ido not wish to criticize the author, 
who, we feel, was the victim of misplaced 
confidence, with, possibly, too much the- 
ory on the science of Forestry, but jus- 
tice to the high aims of the Department 
of Forestry, as well as to local interests, 
demand that the facts be known and that 
these errors be corrected before injustice 
be done. I quote from the article re- 
ferred to: 

‘‘The topography of Southern Cali- 
fornia and Arizona is such that, at best, 
much of the rainfall flows off in imme- 


diate floods,’’ etc. After the statement 
in most positive terms of the necessity 
of excluding sheep from the forests of 
both California and Arizona, the writer 
adds, in justification of his position : 

‘As a specific instance in illustration 
of the destructive effect of grazing, the 
forest reserve in Central Arizona may be 
cited. Many of the streams which flow 
into the Salt River have their sources in 
these reservations. Whenever sheep 
have been driven there in large numbers, 
the farmers of the Salt River valley have 
suffered material injury from the canals 
and laterals filling with sand and silt.” 
Then follows a paragraph on the same 
subject which is probably quite practical 
and true for the precipitous mountains of 
Southern California, but, if intended to 
apply to the forest reserves of Central 
Arizona, it is worthy the pen of a Cer- 
vantes. 

There are three forest reserves in Ari- 
zona: the ‘‘ Black Mesa,” the ‘*Grand 
Cafion,’’ and the ‘‘San Francisco Moun- 
tain’’ Forest Reserve. The former lies 
on the east border of the Territory. The 
writer 1s personally familiar with very 
little of it, but understands the soil and 
conditions there are very similar to those 
of the other two reserves. As the waters 
of the ‘‘Grand Cafion”’ reserve all flow, 
when they flow at all, into the Colorado 
River, that reserve could not be referred 
to or affect this question.- In fact, only 
a small per cent of the other two re- 
serves lie on the southern slope. After 
a residence of eleven years at the foot of 
the San Francisco Mountains, and con- © 
stant familiarity with all parts of the lat- 
ter reserve, and with the grazing of both 
cattle and sheep thereon, we are forced 
to the conclusion that the author of the 


-article referred to has been imposed | 
upon by the parties from whom he de- ~ | 


rived his information. 


1899. 


The district composing this reserve, 
and the western end of the ‘Black 
Mesa” forest reserve as well, is a_ pla- 
teau comparatively level, averaging six 
to seven thousand feet above sea level, 
covered for the most part by an open 
forest of pine timber bounded on the bor- 
ders, where the plateau descends into 
the deserts or timberless plains, with a 
belt, a few miles in width, of scrubby 
Cedar. On the south it breaks off ab- 
ruptly into the tributaries of Salt River, 
the headwaters of which extend into 
this plateau in the form of precipitous 
cafions one thousand to fifteen hundred 
feet deep, which are fed by numberless 
springs that burst out at the bottom of 
these cafions. 

The formation of this entire plateau is 
volcanic. Itis covered with extinct vol- 
canoes and evidences of volcanic influ- 
ence. ‘The stratified formation is every- 
where broken and shattered, and the soil 
is of a loose, porous nature, so that the 
rains and melting snows are drunk up 
by the soil lke a sponge and appear 
again, if atall, only at the bottom of the 
cafions, or small springs at rare inter- 
vals on the Mesa which disappear in a 
short distance from the point at which 
they rise. We have absolutely no run- 
ning streams on this Mesa, or forest re- 
serve. It is not precipitous and does 
not wash. Toillustrate: The draw that 
passes through Flagstaff heads at the 
foot of Mt. Agassiz and topcgraphically 
drains an areaof more than two hundred 
square miles, has no outlet but empties 
into a little valley five miles east of town. 
It seldom runs to this valley and never 
more than once or twice during the year, 
and is often dry the entire year. 

The forest reserve districts of Arizona 
have been used for grazing sheep for 
twenty to thirty years. We have never 
before heard it claimed that ‘‘The ca- 
nals and laterals of Salt River valley 
filled with sand and silt’’ because of the 
sheep grazing on the forest reserves 
which lie two hundred miles further up 
theriver ; and one familiar with the moun- 
tain plateaus and with the dry, sandy, 
dusty, and windy districts and plains 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


231 


through which the waters of the Salt 
River and the canals and laterals of the 
Salt River valley flow, after leaving the 
mountain forest reserves, would be hard 
to convince that the sheep on the moun- 
tain materially affected the filling of the 
canals and laterals referred to. If there 
were any such results, they would be 
constant, and it could not be said that 
‘Whenever sheep have been driven 
there in large numbers,” etc., these re- 
sults were seen, because the ranges of 
these forest reserves have been used con- 
stantly for twenty years, and the results 
would be constant and universal in the 
Salt River valley. 

There is little in common with the 
sheep-grazing industry of Arizona and 
that of many districts, perhaps any dis- 
trict of California. The scarcity of wa- 
ter on the mountain plateaus of Arizona 
has confined the summer ranges of each 
individual sheep breeder to a more or 
less definite locality during the summer 
and dry season, within which he owns 
or controls the permanent water supply. 
He is a settler. Thisis his home from 
which he comes and goes as the season 
may require. There is no undergrowth or 
‘cover,’’ and none is needed to ‘‘hold 
back the snow or prevent surface floods.”’ 

The great enemy to the forest and to 
the wool-growers is the forest fires which 
burn up the feed for the flocks and de- 
stroy the young and tender Pines. The 
grazing off of the grass and weeds by the 
sheep and the vigilance of the sheep 
owners are the greatest safeguards against 
these forest fires. Where the timber 
has been cut and the laps and brush left 
scattered upon the ground, these fires 
are inevitable, and destructive to much 
of the larger growth. Steps should be 
taken to require parties cutting timber to 
clean up carefully all combustible mate- 
rial left behind, whether on private or 
reserve lands. 

It is the popular idea that sheep graze 
in close, compact herds and hence tram- 
ple out what they do not feed off. This 
is incorrect. They are not closely herded 
or bunched except in driving or corral- 
ling, which, in well-managed herds, is 


232 


seldom done, and when scattered on the 
range the tramping of the small tree 
plants is slight. | 

There are in the San Francisco Moun- 
tain forest reservation districts on which 
sheep have been grazed constantly for 
twenty years or more, others on which 
cattle only have grazed, and a few dis- 
tricts on which neither have grazed at 
any time to any considerable extent, and 
we have yet to find the man who can go 
over these districts and point out which 
district has been grazed by sheep, which 
by cattle, or the district on which no 
stock has ranged. There is practically 
no difference in the growth of these dis- 
tricts. It is claimed by the oldest set- 
tlers that forest fires were more frequent 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


and destructive in the early settlement 
before the grazing by sheep and cattle, 
and that in the growth of the young 
Pine, the reforestation is greater where 
it has been protected by the stock and 
the owners of’ the stock. Systematic 
efforts on the part of both the Depart- 
ment and the herdsmen will bring much 
better results. Let us have an intelli- 
gent, candid investigation of this ques- 
tion in each locality by capable men who 
come seeking truth, and without precon- 
ceived notions and theories which they, 
consciously or unconsciously, seek al- 
ways to sustain and prove. 


(Szgned ) E. S. GOsney, 
Flagstaff, Arizona 


Forest Conditions of Porto Rico. 


Review of the Forest Resources of the Island, by the Special Agent of the 
U. S. Geological Survey, for Issue by the Department of Agriculture. 


SECOND 


PAPER—FOREST ASPECTS OF 


THE ISLAND. 


By CourTESY OF THE SECRETARY OF AGRICULTURE, 


Those who have read Kingsley’s 1n- 
teresting description of the tropical for- 
ests of Trinidad, or Lafcadio Hearn’s 
vivid pictures of the vast woods of Mar- 
tinique, will be disappointed not to find 
such forests and woods duplicated in 
Porto Rico, except in the single instance 
of the summit portion of El Yunque, in 
the Sierra Luquillo, where there are 
about eight square miles of virgin forest. 
The island, although wooded in the 
sense that it is still dotted by many 
beautiful trees, is largely deforested from 
a commercial point of view. Porto Rico, 
at the time of its discovery, was undoubt- 
edly completely covered by forests of 
many species of trees, but these can 
hardly be said to exist at present. A 
few insignificant patches of culled forest 
also occur in the central and northwest- 
ern portions of the island which will be 
described presently. 

To the casual observer, the aspect of 
Porto Rico, in places, is still that of an 
open wooded landscape. The farms and 


plantations, excepting the tobacco and 
sugar fields, are not cleanly cleared like 
those of the United States, but, on the 
contrary, individual trees are abundant 
and well distributed everywhere. Along 
the roadsides, around every hut, and 
throughout the coffee plantations are 
many trees, a few of which are remnants 
of the aboriginal forests, while most of 
them have been planted for shade or 
fruit. Grange trees, Mangoes, Aguacates, 
Breadfruit, Mameys, and other stately 
trees are common, while, as in our own 
deforested region, there are a few timber- 
making trees which have been spared 
the ax. Besides these larger trees, Flam- 
boyantes, Nisperos and Guanabonas of 
smaller growth add their foliage to the 
wooded aspect of the island. 

So far as was observed by reconnois- 
sance methods the island presents two 
strongly marked and contrasting zones 
of vegetation. One includes the whole 
of the mountains and north coast re- 
gion and the other is the foothill country 


1899. 


of the south coast. The first is a region 
of great and constant humidity, high alti- 
tudes and stiff clay soils; the other a 
region of dry calcareous soils, seasonal 
aridity and lowaltitude. The transition 
between these vegetal zones is very 
abrupt and immediately noticeable as 
soon as one passes from one of these 
regions to the other. It is true that the 
rainfall is less on the south coast and the 
country in general more arid, but there 
is also an immense difference in the 
capacity of the two geologic soils for 
retaining moisture and for root penetra- 
tion, the clay soils being always satur- 
ated, while the limestones are porous 
and dry. 

The climate of Porto Rico, although 
in general warm and humid, has a milder 
temperature and a greater constancy of 
moisture on the highlands than in the 
lowlands, while upon the latter there are 
occasional periods of drought. Accord- 
ingly, the mountains are constantly clad 
with fresh green verdure (consisting of 
such remnants of the primitive flora as 
have escaped the destruction of man) 
and cultivated trees, while the flora of 
the border region has at times a dry and 
yellow aspect. 


The Mountain Woodlands. 


The general growth of the mountain 
region consists of deciduous trees of 
many species, freely intermingled with 
shrub and grass, and above 1,000 feet 
with tree ferns. In some places the 
undergrowth is made up largely of ferns 
of numerous species, many of which are 
so tall and dense of growth as to consti- 
tute a veritable jungle. 

Much of the mountain landscape is 
now occupied by cultivated crops of 
coffee, tobacco, fruit trees, shrubs, etc., 
broken by verdant pastures of tall Para 
and Guinea grass, which constitute the 
staple forage of the island. There are 
many large cultivated shrubs and bushes, 
attaining the size of a peach tree, which 
give an aspect of primeval wildness to 
one who first sees the country ; hence, 
it is that some of these mountainous 
portions of the island which have the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


233 


aspect of thick primeval forests, when 
first viewed from a distance by the trav- 
eler from the temperate climes, are really 
the most highly cultivated. 

Such wooded lands are often occupied 
by the coffee plantations. The coffee 
bush, which attains no great height, is 
always accompanied by an overgrowth of 
dense shade (the first essential to the life 
of the coffee bush), so that the latter has 
the appearance of an underbrush in the 
midst of high forest trees. The writer has 
often found it difficult toconvince a fellow 
traveler that he was in a coffee planta- 
tion and not a jungle, until a tree could 
be found full of the bright red berries 
which distinguish the coffee plant. In 
fact, a Porto Rican coffee plantation, 
with its accompanying shade trees, is an 
artificial forest. 

In preparing a coffee plantation, the 
native forest is either thinned of all 
except the highest trees or completely 
cleared of all growth and new trees 
planted for the express purpose of 
affording shade, These trees grow so 
rapidly that, by the time the coffee bush 
reaches maturity at the end of seven 
years, they are very tall forest trees, 
giving a dense shade above the bush. 

The mountain trees are, of many genera. 
They are largely hard woods, occurring 
singly or in varied associations, and not 
as collections of a single species, such 
as the Pine forests of the United States. 


The Forest of El Yunque. 


Single specimens or small groups of 
trees, however, which have been spared 
the woodman’s ax, may be found through- 
out the upland portion of the island. In 
one place, however, the original forest 
has been preserved. This forest is upon 
the summit of El Yunque, the highest 
peak of the island, situated near the 
northeast end, and has been protected 
by its inaccessibility. Although the 
mountain is hardly over 3,200 feet in 
altitude, it is constantly bathed in mois- 
ture, and the steep trails to its summit 
through red clay and mud are almos 
impassable for man and beast. T 
forests on El Yunque consist of 


234 


almost impenetrable jungle of trees, 
underbrush and lianas, and are exceed- 
ingly wet, the rainfall 
inches per year. Some of the trees of 
the primeval forest of El Yunque have 
been described by Dr. George Eggers, 
the only botanist who has studied it, in 
a letter written to Sir Joseph Hooker in 
1883, as published in ‘‘ Nature ”’ (Lon- 
don, 1884): 

‘“‘As for the general character of the 
Sierra Yunque forests, they of course 
resemble in their main outlines those of 
the other West India Islands. Here I 
found several interesting trees, especially 
abeautiful 7a/auwma, withimmense white, 
odorous flowers and silvery leaves, which 
would be very ornamental. The wood 
is used for timber, and called Sabino. 
A Hirtella, with crimson flowers, I also 
found rather common. An unknown 
tree, with beautiful, orange-like foliage 
and large, purple flowers, split along 
one side; and several other as yet unde- 
termined trees and shrubs are among the 
most remarkable things found. 

One of the most conspicuous trees in 
some parts is the Coccoloba macrophylla, 
which I found on my first visit to Porto 
Rico. This tree is found up to an alti- 
tude of 2,000 feet, but chiefly near the 
coast, where it forms extensive woods in 
some places which, at the time of flow- 
ering, with immense purple spikes more 
than a yard long, are very striking. The 
tree is named Ortegon by the inhabi- 
tants. It does not seem to occur on any 
of the British islands, but to be confined 
to Porto Rico and Hayti.”’ 

Logs are still cut from the edge of 
the Yunque forest, but the cost in time 
and labor of securing timber therefrom 
is far more than it would be to import 
similar woods from Santo Domingo. A 
few acres of forest are also preserved 
here and there in the Sierra Cayey and 
the Cordillera Central, notably between 
Aibonito and Adjuntas. Collectively, 
these small patches will not aggregate 
ten square miles of standing timber, and 
have been largely culled of their most 
valuable trees. There is also a small 
patch of forest preserved in the pepino 


THE FORESTER. 


averaging 120 


October, 


hills, near Aguadilla, upona small piece 
of land belonging to the Government. 
There may be a few more acres else- 
where. Otherwise, in a commercial 
sense, the mountains are deforested, 
although some excellent trees still stand, 
just as Walnut trees are found preserved 
in the deforested areas of the United 
States. 


The Coast-Border Woodlands. 


The second class of flora inhabits the 
foothills belt lying between the south- 
ern front of the Central Mountains and 
the southern coast, a region which is 
comparatively arid. The wide playa 
plains and stream valleys of this belt 
were also once covered with large trees, 
a few scattered examples of which have 
been preserved, but in general these 
have been destroyed in order to clear 
the land for sugar culture. 

This flora is markedly different from 
that of the mountain region, although 
there are a few species of trees common 
to both regions. It is largely of the type 
of low, shrubby, thorny, leguminous, 
and acacia-like trees, with compound 
leaves and thorny trunks or stems cov- 
ered by Z7//andsta (Spanish moss), and 
largely of the type of growth known in 
the United States as the Chaparral. In 
the dry season this flora produces a 
brownish landscape, as_ distinguished 
from the evergreen of the mountain 
region. This Chaparral-lke flora is 
thorny and dense, especially on the coast 
hills between Ponce and Yauco, In this 
region it is accompanied by a thick un- 
dergrowth of grass, and, with the rolling 
hills and ‘‘tepetate’”’ soil, repeats nearly 
every aspect of the Lower Rio Grande 
country of Texas. 

The limestone summits of the hills, or 
cerros, west of Yauco are covered bya 
remarkable growth of Chaparral, includ- 
ing Tree Cactus, among which are or- 
gan-pipe forms resembling those of the 
California deserts and the tree opuntias 
of Mexico, accompanied by thorny 
brush, the whole draped by moss. 

The products of the forests and other 
vegetation of Porto Rico are numerous, 


1899 


although of no great export value. They 
are of greatest importance tothe inhabit- 
ants of the island, however. 

The names of the woods here given 
are as they were written by the native 
Porto Ricans who assisted in their col- 
lection, and as they are spelled in the 
Commercial Directory of Porto Rico. 

Among the products of the forest the 
following trees are used by man: 

For TIMBER AND FuEL —Algarroba, 
Ausubo, Capa Blanca, Capa Prieta, 
Laurel Sabino, Laurel Blanca, Guaya- 
can, Ucar (Ucare or Jucare), Espejuelo, 


Moca, Maricao, Mauricio, Ortegon, 
Tachuelo, Cedro, Cojoba, Aceitillo, 
Guaraguao, Maga, Yaiti, Palo Santo, 


Tortuguillo, Zerrezuela, Guayarote, Hi- 
guereta, Tabanuco, Mora, Hueso, 
Hachuelo, ‘‘ Ileucedran.”’ 

For Corpace.—Mahagua, a tall mal- 
vaceous bush. 

For DyrEING aND Tanninc.—Moca, 
Brasilete, Achiote, Granadillo, Maricao, 
Dividivi, Mora, Gengibrillo, Camasey, 
Vijao, Mangle. 

Resinous Trees.—Tabanuco, Pajuil, 
Algarrobo, Mamey, Masa, Cupey, Maria, 
Guayaco. 

Forest TREES YIELDING FRUITS.— 
Pina, Nispero (Medlar Tree), Mango, 
Guanabana, Cocotero, Aguacate, Na- 
ranjo, Jacana, Mamey, Wild Orange. 

The writer, during his stay upon the 
island, collected sixteen specimens of 
the native woods, which are utilized by 
the people in construction and other in- 
dustries. Nine of these were found to 
be very hard, close grained and heavy. 
The samples of equal size and of ap- 
proximately the same condition vary but 
little in weight and are remarkably simi- 
lar in hardness, The following shows 
the comparative weight of the nine sam- 
ples. 

Mora, 61.8 pounds per cubic foot ; 
Guayacan, 76.8 pounds per cubic foot ; 
Hueso, 60.0 pounds per cubic foot ; Au- 
subo, 70.2 pounds per cubic foot; Ucare 
Negro, 64.2 pounds per cubic foot ; Pata 
de Caba, 60.0 pounds per cubic foot ; 
Ucare Blanca, 61.8 pounds per cubic 
foot; Hachuelo, 70.2 pounds per cubic 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


235: 


foot ; Algarrobo, 64.2 pounds per cubic 
foot. 

Extreme density 1s shown by small 
pores (ducts) and in numerous, minute, 
mostly continuous medullary rays, im- 
perceptible to the naked eye. The main 
structure is made up of thick-walled 
cells. The annual layers of growth are 
small and comparatively indistinct, ow- 
ing to the irregular diffusion of the large 
ducts, which in most northern woods 
clearly mark the layers of growth. The 
wood fibers are strongly interlaced 
(cross-grained), giving a ‘‘tough,” un- 
cleavable character to the wood. The 
samples of Mora, Guayacan, Hueso and 
Ucare Blanca show a tendency to check 
and warp in seasoning, while Ausubo, 
Ucare Negro, Pata de Caba, Hachuelo, 
and Algarrobo appear to maintain good. 
form in drying out. The injury from 
checking of the former is, however, not 
great, and appears not to impair the 
usefulness of these woods for certain 
purposes. All are capable of receiving 
a high polish and require but little « fill- 
ing.” 

Ausubo, Ucare Negro, Pata de Caba, 
Hachuelo and Algarrobo are eminently 
cabinet woods of great value and attrac- 
tiveness; Mora and Ucare Blanca are 
less attractive for this purpose, but may 
have limited use. Guayacan and Ausubo- 
are especially adapted for small turnery, 
tool handles, etc., where great hardness 
and wearing qualities are needed. Pata 
de Caba and Algarrobo closely resemble 
the rosewoods of commerce. With a 
permanent black stain, Ucare Negro 
and Hachuelo are useful substitutes for 
Ebony. Ausubo is similar in appear- 
ance and a good substitute for the valu- 
able ‘* Coccobola” (Coccoloba), so much 
imitated by inferior woods. Laurel Sa- 
bino, Cedro, Capa Blanca, Capa Prieta, 
Guaraguao and Maga are characteristi- 
cally lighter, softer and coarser grained 
than the nine species above mentioned. 
The weight of these samples varies but 
little, the average being 38 pounds per 
cubic foot. With the exception of Lau- 
rel Sabino, all are attractive in grain 
and suitable for finishing woods. 


236 THE FORESTER. 


The following descriptions give, in 
part, the specific characters of the vari- 
ous samples: 

Mora.—Color, bright orange-brown, 
probably darkening with age and expo- 
sure. Radially cut and polished surface 
satiny. Similar in general appearance 
to Osage Orange. Much used for fellies. 

GuayacAan.—Heartwood dull yellow- 
ish-brown, with dark olive-brown streaks; 
sapwood pale yellow, with brownish 
areas. Smoothed surface, oily to the 
touch. Exceedingly hard, brittle and 
difficult to cut. It grows in compara- 
tive abundance in the entire mountain 
chain and on the southern coast of the 
island, producing a wood which is very 
solid and resistant. On this account it 
is much sought after in the shipyards for 
blocks, pulleys, spokes, tires, and many 
other things requiring great strength. 
The resin from the Guayacan Lignum 
Vite is highly valued for gout. 

LauREL Sapino.—Color, clear olive- 
brown, A straight-grained wood, simi- 
lar in color bat finer grained than the 
heart of Tulip and Cucumber tree of the 
United States. 

Crpro.—Color, pale reddish-brown. 
Wood fibers interlaced, the wood split- 
ting irregularly. Very similar to the 
Mahogany of commerce. Probably Ce- 
drela odorata, the well-known cigar-box 
wood of commerce It is no longer 
abundant in Porto Rico, and is now 
largely imported from Santo Domingo, 
‘costing $150 per 1,000 feet. It still 
grows in Aguadilla and near Aibonito, 
Juana Diaz, Cayey and Luquillo. 

_ Hueso.—Color, light yellow, with 
irregular, thin yellow-brown streaks ; 
wood fibers strongly interlaced. A 
tough, uncleavable wood, used for hubs. 

Aususo.—Color, clear, dull, reddish- 
brown. Wood fibers slightly interlaced 
and appearing straight grained. Re- 
sembles somewhat a fine-grained Teak, 
It is the chief and most-used timber on 
the island, being noted for its great dura- 
bility. It is used in the making of wagon 
spokes, which are turned out by ma- 
‘chinery in Ponce, and small stocks of it 
were noticed in several towns. It is 


October, 


close grained and beautiful in color, and 
should be utilized for veneering; it 
would make most excellent furniture. 

UcarE Necro.—Color, dark umber- 
brown. Wood fibers interlaced, but 
appearing to be straight grained. Re- 
motely resembles a very fine-grained 
Black Walnut. 

PaTa DE CaBAand ALGARROBO.—T hese 
samples are so similar in details of struct- 
ure as to be from the same or closely 
related species. Color, rich, blackish- 
brown, irregularly mottled, and streaked 
with areas of pale reddish-brown; sap- 
wood (present in Pata de Caba) light 
brown. Wood fibers strongly interlaced, 
giving smoothed surface a ‘‘ curled” ap- 
pearance. Very attractive cabinet woods. 

Ucara Branca.—Color, light ashy-~ 
brown. Wood fibers strongly inter- 
laced. Remotely resembling fine-grain- 
ed heartwood of American Elm. 

Guaracuao. — Light reddish. brown, 
streaked with lighter and darker shades. 
An exceedingly cross-grained, porous 
wood, somewhat similar in color to 
Cedro. Suitable for a cabinet wood. 

Capa Branca.—Color, clear light- 
brown. Structurally similar on the radial 
section to American Beech. Straight 
grained, and suitable for interior finish. 
Used for rollers in coffee hulling mills. 

Capa Prieta.—Color, rich light-brown, 
with darker streaks and mottlings. Wood 
fibers interlaced, but wood appearing to 
be straight grained. MRadial section 
structurally similar to Capa Blanca. 
Tangential section somewhat similar to 
dark heartwood of American Elm. Hand- 
some wood for interior finish. Used for 
flooring. 

HacuvueELo.—Color, rich, dark yellow- 
ish-brown, with streaks and mottlings of 
light yellow-brown. Wood fibers inter- 
laced, but appearing rather straight 
grained on the finished surface. Valu- 
able for cabinet work. 

Maca.—Color, rich chocolate-brown. 
Wood fibers slightly cross grained, the 
smoothed surface appearing straight 
grained. The rich color and attractive 
grain of this wood should make it val- 
uable for cabinet work. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


237 


Irrigation and Forestry. 


The Joint Meeting in Montana—Resolutions Adopted at Columbus. 


The eighth Congress of the National 
Irrigation Association was held at Mis- 
soula, Montana, September 25, 26 and 
27. On invitation, The American For- 
estry Association joined in the meetings 
through the presence of its many mem- 
bers. 

The close relations between forestry 
and irrigation made the meetings of 
value to those more especially interested 
in the former subject, though the papers 
and discussions aimed primarily at a 
more general understanding and appre- 
ciation of the latter. The scope of this 
work, as described at the Congress by 
G. E. Mitchell, of Washington, D. C., is: 

‘The proper presentation of the prob- 
lem of satisfactorily disposing of the 
grazing lands by the leasing system and 
the securing ofa just and equitable share 
of improvement appropriations for the 
development and improvement of inte- 
rior States along with the seaboard 
SAEs... 

More than two hundred duly accredited 
delegates, from seventeen States and 
Territories, were present at the sessions. 
Ali the Western States were represented, 
and among the more distant States were 
Maryland, West Virginia, South Caro- 
lina and Indiana. Among the repre- 
sentatives from Government Depart- 
ments in the District of Columbia were 
F. H. Newell, Corresponding Secretary 
of the American Forestry Association, 
and Bailey Willis, U. S. Geological Sur- 
vey; J. W. Toumey and Milton Whitney, 
U. S. Department of Agriculture; Judge 
Best and Walter H. Graves, U S. De- 
partment of the Interior; and E. J. 
Glass, U. S. Weather Bureau. 

Nearly ascore of papers were read by 
men prominently identified with the ir- 
rigation interests and general develop- 
ment of arid lands in the West. The 
congress was the most successful one 
held in four years. 

(Further report in next issue.) 


At the special meeting at Columbus, 
Ohio, August 22 and 23, an account of 
which appeared in the September issue 
of Tur Forester, the resolutions pre- 
sented and adopted in the name of The 
American Forestry Association declared 
in favor of— 

1. The creation of an international 
commission, through M. Meline, of 
Paris, to arrange for a Congress of For- 
estry at the Paris Exposition of rgoo. 

2. The purchase and reservation, by 
the State of Ohio, of tracts of timber 
land at the headwaters of the principal 
rivers of the State in order to prevent the 
increasing loss of life and property by 
flood, and for the better preservation of 
a water supply in time of drought. 

3. The establishment of colleges and 
schools of forestry in the various States, 
with as much assistance as possible, in 
encouragement of the work, from the 
Department of Agriculture. 

4. Commending the policy adopted by 
the State of Pennsylvania in the appoint- 
ment of an expert forester to organize 
and conduct the forest interests of the 
State, and to educate its citizens in 
practical forestry. 

5. Urging the suitable presentation of 
the subject of forestry at the meetings of 
teachers’ associations, farmers’ institutes, 
and other similar gatherings, ‘‘to the 
end that the people may be taught to: 
give earnest attention to this much-neg- 
lected, but vitally important interest.” 

6. Extending the thanks of the Asso- 
ciation to the Columbus Horticultural 
Society for the arrangements made for 
the special meeting, and in recognition 
of the work being accomplished by the 
Society. 

The report was signed by W. J. Beal, 
vice president of the association for 
Michigan ; C. E. Bessey, vice president 
for Nebraska, and William R. Lazenby, 
professor of forestry at Ohio State Uni- 
versity. 


238 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


Forest Protection. 


Fires in Nehasane Park. 


The extreme drought in the Adiron- 
dacks during the past summer has been 
almost unprecedented. For months 
practically no rain fell and the surface of 
the ground in the dense forest, which 
usually contains a considerable amount 
of moisture, became thoroughly dry. 
Even the moss in many of the swamps, 
usually saturated with water, was so dry 
as to be readily burned by fire. In con- 
sequence numerous fires were started in 
all parts of the woods, and the methods 
of forest protection employed by the 
State and private owners were put toa 
severe test. Probably no more complete 
organization for forest protection is found 
in the Adirondacks than in Nehasane 
Park, the property of Dr. W. S. Webb, 
in Herkimer and Hamilton counties, New 
York. The park is primarily a game 
preserve and the system of protection 
was devised by Dr. Webb to prevent 
poaching as well as to guard against 
forest fires. 

The park, which covers an area of 
about 40,000 acres, is divided into four 
sections, each watched over by an ex- 
perienced woodsman, who lives at a 
point from which all parts of his section 
can be easily and quickly reached. The 
houses of the rangers are connected by 
telephone and there is an admirable 
system of roads and trails. In case of 
fire in the park, the superintendent, who 
lives at Nehasane station, and the rangers 
are notified by telephone, and all avail- 
able men are called out to extinguish it. 
If it occurs along the railroad which 
traverses the park, the ‘‘ Nehasane Fire 
Service” is put into use. This consists 
of a large tank placed on a flat car to 
which is attached a box freight car. con- 
taining a small engine, used to pump the 
water from the tank, and a complete 
outfit of fire hose, axes and other articles 
used in fighting fire. In case of asevere 
fire along the railroad Dr. Webb is noti- 
fied by telegraph and a locomotive is 


dispatched to draw the ‘“ Fire Service ” 
to the scene. 

During the past season extra men were 
employed to follow each train on 
speeders and to extinguish any fires 
which were set. Some days as many as 
five fires were started by the locomotives 
and immediately extinguished. In sev- 
eral cases, however, the ‘‘ Fire Service” 
had to be called into play, and with its 
aid the fires, which might have proved 
very disastrous, were put out. 

One very severe fire was started in 
September and burned over about four 
acres before it could becontrolled. The 
workmen from the lumber camps on the 
park were called to assist and at one 
time as many as 100 men were fighting 
the fire. Trenches were dug completely 
about it, streams of water were thrown 
by the ‘‘Fire Service,” and sand was 
brought from the railroad track. 

A constant watch was kept on the fire 
after it was once controlled. This meas- 
ure was very necessary, for the fire con- 
tinued to smoulder in the deep duff and 
every now and then burst forth anew. 
Trees were undermined and, as they 
toppled over, scattered sparks in all di- 
rections. Occasionally the fire would 
run up a Birch tree and pieces of burn- 
ing bark would be blown over the 
trenches upon the dry leaves. If con- 
stant vigilance had not been exercised 
in the manner described a considerable 
area would doubtless nave suffered. 


e 


A Bit of Historical Information. 


The awakening interest of lumbermen 
in forest protection is shown by the fol- 
lowing excerpt from a letter to the Divi- 
sion of Forestry from a prominent lum- 
ber firm in Michigan, regarding the 
abuse, rather than the use, of the forest 
wealth of that section. 

That lumbermen themselves speak in 
this vein is sufficient evidence that the 
facts are exactly as stated, and that no 
one can offer in rebuttal any argument 


1899. 


on the score of ‘‘sentimental reasons,”’ 
or ‘‘theorizing opinions” of ‘‘misin- 
formed enthusiasts’’—terms which are 
sometimes applied to those who favor 
forest conservation as opposed to forest 
destruction. The letter reads: 

‘«¢Answering your circular letter of 
July 5, 1899, upon subject of protection 
of forest, we beg to say that positively 
no effort to do this, other than to save 
valuable standing timber when aflame or 
threatened, has ever been made in this 
vicinity. To protect trees too young and 
small for sawing is not thought of. 
Owners of timber simply go on their 
lands and as quickly as possible remove 
timber fit for lumber, with positively no 
thought or care for the life and protec- 
tion of the young trees, or varieties not 
at the time valuable for lumber, leaving 
debris to dry and finally burn, resulting 
in the total destruction of all remaining. 

‘Large areas are now simply scenes 
of desolation. Waste—pure, simple and 
shameful—has characterized the remov- 
al of the forests once here, which were 
magnificent. Many varieties, notably 
Hemlock, Beech, Soft Elm, were left to 
burn, or were destroyed in clearing lands. 
We think it is within the truth to say 
that not over 50 per cent of the possible 
quantity available for man’s use has been 
utilized—the remainder has_ perished. 
Tis true that the demand for the cream 
only, largely accounts for the waste; 
still, splendid interest on the cost of 
protecting, years ago, the timber not 
then valuable, would now be realized, 
as is instanced by the fact that despised 
Soft Elm, the very best of which was 
bringing only $3.00 per M in log, is now 
sought for at from $9.00 to $11.00, and 
the lumber is in demand at $18.00 to 
$28 00, shipping point. Beech would 
not then be accepted at any price in logs. 
The lumber now fetches $10.00 to $15.00. 
The destruction of Michigan forests is 
relieved from the charge of act of van- 
dalism only by the fact that the owners 
did it, and, under the law, could do as 
they wished with their own; but their 
action has deprived posterity of a fine 
heritage.” 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


239 


The Kind of Trees to Plant. 

The example set by Kansas City in 
improving its streets by the construction 
of parallel parkways in which to plant 
shade trees on scientific principles, has 
been followed by other towns through 
Missouri and adjoining States. In reply 
to inquiries, the City Forester of Kan- 
sas City, L. F. Timming, gives the fol- 
lowing observations on his experiments : 

‘¢The tree which ranks first in my es- 
timation as a shade and ornamental tree 
is the Hard Maple, of which there are 
two varieties ; namely, the Sugar Maple 
and the Black Maple, but on account of 
their slow growth I prefer to alternate 
them during the first ten years with some 
faster-growing variety, for example, the 
Soft Maple. Of the Soft Maple we also 
have two varieties, namely the Red Scar- 
let Maple and the White or Silver Maple, 
of which the former is less liable to be- 
come affected by insects than the latter. 
As an all-round shade tree for our city I 
know of none better than the Soft Maple, 
but it requires some training while young 
in order to keep the head in proper bal- 
ance with the trunk If once well de- 
veloped it will stand high winds about as 
well as the average tree, but it is lable 
to be attacked by the treesoc moth, but 
not to any great extent 

‘¢The Sycamore tree has also two vari- 
eties, the Oriental and the Sycamore 
Maple. The Oriental Plane tree is the 
better, and is an imported variety. The 
Sycamore Maple is our common native 
Sycamore, and it belongs to the Maple 
family, and is therefore subject to the 
same natural requirements as the Soft 
Maple. It is a rapid grower and does 
not break as easily as the Soft Maple, 
and is not so liable to be attacked by in- 
sects as the Soft Maple or the Elm. It 
bears transplanting and trimming re- 
markably well. Its drawback is that it 
grows too large for an ordinary street 
tree, and as it becomes full grown the 
bareness of its branches and the con- 
stant shedding of its leaves during the 
summer are its principal objections. 
Deep soil is preferable, but not an es- 
sential.” 


240 


Municipal Care of Trees. 

The Department of Forestry of the 
City of Springfield, Mass., has shown 
commendable energy in the protection 
of trees along streets in that city. The 
City Forester, William F. Gale, has 
lately issued a circular letter saying : 

‘«The cutting of roots of trees being 
one of the most common injuries to which 
shade trees are subject, the Supervisors 
of Highways and Bridges, at the request 
of the City Forester, have instructed the 
employees of the city having the laying 
of walks and the setting of curbings, 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


not to cut the roots of trees without his 
consent. 

‘‘The attention of contractors, exca- 
vators, builders, and all others having 
to do with the laying of walks and grad. 
ing, is called to the order of the Super- 
visors, and they are requested to instruct 
their men that the cutting of roots of 
trees within the highway is woz allowed, 
except as provided above. Section 7 of 
Chapter 54, Public Statutes of this State, 
which forbids the mutilation of trees, 
applies to their roots as much as to any 
other portion of the tree.” 


Forest Fires 


Extensive forest fires throughout the Adiron- 
dacks were not only the cause of some property 
loss, but of much uneasiness to summer resi- 
dents and campers. However, Col. William 
F, Fox, superintendent of State forests, in an 
interview concerning the fires, declared that 
the reports were exaggerated. 

He said the fires were alarming in appear- 
ance, and made much smoke, but that with few 
exceptions no merchantable timber was de- 
stroyed, as the fires in almost every instance 
stopped when they reached a piece of thick 
woods, The most damage to timber was done 
by the fire on top of Black Mountain, Schroon 
Lake, Fulton Chain. The Tupper Lake fire 
threatened the lands of the Cornell College of 
Forestry at Axton, in Franklin County. 

The college professors, with a large body of 
students, fought this fire and kept it out of the 
college forest. They were assisted further by 
some engineers of the State engineer’s office, 
who were busy surveying the lines of the col- 
lege tract. All the lumber and wood pulp 
companies put men at work to save their own 
woods. ‘There were 281 fire wardens at work, 
who receive $2 a day, one-half of which is paid 
by the town in which the fire wardens are put 
to work. Theexpense of paying for this work, 
so far as the State is concerned, will be taken 
out of the $350,000 appropriated this year to 
buy forest lands. 


In New England, the forest fires in South 
Harwich and South Chatham continued with 
unabated energy. One section of fire, which 
threatened to sweep through the entire village 
of South Chatham, was checked by backfires 
and trenching just in time to save the village 
from a general conflagration. The fire wardens 
and their gangs of men came from all direc- 
tions and fought the flames. 

After having been beaten back, the fire soon 
started again in two new forks, one toward the 


of a Month. 


western section of South Harwich and the 
other toward the eastern section of Chatham, 
the former having crossed the railroad track. 
Everything was as dry as tinder, there having 
been no rain for about two months. 

In Arkansas disastrous fires were reported 
in the southern portion of Calhoun County, the 
only hope of relief being a heavy rainfall. 
Fire fighters worked day and night, several 
being prostrated by the heat while at work. 

A large area in the Ouachita Valley was 
devastated, and large herds of stock were 
driven from their pasturage. Considerable 
property of stave-makers in the woods was 
destroyed, 


A great fire was reported in the early part 
of September in the Sierra Madre Mountains. 
southeast of Old Baldy, in Southern Califor- 
nia. The fire started in Stoddard’s Canyon, 
the press reports estimating that at least 40,000 
acres were burned over, some of the trees be- 
ing from four to six feet in diameter and nearly 
200 feet high. 

Forest Superintendent B. F. Allen issued a 
statement denying these claims, and placing 
the area at 3,000 acres, entirely of brush, 


Big Timber, Mont., September 26.—A 
raging forest fire is in progress west of this 
town, on the east side of the Crazy Mountains. 
It is likely that disastrous results will follow to 
some of the ranchers in the Norwegian settle- 
ment, toward which the fire is rapidly approach- 
ing. The fire is between the east fork of the 
Big Timber Creek and Antelope Creek, and 
will in all probability destroy an area of sixty 
square miles of fine timber before it burns out. 
The flames are plainly visible from this town, 
twenty-five miles distant. The whole east side 
of the Crazy range is brilliantly illuminated 
and presents an awe-inspiring spectacle. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 


241 


The Prevention of Forest Fires. 


Three Chapters on a Question of Importance. 


A Letter. 


To the Editor of THE ForeEstER: I en- 
close an article published in the Oakland 
Enquirer a short time ago. You will see 
that, in the absence of expert knowledge, 
this article does not venture upon posi- 
tive assertions, but puts the view of the 
matter taken by the old mountaineers as 
a plausible hypothesis. I would like to 
be informed, either through Tur For- 
ESTER or in some other way, whether the 
government bureau has ever considered 
this aspect of the forest problem in Cal. 
ifornia and, if so, what arguments it re- 
lies on to refute the mountaineers. 

Scientific authority is the best in these 
matters, we all know, and yet the practi- 
cal experience of old-time residents of 
the forest regions cannot be despised, 
and unless these old-timers are seriously 
mistaken in their premises, the Govern- 
ment is incurring a serious risk in the 
Yosemite National Park and in the for- 
est reserves, by excluding all fires, in- 
stead of letting fires run through the for- 
ests periodically, thereby destroying the 
undergrowth and, more particularly, the 
accumulation of dead trees, leaves and 
branches. 


A Clipping. 


Aside from the stockmen who would 
be glad to browse their flocks and herds 
upon the national domain, every one in 
the forest regions of California indorses 
the policy of maintaining national parks 
and forest reserves. But it is hard to 
find in the region of the California re- 
serves a single settler or landowner who 
believes that the present plan of forest 
protection will bring forth good results 
in the long run. 

The great point of difference is the 
extinguishment of forest fires. During 
the summer the efforts of the Govern- 
ment foresters are devoted to preventing 
fires and to extinguishing them when 
they do occur, the object being, of 


course, the praiseworthy one of saving 
the forests from destruction. But in the 
judgment of the settlers, while this seems 
wise for the time being, the ultimate 
effects are likely to be bad, for the rea- 
son that there will be such a growth of 
underbrush and such an accumulation 
of forest debris that sooner or later there 
will come fires with which no human ex- 
ertion can cope. And then the forests 
will go up in one mighty blaze. 

In the view of the settlers, California, 
with its rainless summers, calls for a dif- 
ferent method of forest preservation from 
that which would be judicious in more 
moist climates. They say that the true 
method is to burn over the forests every 
summer, whereby the fires would be 
made so light that the trees would suffer 
no injury, and great fires capable of de- 
stroying a whole forest will be prevented. 
This is exactly what the Indians used to 
do, the settlers argue, and wholesale de- 
struction of forests in their time was un- 
known. So firmly rooted is this convic- 
tion among settlers and forest owners in 
the Sierra region of California that on 
some occasions private owners have re- 
fused assistance to put out fires on tim- 
ber lands owned by them, because they 
wanted them burned over as a measure 
of safety. 

The idea that the Indians were better 
foresters than the scientific experts of 
the present day seems a peculiar one, 
but it 1s seriously maintained by many 
intelligent people.—Zditorial, Oakland 
Enquirer. 


e 


A Comment. 


(By the Superintendent of Working Plans, 
Division of Forestry.) 

California is not the only State in 
which the annual burning of the forest is 
considered among the residents the best 
method of protecting the timber from 
heavy fires. In certain sections of the 
East, notably in the Atlantic Pine belt, 


242 


many owners of timberland make it a 
practice to burn over their land every 
spring soon after the snow melts and 
before the surface of the ground has be- 
come so dry that light fires cannot be 
kept under control. The object of this 
annual burning is to destroy the layer of 
leaves, twigs, etc., which has accumu- 
lated on the ground during the previous 
year. If the work is done soon after 
the snow melts, the ground is somewhat 
moist so that the fire burns slowly and 
can be kept under perfect control. The 
season of growth has not fairly started 
at this time and the fire is less liable to 
injure the timber than if the burning 
were done after the sap had begun to run. 

Most land owners who treat their for- 
ests in this manner burn the entire area, 
merely with the view of protecting the 
standing timber. In ¢his they are suc- 
cessful, but at the same time a large 
amount of young growth is destroyed. 
If the owner of an open Pine forest 
wishes merely to save the standing tim- 
ber without regard to the future value of 
the land, no better plan can be recom- 
mended than to burn the area every year 
in the manner just described. The ulti- 
mate effect on the forest is, however, 
disastrous 

The effect of repeated fires on the 
productive power of forest land was 
studied in Southern New Jersey in 1897 
by Gifford Pinchot, the results of whose 
investigations have been published by 
the New Jersey Geological Survey. In 
this report it is shown that repeated 
fires, combined with steady cutting of 
merchantable timber, reduce the forest 
so completely that the land is practically 
worthless. Many figures are given to 
show that burned areas in New Jersey 
are producing not more than one-sixth 
of the amount of wood they might have 
yielded, and that the quality of the pro- 
duct is vastly inferior to what would 
have grown on unburned land. It is 
shown also that even this small amount 
of timber would not have grown were it 
not for the marvelous power of the 
Pitch Pine to resist fire and to sprout 
after the trees were killed back. 


THE FORESTER. 


October, 


Careful observers in the Sierras re- 
port that there were formerly many 
open parks and meadows which, since 
the occupancy of the country by the 
whites, have been covered with forest 
trees. Knowing as we do that in former 
times the Indians burned the forest reg- 
ularly, the inference must be drawn that 
these openings were caused by fire; in 
other words, that the forest was gradu- 
ally becoming less dense in burned sec- 
tions and, on the edge of the timber 
belt, was probably gradually retreating 
from the prairies. It is obvious that if 
the young growth is constantly de- 
stroyed by fire, there will be no trees to 
replace the old specimens which die or 
are cut down. 

In advocating the annual burning of 
the California forests the mountaineers 
are considering only the protection of 
the standing timber and are ignoring the 
future production for coming genera- 
tions. <A private owner may be justified 
in pursuing such a policy, but the Gov- 
ernment or State must make provision 
for the future as well as for the present. 
A measure which destroys the founda- 
tion of the future forests must not be 
thought of for a moment on Federal 
lands, and some different method of 
protecting the forest from fire must be 
devised. 

The mountaineers are entirely right in 
stating that the material, which accumu- 
lates on the ground where the land is 
not burned, makes a very hot fire, and 
that the danger would be lessened if 
there were areas where there is no in- 
flammable material. No intelligent man 
would, however, advocate indiscriminate 
burning without a force of men to con- 


trol the fire. 


If burning were resorted to at all asa 
protection against heavy fires, it should 
be confined to areas where there is no 
valuable young growth; but our belief is 
that it would be possible to organize a 
system of forest police which would be 
effective in protecting the standing tim- 
ber as well as the young growth. 

HS.) GRAVES, 
Washington, D, C. 


1899. 


fiber ORESTER. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 
Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 
THE ForeEsTEx is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon. James WItson, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 


No. 117 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


The mission of THE Forester has been, 
and will be, to advance the interests of 
scientific forestry and related subjects in every 
practicable way. One of these ways, and an 
important one, it believes, is to afford through 
its pages ample opportunity for an intelligent 
discussion of the problems involved, though 
not accepting responsibility for the views ex- 
pressed by others, Even fair-minded men 
may oppose when they do not know the whole 
truth ; but when opportunity is given for learn- 
ing the facts, THe Forester will have confi- 
dence in the decision of its readers, 


‘‘Prompt action” is the watchword of the 
Minnesota Nationaal Park and Forestry Asso- 
sociation, to secure the reservation of valuable 
lands in the northern part of that State as ‘‘a 
park for the people.” And with such experi- 
enced leaders and successful business men in 
charge of the project, there is the hope of great 
things resulting from the present trip of Con- 
gressmen and public-spirited citizens to inspect 
the country. 

The general approval of the plan could not be 
evidenced more clearly than by the thorough 
agreement of the daily press and the lumber 
journals on the point of the advisability of the 
new reserve. Of the articles included in the 
symposium in this issue, the first is taken from 

the St. Louis Luméerman and the second from 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


224 


the Chicago Record, while the third expresses 
the views of the Chicago /uter-Ocean. 


For the diffusion of general and particular 
knowledge regarding the achievements of the 
United States in every branch of science re- 
lating to agriculture, including forestry, during 
the nineteenth century, the 1899 year-book of 
the Department of Agriculture will be ex- 
tremely valuable. One of the first thoughts 
in arranging the scope of the coming volume has 
been its distribution at the Paris Exposition. 

The Division of Forestry will contribute a 
short history of forestry in the United States, 
and also an account of the efforts of private 
land-owners to apply the principles of forestry. 
More has been done in this direction than is 
generally supposed, The owners of wood- 
lands in many instances have handled their 
wood crops with prudence, and have shown 
the desire and the ability to preserve the forest 
without ceasing to use it, and farmers in the 
treeless districts have improved the agricul- 
tural resources of their lands by tree planting. 

Where private owners have utilized mer- 
chantable timber without injuring its product- 
ive power, and to establish new forests, there 
has been the intention and idea of true for- 
estry. In the Spruce lands of the Northwest 
small trees have been left standing, so that a 
second cropis assured, In New England White 
Pine has been planted in waste places with 
encouraging results, and the same can be said 
of Larch in Massachusetts. In the treeless 
States of the West, the Osage Orange, the 
Catalpa, Maple, Elm, Box Elder, Scotch Pine 
and Norway Spruce have acted spendidly as 


windbreaks, and along the banks of the streams 
the planting of trees has done good service in 
fixing eroding soil, preventing the increase 
of floods, checking excessive surface drainage, 
arresting the formation of gullies, and other- 
wise conserving the fertility of the soil. 

It is desired to secure from the public at 
large such information as will be pertinent to 
a complete review of the forest interests of the 
United States. Any one who has practiced 
forestry, on whatever scale, will be supplied 
with full information by communicating with 
the Division of Forestry. 


The press of news matter has necessitated the 
insertion of seyeral additional pages in this 
issue, and the withholding of two valuable 
papers intended for this issue, which will ap- 
pear next month. 

4 


THE FORESTER: 


CHIPS. ANDICLIPS: 


The importation of wood pulp into 
Italy is greatly on the increase. 


A Vancouver timber merchant has 
just made the first importation of Aus- 
tralian hardwood into British Columbia. 


John Crowe, a forest ranger in the 
Rat Portage District of Ontario, was re- 
cently drowned in the Mimikon River 
in that province. 


One and one-quarter million square 
miles is the estimate of the timber area 
of Canada, as given by the U. S. consul 
general at Montreal. 


One of the most valuable timber trees 
in the great Northwest, the Red Cedar, 
grows to a maximum height of 300 feet 
and a diameter of 14 feet. 


Norway supplied Great Britain with 
twice as much ground wood pulp last 
year as the United States, Canada, Swe- 
den and Holland combined. 


Immense Spruce forests will be opened 
to commercial development by the ex- 
tension of the Atlantic & Lake Supe- 
rior Railway to Gaspe Basin, Quebec. 


Paper shingles have been introduced 
into Japan by an enterprising Tokyo 
firm as substitutes for the wooden article. 
The new idea is a slab of thick-tarred 
pasteboard, more easily managed than 
ordinary shingles and costing only half 
as much. 


Some historical trees have lately come 
into the New York lumber market from 
the Wilderness battlefield of the Civil 
War. The bills of lading showed that 
the trees had been felled and the lumber 
sawed there. In some of the planks 
the minie balls can be seen plainly, 
the wood directly adjacent to the bullets 
being discolored or rotten, but not 
enough to damage the lumber. 


While the display of forest products 
which Canada will send to the Paris 
Exposition of r1goo will include every- 
thing from the tree to the semi-finished 
product, it is the intention of the special 
commissioner to give attention also to 
recent exports of wood manufactures. 


A bureau of forestry has been estab- 
lished in connection with the Canadian 
Department of Interior, and has been 
placed in charge of Elihu Stewart, for- 
mer mayor of Collingwood, a Dominion 
land surveyor, who has made a special 
study of the various woods of that sec- 
tion during the past twenty years, and 
has often acted as arbitrator in forest 
matters. 


The possibilities of a lucrative export 
trade in Tamarack between Canada and 
Great Britain received something of a 
setback in this reply from the Imperial 
Institute of London in answer to inqui- 
ries from the Dominion: ‘‘Gum of any 
kind is practically unknown in England, 
gum-chewers being confined to Canada 
and the United States.” But there is 
said to be a good demand for tamarack 
for medicinal purposes, so that some 
samples will go abroad at any rate. 


The portion of the State of Washing- 
ton west of the summit of the Cascade 
range is covered with the heaviest con- 
tinuous belt of forest growth in the 
United States. This forest extends over 
the slopes of the Cascade and Coast 
ranges, and occupies the entire drift 
plain surrounding the waters of Puget 
Sound. Excepting the highest moun- 
tain peaks and the sand dunes of the 
coast, which are treeless, the valleys of 
the Cowlitz and Chehalis Rivers, which 
are dotted with small Oaks and other 
deciduous trees, and the stunted Yellow 
Pines occupying with open growth the 
barren Steilacoom plain, all of western 
Washington is covered with a magnifi- 
cent forest. 


1899. 


The Almighty Dollar. 


The need of eternal vigilance in pro- 
tecting the forest reserves of the Na- 
tional Government is emphasized by the 
conduct of certain logging and milling 
companies in Western Washington. 
When the reserves were set apart under 
the Cleveland Administration, it was pro- 

vided that the owners of timber lands 
within the limits could deed them to the 
Government and receive in return an 
equal acreage of good standing timber 
elsewhere. Officials who have been in- 
vestigating the matter find that the com- 
panies have practically denuded the land, 
which they now wish to exchange for well- 
wooded tracts. As there was nothing 
said in the law about cutting off the 
growth before the transfer, it appears 
that the lumbermen have succeeded in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


24.5 


their sharp practice as far as they have 
gone. The prevention of further despoil- 
ment is the least the Government can 
do.—Buffalo (NV. V.) Express. 


In Enlightened Africa. 


The Congo Free State has issued a 
decree intended to prevent the extinc- 
tion of the india-rubber tree in that 
country. The law provides that not less 
than 150 trees shall be planted for every 
ton of rubber yielded annually. The 
gathering of rubber, except through in- 
cisions in the bark, has been prohibited 
for some time past, but the law has not 
been strictly enforced. Hereafter viola- 
tions will be subject to the infliction of 
a fine not exceeding $2,000, or by a term 
of imprisonment. 


Recent Publications. 


For more than a year the Division of For- 
estry has been engaged in giving practical 
advice and assistance to private owners in 
conservative methods of handling their wood- 
lands. An account of the first important 
work along this line is about to be published 
in Bulletin No. 26, entitled ‘‘ Practical Fores- 
try in the Adirondacks,” by Henry S. Graves. 
The publication is important as containing a 
description of the first successful attempt at 
systematic forest management on a large scale 
in the Adirondacks. The work described con- 
sisted in the preparation and the actual carry- 
ing out of a forest working-plan in Nehasane 
Park, of 40,000 acres in Hamilton and Herki- 
mer counties, New York, owned by Dr, W. 
Seward Webb, and on an adjoining tract of 68,- 
000 acres, owned by Hon. William C, Whitney. 

Mr. Graves discusses at length the problem 
of Forestry in the Adirondacks, and shows 
what lines of work are practicable at the pres- 
ent time on the above mentioned tracts, as 
well as what could be done in the way of For- 


estry by the State of New York, were the cut- 
ting of timber on State land not prohibited. 


In considering the problem of forest man-_ 


agement by the State, Mr. Graves says: ‘‘ The 
chief purpose of the State in maintaining large 
preserves is to protect the important water- 


sheds and to provide a future supply of tim 
ber. The revenue which could be derived 
from the sale of lumber is a secondary consid- 
eration. The State can go further than the 
individual in the direction of systematic for- 
estry, for it can afford to make investments 
with the expectation of but small profits, or it 
can wait many years before realizing anything 
at all. Moreover it may be satisfied with indi- 
rect returns in the general benefit to the com- 
munity. ‘The New York State holdings in the 
Adirondacks now exceed 1,000,000 acres, and 
are being increased as fast as appropriations 
can be obtained for the purpose. 

‘“ At present the constitution of New York 
prohibits the cutting of timber on State land, 
so that its management consists only in pro- 
tecting the forest from fire and theft. But un- 
doubtedly the constitution will in time be 
changed so as to permit conservative lumber- 
ing on the State preserve. Werethis possible, 
the system of management which would be 
practical at the present time would necessarily 
be very simple, and would not differ to any 
great degree from that which can now be used 
by lumbermen and other private owners. The 
general plan for cutting Spruce should be the 
same as that presented in the working plan 
given in this report, namely, to remove the old 
timber above a certain diameter and, where 
necessary, to leave selected trees above this 
size for seed. In this working-plan ten inches 
at three feet from the ground has been made 
the average minimum limit for cutting. The 
State of New York, however, could afford to 


246 


leave all trees under twelve, and if necessary, 
all under fourteen inches in diameter ; in other 
words, to leave a larger amount of money in- 
vested in the forest than the private owner. 

‘The State of New York could further carry 
on thinnings, for the improvement of the trees 
left standing, rather than profit from the sale 
of the timber. Thus the removal of many 
one-log Spruce trees, six to ten inches in diam- 
eter, which are usually eft standing by the 
lumbermen, would benefit the forest to a con- 
siderable extent by giving more growing space 
and light to the trees wsich remain. In the 
same way smalltrees, which could be used for 
pulp, often stand in dense thickets, and a thin- 
ning of one-fifth or more of the crop would en- 
able the remainder to grow much more rapidly. 
If a contractor were obliged to cut these trees 
he would undoubtedly raise his contract price. 
The State of New York could pay this price 
for the benefit of the forest. But at present 
most private individuals could not afford to 
make such an investment. Under certain cir- 
cumstances the State could probably girdle 
some of the large, crooked hardwoods which 
are crowding small Spruces and Pines, or if 
necessary, cut them down; but for a lumber- 
man in the Adirondacks such work would not 
be profitable at the present time. 

‘““The State would have a special advantage 
over the private owner in being able to enforce 
stricter regulations on the contractors in re- 
gard to the careful construction of roads, 
sparing the small growth in felling timber, in 
building skidways, bridges, etc., and lopping 
the branches from the tops as a_ protection 
against fire. The lumberman can carry out 
these regulations only so far as they do not to 
any great extent affect the cost of logging. 
Moreover, the State could employ a much 
larger force of experts to superintend the 
marking of timber and to watch the work of 
the contractors, or, in other words, could take 
better care of the forest than the private indi- 
vidual,” 

Referring to the private owner the author 
says: ‘‘The only reason for lumbermen and 
most private owners to adopt forestry is the 
financial one, Private individuals and clubs to 
whom the income from the forest is less im- 
portant than its preservation are in the same 
position as the State. But lumbermen have 
invested their money in forest land or stumpage 
as a business matter, and, unless the ultimate 
returns are greater from forest management 
than from the ordinary methods of lumbering, 
they cannot be expected to consider it at all. 
* # * Hitherto many lumbermen, who 
have looked up the matter of forestry, have 
not adopted it because they have been unable 
to make a compromise with the foresters. 
Either they have wished to strip the land, or 
the foresters have insisted upon certain meas- 
ures which the lumbermen could not afford. 

‘“‘Every plan of forest management in this 
country must be in a measure a compromise 


THE ‘FORES@ER: 


between the owner of the forest and the forester, 
The former must consent to leave a certain 
amount of capital invested in the forest in the 
form of growing wood, and obtain his returns 
from merchantable timber after the necessary 
period of growth has passed, or from the in- | 
creased valueoftheland. The forester,in turn, 
must give up certain operations which would 
benefit the forest.” 

And again: ‘'The object of the forester is 
to obtain for the owner a large revenue from | 
the timber, but at the same time to leave the | 
forest in a condition.to produce a second crop 
in a comparatively short time, and to reseed 
the openings made in lumbering with young 
growth of valuable species.” 


The general plan forcutting Spruce, asrecom- | 
mended in the working plan and as actually | 
carried out on the two preserves under consid- | 
eration, was to remove all trees ten inches and | 
over in diameter, with the exception of such 
specimens as should be needed for seed. The 
plan of work advocated was accepted by the 
lumbermen, and during the first year, fifteen 
lumber camps were operated and 9,783 acres 
were lumbered for Spruce and Pine. 

The publication contains a detailed descrip- 
tion of the forest on the two tracts under 
consideration and a study of the habit, growth 
and production of the Spruce. Mr. Graves 
has drawn freely from the material contained 
in the ‘‘Adirondack Spruce,” by Gifford Pin- 
chot, quoting a certain amount of descriptive 
matter and a considerable number of tables. 
The yield tables have, however, been recon- 
structed, and have been simplified to make 
them more easily handled in predicting the 
amount of future crops. 

The most instructive chapter in the book is 
probably that which discusses the loss incurred 
by ordinary methods of lumbering. By meas- 
urements taken in the woods, it is shown that 
the loss occasioned by cutting unnecessarily 
high stumps amounts to two per cent of the 
total product, Similarly the author shows that 
a considerable loss is occasioned by the un- 
necessary use of Spruce for skidways and by - 
leaving large tops in the woods. | 

Throughout the book the author’s state- 
ments are supported by numerous photographs, 
which add interest to the publication. The 
practical character of the book and the straight- 
forward way in which it is written will make it 
sought for by all interested in conservative 
methods of handling timber lands in any part 
of the country. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


OXGANIZED ApRIL, 1882. 


INCORPORATED JANUARY, 1897. 


OFFICERS FOR 1899. 


President. 
Hon, JAmMEs WItson, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President, Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNow. F. H. NEwELL, 
Recording Secretary and Treasurer, 
GrorGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Directors, 

JAmeEs WILSON. CHARLES C, BINNEy, 

B. E, FERNow. HENRY GANNETT, 
GrorGE W. McLAMNAHAN, 


EDWARD A. Bowers. 
ARNOLD HAGUE. 
GIFFORD PINCHOT, 


FREDERICK V. COVILLE, 
F, H. NEwELL, 
GEORGE P, WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents, 


Sir H.G. JoLy DE LOTBINIERE, Pointe Platon, Wo. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 
Quebec. JOHN GiFFoRD, Princeton, N. J. 

CHARLEs C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. Epwarp F. Hosart, Santa Fe, N. M. 

CHARLES Mour, Mobile, Ala, WarreEN Hictey, New York, N, Y, 

D. M. Riorpan, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. Hoimes, Raleigh, N. C. 

Tuomas C. McRag, Prescott, Ark. W. W. Barrett, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 


Assotr KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. 
E. T. Ensicn, Colorado Springs, Colo. 
Rospert Brown, New Haven, Conn, 


REUBEN H. Warper, North Bend, Ohio 
WituiaM T. Litt ez, Perry, Okla. 
E. W. Hammonp, Wimer, Ore. 


Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. 

A. V. Ciusss, Pensacola, Fla. 

R. B. RepparD, Savannah, Ga. 

J. M. Coutrer, Chicago, Il. 

James Troop, Lafayette, Ind. 

Tuos. H. MacBripg, Iowa City, lowa, 
J. S. Emery, Lawrence, Kans. 

Joun R. Procror, Frankfort, Ky. 
Lewis JoHnson, New Orleans, La. 
Joun W. Gaxrert, Baltimore, Md. 
Joun E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. 
J. D. W. Frencu, Boston, Mass. ; 
W. J. Beat, Agricultural College, Mich. 
C. C. ANDREWS, St. Paul, Minn. 
Wi.uiAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. 
CHARLES E. Bessey, Lincoln, Neb. 


J. T. RorHrock, West Chester, Pa. 
H. G. RussE.u, E. Greenwich, R. I. 
H. A. GREEN, Chester, S. C. 

Tuomas T, WricutT, Nashville, Tenn. 
W. GoopricH Jones, Temple, Texas. 
C, A. WuiTING, Salt Lake, Utah. 
REDFIELD Proctor, Proctor, Vt. 

D. O. Noursg, Blacksburg, Va, 
EDMUND S. MEany, Seattle, Wash. 

A. D. Horxins, Morgantown, W., Va, 
H. C. Putnam, Eau Claire, Wis. 
Etwoop Mean, Cheyenne, Wyo. 
Grorce W. McLAnauan, Washington, D,C 
Joun Craic, Ottawa, Ont, 

Wm. Littie, Montreal, Quebec. 
Lieut. H. W. Frencu, Manila, P. I. 


The object of this Association is to promote : 
1. A more rational and conservative treatment of the forest resources of this continent. 
2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to promote 
this object. 
3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and renewal of 
forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper utilization of forest 
products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate subjects of arboriculture, 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, as well as 
are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth. 


THE FORESTER. 


BEREA COLLEGE, 


BEREA, KENTUCKY. 
A YEAR'S WORK IN FORESTRY IS OFFERED. 


Local Forest Growth Affords Fine Facilities for Study. 


Excellent Advantages at Moderate Expense. 
66g1 ‘Er raquisydag susdg way [ey 


LINCOLN HALL, BEREA COLLEGE. 


re HORTICULTURE “Stns 


For full information address 
S. C. MASON, M. Sc., 
Professor of Horticulture and Forestry. 


P.R. NER PE 


Consulting Forester, 


Mahwah, N. J. 


Kindly mention THE ForeEsTER 10 writing, 


‘Valuable . . . cannot fail to be of the ‘““The sections are marvels of mechanical 
greatest practical assistance.’”—Revzew of dexterity . . . most interesting.”—NMVew 
Reviews. York Times. 


HOUGH'S “AMERICAN WOODS.” 


PUBLICATION on the trees of the 

United States illustrated by actual 
specimens of the woods, showing three 
distinct views of the grain of each spe- 
cies, with full explanatory text. (Sav- 
ples of the specimens used, 10 cents.) 
““Exceedingly valuable for study. A 
work where plant life does the writing 
and no one can read without thinking.”’— 
G. A. ParKker,-Hartford, Conn. 

“Most valuable and the price reason- 
able.” —Prof. C. E. Bessry, Lincoln, Neb. 
Preparations of Woods for Sti reup= 

ticon and Microscope. 
Wooden Cross-Section Cards for fancy 
and business purposes. (Samples free.) 
Views of Typical Trees showing habits of 
growth, Write for circulars, addressing 


R. B. HOUGH. 
10 Collins St., Lowville, N. Y. 


PREPARATIONS OF WOODS FOR STEKEOPTICON AND MICROSCOPIC 
VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES, WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS. 


C. P, HANCOCK 


AZ 


— @& 


High-Class Designs and 
Illustrations 
Half Tone and Line 


Engraving 
Brass and Metal Signs 
Rubber Stamps 


TENTH STREET AND PENNA. AVENUE, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Kindly mention THE ForesTER in writing. 


THE -PORESTER: 


After looking through this issue, write us, 


if you are cot already a member of... 


The American Forestry Association 


We would like to tell you why you should be. 


aia oY f 


Rare 


! 


SHE WASSBLIND: 


A blindness comes to me now and then. 


I have it 
It is quecer—I can see your eyes but not your nose. 
I can’t read because some of the letters are blurred; dark 
spots cover them; it is very uncomfortable. 


I know all about it ; 1¢3 DYSPE PSI Wealcesone 
of these; it will cure you in ten minutes, ~ 
What is it ? 


‘A Ripans Tabule. 


W ANTED.-— A case of bad health that R'I-P’A'N'8 will not benefit. They banish pain end prolong life, 

One gives relief. Note the word R'I-P’A‘N’S on the package and accept no substitute. RP AN’S, 
10 for5 cents or twelve packets fur 48 cents, may be had at any drug store. T on samples and one thou 
sanil testimonials will be mailed to any address for 5 cents, forwarded to the Ripans Chemical Co., 
lu S;ruce St., New York. 


now. 


e 
i 


Kindly mention THE ForesTeEr in writing. 


FUREOID AND WATER SUrELY, 


You. V. NOVEMBER, 1899. No. 11. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


devoted to the care and use of 
_ forests and forest trees and 


ae 
TL acgantinl KW 


The American Forestry Association. 


i: 
ii 
a 
i 

by 


PUBLISHED BY 


Price 10 Cents. $1.00 a Year. 


COPYRIGHT, 1899, BY THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Entered at the Post Office in Washington, D. C., as second class matter. 


| ARIZONA | Ne IN THE WOODS 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


A TyricaL Forrest ScENE IN WESTERN WASHINGTON............... Ti Frontispiece. _ 
‘a 
THE Errect oF ForESTS ON WATER SUPPLY..............0s0e00+ Reece clk a ee EIT 247 


A Paper Read at the Summer Meeting. 

(Number Seven of the Series.) 

1.—Investigations Regarding Rainfall and Percolation. 
NATURAL REPRODUCTION OF FORESTS IN KENTUCKY..........0.c0cceceeeeees Pair nae Re AG 251 q 

A Paper Read at a Special Meeting at Columbus. F 

(Number One of the Series.) 


SEconD GROWTH PINE VS. AGRICULTURE..........0ececceceeeeeeees ‘tates Se pl oe 255 @ 
RELATION OF FORESTRY TO COMMERCE 20 0U cand AU UU Oa in, anon dante 256 
SHEEP GRAZING IN) ARIZONA( (0007/50 Cc UN ee ace ay ier cl een a ano nd Se eM 257 


Second Paper on its Effect on Forest Reserves. 


BOREST PRBS. ohio. (lawn evinced sss cul cok oroemaa seer ae at cy SUVs Saat tiy Lanne eee SNe 259 q 
California. Texas. Maryland. Pennsylvania. West Nicci: q 


POREST PROTECTION Ce iwi. eet ese Pa ge ruCOR CANA PN SE CO AC 260 4 
Protecting the Public Domain. A Fair Prophecy. 4 
On Congressional Recognition. An Important Decision. 


In THE Woops OF MINNESOTA.........000c00000 A oa I wae 267 Oe 
Some Considerations in Favor of the Proposed National Park. 
By the Forester of the Vanderbilt Forest, Biltmore, N. C. 
IDISPELLING ‘AN ILLUSIONS ove nos: doce ek eee CANO SE eNOS Maa OSL 264 
Bor tHE Maynsty ior THE FOREST 2.02 ele eens sus oe seskundens cantata ae on eee 265 4 
THE FORESTS OF THE NATION. (:.0200. OCUMUM i sna ashi Ae eine LES A Seu aia UM ae 266 
Annual Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office. 
(From the Advance Sheets.) 
PED ULORTAT. INO UNAS ena ea EPA He Ap ENKEI MAUL ANNE LQ eh 267 
The Christmas Number. | 
New Subscribers and Members. 
National Parks for the People. . 
Chips and Clips—News Items. A Valuable Wood. 


Nuts for Planting. As Others See Us. 
Wood Paving in Parks. Philadelphia’s Innovation. 
The Tree-Surgeon’s Work. Plain Talk from Oregon. 
RECENT PUBLICATIONS........ esee cass iveeaesnmebeeidgsee Sete cmmitdes EOE Rus Se EME aE Sadaiah eaMly one a 


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THE FORESTER 


NOVEMBER, 


+ 1899. 


Effect of Forests on Water Supply. 


Being a Paper Read at the Summer Meeting, Los Angeles, Cal., 1899. 


I.—INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING RAINFALL 


AND PERCOLATION AS RELATING ‘TO 


WATER SUPPLY THROUGH FOREST INFLUENCES. 


The waters of the earth derive their 
existence from the heavens above and have 
no other source. This is the fundamental 
principle underlying all discussions on 
water-supply. There is no spontaneous 
process of production, no water manufac- 
tory in the recesses of the earth, no source 
but the clouds. 

Forests interpose between earth and sky 
and become factors in the engineering 
problems of water-supply. Their action 
is in the direction of increasing precipita- 
tion, decreasing evaporation, and modify- 
ing floods. It is proposed in this paper to 
review some of the more salient relations 
between forests and water. 

Many meteorological stations in connec- 
tion with forestry have been established in 
France, in Germany, in India and else- 
where. In this country the subject has 
also received attention, but on a more 
limited scale. It is an unfortunate fact 
in regard to all subjects connected with 
rainfall that systematic observations must 
have been conducted over a long series of 
years—at least thirty-five—ain order to 
obtain data upon which to predicate posi- 
tive results. 

The records of a few years may be, and 
frequently are, very misleading. The 
secular meteorological changes tend to 
move in cycles of wet periods and drouth. 
No conclusions can safely be accepted that 
are not based on records extending suth- 


ciently back into the past to embrace and 
give full weight to these cycles. 

The records of precipitation at Phila- 
delphia extend back to 1825. Charting 
the precipitations gives a wave-like curve 
descending very low in 1825 but with its 
sinuosities all well above that point until 
1881, when the minimum precipitation of 
1825 was again closely approached. The 
period of extreme low precipitation was 
fifty-six years. The years of maximum 
precipitation were 1841 and: D607 5. tte 
period being twenty-six years 

Taking the total of sixty- four years and 
averaging the annual rainfall by periods 
of four, eight, sixteen and thirty-two years 
we get the following results: The averages 
by four years run from 22 per cent. low, 
to 19 per cent. high—as compared with the 
average for the entire period of sixty-four 
years. Theeight-year groupings gave re- 
sults from 11 per cent. low, to I1 per 
cent. higli—and the thirty-two-yez 2 per 
cent. low, to 2 per cent. high. 

Analyzing the recorded rainfall at Los 
Angeles for the past twenty-seven years 
and averaging by periods of five years 
gives results ranging from 35 per cent. 
below to 16 per cent. above the average 
seasonal rainfall for the entire period of 
twenty-seven years. The extreme low 
points of the Los Angeles precipitation 
curve are twenty-two years apart, being 
from the season of 1876-77 to 1898-99. 


248 THE FORESTER. 


The fluctuations to which the average 
annual rainfall is subject have been very 
exhaustively discussed by Mr. Binnie, M. 
Inst. C.E., in a paper read before the In- 
stitution of Civil Engineers, London, in 
1892. 

From close analysis of records, of forty- 
two stations in various parts of the world, 
covering periods of from fifty to ninety- 
seven years, he drew the following conclu- 
sions: 

That for records of five yearsthe probable 
error in averages ranged from minus 16 per 
cent. to plus 17 per cent., the limits of 
error decreasing to minus 2 per cent. and 
plus 2 per cent. for periods of 30 years and 
over. And that the least number of years 
the continuous records of which would 
give an average annual fall that would not 
be materially altered by extending the rec- 
ord, would be thirty-five years. He also 
concluded that dependence could be placed 
on any good record of that duration to give 
an average rainfall correct within two per 
cent. 

These examples will serve to illustrate 
the uncertainty attached to any deductions 
based on rainfall records of short duration. 
Asa case directly to the point we have 
certain French observations made about 
sixty miles south of Paris. The observa- 
tions for. one year gave the precipitation 
over woods as 33 per cent. in excess of 
that over open ground. Three years con- 
tinuous Sasenmciene changed this to 2 per 
cent. 

Long records for forest purposes are 
rare. ‘Lhe necessity for long records is but 
one of the many obstacles in the way of ar- 
riving at absolute comparisons between 
precipitation over woods and open grounds. 
Even after sufficient time shall have elapsed 
to reduce this particular trouble to a mini- 
mum, there will still remain the errors in- 
herent to measuring rainfall and the diffi- 
culty of obtaining two locations, the one 
wooded and the other bare, whose condi- 
tions are absolutely comparable. 

Rain-gauges are not instruments of pre- 
cision, yet no conclusions.can be more ac- 
curate than the data upon which they are 
based. The gauges record all that falls 
within them, Ban except in still weather 


November, 


and with gentle rains, they do not inter- 
cept all that they should. Some very in- 
teresting and instructive data upon this 
subject has been published by the U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. It is shown 
that with the common unprotected gauge 
very large errors sometimes occur. It has 
also been shown that the decrease in catch 
of gauges raised above the ground form- 
er ly believed to have been due to height, 
is in reality due to increased freedom of 
wind action. 

There is also another and perhaps even 
greater element of uncertainty attendant 
upon rain-gauging, viz.: The smallness 
of the actual collecting area of a gauge 
and the comparative immensity of the area 
of the country to which its readings are 
applied. With a ten-inch gauge to every 
four square (and this is a distribution far 
above the average), the ratio of area 
would be as about 200,000,000 to 1. At 
Rothamsted, in England, there is a rain 
gauge with anarea of one thousandth of an 
acre. The catch on this gauge from 1853 
to 1880 was about nine and eight-tenth 
per cent. more than the catch in an adja- 
cent five-inch gauge. The ratio of their 
respective catchment areas is as 320 to I. 
Now, if this ratio of area gave a variation 
of nearly ten per cent., we must not rely 
too implicitly on the results shown by ap- 
plying the readings of a gauge to an area 
of country several hundred millions times 
the area of the gauge. The rain-gauge is 
an invaluable instrument, but to fully 
profit by its readings we must recognize, 
as with other instruments, its limitations 
and surroundings. 

All these various difficulties considered, 
we are not warranted in hoping for any 
decisive direct quantitative comparison be- 
tween the rainfall over wooded and open 
grounds similarly situated and exposed. 
However, while lacking in direct proof of 
this point, we do not know from the 
records of the various forest stations that 
woods reduce temperature and increase 
the humidity of the air, and, therefore, 
must to some extent increase precipitation. 

The efficiency of foliage in mechan- 
ically arresting and condensing moisture 1s 
well known. If there are doubts, a walk 


1899. 


through underbrush on a misty morning 
will carry conviction to the most sceptical. 
A notable instance of the economic value 
of this feature of vegetation is to be seen 
at Ascension—a place that I visited in 
1879. 

It is a volcanic island lying a few de- 
grees south of the equator and about mid- 
way between Africa and South America. 
It has an area of 30 to 40 square miles and 
is used as a naval station by the British 
Government. The water supply is ob- 
tained from near the summit of Green 
Mountain, so named from the fact of its be- 
ing about the only green spot visible on the 
island. The summit elevation is about 
2,500 feet above the sea, and its green cap 
of vegetation is maintained by the almost 
constant drip from trees and rocks of the 
moisture mechanically collected from 
clouds and fogs, eked out by light passing 
showers. 

That the drip from trees should play so 
prominent a part in a domestic water 
supply is very satisfactory testimony to the 
efficiency of woods in mechanically in- 
creasing precipitation. Interesting experi- 
ments have been made as to the amount 
of condensation of aqueous vapor by 
leaves, but it does not appear that the 
velocity, if any, of the surrounding. air 
was taken into account. 

Cloud or fog is a manifestation of water 
in suspension, and it is obvious that the 
more rapidly the cloud is moved against 
any surface the more water will be brought 
into contact with that surface in a given 
time and the more it will collect. Unless 
condensation tests are conducted with 
reference to air velocity they will not fur- 
nish complete values. As before said, it 
is questionable whether a numerical value 
can ever be satisfactorily established for 
the action of forests in a direct increase of 
rainfall, but it is without question that 
their effect is in that direction—the point 
of uncertainty being one of quantity only. 

In the matter of conserving of the water 
that has fallen, forests are important fac- 
tors. They intercept the sun and rain, 
saving the earth from packing hard under 
the baking of the one and the persistent 
beating of the other. They appreciably 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 249 


decrease the quantity that would other- 
wise pass rapidly off into the runs and 
waterways and be lost in floods. Not 
only do they lessen the wasteful and de- 
structive expenditure of water in floods, 
but they afford greater time for the earth 
to absorb to its full capacity the water held 
back by the mechanical obstructions of the 
forest floor. They also reduce the quan- 
tity lost by evaporation. 

These things we enter on the credit side 
of the forest account with water supply, 
and on the debit side make the sole entry 
of the water used in supporting plant life. 
It remains to ascribe values to these various 
items and strike a balance. 

All permanent water-supplies are drawn 
directly or indirectly from the rainfall ab- 
sarbed and stored within the earth. Di- 
rectly by the means of wells, tunnels, in- 
filtration galleries and similar structures ; 
indirectly through the medium of running 
surface streams, which in turn draw their 
supply from visible springs and the unseen 
accretions that enter along their beds from 
groundwater at high elevation. 

The surface water which flows into the 
streams after rains gives but a temporary 
and passing supply. The permanent flow 
comes from ground storage. It must not 
be thought from this that all ground-water 
reappears at some time or other in the sur- 
face streams. Much passes on unseen to 
the sea. Its place of discharge into the 
ocean is at times well marked. 

Off the east coast of England there is a 
sub-marine valley, called the Silver Pit, 
20 miles long by from 50 to 250 feet deep 
below the general surface of the adjacent 
ocean bed. The extraordinary depth pre- 
cludes it being due to currents, and from the 
circumstance of the depression occupying, 
as it were, the focus of the concave chalk 
formation of eastern England it is held to 
be the place at which the inland ground- 
waters are discharged through the chalk. 

Coming right home we havea discharge 
of oil into a sub-marine valley of great 
depth off Redondo, indicating a probable 
discharge from the inland oil fields. The 
direction of these under-ground flows is at 
times difficult totrace. Latham, the noted 
sanitary engineer, in some of his sewage 


250 


investigations found the ground-water of a 
valley passing partly straight down the 
valley in conformity with the surface con- 
figuration and partly turning more or less 
abruptly and passing under the hills and 
coming out on the further slope. 

The capacity of the earth to receive and 
convey water is all-important to us. 
Whatever agencies give the rain freer ac- 
cess to the earth should be well studied. 
The condition of the ground-surface is of 
vital importance and it is here that forests 
exercise one of their most beneficent func- 
tions—a quality which in itself is more 
than sufficient to justify our constant ef- 
forts in preserving and extending our 
wooded areas. 

All soils are dependent upon their top 
surface as to whether they absorb water or 
not. Take an extreme case: sand cov- 
ered by an asphalt pavement, a great ca- 
pacity for water but no mouth to take it 
in. Take an ordinary case, as exempli- 
fied by tests made at Colby, Kansas, by 
the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 
Comparative measurements of the moist- 
ure in soil were made at a depth of twelve 
inches under three separate conditions: 
First, a covering of natural prairie sod; 
secondly, bare soil, top cultivated; third, 
bare soil, sub-cultivated. The tests were 
continued daily throughout the months of 
June, July, August and September. 
Throughout the tests the cultivated soils 
showed over twice the moisture in the 
soil under the natural prairie top. 

It has been suggested that the chief 
cause of the difference may have been due 
to the water taken up and evaporated by 
the grasses. A study of the record at 
times of rainfall, when there could have 
been no evaporation to speak of, does not, 
however, support any such assumption. 
In fact it is of interest to note that evapor- 
ation from plants which derive their water 
supply from the capillaries of the soil does 
not necessarily reduce the moisture of that 
soil at any time ; that dependsupon whether 
the sub-water is ample to keep up the de- 
mands of the capillaries. If the supply is 
good, a pipe does not show less water be- 
cause the faucet at the end is open. 

The percolation gauges at Rothamsted, 


THE FORESTER: 


November, 


the place previously spoken of, gave as an 
average for 20 years that 47% per cent. of 
the total rainfall percolated through 20 
inches of soil and 44.9 per cent. through 
60 inches. The surface of the soil was. 
kept clear of vegetation. 

The capacity of sand for receiving and 
transmitting water can be well illustrated 
by the water supply of The Hague, cap- 
ital of the Netherlands. The city is situ- 
ated about two miles inland from the 
North Sea and has a population of 190,000. 
Its domestic water-supply is drawn froma 
tract of uncultivated country lying near the 
sea and covered with sand dunes, similar to 
portions of the New Jersey coast. The 
sand is described as very pure and white. 
The water is fresh to a depth of 66 feet be- 
low the sea. It is gathered by infiltration 
pipes and pumped to its destination. 

Through the courtesy of Mr. Corey, the 
United States Consul at Amsterdam, I am 
able to give the percentage of percolating 
water as about 4o per cent. of the rainfall. 
According to other information, from 30 
to 50 per cent. of the rainfall can be col- 
lected, the variation being according to the 
season of the year. In summer a loss is 
stated to take place by reason of vegeta- 
tion. This draws attention to the point 
that whether vegetation aids ground stor- 
age or not depends largely upon the nature 
of the soil. In the case of sand, such as 
described, it is detrimental inasmuch as it 
impedes penetration and aids the extrac- 
tion of moisture. 

The water conductivity and capacity of 
various soils have received much attention 
at the hands of forest experimenters. By 
conductivity is meant the capacity to 
transmit water, and by capacity the quan- 
tity that a given volume of soil can be 
caused to receive into its interstitial spaces, 
generally spoken of as its voids. Of the 
quantity that can be thus introduced into 
dry soil, part can be removed only by 
processes of evaporation. It is held with- 
in the capillaries and as films around the 
grains, and will not yield to gravitation. 
The texture of the soil is the governing 
factor in rate of conductivity. It ranges 
from well-rounded pebbles through the gra- 
dations of sand and loam to clay. It requires 


1899. 


no mental effort to realize that conductivity 
isa very impor tant element in storm run- 
off, and the yield of a ground-storage. 

It is to be regretted that the literature of 
the subject is scant and_ unsatisfactory. 
The greater number of the records of tests 
that I have been able to collate are based 
on experiments with downward filtration. 
This is a very unsatisfactory method of 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


251 


determining the lineal speed of percola- 
tion, the ingoing water is always in con- 
flict with the displaced air, and the results 
are vitiated. In my own tests I always 
use horizontal percolation with free top 
surface or upward percolation. Either 
method gives very uniform results. 
H. Hawcoop, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


(To be continued. ) 


Natural Reproduction of Forests on Old Fields in 
Eastern Kentucky. 


Being a Paper Read at the Special Meeting, Columbus, Ohio, 1899. 


Among the different phases of forestry 
that I fee studied in this region, I have 
chosen this upon which to present a few 
observations because I feel that it touches 
a subject of first importance in American 
Forestry. 

The vital question in forestry is, whena 
tree falls will another take its place ? So 
much of formerly timbered land is de- 
manded for agriculture that the answer 
must be no a creat many times. And yet 
if we are to have trees in the future the 
‘¢tall Oaks” must ‘from little acorns 
grow,” and the conditions under which 
they are to grow must constitute the foun- 
dation of all forestry. 

While in restricted areas, as on the tree- 
less prairies, and on small tracts in older 
and more highly developed regions of the 
country, seed-sowing and hand- -planting 


-may be resorted to, yet till forestry is a 


much older science than it is in our countr Ys 
and forest products have greatly increased 
in prices, the great majority of young trees 
must come by reproduction under natural 
conditions. 

I can hardly present to you the condi- 
tions prevailing in the Berea region with- 
out reference to the geology of the country. 
Leaving the Ohio River at Cincinnati 
we pass southward through a_horse-foot 
shaped area, the famous Blue Grass re- 
gion underlaid with Silurian limestone. 


Bordering this, as though constituting the 
shoe, is a narrow exposure of Devonian 
consisting for the most part of black bitu- 
minous shales, exceedingly poor soil-mak- 
ing material. The beds lying over and 
outside of this are clays and fine sandy 
shales representing a great silting period 
in the sub-carboniferous. The erosion of 
these has largely formed the yellow clay 
soil that overlies the Devonian shales, giv- 
ing the ‘+ flat lands” glades and shashes 
which are characteristic of this horse-shoe 
strip of country. These landsare ‘ tight” 
in the vernacular of the region, becoming 
saturated with water during the rainy 
Winters and holding it till late in the 
Spring. In the hot, dry periods of Sum- 
mer they dry out and bake like brick. 

Above the shales, in the sub-carbonifer- 
ous, we have a layer of fine-grained gray 
and buff sandstones which cause a bench 
to extend all around the hills at this level. 
This is succeeded by the massive moun- 
tain limestone, twenty to fifty feet in thick- 
ness, capped by the millstone grit of about 
the same exposure. 

It is to the readily eroded character of 
the shales at the base and the resistant 
nature of the limestone and more espe- 
cially of the conglomerate at the top, that 
we owe the peculiar and picturesque topog- 
raphy of the region. Bold, outstanding, 
flat-topped ‘* knobs” with broadly spread- 


252 


ing bases, long lines of precipitous cliffs, 
deep, narrow valleys, darkly shaded coves 
and hollows, ‘* rock-houses,” abrupt ‘* pin- 
nacles,” and ‘+ rock-castles” fairly startle 
the traveller at every turn. Above all this 
stretches away the level plateau of the 
coal-measures, but gashed and furrowed 
on all sides by the ragged valleys leading 
to the lower level. <A difference in alti- 
tude of five or six hundred feet in half a 
mile is no unusual thing. The resulting 
character of the roads and their effect on 
the price of lumber and farm crops, not to 
mention the effect on social life and edu- 
cation, I leave to your imagination. As 
climate has everything to do with repro- 
duction and growth of trees, this must not 
escape mention. 

This is a region of abundant rainfall, 
the precipitation being from forty to fifty 
inches annually. Four months, from De- 
cember to the first of April, amount almost 
to a rainy period. While occasional ex- 
tremes of cold, when the mercury regis- 
ters from 20 to 25 degrees occur, weather 
above the freezing point is the rule, so that 
the Winters are a succession of drizzling 
rains, mild freezes, wet snows, thaws and 
bright weather. A period of considerable 
dryness may be looked for from some time 
from June to September, though very 
heavy rainfalls may occur in that time. 

I have been thus particular in describing 
the year’s climate because it is to the gen- 
erally wet, open character of the Winters 
that I attribute the prolific growth of seed- 
ling trees of a great number of varieties. 

Where acorns will germinate uncovered 
on the surface of a compact clay soil, the 
conditions as to moisture and temperature 
may be considered good. 

The lower Devonian and border Silu- 
rian lands were originally covered with 
a dense growth of the different Black 
Oaks, some White Oak, Black and Sweet 
Gum, Cherry, Sassafras of great size, 
Scarlet Maple and other species. -On 
higher ridges more White Oak was found, 
some Chestnut, many Hickories of several 
species, large numbers of Pine, a mixture 
of P. virginiana, or Jersey Scrub Pine, 
but here a tree often seventy-five feet high 
and two feet in diameter with P. ech7nxata, 


Se THE. FORESTER. 


November, 


the short Yellow Pine of the western 
States. 

The most valuable of this growth has 
been cut out and sawed, but much still re- 
mains. In the calles among the hills, 
on the benches and in the heade of the 
rich coves is found a mixed hardwood 
growth of great value. White Chinqua- 
pin, Red and Black Oak, four species of 
Hickory, Beech, Soft and Sugar Maple, 
Buckeye, Basswood and Ash grow to fine 
size and unusual height, the density of the 
growth and the steepness of the slope 
both forcing them up in search of light. 
Higher up, above the grit-rock, le the 
ridges clothed with the Chestnut and its 
close associate, the Chestnut Oak or Tan- 
bark, Quercus prinus. 

What I shall call Old Field No. t lies 
one-and-one-half miles southeast of Berea. 
The soil is a compact yellow clay over 
black Devonian shale. The surrounding 
growth is the usual mixture of these lands 
—the Black, Scarlet and Spanish Oaks, 
some White Oak, Hickories of four spe- 
cies, Soft Maple, Gum and two species of 
Pine. The field is about fifty rods long by 
thirty rods wide. It had been cultivated 
a good many years, how long I could not 
learn, and was turned out ‘‘ about fifteen 
years ago,” but was not pastured, as is so 
often the case. 

The stand of young Pines upon this is 
complete, excepting a short distance on 
the washed banks of a little draw. The 
growth is almost wholly Pinus virginiana, 
or the ‘* Black Pine,’ the local name, with 
a slight mixture, not 10% of P2zus echi- 
mata, or Yellow Pine. ‘There are also a 
few Oaks, Hickories and such, but their 
number is insignificant. 

An average specimen of Black Pine was 
cut as close to the ground as possible and was 
found to show twelve rings of growth and 
to be four and one-half inches in diameter. 
This was twenty-seven feet high, was clear- 
ing itself of branches for a few feet only, 
many dead ones still adhering to the tree. 

An average specimen of Yellow Pine 
gave practically the same dimensions, but 
was straighter and cleaner in trunk, being 
clear of branches for half its length. 
What the growth was surrounding this 


ey 


ok 


ene ee een 


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gl 
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1899. 


field fifteen years ago I cannot state ac- 
curately, but it could not have been very 
different from that at present, and now the 
Yellow Pines that might have seeded the 
field are fully as numerous as the Black. 
The greater vitality of the Black Pine 
seed and seedlings is strongly evinced 
here, as it is along roadsides and in pas- 
tures all over the country. 

Field No. 2 is near the foot of the hills 
but still on the yellow clay soil. It is a 
rounding knoll of about two acres and was 
a part of one of the oldest fields in the 
region, having been abandoned about 
forty years. Here again there has been a 
complete stand of eine, though they have 
been cut for house logs till in places the 
cover 1s a good deal broken. ‘The stand 
is about one to every eight feet square on 
the average, which admits too much light. 
An average specimen of Prxus virginiana 
was cut and found to be 9% inches in di- 
ameter at two feet and sixty and one-half 
feet high, showing thirty-eight rings in the 
stump. Six inches of the diameter growth 
had been made in the first ten years. The 
trunks of these and others were slightly 
crooked and was cleared of limbs more 
than six feet, the recently dead branches 
remaining to form ugly knots for thirty 
feet above. Trees of a foot or over in 
diameter had been cut here. 

A small mixture of Yellow Pine in the 
grove gives opportunity. for comparison. 
While there are not more than one per 
cent. of them the owner assures me that 
there has been a much larger proportion 
but they have died and fallen down. 
Those remaining show evidence that in 
many cases the Black Pines are overtop- 
ping them, and the fact that in all cases 
they have cleared themselves of branches 
perfectly to more than half their height 
shows that they will not endure shade as 
well as the Black Pine. The leader on 
Yellow Pine in early Spring is stouter, 
the branches are also stouter and stiffer, so 
that the tender growth is not bent about as 
much by the winds. This fact gives rise 
to much clearer and straighter bouice in 
the young timber. The Paeerenced is much 
that between Scotch and Austrian Pines 
when grown together. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 253 


A sample specimen of Ves: Pine cut 
was 8% inches in diameter, 59% feet high 
and showed 37 rings of erowth at two 
feet. The growth was more evenly dis- 
tributed throughout the period and a com- 
parison between old trees would lead me 
to think that this will continue to make a 
steady gain for a longer time than the 
Black ane and remain a sounder tree. 

Field No. 3 lies up the hollow directly 
above No. 2 and has about the same 
history, save that when abandoned for 
cultivation it was pastured. Instead of 
full stand of trees they are in groups and 
patches or singly on the lower ground and 
are heavier bodied, short and broad: -topped 
except am othe scenten, of (a considerable 
group. In such conditions, even, it is to 
be noticed that the Yellow Pine has formed 
a clean trunk for a considerable distance, 
and young trees seem often to do this 
under their own cover only. 

Higher up on the sides of this hollow, 
where the cattle did not care to range, the 
stand of Pine is full, both species about 
equally represented. Many trees are ten 
to twelve inches in diameter and fairly on 
the way to make good saw-logs. Here 
again the Yellow Bane is sayeiele the best 
cleared of branches and presents straighter 
and cleaner trunks. 

Field No. 4 is about 20 miles southwest 
of Berea, near the little station of Gun 
Sulphur. The location is a rather thin 
clay and gravel soil on the top of the bluff 
above the limestone. The millstone grit 
in this section is pretty well thinned out. 
This field was cleared 20 years ago and 
put in corn for two years, then ab: indonedi 
The growth is wholly Black Pine and per- 
fectly dense, so that one can scarcely find 
his way through. The average height is 
about 20 feet and the diameter 3 inches. 

Similar examples of reproduction of 
Pines could be multiplied indefinitely but 
these are good types. The Yellow Pine 
possesses fone more value as a timber 
tree, and follows the more sandy ridges. 
The Black Pine, known to most of you as 
the Jersey or Scrub Pine, reaches a size to 
make profitable saw logs in this region, a 
character which I think | it does not possess 
elsewhere. Its range is the wet flat-lands 


254 THE FORESTER. 


rather than the drier ridges where the 
Yellow Pine is most abundant. In places 
where the two are associated the Black 
Pine will take the land to the exclusion of 
the better tree and forms dense thickets in 
all open places where it can find space 
sufficiently light and not too much trampled. 
It does not seem in the least disturbed by 
the severe droughts and heat to which it is 
often subject in July and August. It will 
endure almost as much shade as a Cedar. 

Field No. 5 lies at the foot of the high 
peak near Berea, known as Bear Kenai 
It was a long time in cultivation, contained 
an orchard, a few relics of which eal re- 
main and was last tilled in ’56 or , the 
owner being able to locate the date ap BLORE 
mately by its relation to family affairs. 

Here the predominating growth is hard 
wood, though some fine pines are mingled 
with this. The growth is dense, the young 
trees reaching up fifty to seventy feet high 
with clean, straight trunks cleared of 
branches for 20 to 30 and even 40 feet. 
Many of the trees are beginning to form 
crowns, others are still in the pole stage 
of growth. The cover is almost perfect. 
The species represented are, first, the Black 
and Falcate Oaks, some of which are a 
foot in diameter; White Oaks are next in 
number and are the most beautifully pro- 
portioned young trees of the species I have 
ever seen, with slender bodies, as clean as 
telegraph poles, six to eight inches in 
diameter. I shall study with interest to 
see whether they will be able to hold their 
supremacy in height with the Black Oak 
tribe. Hickoriee: of the Shell-bark and 
Pig-nut species are six inches to ten inches 
in diameter and in the hands of a less con- 
servative owner would have been sacrificed 
to the spoke trade before now. On the 
lower end of this field where a few de- 
crepit Poplars (Lzrzodendron) have fur- 
nished the seed to be blown a hundred 

yards, we find a dense, shapely growth of 
aa most valuable Southern tree. 

What I shall call Field No. 6 is of a very 
different character from the preceding. 
This is a piece of ‘* cove” land, being a 
widened-out, ampitheater-like head of a 
narrow valley and lying just above the 
mountain limestone, but passing the mill- 


November, 


stone-grit and heading in the sandy shales 
of the coal measures. Its sides are so 
steep that it was ‘‘ tended” when in culti- 
vation on the contour plan, 7. e., around 
the cove on a level. A wagon would 
hardly venture into it, produce and timber 
being removed on the low one-horse 
*¢ slides,” or sledges peculiar to the coun- 
try. This field was one of the first opened 
in the region, over fifty years ago, and the 
last crop of corn was raised on it in 1864. 
It is entirely covered with a thrifty timber, 
the cover in most parts being perfect, 
though somewhat thin in others from the 
cutting out of the new growth for various 
purposes. Tamassured that it was a clean 
field when the last crop was raised, the 
present growth being wholly from the seed 
since 1864. Of the taller trees over half 
are of ‘* Poplar,” so-called in the South, 
the White-wood of the northern markets, 
Liriodendron tuliptfera. 

If the White Pine is the queen of ‘the 
northern forests, certainly the Poplar ranks 
as queen of the southern, and at the rate 
the old growth is disappearing, we must 
hail with satisfaction the appearance of 
a new growth under conditions which 
indicate that it is readily reproduced. In 
the better part of the field, in a hollow 
with a northern and northwestern expo- 
sure, these beautiful young trees tower up 
from fifty to eighty feet, with clean, smooth 
trunks as round as columns. Already a 
good many of them a foot in diameter and 
over have been cut out to make house logs. 
The best remaining specimen I cut and 
sectioned every eight feet for study. Ata 
foot high it was seventeen inches in diam- 
eter and showed thirty-three rings, which 
would indicate an age of thirty-four or 
thirty-five years. The ground must have 
seeded in at once on the turning out of the 
field and the seed must have blown from 
old trees two hundred yards away. 

Hickory of two species, from six to 
nine inches in diameter and forty to fifty 
feet high, were in the field, while better 
ones had been cut to nae spoke stock. 
A large number of Black Locust had been 
cut for posts, the trees being five to eight 
inches in diameter, so that scarcely repre- 
sentative specimens were left standing. 


1599. 


This last field is only one of many of 
similar character, though many of them 
when cultivation ceases are pastured, 
which invariably results in an imperfect 
cover and poor quality of body growth. 
Dogwood and Redbud are the common 
under- -growth. Often grapevines get in 
and become a great detriment. 

The fact that by the time the young 
trees have reached this age the owners 
often think the timber rotation of sufficient 


AMERICAN. FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 255 


length and clear the land again, prevents, 
in a good many instances, fee young 
forests from growing to a profitable age. 
The lessons ion shout. however, are full 
of significance and encouragement for those 
who would take such tracts in hand for 
forest purposes. 


5S. C. Mason. 
Berea College, 
Berea, Kentucky. 


Second Growth Pine vs. Agriculture. 


Some Views on the Desirability of Crops Under Varied Conditions. 


In discussing problems of forest policy, 
sufficient account is not always taken of the 
varying needs of localities with regard to 
maintaining forest areas. Often the matter 
is treated as if the preservation of forests 
everywhere and under all conditions were 
adesirable thing. Thereby local antago- 
nism is aroused and desirable legislative 
measures prevented. 

I wish to discuss briefly the question of 
to what extent it is desirable that forests be 
maintained in those portions of Michigan, 


Wisconsin and Minnesota, into which ag- 


ricultural settlers are now actively going. 
As everybody knows, these regions Sane 
heretofore been the chief seats ae the White 
Pine industry. Everybody also knows 
that from large portions of this area the 
mercantile Pine has disappeared, and that 
in most of this territory soft wood lum- 
bering on a large scale will have come to 
an end in about ten years. The people of 
the region all appreciate this and are gen- 
erally looking towards agriculture to re- 
place lumbering as their principal means 
of subsistence. The question now is: 
Will it be most advantageous to them to 
continue this attribute; or would it be 
wiser to adopt such measures as will es- 
tablish, by the side of agriculture, a series 
of industries based upon raw material ob- 
tained from local forests. 

It should be stated at the very beginning 
of such an inquiry, that this question will 


be settled with sole reference to the wishes 
of the local population. It may well be 
that it would be for the benefit of the 
nation if these tracts were set apart ex- 
clusively for the purpose of raising White 
Pine timber. But assuredly such will not 
be the case. The land in this region is 
nearly all in private hands, except only the 
northern part of Minnesota. So there 
can be no question of establishing a na- 
tional forest reserve, either in Michigan or 
Wisconsin. ‘There are in the latter two 
states no very large tracts into which the 
agricultural settler has not already made 
his entrance. Railways are traversing 
the region in all directions, towns and 
Vv illages are numerous and growing. The 
time has long gone by for imposing upon 
these territories a policy not desired by 
them. 

In order to bring about any sort of leg- 
islation tending to keep a conside1 Bin 
amount of land Sonal forest, it is necessary, 
therefore, to convince the local residents 
that it is for their own interest to do so. 
At present they are very doubtful as to 
this. A proposition that forests are to be 
maintained by public authority, meets with 
the objections that this would keep the 
country from developing, and that the 
country needs the taxes to be derived from 
these lands if owned by private parties. 
The lands denuded of their timber growth 
are rapidly falling into the hands of specu- 


256 THE (FORESTER: 


J 


lators who endeavor to sell them to agri- 
cultural settlers. That they are meeting 
with considerable success in this direction 
is undoubted. Although much of this 
sort of land is unquestionably unfit for 
agriculture it is extremely difficult to say 
just which is and which is not, as no de- 
tailed survey of the region has ever been 
made. Some sort of agriculture can un- 
doubtedly be carried on over a considerable 
portion of these tracts. By that I mean 
that settlers may manage to make a living 
upon them. Ido not believe that any of 
them will ever become as well-to-do as 
the settlers on the adjacent hardwood lands 
have good reasons to expect. 

Next to the interests of the settlers them- 
selves, the people to be considered are the 
business men in the towns. In fact, these 
form really the most important element, 
and whatever they approve of is likely to 
be advocated by the representatives of 
these districts in legislative bodies. Now 
this class of men cannot expect to derive 
much prosperity from the farmers estab- 
lished on the former Pine lands, because 
their ability to buy will always be small. 
On the other hand, if the denuded tracts 
were devoted to the regrowth of construc- 
tion timber, they ould derive practically 
no revenue from these lands for a period 
of seventy or eighty years. But if these 
tracts were used for raising timber with 
short rotation, it would be possible to make 
them the basis of a permanent industry in 
manufacturing various kinds of wooden- 
ware, packages, boxes andthe like. These 
factories would employ large numbers of 
men, larger numbers proportionately than 
the present lumber industry, with good 
ability to purchase, and therefore be the 
very best basis for the prosperity of the 
business people of the towns. 

Of course, it does not follow that the 
short rotation management would be the 
most profitable for the. owners of these 
lands. It is altogether likely that within 
the next decade, with improved fire and 
tax laws, some of the lumber companies 
owning such lands will find it profitable 
to raise thereon Pine with long rotations 
for construction lumber. This is particu- 
larly true of those large concerns who are 


November, 


able to employ the greater part of their 
capital in cutting Southern Pine during the 
long interval when their Northern second 
growth is maturing. ° 

But such a condition will not be brought 
about unless the laws regarding fire and 
taxes are changed so as to treat the lumber 
concerns fairly and give them protection. 
Such laws, Sranecn ne cannot be hoped 
for unless the people of the locality can see 
their own direct advantage in maintaining 
forests. It follows that any future public 
management of forests in the Great Lakes 
region must, for some time to come, de- 
vote itself principally to the production of 
short-rotation material. This observation 
is intended to apply especially to those 
tracts stocked with soft woods. As to 
hardwood material, the original supply is 
still so far from being used up that ques- 
tions of future restocking need not yet be 
discussed. 

It is important to keep these principles 
in mind so as to be able to overcome reason- 
able objections to laws looking toward 
permanent maintenance of forests of large 
extent in the» Great Icakes*recion.  iin= 
cidentally they illustrate the point that the 
wisest forest policy is not always identical 
with the most rational management by the 
propietor who looks only to the financial 
return. 

ERNEST BRUNCKEN. 


—_ 


Relation of Forestry to Commerce. 


The necessity for the preservation of the 
trees of the forests, to insure the protection 
of the rivers and streams of the state, and the 
maintenance of waterw ays for commerce, 
was emphasized strongly in a recent speech 
in Utica, N. Y., by Hon. David McClure. 
The speaker, who was a member of the 
Constitutional Convention of 1894, related 
the enactments of that convention for the 
protection of the forests, which was the 
most important question before that con- 
vention, he believed, since the life of the 
canals depended upon the protection of the 
streams which fed them. 

Mr. McClure advised that the creation 
of a single-headed commission for the care 
of the forests should be urged. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


iS) 


Ge 
“I 


Sheep Grazing in Arizona. 


Second Paper on the Statement that Forest Reserves are Injured by Grazing. 


AFFIRMATIVE VIEWS OF A RESIDENT. 


[THE FORESTER assumes no responsibility for views expressed in signed communications. 
The opposite view on this question was published in the October issue.—ED. ] 


It is almost impossible to overestimate 
the value of the forests in Central Arizona, 
that is the Black Mesa and San Francisco 
Mountain Reserves, in reference to the 
preservation of the water supply of the 
Salt River and Gila Valleys. The drain- 
age of these two Reserves through their 
numerous tributaries is, to wit., Hell’s 
Caiion, Sycamore Cation, Johnson’s Cation, 
Ash Fork Creek, Oak Creek, Beaver 
Creek, Clear Creek and Pine Creek and 
numerous other tributaries or ‘‘ feeders ” 
rising on this high plateau, which com- 
poses the Black Mesa and San Francisco 
Mountain Reserves, and flowing into the 
Verda and Salt Rivers and thence on di- 
rectly to the country around Pheenix. 
They are the highest forest areas of the 
whole Territory, and from their extreme 
height, some six to eight thousand feet, 
and parts as high as ten and twelve thou- 
sand, and the large and almost unbroken 
forests which cover them, they present in 
themselves ideal conditions for catching 
and condensing the clouds and _ precipitat- 
ing the moisture upon these high table- 
lands. . 

The effect of sheep grazing in large 
bands under the herding system, to any 
intelligent person, who has ever observed 
the same carefully, cannot fail to be per- 
nicious in many ways. Large bands of 
sheep passing through these forests bruise 
and stunt, and very often break down, the 
young Pines. In passing by on the cars 
of the Santa Fe, just near the town of 
Williams, in an enclosed graveyard the 
young trees look exceedingly thrifty and 
beautiful, while on the outside or the pub- 
lic grazing grounds, there are scarcely any 
small trees living, and those that are to be 
found are stunted and broken and show 
plainly the effects of the trampling of 
stock. Nounprejudiced person can pass 


by and see the contrast between the trees in 
the inclosure and the poor, broken, with- 
ered and small trees on the public grazing 
ground without being forcibly struck with 
the difference. 

The sheep in the above named reserva- 
tions are herded in large bands (from 
eighteen hundred to twenty-four hundred 
in a band), by an ignorant Mexican herder 
and his dog. He carries on his borro his 
entire outfit, consisting of scanty bedding, 
rations for two or three days and his cook- 
ing utensils. Three times each day— 
morning, noon and night—he builds a fire 
to prepare his meals, and he has very 
little regard as to what becomes of the 
fire after it is once built; for soon he has 
packed up his cooking utensils and other 
belongings on his borro and 1s off with 
his sheep again. 

For several months during the year, 
especially in the Winter and Spring (the 
latter part of the Winter and through the 
Spring and Fall), these high elevations are 
constantly swept by strong winds, and at 
those times, as there is very little rain, 
everything is exceedingly dry and inflam- 
mable. Now consider that there are three 
hundred thousand sheep, and one herder 
to every two thousand kindling his fire 
three times each day, and you can form 
some idea of the impossibility almost, 
under such circumstances, to prevent for- 
est fires. The owners of these sheep, in 
most cases, cannot see more than one or 
two bands each day, and in that way it is 
impossible for them to give this matter of 
forest fires very careful and close attention. 

In regard to the fact that the streams are 
fed by the springs down in the canons, 
that in itself shows to any thoughtful per- 
son the greatest necessity for protecting 
the forest cover and supplying as much 
shade, in the way of trees, as possible to 


258 THE FORESTER. 


prevent the springs from drying up or 
largely diminishing in their flow. It is a 
fact that is well gwen, and about which 
there can be no controversy, that, in the 
early settlement of the Atlantic States, 
many streams, and even creeks, that were 
clear and deep and in whose channels 


November, 


flowed large volumes of water, from the 
denudation of the timber from the ad- 
joining hills and valleys, directly ceased 
to flow, or flowed only at long intervals 
during the 1ainy seasons, after the land 
was cleared up and the settlements became 


- thick. 


__ LONGITUDE \\2° FROM GREENWICH 


ae Vs 


ARIZONA , 
SHOWING FOREST RESERVATIONS 


SCALE L IN.=72 MILES _ 


cee | FEES 


By LONGITUDE 35° FROM WASHINGTON 


AN OFFICIAL MAP OF ARIZONA. 


1899. 


The silting of the canals in the Salt 
River Valley from large bands of sheep, 
which summer upon these mountains and 
upon the reserves in Central Arizona, go- 
ing from the reserves across to the water- 
sheds of the streams and around in the 
vicinity of the canals of the Salt River, is 
something that one, who is acquainted 
with the effects of sheep-grazing upon the 
land, would be compelled to notice, on 
account of their pulverizing the soil in 
their course. The loose porous soil is 
then drifted by the high winds or washed 
by the rains of Winter and Summer into 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 259 


the canals, rapidly filling them up. In 
the San Francisco and Black Mesa reserves 
the Government has land naturally suit- 
able for forest growing, and if the proper 

care be taken there will always be timber 
growing up as the matured timber is con- 
sumed by the increasing population, and 
water flowing from these natural reser- 
voirs, prepared by infinite wisdom, through 
all time to beautify and enrich a great and 
noble State. 
Yours truly, 

RoBERT PERRINE. 
Williams, Arizona. 


(Signed. ) 


Forest 


California. 


The picturesque slope of Mount Ta- 
malpais, opposite San Francisco, was the 
scene, the middle of October, of a forest 
fire which destroyed severai suburban vil- 
lages near Mill Valley and burned Live 
Oak and Redwood forests. The rain 
finally extinguished the flames which a 
small army of fire fighters had struggled 
with ineffectually for several days. 

In the Santa Cruz Mountains forest 
fires also did much damage, burning over 
a country dotted with small fruit farms 
and vineyards. The lack of water after 
a long dry season prevented successful 
resistance to the fires, but in one case 
40,000 gallons of newly-made wine were 
used as an extinguisher. The wine was 
pumped from the vats and then forced 
through pipes upon the flames. 

Aina ther fire in the thriving, artificially- 
planted forest of the late Adolph Sutro 
was extinguished by the San Francisco 
Fire Department after sixty acres of Euca- 
lyptus, Pine and other trees had been dam- 
aged. 

Pennsylvania. 


Destructive forest fires raged on the 
Allegheny Mountains, and many thousand 
dollars’ worth of timber were reported de- 
stroyed. 

After two days of hard fighting the fire 
warden of Union Township, assisted by a 


Fires. 


large number of men, succeeded in subdu- 
ing the flames on the E. & G. Brooke Iron 
Company’s woodland, on Round Hill. 
About 500 acres were burned over. 

A press report from Altoona says that 
during the last week in October ‘* more 
actual damage was done in that section 
than five figures could represent.” The 
loss to owners of standing timber, fences, 
bridges, telegraph poles, and barns is esti- 
mated at $100,000 in Blair, Cambria, 
Clearfield, and Center Counties. In pre- 
vious years the woods have been kept 
more or less damp by the Fall rains, but 
this season the forests are dry as tinder, 
after six weeks without rain. The resin- 
ous smoke from the fires causes incon- 
venience even to the townspeople. 


Texas. 

Forest fires were reported in Hardin 
County, Texas, in the beginning of Octo- 
ber, ‘‘not a vestige of grass being left 
here, and no rain to amount to anything 
since July 2.” 

In the same State occurred other exten- 
sive fires between Wallisville and Turtle 
bayou, with considerable damage. There 
is much ‘* Loblolly ’’ Pine in this section. 


Advices from Houston tell of daily 
damage in the counties of Chambers, Tyler, 


Hardin, San Jacinto and Polk, a section 
ordinarily a good grazing country, but now 
suffering from extreme drought. 


bo 
Oo" 
[e) 


West Virginia. 


From all along the West Virginia Cen- 
tral Railroad come reports of great dam- 
age. Many farmers about Bayard, W. 
Va., have lost all their hay and corn, 
others their barns and crops, having been 
ignited by sparks from the surrounding 
forest fire. The mountains around Bay- 
ard are ablaze, and the town is without 
fire protection. 


A trainload of water was sent out by a 


THE FORESTER. 


November, 


lumber company, whose log and _ truck 
men are fighting the flames.—October 28. 


Maryland. 


Thousands of men are fighting forest 
fires all through the Alleghenies. The 
mountains are reported to be one mass of 
flame all the way from Oakland to Graf- 
ton. Timber in the Flintstone and Town 
Creek section is reported burning, and the 
loss will be heavy.—October 27. 


Forest Protection. 


Protecting the Public Domain. 


President McKinley, on October 21, is- 
sued a proclamation changing and enlarg- 
ing the boundaries of, the Prescott Forest 
Reserve in the Territory of Arizona. The 
reserve, which originally contained 10,240 
acres, now embraces about 423,680 acres. 

The reserving of this additional area 
has been necessitated by the reported 
urgent need for withdrawing these for- 
ested lands from the operation of the Act 
of June 3, 1878, under which they were 
being rapidly sanfeaiee to wholesale spolia- 
tion in the interest of large mining corpor- 
ations operating some distance fierce teaene 

The Santa Yfiez Forest Reserve, -in the 
State of California, has been created by a 
proclamation dated October 2. The total 
area is about 145,000 acres. 

The region set apart is traversed by 
the Santa Ynez mountain range, and lies 
north of the private land claims bordering 
on the coast and south of the private land 
claims bordering on the Pine Mountain 
and Zaca Lake Boreee Reserve. 


On Congressional Recognition. 
William J. Nisbet, of the Indian Forest 


Service, one of the greatest authorities in 
the world on sylviculture, declares the 
United Kingdom could save the $50,000,- 
000 now paid annually for foreign timber 
by giving proper attention to the reforesta- 
tion of absolutely waste lands in Great 
Britain and Ireland. ‘‘ Every penny of 


that vast sum,” he says, ‘‘could be saved, 
besides giving healthy and remunerative 
employment to thousands of people.” If 
this is possible in Great Britain, how much 
greater are the possibilities of practical re- 
sultsin this country. Forestry is a subject 
which should be no longer slighted by 
Congress.— Phila. Item. 


se 


A Fair Prophecy. 


Despite the official reports that the for- 
ests of Michigan, Wisconsin’ and Minne- 
sota are nearly exhausted, announcement 
is made that an army of 35,000 men will 
be engaged in cutting down Pine trees in 
that region during the coming winter. 

It is evident that the call for forest 
preservation has been made none too soon. 
Unless the Jlumbermen are _— speedily 
checked, the water supply of the great 
lakes may be endangered. Already navi- 
gation is difficult in some of the connect- 
ing channels and there is talk of building 
a oa across the Niagara riv er at Battale 
to raise the levels. 

When the forests have been laid waste 
there will be loud lamentations in the lake 
towns, though now they view the situation 
with apparent compl 


DA) Fess. 


ee 


An Important Decision. 
A matter of very great interest to 
citizens generally has been decided by 
the Illinois Supreme Court, which has 


> gly 5 > he ee 


nn re 


1899. AMERICAN 
ruled that the shade trees in the street in 
front of a man’s property belong to him, 
and cannot be cut down or mutilated with- 
out his consent. 

The suit was one in which a property 
owner sued a telephone company for cut- 
ting off the limbs of his trees in order to 
make room for its wires. The decision is 
prima facie evidence that the value of 


FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 261 


“= 


trees is becoming more generally recog- 
nized everywhere and augurs well foe 
greater public interest in forestry itself. 
There can be no doubt that were the gen- 
eral public more fully aware of the 
principles of forestry, there would be 
manifested a very pronounced sentiment 
for the protection of trees, both in the 
cities and forests. 


In the Woods of Minnesota. 


Trip of a German Forest Expert Over the Site of the Proposed National 
Park. Some Considerations Indicating Large Profits to 
the State from Small Expenditure. 


BY THE FORESTER OF THE VANDERBILT FOREST, BILTMORE, N. C. 


The map tells us that Leech Lake’s 
shoreline extends over 574 miles. The 
state of Minnesota, measured from north 
to south, is only 384 miles long. Imagine! 
If the shoreline, with all its bays and 
beaches and spurs and tongues, was 


- stretched lengthways through Minnesota it 


would reach way down into Iowa! But 
shorelines do not belong to the chapter of 
economics. 

Safely landed, with the help of an In- 
dian pilot, we enter the woods. As usual, 
a belt of low hardwoods, Oaks, Elms, 
Maples, Birches and so on, occupies a 
narrow strip of land along the water-front. 
Nature has selected the fittest. Storms 
blowing across the lake with unbroken 
force are sure to turn over any Pines that 
might boldly show their heads beyond the 
level of the hardwood crowns. ‘The long 
body of the Pine is a capital lever for the 
wind, with the help of which a tree is 
easily uprooted. The shallow root system 
of the White Pine subjects it badly to the 
storm’s deadly attacks. 

A look at the big hole caused by the 
wind tearing outa bce by its roots allows 
us to judge the quality of the soil. It con- 
sists of sand, with a slight admixture of 
loam, a Soil which abroad, where the 
population is dense, is Bousidered good for 
farming. No wonder, then, that “the im- 


migrant-settler is easily induced to occupy 
such and similar ground, offered to him by 
Uncle Sam’s kindness free of charge, or 
at a low price by speculators who secure 
from lumbermen, at a nominal sum, large 
tracts, denuded of tree growth. 

We see such land advertised in the 
papers as ‘*the bonanza of Minnesota,” 
‘¢the poor man’s paradise,” ‘* the Cripple 
Creek of the farmer.” But woe to the 
inexperienced new-comer, trapped by these 
eulogies! To bring the ground in tillable 
condition is expensive, while the growth 
of potatoes, corn or cereals will exhaust 
the soil thoroughly in five years. 

There is so much good land available 
in the United States that it does not pay to 
occupy medium land cleared from its cover 
of trees, even if it is given to the farmer 
free of charge. The federal and state 
governments have allowed, in the state of 
Minnesota alone, an area of several million 
acres to be transformed into an unproduc- 
tive waste. The main principle of polit- 
ical economy, that the productiveness of 
every acre of national soil must be main- 
tained or increased, has been overlooked. 
If the production of meat and hides pays 
best on a given soil, let us use it for cat- 
tle pasture. Where field crops are most 
remunerative, let us raise them. On land 
which is so rocky or so sandy as to bear 


262 


tree growth only, let us raise trees, and 
that kind and size of trees which pay best. 

A look at the Pine woods surrounding 
us on Leech Lake tells us in a moment 
how trees should be raised. At the foot 
of their mother-trees we find millions of 
small Pine seedlings trailing on the ground. 
Where a windfall has removed the parent 
trees, the children at once shoot ahead 
towards the sky, growing at the rate of 
twenty inches per year. Why should we 
not imitate the wind, cutting all such old 
trees which have reached merchantable 
size and allowing their progeny of seed- 
lings to fill the gap! This natural system 
of working a forest will allow ground fit 
only for tree-growth to continue to be pro- 
ductive after the virgin timber has been 
removed. If Nature herself were not sure 
to restore young trees in the place of the 
old ones, there would not be any forests 
on this globe. Imitating nature’s ways, it 
is easy to maintain forests. 

Why, now, does the timber owner al- 
low the ground to be barren? Why does 
he give it up to the state for non-payment 
of taxes after cutting the old trees? Does 
he not realize that sapling trees thirty years 
old are worth twenty-five cents apiece, if 
the value of trees 120 years old is $2, fig- 
uring at three per cent. compound interest ? 
Does he not see that skillful handling of 
the ax when removing old trees can result 
in 500 saplings per acre, which will grow 
up into timber of superior quality stand- 
ing close together andclearing one another 
from side branches? 

The timber owner is well aware of all 
these natural facts. But he is aware, too, 
of another not natural fact: The absolute 
certainty of the second growth to fall 
prey to fires before it has time to fortify 
itself against conflagration by forming a 
heavy layer of fire-proof bark around its 
stump. In the case of the flat-rooted 
White Pine, even old trees, having their 
long roots imbedded in combustile mould, 
are badly subject to death from fires. The 
owner is undoubtedly wise, when leaving 
the land bare and barren. 

But is the commonwealth wise in allow- 
ing the area of barren land to increase an- 
nually, in Minnesota alone, 125,000 acres? 


THE FORESTER. 


November, 


Should it not either employ a staff of guards 
to prevent fires on private land after lumber- 
ing, or else establish as a national forest 
and keep under proper care all such land 
as is fit for growing trees, and for nothing 
else? 

We, the public, ruling and loving this 
country, must select through our legisla- 
tures that way which is best adapted to our 
peculiar economic and legal conditions. 
For our legislators, a knowledge of the 
facts prevailing in northern Minnesota, 
Michigan and Wisconsin is indispensable, 
if they want to solve the difficult problem. 
Col. John S. Cooper’s excursion, starting 
from Chicago on September 28th, affords 
a chance to see the actual conditions. The 
facts form the argument upon which the 
urgently needed change of Governmental 
laid policy must be ececk 

Two trains, consisting of thirty cars 
each, loaded high with 110,000 feet board 
measure of pine logs, passed the depot 
while the tourists were awaiting their train. 
Six freights of that description pass 
Walker day by day, each one carrying to 
the mills what the last 150 years have pro- 
duced on an area of twelve acres. ‘There 
is not one, but hundreds of logging camps 
in the woods, and we might well be proud 
of the achievements of American genius in 
forest utilization. We do uvemess ona 
larger scale than all Europe taken together. 
Minnesota alone produces 1,250,000,000 
feet of lumber annually, and it might con- 
tinue to do so if 10,000,000 acres of pine 
land were treated after conservative prin- 
ciples. 

A short ride through interesting forests 
and swamps takes us over to Cass Lake. 
The white man has not had a chance yet 
to ruin the beauty of the Chippewa re- 
serve. Instigated by the dead-and-down 
timber act, he has tried, of course, to put 
his hand on its chief value, the timber. 
As there was not enough dead-and-down 
timber to make logging remunerative, he 
has worked hard with kerosene and fire- 
brand to accelerate the death rate of trees. 
Charred Pine trees on hundreds of acres 
bear witness to the deed. 

There cannot be any doubt that on good 
land the farmer’s plow must follow the 


1899. 


lumberman’s ax. On medium and poor 
land, however, the tree must be followed 
by the tree, lest the national soil be al- 
lowed to lie unproductive. We hear a 
great deal of talk relative to reclaiming 
barren soil for production by means of ir- 
rigation. Why does no one lift his voice 
with a view of preventing productive lands 
from being changed into a barren waste? 
Reforestation of absolutely denuded 
tracts is difficult and expensive. France 
and Switzerland are spending millions of 
francs annually to restore the forest on 
tracts wherefrom reckless use removed it 
decades ago. We learn abroad how to do 
this.and that. There are a few things 
which we should learn not to do. Forest 
destruction is one of them. 

Forests and swamps are nature’s storage 
basins. If we destroy them agriculture 
and commerce must suffer. Suppose the 
advantage annually derived from the mere 
existence of forests, owing to their influ- 
ence on Water supply, public health, com- 
merce and manufacture amounts to a 
million dollars. Should we not spend 
$200,000 annually for the maintenance of 
forests? We maintain an army, a navy, 
an administration, a foreign service. 
Should we not employ local police, or- 
ganized after the army pattern, to guard 
the forests on our private, state and federal 
land? Germany and France have a forest 
service. Why not we? 


THE ‘‘ ForEST SOLDIER.” 


After some slight training the ‘‘ forest 
soldier” might be. employed for laying out 
and keeping i in order public roads travers- 
ing the forest. The importance of roads 
to transport forest produce and for fire- 
breaks will make it advisable to put road 
matters in charge of the foresters. The 
revenue derivable from sale of forest pro- 
duce will soon be sufficient to more than 
cover all expenses. 

The American people have seen their 
way clear in many a case. If they only 
were aware of the facts they would soon 
find a broad highway out of the difficulty. 
This is an economic question, and on bet- 
ter business men than the American peo- 
ple the sun never shown. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


263 


The facts are plain enough; millions of 
acres in Minnesota, Wisconsin, Michigan 
and elsewhere, productive of timber, have 
laid idle for years. Private enterprise 
cannot transform the waste into produc- 
tive land, the transformation not having 
proved to be remunerative under the pres- 
ent economic conditions. Change the con- 
ditions! We not only complain of the 
non-production of 150 feet board measure 
per acre per annum on the deserted land. 
Every 150 feet board measure produced 
means employment of common labor in 
manufacturing hundreds of commodities 
out of wood fiber—furniture, etc. The 
labor required to transform 150 feet board 
measure into some sort of a manufactured 
product averages about $3. If 50,000,- 
ooo acres fit for timber growth are lying 
idie, $150,000,000 are lost annually to the 
American laborer in the near future. 

Bewildered at our own conclusions we 
stop—just in time—to see at our feet the 
foot-prints of deer—long, pointed, a nar- 
now bench left between the hoofs, the 
hind hoofs slightly impressed in the wet 


soil. This is a stag’s calling-card, and 
big animal he was. Game is getting 


scarce, losing its abode in the vanishing 
forests. Large forests cannot and _ shall 
not be kept for sport and fun only. But 
if sport and fun can be had in addition to 
economic use, why not have them? Con- 
stant use makes the instrument dull, and 
even sharp American wits will require 
filing now and then. 

The White Pine, being exacting, re- 
quires nourishment and help to propagate 
its family. Often a generation of Poplars 
and Birches must act as nurses for the 
much-exacting aristocrats. The old tree, 
on the other hand, although it sends its 
roots over a space of 600 square feet, em- 
bracing rocks and dead stumps with root 
fibers, is readily killed by heavy 
No wonder, then, that the lumbermen, 
instead of leaving this sensitive treasure 
in the forest, prefer to transform it into 
fire-proof money at the quickest possible 
rate. 

If you have not seen those giants of the 
woods, overtowering their neighbors by 
sixty feet, go quickly, before they all dis- 


fires. 


264 


appear. Even if the country adopts a 
system of forestry, such giants will not be 
produced any more. They are losing 
rather than gaining in volume and value. 
Now 300 years old, they have not added 
more than two per cent. annually to their 
volume for the last 150 years. Soon they 
will fall and decay. On the dead body, 
nature will plant the most beautiful velvet 
of tender mosses, decorating the old 


giant’s grave. And after a while, amongst’ 


THE FORESTER. 


November, 


the mosses a seed will germinate, develop- 
ing into a White Pine. The young gen- 
eration builds up its new organism on that 
made by its ancestors, just as human be- 
ings continue business footing on their 
fathers’ work. 

There is no room in the dictionary for 
all our names; all we can secure to last 
longer than our life is a good name and 
memory, cherished by loving children. 

C. ALWIN SCHENCK. 


Dispelling an Illusion. 


The fear of some citizens of Minnesota 
that the creation of a great National Park 
and Forest Reservation in that State would 
interfere with their material prosperity has 
been dispelled in large part by a considera- 
tion of the business and population in the 
Adirondack Park in New York. In a re- 
cent letter in reply to inquiries addressed 
to him by: the Chief (Forest) Fire War- 
den of Minnesota, Colonel William F. Fox, 
Superintendent of State Forests of New 
York, says: 

GENERAL C. C. ANDREWS, 

St: Paul) Minn. 

My Dear Sir:—I take pleasure in 
acknowledging the receipt of your letter of 
the 3d, and would respectfully submit the 
following information in reply to your in- 
quiries. According to the State Census 
of 1892, there was a population of 32,071 
within the boundaries of the great forest 
of Northern New York, or what is termed 
the Adirondack Park. This population 
has increased largely since the census was 
taken, it having doubled in some localities. 
The figures given embrace permanent 'res- 
idents only, and do not include the very 
large number of hotel people and tourists 
who frequent the forests during the Sum- 
mer season. There are a/so a great many 
sportsmen who go into the woods during 
the Spring months to enjoy the fishing, 
also the hunters who go there in the Fall 
for the deer and partridge shooting. 

Of late years the fixed or winter popu- 
lation throughout the Adirondacks have 


become strong advocates of forest preser- 
vation. They admit freely that they can 
make more money out of the Summer 
people, tourists and sportsmen who fre- 
quent the forests than they can obtain from 
the lumbermen. There are over 1,000 
guides in the Adirondacks. In the An- 
nual Report of the Forest Commission for 
1893 I published the names and postoffice 
addresses of 788 of these guides. When 
these men work for the lumbermen they 
receive $1.00 per day and board. During 
the Spring, Summer and Fall, while em- 
ployed as guides, they receive $3.00 per 
day with board and other expenses. The 
livelihood of these men and provision for 
their families depends upon the existence 
of the forests. 

In further reply to your inquiries I would 
say that the population of the Adiron- 
dack forest is more largely scattered than 
the figures given you would indicate. 
There is little tendency to concentrate in 
villages. Still, there are several villages 
which are entirely dependent upon the 
people who come to the woods for pleasure 
or health. The village of Saranac Lake 
contains about 2,200 people. This place 
is built up largely by wealthy persons 
who, on account of pulmonary troubles, 
are obliged to live in the forests. Lake 
Placid, with a population of about 1,500, 
is composed almost entirely of hotels and 
boarding houses. In the Summer it has 
a population of several thousand. These 
people do not want any lumbering done 


1899. 


near them. There is more money for 
them in a standing forest than in saw 
mills and river driving. They would 
rather see the logs standing in the trees 
than in piles in the skidways. The vil- 
lages of Wells, Indian Lake and Long 
Lake have each a population of from 700 
to goo people, one-half of whom obtain 
their livelihood by work as guides. 

In the Catskill forests there are several 
beautiful villages, notably Pine Hills, 
Tannersville, Palenville, Hunter, Stam- 
ford, Margaretville and Fleischmans, with 
a population of from 800 to 1,200 each. 
These villages are all dependent for their 
existence upon the Summer residents, who 
throng this region on account of its near- 
ness to New York City; but the villagers 
are well aware that if the forests which 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 265 


> 


cover the Catskill Mountains are ever re- 
moved or destroyed they will lose the 
patronage of the Summer people and their 
occupation will be gone. Of the many 
thousands who frequent our Adirondack 
and Catskill forests each Summer a good 
proportion are from outside States. The 
large amount of money which these out- 
siders leave within the State of New York 
will exceed the millions which the State 
is paying for the purchase and preserva- 
tion of its forests. 

Hoping and trusting that the forest 
movement in your State will be successful 
in every way, I am 


Yours with great respect, 
WILLIAM F. Fox, 
Superintendent State Forests. 


A young and prosperous nation is nec- 
essarily unthinking, so far as the consider- 
ation of posterity is concerned. But with 
nations as with individuals, age is inevi- 
table, and may we have the good sense to 
profit by the experience of some older 
countries in a matter of beauty and utility, 
an tinicipation of an age that will surely 
come. As the years roll on and each suc- 
ceeding generation continues to ignore its 
duty and to set aside all obligation to re- 
_ tain the beautiful in age, our country will 
soon be deprived of one of its greatest 
glories—its primeval forests. It is nature 
and the gods alone who are eternally 
young. ‘* For there is hope of a tree if it 
_ be cut down, that it will sprout again.” 
Nature is kind to her children and in spite 
of the many wounds inflicted upon her 
_ motherly breast by the greed and thought- 
lessness of man, she is ever prompt to heal 
the wounds and lend her care to the new 
life intrusted to her keeping. 

Happily the time has come when the 
attention of our people is being called to 
this important subject through the efforts 

of the American Forestry Association. 
To the majority of persons, the word 


For the Majesty of the Forest. 


forestry suggests a vague idea of planting 
trees and beautifying generally, when in 
reality this is but a branch of the subject. 
‘Forestry is simply the management of 
lands grown with forests, and its object is 
to derive from such lands the greatest pos- 
sible benefit for the owner.” 

Forestry does not necessitate the appro- 
priation of good agricultural lands; one of 
its greatest advantages is that wood and 
timber can be profitably grown on soil 
that is unfit for farming purposes. Ger- 
many discovered this some centuries ago, 
and a system of forest schools was estab- 
lished which has led to the grand results 
seen there to-day. Nor does forestry inter- 
fere with the march of civilization, nor the 
growth of cities. The Black Forest is an 
illustration of this. 

The forests of Germany are its crown- 
ing beauty as well as the source of health, 
wealth, and national independence. And 
perhaps there is not a nation in the world 
that has paid more attention to the study 
and application of the beautiful in forestry 
and arboriculture than Japan. The Japa- 
nese make the most of every inch of 
ground, and take care to plant Firs and 


266 


Cypresses in barren soils that are fit for 
nothing else. For ornament and _ shade, 
however, the roads are lined on both sides 
with superb Pine trees, which give great 
beauty to the country and make travelling 
in warm weather a pleasure. And we, 
too, are lying the foundation for a like 
record in the years to come. 

The United States has recently set apart 
46,000,000 acres of mountain lands as a 
forest reserve, and has appointed a suffi- 
cient force to insure their administration 
and protection from fire. It is an inter- 
esting fact, that for the first time in the 
history of our country, the President in 
his last annual message, devoted space to 
the subject of forestry. 

We have much to look forward to from 
the increasing interest manifested in our 
National and State Parks, and in the con- 
scientious efforts of the officers of the As- 
sociation to enforce the laws in punish- 
ment of wilful destruction and for the still 


THE FORESTER. 


November, 


more disastrous results arising from care- 
lessness in starting forest and prairie fires. 
The fire wardens in our State have done 
much to stop this evil, and the report for 
1898 shows, of the total number of fires, 
78 per cent. controlled or extinguished by 
fire wardens. 

The States of New York and Pennsyl- 
vania have made more progress in a busi- 
ness-like treatment of forestry than any 
others in the Union. Pennsylvania sets 
the valuable example of being willing to 
sink large amounts of money without hope 
of return, simply because she appreciates 
the immense indirect advantage to be de- 
rived from a proper care of her forests. 
And let us hope that the people of Minne- 
sota may be equally far-seeing, and may 
not withhold their hearty co6peration and 
substantial aid in furthering the work so 
well begun. 

REBECCA B. FLANDRAU. 

In the Courant, St. Paul. 


The Forests of the Nation. 


The annual report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office of the Depart- 
ment of the Interior, which will shortly be issued, contains the following recommen- 
dations referring especially to forestry : 

The changing and enlarging of the limits of the Mount Ranier National Park, State 
of Washington, on the lines advised by Bailey Willis, of the United States Geological 
Survey, in his article, prepared especially for THe Forersrer, and published in the 
May issue of this year. 

The extension of the Yellowstone National Park. 

The appropriation of three hundred thousand dollars for the expenses of the forest 
service in connection with the creation and administration of forest reservations. 

The enactment of a law that shall empower forest officers, special agents, and other 
officers having authority in relation to the protection of public lands and the timber 
thereon, to make arrests, without process in hand, for the violation of the laws or rules 
and regulations relating to the forest reserves or other forest lands of the United States. 

The authority to rent or lease lands within forest reservations for any purposes not 
incompatible with the purposes for which such reservations are created. 

Legislative provision for the entry of lands within forest reservations which are 
found to be more valuable for the coal therein than for forest uses. 

Protecting the Government in the exchange of lands within forest reservations for 
those without, by legislative provision that the natural state of the tract relinquished 
shall not have been changed except to such an extent as may have been necessary in 
clearing the land for actual cultivation. 

Recommendation in matter of perfected claims to lands in forest reserves (Act June 
4, 1897), where ownership is established and land is reconveyed to the United States. 


1899. 
DHE FORESTER. 


A MONTHLY MAGAZINE 


Devoted to Arboriculture and Forestry, the 
Care and Use of Forests and Forest 
Trees, and Related Subjects. 


ANNOUNCEMENT. 
THE FORESTER is the Official Organ of 


The American Forestry Association, 


Hon. JAMES WILSON, Sec’y of Agriculture, 
President. 


THE OFFICE OF PUBLICATION IS 
No. 107 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C., 


where all communications should be addressed. 
The subscription price is One Dollar a year, 
and single copies are sold at ten cents. 
Make all checks, drafts, etc., payable to THE 
FORESTER. 


SPECIAL ANNOUNCETIENT. 


The next issue of THE FORESTER will be the 
Christmas number. It is the intention of the 
editor to make it noteworthy in a number of 
ways. There will be moreof the new features 
which have marked the recent progress of 
the magazine, and which have received the 
warm commendation of its readers. Its con- 
tents will be even more diversified than usual. 


THE FORESTER during the year 1899 has 
aimed to commend itself on its own merits to 
all who should iook through its pages. If the 
editor may judge from letters written by its 
Teaders, it has improved in quality as well as in 
size and appearance, and it is confidently be- 
lieved that the Christmas issue will be voted the 
best and most attractive number of a good 
volume. 


But this end has not been reached without in- 
creased expenditures of a very considerable sort, 
cheerfully authorized in the firm belief that the 
improved magazine would be more welcome 
than ever to its old friends, through whose help, 
linked with the efforts of the management, THE 
FORESTER would reach many new subscribers. 
And in the consummation of this plan every 
friend of forestry can do yeoman’s service. 


“ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 267 


“‘ Rally ’round the tree’’ is the watch word, a 
little energy and personal influence the requis- 
ites. Public interest in forestry is everywhere 
increasing rapidly, in proportion as its impor- 
tance becomes known. To bring the subject 
forward, THE FORESTER makes the following 
offer: To all who subscribe during the present 
month will be sent THE FORESTER up to Jan- 
uary I, 1901, with the issues of the last three 
months of this year, including the handsome 
Christmas number—fifteen months for $1.00. 


Attention is also asked to the blank applica- 
tion for membership in The American Forestry 
Association, to be found on the page facing page 
270 of this issue. et each member have this 
filled in and returned by a prospective new mem- 
ber. All applications come before the commit- 
tee on membership for ratification. New mem- 
bers whose annual dues are paid during the 
current month will be furnished the above men- 
tioned copiesof THE FORESTER gratis. Dupli- 
cate blanks with-any further information may 
be secured by addressing The American Fores- 
try Association, Washington, D. C. 


There are many evidences of a public awaken- 
ing throughout the United States to the realiza- 
tion that the perpetuation of forests is a matter 
directly affecting the welfare of state and nation. 
There can be no denying the fact that the at- 
tention of thoughtful people has been much 
aroused lately to the importance of the sub- 
eC 

The prospect of a great National Park in 
northern Minnesota has stimulated other parts 
of the country to action. In a letter to THE 
FORESTER, a member of the American Forestry 
Association says of this movement : 

‘Western North Carolina, it seems to us here, 
is par excellence the place for a National Park, 
Thousands upon thousands of acres of virgin 
forest, at an altitude ranging from 2,000 to 6,c00 
feet, are now inviting such a beneficent move- 
ment. Apart from the Vanderbilt forest of 
nearly 100,000 acres, the woodman’s ax is fast 
getting in its work in this most beautiful moun- 
tain section of America, and a few years from 
now the opportunity of establishing a National 
Park here may be lost. Senator J. D. Pritchard, 
a man of ability and influence, is interesting 
himself in the project and I bespeak for the en- 
terprise your cooperation.” 


268 


CHIPS AND CLIPS: 


Autumn tree-planting gives emphasis to 
the growing interest in forestry. 


The forests which have wood ‘‘to 
burn,” as the colloquial phrase goes, jus- 
tify their name at this season of the year 
by frequent fires. 


One million people are supported by 
forestry in Germany and two millions 
more by manufactures of which forest 
products form the principal material. 


The steady advance in prices in the 
lumber trade was brought to mind rather 
forcibly by a pack of Chicago thieves who 
recently stole 60 feet of a picket fence. 


A feature of the forests of British Co- 
lumbia, especially of the coast, is their 
density. As much as 500,000 feet of 
lumber has been taken from a single acre. 


Cornelius W. Smith, of Syracuse, N. 
Y., president of the New York State Fish, 
Game and Forest League, died at his 
home of heart disease, October 28, aged 
54 years. 


The municipal authorities of Camden, 
N. J., have prohibited the further posting 
of handbills and advertisements on trees 
in the public streets on account of damage 
done to the trees. 


A series of tests, to determine the 
strength of British Columbia Douglas Fir 
produced very satisfactory results regard- 
ing the relative value of the various quali- 
ties submitted. 


Elihu Stewart, Canadian Chief Inspec- 
tor of Timber and Forestry, made an 
official trip through Manitoba and British 
Columbia lately to investigate the condi- 
tion of the forests of Western Canada. 


The local authorities in Ulster County, 
N. Y., are securing options on 9,000 acres 
of wild lands for forest reserve purposes, 


THE FORESTER: 


November, 


under a legislative act appropriating $50,- 
ooo for purchasing lands in the Catskills. 


Pacific Coast lumbermen expect that 
Russia, with her trans-Siberian railway, 
the development of seaport facilities and | 
the establishment of commerce on the 
Pacific will prove a valuable customer in | 
the near future. ] 


Pennsylvania seems to be experiencing | 
a considerable awakening to the good | 
which Commissioner Rothrock can accom- | 
plish if provided with the necessary means. | 
But the State Treasury has no funds for 
forestry at present. 


In Europe there are a number of good 
examples of remunerative forestry. The 
duchy of Baden derives a net annual rev- 
enue of $667,000 from 240,000 acres of 
public forest, and the kingdom of Wur- 
temburg $1,700,000 from its 418,000 acres 
of public forest. 


The White Spruce is a very useful tim- 
ber, grows in low swampy lands, and does 
not occur in large compact bodies, but in- 
terspersed among Fir and other trees. It 
almost equals the Fir in circumference, but 
does not grow to such a height nor is its 
stem so clear of branches. 


Japan is taking kindly to the principles| 
of forestry, the government now making} 
provision for perpetuating the forests on a 
definite plan. In the main islands the 
forest cover has been considerably de-| 
nuded, and an imperial edict has decreed 
that young trees shall be planted for every, 
mature tree cut down. 


The city of Santa Barbara, Cal., has 
consummated the purchase of 3,500 acres 
of mountain lands in the Santa Yfez range, 
in accordance with an act of Congress al 
lowing an option of $1.25 an acre, for 
purposes of water conservation. A tunnel 
will be built to Santa Yiez River, a dis+ 
tance of three and a half miles, to suppl 
the water. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


_ ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED, JANUARY, 1897. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


e OFFICERS FOR 18g9. 
President, 
: Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 
4 First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNOW. F. H. NEWELL. 
5 Recording Secretary and Treasurer, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. 
| Directors, 
_ JAMES WILSON. CHARLES C. BINNEY. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. 
B. E. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ‘° ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL. 
GEORGE W. McCLANAHAN. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. 


Vice Presidents. 
Str H. G. JoLy DE LOTBINIERE, Pointe Platon’ Wwm. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 


Quebec. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. 
CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HoBart, Santa Fe, N. M. 
CHARLES Mouwr, Mobile, Ala. WARRON HIGLeEy, New York, N. Y. 

D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C. 

THOMAS C. MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. W. W. BARRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
ABBOTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. REUBEN H. WARDER, North Bend, Ohio. 
E. T. ENSIGN, Colorado Springs, Colo. WILLIAM T. LITTLE, Perry, Okla. 
ROBERT BROWN, New Haven, Conn. E. W. HAMMOND, Witmer, Ore. 

Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. 

A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. 

R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. H. A. GREEN, Chester, S. C. 

J. M. CoutTeERr, Chicago, Ill. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. 
JAMES Troop, Lafayette, Ind. W. GoopRICH JONES, Temple, Texas. 
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. 

J. S. EMERY, Lawrence, Kans. REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt. 

JouHN R. Proctor, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NouURSE, Blacksburg, Va. 

LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. _ EDMUND S. MEANY, Seattle, Wash. 
JOHN W. GARRETT, Baltimore, Md. A. D. HOPKINS, Morgantown, W. Va. 
JouHN E. Hosss, North Berwick, Me. H. C. PuTNAM, Eau Claire, Wis. 

J. D. W. FRENCH, Boston, Mass. ELWoOoD MEAD, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

W. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich. GEORGE W. MCLANAHAN, Washington, D. C. 
Cc. C. ANDREWS, St. Paul, Minn. JOHN CRAIG, Ottawa, Ont. 

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. 
CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. Lieut. H. W. FRENCH, Manila, P. I. 


APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP. 


; To the Assistant Secretary, 
: AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Washington, D. C. 
DEAR Sir: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association. 


Very truly yours, 


: Na VILE wccvcnccccccccocccccscncvcccsccscsscocsececaseneuencucsncnnensnnascnannscanacansnanaacenacencncacaancacesscsacne - 


; 
| PE OMA GATES See eae Hace nas Ta ease sas Saale yan a aee cna eae ee 
[ 


New York State College of Forestry, 


CORNELL UNIVERSITY, ITHACA, N. Y., 


THE FORES TER. \ 


Offers a complete four-year course in Forestry leading to the degree of Bachelor in 
the Science of Forestry (B.S. F.). 

Special students for shorter terms accepted if properly prepared. 

Tuition $100 per year. New York State students free. 

The Spring terms of the junior and senior years are spent in the Demonstra- 


tion Forest in the Adirondacks, devoted to practical work. 


Requirements for admission similar to those in other branches of the Univer- | 
sity. Send for prospectus. 
Instruction in preparatory and collateral branches given by the Faculty of | 
the University. ; 
For further information address, Director of State College of Forestry, Ithaca, 
INGO: 
B. E. FERNOW, EEDs 


FILIBERT ROTH, Assistant Professor. Director. | 


JOHN GIFFORD, D.Oec., Assistant Professor. 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


The object of this Association is to promote: 


continent. 


2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures tending to | 
promote this object. 


3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and re-| 
newal of forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper util-| 
ization of forest products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate’ 
subjects of arboriculture. | 


Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, | 
as well as are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth. Fill) 
in the blank application on the preceding page, and address only 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
WASHINGTON, D. C. | 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Hough's “American Woods”’ 


A PUBLICATION ON THE TREES OF THE UNITED STATES 
ILLUSTRATED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS 


“A work where plant life does the writing, and which no one can read 
without thinking.’’—G. A. PARKER, Esq., Hartford, Conn. 


““T know of nothing so well calculated to make young people fall in love 
with trees.’”.—E. H. RUSSELL, Principal State Normal School, Worcester, 
Mass. 


“This is a unique and beautiful publication for which the lovers of 
nature owe a great debt to Mr. Hough.’’—Dr. A. E. WINSHIP, Editor of 
Journal of Education, Boston, Mass. 


“You must be working more in the interest of mankind generally than 
for yourself, to furnish so much for so small a compensation.’’—C. H. 
Baker, C. E., Seattle, Wash. 


“Cannot show my appreciation better than by subscribing for an addi- 
tional copy.’’—Professor GEO. L. GOODALE, Harvard College, Cambridge, 
Mass. 


WOOD SPECIMENS FOR CLASS USE 


PREPARATION OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON 
AND MICROSCOPE 


VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES 
‘WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS 


for invitations, menus, personal cards, etc. Admirably adapted lo 
India-ink work and painting for gift cards, etc. 


Send for circulars and enclose ten cents for sample specimens from 


**cAmerican Woods”” 


Address ROMEYN B. HOUGH, Lowvitte, N. Y. 


FE. R. MEIBR, 


Consulting Forester 


Mahwah, N._J. 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 


THE FORESTER. 


After looking through this issue, write us, 
if you are not already a member of... . 


The American Forestry Association 


We would like to tell you why you should be. 


i N 


one 


“ee 


= ‘ 
— er = Sea oS SS = SE 
——e = SSS 
—————— % = 
ee 


SHE IWAS BLIND. 


A blindness comes to me now and then. I have it 
now. It is queer—I can see your eyes but not your nose. 
I can’t read because some of the letters are blurred; dark 
spots cover them; it is very uncomfortable. 

I know all about it; it’s DYSPEPSIA. Take one 
of these; it will cure you in ten minutes. 

What is it ? 

A Ripans Tabule. 


Ve. case of bad health that R'I'P’A‘N'S will not benefit. They banish pain and prolong life, 
One gives relief. Note the word R'I'P’A'N'S on the package and accept no substitute. R*I’-P’A‘N’S, 
0 for5 cents or twelve packets for 48 cents, may be had at any drug store. Tn samples and ove thou- 
éand testimonials will be mailed to any address for 5 cents, forwarded to the Ripans Chemical Co., No. 
10 Spruce St., New York. 


— “= ees 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 


| SEGIETANT WILQUN UN FUntat HT, 


low. V. DECEMBER, 1899. No. 12. 


WY of i 
C Q af - oF of I 
ot. ul Al ouF ae 


CGPYRIGHT, 1808, vAPHE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. om 
=a EE e Post ein Washington, D. C., as second class matter, - 


| EFFECT OF FORESTRY ~ic--_ THE PRACTICAL IN 


TABLE OF CONTENTS. 


(AN EXAMPLE OF SCIENTIFIC PORESTRY) 235, cucigiyaue orang eesmsed senye .....Frontispiece. 


WHAT Forestry MANS TO ‘THE UNITED BTATHS A eee els cen as Pes 2714 
By the Secretary of Agriculture. . 


HE PRACTICAL IN POREGTRY, 6:5. isl asus dugdoredaraseeee naib clde A hie ee ce aBivis era en nat at 275 a 


Blending of Ideas Regarding Lumbering, Forest Conservation and 
Reforestation. 


From the Lumberman’s Standpoint. 
ForESTS FOR THE RICH ONLY..,..........+. OME ee Mer inal Mame ena Eons KSA Mah 316) 278 9 


EFFECT OF FORESTS 'ON WATER SUPPLY.,.j.-ccesscrsceneececusbeneseeees Sai cena stant . 299 4 


II.—Investigations Regarding Capillary Action and the Effects of 
Forest Cover. 


CHANGING Mt. Rarntrer’s BOUNDARIES........- AER IRC RN HOG GO RAR Wa ate 282 
Official Recommendation of the Commissioner of the General Land 
Office. 
In THE SOUTHERN ALLEGHENIES. D6. ,ivesscdsua te iedonodsteseneede Sa ota ra eee 283am 
Establishment of a National Park and Forest Reserve in North Caro- 
lina. 
INFLUENCE OF Forests UPON STORAGE RESERVOIRS...........cceeeceeeeeees SCREEN 285 
Some Conditions Essential to the Maintenance of Streamflow and Water — 
Conservation. 
For’ AN INTERNATIONAL, CONGRESB i) evr nc banda a Ue uae Cibetdcmains pate wai mete ee uae ue zes 
ECONOMIC SLREE (PLANTING (olin Un US RU PSUR RS AGRA i 0 SOO Oe 288 
OITORIAL. US Aa AIA RENAE th Ng Ae SET SAHA Asie Sar nce uins ‘.. 200m 


American Forestry Association. 

Completion of Another Volume. 

Enthusiasm for National Parks. 

Chips and Clips—News Items. European Forestry. 


The Sportsman’s Willow. _ Coming of the Light. 
Transplanting Carolina Poplars. Arousing Popular Interest. 
A Great Opportunity. An Appreciation of Forestry. 


RECENT (PURDICA TIONS io ela ane Uo acu (eC Lee eee EO Es bad lebabeaeeee dace aaa tare 


AMERICAN FORES TRY ASSOCIATION. 


The Forester —- 


FOR-THE YEAR 1900 WILL BE BETTER AND 
MORE INTERESTING THAN EVER BEFORE, 


Pertinent papers by forest experts, accurate descriptions of the forests 
by officials of the U. S. Government, scientific forestry at home and 
abroad, questions of lumbering, irrigation, water pany, oes 
grazing, and a keen summary of forest news. 


Fifteen Months (See page 267) for $1. OO. 


FORESTRY SCHOOL, 


AT BILTMORE, N. C. 


_ For circular and information apply to 


C. A. SCHENCK, Ph.D., 


Forester to the BILTMORE ESTATE, 


New York State College of Forestry, 


ZORNELL UNIVERSIT VY, ISAGCA NOY, 


- Offers a complete four-year course in Forestry leading to the degree of Bachelor in 
» the Science of Forestry (B.S. F.). 


Special students for shorter terms accepted if properly prepared. 
Tuition $100 per year. New York State students free. 
The Spring terms of the junior and senior years are spent in the Demonstra- 


tion Forest in the Adirondacks, devoted to practical work. 


Requirements for admission similar to those in other branches of the Univer- 


sity. Send for prospectus. 


Instruction in preparatory and collateral branches given by the Faculty of 


the University. 
For further information address, Director of State College of Forestry, Ithaca, 


mn: YY: 
B. E. FERNOW, LL.D., 


FILIBERT ROTH, Assistant Professor, Director. 
JOHN GIFFORD, D.Oec., Assistant Professor. 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 


THE FORESTER. 


HENRY ROMEIKE, 


The First Established and Most Complete 
Newspaper Cutting Bureau in the World. 


110 FIP TE AVENUE; NEW YORK. | 


8 


ESTABLISHED LONDON, 1881; NEW YORK, 1884. 
BRANCHES: LONDON, PARIS, BERLIN, SYDNEY. 


é 


THE PRESS,-CUT TING BUREAU 


which I established and have carried on since 1881 in Iondon, and 1884 | 
in New York, reads, through its hundreds of employes, every news- | 
paper and periodical of importance published in the United States, | 
Canada and Europe. It is patronized by thousands of subscribers, pro- 

fessional or business men, to whom are sent, day by day, newspaper | 
clippings, collected from all these thousands of papers, referring either 


to them or any given subject. 


é 
HENRY ROMER: 


110 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK. — 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 


) 
oy 
ae 
i 


Windbreak 


ing as 


f White Maple, near Manhattan, Servi 


10n O 


AN EXAMPLE OF SCIENTIFIC FORESTRY. 
and Source of Fuel. 


Twenty-five year old Plantat 


ing a 


Kansas, Showi 


. 


ing in 


a 


tf. Gs 
: 


FP cy, 


Se eo enee 


Tree Plant 


conomic 


E 


THE FORESTER. 


Vor. WV. DECEMBER, 1899. Novae: 


What Forestry Means to the United States. 


Bb Meth oe ene LARY OF AGRICULTURE. 


Among the great questions which bear directly both on the present prosperity of the 
United States and upon the future wealth and happiness of its people, forestry occupies 
a conspicuous place. To realize how prominent is its part among the problems of our 
national life it is only necessary to glance at its relation to the great industries of the 
country. Practically all manufactures are tributary, directly or indirectly, to the forest. 
The great business of transportation would be wholly impossible without it. A failure 
of timber in mining is often as disastrous as the failure of the ore-body itself. Even 
Agriculture, without the products of the forest, would be everywhere seriously crippled 
and in many parts of the country almost absolutely impossible. In a word, forestry is 
interwoven with the whole of our present activity as a nation. 

The public mind has not, however, always been awake to the vital connection of for- 
estry with our national welfare, nor has it always understood what the term itself de- 
notes. Toquote from an article in the last year-book of the Department of Agriculture : 

‘The meaning of the word ‘forestry’ changes in the public mind from decade 
to decade. ‘The change is due not only to a better understanding of the subjects with 
which forestry deals, but also to a radical difference in the way forestry is esteemed. 
The progress of the knowledge of any subject is almost always accompanied by a 
change in the point of view from which that subject is regarded. Thus, electricity, 
from being a matter of purely scientific curiosity, has made its way in public thought 
to the position of one of the foremost industrial forces of the time, with the promise of 
such future usefulness that whatever relates to it finds a ready hearing. In somewhat 
the same way forestry is gradually winning a better standing and a larger place in the 
consideration of the people. 

‘¢ At first forestry was understood to relate to trees; andit was not until recently that 
it began to be seen that it has far less to do with individual trees than with forests. At 
that time landscape work and forestry were completely confounded, nor even at this 
day is the distinction always clearly made. Street trees were supposed to be the special 
province of the forester, and even yet one of the great Eastern cities has a city forester, 
whose duties are not concerned with any forest land. This point of view has served a 
most useful purpose, it is true, in enlisting the countenance and support of very many 
persons whose interest in forest matters, rightly so called, would have been small in- 
deed, but it may fairly be questioned whether there has not been a counterbalancing 
loss of the good will and consideration of practical lumbermen and owners of forest land. 

‘‘ Apart from the zxsthetic point of view just referred to, a serious check to the progress 
of forestry, or, as this side of it might well be called, of conservative lumbering, was 


272 THE FORESTER. December, 


the general praise given to European methods of forest management and the frequent 
and strenuous, but utterly impracticable, advice to apply them in the forest of North 
America. To very many of the men upon whom the introduction of forestry in the 
forest depended and still depends, this was a complete barrier, for it made forestry seem 
unworthy of even the most casual consideration. But these were mere temporary ob- 
stacles to a true understanding of forestry and marked what may have been inevitable 
stages of its progress. Another and a worthier point of view has been that of the 
effect of forests upon climate, a subject of which, it must be confessed, we know com- 
paratively little. To-day this subject is largely replaced in general discussion by the 
effect of forests on water supply, with which we are better acquainted. This, at last, 
is one of the real and vital issues with which true forestry is concerned.” 

But it is only one of them. The vast material progress which, since 1865, has dis- 
tinguished the United States among all the nations of the world, would never have been 
achieved without the great resources in timber which we have been able to command. 
In spite of the enormous development of the use of metals in this country, our material 
civilization is still distinctly founded on the use of wood. If we had not had an abund- 
ance of wood from the beginning of our life as a nation until the present day, the 
United States would not now be first in the family of nations in wealth and in food- 
producing power. Whether or not it is true that republics are ungrateful to their great 
men, it certainly is a fact that their citizens are careless of the resources to which their 
prosperity is due. That great wealth finally tends to prodigality is an axiom in human 
nature, whose illustration can nowhere be found better than in the treatment of the 
forest resources of the United States by its citizens. It is not without interest to note 
that the first settlers in New England, with the vast stretches of unexplored wilder- 
ness before them, and a body of standing timber to draw upon whose amount they 
could not even reckon, took immediate steps to prohibit the waste of wood and the 
destruction of forests. It was only later, when a knowledge of the vastness of their 
timber resources led to recklessness, that the indiscriminate destruction of forests began. 
Still later came the second effort toward forest protection, in which we are still engaged. 

It has not been wholly due to recklessness or thoughtless haste to be rich that the 
destruction of vast areas of forests has occurred in the United States. Economic rea- 
sons have had immense influence and one of the chief of these is the question of taxes 
on timberland. Referring to the unbearable weight of the taxes too often assessed on 
uncut or cut-over timberlands, the article quoted above says with entire justice : 

‘* Hundreds of thousands of acres in the white-pine region, notably in Pennsylvania, 
and in Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, have been cut over, abandoned, sold for 
taxes, and finally reduced by fire to a useless wilderness because of the shortsighted 
policy of heavy taxation. To lay heavy taxes on timber land is to set a premium on 
forest destruction, a premium that is doing more than any other single factor to hinder 
the spread of conservative lumbering among the owners of large bodies of timber land. 
Not only does this policy lead to the destruction of the forest, but it reduces eventually 
the sums raised by taxation. Devastated lands are valueless, and therefore can not be 
assessed at anything like their former rates. Then follows a reduction in the sums 
raised, and then a higher tax rate for the rest of the real property in the region; and so, 
by a roundabout but certain road, the chickens come home to roost, and the men who 
invited the destruction of the timber that should have made and kept them prosperous 
have to pay some part at least of the penalty of their shortsightedness. 

‘* It does not change such facts as these to explain how the heavy taxes happened to 
be assessed. It is true that the temptation to tax nonresident owners is very great; that 
companies are often made to suffer for their local unpopularity, and that the burden of 
building and maintaining roads and bridges and court-houses in sparsely settled coun- 
tries bears heavily on their people. But when every allowance has been made, the 
fact still remains that heavy taxes are responsible for the barrenness of thousands of 


1599. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 273 


square miles which should never have ceased to be productive, and which must now 
lie fallow for many decades before they can be counted again among the wealth-making 
assets of the nation. It is not greatly to the interest of any man to protect such 


| wastes, and so fire runs over them year after year, and their possible utility recedes 


further and further into the future.” 


This instance of the destructive agencies which are constantly reducing the area of 
productive forests is but a single example chosen from very many because it is less 
widely known. Forest fires, sheep grazing without proper safeguards, and the lack of 
a general knowledge as to what is possible in forestry are among the other great influ- 
ences at work for harm. It is only of recent years that the conservative forces have 
begun to make themselves felt, and even yet they are by no means up to the level of 
their task, albeit steadily gaining. The conflict against the forces of forest destruction, 
with its enormous attendant evil to the nation, as opposed to conservative forestry, with 
the security it brings is worthy of the best interest and effort of every patriotic citizen. 

For many years a small body of earnest men has been calling public attention to the 
urgent need of action for the preservation of forests in this country, until at last they 
have convinced the people at large that something needs to be done. At first there was 
a general impulse to ridicule the warnings and appeals of the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation, to which in the end nearly all of these men came to belong. There was a rea- 
son for this state of affairs, for at first much that was written and said by over-enthus- 
iastic friends of forestry was less practical and less directly applicable to the American 
forest problem than it should have been. But this tendency gradually disappeared be- 
fore a better understanding of the problem by the friends of forestry, and a truer con- 
ception of the real purpose of the forest reformers by the lumbermen and the general 
public. 

At present there is scarcely an intelligent American who is not in accord with the 
aims of the American Forestry Association. The time has evidently come when this 
Association, strengthened by the approbation of its objects now practically universal 
among our people, is about to make its beneficent influence much more widely and 
practically effective than ever before. Indeed all the agencies at work for the perpetu- 
ation of our forests are taking on new vigor, forest schools are springing up here and 
there, young men in numbers are turning their eyes toward forestry as a profession, and 
the general desire of the people, expressed through their representatives in Congress, is 
giving greater efficiency, year by year, to the work of forest education and right forest 
management on the ground. Among the forces on the side of progress the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture has long held, and still maintains, an honorable place. 

Protection, chiefly against winds, floods, and drought, and the continuous production 
of wood, are the prime objects of forestry. To review in detail what forestry means 
to the United States would be to discuss the value to the nation of practically all its in- 
dustries, for practically all of them use wood, and the comfort and prosperity of practi- 
cally all its people, for we all use wood in ways we could very ill afford to spare. 
In addition the lumber, tanning, and wood-working industries, with their enormous 
annual output, would have to be specially considered. Forestry means the preserva- 
tion and perpetuation of all these, just as continued forest destruction means their in- 
jury or their complete decay. But my limits will not permit me to dwell upon this 
phase of the subject. I pass now to a sphere of forest influence with which, as a 
farmer, I have had special opportunity to become acquainted. It may serve as an ex- 
ample of how closely forestry may be related to the men of a widely separate calling. 

The interest of the farmer in forestry is a vital one, and by no means confined to the 
effect of great forest masses on the climate or on the distribution of the rainfall. Such 
bodies of forest usually lie apart from the chief farming regions, and their influence, 
however great it may be, and however generally it may be acknowledged, is far less 
tangible and convincing to the farmer than the things he can see and handle on his own 


274 THE FORESTER. December, — 
farm. I have no desire to belittle the vast utility of mountain forests, or to slight what — 
may fairly be called the appalling need of conservative forest management throughout 
all the great forest areas of the country. These are matters of the first importance to 
the prosperity and happiness of us all, and it would be difficuit to give them undue 
weight in any consideration of the great resources of the United States. In this paper, 
howeve er, I must take them for granted and go on to consider briefly what interest the 
farmer has in forestry on his own farm. 

There being, according to the census of 1890, more than 200,000,000 acres of forest 
in farms, it appears at once that this is, in the aggregate, a very great question for the 
farmers in wooded regions. As we shall see, it is no less important for the farmer 
living where all the trees have been planted by the hand of man. 

A farmer who has a woodlot on his farm is interested in it in three ways. If he 
lives in a treeless country the protection of his house, his stock, and his growing crops 
against freezing and drying winds is of the very first consequence. It may be objected 
that this matter of ee inrealen and shelterbelts is outside the domain of forestry, but 
the objection is not well taken. Forestry deals with forest trees in their relation to the 
material welfare of the human race. Whether the service they yield to man is rendered 
in fuel, timber, or protection does not affect the definition. Nor is it material whether 
the protection given is against floods, snowslides, blizzards, or drying winds. All these 
are within the province of forestry. 

The farmer in a treeless region is deeply concerned, with the presence or absence of 
windbrakes and shelterbelts on his farm, not only because of the essential necessity of 
the protection they afford, but for another and most practical reason as well. It has 
been ascertained by the estimates of competent men on the ground that the average 
value of a farm, in certain of our treeless States, is actually increased about ten per 
cent. by the presence of good plantations. 

The farmer, where trees grow unplanted, is likewise concerned in the protection 
which his woodlot gives, when he is fortunate enough to have it rightly placed, but his 
dependence on shelter is far less than that of the man in the treeless West. . Still it is 
often enough to make the difference between comfort and discomfort, or sometimes be- 
tween prosperity and want. 

In the second place the farmer is interested in forestry as a producer of wood. The 
planted grove or windbreak of the prairie farmer not only supplies him with part or all 
of his fuel with fence posts, and with wood for other uses about the farm, just as the 
woodlot dies more abundantly for the farmer of the wooded regions, but it may con- 
tribute, through the sale of any of these items, ready cash to no inconsiderable amount. 
On many farms in the East the products of the woodlot, such as ties, posts, and cord- 
wood, bring in a very large per cent. of the yearly revenue in money. It is by no 
means uncommon for a farmer, to whom his cultivated fields would give but a bare liv- 
ing, to be lifted into comparative ease by the produce of his woodlot. For the Eastern 
farmer it is always harder to get ready cash than to raise produce for the subsistence of 
himself, his family, and his stock, and it is just here that his woodlot, rightly handled, 
is often his main reliance. It is hardly too much to say that under intelligent handling 
it might always be made so. 

In the third place, the farmer is concerned in forestry because he is a purchaser of 
timber. The price of his agricultural machinery and of nearly all his tools is affected 
by the progressive destruction of our forests. His house and barn, in the vast majority 
of cases, are built of purchased timber and roofed with shingles which have cost him 
money. His produce goes to market in wooden cars hauled over wooden sleepers. His 
cradle and his coffin are of wood. It behooves him, scarcely less than the lumberman, 
and far more than many other classes of the community, to see to it that the forests of 
our country are not destroyed. To that end the American Forestry Association is an 
instrument sharpened and ready for his use. This Association, if I may be allowed a 


ae ee 


1899. AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


275 
word about an organization of which I am an officer, and in whose work I am deeply 
interested, has for its chief objects to bring about a wise and more conservative treat- 
ment of the forest resources of this continent, to diffuse information concerning the con- 
servative management and the renewal of forests, and to encourage the intelligent plant- 


ing of trees. 


Tt i is therefore broad enough in scope rightly to be called American, and 


its purposes may be justly said to be patriotic, in the true sense of that strong word. 
In addition to the general interest of the farmer in forestry, and even more vital to 


his welfare, is the condition of the plantations or the woodlot on his own farm. 


For- 


estry is a subject not to be mastered in a day, and yet the woodlot and the plantation 


should have all the assistance that common sense and training together can give. 


Such 


assistance the Department of Agriculture offers to the farmer for the asking. 


JAMES WILSON. 


The Practical in Forestry. 


A Paper on the Blending of Ideas regarding Lumbering, Forest Conservation 
and Reforestation. 


FROM THE LUMBERMAN’S STANDPOINT 


There is an ancient platitude which is 
often heard, that ‘* There are two sides to 
every question, the right and the wrong ;” 
but in the question and the study of forestry 
there are four, viz: the right, the wrong, 
the theoretical and the practical. Per- 
chance the four may mingle one into the 
other three, or the three into the one, but 
it is my intention to expound the practical 
factor in the great, important, and far- 
reaching study of forestry in the United 
States, or, more precisely, on the Pacific 
Coast. 

In the Oriental countries the picturesque, 
artistic style of the garments donned by 
the natives impresses the average traveler 
as most pleasing to his vision. He wonders 
at the grace, the ease of movement, the 
subtleness and the many evidently desirable 
characteristics of the costumes worn; and 
so, departing from the country of his ob- 
servations, he is impressed by the ensemble 
but overlooks the other aspect of the con- 
sideration. Through the vista of his 
romantic conceptions he forgets to study 
the practical, and deeper evidences which 
affect the wearer of those habiliments of 
the past. So it is likely to be with the stu- 


dent of the theoretical conditions of the 
forest movement. 

I would not have it understood for a 
single moment that I am not heartily in 
(Aue of the preservation of our forests and 
the conservation of our waters, but the 
function of this paper is to dwell on the 
practical avenue of the consideration: to 
view forest preservation from the stand- 
point of the operating lumbermen of the 
Pacific Coast and of California in particu- 
lar. 

Certainly the numbers and the status of 
the manufacturers of Redwood lumber de- 
serve and demand attention in the formu- 
lation of the acts of this Association which 
is so nobly championing the cause of forest 
preser vation all over the United States. It 
is only right; it is only just, for the stric- 
tures of a despotism ‘alone would forbid 
and repress the arguments, Avo ef con, on 
any subject under Cansiierssipn. In truth 
it is to assist and further the efforts of all 
of us who are so deeply interested in the 
forest matters of moment, that I have com- 
piled this paper. 

I believe it best to throw as much light 
as my feeble pen will permit upon the 


276 


possible obstacles in the path of the future 
onward march of progress, leading toward 
and to the goal of successful forest meas- 
ures, so:that we may be strong enough and 
wise enough to avoid the stumbling blocks 
and remove the boulders of all opposition. 
We shall thus be able to leave for our 
posterity a grand inheritance—the sublime 
forests which the good Father Protector 
has given us in all their primeval grandeur. 
Let us all, as many are now doing, labor 
to preserve or reproduce, by decades of wise 
forest enactments, this generous, this bene- 
ficent gift. 

We all love to linger, as true worship- 
pers of Nature, in the restful calm of the 
vast forests, indulging in an almost Druid- 
ical reverence of the mighty giants of the 
Sequoia groves; listening to the music of 
the waving branches which sang their 
songs of creation long before the Infant’s 
wail, from His cradle in the manger, 
heralded the advent of a new faith. We, 
everyone of us, delay our hurrying foot- 
steps to draw fancy sketches of all of 
Nature’s loveliness and drain to the full our 
flagon of poetic inspiration, while rejoicing 
that the world has been moulded in so 
beautiful a conception. But in our peace- 
ful wanderings we never encounter the 
importunate exactions of the tax collector, 
or discover, on a bright and sunny morn- 
ing, that our notes have matured at the 
bank. We theorize and sup at the board 
of fancy; but the lumberman, the owner 
of these same preserves, while feeling and 
appreciating the natural beauties of his 
possessions, has with him the omnipresent 
sense of business responsibility. He has 
paid with funds and labor, and, to preserve 
his integrity and status as a man, must 
open some avenue toward the successful 
future possession of a new dollar for an 
old one. 

There may exist a misapprehension that 
the lumbermen of the Pacific Coast are 
opposed to any efforts being made to pre- 
serve the forests, because of a possible 
encroachment on their rights as lumber- 
men. <A thorough canvass of the larger 
mill operatives and holders of extensive 
timber lands in California failed to discover 
a single individual or company in opposi- 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


tion to a wise supervision of timber prop- 
erties. Butthe character of such methods 
of preservation must be wise and prac- 
tically planned. Some of the purely theo- 
retical may be wise, but the average mill- 
owner has had considerable experience with 
the holder of theoretical ideas on this sub- 
ject and looks with suspicion and disfavor 
upon the ‘* unhappy dreamers,” as one of 
the prominent lumbermen described the 


type. 


But let one fact be understood and appre- | 


ciated to the greatest extent: the Califor- 
nia lumberman recognizes with all of us, 
that only with the proper care of the for- 
ests of this State and of the Coast, under 
a wise preservative policy, conservative, 
yet radical, can our water supply of the 
future be assured, and the prosperity of 
the agricultural classes remain a compara- 
tive certainty. He continues in this line 
of thought and reasons rightly that, with 
the well-being of the latter class, will come 
the growth, the advancement and the pros- 
perity of the commercial, the mercantile, 
the manufacturing and the social divisions 
of the commonwealth. Knowing these 
truisms and appreciating their great bear- 
ing upon the welfare of the Golden State, 
the lumber manufacturers and the posses- 
sors of the timber lands are heartily in 
support of the preservation of our State 
and Coast forests. 

Now for the direct consideration of the 
practical aspect of the present question of 
forestry. For the sake of brevity, I will 
divide the subject into two sections: First, 
the difficulties opposing forest regulations 
on this Coast; and secondly, what meas- 
ures will meet with the sanction of the 
lumber manufacturing interests. 

The first difficulty met with is the enor- 
mous amount of the standing timber of 
to-day in this State, since the lumberman 
is prone to think only of the present and 
not of the possibly exacting demands of 
the future. It has been found, also, that 
when the mighty mammoths of the forest 
have been felled, there appears and spreads 
over the lands so cleared a dense under- 
growth of the wild blackberry, with which 
is mingled the purple Ceanothus, collo- 
quially known as the California lilac. 


St Gd eta agape Sree batt ot 2 


Se 


1899. 


This rapidly growing shrub affords, in my 
opinion, a far better means of conservation 
for the waters than did the members of the 
original grove of Sequoias, since in many, 
if aa all, of the localities, the thicket is 
so dense ‘that it prohibits the passage of 
man. This feature has the evident ten- 
dency to cause the mill and forest land- 
owner to set aside all arguments relative 
to the non-conservation of the waters 
through the clearing of these forest lands. 

But what most heavily impresses the 
lumberman is the fact that suitable war- 
dens, in their minds, cannot be selected. 
Suppose, for example, that a supervisor 
should be selected by the Federal or State 
governments. Either of these would be 
prone to follow their present doctrines of 
economy. ‘The warden would not receive 
a sufficient salary. He would thus be open 
to corruption in nine cases out of ten and 
with his fingers closely grasping a gold 
piece, he would find the occasion timely 
for a visit to a distant locality when an 
infraction of the forest laws was in pros- 
pect. 

This absence of trust in the integrity of 
the appointee is to be deplored, but it is 
natural on the part of the millman, and 
makes the latter view with suspicion all 
endeavors to secure possible enactments 
for re-forestation and water conservation 
and the furtherance of the same through 
the acts of wardens. This statement may 
seem too sweeping, but this idea is sup- 
ported by the remarks of many of the 
authorities who know of what they speak, 
from years of experience in the manufac- 
ture of redwood products. High wages 
seem an impossibility: without which 
comes the almost certain liability of cor- 
ruption of the State and Federal officers. 

In the consideration of the idea of 
governmental selection of the timber 
to be felled there enters the element of 
wisdom. This characteristic is an ab- 
solute essential. Bohemia has proven the 
success of similar schemes of forest super- 
vision by the government, but the condi- 
tions confronting the warden here in Cali- 
fornia are vastly different. Let the timber 
of a certain gulch be selected for exploita- 
tion. The company constructs a logging 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 277 


way, it may be either a skid road or a 
railroad, at considerable expense, and, for 
remuneration, this company depends upon 
the receipt of timber in large enough 
quantities and of medium qualities from 
the affected district. Here is where the 
wisdom on the part of the warden proves 
a necessity. Should he subject the timber 
to an unwise and too exacting supervision, 
the company would necessarily suffer a 
heavy loss on their logging-road outlay. 
From that occasion the suffering lumber- 
man would seize every means in_ his 
power to circumvent the functions of the 
supervising g government agent. But if the 
latter be wise and possessed of a thorough 
knowledge of his profession (for it must 
De cag pk Sessiene the company is concili- 
ated and a good effect accomplished. 
Under all other conditions save this single 
welcome one, the warden encourages the 
furtherance of a vast amount of evil, 
rather than of good. 

The greatest danger feared by the mill 
owner is that governmental action will not 
be uniform or accurately adjusted to the 
varying conditions of timber localities. 
To be successful and of permanent benefit, 
the Pine, the Spruce, the Fir and the Red- 
wood properties must be superintended 
jointly and wisely on a thoroughly un- 
biased plan or else the results will be nil. 

Relative to the proposal of the govern- 
mental purchase of cut-over ence the 
same does not meet with approval of the 
Redwood lumbermen. In the Pacific 
Northwest the conditions may be more 
favorable, since the mills are owned by in- 
dividuals who purchase the logs from 
others. But the Redwood manufacturers 
own their own lands and accomplish their 
individual logging for their own plants. 
These companies will not dispose of their 
cut-over lands since, in the majority of 
cases, their logging opet rations extend back 
from adjacent rivers tributary to the ocean 
and the right of way over these lands de- 
termines the increments of expense and 
time. Again, should the companies dis- 
pose of their lands near these rivers, the 
occupation of such would be dangerous to 
the purchasers because of the frequency of 
log-jams and the subsequent flooding of 


248 THE FORESTER. 


the adjacent properties with a possible, 
yes, probable, accompaniment of heavy 
loss of life. In many instances, companies 
have refused a fair price for their cut-over 
lands to avoid legal complications over this 
latter feature, and the inconveniences of the 
loss of the right-of-way for logging opera- 
tions. 

These are in part the fundamental objec- 
tions on the part of the mill operators. 
Now for the measures which would receive 
the support of the lumbermen. 

The primal essential in the minds of all 
is the absolute need of a thorough system 
of forest education which will simultane- 
ously embody the essentials of the theo- 
retical and the practical. This would in- 
sure a capable foundation for the general 
and specific labors of forest culture and 
preservation. 

Secondly.—Under the supervision of 
either the State or the Federal govern- 
ments, should they assume the direction of 
forest movements, a sufficient salary must 
emphatically accompany the position of 
forester. This wise feature would nullify 
all attempts at warden corruption by the 
efforts of the interested lumberman. 

Third.—The political element in the 
selection of forest supervisors must, first, 
last, and for all time, be eliminated, anda 
thorough civil service procedure be inaug- 
urated in the selection of these officials. 
The technical qualifications, allied with 
the practical, should be the basis of ap- 
pointment, and not because the warden is 
a close business associate of the head of 
the government, either State or Federal. 

Fourth.—TVhe enactments designed to 
insure wise forestry supervision must be 
equal and equitable for the various timber 
species since the warring Redwood and 
Pine interests will never suffer any ele- 
ment or circumstance to give one iota of 
weighty influence to either, to the detri- 
ment of the other. 

Fifth.—The idea of governmental pur- 
chase of cut-over forest lands may just as 
well be relegated to the rear of forest pos- 
sibilities on account of the evident oppo- 
sition of the lumbermen. Perhaps some 
few companies in isolated cases might 
favorably entertain the contemplated pur- 


December, 


chase, but the important majority would 
not. 

In the furtherance of these ideas the 
lumbermen of California and of the Pacific 
Coast will undoubtedly give their individ- 
ual and united support. Each and every 
one of them is heart and soul with the 
movement, provided no foolish, unwise, 
ill-advised obstacle is placed in the way of 
the successful lumbering operations of 
their future. What they most favor, is 
the Bohemian policy of gradual re-foresta- 
tion, which the authorities of that country 
have followed for decades. There every 
tree cut into fagots for the warmth of the 
poor and lowly is immediately replaced by 
small seedlings, transplanted from the 
nursery plot elsewhere. In 250 years (the 
minimum life allotted to the wonderful 
forests of Humboldt County) the lumber- 
man feels a goodly account would be 
rendered by the saplings planted in this 
century. 

WaLLace W. EVERETT, 
San Francisco, Cal. 


—->+ 


Forests for the Rich Only. 


The present agitation for street and 
roadside tree planting draws attention to 
the appreciation of such plans in England. 
A recent traveler there, describing the 
road to Warwick, says: 

‘¢ There are fine trees all along, many 
Oaks, some Poplars rising aloft, but es- 
pecially tall and stately Elms; these are so 
plentiful that there is a local name for 
them, ‘ Warwickshire weeds.’ Except 
in the parks of the rich people, however, 
there are no woods, no forests, no ‘ belts’ 
of ‘timber’; the trees rise out of the 
hedgegrows, stand beside the road, and 
gather about the houses. Sometimes there 
is an avenue of them.” 

The statement that there are no forests 
except for the rich may be regarded as ‘a 
word to the wise” to consider in time the 
advisability of national parks for the peo- 
ple in America. 

The result of the efforts of Minnesota 
and North Carolina to secure the establish- 
ment of national parks will be watched 
with interest throughout the United States. 


its = 


a ee 


1899. 


€ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


te 
~I 
\O 


Effect of Forests on Water Supply. 


II.—INVESTIGATIONS REGARDING CAPILLARY 


ACTION AND THE EFFECT OF FOREST 


COVER, AS RELATED TO WATER SUPPLY. 


The mechanics of granular soils present 
some particularly interesting features. It 
can readily be demonstrated that, if the 


granules are true spheres and of one 


iunform diameter, the voids form one 
constant percentage of the total cubical 
contents, irrespective of the actual diam- 


eter of the spheres, and also that the area 
of passages between the spheres bears a 
constant ratio to the area of the circum- 


scribing cross 
diameter. 
formity of 


section, irrespective of 
This is a property of uni- 
size. By mixing different 


sizes together in such proportions that 
each succeeding smaller 


size enters the 
intersticesof the preceding larger grains of 
soil may be made impervious to water, 
save by capillary action. This feature of 
mixtures will frequently explain the im- 
perviousness of stream beds in sandy gravel. 
Although the voidsand water passages bear 
a constant ratio to the total volumes and 


areas with grains of uniform size, the 


rate of the passage of water is higher the 
larger the grains. With very minute 
grains the passages become capillaries en- 
tirely and gravitation is overcome. 

Capillary action is one of surface ten- 
sion. Imagine a membrane enclosing 
each grain and stretched thereon. The 
tension of this imaginary membrane is 
analogous to surface tension. The surface 
tension increases with decrease of radius. 
The sharper the curvature the greater the 
tension. When neighboring interstitial 
spaces are filled with water to a greater 
or less degree surfaces or films of sharper 
or flatter curvature are produced. The 
surfaces are not in equilibrium and a 
movement from the flat to the sharper 
curves takes place, and continues until, by 
re-adjustment of the curves, equilibrium is 
established. 

This is the nature of capillary action; 
it takes place in all directions according to 


the surrounding conditions. In soils the 
conditions are usually such that the action 
is upward and opposed to gravity. Evap- 
oration at the ground surface depletes the 
interstitial spaces, the films around the 
grains grow sharper of curvature and a 
movement takes place toward them from 
the lower interstices refilling the upper. 
Forests reduce surface evaporation and re- 
tard the capillary depletion of ground 
water. In chalk the limit of capillary 
action exceeds 16 feet. In sandy soils 
one and a half feet has been found to be 
an extreme. In very open coarse material 
the limit may be but a few inches. 

The rate of percolation is affected by 
the temperature. The viscosity, or inter- 
nal friction, of water increases with de- 
crease of temperature. Assuming the 
viscosity at 32° Fahrenheit to be 1oo, the 
viscosity at 77° is found to be 50; at 86°, 
45;,dand. at 112°, 31... The viscosity of 
gases, contrary to that of fluids, increases 
with increase of temperature and as air is 
frequently used in making permeability 
tests of soils grave errors are liable to be 
introduced, unless these opposite character- 
istics are duly accounted for. 

Tests at ten German forest stations show 
that the general effect of forests is to raise 
the soil temperatures during the cold 
months and lower them during the warm 
months. This has the effect of facilitat- 
ing percolation during the rainy periods 
and retarding capillary upward action dur- 
ing the warm months when little rain 
falls. The surface tension of water is 
also lowered by increase of temperature, 
causing less capillary resistance to gravi- 
tation and increasing percolation. 

The rate or velocity of percolation is 
very variable. It varies with every soil, 
from no movement whatever, to over 100 
feet per hour. Each soil is more or less a 
law unto itself and must be studied by it- 


280 


self if exact results are sought. There is 
one great distinction between water flow- 
ing freely in open channels or pipes of 
measurable size, and percolating water. 
The flow of the former is a function of 
the square root of the head, while the flow 
of water traversing minute passages varies 
directly with the head. 

Capacity, as previously stated, is the 
quantity of water which can be introduced 
into a dry soil. It is usually expressed as 
a percentage of the soil volume. The 
total quantity that a soil is capable of im- 
bibing is termed its maximum capacity. 
This quantity is divisible into two parts: 
the one removable by drainage, the other 
by evaporation. This latter part is again 
sub-divisible into two parts, one brought 
to the surface by capillary action and there 
evaporated; the other almost permanently 
retained within the soil, requiring for its 
removal long continued applications of 
heat. This part is termed hygroscopic 
moisture. 

German authorities have determined the 
maximum cape of various soils to 
range from 46% per cent. for quartz sand 
to 70M per cent. for humus, and_ the 
minimum capacity or water remaining 
after gravitation to range from 17 per 
cent. to 49 per cent. Of the minimum 
capacity the portion retained as hygro- 
scopic moisture has been determined by 
Longbridge, of the California Experiment 
Station, to range from less than 1 per cent. 
for sand to 14% per cent. for clays, these 
percentages being referred to maximum 
capacity. The wide range in the figures 
serves to illustrate the necessity of experi- 
menting directly with any soil under con- 
sideration if exact data are required. 

Of the different capacities the hydraulic 
engineer is more particularly concerned in 
that which relates to the quantity that may 
be drained out; on the other hand, the ar- 
boriculturist is much interested in the 
amount of capillary water from which 
plant life largely draws its supply. An 
authority on effects of forest cover (Dr. 
as, Ebermay er), found that, except for the 
top layers, unshaded soil had more 
capacity than shaded soil. Taken as a 
whole, however, for a depth of 32 inches 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


he fqund the soil under young Spruce 
trees to have 2 per cent. and under old 
Spruce trees 74% percent. greater capacity 
than naked soil. These are very instruc- 
tive figures. 


THe ‘* Forest Fioor.” 


It is manifest that the character of the 
forest floor, 7. ¢., the litter covenme, the 
ground, must have a marked effect upon 
the absorption of water. Wollny found 
as a result of his experiments that under a 
grass cover there was 50 per cent. less 
percolation than in naked soil. He found 
a litter of Oak leaves to pass 42 to 74 per 
cent. of the rainfall, Spruce litter 46 to 
78 per cent., Pine ‘needles 52° to: 69 sper 
cent., Moss 39 to 53 per cent. The vari- 
ations are due to varying thickness of 
cover. The shallower the cover the less 
the soil imbibed, for the obvious reason 
that the water was presented to it too 
quickly. Again, considering the Rotham- 
sted tests, which gave the percolation of 
bare soil at from 45 to 47% per cent. of 
the rainfall, it will be seen that ordinary 
forest litter will pass more rainfall than 
the earth. ordinarily imbibes. | Conse- 
quently the cover will remain in a state 
of saturation for a greater or less period 
of time during which it will protect the 
ground from evaporation. A soil cover- 
ing of humus, however, would allow little 
water to pass to the soil beneath. It 
would be beneficial in lessening the force 
of storm water, but otherwise would work 
a loss to ground storage. Ebermayer says 
that besides clay it is especially humus 
which imbibes almost all precipitation and 
gives up little water to the ground below ; 
and he adds that if the earth were covered 
by a humus soil of one meter in depth, 
subterranean drainage would be so slight 
that springs would be scanty and continu- 
ously flowing springs absent. 

The forest floor is a most important 
factor in retarding storm-water and pro- 
tecting the earth from erosion. This is 
particularly true on steep mountain slopes. 
The destruction of forest litter by fire, 
sheep, or deforestation is little short of a 
national calamity. Each rain washes 
away tons upon tons of loam, sand and 


1899. 


rocks to cover up the lower lands—a 
double disaster. The fertile soil of. the 
higher lands is destroyed, the fertile soil 
of the lower lands is buried under a waste 
of débris. 

There is one other subject to consider— 
evaporation. Under this head will be in- 
cluded transpiration from foliage. Tem- 
perature and wind are the chief controlling 
elements in evaporation. Woods lower 
temperature and reduce the velocity of 
the wind. It is to be expected, therefore, 
that evaporation in woods would be much 
smaller than in the open. Such is found 
to be actually the case. The observations 
of sixteen forest stations in Germany show 
a marked saving effected by the woods. 
Of the rainfall an average of 42 per cent. 
was evaporated in the open and 24 per 
cent. in the forest—a clear saving of 18 
per cent. The evaporation from water 
surfaces in woods was found to be about 
38 per cent. of that from water surfaces 
in the open. 

As an offset to the saving in the evap- 
oration comes the moisture transpired 
through the foliage, and that retained in 
the substance of the tree. The transpira- 
tion computed by various observers ranges 
from an equivalent rainfall of one-quarter 
inch per annum for four-year old Firs, up 
to 15 inches for cereals and 37 inches for 
grasses. Forests of mixed growth trans- 
pire about 6% inches. According to ob- 
servations at the Austrian stations, decidu- 
ous trees transpire during the period of 
vegetation 500 to 1,000 pounds of water 
per pound of dry leaves, and the conifer- 
ous from 75 to 200 pounds. (This sug- 
gests the natural selection of conifers for 
our own mountain slopes. ) 

One remark of Hohnel, regarding the 
Austrian observations, is very “suggestive. 
He says: ‘‘ A plant will transpire in pro- 
portion to the amount of water which is 
at its disposal.” This remark serves to 
illustrate the point that willows and other 
water-loving growths along the streams 
consume more water than they save. There 
is a coincidence between the fall and rise 
of the Los Angeles river and the budding 
and fall of the willow leaves. 

It is estimated that a coniferous forest 


best showing, will give 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 281 


will transpire 8 per cent. of a total rain- 
fall of 20 inches and a Beech forest 48 
per cent. The amount of water annuz illy 
absorbed into the structure of the trees has 
been estimated as ranging from 19 to 25 
per cent. of the weight of the wood, and 
54 to 65 per cent. of the weight of the 
leaves. 

The hard wood deciduous trees absorb 
38 to 45 per cent., the soft wood 45 to 55 
per cent., and the conifers 52 to 65 per 
cent. These quantities are equivalent to 
about 2 per cent. of the water required for 
transpiration and are in addition thereto. 

On the basis of these figures a conifer- 
ous forest, which of all forest makes the 

g, a net increase to 
the ground storage ‘of about LO per cent 
of the rainfall, to say nothing of its effect 
upon incre eased conductivity of the soil and 
the storm water held back so that the earth 
has better time to drink its fill, in them- 
selves important items. 

The State of New Jersey has wisely ex- 
pended large sums in measuring the flows 
of its streams and in ascertaining the phys- 
ical elements controlling these we The 
Engineer of that Seeen in language free 
om hesitancy, says, after long feikers and 
study on the subject : 

‘¢ We believe it will be helpful to the 
cause of forestry in the future if the ef- 
fects of forests upon stream-flow are more 
carefully and accurately stated. Their ef- 
fect in holding and preserving the soil 
upon slopes is very well known, and be- 
sides this they create a mass of humus and 
absorbent matter upon the surface which 
has an effect upon stream-flow, and the 
general evils resulting from deforestation 
are a matter of careful observation and 
record, so that too much stress cannot be 
laid upon the desirability of preserving a 
proper area of forest. 

‘¢ The study of the streams shows that 
in every case, almost, it is the watershed 
on which is the Iz irgest proportion of for- 
est which shows the largest flow from 
ground-water.” This is particularly per- 
tinent to the present discussion. 

H. Hawcoop, 
Miselintsta Cabra 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


ty 
oa) 
Ww 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


Changing Mt. Rainier's Boundaries. 


Official Approval of the Suggestions made by An Authority through 
The Forester. 


An excerpt from the annual report of 
the Commissioner of the General Land 
Office, recommending to the Secretary of 
the Interior the extension of the Mount 
Rainier National Park, will be of especial 
interest to readers of THE FORESTER, in 
that the recommendations made by Mr. 
Bailey Willis, in the leading article of the 
May issue of THE Foresre|r are officially 
approved by the head of the Government 
Forest Reserve service. 

In the section of the report devoted to 
the care of the National Forest Reserves 
under his supervision, the Commissioner 
speaks as follows: 

‘¢ One of the most important measures 
taken during the past year in connection 
with forest reservations was the action of 
Congress in withdrawing from the Mount 
Rainier Forest Reserve a portion of the 
region immediately surrounding Mount 
Rainier and setting it apart as a national 
park. 

‘¢ The peculiar features of this region 
demand protection of a widely different 
and much more stringent nature than that 
afforded a forest reservation. The forests 
that clothe the slope and foothills of 
Mount Rainier require, as great regulators 
of floods, to be preserved absolutely un- 
touched, while the fact of the presence of 
arctic animals in that region calls for ex- 
traordinary measures to insure to them 
proper protection. 

‘¢The importance attaching to effective 
measures to preserve these arctic forms of 
life was strikingly set forth in the memo- 
rial presented to the United States Senate 
from committees appointed by several of 
the scientific societies of the United States, 
which reads on this point as follows: 

‘*¢But Mount Tacoma (Mount Rainier) 
is single not merely because it is superbly 
majestic; it is an arctic island in a tem- 
perate zone. Ina bygone age an arctic 
climate prevailed over the Northwest and 


glaziers covered the Cascade Range. 
Arctic animals and arctic plants then lived 
throughout the region. As the climate 
became milder and glaciers melted, the 
creatures of the cold climate were limited 
in their geographic range to the districts 
of the shrinking glaciers. On the great 
peak the glaciers linger still. They give 
to it its greatest beauty. They are them- 
selves magnificent, and with them survives 
a colony of arctic animals and_ plants 
which cannot exist in the temperate climate 
of the less lofty mountains. These arctic 
forms are as effectually isolated as ship- 
wrecked sailors on an island in midocean. 
There is no refuge for them beyond their 
haunts on ice-bound cliffs. But even 
there the birds and animals are no longer 
safe from the keen sportsman, and the few 
survivors must soon be exterminated un- 
less protected by the Government in a 
national park.’ ” 

‘‘ The necessity of having this unique 
peak and its environs preserved in a state 
of nature has for years attracted much at- 
tention, not only inthis country but abroad, 
and the matter of setting it apart as a 
national park has long been one of inter- 
national interest, eminent scientists of 
England and Germany being among the 
promoters of the move. 

‘‘In view of the great importance thus 
attaching to the subject, I regret to report 
that the area set apart fails to embrace all 
of the features of that region which it is 
desirable to have included. Certain dis- 
tricts have been omitted which belong 
more rightly within a national park than 
to a forest reserve, and as such should not 
be left without the protection of the park. 

‘‘Upon this point the views of Mr. Bailey 
Willis, of the Geological Survey, are of 
especial value. In an article in the May, 
1899, issue of THE Forester, compiled 
partly from official data, Mr. Willis states 
as follows : 


1899. 


‘¢¢ The boundaries to the park as now 
established by law are not well considered 
for its future development. They are too 
limited. They fail to include districts 
whose scenic aspects are essential to the 
unity of the park, and whose features 
should not be left outside of its protection. 
This is most especially true of the western 
limit, and is to some extent true of the 
northern and southern bounds.’ ” 

After quoting further, at considerable 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


283 


length, from the article in THE Forester, 
concluding with the suggestions offered by 
Mr. Willis, the Commissioner sums up the 
matter in these very complimentary words: 

‘¢ From all the data available upon the 
subject, I am of the opinion that I can not 
do better than indorse the recommenda- 
tion referred to; and I accordingly recom- 
mend that the limits of the park as now 
established be changed to conform to the 
boundaries here suggested.” 


In the Southern Alleghenies. 


Public Interest in the Establishment of a « National Southern Park and Forest 
and Game Preserve in Western North Carolina.” 


The Parks and Forestry Committee of 
the Asheville Board of Trade has taken 
the initiative in calling an interstate meet- 
ing at Asheville, November 22, to form an 
association and take practical steps for con- 
summating the plan for a great forest pre- 
serve in the wild mountain regions of that 
state. Itis aimed to bring the matter before 
Congress with a popular request for a com- 
mission to inquire into the feasibility of a 
National Southern Park in North Carolina. 
A large petition has been signed and the 
committee is assured of the aid of the state 
representatives and of many influential citi- 
zens who have long favored the movement. 
Its importance to the South and to the Na- 
tion is claimed to be of the first magnitude, 
as the committee expects to prove in due 
time. The petition is addressed to Con- 
gress, and reads: 

‘*The undersigned citizens and voters 
represent that in the mountain regions of 
western North Carolina there are great 
tracts of timber lands, blessed with a salu- 
brity of climate that renders the country 
admirably adapted for health-seekers and 
tourists. This region, as yet compara- 
tively little known, is threatened with the 
denudation of its forests by lumbering and 
other enterprises. The exceeding beauty 
of the region, with its numerous springs 
and waterfalls, is dependent largely on the 


protection of its trees. The increased ac- 
tivity in the various leather and woodwork- 
ing industries has, however, given an im- 
petus to the lumbering and tanning trades, 
and the destruction of these mountain 
forest lands is proceeding to a degree 
which makes it but a question of a short 
time when the ruin will be completed. 
Despoiled of the trees, the land will be 
comparatively useless. The resulting dry- 
ing up of the springs and water-courses 
with attendant destructive floods will mark 
the irreparable damage done to this region 
unless legislative interference comes to its 
aid. 

‘© The advantage to the nation at large 
in the establishment of a National Park in 
these mountains would be incalculable, 
from the fact of its readiness of access from 
all the large centers of trade, being within 
twenty-four hours journey, approximately, 
of New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, Bos- 
ton, Indianapolis, etc. Your petitioners, 
undersigned, therefore, urge that measures 
be adopted looking to the protection of 
the region by the establishment of a Na- 
tional Park and Forest Reserve.” 

In furtherance of the project, the Park 
and Forestry Committee has sent out a 
handsome illustrated pamphlet, calling at- 
tention to the favorable opportunities now 
existing and emphasizing the cansequences 


284 
of present neglect. The article in ques- 
tion says: 

‘An authority, Dr. C. A. Schenck, 
the eminent forester, in one of his in- 
teresting monographs asks, ‘ What is 
forestry: 2? and answers that no one seems 
to realize the scope and meaning of the 
term. Present conditions in the commer- 
cial and industrial world and in the South- 
ern Alleghenies point to the rapid de- 
struction of the virgin woods. The stu- 
dent of forestry is taught, and experience 
has proved the teaching to be true, that 
deforested land, patricularly in a moun- 
tainous country, is the direct cause of de- 
structive floods. The interference and 
absorption by the trees distributes and 
regulates the rainfall. In the dry season 
the trees protect and hold back the evapo- 
ration of the innumerable and minute trib- 
utaries to the springs, watercourses and 
rivers, thus regulating and preserving the 
water supply, without which regulation no 
region can long remain attractive or 
profitable. 

‘« By the present system of lumber opera- 
tions the virgin forests of the South bid 
fair to be soon destroyed. As the authority 
on the subject has indicated, if the forests 
are lumbered out rapidly as at present and 
if the fires are allowed to rage unchecked 
as at present, the same condition will 
speedily prevail in the South that now 
prevails in the lake states. There will 
not, it is claimed, be any sudden collapse 
of the lumber industry either South or 
North when the virgin forests are destroyed 
—if we are to permit them to be destroyed. 
The forests will be logged over three or 
four times; trees that are not worth taking 
now will be worth taking a few years 
hence, and so on. Gradual slackening of 
the industry will take place. It will slowly 
step down to the level which it occupies 
abroad. The mills will be supplied with 
short logs about ten inches through on an 
average. Lumber will be much more ex- 
pensive as the supply will not equal the 
demand. 

‘* Such seems the future of the forests 
and the lumber industry of the South. 
From an innate love of nature and sense 
of its beauty, every one regrets the seem- 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


ingly inevitable doom; the woodman, per- 
haps, more than the townsman. 

‘« For the commonwealth, forestry as a 
permanent business is extremely desirable 
for climatic and economic reasons, the 
forests acting as a source of national health, 
steady water supply, and revenue from 
land often not fit for any other production. 
The people as a whole are interested in 
conservative, jasting forestry. The in- 
dividual owning forests is solely interested 
in money-making forestry, conservative or 
destructive of forests as the case may be. 

‘¢Tt would be an impossible task to in- 
duce individuals to come to the aid of the 
country in regulating the lumbering and 
other operations single threaten its owl 
being, and hence the project of a Great 
Southern National Park in which the for- 
ests will be conserved and timber cutting 
be regulated on correct and economic prin- 
ciples by which means an object lesson 
will be given to the country and a strong 
argument offered why the forests through- 
out the land should be placed under forest 
wardens appointed by the State. 

‘¢ The establishment of such a Southern 
National Park somewhere in the Blue 
Ridge or Great Smoky Mountains would 
mean the care of the forests and a stimu- 
lation of their growth, and regulating the 
cutting of the trees at maturity; the 
building of good roads through what are 
now inaccessible woods and mountain 
heights; the building of inns and _ hotels 
at convenient points, inducing a vastly in- 
creased travel from the North and South 
on the part of tourists and others; the 
more or less permanent residence of 
wealthy citizens who would be disposed to 
build homes in various localities in this 
region as they are already doing to some 
extent; the perpetuation of the beauty 
and healthfulness of the region and its 
elaboration in the way of making its most 
beautiful localities more accessible to the 
great mass of the people. 

‘¢Tt must not be supposed that lumber- 
ing or bark gathering would be materially 
interfered with. The Park project, if suc- 
cessful, would seek to conserve these in- 
dustries. Under the present system they 
bid fair to hasten their own undoing by 


a ee oe 


1899. 


the destructive and wasteful methods now 
in vogue. When all lumbering and bark 
gathering operations are under scientific 
control these businesses may be confident 
of a steady and regular supply of timber 
and bark. The individual will not be in- 
terfered with in his private rights. he 
lands suitable for the Park will be pur- 
chased at a valuation and the owners will 
receive in a lump sum more than they 
could hope to secure by selling off timber 
or bark. 

‘¢ Pleasure and health seekers and tour- 
ists show a disposition to come in increas- 
ing numbers to this section of the South 
in the winter time and in the summer visit- 
ors from the South come to the mountains 
year after year, building homes and enter- 
ing into the progress of the various com- 
munities. 


“ 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 285 


‘¢ The attraction to these people is the 
healthful climate and the beauty of the 
region, and to this healthfulness and 
beauty the woods and forests are the 
prime contributors. With the destruction 
of the forests and the attendant evil effects 
upon the region, what has it to offer to at- 
tract visitors and others? In addition it 
must be remembered that the South has 
no park conducted on the same principles 
and aims as those in the North. 

‘¢The central character of the region 
gives the project of a Southern National 
Park attractiveness not only to the people 
of the South, but to the entire nation. 
Being within twenty-four hours from 
New York and the same length of time 
from the Gulf States the park would be a 
benefit to the greatest number of citizens 
of the United States.” 


The Influence of Forests Upon Storage Reservoirs. 


Some Conditions Essential to the Maintenance of Streamflow and Water 
Conservation. 


In an arid region, where irrigation is a 
necessity, and where the streams are inter- 
mittent in their flow, ranging in discharge 
from violent floods to trickling rivulets, 
storage reservoirs are essential for any con- 
siderable extension of the irrigated area. 

Sites for reservoirs of large capacity are 
very scarce, where all conditions are right 
for the construction of safe dams, for 
the certain filling of the reservoirs, and 
for the convenient distribution of the 
water to lands suitable for its use. The 
scarcity of such sites renders it all the 
more essential that those which exist 
should be guarded from all influence tend- 
ing to the destruction of their usefulness. 

The mountain slopes of Southern Cali- 
fornia are more than ordinarily precipi- 
tous, and the denudation of these steep 
slopes of their forest growth by destruc- 
tive fires, or by equally destructive bands 
of sheep, tends to loosen the surface soil 
and render it easily eroded, so that as the 


vegetation of the mountains disappears, 
the streams become more torrential, and 
more heavily laden with débris. All this 
gravel, sand and soil is deposited in the 
bed of the reservoirs located in their path. 

The result is to fill the space which 
should be devoted to the storage of water, 
thereby lessening its capacity. 

The rapidity of this destruction of the 
reservoirs will depend somewhat upon 
their location; if they are in the moun- 
tains and have large watersheds of steep 
slopes they will more rapidly fill with 
coarse material. If they are nearer the 
plains on flatter slopes they will receive 
sand rolled along the bottom of the stream 
at their upper ends, and fine mud over the 
remainder of the area. Under these con- 
ditions they will fill less rapidly. The 
Sweetwater reservoir, near San Diego, is 
a type of the latter class, where conditions 
are most favorable. Recent measure- 
ments have shown that the deposit in the 


286 


reservoir during the eleven years of its ex- 
istence has been about 5 per cent. of its 
total capacity. The filling has been al- 
most directly as the depth of the water, 
being greatest at the dam, where the fine 
mud is 2 to 2% feet deepy and is largely 


from the washings of plowed fields. 
Were this reservoir higher in the moun- 
tains the filling would be coarser and of 


greater volume, and if the reservoir were 
smaller, it would, of course, fill more 
rapidly. 

Streams should always run clear, or 
nearly so, and their volume should be uni- 
form throughout the year. The more 
perfectly fae! watersheds are covered with 
forest growth, decayed leaves, chapparal, 
and hardy grasses, the more nearly will 
this ideal condition of run-off be ap- 
proached. The soil will be so bound 
with a network of roots that the rain and 
melted snow will pass off slowly without 
washing the surface, and the storage reser- 
voirs will receive a minimum of detritus 
and a maximum of water. 

This ideal condition, when perfectly at- 
tained, becomes in fact a substitute in 
large measure for storage reservoirs, and 
the soil itself of the mountain forests is 
converted into a great sponge, which con- 
stantly replenishes the springs and streams 
and keeps them in more uniform flow. 
Under such perfect conditions, reservoirs 
would be needed only to store the water 
of the rainy season for use in the Summer 
months, while the streams themselves 
would have higher irrigation duty in the 
dry seasons. A general extension of for- 
est growth will fare available many small 
reservoir sites that are now practically 
worthless because of the torrential nature 
of the streams, and their exposure to rapid 
destruction. 

The essential, therefore, for the preser- 
vation of storage reservoirs and the general 
increase of stream flow is to maintain as 
dense a growth of vegetation upon the 
mountains as possible, and so patrol the 
sources of our streams as to prevent the 
spread of forest fires. 

It is not well established that forests have 
-any special influence in increasing the rain- 
fall of a region, although the presumption 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


is that they have a slight tendency in that 
direction. But it is conceded that they 
have a very decided influence upon the 
temperature and humidity. In southern 
California we particularly need all such 
influence to counteract the effect of desert 
winds upon our orchards, and lessen evap- 
oration upon our reservoirs. 

The loss by evaporation in reservoirs, 
ranging as it does from ten to fifty per cent. 
of their capacity annually, according to 
their relative depth and surface area ex- 
posed, as well as their elevation above 
sea level, is one of the most important fac- 
tors in estimating the duty of stored water. 
No other losses can compare with it, and 
anything which will lessen it will extend 
their usefulness. A general extension of 
the forests of the arid region must have 
marked effect in cooling the surrounding 
atmosphere, reducing the velocity and tem- 
perature of winds, increasing humidity, 
and lessening evaporation. 

One of the encouraging features of the 
situation on the Pacific Slope is the 
rapidity with which all forest trees except 
the Redwood are being reproduced 
wherever they are protected from fires and 
from the ravages of sheep. Young Pines, 
Firs and Gedars spring up spontaneously 
where there is soil and moisture, and grow 
with vigor if let alone. This is in marked 
contrast to the sand plains of Wisconsin, 
Michigan and other more Eastern States, 
where the Pine forests once out, seldom 
reproduce themselves, but are replaced by 
brambles and worthless brush. With 
proper care, therefore, the Western forests 
can be made a constant source of revenue, 
continually replenished. 

A popular misconception of the intent 
and object of the Government in segregat- 
ing forest reserves at the headwaters of 
our streams, is that they are to be forever 
left in a virgin state, and so lost to public 
utility. This opinion is widely held, and 
needs to be eradicated, for the reverse is 
really true. 

The forests are not and should not be 
regarded as too immaculate for use. It is 
well recognized to be far better and safer 
to make them a source of luniber and fire- 
wood, utilizing the older trees and encour- 


1899. 


aging new growth, than to allow them to 
go to maturity and decay untouched. 
The guardians of the forest preserves 
should be required to gather seeds of trees 
and plants and sow Phen wherever they 
can be induced to grow. They should 
keep the young groves properly thinned 
out and have authority to sell saw-logs and 
firewood wherever the trees can be judi- 
ciously spared. 

One of the important, though little con- 
sidered, uses of the forest to the irrigator 
is the conversion of organic vegetable mold 
into nitrogenous plant-food. This is going 
on through the agency of the ever-present 
bacteria which re-convert the organic waste 
of the world into innocuous and_ useful 
mineral matter. Water filtering through 
the soil is constantly bearing these mineral 
nitrates into the streams and thence out 
upon the lands. Streams from treeless 
mountains lack these nitrogenous elements 
to a great degree, and the water has less 
fertility and is less valuable for irrigation. 

The effect of the destruction of forests 
in mountainous regions is eloquently de- 
scribed by the eminent French _ political 
economist, Blanqui, in a memoir read be- 
fore the Academy of Moral and Political 
science, Of Trance, in 1843. He says, 
referring to the Alps of southern France: 

‘¢ Signs of unparalleled destruction are 
visible in all the mountain zone, and the 
solitudes of those districts are assuming 
an indescribable character of sterility and 
desolation. The gradual destruction of 
the woods has, in a thousand localities, 
annihilated at once the springs and the 
fuel. The abuse of the right of pasturage 
and the felling of the woods have stripped 
the soil of all its grass and all its trees, 
and the scorching sun bakes it to the con- 
sistency of porphyry. When moistened 
by the rain, as it has neither support nor 
cohesion, it rolls down to the valleys, 
sometimes in floods resembling black, 
yellow, or reddish lava, sometimes in 
streams of pebbles, and even huge blocks 
of stone, which pour down with, a fright- 
ful roar, and in their swift course exit 
the most convulsive movements. No 
tongue can give an adequate description 
of their devastations in one of those sud- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


287 


den floods which resemble in almost none 
of their phenomena the action of ordinary 
river water. They are now no longer 
overflowing brooks, but real seas, tumbling 
down in cataracts and rolling before dere 
blocks of stone, which are heried forward 
by the shock of waves like balls shot out 
by the explosion of gunpowder. <A furi- 
ous wind precedes the rushing water and 
announces its approach. Then comes a 
violent eruption, followed by a flow of 
muddy waves, and after a few hours all 
returns to the dreary silence which at 
periods of rest marks these abodes of 
desolation.” 

After years of agitation and discussion, 
the work of restoring the woods, and of 
controlling the floods and destructive ero- 
sion of the torrents, was undertaken by 
the French Government, at enormous 
cost, but with gratifying results, wherever 
carried out. The improvements consisted : 
(1) of the systematic planting of trees, 
grass and underbrush near the source of 
the streams to prevent the sudden and 
rapid collection of large quantities of rain 
and melted snow water. (2) The protec- 
tion of the shores of the streams from 
undermining, and their beds from erosion, 
by the erection of small dams of masonry, 
loose rock, and brush, to diminish the 
grade and decrease the power of the water, 
to raise and widen the bed, and retain and 
store detritus. Many of these structures 
were made of green branches that were 
induced to take root and grow. (3) The 
terracing of the mountain slopes in a way to 
retard the run-off and guide the water into 
channels of light grade, where it could be 
conducted to the main streams without 
washing the soil. Onone small watershed 
of less than 1,000 acres the Government 
expended $125,000, but the benefits re- 
sulting immediately after completion were 
estimated at more than double that sum. 

The Austrian and Swiss Governments 
have done a great deal of this work to re- 
store the mountain watersheds to their 
original condition before the forests were 
destroyed, and great numbers of masonry 
dams have been erected to an extreme 
height, in one case in the gorge of Ferrina, 
Australian Tyrol, of 116 feet. These are 


288 


built exclusively for retaining débris and 
curbing the power of the torrents. The 
usual height of such structures, however, is 
about 25 feet, and they are placed as near 
to each other as the grade of the torrent 
necessitates. Their effect is incidentally to 
store water, as well as sand and gravel, for 
the voids in gravel reservoirs of that kind 
retain a considerable volume of water, 
which is given off gradually to the stream. 

Such work could be done to advantage 
on every mountain stream in California, 
and I have no doubt that similar works 
will ultimately be undertaken in various 
parts of the arid West as a necessity, al- 
though it will require much agitation and 
united public opinion to secure appro- 
priations from the general Government 
for such construction. ‘The most impor- 
tant work in hand is to take measures for 
preventing further destruction, and thus 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


avoid the necessity for extensive correc- 
tion of erosion in our mountain slopes and 
in our mountain streams. This costs less 
than the subsequent correction, and is 
more easily accomplished. 

When this is well in hand, and when 
we have adopted practical measures for 
recovering our denuded mountain areas 
with plant growth and for protecting the 
forests we have left, a persistent effort 
should be directed toward the bridling of 
our torrents and the conversion of every 
mountain canyon into storage reservoirs. 
In this way only will our water supply be 
sensibly augmented and a large propor- 
tion of the wealth of water, annually wast- 
ing into the ocean or sinking in the des- 
erts be retarded and retained for useful 
ends. 

JAMEs D. ScHUYLER, 
Los Angeles, Cal. 


For an International Congress. 


Secretary of Agriculture Wilson has 
addressed to M. Thiebaut, Charge d’Af- 
faires of France, French Embassy, the 
following note referring to the proposed 
international Congress of Forestry at the 
Paris Exposition: ‘* Sir:—As president of 
the American Forestry Association, I have 
the honor to transmit herewith a copy of 
resolutions passed at the Columbus meet- 
ing of the Association with the request 
that you will have the kindness, through 
your Government, to transmit them to M. 
Meline.” 

It is hoped the Commission Interna- 
tionale des Congres Agricoles, through its 
President, M. Meline, will call such a Con- 
gress at Paris during the Exposition. 

This action is a part of the movement 
begun some time ago, chiefly through the 
instrumentality of Baron Herman, of the 
German Embassy, to bring about the 
compilation of forest statistics of all the 
countries in the world, on a uniform basis. 
The plan has already been approved also 
by the American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science and the National 
Geographic Society. 


Economic Tree Planting. 


The effect of the sweeping winds on 
the prairies is shown in the picture of the 
single row of White Willow pollards, 
near Ames, Iowa. These trees have been 
permanently bent and their tops flattened 
by the prevailing southwestern winds. 


The accompanying illustration is repro- 
duced by permission from a_ photograph 
in the proposed exhibit of the United 
States Department of Agriculture at the 
Paris Exposition of 1900, showing the re- 
lation of Forestry to Agriculture. 


1899. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


289 


oe td ORES EER. 


A MONTHLY 


DEVOTED TO ARBORICULTURE AND Forestry, THE CARE 


MAGAZINE 


AND UsE oF Forests 


AND Forest TREES, AND RELATED Supsjkcts. 


THE OFFICIAL ORGAN OF 
The American Forestry Association, 
President Hon. JAMES WILSON, 


Secretary of Agricullure. 


The subscription price of THE FORESTER is One Dollar a year, single copies ten cents. 
All checks and drafts should be made payable to THE FoRESTER, and all communications ad- 


dressed to the office of publication, 


107 Corcoran Building, Washington, D. C. 


THE FORESTER is on sale at all news stands in the principal cities. If your newsman does not 


have it, he will secure it upon request. 


SPECIAL ANNOUNCETDIENT. 


The annual meeting of the American Forestry 
Association will be held on the second Wednes- 
day in December, being the thirteenth day, in 
the hall of the Cosmos Club, Washington, D.C. 


With the issuance of the present number THK 
FORESTER closes the fifth year of its continuous 
publication. In its present form, with the 
support of a steadily increasing number of 
readers, the fact of its survival emphasizes the 
energy and enthusiasm of the founder of the 
paper, and his belief that the general adoption 
of forestry throughout the United States is one 
of the greatest safeguards which could be pro- 
vided. In this connection it is interesting to re- 
call a very unobtrusive comment in Baedecker, 
but one which has much food for thought : 

“Of all the wooded districts of Germany, 
none present as beautiful and varied landscapes 
as the Black Forest; the heights are covered 
with fragrant Pine forests, while the valleys are 
fertile and well cultivated. In this prosperous 
district beggars are unknown.”’ 


The establishment of a ‘‘ National Southern 
Park and Forest and Game Preserve ’’ in West- 
ern North Carolina is receiving much favorable 
comment and support from the citizens of that 
and adjoining States. The dissemination of the 


JOHN KEIM STAUFFER, Eprror. 


a 
principles and ideas of forestry has brought 
about so much greater interest in the preserva- 
tion of the forests that what was but lately the 
‘“‘fad”’ of the few, as it was sometimes termed, 
has now commanded the attention of the great 
body of the people. 

Public sentiment has been formed with the 
gradual absorption of ideas on the practical 
value of forest protection. ‘The people of North 
Carolina have come to understand that under 
present conditions the mountain and valley 
lands of the Southern Alleghenies will soon be 
denuded of their forests unless adequate legis- 
lation is obtained to regulate the cutting of 
timber and to secure protection against forest 
fires. ; 

The attention of the South has been attracted 
to the strong efforts which will be made at the 
coming session of Congress for the enactment 
of laws to form a great National Park and Tim- 
ber Reserve in Minnesota, Michigan is also 
seeking State and National legislation to protect 
what remains of the once magnificent forests of 
that State. Pennsylvania is urging the acquisi- 
tion of large tracts of unproductive mountain 
land for forest reserves, and New York keeps in 
the forefront of the forest movement. In the 
closing month of the year there is much cause 
for encouragement from the general public 
awakening for forestry in the year of grace 1899. 


290 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


CHIPS SAINI CIES: 


It is a Bavarian maxim to plant a tree 
in every open space. 


At the end of a prosperous year, ‘+ Logs 
is riz” is still the burden of the lumber- 
man’s song. 


It is predicted that Gum will soon be as 
popular as Cottonwood in all branches of 
the package business. 


A thousand dollars tariff was collected 
on a single cargo of Canadian Pine at 
Dunkirk, N. Y., recently. 


The Transvaal War has spoiled the 
prospects of Pacific Coast exporters who 
were building up a considerable trade with 
South Africa. 


Governor Scofield, of Wisconsin, has 
acquired large timber tracts in Idaho, to 
which State he will remove at the end of 
his official term. 


The annual meeting of the Minnesota 
State Forestry Association will be held the 
first Tuesday in December, being the 5th 
prox, in Minneapolis. 


A five-foot flood in the Susquehanna at 
Williamsport, Pa., has brought down 
many stranded logs, much to the lumber- 
man’s delight and profit. 


A Wisconsin lumber company has 
entered into a contract with a Chicago 
firm disposing of its entire lumber cut for 
1900, approximating fifty million feet. 


The Division of Forestry of the U.S. 
Department of Agriculture has increased 
400 per cent. in the numbers of its work- 
ing force, during the past eighteen months. 


Eight hundred and four thousand feet 
of lumber were turned out by a Min- 
neapolis mill, in’a regular run of eleven 
hours, beating the best previous record by 
82,000 feet. 


Apropos of the convening of Congress, 
it seems unfortunate that the genius who 
counts on utilizing sawdust commercially 
cannot join forces with the politicians who 
‘saw wood.” 


The official report of exports of forest 
products from Canada during the past year 
shows a falling off of nearly one-sixth, the 
total export valuation being placed at 
twenty six and a half millions. 


The camphor tree (Laurus camphora) 
is being planted as a street tree in New 
Orleans, La. A tree planted in 1883 in 
a four-inch pot is now 35 feet high and 52 
inches in circumference at the butt. 


Deciduous trees can be moved very 
easily at this season of the year. By dig- 
ging a trench around the tree now, the 
change of location can be made without 
trouble at any time during the Winter. 


The Manufacturers’ Association of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., at its November meeting, 
approved the resolutions recently adopted 
by the State Commerce Convention on 
‘*'The Preservation of Our State Forests.’” 


The American record for a single cargo 
of lumber exported was broken a short 
time ago by the Norwegian steamer 
‘¢ Guernsey,” which carried nearly three 
and one-half million feet out of Portland, 
Oregon. 


The increasing use of wood for street 
paving purposes in England has attracted 
attention to the Jack Pine of Ontario. This 
is a heavier, stronger and denser wood 
than the Baltic or Norway timber, and its 
durability is said to be remarkable. 


There is a strong suggestion of an ac- 
ceptation of the principles of forestry in 
a Minneapolis lumberman’s purchase of 
large tracts of California Sugar Pine. It 
is said he will hold them for his sons to 
develop, when they become of age. 


1899. 


A plan is under consideration for making 
use of water to develop 3,200 horse power 
for distribution to mines in the neighbor- 
hood of Cripple Creek, Col., the source of 
the water supply being Beaver Canyon. 
A steel rock dam will be built, having a 
storage capacity of 150,000,000 cubic feet. 


The kingdom of Saxony, from its 430,- 
ooo acres of forest, mostly Spruce and 
mostly on poor mountain land, derives an 
annual net income of $1,900,000, being 
$4.50 per acre. This is being done with- 
out exhausting the forests; on the contrary, 
they are worth double to-day what they 
were forty years ago. 


The former method of transporting logs 
from the forests in the northern part of 
Pennsylvania to the saw- mills in Williams- 
port by floating them down the river has 
been abandoned by one enterprising firm 
there on account of the uncertainty of the 
water supply in recent years. Hereafter 
the logs will be moved by rail. 

In no part of the world are the forests 
more appreciated, probably, than in Cen- 
tral Africa, in the region inhabited by the 
tribe of pigmies discovered by Henry M. 
Stanley. These people, none of whom 
exceed four feet in height, never leave the 
forest under any circumstances. ‘They are 
perfectly formed and fairly intelligent, but 
are timid and wary of strangers. 


In the reconstruction of the Ontario 
Cabinet consequent upon the retirement 
of Hon. A. S. Hardy, Hon. J. M. Gib- 
son, for four years in charge of the Crown 
Lands Department, has become Attorney- 
General. The new Commissioner of 
Crown Lands is Hon. E. J. Davis, lately 
Provincial Secretary, who is the head of 
one of the leading tanning firms of 


Canada. 


A practice in vogue in France, Germany, 
Belgium and other European countries, is 
to plant fruit trees along the public roads. 
The local governments plant the trees and 
cultivate them as a source of revenue. In 
Belgium there are three-quarters of a mil- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ASSOCIATION. 291 
lion roadside fruit trees, which in one year 
produced $2,000,000 worth of fruit. The 
favorite trees for roadside planting are the 


Cherry, Plum, Apple, Chestnut and Wal- 
nut. 


The Douglas Fir was named after David 
Douglas, a oeanict who explored Califor- 
nia in the first quarter of this century. It 
is distributed over a wide area from the 
coast to the summit of the Rocky Moun- 
tains. On the coast it attains the greatest 
proportions, specimens being sometimes 
found rising to a height of 300 feet with a 
circumference of 30 to 50 feet at the base. 
The ordinary average is, however, about 
150 feet clear of limbs, with diameter of 
5 or 6 feet at the base. The straight, clear 
stem, bare of branches almost to the top, 
makes the tree peculiarly valuable from a 
lumbering point of view. 


A prominent English lumber manufac- 
turer, Thomas J. Marone, aftering touring 
this country and Canada in quest of sup- 
plies, says: 

‘¢The people of this country fail to re- 
alize what the people of European coun- 
tries have known to their sorrow for years 
—that the willful destruction of forests 
brings want in the end. 

‘¢ Reforestization is now being practiced 
in all these older countries, but for fifty 
years to come Europe will have to look to 
America for the greater portion of her 
supply of lumber. Will America, with 
the destruction I see on every hand, be 
able to supply this demand even if we are 
willing to pay a good price?” 


The far-reaching effects of forest de- 
struction become more apparent day by 
day, sometimes in ways seldom thought of 
by the general public. An instance of 
this is the perturbation caused among bee- 
keepers by the destruction of the Bass- 
wood forest, their anxiety for the future 
being shown in the following comment in 
an exchange: 

‘¢ The problem is indeed a serious one ; 
the States of New York, Pennsylvania, 
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota, that 
have produced such large quantities of 


basswood honey, will possibly in the fu- 
ture have to depend upon clover and other 
sources, and instead of ranking among the 
leading States for honey they may pos- 
sibly in time drop down to second place. 
Already supply manufacturers are begin- 
ning to consider what material they will 
have to use for sections when Basswood is 
gone.” 


_—_. + 


The Sportsman’s Willow. 

A gigantic Willow tree, which had 
been planted near the River Chelmer at 
Boreham, Essex, in England, in 1835, 
was cut down some time ago and has been 
found to weigh nearly 12 tons. It was 
ror feet long, and 534 feet in diameter, a 
magnificent piece of willow. It is said 
that this one tree contained wood _ suf- 
ficient for making more than a thousand 
fine cricket bats. 


+— + 


Transplanting Carolina Poplars, 


An attempt will shortly be made to 
transplant Carolina Poplars, a species of 
Cottonwood, in Pennsylvania. Timber of 
this species is said to make excellent wood 
pulp, and it is ready for cutting within 
fifteen years from the date of planting. 
Dr. J. T. Rothrock, Commissioner of 
Forestry, determined to make the experi- 
ment on a large body of land in Pike 
County which recently reverted to the 
State. 


~—-> -¢ 


A Great Opportunity. 


In connection with the valuable sugges- 
tions on the care and commercial culture 
of trees from the pen of Mr. Pinchot, it is 
pleasant to recall the words of Dr. Hale, 
of Boston, at the last annual meeting (the 
forty-second) of the first Village Improve- 
ment Society in America, the Laurel Hill 
Association of Stockbridge, Mass. 

The preservation, enlargement and im- 
provement of our forest domain was, he 
said, ‘‘ the great opportunity and necessity 
of our country,” though he prayed that 
forestry. might be preserved from ‘+ those 
landscape gardeners who know better how 
to plant a garden than God in Eden.” Its 


THE FORESTER. 


December 


forests, said Dr. Hale, had made America. 
It was sassafras and planks that had paid 
the Pilgrims’ debt to their English credi- 
tors. It was a New Hampshire staff that 
had carried the admiral’s flag into Santiago 
Bay. Yet many States derive nothing 
from their woodlands, and he wished that 
the States might use whatever surplus was 
at their disposal in making forests where 
now are deserts. 

This is a measure that is greatly needed, 
or will be by the coming generation. Our 
resources are not inexhaustible. Indeed 
they are already within measurable dis- 
tance of exhaustion. The laws that we 
have are inadequate. It may be noted 
that Germany, France and Switzerland 
are constantly adding to their forest pre- 
serves and that they make them the source 
of considerable revenue. No man or na- 
tion is rich enough to be a spendthrift. 
Churchman, New York City. 


> 


Impressions of European Forestry. 


An American tourist, cycling through 
Germany, has thus written of the roadside 
trees: 

‘¢ These trees are either for shade pur- 
poses or are fruit trees, carefully tended, 
which produce a good revenue for the 
maintenance of the road. The Lombardy 
Poplar is the most striking of the first class 
and perhaps the most common; as these 
Poplars are so very slender they are planted 
close together and consequently with their 
great height furnish a fair shade except 
when the sun is directly over the road. 
Others of the shade trees are Elm, Linden, 
Beech and Horse Chestnut. One can ride 
for miles on the sunniest days and be con- 
stantly in total or partial shade; and this 
feature makes touring in the Summer 
months quite pleasant. 

‘©The fruit trees, however, presented 
even greater features of interest, for they 
furnish not only an excellent shade, but 
also a fairly regular source of revenue. 
They belong to the ‘ Kreis,’ or township, 
as we would say, and areas carefully 
tended as the trees in the best kept orchard. 
One’s first thought on seeing them is— 
Will not the fruit be stolen by those going 


1899. AMERICAN 
along? The loss thus is, however, no 
greater than from private orchards along 
the roads; and there is, of course, a fine 
or imprisonment ready for the trespasser 
here, as there is in so many instances in this 
land of the ‘ Verboten.’ When the fruit 
is well advanced towards ripeness an auc- 
tion is held and the different sections of 
the roads are knocked down to the highest 
bidder. Thus the township receives a defi- 
nite amount, and the purchaser sells the 
fruit for the highest price he can get.” 


*— «+ 


The Coming of the Light. 


It isa healthy sign that more and more 
attention is being paid to the question of 
forestry by the several State governments. 
We have very trequently in the past urged 
the vital importance of intelligent forestry, 
but, while regretting the absence of any 
widespread general interest or action, it 
has been fully realized that the best results 
to the nation would accrue, not from an 
effervescent though enthusiastic move- 
ment, but from a slower growth. It is 
essential for the best results that the urgent 
necessity be a deep-rooted conviction, 
which can only be developed as slow 
growth. The very fact that forestry is 
receiving serious attention after such a 
period of laxity may be looked upon as a 
healthy clause in the future of our national 
forests. 

America is undoubtedly in a condition 
far ahead of that which confronted the 
governments of France, Germany, and 
the other European countries at the time 
when they turned their attention to the 
preservation of their forests; and with 
characteristic energy, when the present 
gentle awakening becomes a strong and 
hearty movement, the forests of America 
will be placed on a footing so far above 
that of the European forests as to surprise 
our own people. And, moreover, America, 
in this, as in so many other things, has 
the benefit of being able to learn what not 
to do from the errors of those countries 
which have gone before. 

Our foresters will have to deal very 
largely with the reclaiming and manage- 
ment of the original forest land; it is not 


“ 


FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 208 


merely a question of planting timber trees 
for profit. No country with a forest area 
anything like that of the United States is 
so poorly equipped for maintenance, and 
though the 30,000 acres of New York 
State devoted for the benefit of the entire 
nation is but a trifling area in proportion, 
still it is a step in the right direction.— 
American Gardening. 


Sg et 


Arousing Popular Interest. 


Several papers on forestry will be read 
at the Forty-second Annual Meeting of the 
Missouri State Horticultural Society, to be 
held in the Opera House, Pranceton Mo., 
December 5th, 6th and 7th. Among the 
papers will be: 

‘¢ Forestry for Missouri, will it Pay?” 
by D. C. Burson, Kansas City, Mo.; 
‘¢The Care and Management of Street 
Trees, by Exot. H.C: Irish, of the Mis- 
souri Botanical Garden, and Hermann 
Von Schrenk, of the U. S. Department 
of Agriculture; ‘‘ Ornamental Trees,” by 
H. R. Wayman, of Alvord, Mio: s'il, 
our Trees are Short-lived,” by Brot Je Cc 
Whitten, of Columbia, Mo. 


*—_+ 


An Appreciation of Forestry. 


Ir. Gifford Pinchot, chief forester of 
the government, has just issued A Primer 
of Forestry, being Bulletin 24, Division of 
Forestry, U. S. Department of Agricul- 
ture. It is well bound, beautifully and 
profusely illustrated, and contains a vast 
amount of valuable information for the 
public at large and especially for citizens 
of Oregon and Washington, where forest 
protection is becoming a pertinent ques- 
tion, and is receiving attention at the hands 
of men densely ignorant of the subject, as 
well as a few who are well informed. 
The author is probably the ablest forester 
on the American continent at the present 
time and this book is intended for the 
general public, consequently it is written 
in a popular manner and is free of scien- 
tificterms. Children of the schools should 
read it as well as business men, stockmen, 
lumbermen, professional men and all others 
interested in forests and forest protection. 
— Oregon Native Son, Portland, Oregon. 


294 


‘¢ Nothing of more practical value, in 
our opinion, has ever been issued from the 
government office than this Primer. The 
subject is of vital importance to the ma- 
terial welfare of the country, and the in- 


THE FORESTER. 


December, 


formation given in this publication ought 
to be in the possession of every American 
citizen. It is an excellent and most satis- 
factory work.”—Leslte’s Weekly, New 
Work: 


Recent Publications. 


‘The White Pine (Pinus strobus Linnzus)—By M. V. Spalding, Professor of 
Botany in the University of Michigan. 


(REVISED AND ENLARGED BY B. E. FERNOW, WITH CONTRIBUTIONS BY F. H. CHIT- 


TENDEN AND FILIBERT ROTH. 


The present volume represents most careful 
investigations covering more than ten years, 
the first draft having been prepared as early as 
1888, since which time it has undergone careful 
revision and received several important addi- 
tions. As the title indicates, ‘‘ The White 
Pine”’ is not, strictly speaking, the work of any 
-one person. Professor Spalding, after the first 
writing, made several revisions, but was then 
forced from press of other work to abandon the 
-completion of the study, which then fell to Dr. 
Fernow. Thirty pages out of the eighty-five, 
however, are definitely assigned to two of the 
contributors, while, in addition, the important 
subject of measurements in the field are ac- 
credited to Austin Gray and A. K. Mlodziansky, 
the latter of whom also gave a portion of the 
material bearing upon the ‘‘ rate of growth.”’ 

The monograph opens with a clear and fairly 
full account of the geographical distribution of 
Pinus strobus, followed by notes upon the char- 
acter of its distribution by regions, with notes 
upon the boundaries of its distribution, and con- 
clusions regarding its distribution in the virgin 
forest. In connection with this topic is a map 
showing the original distribution of the species, 
and half-tones showing the White Pine in mix- 
ture on tracts in New York State. The inter- 
esting topic of the history of the White Pine 


lumber industry is next taken up for a couple of - 


pages, with some figures as to the yield of 
lumber from the Lake States from 1873 to 1897, 
and other figures. Passing then through the 
subject of original stand and present supplies, 
the natural history of the tree is reached. This, 
including the botanical description and observa- 
tions on the morphological and histological 
characters, and on seeding, forms a decidedly 
valuable section. 


As the object of the monograph is to supply. 


the information necessary to the right utiliza- 
tion of the species, the topics already considered 
form properly a mere introduction to the dis- 
cussion of the rate of growth and of the con- 
ditions of development, or the silvicultural 
characters of the White Pine. These latter con- 
siderations furnish the data upon which all 


BULLETIN NO. 22 OF THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY. ) 


treatment of the tree as a forest crop will prop- 
erly for the chief part depend. The matter of 
growth is treated consequently at some length, 
and the tables resulting will doubtless serve as 
a basis for working plans, when, in any instance, 
the special conditions of a specific region have 
also been studied and compared with these gen- 
eral statements. ‘“Yield,’’ the whole affairin a 
word, can then be treated with sufficient thor- 
oughness. 

This concludes the exposition of the White 
Pine under normal conditions, and gives place 
to the discussion of ‘‘dangers and diseases.’’ 
On this subject F. H. Chittenden has con- 
tributed a valuable paper on ‘“‘Insect Enemies 
of the White Pine.’’ A discussion of the forest 
management of the’ tree here and in Germany 
follows, the monograph closing with a paper on 
the ‘‘ Character and Physical Properties of the 
Wood,”’ by Filibert Roth. An appendix con- 
tains numerous tables of measurements, and 
diagrams of growth. 

In the United States, where much of the 
highly elaborated financial calculation deemed 
so essential in Germany is practically valueless 
at present, and is likely always to receive com- 
paratively slight stress, it is the thorough 
knowledge of the silvicultural characters of any 
given species as well as the fact of growth 
which must underlie all the earlier stages of 
forest management. If this be true, the mono- 
graph under discussion deserves high praise. 
It adds very materially to our knowledge of the 
White Pine as a tree and as a member of a most 
important forest crop. It is to be regretted that 
this valuable data could not have been collected 
and put to use before so much waste had oc- 
curred through ignorance. Yet it is not too 
late to use it now, and there is every reason to 
hope that many owners of pine lands may apply 
to the care of a second crop the principles 
which were ignored in the harvesting of the 
first. The book, besides, will serve as a useful 
example for further work along similar lines. 
Admirable illustrations and diagrams form an 
important element in the work, adding much to 
its completeness. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


ORGANIZED APRIL, 1882. INCORPORATED, JANUARY 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


OFFICERS FOR 18q9. 


. 1897. 


President, 
Hon. JAMES WILSON, Secretary of Agriculture. 
First Vice President. Corresponding Secretary. 
Dr. B. E. FERNOW. F. H. NEWELL. 


Recording Secretary and Treasurer, GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. 


Directors. 
JAMES WILSON. CHARLES C. BINNEY. EDWARD A. BOWERS. FREDERICK V. COVILLE. 
B. KE. FERNOW. HENRY GANNETT. ARNOLD HAGUE. F. H. NEWELL. 
GEORGE W. McCLANAHAN. GIFFORD PINCHOT. GEORGE P. WHITTLESEY. 


: Vice Presidents. 
Sir H. G. JoLY DE LOTBINIERE, Pointe Platon, Wma. E. CHANDLER, Concord, N. H. 


Quebec. JOHN GIFFORD, Princeton, N. J. 
CHARLES C. GEORGESON, Sitka, Alaska. EDWARD F. HOBART, Santa Fe, N. M. 
CHARLES Monr, Mobile, Ala. WARRON HIGLEY, New York, N. Y. 

D. M. RIORDAN, Flagstaff, Ariz. J. A. HOLMES, Raleigh, N. C. 

THOMAS C. MCRAE, Prescott, Ark. W. W. BaRRETT, Church’s Ferry, N. D. 
ABBOTT KINNEY, Lamanda Park, Cal. REUBEN H. WARDER, North Bend, Ohio. 
E. T. ENsIGN, Colorado Springs, Colo. WILiaAM T. LITTLE, Perry, Okla. 
ROBERT BROWN, New Haven, Conn. E. W. HAMMOND, Wimmer, Ore. 

Wo. M. Cansy, Wilmington, Del. J. T. RoTHROCK, West Chester, Pa. 

A. V. CLUBBS, Pensacola, Fla. H. G. RUSSELL, E. Greenwich, R. I. 

R. B. REPPARD, Savannah, Ga. H. A. GREEN, Chester, S. C. 

J. M. CouLTER, Chicago, I11. THOMAS T. WRIGHT, Nashville, Tenn. 
JAMES TrRooP, Lafayette, Ind. W. GoopRICcH JONES, Temple, Texas. 
THOMAS H. MACBRIDE, Iowa City, Iowa. C. A. WHITING, Salt Lake, Utah. 

J. S. EMERY, Lawrence, Kans. . REDFIELD PROCTOR, Proctor, Vt. 

JOHN R. PRocToOR, Frankfort, Ky. D. O. NouRSE, Blacksburg, Va. 

LEWIS JOHNSON, New Orleans, La. EDMUND S. MEANY, Seattle, Wash. 
JOHN W. GARRETT, Baltimore, Md. A. D. HopKINs, Morgantown, W. Va. 
JOHN E. Hopss, North Berwick, Me. H. C. PUTNAM, Eau Claire, Wis. 

J. D. W. FRENCH, Boston, Mass. ELWooD MEAD, Cheyenne, Wyo. 

W. J. BEAL, Agricultural College, Mich. GEORGE W. McLANAHAN, Washington, D. C. 
C. C. ANDREWS, St. Paul, Minn. JOHN CRAIG, Ottawa, Ont. 

WILLIAM TRELEASE, St. Louis, Mo. Wo. LITTLE, Montreal, Quebec. 
CHARLES E. BESSEY, Lincoln, Neb. Lieut. H. W. FRENCH, Manila, P. I. 


APPLICATION FOR MEMBERSHIP. 


To the Assistant Secretary, 
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Washington, D. C. 


DEAR Sir: I hereby signify my desire to become a member of the American Forestry Association 


Very truly yours, 


IN GI fo ee 5 IRE ES SNE eee 


PO, Adaressic..= 


THE FORESTER, 
The National Geographic Magazine, 
A JOURNAL OF GEOGRAPHY—PHYSICAL, COMMERCIAL, POLITICAL. 


Epitor: JOHN HYDE, 
Statistician of the U. S. Department of Agriculture. 


ASSOCIATE EDITORS: 


A. W. GREELY, WILLIS L. MOORE, 
Chief Signal Officer, U.S. Army. | Chief of the U. S. Weather Bureau. 
W J McGEE, H. S. PRITCHETT, 
Ethnologist in Charge, Bureau of American Superintendent of the U.S. Coast and Geode.te 
Ethnology. Survey. 
HENRY GANNETT, MARCUS BAKER, 
Chief Geographer, U.S. Geological Survey. U.S. Geological Survey. 
G. HART MERRIAM, 0. P. AUSTIN, 
Chief of the Biological Survey, U. S. Depart- Chief of the Bureau of Statistics, U. S. Treas- 
ment of Agriculture. ury Department. 
DAVID J. HILL, ELIZA RUHAMAH SCIDMORE, 
Assistant Secretary of State. Author of ‘‘Java, the Garden of the East,” etc. 
CHARLES H. ALLEN, CARL LOUISE GARRISON, 
Assistant Secretary of the Navy. Principal of Phelps School, Washington, D.C. 


ASSISTANT EpIToR: GILBERT H. GROSVENOR, Washington, D. C. 
$2.50 a Year, 25 Cents a Copy, Three Months Trial Subscription, 50 Cents. 


Requests for Sample Copies should invariably be accompanied by 25 cents. 


CORCORAN BUILDING, WASHINGTON, D. C. 


Forestry and Village Improvement. 


MVliss Mira Lloyd Dock is prepared to give informal talks on Forestry 


and Village Improvement, with or without lantern slides. For subjects, 


terms, etc., address : 1427 N. Front Street, Harrisburg, Pa. 


the object ot The American Forestry ASSOCiatiOn is to promote: 

1. A wiser and more conservative treatment of the forest resources of this 
continent. 

2. The advancement of educational, legislative and other measures to that end. 

3. The diffusion of knowledge regarding the conservation, management and re- 


newal of forests, the methods of reforestation of waste lands, the proper util- __ 


ization of forest products, the planting of trees for ornament, and cognate 
subjects of arboriculture. 
Owners of timber and woodlands are particularly invited to join the Association, 
as are all persons who are in sympathy with the objects herein set forth. Fill in the 
blank application on the preceding page, and address only 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, Washington, D. C. 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Hough's “American Woods’’ 


A PUBLICATION ON THE TREES OF THE UNITED STATES 
ILLUSTRATED BY ACTUAL SPECIMENS OF THE WOODS 


‘A work where plant life does the writing, and which no one can read 
without thinking.’’—G. A. PARKER, Esq., Hartford, Conn. 


‘*T know of nothing so well calculated to make young people fall in love 
with trees.’’-—E. H. RUSSELL, Principal State Normal School, Worcester, 
Mass. 


“This is a unique and beautiful publication for which the lovers of 
nature owe a great debt to Mr. Hough.’’—Dr. A. E. WINSHIP, Editor of 
Journal of Education, Boston, Mass. 


““You must be working more in the interest of mankind generally than 
for yourself, to furnish so much for so small a compensation.’’—C. H. 
BaKer, C. E., Seattle, Wash. 


“Cannot show my appreciation better than by subscribing for an addi- 
tional copy.’’—Professor GEO. L. GOODALE, Harvard College, Cambridge, 
Mass. 


WOOD SPECIMENS FOR CLASS USE 


PREPARATION OF WOODS FOR STEREOPTICON aga 
AND MICROSCOPE 


VIEWS OF TYPICAL TREES 
WOODEN CROSS-SECTION CARDS 


for invitations, menus, personal cards, etc. Admirably adapted to 


White Elm 


India-ink work and painting for gift cards, etc. 


Send for circulars and enclose ten cents for sample specimens from peas ini ean em a) 
‘ , +? {. ilver Maple 
‘American Woods EE 


Address ROMEYN B. HOUGH, Lowvittz, N. Y. 


ie ee NII IC, 


@Comsulting Forester 


iia ahi. IN. J. 


Kindly mention THE FORESTER in writing 


THE PORESTER: 


After looking through this issue, write us, 
if you are not already a memberof.. . 


The American Forestry Association 


We would like to tell you why you should be. 


== 4 
go aa 
Sa a ee 


A blindness comes to me now and then. I have it 


now. It is queer—I can see your eyes but not your nose. 
I can’t read because some of the letters are blurred; dark 
spots cover them; it is very uncomfortable. 

I know all about it; its DYSPEPSIA. Take one 
of these; it will cure you in ten minutes. 

What is it ? 

A Ripans Tabule. 


A ANTED A case of bad health that R'I-P’A‘N’S will not benefit. They banish pain and prolong life. 

One gives relief. Note the word R'I-P’A‘N’S on the package and accept no substitute. R°1PA'N'S, 
10 for5 cents or twelve packets for 48 cents, may be had at any drug store. Ten samples and one thou- 
gand testimonials will be mailed to any address for 5 cents, forwarded to the Ripans Chemical Co., No. 
10 Spruce St., New York. ase 


Kindly_mention THE ForEsTer in writing. 


See ae 


= 


-  —— 


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American 
AUTHOR 


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DATE 


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