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aA 
AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE MAGAZINE OF 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


F ; or ~ 
\ «<N ~\¢ » 
rAe . y NA 
wh od . ash 
e 4 Bee 


yr yt 


VOLUME XX—1914 


> Se ae 


THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
PUBLISHER 


WASHINGTON, D. C. 


CONTENTS OF VOLUME XX 


INDEX OF AUTHORS 


Page 
Adams, ei article by, 617; poem by. 786 
Allen, E. T., address by, 58; 


artic i Bhd Cheese A ae ee 496-745-870 
Barrus, George Latta, article by......... 287 
Barton, Vs article by.25..--.--...5%+ 135 


Benedict, M.A,, article by.............. 281 


Bigelow, Edward F., article by... . .. .669-708 
Blanchard; /C. J.; articleby ............5 393 
Bradley, Harold C,, article by.......... 406 
Boardman, Mabel T., article by......... by) 
Boerker, R. H., article by..........:.... 22 
ReeWit, tee ,, ACUCIE DY. 5. oss see eo 69 
Brown, Nelson C., article by............ 201 
Peer Th ATTICS DY! a0 ee ow ce bd 795 
Bryant, R. C., article by.......... 81-239-881 
Buhler, Ernest O., article by............ 343 
Childs, Neal T., article by.............. 788 
Collingwood, G. H., article by........... 627 
Collins, J. Franklin, article by........... 719 
Raauer, m4. G. article by...) 627 
Dana, Samuel T., article Diese aO9-858 
Dithridge, Rachel L., poem by.......... 527 
Dodge, Alexander W................ 815-893 
Dollar, Robert, article IDV men att tee on 499 
Drinker, Dr. H. S., address by.......... 207 
Duthie, George A., article by......... 14 
Fisher, W. R., article by............. 153- 370 
Gaskill, Alfred, article by............... 906 
Gillis, Donald, article by............... 37 
Graves, Henry S., address by........... 377 
Guyton, Jack, article BY. Peete eats tit Od 
Hanssen, Arnold, article by............. 811 
Haynes, Winthrop P., suite DYe cnn 346 
Hodge, William C., article [Dy A. aap a 568 
Hoover, M. H:, article by. fi aon 
Hopkins, Gertrude Cornwall, poem by. Sa PY 
Houston, David F., article BY sake eee 867 
Jackson, A. G., poem 2 EE ENTE yee 156 


Page 
“7, DyG.,” poem bys... :.-.7:: ae 707 
Johnson, ‘Charles, article by... zane 414 
Jones, Chapin, article by. .. ...- yume 674 
Kaefer,, Francis, article by *.: 0.) eee Til 
Kneipp, L. BP: article by..;....-2- ae 697 
Knowlton). H., article by... 22 eee 709 
ange Prot. :narticle by. i... : ae aaa 376 
aut, ApnesC, article by <2 ee ene 839 
Linthicum, J. Charles, article by........ 543 
Long, George’S., article"by. 7; ..) sane ee 632 
Meatihests Hey Beerarticlel inva 7a 646 
Maxwell Flu article by.) +5 eae see 577 
Maxwell, R. Brooke, article by......-... 805 


Miller, Warren H., articles by 
1-101-165-261-356-448-501 


Mallss Knower, article byn 5 eee ONO 
Moon,'F: F., article by... . .0 7 poles 
Morrill, Wi.9J., article’ by.) a eee ae 641 
Olmsted, Frederick E., article by........ 887 
Pearl, Maud DeWitt, article by........ 5 SAS 
Potter, Albert Eanticle by... 110 
Preston, iB."V..,,article' by. 2.) 4. 0 ae 572 
Price, Overton Westfeldt, article by... .273-420 
Redington, Paul G., article by .. . . 182-268-511 
Riley, Smith, article by......-. 2. a 594 
Rebbins, W. W., article by............. 403 
Roorbach, Eloise, article by............. 92 
Rosenbluth, R., article by...... Aes 0 LESS 
schock, Oliver D, article by... aaeee 416 
Simmons, J. R., poem by...._.... ee 576 
Smith, P!S!, poem by......, ..) 308 
Sterling, E. A., article by! 5c02 0 aoe 319 
Strobeck, John L., article bys 2). 142 
Venemann, T. W., article bye.) ae 735 
Wharton, Wiliam P., article by. 3a 211 
Wilson, Ellwood, Pawn of Canadian 
Department. . .529-605-684-757-825 
Woolsey, Jr., Theodore s. , article by... .. 44 


CONTENTS 


GENERAL INDEX 


Page 

Acknowledgment, Ane.) 5 S:25..0. 2... 510 
Administration, The National Forest— 

Dawid Toustons: 3/2... . 867 
Agriculture, Forest Conservation and— 

stheodorersmWioolseyam|tameaee - . - 44 

) Nig kal, lfialleyelet oles a earn eo oo. o'S oc © Ce eee 469 

Alaskans, ©onserving Natives .w.)0 0.25). . 751 


America, The Switzerlands in—Agnes C. 


American Forestry Association: 
Annual Meeting, Announcement of 13 
Annual Meeting, Report of....... 146 
FEXUDIGSE Sele ota ceeta npeieaestecrees to'= + 173-309 


Announcement of-Bond Issue..... 515 
Annual Meeting for 1915, An- 

MBMINCETMEMIVOL sc. Sct e ss. = 869 

Annual Consumption of Wood.......... 897 

Annual Meeting of the American Forestry _ 

Association. INepOrt Olesen... . °.. 146 
Annual Meeting of the New York State 

Horestry Association’. .:./0...... 155 


Annual Report on Yosemite National Park 156 
Appalachian National Park, For an— 


WonaldaGillhicheescses BU giao ee Sif 
Arborist-Forester—Alfred Gaskill........ 906 
NGiecteniremeaw= N 1OlatOrsiers seems se. cl yf il 
ANSTO GEIS IDpdarlloyhe, ANNES 6 clos onc oo ele 341 
BackwNumbersavWanbedh: sce cmc... - 677 
Balcatmebicior Pipes... shee... |. 509 
Baltimore’s Shade Trees—R. Brooke 

IM rails 4a 8.3 Yhiots ster ares ore eee 805 
Bavarian Forester, The—G. H. Colling- 

WOO Soyo conor ees Sede. ae 626 
BequestiomsoO0000m ee eee: 606 
Berks County Conservation Association.. 740 
Best Seed Year for Longleaf Pine........ 307 
Better Forest Fire Law—W. R. Fisher... 370 
ibinely, WWearnyaWises fone. orcs... 66 
Eaedebiouse, Boys Makesiosc. J ¢2.. Jv... i453 
Bird Sanctuaries, State Forests as— 

WalliarnwesWihartonieanetse oh. . 211 


Black Forest, Some Observations on the— 


SCID, eel ea aie 416 
Blighted ChestnatmUsing.. 22.2... so... 604 
Blights of Coniferous Nursery Stock, The 65 
Bond Issue of the American Forestry Asso- 

ciation for $50,000.00: 

ANNOUNCEMENRDMOL ee seo... O15 
Book Reviews (See Reviews, Book) 
Boy-ocouts Trail Building ame... . <.. 446 


lil 


Page 
Bose Maker BircmiIlouUsessrme vive): s+ sive: 753 
British Columbia, Progress in—Overton 
Niestreldtebricem.: merit. «cic we 273 
Business Management of Woodlots—R. 
Rosenbluth sete sete se sents ise 185 
Buying Handles by Weight............. 880 
Cableway, Handling Lumber by......... 673 
California, Fire Conditions in—Alexander 
WEDOCIe My ere seetec cr) fs eaonls 893 
California, Fire Protection in—Knower 
Ji SI Sia oe aed ee ee 679 
California, The Redwood of—J. H 
IGGL Mere: Seierthien ice eee = nhac’ 795 
@anaptire- Plates AXSate ce njoc 6 «ec 3s ies 132 
Camps, Conservation of Life in the Lum- 
ber—Mabel T. Boardman........ 52 


Canadian Department, The—Edited by 
Ellwood Wilson (Department of 


Magazine)..... 529-605-684-757-825-894 


Canal and the Lumber Trade, The Pan- 


Aina —— el Cp Ry AMG ares sre state 81 
Canal, Lumber Trade and the—Robert 

NS) Olea ARPA CM I: TERRE ad MeIE fo jie oie vezaine 499 
Gases ViissounmOustenae tte ye ae etek 602 
Caralioay Growitlnseue eesti laces cctn. cite 756 
Chance for the Game, A—Smith Riley... 594 
Shautauqua, Morestry ate on... 0. oy. 430-591 
Chestnut Blight Continues—Oliver D. 

SCHOC oan ep waremeie as, toi eb eae fo 416 
Chestnut, Using Blightedy. .) 0.2.0.8 os 604 
Winldren Ware Warren ves sa ees lees 415 
ity; Drees, New York's 0.02.55. ew ees 560 
Wilay GUN CCIWV OF yet cs occ eet e ea ulis ew ye § 489 
(CoastnConditionsmeacitice. eee te 5 500 
@omisine AgainsteMires os seca kes 567 
Concession, Philippine Forest............ 524 
Conditions in California, Fire—Alexander 

VIN Gul Boe Ie 2 he ase 893 
Conditions) Pacitic Coast. sme. 4... 5 4-- 500 
Conference at Vancouver, Forestry...... 64 
@onmercnceronwlrnoatione agen. 5.22.0. 278 
Conference, White Mountain............ 525 
Coniferous Nursery Stock, The Blights of 65 
Conservation and Agriculture, Forest— 

Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr.........- 44 
Conservation Association, Berks County.. 740 
Conservation for Lumbermen. . 418 
Conservation of Life in the Teepe On amps 

—Mabel T..Boardman........... 52 
Conserving Native Alaskans. . Bi ane 
Consumer, Forests, Lumber aeralge | abe 

PASTIME R Se cos co Oana ay cael gs = 745 


Consumption of Wood, Annual.......... 
Conventions—See Forestry Conference at 
Vancouver; Annual Meeting, A. F. 
A.; Annual Meeting of the New 
York State Forestry Association; 
Maryland Conservation Associa- 
tion . Forestry at Chautauqua; 
Berks County Conservation Asso- 
ciation. 
Cornell's Forestry Building............. 432 
Coulee, The Grand—Winthrop P. Haynes 346 
Country Estate, Forestry on the—Warren 
H. Miller... . 1-101-165-261-356-448-501 
Cruising in Cuba—E. V. Preston........ 
Cuba, Cruising in—E. V. Preston........ 
Current Literature (Department of the 
Magazine). .76, 160, 234, 314, 388, 464, 
539, 612, 693, 765, 834, 907 
Daggett, Hallie M. (See ‘‘A Woman as a 
Forest Fire Lookout’’) 


Datiper Serious, Hire. ic. .-icaesiccs ce <- 667 
Dead, George W. Vanderbilt ............ 303 
Destroy Diseased Pines................. 498 
Directory, A Forestet’s. 0 ooo... ncce'ss 828 
Diseased Pines, Destroy................ 498 
Dritt Fences for Stock...............:.. 433 
Early Logger in the Sierras, The— 

Alexander W. Dodge............. 815 
Economics, Public Knowledge of Forest— 

Wi thre ees we ain Ltd: 58 


Editorial (Department of Magazine) 
382, 457, 531, 607, 759, 686, 829, 898 
Effective Forestry Exhibit, An........... 802 
Elk from Yellowstone Park............. 72 
Epitome of National Reclamation, An— 
PR BR UTS Tr IA no 
Essay on Forestry, Prize foran.......... 149 
Estate, Forestry on the Country—Warren 
H. Miller 
Estimating in the 


Timber—H. J. Brown............ 69 


881 
Example of Fire Protection—Jack Guyton 345 
exhibit, American Fy restry Association. . 309 


— 


Exhibit, An Effective Fy WEStOW ss cae ks. 802 
Exhibit at the Forest Products Exposition, 

Eek Pe ae ae ee 141 
Exhibit of Forest Products............__ 431 
Exhibit, The Assi ation’: 5). 341 
Exhibits, American Forestry Association. . 173 
Expo ition, An 


Exhibit at the Forest 
ginkgo 141 


sxposition, Forestry at the... Fo 


Silas 


CONTENTS 


Page 
Exposition, The Forest Products......... 375 
Famine, Russia’s Forest......-.....-... 443 


Federal Power Supreme on Federal Land. 12 
Fence, A Stumper of a—Edward F. 


Bigelow»... sechr-49 0 he 708 
Fence Of Woodlots:...220:o-0e aoe 814 
Bences for Stock. Drift. a2 9. 1. 433 
Filipino Foresters....2. ....): «0:0 743 
Billime, “Tre 205.9 sies0fs 30 foes 718 
Fir for Pulp, Balsam... :......2.1<. .«aeee 509 
Fire Conditions in California—Alexander 

IW. Ded 26 i5..5.0, 0:0. onesie ee 893 
Fire Danger Serious.) ......-:-..,../ 404s eee 667 
Fire Fool, The (Poem)—A. G. Jackson... 156 


Fire Law, Better Forest—W. R. Fisher... 370 


ine Waw Violators, sAmrest. / 07 4s 571 
Fire Line, A New Type of—M. A. Benedict 281 


Fire Lookout, A Woman as a Forest.... 174 
Fire Lookout on Mount Lassen, The— 
Walliamni@ bodse see pee 568 
BinercossSmiallll sy. cs. Caner gee 706 
Bire-Placey AUSate Campn eee eee 732 


Fire Protection, Example of—Jack Guyton 345 
Fire Protection in California—Knower 


Malls. is-3 < iS/at2 kyo Sei 679 
Fire Protection on the Ozark National 

Forest—Francis, Kiefer. ........ 4. 71 
Fire Protection, West. Virginia... ... aon Vey 
Bire: Protective’ Work. =: . {1:40 ae 677 
Fire Season Closed ...-;. ..),4,-3).-ae eee 230 
Fires (Poem) by Bristow Adams.......... 786 
Fires Caused by Lightning... |) eee 437 
Fires, Combine Against.......>.. ee 567 
Fires Controlled, Forest................ 226 
Fires, Numerous Forest. ..... ee 516 
Fires, Warnings Against......., 2092 oe 3ih 
Fires, Winter Forest... 9... .< eee 308 
Fish for the Forests—L. F. Kneip py : 699; 


Fish Increase, Game and—Prof. D. Lange 376 
Fish, Our Vanishing Food—J. Charles 


Linthicum ..3).,./.yc4.. 4008 543 
Five Thousand Dollar Bequest... 606 
Blosida Monster, As... 683 


543 
156 


Donald Gillis’)... |. 0 a 37 


by "E."M. Pricesga ces) ee 688 
Forest Administration, The Nationa]— 
David FHousten Gase <a 867 


CONTENTS Vv 


Page 

Forest Conservation and Agriculture— 
Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr.. sie wad 

Forest Economics, Public Ketopaledee ope 
Earle Aer gy Meerers. ,A:s08disee Ske C els b 58 
Horest) Hamine Russia) Sige a6 2 seeds cet) 443 
Forest Fire Law, Better—W. R. Fisher.. 370 
Borest) Eines Controlledias) ; eens so, 226 
Borestibiness Numerous. 22 tsee ueee e. 22 O16 


Forest Insect Problem, National Organ- 

AL ZAALOM GOO LUCY) na aha sites oa: 68 
Horestevandssave his sat. soar .°. 
Forest Notes: (Department of Magazine) 

73, 157, 222, 309, 384, 460, 534, 609, 

689, 762, 831, 901 


Forest of Stone, A—F. H. Knowlton..... 709 
Forest Operations: Forestry on the 
Country Estate, III, Warren H. 
Muller eaten sai Sas Sasha. 165 
Forest Planting on Pike’s Peeseebias 
Jeo 10) biel she oes oa gee en 14 
Forest Products Exposition, An Exhibit 
BR TENE Sea eats on Oe oe gee 141 
Forest Products Exposition, The......... 375 
RonrestperoducismDxhilitwemsnits ss ye. . 431 
HorestrPurekased »Pispal aa 2/.0089). 0... 425 
Forest Ranger, The (Poem)—P. C. 
Saatibae epee nie: MRA. eae 2 ik 308 
Forest Ranger, One View of the—Paul G. 
Redington 4 tro. SAtementa..2 wees, 268 
Hotresthsecedss Restsviniy veal ieee. 588 
Forest Service and Public—Paul G. 
INGCHUn abot es ee michele cuneate Sil» 511 
ores streams Tromtian 2.05000... 5. al: 591 


Forest Supervisor in the Community, The 
Place of a—Paul G. Redington.... 182 


Forest? What is a National—T. W. 
N/GNIe Mamas soit. Cashed ob apes Seecis oe SS 
Forest Working Plans. Reconnaissance: 
Its Relation to—R. H. Boerker.... 22 


Forested Shore Line, Sixteen Thousand 


Miles of—E. A. Sterling.......... 319 
Forester—Arborist—Alfred Gaskill....... 906 
Forester Should Be, What a—Dr. C. A. 

SiCUNETG eete  > e nn a 154 
Forester, The Bavarian—G. H. Colling- 

WOOL nid 0 BIE CS Be eo ee 626 
BOnesterswebmipinels een ces ws se 743 
Foresters in the Great War—S. T. Dana.. 858 


Forestry Address to Students—Dr. H. S. 


Drinker Raper! See ns: 207 
Forestry Addresses for Students......... a 
Forestry and Water Resources, The 

South's—Henry S. Graves. ....... Sit) 


Forestry .at Chautauqua:....00405:.. 430, 591 


Page 
Horestry at the: xposition..2..2 0). ..04... 828 
Forestry Building, Cornell’s............. 432 
Forestry Building, Dedication of a......, 279 
Forestry Committee Reports, Announce- 
MICTIE OL ee eee eR LE 5 8 145 
Forestry Conference at Vancouver....... 64 
Forestry Exhibit, An Effective.......... 802 


Forestry, George W. Vanderbilt, Pioneer 


in—Overton Westfeldt Price...... 420 
Horestry, Governor Glynnifon.%.3....... 151 
Forestry Law, A South Carolina......... 152 
Forestry Law for Virginia........... 151, 305 
Forestry, Loblolly Pine Adapted to...... 231 
Forestry on the Country Estate—Warren 

H. Miller: 

Tee heyWOOd Ota eel ei ces wee 1 
lie ihe Stony Pastures... 101 
hie sHorestiOperationssens. 8 +o. 165 
IVeireeeiroublestien emia. are. 261 


V. The Private Nursery for Rais- 
ing Standard Tree Seedlings 
and How to Prepare and 


Managetita. (aia. 5 30s 2st 356 
VI. Getting Acquainted......... 448 

VII. Getting Acquainted, The 
Maples and Birches....... 501 
Forestry, Prize foran Essay off.....,.... 149 
Forestry Progress, Pennsylvania......... 886 


Forestry, Woodlot—R. Rosenbluth (For 
the Instruction of Owners of Farms 


and Country Estates)............ 118 
Forests as Bird Sanctuaries, State— 
Waliangb Wiharjtonpeewnee se) ila 
Forests as Recreation Grounds, National 
SN ed A WRONerint, ae Ae APG 2, 641 
Forests, Fish for the—L. F. Kneipp...... 697 
Forests in the War Zone, French—S. T. 
Daniancee ace Ree PNA ee ess 769 
Forests, Lumber and Consumer—E. T 
PME Saas Nek SMES TEP, 745 
Forests of Southern South America, 
Hardwood—H. G. Cutler......... 248 
Forests, The Government...:........... 59 
French Forests in the War Zone—Samuel 
AN SSID en mee CR eas ee Ge a a 769 
Full Title Under the Weeks Act......... 153 
Game, A Chance for the—Smith Riley... 594 


Game and Fish Increase—Prof. D. Lange 376 
Game Preserve, State Forest as—Ernest 


OMBuhlenetereant a. os ilar es 343 
German Sawmills, Utilization at—Nelson 
(Cy. JBVRON GTi). Sc tele eee ea ee 201 


Glaciers of Mt. Rainier, The—F. E. 
NMilaitine Seppe ein OPTS ARPES Ss 


vi 


Page 
Glynn for Forestry, Governor......----- 151 
Government Forests, The........-+--++> 55 


Government Makes Largest Offering of 


TSAR. coy mu PALE + clanin bier tt hie 154 
Governor Glynn for Forestry........---- 151 
Grand Coulee, The—Winthrop P. Haynes 346 
Grazing for Eleven Million.......-...--. 436 


Greatest Woodlot, The World’s—George 


Bones eras hes esters ie <2 632 
Grounds, National Forests as Recreation— 

W. J. Moartilh;..% oie. hee g ie 641 
eerethe A Catelpa cs aihic se WA ied. '8 te 756 
Guard on Patrol, The Fire (Poem)— 

JA ut eM CS Bt Ren eis Sc oie 707 
Half of Each Tree Lost... 6: 25-05. . 438 
Handles by Weight, Buying..... SUR RES Nn, 880 
Handling Lumber by Cableway......... 673 


Hardwood Forests of Southern South 

America—H. G. Cutler........... 248 
Hardwoods of the Spessarts, The—F. F. 

0 Graretyepe cE Pee br ly ee 298 
Hemlock, The Story of—Hu Maxwell.... 577 
Herding, New Style Sheep.............. 526 
Heroes, My (Poem) by J. R. Simmons... 576 
Hetch Hetchy Timber Affected.......... 150 
Honest Foreman, An (Poem)—Tran- 

scribed by E. M. Price.........., 688 
Houses, Boys Make Bird.............. ® 753 
HOw Would: YOU ti animes ket 372 


Important Forestry Legislation in Virginia 224 
Improvement in Range Conditions— 


Albert F. Potter... 005 25.. .i4a50. 110 
Index for American Forestry for 1913. .. 149 
Industry, Studying the Lumber......... 730 
Industry, The War and the Lumber— 
DmtOw AGSIMs ws cil. ko. da le: 617 
Initiating a State Forest Policy in Ken- 
bucky)... Barton... 0.2 004d. 135 
Injury to the Larch by Sawfly Larvae— 
Maud DeWitt Pearl............. 528 


Insect Problem, National Organization to 
Ropteay OPBOE, Con. ci ba ce dank 68 


Land, Federal Power Supreme on Federal. 12 
Larch by Sawfly Larvae, Injury to the— 
Maud DeWitt Pearl............. 
Largest Tree Trunk, World’s............ 
Lariat Laura’s Fatal Form, Ranger Young 
Wild on the Fire Line, Or—E, T. 
Allen 
Lassen, TI 


| ooltintic on Mount—William 
Hales 


Botha eee et 568 
Law, A Roadside Tree— Chapin Jones.... 674 
Law, A South Carolina Forestryt.iJ. bt. 152 


CONTENTS 


Page 
Law, Better Forest Fire—W. R. Fisher... 370 
Law in South Carolina, Need of a Forest. 228 


Law Violators, Arrest Fire......-..-+--- Sia 
Legislation in Virginia, Important Forestry 224 


Lightning, Fires Caused by.........---- 437 
Loblolly Pine Adapted to Forestry....... 231 
Lodgepole Pine for Poles.......--..++-- 381 
Logger in the Sierras, The Early—Alex- 
ander WerlDodee faerie) eater 815 
Logging A River Bottom—Edward F, 
Bigelow. i. cise Pitt. Caer 669 
Longleaf Pine, Best Seed Year for....... 307 
Lookout, A Woman as a Forest Fire..... 174 
Look Out on Mount Lassen, The— 
Walia Ga Hodge yc.) sues 568 


Lookout Tower, Constructing Emergency. 372 
Lumber and Consumer, Forests—E. T. 


Al eines Se on fee | eee 745 
Lumber by Cableway, Handling......... 673 
Lumber Camps, Conservation of Life in 

the—Mabel T. Boardman.......: 52 
Lumber Industry, Studying the......... 730 
Lumber Industry, The War and the— ~— 

Bristow, -Adarisieert sts ane ee 617 
Lumber Trade, The European War and 

the—Ri Cis Bryatite waaay a 881 
Lumber Trade, The Panama Canal and the 

iG. Bryantes, . i) earners 81 
Eumberman’s Views, Av... eee eee 514 
Lumbermen, Conservation for........... 418 
Lumber Trade and the Canal—Robert 

Dollar 00. ws 2 be ee 499 
Man To a Tree, A (Poem)—Gertrude 

Cornwell Hopkins. )) 2°) ise 267 
Management of Woodlots, Business—R. 

Rosenblath 2.77.00 eee 185 
Many ‘Usestfor Birch! 9, 2). }e eee 66 
Many Uses of the Forests............... 365 
Maples Holdinsvits'Own. 2...) aaa 67 
Maryland Conservation Association...... 303 
Massachusetts Wants State Forests...... 1155 
Meadows of the Sierra, The—Neal T 

Childs 3... a ee 788 
Meadows, Our Mountain—Harold C. 

Bradley oo... .\.. tees ee 406 
Meetings: See ‘‘Conventions” 

Memorial, A Sylvan—W. R. Fisher...... 153 
Minnesota, Wild Life in—Prof. Charles 

Johnson. .°.'- (ete ee be cee 414 
Missouri Ouster. Cases) 00. 602 
MonsteryA Bloridase yn avi: 1 ian 683 


Mount Lassen, The Lookout on—William 
C. Hodge 


CONTENTS vii 


Page 

Mount Rainier, The Glaciers of—F. E. 
Miattheste. ei aeice sy ao eae teeta e oo 646 

Mountain Meadows, Our—Harold C. 
Epneclleyp nda ss 54 5 SITs - 406 
Mountain Purchase, A White........... 733 
My Heroes (Poem)—J. R. Simmons..... 576 

National Forest Administration, The— 
Deal 18, Jeloweiworl. 05550000 eb ee 867 


National Forest, Fire Protection on the 


Ozark—Francis Kiefer.......:..: (il 
National Forest? What is a—T. W 
WiGiavsaahibalan anodadansuob conn ute 735 


National Forests as Recreation Grounds— 
Wise Morlll eet haere. - - 
National Organization to Study Forest 


Imsectseromlemernce etry sic: =i 68 
National Park, For an Appalachian— 

WonmalesGrnhisceh tf uot. noes... 37 
National Reclamation, An Epitome of— 

Gj pkinchard ) issctae le. «= : 393 
Native Alaskans, Conserving............ 751 
Need of a Forest Law in South Carolina. . 228 
New Jersey Forestry Exhibit Effective... 802 
New Style Sheep Herding............... 526 
New Type of Fire Line, A—M. A. Benedict 281 
Newavoriciss@itiyadbneesay ale retedicl- rs) 4 560 


New York State Forestry Association, 

Acamital sMleetin gs sere arise ie 155 
INtimerousshorest)Hiressemesiceior te. - 516 
Nursery Stock, The Blights of Coniferous 65 
Observations on the Black Forest, Some— 

1D 5 lols JW CYes0,, Wo ceca reid Barc oe Oeenaee 31 
Oldest ‘Tree, Ehe. World’ su.cecies es. » 486 
One View of the Forest Ranger—Paul G. 


Redington eer kk Aetna is - 268 
Our Mountain Meadows—Harold C. 

Bradley ea wicaveesue eektsayse'- -¢ 406 
Our Vanishing Food Fish—J. Charles 

Jere ae bA, oo coe OM 5 oe b RO ONES 543 
@usteri@asess Massouniae sae lala ceesac) oi. 602 


Ozark National Forest, Fire Protection on 
the—Francis Kiefer... 0... qi 

RacinesGoast ConditionSemeacrisas 024. -+-- 500 

Pacific Northwest, Timber Estimating in. 


the——He J, Brownes Pie sews a - 69 
Panama Canal and the Lumber Trade, The 
=e Gre TV ATUL aay et ssh.Gs aayb-Usee ls e+ « 81 


Pasture, The Stony—Warren H. Miller 
(Forestry on the Country Estate).. 101 
Patrol, The Fire Guard on (Poem)— 
Sis Dy Gee es os Bases: 
Pennsylvania Forestry Progress......... 
Pennsylvania, The Sprag Industry of 
Eastern—John L. Strobeck....... 142 


707 
886 


Page 

RestsunpPonrest)peedS site obec i '2.3'. ss cs Aes 588 

Philippine Forest Concession............ 524 
Pike’s Peak, Forest Planting on—George 

vee WO FERS yy Re Terrence 14 

Pine Adapted to Forestry, Loblolly...... 231 

Pine, Best Seed Year for Longleaf....... 307 

Pine Growing Profitable, White......... 306 


Pine, The Torrey—Eloise Roorbach...... 92 
Pines Destroy, Diseasedijens tae «eee ie acts 
Pines Mienaceds Wihiteysqescraae. J... - 
Pines «Trying to wave Primeval. so... 51 
Pioneer in Forestry, George W. Vanderbilt 

—Overton Westfeldt Price........ 
Pispah Porest Purchased ii cte Lk oo: « 
Place of a Forest Supervisor in the Com- 

munity, The—Paul G. Redington.. 182 
Planting and Seeding of Woodlots—George 

LattapBarnutsyrcyos tisk eee -Aoxh 
Planting on Pike’s Peak, Forest—George 

WDatwest *eqihe oaet eos done 14- 
Planting, Privates kreeje.wasatecmgee . 
Poles, Lodgepole Pine for.:.....3....... 
Policy in Kentucky, Initiating a State 


Forest). Ey Bartont :i2sicaocs. . 135 
Poplag Profitable Wellowert..itia02-'-': 366 
Practical Tree Surgery—J. Franklin 

Calling Ses weteea ih... ‘719 
Preserved, Scenic Forest: (0. jcc. s.ie.... Hil! 
Preserves Timbers, Salt Lake........... 302 


Primeval Pines, Trying to Save...,...... Sil 


Private Reforestation—M. H. Hoover.... 820 
Private Tree Planting! ... 2). 22: Weber he oss 592 
Prize for an Essay on Forestry...:...... 149 
Rrontaplessvellowseoplatenm ements 4-1: 366 


Progress in British Columbia—Overton 
WiestieldtpPricet. co c.meis sists. ss 

Protection, Example of Fire—Jack Guyton 345 

Protection in California, Fire—Knower 


IMiilige 2/42 e533) 2 eeepc et. - 679 
Protection on the Ozark National Forest, 

Fire—Francis Kiefer.....°....... 71 
Protection, West Virginia Fire........... aot 
ProtectivenWiOlks prea enmEmn Ge. as <= 677 
Public, Forest Service and—Paul G. 

PREC HOUT ey eye yas c= + «3 ois" Salil 
Public Knowledge of Forest Economics— 

1 IS Allene a. cidies Eee 58 
Paap alcataphit LOG. juemra: = + + sine « -o02 509 
Pulp for Sausage Casing, Wood........-- 804 
Purchase, A White Mountain........... 733 
Purchased, Pisgah Forest... .....+---..s- 425 
Range Conditions, Improvement in— 

Miientek ee Outen: ue merle: 2a 110 


CONTENTS 


vill 
Page 
Ranger, One View of the Forest—Paul G. 
FIBORIOEOR, see = ies br nie riers 268 
Ranger, The Forest (Poem)—P. C. Smith 308 
Ranger Young Wild on the Fire Line, Or 
Lariat Laura's Fatal Form—E. T. 


Bile ee aga tas 2s eos oe ee 496 
Rainier, The Glaciers of Mt.—F. E. 
Biot Ctc uy eee esse ooh 646 
Reclamation, An Epitome of National— 
393 


C. J. Blanchard. ....-.--+-++-++: 
Reconnaissance: (Its Relation to Forest 

Working Plans)—R. H. Boerker... 22 
Recreation Grounds, National Forests as 


—W. J. Morrill.......-----++-+-: 641 
Redwood of California, The—J. H. 

MRNA oe ia hia has ble 4.4 Seite > 795 
Reforestation, Private—M. H. Hoover... 820 
Reindeer, A Trip for—Arnold Hanssen. .. 811 
Reports, Forestry Committee......----. 145 
Resources, The South’s Forestry and 

Water—Henry S. Graves.......-. 377 
Reviews, Book: 

Logging, by R. C. Bryant........ 311 


Economic Woods of the United 
States—Samuel J. Record...... 311 


A Forest Idyl—Temple Oliver..... 311 

Trees in Winter—Albert F. Blake- 
slee and Chester D. Jarvis...... 311 

The Commuter’s Garden—W. B. 
en) ee 2 a Si 311 

The Farm Woodlot—E. G. Cheyney 
and J.B. Wentling............ 538 

The Training of a Forester—Gifford 
PROREG fo 4 Nee Vali ot ot be Soe 538 

Lumber and Its Uses—R. S. 
(A ce ARS eS Pe me 538 

The First Exposition of Conserva- 

tion and Its Builders—W. M. 
Goodman.......:-s:seseeseeee 834 

Elements of Forestry—Frederick 

Franklin Moon and _ Nelson 
Courtlandt Brown............. 834 

River Bottom, Logging a—Edward F. 
SIE Bede eI ost. v-o.giacire 3 Si: 669 

River, The Wrath of the (Poem)—Rachel 
L. Dithridge . dice SS eee POL 
Roadside Tree Law, A—Chapin Jones.... 674 
Russia's Forest Famine................. 443 
Safe Camp Fireplace, A.......,........ 732 
Salt Lake Preserves Timbers............ 302 
Sausage Casing, Wood Pulp for..... ... 804 
Save $100,000,000 A Year, How to....... 304 
Save Primeval Pines, Trying to.......... 51 
Save This Forest Land................. 342 


Page 


Sawfly Larvae, Injury to the Latch by— 


Maud DeWitt Pearlicccae ai aot ere 
Utilization at German—Nelson 


528 


Sawmills, 

Gl Brawls ean ee 201 
Scenic Forest Preserved. ..----+-+*++7> 513 
Scouts TrailBuilding, Boy-.<-2> - - 2-6 446 
Seeding of Woodlots, Planting and— 

George Latta Barrus....-.------- 287 
Seeding Operation, Spring! >. .c 2 eee 355 
Seeds, Pests in Forest....-.++-++++s++0- 588 
Service and Public, Forest—Paul G. 

Redington. se. 0. =. \a Aamir ae 511 
Shade Trees, Baltimore’s—R. Brooke 

MMaxwelllsiin sate cnt et tee 805 
Shade Trees, Care of.....------+++++05 302 
Shade Tree Worth? Whatisa.......-.. 241 
Sheep Herding, New Style.....-.------- 526 
Shore Line, 16,000 Miles of Forested— 

EB) Ao Sterings/)..2 20s oe eee 319 
Sierras, The Early Logger in the— 

Alexander W. Dodge..........--- 815 
Sierra,- The Meadows of the—Neal T. 

Chiles en ee eee 788 
Sixteen Thousand Miles of Forested Shore 

Tine Am Sterlinigicn oe eietnte 319 
SialliPiredsossieasie «es er etna 706 
Soap Material, A New...........------ 306 
Some Observations on the Black Forest— 

Pai Moonee sear cack cae ieee 31 
South America, Hardwood Forests of 

Southern—H. G. Cutler.......... 248 
South Carolina Forestry Law, A......... 152 


South Carolina, Need of a Forest Law in 228 
South’s Forestry and Water Resources, 

The—Henry S. Graves........... 
Spessarts, Hardwoods of the—F. F. Moon 298 
Sprag Industry of Eastern Pennsylvania, 

The—John L. Strobeck........... 
Spring Seeding Operation,.............. 
State Forest as Game Preserve—Ernest 


OF Buhler... ssf ss) Se ee 343 
State Forest Policy in Kentucky, Initiating 

a—]. E. Barton ..9iR Lene 135 
State Forests as Bird Sanctuaries— 


William" P.Wiharton 2.5.9)... 7) eee 
State Forests, Massachusetts Wants..... 155 
State News: (Department of Magazine) 


73, 159, 231, 312, 386 
State Work: 


California BP ache toa ak 387, 679, 893 
Georgia AO MeN AA a ECS 159, 386 
Kentucky eee sien... 135, 159, 312 
LOIRE BS. oe Ss wae 313 


Maisie err eee ee 73, 232, 386 


CONTENTS ix 


Page 
Massachusetts........ 74, 195, 232, 313 
Waite bra ais poop. es. 5\ 1b komia eae 159, 233, 38L 
Warinesotaltietoa.'s toseepineston Gif, Sk257/ 
INDERYOTIISLS So Gabe Otte «cin ob Seen 312 
Montana: Spycisinc cate tee» - 567 
INew-Hampshires..fnc- sees -<! - - 387 
New Jersey... . ods ea D3 1 Sick 
News Wonks; vba eee 74, 314, 560 
INoquhs Carolina ese eeeeee S32, SiS 
OHIOE ke ee ee wes = 312 


Pennsylvania..... 75, 159, 233, 312, 886 


Rhoderslandia sae. - 233 
South Carolinagerpy sagen ere: 152, 228 
South Dal<opaeene cei ek « - 387 
Wer Ont eee eeeeiee amin te eres ss 312 
Walideababiely, 4 ay tig ic se Eercaeae Ree 151, 224, 305 
Wrashuaptente. 220) tts... 571 
MiesteVansimias $5.0} okSsilnet.... 731 
StreamsieRrout in Morestio: ose ela: -- 591 
Street Tree Planting in a Western Town— 
NEU joEROlooiTi Sitezss). Seacrest seh as 403 
Stock rittehences fOms sis so een ges « 433 
Stone, A Forest of —F. H. Knowlton..... 709 


Stony Pasture, The—Warren H. Miller 
(Forestry on the Country Estate).. 101 


Story of Hemlock, The—Hu Maxwell.... 577 
Students, Dr. Drinker’s Forestry Address 

OWENS Ay nice SRR alec tee es 207 
Students, Forestry Addresses for......... 57 
Studying the Lumber Industry.......... 730 
Stumper of a Fence, A—Edward F. 

IBIS Clo wasae Sembee sae eee . 708 
Substitutes, Wood Versus Some of its— 

IRG (Ga IBinVahilnoe seus be ge oe ooo oe 239 
Supervisor in the Community, The Place 

of a Forest—Paul G. Redington... 182 
Surgery, Practical Tree—J. Franklin 

Collin cuataee te Ree chasers iN , 719 
Switzerlands in America, The—Agnes C 

UD Grp eee Yan rere, Bs EINE a 839 
Sylvan Memorial, A—W. R. Fisher...... 153 
Tackling Tamalpais—Frederick E. Olm- 

S05 SARS Ue Sic ak el Ae a aa ne 887 
Tahiti eee Allen: liek. 870 
Tamalpais, Tackling—Frederick E. Olm- 

SEC a one ee nn 887 
The Fire Guard On Patrol (Poem)— 

sao |S: a ee 707 
Thirty-Three Thousand mAges More 

Purchased ame iclsvvamee co 523 
Timber Affected, Hetch Hetchy......... 150 


Timber Estimating in the Pacific North- 
west—Hi J Browilssseeee nes. o 109 


Page 

Timber, Government Makes Largest Offer- 

TOVeANONE Bigy Srceatcee oiler Bo Lind ct Re eRe nee ar 

Torrey Pine, The—Eloise Roorbach..... 92 
Trade and the Canal, Lumber—Robert 


WD olicin Maree et etry « ghs) aight 499 
rail Building, Boy Scouts. ..5-.2: 2%. \4 . 4 446 
Tree, A Man to a (Poem)—Gertrude 

Cornwall Hopkanstiys = tise ass 267 
Mir eeu Billing cn pee trae satay) asia aN 718 
Tree Law, A Roadside—Chapin Jones.... 674 
minecwibost whlaliiGhpachtaers ae )qricaciicl de -z 438 
gnee Planting, Private aus 4262 gan: x 592 
Tree Surgery, Practical—J. Franklin 

Collins sivas RersAme acca 719 
sree mine VWorldési@ldestimmes crt rrerald oi 486 


Tree Troubles—Warren H. Miller (Fores- 
try on the Country Estate IV.).... 261 


BREEN VV Ora AW Gib yesen- eters co lots a ees. bes 489 
Tree Worth? What isa Shade.......... 341 
Trees, Baltimore’s Shade—R. Brooke 
Miaswellvci ahh iit ae epi es 805 
aibrees: @are Ol Sade wes cee eeesey ar sels 302 
mrees, New York's City: 22225. 242: see 560 
Trip for Reindeer, A—Arnold Hanssen... 811 
‘Wieoysits wa INES Sateen). acces aces aonb 591 
fitcunic World silargest, Tree... reais - 678 


Trying to Save Primeval Pines.........- 51 


Winlockane (Alaska) itis, Sept orets orate choke wie 469 
Uses of the Forests, Many.............-- 365 
Using Blighted Chestnut...........---. 604 

Utilization at German Sawmills—Nelson 
Ce Browne Aen cokes > 201 
Vancouver, Forestry Conference at...... 64 
Vanderbilt Dead, George W........-.-.- 303 

Vanderbilt, Pioneer in Forestry, George W. 
—Overton Westfeldt Price........ 420 
Virginia, Forestry Law for..........- 15166305 

Virginia, Important Forestry Legislation 
TE st ae oes ARS ARMA EL ISO ri eee oe 224 

War and the Lumber Industry, The— 
IBTIStOweAG ain Smener ites yeti = 617 

War and the Lumber Trade, The European 
Re C pbryant cece ee 881 
415 


War) Children Wage. (49). sae. - 26-2 
War, Foresters in the Great—S. T. Dana. 858 
War Zone, French Forests in the—S. T. 


Danaea eee ies bokeh 769 
Warnings Against Fires...........------ Siil 
Water Resources, The South’s Forestry 

and—Henry S. Graves........... 377 
Weeks Act, Full Title Under the........ 153 
Weight, Buying Handles by............. 880 
West Virginia Fire Protection........... 731 


CONTENTS 


Page 

Western Town, Street Tree Planting in a— 
Wy POD EMUE « oc56 greriare heist s:: 403 

What a Forester Should Be—Dr. C. A. 


ICE He Sits RR ee eS tS 154 
What is a National Forest?-—T. W 
WRMMINANA) AL ee abieatidy ec « 735 
What is a Shade Tree Worth?........... 341 
White Mountain Conference............ 525 
White Mountain Purchase.............. 523 
White Mountain Purchase, A........... 733 
White Mountain Winter Work.......... 380 
White Pine Growing Profitable.......... 306 
White Pines Menaced.................. 444 
Wild Life in Minnesota—Prof. Charles 
POTION «5c 5 vce Uke eet es Mee 414 
Wanter Porest Fires... 2.5 65.3 deer), 308 
Winter Work, White Mountain.......... 380 
Woman as a Forest Fire Lookout, A... .. 174 
Wood, Annual Consumption of.......... 897 
Wood Pulp for Sausage Casing.......... 804 
Wood Versus Some of its Substitutes— 
OD «| i ee ee 239 


Page 
Woodlot Forestry—R. Rosenbluth (For 
the Instruction of Owners of Farms 


and Country Estates). . 52...) Js. 118 
Woodlot, The—Warren H. Miller (For- 

estry on the Country Estate)...... 1 
Woodlot, The World’s Greatest—George 

ShIV On oer erat ac os Kehoe ene 632 
Woodlots, Business Management of—R. 

ROSE MD tit ie nacoeyet ene ee teenie ee 185 
Woodlots, Fence*Off >. <.ii6. 2% 5.0 ee 814 
Woodlots, Planting and Seeding of— 

George Latta, Barcus’). eee 287 
World’s Greatest Woodlot—George S., ; 

WOM eieetsc cals iia Ao tal mesene he he aa 632 
World’s Largest Tree Trunk....5. 22/2... 678 
Worldisi@ldest ree, dhe .......2.u nee 486 
Wrath of the River, The (Poem)—Rachel 

LeDithridge yi... ene ee ee 327 
Yellow, Poplar. Profitable; ! 1: Ayeeaeae 366 
Wellowstone Parks Riktromt! eee 72 
Yosemite National Park, Annual Report 

ONS. Sak Wowis ein anata 159 


American Forestry 


VOL. XX 


JANUARY, 1914 


No. 1 


FORESTRY-ON THE GOUNTRY ESTATE. 
By WarreEN H. MILLER. 


I. Tue Wooptot. 


N almost every newly purchased 
country place there is considerable 
wooded area and rocky ground, the 
woodlot and stony pasture of the 

erstwhile farm. The new owner looks 
them over in some perplexity. He had 
set out to plan his estate with an eye 
to aesthetic beauty, to surround himself 
with pleasing vistas, rolling swales of 
green things growing, live stock and 
buildings that would be a pride and 
pleasure to the eye; but here are some 
thirty or forty acres of “just woods,” 
with perhaps a brook, for the most part 
brush and thicket, and, as for the stony 
pasture he sees a debit of a good many 
hundred dollars spent on stoning it be- 
fore it will ever be ready for the plow. 
In fact an eye-sore of several acres of 
stony ground has often been the deter- 
rent to the purchaser of an abandoned 
farm having otherwise excellent possi- 
bilities. 

Yet the exercise of a little practical 
forestry, such as every country gentle- 
man should be reasonably conversant 
with, would cover the stony pasture 
with thriving trees at far less expense 
than stoning, and transform the brushy 
woodlot into a noble forest that will 
be a favorite place in your walks in the 
cool of the evening when the thrushes 
are singing. 

Forestry does not mean, as popularly 
supposed, a mere knowledge of the 
various tree species plus a familiarity 
with mensuration and log scaling. It 
goes far beyond that. It is the science 
of handling large masses of trees, of 
securing their reproduction in the same 


species over vast areas, of protecting 
them from fire and insects, of seedling, 
nursery and planting operations done on 
a scale of millions of trees. Not only 
must the forester be familiar with the 
identifying characteristics of our forest 
tree species but he must know what soil 
base a given tree prefers, what its cli- 
matic requirements are, what rain sup- 
ply it thrives best under, the years a 
stand takes to reach maturity, the 
strength and value of its timber, the dis- 
posal of its by-products and thinnings, 
its autumn coloration, date and dura- 
tion of spring flowering, seed distribu- 
tion—a thousand details which act 
and react in the busy life of a forest 
of growing trees. It is a fascinating 
profession, and one that will appeal 
strongly to our youths of the future, a 
profession that will be a long while be- 
coming crowded, for our State and na- 
tional forest services are destined to be 
the greatest of all our Government en- 
terprises and can at present use every 
graduate of our forest schools. 

But the country gentleman requires 
no such formidable array of scientific 
attainments as does the trained forester 
in order to practice the simple opera- 
tions of making a forest of his woodlot 
and reclaiming his stony pasture. Let 
us assume at the outset that he already 
has all the arable land that he can man- 
age; that the correct balance of plant 
and animal life has been already seen 
to or planned for; that the land to be 
devoted to forestry will give its very 
best commercial yield when so treated. 
While it is well to combine the aesthet- 


2 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


MAKING 


A NOBLE GROVE OUT 
ic with the practical in running your 
country place, let us not lose sight of 
the dollar in our desire for beauty; 
and do not for a moment assume that 
forestry in any sense a non-paying 
aesthetic luxury. It is the most prac- 
tical thing you can do. 

| know of no more 
than the age eg 
farm woodlot. 
the 


is 


pleasurable art 
of the prosaic 
By the judicious use of 
axe and the planted tree it can be 
made a forest of surpassing beauty, an 
abode for birds and wild things ; a place 

vistas, of cool shady ravines where 
sheen of balsams and the 
fronds of hemlocks contrast 
with the glowing greens of oaks and 
maples; of clean open groves, where 
towering shagbarks and tulip trees and 
weet gums their green canopy 
and the forest floor be- 
1 1s cool and sweet and grassy and 
are wood lihes about. 


of 
the 
feathery 


silvery 


raise 
far overhead 
iit it] 


1cre 


\ touch of the axe here and there. a 
restoration by replanting of the trees 
t nature originally grew in profusion, 

ll a fine sense of what to take 


li a 


OF THE ERSTWHILE WOODLOT. 


and what to leave, a knowledge of 
where to look for features which may be 
wrought into points of beauty—these 
are the brain tools that you must bring 
to the abandoned woodlot. 

A knowledge of what to leave is your 
first essential. Here is a pig-nut hick- 
ory, recognizable by its seven-leaflet 
leaf and its small thin-shelled, bitter 
hickory nut. The farmer will tell you 
that it is worthless and had better be 
marked for firewood—but not so the 
forester. In the autumn that tree will 
be a flaming shaft of pure pale yellow 
and if it is in a position where it can 
be featured (and it usually manages to 
grow in just such a position) you had 
best save it. Again: we are thinning 
a clump of maples in order that the 
dominant ones may become large and 
fine. Which shall be marked? Look 
well then to their leaves; this one’s a 
soft maple, its feathery (ear betrays it; 
away with it and give the sugar maples 
a chance! There is a red maple, identi- 
fied by its round-based, toothed leaf. 
Shall we mark it for the axe? Not so 


PORES TRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


Oy 


WHITE PINE AND RED SPRUCE ON THE LAKE ISLANDS. 


fast, for on these high dry ridges, grow- 
ing in company with the sugar maples, 
the red maple puts on the most amazing 
solid dark reds imaginable in the fall, 
and it is sure to be a landscape feature. 
Better take these two spindly sugar 
maples instead. Again: suppose you 
find a few ash trees in the woodlot. 
Why are there not more of them, and 
will it be safe to take any of them with- 
out risking their total disappearance? 

You will observe that a knowledge of 
the tree species is one of the essentials 
for the practice of intelligent woodlot 
forestry ; not merely their identification 
characteristics but what each species is 
valuable for commercially and aesthet- 
ically, what soils is prefers, how much 
moisture it needs. 

There are not very many species grown 
by nature in any one forest. I once 
made for my good friend, Prof. Hickel, 
of Versailles, France, a collection of 
American tree seeds from the forest of 
Interlaken, where I live. There were 
thirty-two species represented, not such 
a very great number to become ac- 
quainted with if you are going to make 
something of your woodlot, for these 
are the materials with which you must 
work. You should know the five pines, 
four spruces, seven oaks, four maples, 
four hickories, four birches, ten miscel- 
laneous hardwoods and five miscel- 
laneous conifers that constitute the bulk 
of any forest population. The species 


shift as you go East or West, North or 
South; some drop out and new ones 
come in, but the total number of species 
represented in your particular woodlot 
will remain about the same; in all some 
forty-five tree species. Some of these 
prefer swampy soils, others the borders 
of streams, still others rich moist bot- 
tom lands or high dry ridges. Some will 
be valuable to you for timber and fire- 
wood, others for their special uses in 
the arts, some will be fit for neither but 
will be most valuable to you because 
of their beauty and their wonderful 
autumn colorations. 

You should familiarize yourself with 
the identification characteristics of these 
tree species from some good tree book, 
such as Romeyn B. Hough’s “Trees of 
North America,” or Julia EF. Rodgers’ 
“Book of the Trees.” It is pleasant study 
in itself and surely a knowledge that 
you should have in mind before attempt- 
ing to put into practice the suggestions 
in these articles. I give you in addition 
a working table of the forty-five species 
representative of woodlot conditions in 
the Middle Atlantic States, showing in 
condensed form their natural climatic 
limits, preferred soils, sunlight require- 
ments, size and value of timber, dates 
of leafage, flowering, seed ripening, and 
autumn colorations. With a few sub- 
stitutions the table will answer as far 
West as the Mississippi River. The 
dates are based on observations during 


1 
\shi 


HE WHITE OAK—ONE VAST BANK OF PURPLISH COPPER IN MID- 
OCTOBER. 


five years in the latitude of 
iry P: 


Ne add or: subtract 


weeks for every 100 miles north 


outh 


t 
) oC 


‘t approximately the cor- 


dates in your own latitude. 
With this working table and a rea- 


VIS 


ible proficiency in identifying trees 
it the 


woodlot and take, as it 


census of stock in hand. We 


et = 


ta 


1 
and 


ise the axe a whole lot, 


not without knowing just what we 


aome 


just what effects we ex- 


to produce. You will find that 
desire Aajee be to have a rea- 


‘Omip let 


So eh a 


ur 


rep resentation of the 
ecurring in your locality 


woodlot will also be anvat- 


boretum on a small scale. You will also 
be delighted to discover quite a number 
of specimens outside of the immortal 
forty-five, and may tabulate, including 
the shrubs, some sixty-five to seventy 
species in getting acquainted with the 
fascinating tree neighbors that inhabit 
your woodlot. 

~ Be also at the same time on the keen 
lookout for “possibilities.” By that I 
mean those little delicious bits of land- 
scape that Nature has already been 
working over, the kind that the artist’s 
sensitive perception seizes upon—nat- 
ural groves; brook vistas; a woodsey 
meadow filled with riotous sumac and 
a magnificent scarlet oak growing in it, 


Years | ae 


PORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 5 


I of Gah" 
Sh 


re 
2 


CONVERTING A SWAMP INTO 


with a colony of great crested fly- 
catchers perched in its top. The artist 
will use, in his way, the axe, just as 
you will do—his brush eliminates this 
and that feature that his feelings tell 
him constitute ugliness; and he may 
even paint in something that never was 
there—just as you can plant in some- 
thing that Nature is crying aloud for 
but doesn’t happen to have in this par- 
ticular spot. 

At first blush it seems perfectly hope- 
less to expect of the average woodlot 
any development into a sylvan paradise. 
The trees are all about the same size 
and seem very much alike. Many of 
them are dead or dying; the under- 
brush is so thick that one keeps to the 
old lumber roads, and as for the brook 
ravines they are grown up so thick with 
saplings that it is hard work to get any- 
where near the brook! There isn’t any 
grove nor anything that in the least re- 
sembles one; the meadow and the ra- 
vines we grant you, we have them—such 
as they are. 

Precisely; this is 


just where one 


A LAKE 
DONE AT WYNDYGHOUL BY MR. ERNEST SETON 


BY DREDGING AND DAMMING AS WAS 
THOMPSON. 


ee ih the idea that this woodlot 

is “just trees and brush.” Later, when 
you have a bowing acquaintance with 
the forty-odd tree species you will feel 
differently about it and will begin to see 
a light. The high ground bordering 
ravines you will “find populated with 
sturdy dominant trees, hemmed in on 
all sides by suppressed and crooked 
ones, under which again is a tangle of 
slender saplings bending every which 
way like a thicket of fish poles. A 
study of the tops of your biggest trees 
will show you that the branches reach 
far, interlacing with the suppressed tops 
and fighting with them for light and 
sunshine. If only these big fellows could 
be left, with their tops just touching, 
what a magnificent growth they would 
make! Well, let ihe: axe do it and note 
how soon you have a grove that is an 
inspiration to walk in. The dominant 
trees will be, in general, beech, red oak, 
white oak, pin oak, shagbark hickory, 
tulip tree, red maple, rock maple, sweet 
gum. You want the beech because of 
its magnificent spreading growth and 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


WHAT SPRUCES CAN DO FOR A FOREST SCAPE IN WINTER. 


its winter coloration. It is one of the 
few trees whose leaves stay on all win- 
ter, giving you a big flame of brown- 
yellow to show against the white of the 
snow and the gray of the bare trees. 
And if you can clear the way for some 
thrifty young six-inch specimen that is 
already succeeding, it will astonish you 
with its subsequet rapid growth. The 
white oak you save, always and every 
time. Not only for its fine timber, 
beautiful bark, and stately spread of 
branches, but for its foliage effects. By 
the middle of October it will be one vast 
bank of purplish copper, then brown, 
and finally light yellow-brown, hang- 
ing on through the winter and helping 
the beech to keep the forest cheerful. 
If you plant enough pyramidal spruces, 
feathery white pines and sap-green 
pitch pines to paint in dashes of color 
contrasting with the tawny beeches and 
oaks, you can always be sure that your 
snowy forest hillsides will be beautiful 
in December, January and February. 
Look at the Adirondacks in winter if 
you would realize what spruces can do 


for a hardwood forestscape in winter, 


And do not let anyone persuade you 
to keep the red oak in preference to the 
white. It is true that it grows slightly 
faster, reaching maturity ten years 
ahead of the white, but it is a flashy 
tree having no lasting beauty or utility 
and its big glossy green leaves turn to 
a dull brown in autumn without giving 
us any color, after which they drop off 
and cumber the forest floor. Its wood 
is reddish and brashy, giving the tree 
its name, and in no way to be compared 
to the wood of the white oak. For vivid 
reds in autumn we must look to the 
scarlet oak, black oak and the pin oak, 
not the red. The pin oak prefers rich 
loamy creek bottoms and those flat 
tables at the bottom of ravines that are 
overflowed by spring freshets. If there 
is a pin oak in your grove, save it for 
its autumn colors and its pretty little 
round acorns. 

Of the hickory family the shagbark 
will stay and be favored because of its 
nut crop. The mockernut is also edible, 
and gives you a tremendous flare of 
orange in the fall, while all the shag- 
bark can offer in that line is a dull 


BORES TRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE vf 


THE PLACE TO PLANT HEMLOCKS. 


brown. The pignut hickory is worth- 
less except for its wonderful pale yel- 
low in autumn, so that it should not be 
spared unless scenic features can be 
gotten with it in autumn. It is particu- 
larly valuable on a hillside. Sweet gum 
is that tree with the star-shaped leaves 
that turn a magnificent dark-purple in 
autumn. It is the only purple we have 
that stays, as the oak and ash pass 
quickly through purple to brown, and 
the black gum goes to red. Another 
feature of the sweet gum is its straight 
columnar trunk, straight as a spruce, 
not a branch on it to the fork of the 
crown, a handsome feature in any grove. 
You will not get this when it borders 
an open space, but the compensations 
in increased foliage more than repay. 
As for the liriodendron, the tulip tree, 
lucky the man who finds one growing 
in his prospective grove! Not only its 
great handsome leaves turning violent 
yellows in the fall, not only its showy 
tulip flowers, but above all its towering 
shaft of a trunk, straight as a lance, 
sturdy as a factory chimney, makes it 
an imposing tree in either landscape or 
forest. 


As to maples, save the best of your 
red maples for they and the black wil- 
lows are thevery first trees to show color 
in the spring. Look along the edges of a 
forest about the end of March and note 
here and there splotches of deep red. 
These are the flower buds of the red 
maple and a few weeks later the woods 
will be fragrant with their perfume. I 
have a great many of them about me in 
the Interlaken forest and have given 
considerable study to their autumn color 
phases. The red maple may have all 
yellow leaves or yellow and red mixed 
or all red. The difference seems to lie 
in soil and root conditions. Where the 
roots have to fight for nourishment, as 
in wet swampy soils or dry arid ones, 
the autumn leaves will be red or even 
one solid flame of dark purple. On the 
other hand with rich well-drained soils 
it will turn a pure pale yellow, and there 
are all sorts of graduations between. 

The sugar maples you will know at 
once by “their smooth- edged pointed 
leaves with pointed base- lobes, whereas 
all the red maples have rounded, toothed 
base-lobes. The sugar maple does not 
thrive much south of latitude 42° but 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


5 


north of that it drives out the red maple 
except in the swamps where it can not 
grow. Its autumn colors are gorgeous 
reds and yellows, its timber is exceed- 
ing fine and valuable, and you can 
tap the sturdy ones tor maple syrup in 
the spring when you hear the first blue- 
bird. A three-quarter-inch auger hole 
put in four inches with a wooden spigot 
driven in will yield you three pounds of 
maple sugar to the tree. The juice of 
the red maple is by no means as plenti- 
ful or of as fine quality as the sugar 
maple. 

T’o conclude the matter of the grove. 
Having found a fine dry locality already 
populated with sturdy trees bigger than 
the average, clean out the underbrush, 
and thin out all the crooked, spindling 
and dying trees that are obviously ham- 
pering the growth of the others. Aim 
to leave the canopy overhead in such 
shape that it will close up solid in a few 
years. You will find that your big fel- 
lows in doing this will have grown to 
really noble proportions. And I would 
not introduce evergreen here if I were 
you—a grove of Druidical oaks is your 
effect—but I would plant nursery sap- 
lings where you perceive such-and-such 
a tree is urgently needed. A nursery 
sapling has not only a more compact 
and vigorous root system but it grows 
much faster than the forest transplant. 
A three-inch nursery sapling will reach 
12 inch diameter of trunk in twenty 
years in all the standard deciduous 
trees, whereas our forest-grown oaks 
and maples seldom reach 12 inches in- 
side of their fiftieth year. I have had 
such poor results in transplanting all 
sizes and kinds of forest trees that I 
have come to regard the nursery sap- 
ling as cheaper, quicker and better ex- 
cept in a few special cases. 

Assuming that your woodlot has a 
brook, let us walk the length of it from 
boundary to boundary. Here it comes, 
tumbling down through a rocky dell 
what a place for hemlocks and balsams! 
I erhaps Nature has already put in a 
few or rather, man has left a few sur- 
vivors. Chere is nothing prettier than 
a feathery, dark-green hemlock over- 
hanging a brook, and you are to study 
your vistas with an eye to hemlocks, 


taking care, however, not to choose 
sites that will be washed out by spring 
freshets. And, for those little bottoms 
in the elbows and turns of the brook, 
there is no better tree than the silvery, 
aromatic balsam, the Christmas tree 
“spruce” of the city markets. Both 
it and the hemlock endure shade and 
will grow prodigiously if you but clear 
away the immediate saplings without 
attempting to disturb the larger trees 
overhead. At salient points along the 
ravine banks you will plant white pines. 
They also endure shade hardily and 
even a little State nursery transplant 
will become a very respectable tree, 
reaching in twelve years a diameter of 
three inches and a height of thirteen 
feet, and this under considerable shade 
from the forest trees. 

As you progress down the course of 
the brook you will note that the crowd- 
ing of saplings in the ravine 1s tremen- 
dous. You can not see the woods for 
the trees, to use an Irish bull. Nature is 
sure to have grown at vantage points 
along the bends, here a black birch, yon- 
der a stunning red maple, on this point 
a fine beech or black gum—but you pass 
right by these unnoticed wonders be- 
cause the eye is distracted by millions 
of tangled saplings all crowding and 
fighting for sunlight and room. Here 
is where the axe gets to work; and in 
planning for it aim to have each vista 
frame some strikingly beautiful tree 
bordering the brookside. You will be 
surprised to find how even a few 
bushes will spoil a most soul-satisfying 
view. Clear the way! Lay out a brook- 
side trail and let it cross the brook 
whenever you have some particularly 
lovely landscape to show off. Here we 
come to a tiny water meadow, grown up 
with rank lush grasses, with alders and 
blackberries bordering the stream. 
What a place for willows! And the 
sunny meadow was particularly de- 
signed for a clump:of tulip trees and 
sycamores. If Nature has not already 
been there before you better hie you 
to the nursery and invest in salix niaqra 
and Babylonica, Liriodendron, tulipi- 
fera and platanus accidentalis forthwith. 

Speaking of meadows. let 1s not for- 
get to be on the lookout for them in the 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY 


A LAKE TWO FEET 
|} uplands throughout the woodlot. As a 
| rule Nature provides these, as it were, 
breathing spaces, here and there in the 
forest, herself, fills them with wire 
| grass and wild roses, golden rod and 
1 iron weed, and gives her bushes— 
sumacs, viburnums, thorns—a chance t» 
spread out. Catbirds and thrashers and 
chewinks love these places, and nest in 
the low bushes. Flickers come here for 
worms and weed seeds, and the whole 
glade is surrounded by beady-eyed fly- 
catchers on the lookout for insects. The 
forest meadow is an amphitheater for 
sunloving trees. Around it gather the 


scarlet oaks, sweet gums. liriodendrons, 


bl rast color 
scheme in the fall. Use the axe to favor 
them, for you will find the shade-endur- 
ing trees crowding in also; take out the 
red oak and leave the scarlet—what is 
two dollars’ worth of lumber compared 
te fifty autumns of gorgeous scarlets! 
Take out that scraggly elm and favor 
the sweet gum, you need his red, yellow 
and purple stars in the autumn, and you 
need his button balls in the winter to 
the end that a colony of goldfinches may 
be attracted thither. 

And you are likely to find a white 


DEEP IS) AS BEAUTIEUBRPAS A LAKE 


Syd ANS Dl ed ‘) 


TWENTY 


FEET DEP 


ash growing somewhere around this 
meadow. If not, plant one, for she 1s 
the undisputed queen of the forest. No 
tree excels it in beauty of form, foliage 
or autumn coloration. It wants plenty 
of sunlight and rich soil, and is a gross 
feeder, being known to foresters as the 
“wolf of the forest.” Put in here also 
the American linden or basswood for its 
fragrant bee flowers, and leave a clump 
of persimmons in directing the activities 
of the axe, or else plant them in if you 
have none. 

You have also to provide for winter 
coloration. All the trees above men- 
tioned will be bare and gray in the win- 
ter, but you can paint in rich sap-greens 
with bushy sunloving pitch pines. points 
GES reenl, blueberry——cov ered with red 
cedars—and feathery dark greens with 
your white pines. The conformation 
of your meadow will tell you just where 
to work in these effects. And do not, 
I beg of you, make a flat green lawn of 
your meadow and plant a border of 
rhododendrons, out in the sun where 
Nature never intended them to grow. If 
wild roses, golden rod, and purple 1ron- 
weed, with scarlet sumac and great 
walls of living color all about are not 


AMERICAN 


ARTISTIC 


THINNING 


your idea 
meadow 


forest 
are thinking 


of an American 
then you and I 
along different lines ! 


\n old field in the forest irresistibly 
calls to mind the thickets with which 
Nature is wont to invade these places. 
To the layman the artistic treatment of 
the thicket seems the most hopeless task 
ofall. It is just brush, and the quicker 
it 1s obliterated entirely the better, so 
it would seem. But, really, a great deal 
can be done with a thicket; in fact, 
few judicious touches here and there 
will make you fall in love with it and 
ever after have a warm spot in your 
heart for the once despised “brush 
patch.” A little analysis will show you 


FORESTRY 


OF BIRCH THICKET. 

that it is almost invariably composed of 
trees that are wing-seeded or have 
sprung from __ bird- “dropped seeds— 
birches, aspens, wild cherries, sour 
gums and the like. None of them will 
ever become imposing forest trees. 
There are two standard methods of 
treatment open to you; either use the 
thicket as a background to set off some 
fine specimens, or treat it frankly as a 


thicket and make it beautiful. Down in 
Southern Utah and Nevada Nature 


grows silver spruces and aspens to- 
gether, a hint that we may put into 
practice by using the thicket as a back- 
ground for blue spruces. ‘They never 
look better than when contrasted against 


BORE STRY,ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 1! 


LAGOON MADE BY DREDGING A SWAMPY 


living green walls or a tangle of gray 
twigs in winter. Any strikingly beauti- 
ful tree that does not grow over-large 
may be used in the same way—-silver 
pine, scarlet oak, purple beach, green 
ash, ginko, sassafras, dogwood; and 
araucaria and deodar if you live south 
of the 40th parallel. Sink them well 
into the edge of the thicket so as to ap- 
pear part of it. 

In the second method of treatment 
you will get results by judicious cutting 
and planting. You have many fine 
colors available on your palette. If you 
live anywhere in the range of gray 
birch—Atlantic Coast west to Ohio and 
south to Virginia—you have a wonder- 
ful tree to work with. With its slender 
white trunks and its feathery, quaking 
foliage it is a strikingly interesting ob- 
ject, and a very few of them will tone 
up any thicket. They will grow any- 
where, swamp or sand barren, and there 
really seems no excuse for their not oc- 
curring naturally farther West. 


BOTTOM. 


Another good thicket color is the 
Judas tree, circis canadensis. In the 
early spring its abundant pink flowers 
are out almost as soon as the red maples 
and its handsome green leaves help out 
the feathery birch foliage. You can get 
itat any nursery. 

Thinning out is always good and salu- 
tatory in the thicket. In doing so, spare 
the sour gums, as its deep reds in the 
autumn are wonderful and the blue- 
black berries are a feast for robins, 
cedarbirds and flickers! Save the flow- 
ering dogwoods for their white blooms 
i the spring and red berries in the fall ; 
and favor the wild cherries for their 
fragrant blossoms and handsome fruit. 
The trees to go will undoubtedly be 
black jack, scrub oak, yellow maple, 
thorn and alder. If there is a mature 
sweet gum anywhere near, there will 
surely be several young ones in the 
thicket. Be on the lookout for them, 
and clear away the brush about them, 


AMERICAN 


tf 


an advantage which they will not be 


slow to use. 

Finally—swamps. There are swampy 
spots and swampy creek bottoms 1m 
every woodlot and the best treatment 
[ know is to drain the one and dam the 
other. A lake is just as beautiful two 
feet deep as twenty, and it will add im- 
measurably to the beauty of your forest. 
Before building your dam run a contour 
line at the lake level and see just where 
your backwater is going to come, also 
noting your high spots that will later 
become islands. All the trees that will 
have their stumps submerged within 
these boundaries will have to be taken 
out as they will surely die and will be 
infinitely harder to take out when sur- 
rounded by water than before the dam 
is built. The ones that will thrive on 
your islands and along the borders will 


FORESTRY 


be red maple, pin oak, swamp white oak, 
bitternut hickory, black willow, white 
pine, tamarack, white cedar, red cedar, 
sour gum, white oak (if not too wet), 
black birch, hornbeam, and black spruce. 
With these and innumerable waterlov- 
ing bushes to choose from you are ina 
fair way to astonish yourself with your 
island and lake border effects! 

Having transformed your wopdlot 
into a notable forest we will need all 
our knowledge backed by our bird and 
insect allies to defend your pet vistas 
against the attacks of insects, fungus, 
and fire. I hope to present you a paper 
containing some ideas along these lines 
in the future, but at present we must 
hurry on to the foresting of the stony 
pasture. 


(To be Continued.) 


FEDERAL POWER SUPREME ON FEDERAL LANDS 


HE contention of the Govern- 

ment that power companies can 

not secure rights of way across 

national forests without com- 
plying with the regulations of the Sec- 
retary of Agriculture has been com- 
pletely sustained, according to the offi- 
cers of the Forest Service, by the opin- 
ion of the Circuit Court of Appeals filed 
on November 14 in the case of the 
United States versus the Utah Power 
and Light Company. 

In its decision, the court announces 
that Congress has assumed complete 
control of the waterpower question, so 
far as the public lands are affected, and 
that a State in the exercise of its sov- 
ereign authority can not interfere with 
or transcend this constitutional power 
ot Congress. 

Since December 15, 1900, the Utah 
Power and Light Company has operated 
its hydro-electric power works on cer- 
tain public lands in the State of Utah 
now forming a part of the Cache Na- 
tional Forest, and the United States 
sought to enjoin this occupancy until the 


company should comply with the pro- 
visions of the Act of May 14, 1896. 
The power company alleged that its 
rights were secured and protected by 
the Act of July 26, 1866, now Section 
2339 of the Revised Statutes. 

The decision holds that the Act of 
May 14, 1896, empowering the Secre- 
tary of the Interior to permit, under 
general regulations to be fixed by him, 
the use of, or rights of way upon, the 
public lands and national forest reserva- 
tions for the purpose of generating, 
manufacturing, and distributing electric 
energy, repeals the Act of July 26, 1866, 
insofar as it related to the subject of 
generating and distributing electric 
power and that the company must ac- 
quire its rights of way in accordance 
with the privisions of the later act. 

The court denies the company’s con- 
tention that it was protected in its ten- 
ure because that tenure was authorized 
by the laws of the State of Utah, exer- 
cising sovereign and exclusive jurisdic- 
tion with respect thereto. 


It ts predicted that west 


ihe th awl , 
is the southerh pine becomes exhausted 


ern yellow pine will furnish an excellent 


source of turpentine 


THE ANNUAL MEETING 


The Annual Meeting of the American Forestry As- 
sociation will be held at the New Willard Hotel, Washing- 
ton, D. C., at 11:30 a. m., Wesnesday, January 14, 1914. 
This willbe a business meeting, and there will be no 
papers or addresses or discussions on forestry, as pursuant 
to the arrangements made last autumn, our Association 
cooperated sche the Pitth Neameasal Conservation Con- 
gress in the meetings of the Congress held in November, 
and sessions of the Congress were set aside especially for 
IF orestry, at which it was arranged that the President of 
our Association should preside; in addition to which sec- 
es meetings on Forestry were held and valuable for- 
estry papers and reports were presented by our members, 
and discussions held. A large number of our nets 
attended these meetings. 

Members of the Association are asked to attend the 
annual meeting to aid in the transaction of the business 
matters to be discussed at that time. 


IP. S. RIDSDALE, HENRY STURGIS DRINKER, 


Secretary. President. 


FOREST PLANTING ON PIKE’S PEAK 


By GEo. 


F the countless thousands of 
acres of important watershed 
within the Rocky Mountains 
which have been rendered 
treeless by forest fires, none are more 
widely known or of greater economic 
importance than the Pike’s Peak water- 
shed within the Pike National Forest. 
The early history of Colorado is closely 
associated with the Pike’s Peak region. 
The peak itself rises almost abruptly 
from the Great Plains at an altitude of 
6.000 feet to an altitude of more than 
11.000 feet. It was a prominent land- 
mark for the first explorers and trap- 
pers who crossed the plains to the south- 
ern Rocky Mountains, and the first set- 
tlers who followed close behind them 
laid their course by the famous peak 
and settled in the surrounding country. 
‘Then came the discovery of gold in the 
Cripple Creek district at the western 
base of the mountain, and, as the story 
of fabulous wealth of the mines traveled 
afar, thousands of settlers rushed to the 
mining camps, which became small 
cities in a day. The region was there- 
fore well settled at an early date. 
When the first white men reached the 
Pike’s Peak region they found it cov- 
ered with an almost unbroken forest 
cover. With the advent of the settlers 
and prospectors forest fires became 
numerous. Early settlers have told of 
fires that raged for weeks unheeded, 
and these fires recurred year after year 
until thousands of acres were com- 
pletely denuded of tree growth and the 
only virgin timber remaining was in 
small stands in the deep, protected 
canons. A careful reconnaissance of 
the region made in 1911 showed that 
there are over 10,000 acres of land from 
which all forest cover was consumed by 


these fires half a century ago, and upon 
which there has been practically no nat- 
ural restocking. It is estimated that 
two or three centuries would elapse be- 


l4 


A. Duruir, Deputy Supervisor Pike National Forest. 


fore these burns would again be fully 
reforested if natural regeneration were 
depended upon to produce a satisfactory 
forest cover. But these burns comprise 
important watersheds. The streams 
draining them furnish a domestic water 
supply as well as electric light and 
power to a number of tourist resorts, 
towns and cities, the chief of which is 
Colorado Springs, and so for economic 
reasons they must be restocked as soon 
as possible. Then, too, the fact that the 
Pike’s Peak region is a recreation 
ground for thousands of tourists each 
year adds an aesthetic reason for im- 
mediate reforestation, to say nothing of 
the loss through the unproductiveness 
of so large an area which should be pro- 
ducing timber for the market. Since 
the natural restocking is so slow and the 
need so urgent, the reforestation of 
these burns has resolved itself into a 
large job of forest planting and sowing 
by artificial means which, to complete, 
will require a liberal appropriation and 
extensive planting operations annually 
for a number of years. 

Already this work has been started. 
For several years past planting and 
sowing of coniferous seedlings and 
seeds has been done by the Forest Serv- 
ice on these burns in an experimental 
way. Various methods of reforestation 
have been tried with a view to solving as 
soon as possible the difficulties arising 
in the various situations, so that a sys- 
tematic reforestation plan could be 
made. A preliminary plan was devel- 
oped following the reconnaissance of 
1911 which contemplates the reforesting 
of 10,594 acres. at a cost of Soom 
the work to extend over a period of ten 
years. All of this work is to be done 
upon the water sheds which supply 
water to the cities and towns of Colo- 
rado Springs, Victor, Colorado City, 
Manitou and Cascade, Colorado. 

During the years 1910 to 1912, in- 


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16 AMERICAN 
clusive, 385 acres were planted with 
nursery stock and 1,280 acres were 
sown by various methods, at a cost of 
over $17,000. For five years prior to 
1910 experimental work in both plant- 
ing and sowing on numerous areas from 
a quarter of an acre to several acres 1n 
extent was carried The experi- 
ments were conducted upon all of the 
various situations present on the water- 
shed. The actual results of many of 
these plantations were total failures, but 
whether successful or not they all con- 
tributed toward the solution of the 
problems that must be met in the suc- 
cessful reforestation of this area, and 
the experience gained in this experi- 
mental work has enabled the forest 
officers in charge to formulate certain 
principles which puts the reforestation 
work on this and similar situations upon 
a definite and practical basis, so that, 
given a situation, they know by experi- 
ence the best method to pursue. 

There are a great variety of situa- 
tions represented on the watershed be- 
cause of the isolated position of the 
range. ‘The Pike’s Peak range, some- 
times called the Rampart Range, of 
which Pike’s Peak is the highest eleva- 
tion, is a short, isolated range of moun- 
tains which rises close to the border of 
the plains. Pike’s Peak lies at the 
northernmost end, and from it the range 
spreads out wedge-shaped to the south 
and southeast, sinking rapidly to the 
foothills where the Arkansas Valley 
merges with the Great Plains of east- 
ern Colorado. Eastward from the 
peak lies the broad semi-arid plains, and 
to the north and west a low mountain- 
ous country well wooded with a cover 
of Western yellow pine and Douglas 
fir. In each of the latter directions it 
is 50 miles as a crow fles to the nearest 
mountains of equal height. 

Pike’s Peak is the last high barrier in 
the path of the prevailing westerly 
winds. In crossing the high Continen- 
tal Divide these winds are drained of 
their moisture and are parched and dry 
when they strike the western slope of 
the Rampart Range, where they dry out 
the soil and blow away the fine humus 
and loam, leaving the surface dry and 
gravelly. Nearly all of the precipita- 


On. 


FORESTRY 


tion is brought by easterly winds bear- 
ing moisture from the Gulf. ihe east- 
ern side of the range therefore receives 
4 much heavier rainfall, and conse- 
quently affords better planting condi- 
tions. The average annual precipita- 
tion for the entire region increases © 
steadily with altitude. At 6,000 feet it 
is 14.58 inches, and at 14,111 feet it is 
29.55 inches. The average annual tem- 
peratures decrease with altitude from 
Ay 3° EF at 6,000 feet to SOsnagiamean 
10:265 feet, and 19.3° F. at 14) iiimees 
Since the three factors of precipitation, 
temperature, and wind have an impor- 
tant bearing on the reforestation work, 
they are given careful consideration in 
choosing the species to be used and the 
methods to be followed. ‘To this list 
of important factors should be added a 
fourth, viz: aspect, since the latter de- 
termines very largely the humidity at 
the surface, the amount of direct insola- 
tion of the sun, the depth of snow, etc. 

From experience gained through the 
experimental work and the study of the 
factors which have influenced the suc- 
cess of the work already done, it is pos- 
sible to lay down certain definite rules 
or principles to be followed in this 
reforestation work. The _ following 
points are a brief summary of these 
principles, which may be considered as 
more or less general in their application 
to similar situations, both in the Pilke’s 
Peak region and elsewhere. 

The highest elevation at which refor- 
estation is attempted is about 10,800 
feet. Direct sowing is more apt to be 
successful at high altitudes than at low 
ones, because moisture at the surface is 
quite essential, but the success of seed 
sowing On any situation, high or low, 
depends so largely upon climatic condi- 
tions, and these vary so greatly in this 
particular region that the outcome of 
seeding operations is always uncertain 
On all sites, therefore, except perhaps 
in the most favorable, planting should 
be given preference over direct seeding. 
Whether sowing or planting is resorted 
to, the wind is a serious handicap to re- 
torestation work. It dries out the soil, 
blows away the fine soil and humus, re- 
duces the humidity of the air and blights 
the young plants. The western expos- 


jures suffer most from drying winds, 
then follow the southern, eastern, and 
northern exposures in the order named. 
The northern and eastern slopes are the 
jmost faovred, for the precipitation 1s 
heavier, the drying winds less severe, 
jthey are protected from the direct sun 
jand have greater humidity of the lower 
strata of the air, besides the protective 
icovering of aspen which these slopes 
fusually bear. Planting therefore 1s 
ibest for the less favored slopes. It is 
jmore expensive and much slower than 
jseeding, but the results obtained usu- 
lally prove it to be the most economical 
jin the end. Planted stock does not re- 
|quire so much protective cover, because 
ithe roots extend into the soil to such a 
depth as to render the plant not entirely 
dependent upon seasonable precipita- 
tion. It is not affected so much by dry 
jsurface, and by placing sticks, sods or 
jstones on the windward side of the 


FOREST PLANTING ON PIKE'S 


PRAK 17 


HEAVY FALL OF SNOW ON MAY 14 WHICH TEMPORARILY STOPPED THE 
PLANTING WORK. 


plant when it is set, as a shelter to ward 
off the dry winds, much less loss from 
wind blight occurs among planted stock 
than seedlings resulting from direct 
seeding. The extra cost of placing the 
shelters amounts to very little since 
sticks or stones are usually within easy 
reach of the planter as he sets the plant, 
and especially in the case of Douglas 
fir, which is most susceptible to wind 
blight, the saving in planted stock is 
well worth the additional expenditure of 
time. 

Direct sowing should be practiced 
only on the most favorable situations 
and the work should be done on pre- 
pared ground in the fall or broadcasted 
on the snow in the winter over ground 
which has been previously dragged or 
raked. 

’ The following table gives the com- 
parative cost of establishing successful 
stands by these three methods in the 


18 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LABORERS PLANTING WESTERN YELLOW PINE BY DEEP HOLE METHOD IN PIKEF’S PEAK 
REGION, PIKE NATIONAL FOREST 


year 1910. It will be noted that sow- 
ing on prepared soil, which consisted 
mostly of seedspot sowing, cost nearly 
as much as planting, notw ithstanding 
chat all sowing was done on the most 
favorable sites: 


Per cent | Contos 
| restocking|Total cost 
Method Crs net ofarea | failed | per acre 
aereeoen | Places 
al 
Planting............ $14.20 | 100 | $1.04 | $15.24 
Sowing (prepared 
Boi ene a sae fst 7.29| 46 | 6.05| 13.34 
Broadcasting on | 
STOW eis cialis fat gunttance 3.05 | 77 2.47 5.25 


Planting work should be done in the 
spring and as early in the season as 
weather conditions permit. In the 
Pike’s Peak region it is usually unwise 
to plant after May 20. 

Since this region is rather dry, the 
species used are mostly drought resist- 
ing. In altitudes of less than 9,300 feet 
Western yellow pine (Pinus ponderosa) 
and Douglas fr (Pseudotsuga taxt- 
folia) are best adapted. The Western 
yellow pine endures dry winds and is 
therefore used on the northwestern, 
western and southern exposures. Doug- 


las fir will not endure dry winds and 
must be used only on the protected 
northern and eastern exposures. Above 
9,300 feet Douglas fir can be used on 
warmer aspects because of the better 
moisture conditions, and the colder situ- 
ations are planted to Engelmann spruce 
(Picea Engelmanni), Limber pine 
(Pinus flexilis), and Bristlecone pine 
(Pinus aristata). Lodgepole pine 
(Pinus contorta) takes the place of the 
Western yellow pine above 9,300 feet. 
Only stock of the best quality should be 
planted. It costs as much to plant a 
poor, sickly seedling as it does a vigor- 
ous, healthy plant, and since the cost of 
planting is the heaviest item of cost in 
reforestation work, it is economy to 
throw away unfit stock. 

The cost of planting operations may 
vary between certain wide limits, even 
when strict economy is practiced. The 
following is a list of the factors which 
affect the cost of all planting work: 

1. Method of planting. 
2. Spacing of the plants. 
Size of stock. 
Soil. 


FOREST PLANTING 


5. Size of operation. 

6. Weather conditions during plant- 
ing operations. 

7. Kind of labor used. 

Three methods of planting have been 
found applicable to the mountainous 
lands on the Pike National Forest. 
They are the dibble, deep hole, and cone 
methods. ‘The following table shows 
the comparative cost of these three 
~methods when similar stock 1s used: 


Method of planting | Class of stock | Cost per acre 


Dibbleso* - 42. 3—0 Douglas fir | $ 5.62 
Deep hole__---- 3—0 a a Vals 
Deep holes====" 2—2 Yellow pine | 9.83 
Coness2= === ky) 2— 2 “s cs | 14.20 


1 First figure gives the age of the stock in years 
from seed; the second gives the number of times 
transplanted before setting out on permanent site. 


The dibble method can be used only 
with small-sized stock, two or three- 
year-old seedlings, and in soil that is 
loose, deep, and easily worked. The 
deep hole method is the one most com- 
monly employed. It can be used with 
any class of stock, and since in digging 
and refilling the holes the soil is thor- 


ON PIKE’S PEAK 19 
oughly worked, this method is appli 
cable to any kind of soil. The cone 
method is employed only on very un- 
favorable locations where especial care 
must be used in setting the plants. 
When, in very dry situations with 
coarse, stony soil, it is desirable to 
use large stock with a well-developed 
root system, the cone method is the best 
because it provides for a great deal of 
care in adjusting the roots around the 
cone and gives the plant every oppor- 
tunity for early rooting. 

That the size of operations affects the 
cost per acre of the work needs no dem- 
onstration. In 1911 the cost of plant- 
ing 67 acres on Pike’s Peak was $11.80 
per acre, and in 1912 261 acres were 
planted at a cost of $10.04 per acre. 
The methods used and the stock used 
both years were similar, and the differ- 
ence in the cost is largely due to the dif- 
ference in the size of the job. In fact, 
a more marked difference would have 
been attained if weather conditions had 
been more favorable in 1912. 

The biggest problem in economical 
planting work is that of getting cheap 


WIRE SHIPPING CRATES DESIGNED FOR 


NATIONAL 


SHIPPING 


STOCK VON - THE PII 


NURSERY 
FOREST. 


20 AMERICAN 


and efficient labor. Planting work 1s 
always of short duration. For climatic 
reasons it lasts only for six weeks or 
two months at best, and it comes at a 
time of the year when all lines of work 
are opening up and labor is in great 
demand. The ordinary laborer 1s 
wholly unskilled in the art of planting, 
and usually does not display a very 
lively interest in the fine points of the 
work. It is necessary therefore to have 
a constant close supervision of the men 
by a forest officer to insure careful 
work. An officer can supervise from 
25 to 30 workmen after they have be- 
come efficient, but for the first two days 
during the period of instruction fifteen 
men will keep him very busy. Because 
of the cost of breaking in men to the 
work, it is very desirable to keep the 
same men throughout the season, and 
so far as possible to secure the same 
men in successive years, for it is a note- 
worthy fact wherever the same men are 
secured on successive years they begin 
to take an interest in the work, are far 
more efficient and require much less su- 
pervision. In order to eliminate the 
drifting tramp labor as much as possible 
it has been found necessary to hire the 
men with the understanding that no 
compensation will be allowed any man 
who does not remain more than three 
days, and only half pay is allowed if he 
does not stay one week. In 1912 the 
men were paid $1.70 per day with 
board. ‘They were housed in tents and 
provided with straw upon which to 
spread their blankets. Competent camp 
cooks were employed and the men re- 
ceived substantial board at a Govern- 
ment mess. ‘The cost to the Forest 
Service of subsistence per man per day 
was $0.58, making the total cost per 
man per eight-hour day $2.28. The 
number of higher salaried men required 
to supervise the work raised the aver- 
age cost to $2.48 per man per day. 
From forty to sixty laborers were em- 
ployed on the job, the number fluctuat- 
ing up or down with fair or stormy 
weather. It is one of the peculiar 
vagaries of laboring men that, though 
they may be working very contentedly, 
let there come a slight interruption and 
it becomes the signal for general quit- 


FORESTRY 


ting even though they have no prospects 
of anything better elsewhere. Much 
difficulty was experienced in this re- 
spect during last spring’s operations. 
Periodic storms which precipitated from 
five to thirty inches of snow occurred 
up until the latter part of May. Dur- 
ing these storms the temperature never 
dropped to freezing and the snow 
quickly disappeared. The occurrence of 
each storm was, however, the occasion 
for an exodus from camp. This is one 
of the most serious problems met with 
in planting work, for it increases the 
cost very materially, and the man in 
charge must tax his ingenuity to keep 
ihe crew contented. 

A few measures which have been suc- 
cessful to some degree to keep the 
planting crew contented are: (1) pro- 
vide good food; (2) furnish plenty of 
straw for bedding; (3) furnish each 
tent with a camp heater; (4) provide 
reading matter, current magazines pre- 
ferred; (5) prohibit gambling and the 
bringing of liquor into camp; (6) have 
the cook keep a small stock of chewing 
and smoking tobacco, socks and canvas 
gloves for the accommodation of the 
men; (7) keep a simple shoe-repairing 
outfit on hand for their use; (8) pro- 
vide facilities for washing clothes. 
Some attention to such details has 
proven well worth while. 

The economic value of this reforesta- 
tion work is a matter well worth con- 
siderataion. Is the benefit to be derived 
from these plantations commensurate 
with the cost of establishing and pro- 
tecting them? As foresters and con- 
servationists we have always maintained 
that reforestation work on lands which 
formerly bore forest and which are not 
better suited for other purposes is jts- 
tifiable. However, in the Pike’s Peak 
region the nature of a large part of 
the treeless areas is so inhospitable that 
it is a question whether sufficiently high 
returns could be realized if the stands 
were established solely for the produc- 
tion of timber. Other economic consid- 
erations must therefore enter into the 
valuation of this reforestation work if 
we are to show justification for the esti- 
mated expenditure of $80,000 on this 
planting work. 


FOREST 


i? 


aa > 
a * 
r § 


a catia an 


“¢ 


LABORERS PLANTING DOUGLAS FIR ON 


PLANTING 


NORTHERN 


ORF ELK E'S 


PEAK 21 


HE) PIGS PEAK 


EXPOSURES IN 


REGION, PIKE NATIONAL FOREST. 


The primary object in making these 
plantations is for watershed protection, 
and the plantations are being made 
upon the watersheds of Colorado 
Springs and other adjoining towns. It 
is impossible at this time to show in 
actual figures just what value the effect 
of the establishment of a stand of tim- 
ber upon these watersheds will have, 
but since the Forest Service is working 
on the theory that standing timber has 
a very beneficial effect on the regula- 
tion of stream flow, and observations 
seem to prove this theory correct, it is 
reasonable to assert that these planta- 
tions will have a great economic value 
when the value of the water secured 
from these watersheds is considered. 
Recent investigations on the subject 
have shown that at present the water 
used by the city of Colorado Springs 
alone for municipal and domestic water 
supply has an annual value of $80,000. 
In addition there is 2,000 horsepower of 
electric water power developed on this 
watershed which has an annual value of 
$40,000, making a total annual value of 
the used water $120,000. In addition 
there are 40,000 horsepower still unde- 
veloped, which it is estimated will have 


an annual value when developed of at 
least $400,000. Then add to this the in- 
crease in the value of the municipal 
water supply as the city grows and the 
demand for water becomes greater. 
With these figures on the present value 
of the water resources of one city in 
mind and the possibility of beneficial in- 
fluence by a new forest cover in regu- 
lating and increasing the flow of these 
streams and keeping them clear and 
cool, the expense must be considered 
reasonable and justifiable. 

There is small chance for appraisal 
of the aesthetic value of stands of tim- 
ber in such situations, and yet it is by 
no means negligible. The Pike’s Peak 
region is visited each year by no less 
than 200,000 people for the purposes of 
sight-seeing and recreation. It is to the 
wooded cafions that the pleasure seekers 
go and not to the open burns, and it is 
not unusual to hear unfavorable com- 
ment from tourists about the great bar- 
ren, unsightly burns. And so there is 
no doubt about there being a real 
aesthetic value to forest planting on 
Pike’s Peak, even if the exact measure 
of this value in dollars and cents can 
not be named. 


RECONNAISSANCE: ITS RELATION TO FOREST 
WORKING PLANS 


By R. H. Borrxer, Forest Assistant, Lassen National Forest, Califorma. 


HE present-day timber recon- 
naissance is the basis for a 
working plan embracing all the 
various phases of national for- 
est administration. The old idea that 
reconnaissance is merely a stock-taking 
or a preparatory step in timber sale 
work has given way to the broader no- 
tion that reconnaissance is a preliminary 
step to the better handling of all forest 
resources. In short, reconnaissance 
work reveals to those of us who are 
working with the National Forests what 
our resources are, where they are, how 
much they amount to, and what should 
be done with them. This paper will at- 
tempt to show how reconnaisance, as 
carried on at the present time, fulfills 
this manifold purpose. For the pur- 
poses of this paper the results of recon- 
naissance may be grouped into two gen- 
eral classes; namely, the direct and the 
indirect results. ‘The direct results of 
the work are: The topographic map, the 
type map, the estimate of the timber, 
the forest description and other general 
information. ‘The indirect results are 
numerous, and will be taken up under 
the headings: Silviculture, Protection, 
Grazing, and Policy. 

The most important direct result of 
reconnoissance is undoubtedly the topo- 
graphic map. It locates things better 
than they have ever been located before, 
especially in unsurveyed or poorly sur- 
veyed country, shows where the forest 
may be put to special uses, and locates 
more definitely improvements and ad- 
ministrative sites. Its most valuable at- 
tribute is its permanency; the estimate 
and the description change slightly, but 
the configuration of the land remains the 
same. For the purpose of formulating 
working plans this map is extremely 
helpful. As intensive management de- 
velops, the need for a complete recon- 
naissance map of the forest will: in- 
crease 1n proportion. Intensive man- 
agement comes in disguise. Every mile 


9) 


of trail, or telephone, or railroad that 
is built in the forest is a step toward 
more intensive management and a 
greater need for better maps. The pres- 
ent value of this map lies, therefore, in 
the more efficient execution of the rough 
working plans we now have, in the basis 
which it gives for making sales, and in 


BIG SUGAR PINE AND FIRS. 
RECONNAISSANCE, 1911. 


LASSEN 


the step it furnishes in preparation for 
the intensive plans of the future 

In general, the type map which is dis- 
cussed more fully under various other 
heads serves several purposes. It shows 
the relative amount and acreage of 
brushland, grassland, timberland, wood- 
land, barrens in need of a forest cover, 


RECONNAISSANCE: ITS‘ RE 


ALPINE TYPE, MT. 


LASSEN 


MOUNTAIN HEMLOCK OF 


LATION TO FOREST PLANS 


LITTLE COMMERCIAL 


IMPORTANCE. 


waste lands such as lava beds, and water 
areas. It shows the composition of the 
timberlands ; in other words, what spe- 
cies of congmercial importance are on 
each “forty,” and also the relations that 
exist between the distribution of the 
various species and the factors of to- 
pography and altitude. Furthermore, it 
serves as a basis for applying tables 


which show the yield of each forest 
type. 
The timber estimate serves a three- 


fold purpose. It gives us an inventory 
of our timber resources that is more ac- 
curate than any we have had. The esti- 
mate supersedes all former guesses, 
mountain-top estimates, and rough re- 
connaissance calculations ; in itself it is 
an exact working plan estimate. Com- 
paring this with the best figures we have 
had heretofore, one gets an_ idea 
what reconnaissance estimate means. A 
rough reconnaissance made in 1910 for 
certain townships on the Lassen Na- 
tional Forest showed about 316 million 
feet of timber. An intensive reconnais- 
sance for the same area, made two years 
later, showed 808 million, or about two 
and one-half times as much. ‘These fig- 
ures, based on the stand upon about 
80,000 acres, are fairly indicative of 


how the total 
compare. 

The second purpose of the reconnais- 
sance estimate naturally follows from 
the first, for, after knowing how much 
we have the next question is how much 
can we sell? In other words, what is 
the sustained annual yield for the for- 
est? At the present time this cut is fig- 


forest estimate would 


ured from the best available data, 
namely, the “rough” reconnaissance 


mentioned above. The intensive recon 
naissance figures would mean that we 
had, yearly, about two and one-half 
times more timber for sale than we did 
under the old method. While very in 
teresting and important in the future, 
these figures are not essential at present 
because we are at the present cutting 
only a fraction of one per cent of our 
annual yield, and there is no danger ot 
reaching or exceeding the annual yield 
for many years. Naturally all methods 
of regulating the cut depend more ot 
less upon accurate estimates 


The third purpose of reconnais 
estimates, and probably the most 
portant from the standpoint 
value, is that they serv 


making timber sales. Loggin; 


purchasers 


tions to attract 


24 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


RECONNAISSANCE 


MEN HELP TO 


not be worked up until a reconnaissance 
of timber areas has been made. 

The third direct result is the forest 
description. This description endeavors 
to give in words what can not be told 
on the map, and it is concerned with the 
present conditions under which the tim- 
ber is growing. In future it will serve 
as a basis for making comparisons and 
determining whether the forest condi- 
tions have improved or not. Usually 
the reverse side of a special form is 
filled out, which includes, among other 
headings, amount of immature growth, 
its distribution and the relative per- 
centages of the three leading species, 
notes on rock, soil, ground cover, ‘nder- 
brush, condition of timber, average age, 
logging conditions, and adaptability of 
the land to logging. The immature 
growth, that is, sapling and seedlings 
below 6 inches in diameter at breast 
height (4% feet), is usually designated 
by some adjective, as “good,” “fair,” or 
poor :; the manner of distribution is 
noted as “in groups,” “singly,” “gen- 
eral,” or the like. Assuming the total 
amount of small growth to represent 
100 per cent, the percentage of the lead- 
ing species is given as “yellow pine 80 
per cent, white fir 10 per cent, and in- 


DISCOVER 


AND. EXTINGUISH FOREST FIRES. 

cense cedar 10 pe~ cent.” If the tables 
of the total stand differ from these, it 
can be seen whether the yellow pine is 
increasing or decreasing as compared 
with the white fir, and in what propor- 
tion. ‘This information would help in- 
dicate the predominant species in the 
next crop and would be helpful in mark- 
ing the timber. It might also lead one 
to suppose that, if the yellow pine is 
reproducing itself readily and the white 
fir is going back, the soil is_ better 
adapted for yellow pine, and therefore 
this species should be favored. Notes 
on the amount and distribution of the 
underbrush are taken the same way. In 
many cases notes on soil, rock, and 
ground cover can be taken more ad- 
vantageously for each forest type or 
sub-type rather than for each forty. 
The logging conditions should be de- 
scribed on the basis of natural subdi- 
visions such as logging units. Careful 
attention should be given to whether the 
forest is even-aged or uneven-aged, 
and, whatever the condition is, whether 
it applies to large areas, to small areas, 
or only to groups. This is an important 
matter in adopting a method of regula- 
tion. The matter of site classes, types 
and sub-types, and condition of the tim- 


RECONNAISSANCE: ITS RELATION TO FOREST PLANS 25 


BEE, 
HEMLOCK AND WHITE BARKED PINE. 


TIMBER LINE, ELEVATION 9,000 


ber, should be noted, since these notes 
are of importance in all phases of man- 
agement. 

There is also considerable descriptive 
matter which must be collected inde- 
pendently of organized reconnaissance, 
but which at the same time is absolutely 
necessary for a reconnaissance working 
plan. Such information applies to large 
economic units, and when once collected 
for one of these units need only be re- 
vised as economic conditions change. 
Among the most important items are: 
The climate and geology of the region 
and their relation to tree and forage 
growth; the surrounding population and 
its relation to the broad subject of for- 
est protection; the general logging con- 
ditions and how these affect the prices 
that can be secured for the stumpage ; 
the present population, its demand and 
who supplies it; the industries of the 
region in relation to wood-consumption 
and other matters. 


SILVICULTURE. 


As has been said before, the most im- 
portant direct result of the reconnais- 
sance estimates is that they serve as a 
basis for making timber sales. The tim- 


MT. 


LASSEN, SIERRAS, SPECIES «MOUNTAIN 


ber sale contracts of the present time 
call for a statement of the amount of 
timber involved in the sale, which figure 
serves as a basis for the amount of 
bond, the amount of deposit, and the 
amount of the subsequent payments. 
The accuracy of this figure is of the ut- 
most importance in the matter of stump- 
age appraisal and, of course, is of great 
value to the man buying the timber 
since with the aid of them he can figure 
his profits. Up to the present time no 
better and cheaper way for working up 
timber sales and logging propositions 
has been devised. 

Besides furnishing the volume of tim- 
ber by species for both legal and natural 
subdivisions of land, other valuable 
data are secured. From the “forty” es- 
timate sheets the average diameter, ay- 
erage number of logs per tree, and num- 
ber of logs per thousand board feet, the 
volume of the average tree, the number 
of trees per acre, the average stand per 
acre, and other data can easily be fig- 
ured. With the help of a growth table 
an idea of the representation of the 
various age classes can be secured which 
will give an idea of the possibilities ot 


a second cut. ‘The date on the numbet 


26 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


RECONNAISSANCE 


of poles per acre also gives a good idea 
of what the next crop of timber is going 
to be like. Data on the physical condi- 
tion of the trees, such as the number 
of snags, broken-tops, spike-tops, fire- 
scarred, and insect-killed trees per acre, 
are of particular value in that they give 
the purchaser an idea of how much of 
fais: stuff he will have to cut on the 
sale area. 

The topographic and type map are 
of course indispensable to proper silvi- 
cultural management. A working plan 
based on annual yield is not an imme- 
diate necessity because, so far, the an- 
nual cut is such a small percentage of 


the annual yield and there is little dan- 
ger at present of overcutting. What is 


necessary, though, is a_ silvicultural 
working plan which will put the forest 
into a better silvicultural condition. For 
this working plan the maps give us de- 
tailed information of what we have, and 
immediately simplify the problem of 
what should be done with it. 

The relation of slope and aspect upon 
soil and atmospheric moisture and how 
this relation affects the distribution of 
the species is shown in a most striking 
way. Comparing these maps of the east 
slope of the Sierras with observations 


1S) A] PREPARATORY of bP yh 


TIMBER, SALES. 


made on the west slope it is shown con- 
clusively that the species range increas- 
ingly higher going from west to east. 

"This information together with the 
data on the estimate sheets will serve as 
a basis for determining the silvicultural 
treatment, the objects of management, 
the rotations and other matters. In gen- 
eral the mixed fir types will stand a 
greater cut than the open yellow-pine 
types. In most of our mountain for- 
ests the rotations and objects of man- 
agement will be directly affected by alti- 
tude. Problems of utilization can not 
be solved until we know what we have, 
how much there is and where it is. It 
has been shown that the best use for 
lodgepole pine is poles and ties and that 
red fir and white fir make. excellent 
paper. The next question is: Have we 
big enough bodies of these species to 
interest large capital ? 

Reconnaissance locates areas of tim- 
ber that are badly in need of cutting 
either because they are deteriorating 
rapidly, or on account of insect infes- 
tation, or for other reasons. This work 
may also locate areas in need of plant- 
ing; at least it shows the location of 
all brush areas, which class of lands 
furnishes a most important planting 


IN NEVADA 


ANGE 


I 


\ 


WINTEI 


) 


I¢ 


WAY 


FALL ON THE 


FOREST IN 


THE 


> LEAVING 


v1 


SHI 


28 AMERICAN ‘FORESTRY 


problem. In cruising Government tim- 
ber a rough estimate and map of the 
private timber is often obtained. This 
estimate is of use to give an idea of 
what proportion of a given watershed 
or other unit is privately owned and 
what is publicly owned. By mapping 
in the alienated lands a more complete 
and effective map is secured for the pur- 
poses of fire control. Reconnaissance 
may locate areas especially adapted to 
free-use purposes. It may help to dis- 
cover timber trespass or it may show 
along what section lines timber tres- 
passes are likely to occur when cutting 
on private lands takes place. 

Often silvicultural notes of value are 
obtained and problems suggested to men 
doing reconnaissance. It is an excel- 
lent opportuity to make observations on 
seed crops. Even the most casual ob- 
server can not help making some obser- 
vations on the silvicultural character- 
istics of the different species, and the 
composition and classification of the 
forest types. No better opportunity 
could present itself for a study and ob- 
servations on the altitudinal distribution 
of the various species. It is also an 
excellent opportunity to study type 
changes; the struggle between the dif- 
ferent species in trying to occupy the 
same sites. Numerous silvicultural 
problems have suggested themselves to 
men engaged in reconnaissance. While 
the information and notes gathered on 
these problems may be of little technical 
value, they at least serve as a working 
basis for future and more detailed 
studies. Dendrological observations are 
often made in connection with recon- 
naissance, and it has happened that new 
species and new varieties have been 
found by reconnaissance men. 


FOREST PROTECTION. 


Probably the most tangible and the 
most direct result of reconnaissance 
from the standpoint of fire protection 
is the fact that the reconnaissance crew, 
usually of from five to ten men, can be 
used in case of an emergency as a fire- 
fighting force. The fundamental idea 
in locating the crews is of course to put 
them where there is timber in need of 
estimating. Whenever there is a choice, 


however, they are sent to regions of 
particular fire hazard. It usually fol- 
lows that where there is heavy timber 
worth estimating for future sales, there 
is also need for protecting this timber 
on account of its value. 

The topographic and type map are of 
great value in preparing a Forest Pro- 
tection Plan. The topographical fea- 
tures, such as mountains, ridges, peaks, 
valleys, and flats are shown, and areas 
of young growth are located. The loca- 


A RECONNAISSANCE 
LOW PINE 
NAISSANCE IN 1911. . 


CAMP IN BIG YEL- 
TIMBER, LASSEN RECON- 


tion of water courses, roads, trails, tele- 
phone lines, fire lines, railroads, saw- 
mills, and ranches is also of consider- 
able value. Such a map with its tim- 
ber estimate shows at a glance where 
the valuable property is and where the 
areas of greatest fire hazard are. With 
such data as this to work with, the mat- 
ter of dividing the forest into protection 
units, of assigning patrolmen, and of 
establishing lookouts is simplified con- 


RECONNAISSANCE 


PINE 
IN THE 


SUB-ALPINE TYPE OF JEFFREY 


siderably. The density and age of the 
stand, the distribution of “the age 
classes, the species, and the topography 
of the country all materially affect the 
inflammability of a forest type. The 
reconnaissance map shows also the old 
burns that exist. By plotting these 
burns for the entire forest an idea of 
the relative fire hazard, based on past 
experience, is secured and the protective 
units can be established with this in 
mind. 

A complete map of this kind is of in- 
estimable value to the lookout. When 
he discovers a fire this map enables him 
to determine its exact location in regard 
to topography, timber, type, ownership, 
whether it is in a bad place or not, and 
how to get men to it most expeditiously. 

A matter of importance, also, is the 
question of how much timber we are 
protecting and what is the value of it? 
Also, how much more money can be 
put into fire protection? If the ‘rough” 
reconnaissance methods employed in ‘the 
past show that a forest possesses five 
billion feet of timber and an intensive 
reconnaissance of a good portion of the 
forest shows approximately two and 
one-half times as much timber, it 1s 
very evident that the funds allotted to it 


PES SRE L 


AND RED FIR. MT. 
DISTANCE. 


\TION TO 


LASSEN, 10,400 FEET ELEVATION, 


to protect five billion feet were actually 
spread out to cover two and one-h: lf 
times that amount. 

Protection against insects and fung- 
ous diseases is an essential part of effi- 
cient forest protection. The greatest 
loss sustained by insects is in the sus- 
tained annual loss of scattered mer- 
chantable trees rather than by sudden 
serious outbreaks. Although only a 
few trees are killed here and there, the 
killed timber which accumulates year 
by year soon mounts to a surprising 
total. Proper control work can be in- 
stituted much more effectively if the 
centers of infestation have been located 
by a reconnaissance, either especially 
for insect control, or in connection with 
ordinary timber reconnaissance. How- 
ever, no better opportunity is afforded 
for the discovery and location of in- 
fested areas than by reconnaissance. 
It has been the practice to tally insect- 
killed trees separately trom those killed 
by other causes. In ordinary yellow 
pine stands this amounts to from 5 to 
20 per cent of the merchantable stand 
In connection with the regular timber 


reconnaissance work, the lodgepole 1 
festation on the Lassen was estimat 
and mapped without any additional cos 


30 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


This reconnaissance showed that 35 per 
cent of the 100 million feet of lodge- 
pole pine was either dead or dying. 
Within a year after this estimate was 
made a sale was consummated and in- 
dications are that the infestation will 
hereafter be short-lived. 

GRAZING. 

Undoubtedly the most important re- 
sult of timber reconnaissance from the 
standpoint of grazing is the topograph- 
ical map. ‘This map, besides locating 
such topographical features as roads, 
trails, streams, bridges, lakes, and res- 
ervoirs, also locates such minor features 
of especial value for grazing adminis- 
tration as old cabins and shacks, old 
sheep camps, corrals, drift fences, salt 
licks, water holes, springs, and seeps. 
The contours on the map immediately 
suggest grazing districts and grazing 
units. By consulting this map it would 
be no difficult matter to divide a given 
region into individual range allotments 
which are bounded by natural barriers 
such as ridges and streams. 

The forest type map secured in con- 
nection with the topographical map 
mentioned above may be looked upon 
as the basis for a general stock-taking 
of the forage possibilities of a given 
region. ‘This map shows in colors what 
areas are covered by timber, by brush, 
by grassland, and by water. This im- 
mediately gives an idea of the relative 
amounts of grass and herbaceous plants 
and the amount of browse. In addition 
to this it gives the areas covered by the 
various timber types. This is also of 
considerable value when it is known 
that certain plants and shrubs occur 
almost entirely within certain forest 


types. For example, rabbit brush and 
bitter brush, both excellent sheep feed, 
are found almost entirely in the dry 
yellow-pine type. 

On forests where grazing is of great 
importance, a detailed grazing recon- 
naissance is made, differing from timber 
reconnaissance only in that it secures 
detailed information on forage rather 
than on timber. With an inventory of 
the forage of a region as a basis, the 
next most important matter is the means 
for utilizing this crop in the most eco- 
nomic way. Detailed studies, on the 
areas that need it most, can be insti- 
tuted concerning the different species of 
grass and brush, their seeding times and 
walue as feed, ete, ete Other vlareser 
problems remain yet to be solved, and 
these studies and investigations can be 
more economically carried on after a 
reconnaissance has been made of the 
region in question. 


FOREST POLICY. 


The Forest Service is in the van of 
the forestry movement in the United 
States. It is by all odds the largest 
corporation which practices forestry. 
Hence it has a powerful influence in 
shaping the forest policy of the coun- 
try as a whole. Whatever the Forest 
Service does now, the lumberman will 
do as soon as he can see that it means 
money in his pocket. Just so with 
reconnaissance. The lumbermen will 
soon see that it will be to their advan- 
tage to find out what they have, where 
it is, and what is to be done with it. 
In other words, they will go about the 
matter of preparing working plans for 
their lands just as the Forest Service 
is doing now. 


Thirty different wood preservatives are in commercial use in the United States; many 
of them utilize creosote of one sort or another; others require chemical salts. 


Last year the forest service distributed 116,000 basket willow cuttings: 15,000 to forest 
schools, 20,000 to agricultural experiment stations, and 81,000 to individuals. 


More than 800,000 horsepower has been developed from streams on national forests under 
government regulation. This represents the output under conditions of lowest streamflow 


Florida buttonwood, a tree confined largely to the keys along the south coast, is very 


highly prized for use in cooking on ship's galleys. 


makes but little smoke or ash. 


It burns slowly with an even heat and 


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLACK FOREST 


By rae. Moon, Wie 
New York State College of Forestry 


RACTICALLY everyone who 

has ever read German Fairy 

Tales as a child must have come 

under the spell of the Black 
Forest. The woods were so dark, the 
streams so limpid, and the whole at- 
mosphere was so charged with the pos- 
sibility of adventure that to an imagin- 
ative child it seemed the most marvel- 
ous place in the world—an enchanted 
realm with no particular location but 
nevertheless very real. 

As we grew older we learned, to our 
amazement perhaps, that there was such 
a place as the Black Forest; that it was 
known in Roman History as the Silva 
Marciana, and really deserved a large 
part of its renown. At present it ranks 


as the most popular summer resort in 
the German Empire and is visited by 
thousands of tourists each year, at- 
tracted by the scenery and the climate. 

To an American forester also, the 
Black Forest has a peculiar attraction 


SPLENDID NATURAL REGENERATION OF 


and charm. He, too, is attracted by the 
aesthetic features and in addition the 
well kept forests, so carefully managed, 
appeal to his professional sense. 

A word or two of description of this 
region might not be amiss. ‘The forest 
is practically a dissected plateau, lying 
between the Neckar on the north, the 
Nagold on the east, and the Rhine on 
the west and south; two-thirds of it 
lies within the Grand Duchy of Baden 
and the remainder in the Kingdom of 
Wurtemburg. The total area is about 
2,100 square miles. 

The valleys are quite steep toward 
the center of the region and while nu- 
merous areas may be found where 
grapes, fruit or field crops are raised, 
the bulk of the land, especially toward 
the south is far better suited to the pro- 
duction of timber than to agriculture. 
The orderly German as usual adapts 
his crop to the soil and situation and 
as a consequence we find fertile valleys 


SPRUCE ON CITY FOREST. ARTIFICIAI 


REGENERATION USED BUT LITTLE. 


32 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Seven, 


Photo by Moon. 


NURSERY OF CITY FOREST OF VILLINGEN IN BLACK FOREST. TRANSPLANTS GROWING 


UNDER HIGH SHADE. 
OF $1.88 PER M. 


surrounded by fir and_ spruce-clad 
slopes. Indeed it is the dark appear- 
ance of the fir forests which give the 
name Schwarzwald to the region. 

As can be imagined the lumber in- 
dustry is of great importance and like 
our own Adirondacks it is a moot ques- 
tion which constitutes the greater re- 
source, the crop of timber or the an- 
nual horde of tourists, both native and 
foreign. Anyone who has ever toured 
the Black Forest during a rainy season 
like last August and has seen the scores 
of buxom German fraus with “ruck- 
sack” on back, trudging along through 
rain and mud, will appreciate the charm 
this region holds for the native. Fash- 
ionable watering places can be found 
like Baden-Baden or Wildbad, but the 
extreme popularity of the Schwarzwald 
and its hold on the German of average 
means is largely due to the efforts of 
the Schwarzwald Verein. This enthu- 
siastic and patriotic society has spent 
much time and money in opening up 
the Black Forest by cutting paths, erect- 
ing sign posts, etc., for the benefit of 
the pedestrian. 


FIVE-YEAR SPRUCE TRANSPLANTS PRODUCED AT A COST 


The manufacture of clocks, watches 
and toys is another business of im- 
portance in this region. 

Traveling north from Switzerland, 
along the Danube, anything but impos- 
ing near its source, the first town one 
finds of interest to the forester is Villin- 
gen, with its justly famous Stadtwald 
or City Forest. 

Villingen is one of the oldest and 
most famous of the walled towns of 
Germany, dating back to the 9th Cen- 
tury. At that time it was an important 
trading post of the Eastern Black For- 
est region and later became the official 
residence of the Count of Fiirstenberg, 
while during the Thirty Years War its 
walls were often besieged. These bat- 
tered walls and towers are a great at- 
traction to the average tourist, but the 
City Forest is of greater importance to 
the visiting forester. 

The land now owned and managed 
as the Communal Forest originally be- 
longed to the ‘“Mark Forest” and is as 
old as the city itself. It has been under 
management since the beginning of the 
1%th Century, and from the standpoint 


SOME OBSERVATIONS ON 


of size and yield both, is one of the most 
important city forests in Baden, if not 
in all Germany. It contains about 
9,800 acres and yields about $5.75 per 
acre per:year net. 

In contrast with the forests in Prus- 
sia and Hessen, we find that spruce and 
fir predominate, and instead of the pure 
stands of Scotch pine, etc., started from 
seedlings or even seed planted in drills, 
the forest is reproduced naturally by 


THEPBLACK FOREST 

but they have not been mark 
edly successful, although Douglas fir 
has received considerable commenda- 
tion on account of its rapid growth. 
Thuya, Balsam fir, and Colorado blue 
spruce have been tried with mediocre 
results, and white pine, instead of mak- 
ing good growth as it has done near 
Darmstadt, is ranked as a rather poor 
tree of inferior technical qualities, 
Besides it is pursued with almost fatal 


species, 


Re WIDE 


Photo by Moon. 


“SCHNEISE” OR COMPARTMENT LINE, 
CITY FOREST OF VILLINGEN, BADEN, 
GERMANY THIS FOREST YIELDS 
OVER $5.00 CLEAR PROFIT PER ACRE 
EACH YEAR. 


means of skilful cuttings. Indeed, af- 
ter watching the results obtained by 
Forstmeister Neukirch, at Villingen, 
and noting the splendid stands of the 
proper species they get naturally out of 
a complex mixture, the knowledge the 
average German forester has of the re- 
actions between species, light and mois- 
ture, seems almost uncanny. Experi- 
ments have been made with American 


Photo by F. F. Moon. 


OLD TOWER AND CITY WALL OF VIL- 


LINGEN, BLACK FOREST, GERMANY, 
ONE OF THE EARLY TRADING CEN- 
TERS OF THE BLACK FOREST. IT IS 


MENTIONED AS EARLY AS THE 9TH 
CENTURY. NOW CENTER OF CLOCK- 
MAKING INDUSTRY. 


persistence by the male deer as the Ger- 
man bucks show a pronounced favorit- 
ism for this American tree to rub the 
velvet off their horns, selecting it in 
preference to any of the native Species. 
As a consequence the bark is rubbed to 
shreds and the young pine saplings 
soon die. Successful plantations of 


34 AMERICAN 


DRESTRY 


BRUSH BURNING ON SCLUFFERSCHAFTSWALD, BLACK FOREST. 
IT COVERS 


BURNED ON SITES WHERE 
NATURAL REGENERATION. 


white pine can only be made if the area 
is fenced; a rather expensive operation 
and one apt to discourage the use of this 
species. 

A certain amount of planting of na- 
tive species is done where natural re- 
generation happens to be faulty. The 
seedlings used in this work are raised 
on the nursery of the City Forester, and 
while their methods differ from Ameri- 
can nursery practice (they use high 
shade entirely and believe in limiting 
the number of seedlings per square 
foot of nursery bed since it costs less 
for seed and they maintain that close 
competition weakens the young plants), 
the young seedlings and tr< nspl ints are 
extremely thrifty looking and the cost 
astonishingly cheap. ‘(Five- year-old 
spruce transplants are raised by Forst- 
meister Neukirch at a cost of $1.38 per 
thousand. ) 

The annual cut of the forest averages 
about 21,000 cubic meters, about 32 
cubic feet: per acre per: .year, which 
brings a gross revenue of $76,000 anda 
net financial yield of $54,000 which 
adds considerably to the budget of the 


Photo 


by F. F. 


Moon. 


BRUSH IS PILED AND 


THE GROUND TOO DENSELY TO PERMIT 


city fathers. It might be said in pass- 
ing that this record is far surpassed by 
the financial results obtained on the 
Communal Forest of the town of Gaul- 
sheim, Baden, a small village in the 
Black Forest, located next to Forbach 
in the Murg Valley. This village of 
800 inhabitants has owned a communal 
forest of 2,000 acres for some centuries 
from which it gets enough revenue to 
pay the operating expenses of the forest, 
the running expenses of the village it- 
self and besides declares a yearly divi- 
dend of $4 to each inhabitant. 

With the above facts in mind it is 
not at all surprising that some of our 
most progressive States have passed 
laws enabling towns and cities to acquire 
land to be operated as City Forests. The 
growth of this idea will mean much to- 
ward the spread of forestry and the 
better use of land. Many a town in the 
Northeastern States could profit by the 
example of Villingen and Gaulsheim 
and get a substantial revenue from ad- 
joining areas now considered waste 
land ; incidentally the appearance of the 


SOME OBSERVATIONS 


FINAL APPEARANCE OF SELECTION 
BADEN. 


environs would be vastly improved in 
most cases. 

From Villingen, following the regu- 
lar route we pass through * Triberg, a 
Forstamt of comparatively small im- 
portance but noted for possessing, in the 
Falls of the Gutach, the most superb 
cataract in western Germany. 

From Triberg to Rastatt there is little 
of interest, but at the latter place we 
tap the valley of the Murg, celebrated 
for the superb ship timbers it furnished 
in times past to the ship builders of the 
Lower Rhine and Holland. 

At Forbach in the Murgthal, condi- 
tions were met which were of especial 
interest on account of the close resem- 
blance they bore to our Adirondacks, 
countries, of course, excepted. The 
soil is thin, slopes are steep, rain fall 
sufficient for purposes of regeneration 
and the past treatment astonishingly 
like that of the North Woods. 

The original owners cut their timber 
and floated it down the Murg and via 
the Rhine to Holland, and on account 
of the heavy transportation costs and 
toll charges levied by the various prin- 
cipalities, etc., through which they 


ON 


METHOD, 
ALL OF OLD TIMBER REMOVED. 


THE BLACK 


FOREST 


Photo by F. F. Moon. 


SCLUFFERSCHAFTSWALD FORBACH, 


passed, only the timber most accessi- 
ble, and the best of that, was cut. This 
led to heavy overcutting of the lower 
slopes followed in some cases by fire 
and the upper slopes remaining un- 
touched went ahead accumulating for- 
est capital. 

From 1840-1860 various portions of 
the old Schifferschaftswald were pur- 
chased and brought under the manage- 
ment of a stock company of which the 
Duchy of Baden holds the controlling 
interest ; the forester in charge, is there- 
fore a state official, The part of this 
amalgamated forest, known as Forbach 
II containing 12,000 acres is in many 
respects the most interesting forest, to 
an American at least, in all Germany. 
In the first place it is composed chie fly 
of conifers like the forest of Maine and 
the Adirondacks; it had been more or 
less abused in the past by overcutting 
and some burning; the timber on the 
upper slopes was over ripe and deter1 
orating when it was put under the con- 
trol of the State. Conditions having a 
very similar sound to those that obtair 
in some of the Northeastern States. 

Their method of attacking the prob 


36 AMERICAN 


lem was to apply the fundamental prin- 
ciples of forest management; ripe tim- 
ber should be cut and the yield should 
be regulated with regard to the amount 
of forest capital standing on each unit 
of area. By extending the road system 
portions of the forest previously inac- 
cessible were opened up and were able 
to do their share in furnishing the an- 
nual cut. 

As one would expect, from the silvi- 
cultural and economic conditions found 
here they have avoided a clear cutting 
system; the Selection method being used 
on steep slopes and the Group method 
on benches and gentle slopes. This is 
not only gives Forstmeister Stephanie 
great freedom in locating his cuttings 
but also keeps the slopes under cover, 
which prevents erosion and does not 
offend the eye of any of the many tour- 
ists who pass through the valley of the 
Murg. 

The criticisms so often leveled 
against these systems viz., slow to re- 
generate, apt to produce inferior tim- 
ber, expensive, etc., carry little weight 
with the Forstmeister. 

Natural regeneration is all that could 
be desired, out of the 105 acres re- 
generated each year, about one-fifth 
only is reproduced artificially ; concern- 
ing the quality of the timber, 72 to 80 
per cent is “use wood” and as far as 
the financial side is concerned, the enor- 
mous revenue of $11 per acre per year 
net, speaks for itself. It is only fair to 
state, however, that a portion of this 
phenomenal yield is due to their grad- 
ual removal of the surplus of forest 
capital in the older age classes. (With 
their rotation of 120 years, periods be- 
ing 20 years each, one would expect 
one-sixth of the forest capital in each 


FORESTRY 


age class; instead there is 55 per cent 
in the oldest age class. They can and 
should cut more than their growth. ) 

The road system of this revier is won- 
derfully complete and well maintained 
—68 miles of splendid woods roads 
(which, by the way, compare most 
favorably with some of our State 
roads), and 95 miles of slide ways. The 
woods roads are from 4 to 6 meters in 
width, limited to a grade of 10 per cent, 
and cost from $2 to $2.50 per running 
meter. For the extension and mainte- 
nance of this system $4,500 per year is 
set aside from the forest budget ; a large 
sum to be spent annually on roads from 
our point of view, but absolutely neces- 
sary and economical on a perpetually 
managed forest. 

The interest that this revier has for 
the American forester is the fact that 
conditions of climate, site, past treat- 
ment, etc., are as similar to those found 
in the Adirondacks as the two countries 
will permit (timber higher and labor 
cheaper in Germany, of course). 

Under State direction they have col- 
lected a group of holdings previously 
mismanaged: they have exploited areas 
previously uncut and carefully re- 
generated previously overcut areas. 
They have reforested where necessary 
to complete the stand; they have ex- 
tended the road system at a cost equal 
to one-sixth of the net income and have 
found it profitable, and as proof of the 
pudding they are getting more from 
these steep, rocky acres than many of 
the so-called agricultural lands in the 
United States will yield. All of which 
has been done without impairing the 
beauty of the Murg Valley, so that it 
is still a favorite recreation spot with 
the tourist and health seeker. 


There are 703 bighorns or mountain sheep in the national forests of Nevada. 


In 26 States there are State 
solving forest problems. 
_ The forest service 

similar subjects. 


A national arboretum is being established in Rock 
Eventually it will contain all American tree 


Columbia. 


foresters who cooperate with private timberland owners in 


maintains nine experiment stations for studies in reforestation and 


Creek National Park, District of 
Shecies which will thrive there. 


FOR AN APPALACHIAN NATIONAL PARK 


By Donatp GILLis 


O promote the establishment by 
| the United States of a great na- 
tional park system in the South- 
ern Appalachian mountains The 
Appalachian Park Association was 
formed at Asheville, N. C., a short 
time ago, with Governor Locke Craig 
of North Carolina as president and 
George S. Powell as sercetary. The 
conduct of its affairs is entrusted to a 
board of directors, headquarters being 
in Asheville. 

The scope of the association is not 
sectional, its list of vice-presidents, not 
yet completed, including the governors 
of Alabama, Georgia, Virginia, South 
Carolina, and ‘Tennessee, and citizens 
representative of other parts of the 
country such as Charles Lathrop Pack, 
of Lakewood, N. J.; E. W. Grove, of 
St. Louis; Mrs. William Cummings 
Story, president of the D. A. R.; nor is 
any suggestion made as to location of a 
park, although it is assumed that a great 
mountain park would naturally be 
where the Appalachians culminate in 
their highest peaks and where climate 
and natural beauty would make for the 
most attractiveness. 

The association plans look to con- 
verting the most suitable parts of pur- 
chases under the Weeks law into parks, 
thus making them available to the peo- 
ple for recreation, pleasure and health, 
~as well as serving the primary purpose 
of conserving the water supplies of nav- 
igable streams. It is therefore declared 
in the constitution that “Its principal 
purposes are to urge the National For- 
est Reservation Commission to acquire 
as rapidly as possible under the Weeks 
law the larger areas proposed or recom- 
mended by the Commission and the 
Forest Service for purchase in the Ap- 
palachian mountains, and to ask Con- 
gress for such additional legislation as 


may be necessary to carry out these 
purposes and to make the most suitable 
parts of such purchases available to the 
people for recreation, pleasure, and 
health.” 

It is the intention of the association 
to be an auxiliary to the Reservation 
Commission and the Forest Service, at- 
taining, its aim by supporting these goy- 
ernmental agencies in securing the ex- 
tensive purchase areas they desire. It 
will therefore seek to have purchases 
under the Weeks law concentrated and 
consolidated and not made in fragmen- 
tary units incapable of harmonious de- 
velopment. The organization merely 
seeks results—to attain them it is en- 
tirely willing to efface itself. 

The organization believes its purpose 
and methods of procedure to achieve 
it are practicable. Certainly the men 
back of it are practical ; they are for the 
most part men of affairs, familiar with 
difficulties and the means of overcom- 
ing them, but sentimental enough to dis- 
interestedly work for the preservation 
of this mountain wonderland for pos- 
terity. If they day-dream it is that a 
comprehensive system of national roads 
through national parks, connecting with 
radiating State roads, may become a 
reality in the near and not distant 
future. 

The association seeks to popularize 
itself and make itself an agency through 
whom the people will act. To this end 
its membership dues are placed at ten 
cents. Most of those who have sub- 
scribed to its organization fund have 
furnished lists of names to the payment 
of whose dues the subscriptions were 
applied. ‘The organization has already 
effectively interested influential agen- 
cies favorably to its aims and is work- 
ing persistently and methodically, if 
not swiftly. 


The gathering and selling of acorns is a new industry, 11 Arkansas, to 
nursery firms with material for forest planting. 


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FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 


By THEODORE S$. WooLsEY, JR. 


[That there can be no sustained and permanently successful agriculture without for- 
estry; that countries not possessing forests are decadent; that forests exercise a salutary 
effect on the health of the people; as well as protect the water supply, affect the climate, and 
prevent damage to crops, are some of the contentions in the following excellent article by 


Theodore S. Woolsey, Jr. 


States Agricultural Commission in London, England. 


This article was prepared for presentation before the United 


Mr. Woolsey emphasized the fact 


that he was expressing his personal views and was not speaking officially for the Forest 


Service.—EDITor. | 


OULD it be going too far 
to say there can be no sus- 
tained and permanently suc- 


cessful agriculture without 
forestry? I think not. You will find 
that those countries which have de- 
stroyed their forests and have not 
adopted a wise policy of forest manage- 
ment, are those countries which today 
are decadent, and whose agricultural 
resources have suffered. 

Perhaps M. Clementel, the Minister 
of Agriculture of France, was a little 
too pessimistic when, at the recent for- 
est congress, he recalled Colbert’s 
prophecy that, “Not only France, but 
the entire civilized world, will perish 
through lack of wood,” but it is certain, 
as I have already emphasized, that 
every progressive country must prac- 
tice forestry, and that ‘“‘deboisement” 
and decadence go hand in hand. This 
is not a new idea, since according to 
Dr. Régnault such men as Leonardo da 
Vinei, Bernard Palissy, Columbus, 
Seneca, and Pliny drew attention to the 
disastrous effects which would follow 
deforestation. Look at Greece, at 
Assyria, at Palestine, and Arabia, to- 
day; possibly some members of. this 
commission have seen the results. of 
deforestation in the Austrian Karst, in 
Spain and in certain portions of the 
French Alps. Moreover it is pretty 
generally recognized that the influences 
of a forest go further than merely cov- 
ering the soil, absorbing rainfall, and 
protecting mountains from erosion. 

How closely is the health of a nation 
linked with so-called national parks, 
which furnish breathing-spaces and va- 
cation grounds for men suffocated by 


44 


the work of modern competition? A 
famous Frenchman has stated that “this 
need of the beautiful is deep-rooted in 
our very nature,” yet forests not only 
give us pleasure, but in addition ex- 
ercise a salutary effect in our health. 
Examine the Landes in France, where 
formerly the population was fever 
stricken, and where to-day through the 
reforestation of maritime pine coupled 
with drainage, an unhealthy district has 
been made healthy, and besides yields 
a handsome revenue. I need not go 
into details in calling your attention to 
the beneficial influence of forests on 
springs, in preventing hail and damage 
to crops from wind and storms, in fa- 
voring precipitation, in controlling ava- 
lanches, and in tempering the general 
climate of a region. The French be- 
lieve that forests have an unquestion- 
able influence on local climate, although 
some scientists look for further proof 
before accepting this theory without re- 
serve. So much for general forest in- 
fluences. 


PROGRESS IN THE UNITED STATES. 


The opinion that the United States 
are backward in forestry is only too 
widespread. As a matter of fact, if I 
may be permitted to say so, we have a 
most efficient Forest Service, organized 
by Mr. Gifford Pinchot. and now di- 
rected by Mr. Henry S. Graves. A 
number of States have appointed States 
Foresters, and I see no reason why it 
cannot be safely predicted, that after 
the next ten years we shall be at least 
abreast, and possibly ahead, of other 
great powers in many lines of forest 
work. But in order to accomplish what 


FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 


VIRGIN REDWOOD IN CALIFORNIA—THE KIND OF TREES THAT 


DO NOT GROW IN 


EUROPE. 


THESE ARE STRIKINGLY IM- 


PRESSIVE SAMPLES OF THE TREE AT ITS BEST. 


we should, it is absolutely essential that 
private owners realize the disastrous 
effects of deforestation, and on the 
other hand be made to appreciate the 
benefits which may result from cutting 
their timber on a reasonably conserva- 
tive basis. 

Even today many public men, I am 
sorry to say, have no clear conception 
of what forestry comprises. There 
may be members of this Commission 
who think that forestry only means pre- 
serving trees, or planting waste land. 
This is too narrow a conception. They 
should also think of forestry as a busi- 
ness. As a matter of fact, the United 
States Forest Service today is selling 
timber on an organized basis, because 


it feels that to conserve over-mature 
trees would mean a loss to the public 
treasury, and would not be practicing 


forestry. It realizes that grazing, in 
many cases, damages forests, but it 


feels, on account of the importance of 
the grazing industry in the West, that 
it is prefereable to have regulated graz- 
ing, because it is a necessary part of 
western industrial development. It is 
opening agricultural land, even if it lies 
within a national forest, because it sees 
that development in the West depends 


upon putting the western land to its 
highest use. It is protecting forests 
from fire most successfully, and in this 


one work alone the Forest Service to- 
day fully repays Congress, and the px 


‘GUNIVLAU HA AVN NOILONGOUd MAAWIL YOA AN’IVA 


“dV HHL ‘HUYId WOW NOLMLOALOUd ALVONOAdGV SI HWHHL GNV 4NOC A‘TM 


4I GNV ‘dOWO V SV LOND AH AVN WHANWIL HHL Wado 


“HCIS 


NIV.UN 


NON 


SLI GNV NIVINOOW HHL AO HO 


HUHAOO\LSHUOA 


NV&Vid 
TdOUd SI ONILLOO SIH 
AL 


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Vv 


FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 3 


FOREST IN THE - UNITED STATES IN 


ple of the United States for the annual 
appropriation; and what is true of the 
Forest Service applies to many of those 
States which have organized State 
services. 


FOREST SOILS. 


One of the most important steps 
which any Government has to take 1s 
to decide what land is most valuable 
for agriculture, and what areas should 
be retained permanently under forest 
cover. It is hard to lay down general 
principles, because not even a financial 
criterion is a fair basis upon which to 
decide this question, for the proper de- 
cision will vary in different localities ; 
but I am certain that it is an error 1 
public policy to give to the agricul- 
turist those soils which may be culti- 
vated only temporarily, and which, 
after the humus left by the forest has 
been exhausted, become waste. 

There are examples of this class of 


WHICH 


THIS SHOWS 
THE HEAVY UNDERGROWTH WHICH FURNISHES READY FUEL TO THE FIRE 
AND HAMPERS THE FIRE-FIGHTERS IN THEIR WORK. 


A FIRE IS RAGING. 


soil in the United States, which have 
been settied through railway or real 
estate speculation, and where many of 
our best type of citizens have been 
ruined, because they tried to cultivate 
soil which should have been retained 
under forest cover. Similarly, such 
soils as are found in the Jura must 
without doubt be retained under forest. 
They now yield a handsome revenue in 
forests, but if they were to be de 
nuded for agriculture, they would soon 
become valueless. 

On the other hand there are many 
forest stands in the West of the United 
States on land covered. with timber 
which must some day be cleared and 
devoted to agricultural use, partly be- 
cause the soil yield will be greater from 
agriculture, but also because many of 
these timbered valleys are not required 
for water-shed protection. But whether 
land is chiefly valuable for agriculture 


or not cannot be judged solely from 


48 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THIS SLOPE WAS FORMERLY WELL WOODED FOREST. IT y 
VERTED TO CHAPARRAL. THE CHAPARRAL WAS LATER BURNED TO SUCH AN EX- 
TENT THAT ITS VALUE AS A WATERSHED COVER HAS BEEN DESTROYED. 


the financial results; the industries and 
welfare of States and communities 
must be considered where their indus- 
tries depend upon a sustained stream 
flow necessary for navigation or manu- 
facture. 


FORESTRY PRACTICE. 


Granted the general principles of 
forest influence, this Commission might 
well enquire, “What does it cost to 
practice forestry?” I can state at once 
that to practice forestry on a rational 
basis costs very little, and in some cases 
may yield a considerable revenue. I do 
not go to the extreme of claiming some 
of the returns which you. have seen 
claimed by foresters, because one can- 
not help but realize that an oak forest 
for example which may take two cen- 
turies or more to mature, will not yield 
more than 1 or 2 per cent under cer- 
tain circumstances; on the other hand, 
forests of maritime pine, such as you 
find in the Landes, or forests of silver 
fir, such as occur in the Jura mountains 


WAS CUT OVER AND RE- 


of France, may yield a net revenue of 
from four to eight per cent on the capi- 
tal invested. This revenue is in addi- 
tion to indirect benefits. 


NATURAL REGENERATION. 


But you might go further, and ask, 
“After you have once secured your for- 
ests, how can you regenerate them un- 
der present conditions in the United 
States, where even agricultural laborers 
are difficult to secure?” The answer is 
simple. Regenerate your forests nat- 
urally, by practicing forestry. The 
French secure their second crop of 
maritime pine by merely cutting clear 
and protecting from fire, and allowing 
the seedlings to come up naturally. 
The silver fir in the Jura is cut on what 
is called the selection system, by the 
removal of single trees or groups of 
trees, and the young growth is found 
everywhere, without the slightest ex- 
pense for planting or sowing. The 
beech and oak in France are first 
opened up to permit the young seed- 


FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 19 


ling to start, and then gradually uncov- 
ered, until at the first cutting you will 
find the soil completely covered with 
regeneration, at little or no cost. These 
same principles can be applied in the 
United States. 


RESTRICTIVE LEGISLATION. 


Since, in some localities, the perma- 
nent welfare of the community will de- 
pend on conservation cutting, let us 
consider what steps are being taken 
to insure this kind of cutting. As yet, 
there has been no repressive legislation 
in America to force owners into prac- 
ticing forestry, and I feel sure this will 
seldom be necessary, because our citi- 
zens are too public-spirited, when once 
they realize that the development of the 
locality is at stake, to pursue methods 
that would ruin the prosperity of 
others. Yet I wish to call your atten- 
tion to what France has done in Al- 
geria to prevent the unwise destruction 
of forests. Article 76 of the famous 


NEW YORK STATE NURSERY AT SALAMANCA. 
AND THREE YEARS OLD AND THESE ARE USED FOR PLANTING STATE 


Algerian Forest Code, promulgated in 
1903, gives in a nutshell the conditions 
under which private land can be expro- 
priated as a measure of public utility: 

1. For the maintenance of lands on 
mountains or slopes. 

2. For protecting the soil against 
erosion of rivers or torrents. 

3. To ensure the existence of springs 
and water-courses. 

4. To render stable the coast dunes 
and those of the Sahara, and for pro- 
tection against the erosion of the sea, 
and drifting of sand. 

5. For the defense of territory in 
the frontier zone. 

6. For the sake of public health. 

The direct or indirect protection of 
agricultural soils in Algeria was one of 
the main justifications for this law. 

Such legislation as this, it is hoped, 
is not going to be necessary in the 
United States, but it shows what the 
Republic of France has seen fit to pro- 
mulgate. 


THESE BEDS HAVE SEEDLINGS ONE 
LANDS OR AI 


SOLD FOR THE REPLANTING OF PRIVATE LANDS. 


50 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


How can we practice forestry locally 
many ask? ‘The answer is_ simple. 
Consult the State forester, if you have 
one. If not, write the Forest Service 
at Washington or employ a reliable 
consulting forester just as you would 
consult a doctor, a lawyer, or a civil 
engineer. Ordinarily a forester must 
see local conditions before prescribing 
a remedy. 


FOREST MANAGEMENT. 


Practical forest-management’ is ap- 
plied by the forester in the administra- 
tion of public or private forests for the 
same reason that the modern farmer 
manages his farm under scientific prin- 
ciples, instead of by the hit-or-miss sys- 
tem of a century ago. Any stand ought 
to yield more with forest management 
than without it. The application of 
forest management includes much that 
the lumberman has overlooked. In the 
first place, the proper rotation or age 
when the timber crop reaches maturity 
is determined not by guess-work, but 
by considering the amount, size and 
quality, of merchantable material that 
can be cut after a given number of 
years, as well as the demands of the 
community, business, and market. A 
clear understanding of the silvics and 
growth of a. species enables the mana- 
ger or owner to weed or thin his stands 
at the proper time, and to remove the 
trees that are retarding the develop- 
ment of the final crop; to secure a suc- 
eéssion of crops by the most suitable 
system of natural reproduction; or if 
adverse local conditions prevent this 
achievement, to sow or plant the proper 
species so as to fully utilize the ground 
for which it is best suited. Frequently, 
only the crudest methods can be ap- 
plied, when, because of poor market 
conditions, the final crop has but little 
value; to work a forest intensively at 
the cost of all direct or indirect profit 
would not be following the correct 
management principles. It is apparent 
that without efficient fire protection, no 
conservative cutting can be successful; 
nor shouldssthe owner cut conserva- 


tively, no matter whether public or pri- 
vate property is at stake, without a 
clear understanding of the ultimate 
gain which is to be secured by any sac- 
rifice in today’s receipts. The business 
manager does not change his methods 
without definite reasons, nor should the 
owner of a forest. But perhaps the 
gain cannot be expressed in dollars; it 
may be protecting the watershed of a 
navigable stream, safeguarding the 
water supply of a community, or pro- 
viding a playground for a common- 
wealth. Often the forest can be made 
use of as a breeding-ground for game. 
Hence it is vitally important that the 
kind of forest management adopted 
should conform to the object to be 
gained. 

The cultural rules, method of regen- 
eration, and intensiveness of manage- 
ment, must necessarily depend on the 
aims of the owner. The State or Na- 
tional Forests must be managed on a 
broader financial policy than the private 
owner could afford to adopt. The in- 
dividual must often put the financial 
returns first, while the State can well 
afford to raise the material most needed 
by the local industries or to maintain 
the cover, merely interrupted by light 
selection fellings. Moreover, in the 
case of important rivers. such as the 
Mississippi, which rises in the Lake 
States, and wherever forest lands are 
important for watershed protection, it 
may be best (even at a sacrifice in 
yield) to maintain a heavy cover. The 
individual must cut his torest crop so 
as to get the best returns, unless the 
public demands for its protection that 
the cover be maintained as a measure 
of public safety. You have seen that in 
Europe the policy of restraining the 
private owner from cutting, when it 
damages others is clearly established 
in law. 

I hope that I have made it clear that 
successful agriculture in the long run 
cannot be attained unless a nation 
adopts forest management in its broad- 
est sense. 


* This definition follows what I have written in a manuscript on “The Red Pine in the 


Lake States.” 


FOREST CONSERVATION AND AGRICULTURE 


THE -LAST. ACCESSIBLE PRIMEVAL PINES IN NEW 


HAMPSHIRE. 


TRYING TO SAVE PRIMEVAL PINES 


HE Society for the Protection of 
New Hampshire Forests is en- 
deavoring to raise $2,500 to 
save a grove of twenty-five 
magnificent primeval pines in New 
Hampshire. These pines are on the 
road from North Sutton to Warner. In 
circulars which the society is sending 
out it asks that checks be made payable 
to George T. Cruft, treasurer, and sent 
to Montgomery Rollins, 6 Hancock 
avenue, Boston, Mass. 
This last accessible grove of primeval 


pines in New Hampshire is located less 
than’ a quarter of a mile from the 
charming village of North Sutton, on 
the road to Warner. This road is much 
used between Sunapee and Concord, 
and traverses a beautiful country. 
Twenty-one splendid primeval pine 
trees are standing. Seven of these form 
one group close to the roadside. They 
measure seventy feet from the ground 
to the first limb. The remaining four- 
teen, equally large, are mingled in an 
attractive grove of old 


hemlocks 


52 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


birches and maples, directly across the 
road. The total height of the pine trees 
is from one hundred to one hundred 
and twenty feet. 

When Professor Roth, Dean of the 
Michigan Forest School, visited these 
trees recently, he said: “They remind 
one of the big trees in California, and 
should be saved at any cost.” During 
the twelve years that the Forester of 
the Society for Protection of Forests 
has been at work in New Hampshire, 
he has seen no trees anywhere as fine. 
They are two hundred and fifty years 
old, good for another century, and 


among the largest white pines that any 
State has produced. 

By careful measurement each of the 
two largest trees contains three thou- 
sand feet, board measure. Everyone 
familiar with timber knows that a 
tree containing one thousand feet is 
unusually large. 

The owner will give the land for a 
reservation, and will sell the hardwood 
timber at one-half price. He has, how- 
ever, sold the pines and hemlocks to a 
lumber dealer. About twenty-five big 
trees have already been cut off, and it 
is necessary to move quickly in order 
to save the remaining twenty-one. 


CONSERVATION OF UIFE IN: THE, EUMBEEis 
CAMPS 


By Miss Maser T. BoaRDMAN 


HE Red Cross Societies in all 
| countries, though primarily or- 
ganized to take charge of vol- 
unteer aid to the sick and wound- 
ed in time of war, have broadened the 
scope of their work to include the mit- 
igating of suffering after great disas- 
ters. ‘To fulfil their duties successfully 
and efficiently under both of these con- 
ditions necessitates the maintenance of 
a permanent, if skeleton, organization 
with a trained, skilled and experienced 
personnel. This means not only an ex- 
penditure of considerable funds, but 
also the creation of departments for 
special work. Organized and main- 
tained, these departments have proved 
not only of untold value during war or 
disaster relief, but have become capa- 
ble of rendering a constant, patriotic 
and humane service to the country in 
its every-day life. 

The vital statistics of our country are 
as yet far from perfect, and no data 
concerning accidents in the lumber in- 
dustries could be obtained from the 
Census Bureau. For this reason we 
are forced to base our statistics on 
those obtained from the State of Wash- 
ington, where 47,400 men are employed 
in this industry. In twenty-three 
months’ time we find 251 fatal acci- 
dents occurred, 990 persons perma- 
nently partially disabled, and 8,420 suf- 


fered from temporary total disability. 
To bring this down to monthly averages 
gives us more than ten killed, forty- 
three permanently partially disabled, 
and three hundred and sixty-six tem- 
porarily totally disabled in one month. 
I note in his address last year, Major 
E. T. Griggs said that 800,000 are em- 
ployed in the lumber industry, one- 
sixteenth of that number being em- 
ployed in the State of Washington. 
We have no reason that I know of to 
assume that lumbering is a more haz- 
ardous occupation in that State than in 
any other. Therefore, I think we are 
justified in multiplying the above fig- 
ures by sixteen for one month, then 
multiplying this by twelve to obtain a 
rough estimate for accident statistics 
in the entire lumber industry. This 
will give us 1,920 killed, 8,256 perma- 
nently partially disabled, and 70,272 
temporarily totally disabled, annually ; 
or about 5 killed, 22 permanently par- 
tially disabled and 182 temporarily 
totally disabled a day. This is, of 
course, an estimate based on the Wash- 
ington statistics, and may not be ac- 
curate as to the rest of the country. 
Major Griggs, in his address, said: 
“With an industry affecting through- 
out the United States over 45,000 saw- 
mills and 800,000 employes, regardless 
of families dependent on them, you will 


CONSERVATION OF LIFE IN THE LUMBER CAMPS 


AN ILLUSTRATION OF FIRST-AID WORK BY TRAINED CREWS OF MINE 


NATIONAL MINE SAFETY DEMONSTRATION, 


INO ee, ont: 


agree with me that we are all vitally 
interested in workmen’s compensation.” 

If we are vitally interested in com- 
pensation laws, should we not be still 
more vitally interested in the prevention 
of the need of such compensation; that 
is, in the instructions for the prevention 
of accidents and in the practical appli- 
cation of first aid to the injured for the 
lessening of fatal, serious or prolonged 
results of accidents when they do oc- 
cur, interested not only for the sake of 
800,000 men employed but for the fam- 
ilies dependent on them? 

There is almost no labor utilized in 
the lumber industries that has not some 
danger involved in it. The sharp edge 
of the axe or the jagged teeth of the 
Saw in a moment may cause an injury 
where unchecked hemorrhage will re- 
sult in death in a brief space of time. 
Physicians have signed many a death 
certificate of men who bled to death 
from slight injuries and whose lives 
might easily have been saved by some 
knowledge of first aid. The applica- 


NORKERS IN THE 
HELD AT FORBES FIELD, PITTSBURG, 


tion of cobwebs or some other tradi- 
tional remedy to an open wound or the 
use of soiled rags in binding it up often 
produce an infection with crippling or 
fatal results. 

There is danger to the sawyer from 
the falling tree, especially when a rot- 
ten heart or high wind makes the d1- 
rection of the fall uncertain; or on 
steep slopes if the tree shoots suddenly 
downward, or if a badly strained tree 
breaks with great force. The handling 
of the logs at the skidway and the load- 
ing onto the trains require skill and 
agility on the part of the loaders to 
avoid being caught and crushed by these 
great pieces of lumber. 

The temporary nature of most of the 
railroads provide their share of accti- 
dents, and danger lurks even in their 
construction, in the blasting of stumps 
and rocks, and the thawing out of dyna 
mite in the colder camps. Nitrogly 
may be absorbed through the hands 
causing severe headaches 


who use it. 


cerin 


54 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Those who have never seen a lumber 
camp have yet had vividly impressed 
upon them by graphic stories the hard- 
ships to which the log drivers are ex- 
posed, the great personal danger to the 
river drivers in the excitement of free- 
ing jammed logs, when a single slip 
may mean the crushing out of life be- 
tween the heavy logs or drowning in 
the water below them. Nor does the 
danger end with the logging, for the 
saw-mills, with their powerful and 
sharp-edged machinery, add their quota 
to the number of yearly accidents. 

Recognizing, as we must, the hazards, 
dangers and accidents in the lumber in- 
dustry, our desire is naturally aroused 
to do something in the way of preven- 
tion and in extending to the lumbermen 
the knowledge of first aid. 

I note in the Washington law for 
workmen’s compensation, which is a 
sort of State insurance, the employers 
of labor paying the premium, that if 
statistics show an undue number of ac- 
cidents among the employes of any 
given company because of poor or care- 
less management, the rate charged that 
company is increased. It seems to me 
this law should also be made to work 
the other way, so that any company 
making a good showing in the way of 
fewer accidents than may be taken for 
the normal number, should have its 
rates corrrespondingly reduced. Even 
if this is not done, the less that has to 
be paid out in compensation by the 
State will have a tendency to reduce the 
general rates paid by the companies. 

The Red Cross will gladly cooperate 
with the Bureau of Forestry and the 
lumber companies in arranging for first 
aid instructions. Conditions in lumber 
camps differ greatly from those in 
mines, railroads and other industrial 
plants. There can rarely be physicians 
resident in such close proximity to lum- 
ber camps that their services for in- 
struction can be easily made available. 
For this reason, it would be advisable 
to secure the entire time of a certain 
number of doctors for this purpose. 
To make an experiment—and we learn 
best by experience—the Red Cross 
makes this proposal: Towards a fund 


of $3,000 it will contribute $500, if a 
number of lumber companies in a giver 
locality will club together to raise the 
additional $2,500, each contributing ac- 
cording to the number of their respec- 
tive camps and employes. This fund 
will provide for the salary and expenses 
of a physician specially trained by the 
Red Cross for instruction to men en- 
gaged in the lumber industry both for 
the prevention of accidents and first aid 
to the injured. In connection with log- 
ging camps, there should be added cer- 
tain simple but important instructions 
in camp sanitation for the benefit of 
the general health of all the men. 

Such a doctor devoting his entire time 
to this work would travel from camp to 
camp. In cases of remote camps, he 
would stay long enough to give the men 
daily instruction for a short time. In 
cases where a number of camps could 
be reached more easily from one place, 
he would arrange to give one or two 
lessons a week at each camp. The 
classes are formed from volunteers who 
are given practical training. ‘The men 
soon realize the importance of such 
knowledge and are anxious to learn. 
Even those who gather about as spec- 
tators pick up not a little useful infor- 
mation. Each camp should be supplied 
with first aid outfits suitable to the needs 
of logging accidents, and these the men 
taught how to use. This is naturally 
but a tentative plan, with many details 
to be worked out; but may I commend 
it to the consideration of those inter- 
ested in the lumber industry and sug- 
gest that they appoint a committee or 
representative to confer with the first 
aid department of the Red Cross upon 
this matter. 

Again I am tempted to quote from 
Major Griggs’ able address. He said: 

“Logging is a hazardous life at the 
very best and calls for strong, dare- 
devil men and men who are willing to 
take chances. Danger is always pres- 
ent and men become so used to it that 
they get careless. This, however, is no 
excuse for needless loss of life and 
limb.” 

He commends: “the benefit of co- 
operative effort in conserving human 


CONSERVATION OF LIFE IN THE LUMBER CAMPS 55 


life and in protecting the bread-winners, 
upon whom depend the life and happi- 
ness of so large a population.” 

The American Red Cross offers to do 


its share in this cooperation for the con 
servation of the life of the lumber-jacks 
in the logging camps throughout our 
country. 


* An address at the Fifth National Conservation Congress. 


THE GOVERNMENT FORESTS 


The Annual Report of Chief Forester Graves Shows that the Past Year Resulted 
in the Greatest Progress in the National Forests. 


ORE than two billion board 

feet of timber, with a value 

of four and one-half mil- 

lion dollars on the stump, 

was sold by the Forest Service last 

year, according to the annual report 

of Henry S. Graves, forester. This is 

an increase of 167 per cent over the 

sales of the preceding year. The tim- 

ber sold was largely for future cutting 

under contracts that will run for a num- 

ber of years. The actual cut was a little 

less than 500 million board feet, an in- 

crease of 15 per cent over 1912. Still 
larger sales are in prospect. 


TIMBER SALE METHODS AND PROBLEMS. 


The timber-sale policy of the Forest 
Service is summarized as aiming first 
of all to prevent losses by fire, and sec- 
ondly to utilize the ripe timber which 
can be marketed. Other aims are: to 
cut so as to insure restocking and for- 
est permanence; to get the full market 
value for the timber sold; to prevent 
speculative acquisition and private mo- 
nopoly of public timber and to maintain 
competitive conditions in the lumber in- 
dustry so far as possible; to provide 
first for the needs of local communities 
and industries ; to open lands of agricul- 
tural value to settlement without allow- 
ing them to be tied up by timber specu- 
lators ; and finally, to secure as soon as 
possible the cost of production and ad- 
ministration to the Government and a 
revenue to the national forest States, to 
which go 25 per cent of all receipts. 

A large number of national forests 
already more than pay operating ex- 
penses. The revenue from the Alaskan 
forests now exceeds the cost of admin- 
istration. The same is true generally 
in the southwest. 


RANGE MANAGEMENT AND RECEIPTS. 


_ The forage resources of the national 
forests are pointed out as contributing 
to the maintenance of over 20 million 
head of livestock, which supply in part 
at least the demands for meat, hides, or 
wool of every State in the union. The 
receipts from grazing, during 1913, 
though second to those from timber, 
were more than a million dollars, and 
showed an increase over the previous 
year in spite of the fact that the sea- 
son was less favorable and, the area re- 
duced. Over 4 per cent more stock was 
grazed as the result of increased for- 
age production and improvements in 
handling stock, especially sheep. 

The system of range management 
employed by the forest service is held 
te offer hope of relief to the average 
citizen concerned over the dwindling 
supply of meat products and _ their 
alarming rise in cost. The national for- 
ests furnish abundant forage supplies, 
opportunity for the adoption of the best 
methods, freedom from livestock dis- 
eases, and protection in the enjoyment 
of all rights and privileges. Cattle from 
the Hayden national forest in Colorado 
took the grand championship prize at 
the National Live Stock Show in Den- 
ver, and in many cases the lambs from 
the forests topped the market. Losses 
from predatory animals are growing 
less as the wolves, bears, and other ani- 
mals are killed off by forest officers. 


GAME PROTECTION. 


In connection with the grazing work, 
the forests serve to protect game; and 
the Wichita forest, with its buffalo 
herd, is one of the show places of Okla 
homa. During the year the service 


56 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


operated with the biological survey in 
placing over two hundred elk on various 
national forests. A large number of 
streams were stocked with trout fry. 


CLAIMS ON THE NATIONAL FORESTS. 


A large part of the report is devoted 
to a discussion of various kinds of 
claims under which title to land within 
the forests is sought. Nearly a thou- 
sand homesteads were taken up under a 
special act which provides for opening 
to settlement land suitable for agricul- 
ture. The report states, however, that 
some old homestead claims were insti- 
tuted for the purpose of securing tim- 
ber, and the same is still true of some 
mining claims. 

“As attempted frauds under the min- 
ing laws are usually resorted to by in- 
terests in no way associated with min- 
ing, similarly the vast majority of home- 
stead frauds are not chargeable to prac- 
tical farming; but the appeal to popu- 
lar prejudice has been made in the 
name of the mining industry and in the 
name of the farmers of the country.” 


MINING CLAIMS. 


“The mining laws,’ Mr. Graves says, 
Pamord the oreatest cloak for land 
frauds in the national forests, and 
fraudulent mining claims are initiated 
by men and interests having no connec- 
tion whatever with the mining indus- 
try.” The mining laws, for example, 
have been used to cover townsite and 
timber claims, to secure farms and 
ranches, to secure mineral springs, sites 
for saloons, water-power sites, and 
stock watering places. 

It has often been asserted that the 
national forests have operated as a bar 
to legitimate mining development. Fig- 
ures collected in Colorado during the 
past year show that, if anything, there is 
more activity in prospecting on the na- 
tional forests than outside. 

“As with the stock industry, the 
proper relation of the forest service 
with the mining industry should be co- 
operative.” 

CLASSIFYING LANDS FOR USE. 

One of the largest tasks of the serv- 

ice during the past year has been the 


classification of lands within the na- 
tional forests in respect to their highest 
future use. This work was undertaken 
during 1913 on a more comprehensive 
scale than ever before, because there 
was a specific appropriation for the pur- 
pose. Large areas are being classified 
where the amount of land chiefly valu- 
able for agriculture warrants its being 
taken out of the forests, and it also 
takes care of areas on which detailed 
classification will disclose small areas 
suitable for agricultural development 
within the forests. The work is being 
carried on with the assistance of the 
bureau of soils and the bureau of plant 
industry. One result of this work was 
the elimination of 340,000 acres from 
the Nebraska national forest, 23,000 
acres from the Rainier, in Washington, 
and 413,770 acres from the Deschutes 
and Paulina, in Oregon. About 300,000 
acres in small isolated tracts were listed 
for settlement during the year. The 
areas now being examined for classifi- 
cation have a total area of about 3 mil- 
lion acres. 


WATER-POWER DEVELOPMENT. 


The development of water power 
upon the national forests increased rap- 
idly during the year, particularly in Cal- 
ifornia. It is the purpose of the service 
to encourage power development in 
every possible way, while safeguarding 
the interests of the public. The mini- 
mum output from the permits now in 
force is nearly 800 thousand horse- 
power. 

Regulations now in force aim to safe- 
guard the interests of the public, pre- 
vent speculative holding of power sites, 
provide for complete and proper devel- 
opment and continuous operation, se- 
cure a return to the Government for the 
privilege granted, provide a means by 
which States and municipalities may ac- 
quire power permits, and prevent un- 
just charges being placed on the con- 
sumer. 


IMPROVEMENTS ON THE FORESTS. 


The forests are being made increas- 
ingly accessible. More than 350 miles 
of road, nearly 300 miles of fire lines, 
nearly 4,000 miles of telephone lines, 


THE GOVERNMENT FORESTS 


and 2,600 miles of trails were built. 
The present value of all public improve- 
ments on the forests is somewhat over 
$3,000,000, two-thirds of this amount 
having been put into lines of communi- 
cation and protection. 


Receipts from all sources for the 
year were slightly under $2,500,000, 
showing an increase of 14 per cent over 
1912, while expenditures for adminis- 
tration and protection were slightly 
over $4,600,000, showing a decrease 
from 1912 of 2 per cent. It is pointed 
out that the work of examining and ap- 
praising timber prior to sale is seriously 
behindhand in some regions and that 
larger receipts from timber are contin- 
gent upon the funds that can be made 
available for this purpose. Although 
money for timber-sale work is neces- 
sarily subtracted from what is needed 
to protect the forests against fire, im- 
proved organization of the fire-protec- 
tive system has increased its efficiency. 
Owing partly to favorable weather con- 
ditions the total fire loss was only 
$67,000, less than 19 per cent of last 
year, which was the best to date. 


The resident population of the for- 
ests is given as nearly 200,000, and the 
transient population as over 1,500,000. 
Recreation use of. the forests is in- 
creasing greatly, and is in some places 
giving rise to the need for careful sani- 
tary regulation in the interest of the 
1,200 cities deriving their water sup- 
plies from streams protected by the 
forests. 


MONEY FOR THE STATES. 


Under existing law, 25 per cent of 
the gross receipts from the forests is 
paid over to the States by the Federal 
Government for the benefit of county 
schools and roads. An additional 10 
per cent is expended in building roads 
and trails for the benefit of the public. 
About $587,000 will be available for the 
States during the current year from last 
year’s receipts, besides $235,000 pro- 
vided for in the road fund. Altogether, 
including special funds to Arizona and 
New Mexico, the national forests pro- 
vided nearly $867,000 to be expended 
for the benefit of the States in which 
they are situated. 


APPALACHIAN FORESTS. 


More than 700 thousand acres have 
been acquired for national forest pur- 
poses in the southern Appalachians and 
White mountains, of which considera- 
bly more than half was secured during 
1913. These lands are being protected 
against fire, and the work of the Goy- 
ernment has greatly strengthened local 
sentiment against forest fires. Some 
250 miles of trail, to help in fire control, 
were completed during the year. 


CO-OPERATION WITH STATES. 


Co-operation with States in protect- 
ing forested watersheds from fire has 
brought about a co-operative field or- 
ganization in fifteen States and the 
same arrangement is contemplated with 
three others. 


FORESTRY ADDRESSES FOR STUDENTS 


HE address on the Conservation 

of the Natural Resources of 

| the Nation by Henry Sturgis 
Druker LD: president “of 
Lehigh University, and president of 
the American Forestry Association, 
published in the December number of 
AMERICAN FORESTRY, was an address 
delivered at the Tome Institute, of 
Port Deposit, Maryland, in October at 
the invitation of the Institute. Its pub- 
lication in our December issue should 


have been so credited but unfortunately 
the footnote stating that the address 
was delivered at Tome was dropped 
through an error while the article was 
going through the press. It 1s a type 
of forestry address setting forth ele- 
mentary forestry principles in a way to 
reach and interest the intelligent young 
student. Dr. Drinker expects to follow 
this address with one at Oberlin College, 
Ohio, before the student body of that 
Institution on January 16th. 


PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECONOMICS* 


By k. “T. ALLEN 
Forester for Western Forestry and Conservation Association 


ID you ever go into any project 
requiring your money and ef- 
fort, together with considera- 
ble responsibility, without real- 

ly understanding it? I suppose every 
one of us has. Most of us have in- 
vested hard-earned money in some 
enterprise because we couldn’t find a 
single flaw in the argument of the pro- 
motor and consequently didn’t have 
strength of mind to resist. We didn’t 
really want to invest, even if it were 
a good thing. We hadn’t the money 
to spare or, even if we had, we knew 
some other business better and would 
feel safer in it. We succumbed to per- 
suasion and logic just because we were 
off our own ground and couldn't es- 
cape decently, but our hearts weren’t 
in it. And however good that project 
was, it didn’t succeed as well as it 
would have if we had understood it, 
known it good because we did under- 
stand, followed every development with 
intelligent interest, and put our money 
and enthusiasm behind it every minute 
accordingly. 

Maybe we never actually distrusted 
the promoter, but we watched affairs 
mighty ready to criticise or sell out. 
We could even fail like martyrs if nec- 
essary, but we didn’t help as though 
our own honor and judgment were at 
stake. 

Now that’s just what is wrong with 
forestry in America. We have propa- 
gandists with a perfectly irrefutable 
assertion that forest preservation is a 
good investment. The public either 
savs “too busy today,” and while not de- 
nying does nothing, or it says “here’s 
your law (or appropriation or what- 
ever is asked for); now make good 
and save the forests.” But it doesn’t 
know the business factors that govern 
the enterprise and cannot criticise or 


58 


help intelligently. Sometimes the prop- 
agandist doesn’t know either. And 
forest preservation, unfortunately, can- 
not be conducted wholly by a business 
manager or board of directors. It is a 
mutual co-operative enterprise, requir- 
ing daily participation and ratification 
by all concerned. There must be an 
American forest policy which exists, 
not because a few of us say it should, 
but because a majority of citizens un- 
derstand what is needed and why and 
proceed to put it into effect. 

True, we are making rapid progress 
toward such a situation. Twenty years 
ago we had practically nothing. Now 
we have a great and efficient nationai 
forestry administration. Most States 
have some forest laws, some have good 
ones, a few are fairly liberal with 
funds. We have forestry associations 
and congresses. Lumbermen, once re- 
garded as the opposition, are now show- 
ing the most rapid advance of all, for 
in less than ten years their systematic 
protection of private timber has grown 
from practically nothing to cover about 
100,000,000 acres, with an increase of 
3,000 per cent in five years. 

But why does the Forest Service 
still have to fight for existence in every 
Congress, and at best be supplied with 
funds much less than private owners 
spend to protect adjoining lands? Why 
do many States have no forest legis- 
lation and few legislation that is ade- 
quate? Why are there sections where 
lumbermen and public are so mutually 
suspicious that neither supports any 
real solution of a mutual problem? 
Why do we have to have forestry as- 
sociations and conventions ? 

Evidently because the average citizen 
does not know much about the problem 
himself, in spite of all we have said 
and done. Result depended upon 


PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST 


human action depends partly upon the 
extent of desire for this result but more 
upon the extent of knowledge how to 
achieve it. We are trying to do as a 
minority what in its very nature must 
be an expression of the majority. We 
tell the average citizen it is his problem, 
that we have solved it for him, and that 
he should support the project. We are 
wrong. We cannot solve it or reduce 
it to a mere supportable project. We 
can give him the facts, but he must 
solve it by studying the relation of his 
conduct and the community’s to his own 
welfare and then acting accordingly. 
Then, and only then, will Congress, 
legislatures, lumbermen, foresters and 
public be able to work together as they 
must work together, knowing that their 
policies are sound and commended, thai 
success will be rewarded, and that fail- 
ure will be punished. 

We talk and write a great deal about 
methods, as though all that is neces- 
sary is to make foresters proficient and 
lumbermen interested. This is all right 
enough, but what is most needed is 
permission to apply what we already 
know. Knowledge and interest are far 
ahead of opportunity. Success depends 
chiefly upon having conditions under 
which they are encouraged. With such 
conditions you couldn’t stop it if you 
tried. 

Let us return to our average citizen 
who with his fellows constitute the ma- 
jority of our population. Suppose that 
in his home town, where community re- 
lations are so closely under his eye that 
they are familiar and clear to him, a 
single industry employs a large pro- 
portion of the population, produces the 
chief share of all. manufactured prod- 
ucts, and pays an essential part of the 
taxes. Let us say it is fruit-growing, 
or dairying, or furniture making. This 
citizen would not think twice before 
conceding its necessity. Anything 
threatening its discontinuance would be 
a menace to be fought vigorously; any- 
thing promising to increase it would be 
encouraged. Town officials, chamber 
‘of commerce, citizens—all would work 
and spend in earnest for its continu- 
ance and development just as you have 
seen them do often when occasion of- 


ECONOMICS 59 


fered to promote enterprises of com 
munity advantages. No one in publi 
life would dare do otherwise. 
Moreover, they would know how. 
If it were a dairy community its aver- 
age citizen would know pretty well what 
production costs, what prices are nec- 
essary, what improvements are feasible, 
what the State can and should do to aid 
and regulate, what public demands are 
reasonable and what are unreasonable. 
The relation of forest industry to the 
State or nation is exactly that of our 
illustrative industry to our suppositious 
town and so is its relation to every 
citizen. Lumbering is one of the three 
or four greatest American industries— 
it is our greatest manufacturing indus- 
try—and forest products are used in 
almost every other besides being prac- 
tically life essentials. Certainly it is 
second in usefulness to none excepi 
agriculture, and this would fare ill with- 
out its aid in many ways. The only 
reason the average citizen does not real- 
ize this and give it the same active and 
intelligent interest that he gives home 
town problems is that he cannot see it 
so clearly. The very immensity and 
importance of the industry causes its 
several processes of growing, manufac- 
turing and distributing to be conducted 
separately and thus confuses the pub- 
lic mind. Different communities see 
different parts of the process and get 
no thorough grasp of forest economics 
In many a little German village the 
whole community sees the forest grown, 
cut, manufactured and used. Those 
who do not actually participate, serve 
or supply those who do. All use the 
crop or profit by what is sold elsewhere. 
There forestry needs no propaganda. 
The people could not understand the 
need of it, any more than of propa- 
ganda for raising wheat and making 
bread. Yet their situation is really no 
different—it is only more concentrated. 
Here, too, forest industry is an entity. 
Man needs wood in various forms. To 
make the earth supply it, employing 
such labor as is required to make it 
suitable and available for his use, is a 
business. Its permanence and serv- 
ice to the community ; supplying the 


consumer, employing labor, using sup- 


60 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


plies, and paying taxes, requires, like 
other business, perpetuation of the re- 
source dealt with, economy in every 
process, and just payment by the con- 
sumer for service rendered. 

Here is where we, who should be the 
teachers, are at fault. We talk too 
much about forests, as though they 
were an end in themselves. We might 
just as well talk only of land when try- 
ing to improve agricultural conditions, 
or water when urging the protection 
and propagation of food fishes. How 
can the average citizen understand for- 
ests? It is the business of producing 
and making them useful to him that he 
must understand—its place in the so- 
ciety under which he exists, the eco- 
nomic laws under which it exists. He 
must be brought to consider all forest 
production and all forest use as little 
or no different from the production and 
use of any other necessary crop, obvi- 
ously to be encouraged and stabilized 
on a permanent basis profitable to all 
concerned. Whether he is a private 
citizen or a law maker serving private 
citizens, he must be fairly familiar with 
the factors which govern lumber prices, 
logging and manufacturing methods, 
the cost of growing and protecting the 
raw material. As long as he thinks an 
uncut forest is forestry, and that such 
forestry is good and all lumbering bad, 
there will be no real progress. Nor 
will he have lumber to use sometime 
when he needs it. 

We are moving in the right direction 
slowly. Once propagandists made for- 
estry an abstract problem of public or 
private conscience. They dwelt on the 
needs of posterity and urged present 
sacrifice as a duty. They practically 
said, “You are partly responsible for 
lack of forest protection. Forest de- 
struction is bad for somebody’s grand- 
children. Badness is wicked. There- 
fore you are wicked. You need a ser- 
mon and we'll preach it.” Nowadays 
we realize that abstract ethics do not 
influence human action as quickly as 
does fear of immediate personal injury. 
It does not offend our reforming in- 
stinct to add to our preachments of 
duty more vigorous and skilful appeals 
to human selfishness. We say “Do you 


want to make more money? Then stop 
the other fellow from destroying dol- 
lars you would otherwise share. For- 
est preservation is a bargain-price in- 
surance policy you can’t afford to be 
without. It’s cheap for a short time 
only. Look over our prospectus and 
invest.” 

Now forest preservation is prosperity 
insurance and insurance is good busi- 


‘ness. But it is a commodity that must 


be paid for in money and careful con- 
duct. The new way is better than the 
old, but our prospectus is still so gen- 
eral it only gets a certain confiding 
class of customers. It needs to give 
more information about the business; 
information that will both convince the 
critical and make every customer an- 
other salesman. 

Seek local arguments. If for the 
Atlantic coast, look up the pay-roll to- 
tal for all lumbering and woodworking 
industries in your State and the total 
selling receipts from their manufac- 
tured products. The size of the reve- 
nue thus kept at home, but which wili 
leave you if these industries have to 
move nearer some other sources of raw 
material, will probably amaze you as 
much as it will the public. Learn how 
much your consumers pay annually for 
all forest products and figure how much 
they would save if there were no im- 
port freight bills. Then learn the rate 
of growth of your own species and re- 
fute the popular belief that it is too slow 
to enable saving these sums to those 
now living. Do you know that Massa- 


chusetts is today manufacturing its’ 


fourth crop of white pine? 

Learn your area of waste land, and, 
with the same definite growth figures to 
give your statements news value and 
convincing business accuracy, show 
what it mieht be earning the community 
by producing forest commodities. Cal- 
culate the tax revenues your existing 
forests bring, and that which forests 
on now waste land would pay, and show 
the consequent reduction of taxation on 
other property. On definite premises 
of area. growth rate, and conservative 
crop values show the revenue obtaina- 
ble by the State from forest reserves 
of its own, balance this against the cost 


PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECONOMICS 61 


of such a project, and prove that you 
could lower all taxation just as they do 
in Europe. Study the effect of de- 
forestation on stream flow, use specific 
familiar examples, and convert the in- 
jury into dollars and cents. When you 
get figures in all these calculations, turn 
them into popular comparisons that are 
easily grasped. 

If you live on the Pacific Coast, for- 
get that white pine grows rapidly in 
Massachusetts and appeal to local pride 
by saying that here, undoubtedly, is the 
nation’s woodlot, where climate and 
rapid-growing species give an advan- 
tage over the East which it is a business 
crime to leave ungrasped. Show that 
the area denuded by fire and use will 
produce an equally valuable crop in, 
say, sixty years, and that leaving this 
land idle is costing our five coast for- 
est States about thirty million dollars 
aegyeat idd to this the loss by fire 
and show many millions altogether are 
being thrown away that might be dis- 
tributed through every channel of in- 
dustry. The lumber industry now 
brings about $140,000,000 a year into 
the four northwest Pacific States. 
Show that this is more than they get 
from wheat, wool, fruit, dairying and 
fisheries combined. The Pacific Coast 
had more than half the nation’s timber. 
Show how many billion dollars this will 
bring in if saved for manufacture. 
Show the wreck of industries that 
would follow its sudden destruction and 
point out that partial destruction means 
the same thing in proportion. 

When a score of American citizens 
are endangered by an uprising in China 
or Mexico, no price is too great to pay 
for their protection. When a few hun- 
dred sailors went down in the Maine 
we were aroused to the supremity of 
national effort—war. Are the lives of 
hundreds of men and women who meet 
fearful death in forest fires through 
American carelessness any less pre- 
cious? Their sufferings any less cause 
for national horror? The neglect of 
our people to observe the same care 
with fire in the woods that they exer- 
cise at home, the refusal of Congress 
and legislatures to appropriate ade- 
quately for fire prevention, and the 


leniency of our courts with fire law 
violators, alt must be due to failure by 
those of us who are responsible for 
American education in these matters to 
impress a true comparison of values 
on the public mind. 

As a nation we are engaged in for- 
estry. Our national forests comprise 
neatly 200 million acres. Here is a 
stupendous task, involving the protec- 
tion of existing supply, reforesting de- 
nuded areas, and disposing of the prod- 
uct so as best to serve the people and 
to influence conservative management 
of private forests. ‘To withhold funds 
necessary to do the work is letting an 
immensely profitable manufacturing 
plant lie almost idle, as well as in 
danger of destruction, to save the cost 
of fuel and watchmen. To mismanage 
it would be as bad or worse, for the 
one-fifth of our timber supply thus 
under public control cannot but influ- 
ence profoundly the permanent wise 
management of the four-fifths under 
private control upon which we are still 
more dependent. Clearly all of us— 
lumberman and consumer alike—have 
most to gain from stable conditions for 
the fullest use and perpetuation of all 
our forest resources, regardless of own- 
ership ; from making all true forest land 
capable of earning such an income from 
forest production as, without being ex- 
cessive, will insure its best management 
and consequent fullest service to com- 
munity and nation. 

And yet who can deny that we are 
without any accepted clear-cut, depend- 
able, national policy which supports 
and finances this immense project with 
competent consideration of both public 
and private forests and their influence 
on permanent industrial development” 
The Forest Service can neither an- 
nounce nor execute such a policy so 
long as there is every extreme of vari- 
ance in the views not only of the States, 
whose attitude toward their own for- 
ests and forest industries has a pro- 
found influence, but also in Congress 
where any executive policy, to be de- 
pendable, must find sanction and sup- 
port. Every Congressional session sees 
the whole subject debated from a dozen 
viewpoints, chiefly political, with 


62 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


marked lack of statesman-like treat- 
ment based on any real knowledge of 
forest economics. Besides unwilling- 
ness to provide adequate protection for 
the people’s property we even hear ad- 
vocated the turning it over to a dozei 
State legislatures ‘that are doing still 
less with their own forest responsibili- 
ties. Ignorance or a desire for political 
effect has even urged immediate sacri- 
ficial cutting to break a mythical ‘“‘lum- 
ber trust” when it should be self-evi- 
dent that private competition is now at 
its keenest and that the government 
supply should be husbanded against the 
time when it may have some real effect 
on prices to the consumer. 

Now all this is by no means chiefly 
the fault of Senators or Congressmen. 
There is nothing in it for them, except 
so far as it can be made to strike a 
responsive chord in their constituents. 
With the public half as well informed 
on the production of the lumber it needs 
as it is on the getting of its parcels by 
mail or the price of sugar, there would 
be an expression on an American for- 
est policy that would leave no states- 
man uncertain. We cannot blame him 
if there is no such expression nor can 
we blame his constituents for not seeing 
that he gets it. It is because they have 
not been told the facts in convincing 
business language. 

Come now to our States. Many 
have done nothing. Few have com- 
prehensive far-seeing policies, covering 
their own opportunity on State-owned 
lands and adequate encouragement of 
good private management through ef- 
ficient fire protection and just taxation. 
It is not enough for the reformer to 
present good laws and recognize bad 
ones. Why is there little trouble in 
passing laws for protection and advance 
of agriculture, horticulture and dairy- 
ing? Not because these industries are 
more useful and deserving, but because 
people understand their governing con- 
ditions and see the point of such laws 
readily. The chief reason they do not 
so understand forest conditions is that 
the reformer himself makes forestry a 
creed and not a business. 

In my opinion forestry will never 
succeed in the United States until it is 


so closely allied with lumbering that 
neither forester, lumberman nor pub- 
lic makes any distinction. ‘This is the 
case in Europe and everywhere in 
America that there has been successful 
progress. So long as the lumberman 
suspects forestry of being antagonistic, 
he will not help. So long as he does 
not help, the forester cannot talk in- 
telligently to the public. After all, the 
private owner controls most of our for- 
est area. His use of it, our use of it, 
and the effect of our relations upon our 
joint use of it, largely determine our 
forest destinies. 

Were foresters in proper touch with 
the business end of producing forest 
products they would have the support 
of all lumbermen and jointly they would 
have an irresistible argument. Were 
forest economics understood and forest 
industry given its proper rating com- 
pared with other industries, suspicious 
lumberman and suspicious public would 
alike see a common object and make 
mutual cause to further it. “A State 
with a hundred times more revenue to 
be expected from lumbering than from 
wool growing would not appropriate 
$500 for forest protection and $20,000 
for coyote scalps. A community that 
applauds its chamber of commerce for 
getting a shoe factory and gives it a 
free building site would not carelessly 
burn up a forest capable of employing 
a thousand times as many men and then 
tax the owner so he cannot afford to 
hold and protect the land for a new 
crop. A State that is glad to see its 
farmers get a good price for wheat. 
even if it does use some flour, would 
not rejoice when its sawmills are forced 
to accept a low price for lumber. A 
lJumberman who prefers to let his trees 
stand until Americans need them. rather 
than cut them at a loss for foreign ex- 
port, would not be accused of conspir- 
ing to bleed the consumer any more 
than would a farmer who decides not 
to raise potatoes when they don’t pay 
for raising. A country that applauds 
fruit growers for systematizing to as- 
sure reliable grades and intelligent mar- 
keting, sends publicly paid experts to 
help improve their orchards, and ex- 
empts them specifically from ‘the Sher- 


PUBLIC KNOWLEDGE OF FOREST ECONOMICS 


man law, would not condemn and seek 
to prosecute forest growers for attempt- 
ing similar co-operative improvement 
of a business still more necessary to 
the community. 

In short, the public would prefer to 
see all forest industry, public and pri- 
vate, on a sound business footing cal- 
culated to preserve it and its benefits 
to the community, and would expect to 
pay the cost of producing lumber from 
the tree to the yard plus the same fair 
profit that the public itself requires 
from its individual enterprises. And 
if this is true, the great need today is 
for teaching the principles of the busi- 
ness from start to finish. Every proc- 
ess, its cost, and its relation to other 
processes and to the final price of the 
product, should be common knowledge. 

Nothing can be more inconsistent, so 
long as most of our forests are pri- 
vately owned, and even the public for- 
ests must be manufactured for us pri- 
vately, than to antagonize the lumber- 
man whose help we must have by con- 
tinuing such ignorance of his problems 
that we even treat him as an enemy. 
On the whole, forest industry proba- 
bly surpasses any other in smallness of 
profit. Unusual opportunity has built 
some large fortunes, but for every one 
of these are many cases where the pub- 
lic has profited by failure. Nor is 
stumpage speculation any exception. 
Times are changed. ‘Taxes, protection 
and interest are now compounding more 
rapidly than prices advance. The tend- 
ency is toward competitive over-pro- 
duction rather than toward monopolis- 
tic holding back of material. Few if 
any things are sold at so much less than 
their value as the trees of which lumber 
are made. 


a) 
65 


Whatever may have been in the past, 
when new supplies were easily availa 
ble, the lumber producer now sees his 
industry dependent on forest preserva- 
tion and his interest in this is as keen 
as ours. If he does not practice fores- 
try it is, as Forester Graves says, for 
one or more of three reasons: first, 
the risk of fire; second, burdensome 
taxation; third, low price of lumber. 
This situation will not be relieved by 
threats of compulsion but only by learn- 
ing what it costs to furnish forest crops 
and establishing a business-like policy 
accordingly. 

When forest economics are as well 
understood as the economics of fruit 
or wheat growing, the suspicion which 
always confronts mystery will no 
longer manifest itself in prejudice 
which works to the consumers disad- 
vantage. The private as well as pub- 
lic lumber producer, as a class, because 
he is honest and useful as a class, will 
be accorded the same respect and help- 
ful sympathy as is accorded the farmer 
or engineer who develops the 'possi- 
bilities of utilizing our country and sup- 
plying its people. And he will be quick 
to respond. 

So we always get back to education, 
the line in which forestry effort is the 
weakest. The ingenuity of theatrical, 
railroad, political and advertising agen- 
cies is proverbial. Activities of this 
kind are now regarded as business ne- 
cessity. They are needed and legiti- 
mate nowhere more than in forest prop- 
aganda, which has nothing to conceal 
but everything to teach. Education is 
a matter of publicity and publicity is a 
trade. It cannot be practiced intui- 
tively. Foresters and lumbermen must 
learn this trade. 


* An address delivered at the Fifth National Conservation Congress, November 20, 1913. 


FORESTRY CONFERENCE AT VANCOUVER 


N describing various movements to- 
ward securing better forestry con- 
ditions, chiefly of improved protec- 
tion against forest fires, EK. ‘I. Allen, 

forester of the Western Forestry and 
Conservation Association, said at its 
annual meeting held in December at 
Wancouver, B.C. : 

“The. National Conservation Con- 
gress, a yearly gathering of prominent 
and influential people which has possi- 
bilities of much power, good or bad, has 
in the past offered us some opportunity 
but not as much as we wished. This 
year, through co-operation suggested by 
us last fall to its officials and the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association, it not only 
gave forest economics a large share of 
its main program but also provided for 
a separate sectional meeting on forestry 
and lumbering which was a tremendous 
success. ‘len expert committees were 
appointed last spring to bring in reports 
on forest legislation, taxation, fire meth- 
ods, utilization and like practical sub- 
jects and $5,000 was contributed by the 
American Forestry Association to give 
them publicity. We were invited to di- 
rect much of this work. The result 
was not only to get for the first time 
a broad practical treatment of all these 
subjects before the public in a form be- 
yond suspicion of selfish interest, and 
with western conditions fully consid- 
ered, but also to cement an alliance with 
all workers along these lines in the 
country so as to keep up such co-opera- 
tion hereafter in short, our associa- 
tion now has national as well as western 
influence. 

Mr. Allen went on to tell of the work 
of his association by saying: “We have 
at last arrived at a point where our or- 
ganization affords absolute fire protec- 
tion in the normal season. ‘To put it 
another way, we can practically insure 
our timber for the normal year at the 
present price of supporting the organ- 
ization we have developed. For suc- 


64 


cess was by no means due wholly, or 
even chiefly, to weather conditions. 
Representative private and official pro- 
tective agencies throughout the Pacific 
Northwest States were asked to submit 
a comparison of this season’s hazard 
with that of other seasons. While there 
is some local variation in such compari- 
son, the consensus is that while 1913 
hazard did not tax 1913 facilities over- 
hard, this was because facilities were 
improved. ‘The season itself was of av- 
erage difficulty. Montana reports it “as 
great or greater than usual’; Idaho ‘av- 
erage, excepting the unusually dry sea- 
sons of 1905 and 1910.’ Washington, 
‘not as bad as 1902 and 1910, or quite so 
bad as 1911, but worse than 1912 and 
averaging with other past years’; Ore- 
gon, ‘about an average year, taking all 
together.’ ”’ 

President A. L. Flewelling, in an in- 
cisive address and speaking from the 
viewpoint of a practical man, said con- 
siderable of particular interest to for- 
ESECES: 

“The subject of forestry in the last 
decade has engrossed the public mind 
more than any other of the live issues 
discussed. It has been heralded from 
the pulpit, the rostrum and through the 
public press of all civilized countries, 
and the thought that in time the world 
would be denuded of its forests and 
verdure, with all the dire calamities 
which would logically follow, has been 
scattered broadcast by impassioned ut- 
terance and scarehead articles until the 
public mind has almost reached a con- 
dition of panic. A class of hysterical 
people have been handling the subject, 
who never owned any trees or ever 
looked a payroll in the face—all good 
people according to their lights, but 
more often insane than sane in their 
statement of facts and conclusions of 
results. They have so wrought upon 
the public mind that the subject has 
become chaotic, and it has become nec- 


THE BLIGHTS OF CONIFEROUS NURSERY STOC 


essary for the people who are really 
interested in the subject as protectors 
of trees to organize their forces into an 
intelligent association, consisting of the 
owners of timber or their representa- 
tives, be that ownership private, State 
or national. ‘These conditions supplied 
the primal reasons for the birth and 
growth of this great organization. 
“This association, being made up of 
the bulk of the intelligent, organized ef- 
fort for the prevention of forest fires 
in the territory which it covers, has 
been enabled to draw to itself most of 
the potent factors necessary to its suc- 
cess by the natural laws of gravitation. 
We began by placing attractive litera- 
ture on the subject in all the district 
schools, thereby educating the children 
along right lines, and they in turn edu- 
cated their parents. Now the first 
smoke that appears is instantly reported 
to one of our rangers by the first per- 
son that discovers it, over some unit of 
the network of telephone lines which 
we have constructed through the tim- 
bered district, and one or more of the 
great army of workers jumps on the 
fire and puts it out. Our rangers repori 
to the country newspapers, and through 
this medium a live interest in the sub- 
ject of forest protection is steadily kept 
in the public mind. The careless 
camper and logger and the heedless far- 


IK 65 


mer is kept reminded of the duty 
owes to the public and to the laws of 
the land regarding the unlicensed fires 
he sets in carrying on his Operations. 

“We recognize as a self-evident truth 
that trees were created for the use of 
man, and that when a forest becomes 
ripe it should be cut without waste and 
used, so that nature can get to work 
on the new growth and perfect a new 
forest for future generations. We are 
not so much concerned in saving tim- 
ber for generations yet unborn as we 
are in saving our present crop from 
useless destruction, harvesting it intel- 
ligently and starting the new crop grow- 
ing and protecting the new growth. 
Nature will still grow new trees if we 
keep the fires out and just let her work. 
Prevent and put out the small fire and 
you will have no large fires.” 

Reports on fire conditions in their 
various districts were made by officials 
of the various fire-protective organiza- 
tions of Oregon, Washington, Califor- 
nia, Idaho, and Montana, as well as 
Government officials of the United 
States and Canada, and there were sev- 
eral addresses on other phases of for- 
estry. There was a most gratifying at- 
tendance both from the United States 
and Canada, and the conference was in 
every way a splendid success. 


ial BLIGHT S OF CONIFEROUS NURSERY STOCK 


NUMBER of different blights, 
concerning which little has been 
known, do considerable damage 
to conifers in nurseries in the 

United States, according to Bulletin 
No. 44, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. 
Department of Agriculture. The in- 
creasing amount of forest planting and 
the danger that imported stock will 
bring in serious tree diseases make it 
especially important that methods of 
controlling these blights be found in 
order to encourage the growing or 
planting stock in this country. 

Sun scorch is the commonest sum- 
mer trouble among nursery stock. The 


roots of the plants affected die before 
or at the same time as the tops. Death 
is caused by excessive water loss. It 
usually occurs when the air is hot and 
dry and the soil around the roots is 
dry. The disease is worse on sandy 
soils in crowded beds and on raised 
parts of beds. On sandy soils it may 
kill suddenly and in definite patches. 
Successful preventive measures that 
have been tested by the department are 
watering, shading and avoidance of 
crowding. In nurseries located on 
mineral soils the humus content should 
be increased. 

Winterkilling, another disease, causes 


66 


the tops of the plants to dry when the 
soil is frozen so that the plants cannot 
take up water. The preventive measures 
most used consist of a light straw 
mulch on the beds and windbreaks. 

The tops of plants affected by the 
mulch-blight die in winter. This hap- 
pens while the mulch is still on or oc- 
casionally just after it is removed. The 
roots do not die till sometime after the 
tops, ‘The immediate cause of death is 
unknown. The disease may be pre- 
vented by avoidance of heavy, close 
mulches. Spraying with Bordeaux mix- 
ture just before the beds are mulched 
in the fall may also be of value. 

There are a number of needle-de- 
stroying fungi, some of which are cer- 


MANY USES 


ROM furnishing material for a 
esis in which to hunt whales 

some hundred-odd years ago to 

supplying New England factories 
of today with 11,000 cords of wood 
annually for shoe pegs and shanks 1s, 
according to the Department of Agri- 
culture, only part of the services the 
birch tree has rendered and is render- 
ing the people of America. 

Sir Alexander Mackenzie, the de- 
partment states in a bulletin on the uses 
of birch, hunted whales in a birch-bark 
canoe. The animals were found at 
the mouth of the Mackenzie kiver. 
He failed to strike the game, and con- 
cluded that it was probably for the 
best. While the canoes are frail, it is 
pointed out that the bark of which they 
are made resists decay longer than any 
other part of the tree. 

It would be difficult to estimate the 
value of the service of the birch-bark 
canoe in the discovery, exploration, de- 
velopment, and settlement of the north- 
ern part of this continent. From the 
Arctic Circle to the Great Lakes, and 
southward, for a century and a half, 
that light but exceedingly strong and 
serviceable vessel threaded the lakes 
and rivers, bearing trade and carryine 
civilization where no other boat could 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


tain sooner or later to cause damage 
in the nurseries in the more moist parts 
of the United States. They have so 
far done little damage in our nurseries, 
and have been little studied. Spraying 
with Bordeaux mixture at the proper 
time will presumably prevent damage 
from any of them. The proper times 
for spraying have not yet been deter- 
mined. ‘The importation of European 
stock should be discouraged in order 
to avoid bringing parasites which have 
not yet reached this country. 

A great deal of blight occurs in red 
cedar seedlings and transplants. ‘The 
cause and methods of prevention are 
unknown. Shading, watering and fre- 
quent spraying should be tested. 


FOR BIRCH 


go. The French explorers and mission- 
aries made journeys of hundreds of 
miles in these canoes, often carrying 
cargoes which would seem beyond the 
capacity of such frail vessels. 

The range of uses to which birch 
wood is put is surprisingly large. The 
articles into which it goes range from 
church pews to kitchen tables, and from 
organ pipes to newel posts. We may 
have our first sleep in a birch crib and 
our last in a birch coffin. The spools 
on which we get our cotton and silk 
thread are birch spools, and the lasts 
on which our shoes are made are 
likely to be birch lasts. The largest of 
the spools hold 12,000 yards, the small- 
est 20 yards. The wood’s beauty, 
strength, and rigidity make it promi- 
nent as a material for musical instru- 
ments, and the same qualities bring it 
into extensive use for flooring. 

Many people have an idea that shoe 
pegs have nearly passed out of use, 
but the amount of birch previously 
mentioned as made into pegs and 
shanks yearly in New England seems 
to disprove this notion. Birch. the de- 
partment says, is often put on the mar- 
ket in imitation of other woods, and 
we may open many a door, sit on many 
a chair, and write on many a desk 


MELE IS HOLDING ITS OWN 6% 


which we imagine to be mahogany, but 
which is really birch stained to re- 
semble the genuine article. 

Nine species of birch grow in the 
United States, but sweet, yellow, paper, 
and river birch are those most used. 
About 45,000,000 board feet of the 
wood finds its way to the market yearly. 
Paper birch is one of the few Ameri- 


can species with a hold on the 
stronger than it had when 
was discovered. 


forest 
America 
Large tracts are now 
covered with this birch where there \ 
little of ita century ago. It comes in 
after fire, and some tracts it has taken 
possession of cover hundreds of square 
miles. 


as 


MAPLE IS HOLDING ITS OWN 


HOUGH at one time in the 
early history of the country an 
average of 6,000 maple trees 
were destroyed in clearing the 

ordinary New York or Pennsylvania 
farm, maple is today one of the most 
widely used and valuable native hard- 
woods. 

A bulletin on the uses of maple, just 
issued by the Department of Agricul. 
ture, states that the wood finds place in 
an enormous number of articles in 
daily use, from rolling pins to pianos 
and organs. It is one of the best woods 
for flooring, and is always a favorite 
material for the floors of roller skating 
rinks and bowling alleys. It leads all 
other woods as a material for shoe 
lasts, the demand for which in Massa- 
chusetts alone exceeds 13 million board 
feet annually. 

Sugar maple stands near the top of 
the list of furniture woods in this 
country. The so-called “birds-eye” ef- 
fect, the department explains, is prob- 
ably due to buds which for some rea- 
son can not force their way through the 
bark, but which remain just beneath it 
year after year. The young wood is 
disturbed each succeeding season by the 
presence of the bud and grows around 
it in fantastic forms which are exposed 
when the saw cuts through the ab- 
normal growth. 

Maple is one of the chief woods 
used for aericultural implements and 
farm machinery, being so employed be- 


The total amount of land purchased in the eastern States for Federal forests is 1 
So far the principal work on these areas has involved their protection a 


800,000 acres. 
forest fires. 


cause of its strength and hardness. All 
kinds of wooden ware are made of 
maple, which holds important rank also 
in the manufacture of shuttles, spools, 
and bobbins. It competes with black 
gum for first place in the manufacture 
of rollers of many kinds, from those 
employed in house moving to the less 
massive ones used on lawn-mowers. 
Athletic goods, school supplies, brush 
backs, pulleys, type cases, and crutches 
are a few of the other articles for which 
maple is in demand. 

Seven species of maple grow in the 
United States, of which sugar maple, 
sometimes called hard maple, is the 
most important. The total cut of 
maple in the United States annually 
amounts to about 1,150,000,000 feet. 
Nearly one-half is produced by Michi- 
gan, with Wisconsin, Pennsylvania, 
New York, and West Virginia follow- 
ing in the order named. Sugar maple, 
says the department, is in little danger 
of disappearing from the American 
forests, for it is a strong, vigorous, 
aggressive tree, and though not a fast 
grower is able to hold its own. In 
Michigan it is not unusual for maple 
to take possession of land from which 
pine or hardwoods have been cut clean, 
and from New England westward 
through the Lake States and southward 
to the Ohio and Potomac Rivers few 
other species are oftener seen in 
woodlots. 


NATIONAL ORGANIZATION TO STUDY FOREST 
INSEGF PROBLEM 


HE, enormous losses due to for- 
est insects have led to the 
formation of a society for the 
advancement of forest en- 

tomology in America. The members of 
this society hold that the work of in- 
sects has not received the attention 
which it deserves. 

Henry S$. Graves, U. S. Forester, the 
newly elected president of the society, 
on being asked about the purposes of 
the organization, said that they were, 
in general, to call attention to the part 
which insects play in forest problems. 
“We have had,” he said, “widespread 
and specific interest in insect pests such 
as the San Jose scale and the boll wee- 
vil, which affect all of us as to what we 
eat and what we wear. Forest insects 
through their destruction of timber in- 
crease the cost of a necessity which en- 
ters quite as much into the daily life of 
the individual as do the products of the 
field and orchard. If the importance of 
the protection of our forest resources 
from insect depredations is generally 
recognized, a large part can be pre- 
vented or avoided. 

“Right now in the national forests 
the bureau of entomology and the For- 
est Service are cooperating to stop in- 
sect ravages by discovering their be- 
ginnings, and stamping them out. A 
few isolated trees attacked by insects 
may form the nucleus of a mountainside 
devastation quite as serious as that from 
a forest fire. The opportunity for com- 
batting insects, however, is in one re- 
spect better than that in the case of a 
fire, which runs rapidly, because it takes 
several years for an insect devastation 
to spread until it becomes of such pro- 
portions as that which overspread the 
yellow pine forests in the Black Hills 
ir 1906. Watchful care on the part 
of forest officers, lumbermen, and pri- 
vate individuals will make it possible to 
catch these infestations before they get 
a good start. By cutting and burning 


68 


the trees, or stripping off the bark, the 
insects can be killed. As in all such 
cases, an ounce of prevention is worth 
a pound of cure.” 

“Who make up the membership of 
the organization?” was the next ques- 
tion asked of Mr. Graves. 

“It is open to anyone interested in the 
subject,” -Mr.'* Graves’ -frepited: tam 
seems to me that the relation of forest 
insects to forest protection touches al- 
most every one. Of course, we expect 
that new members shall be recom- 
mended by the present membership, 
which is made up largely of persons who 
have studied the forest insect problem 
at first hand. In order, however, that 
the objects of the society shall be kept 
foremost, it is required that at least 
four of the seven officers must be 
chosen from among professional forest 
entomologists. It is expected that hon- 
orary vice presidents representing Fed- 
eral, State, and private interests will 
be elected to promote the objects of the 
organization in many localities through 
the country.” 

“How will these objects be attained ?” 

“In the first place, the objects of the 
society are largely educational. As in 
all questions of large public importance, 
the main idea is to give the public an 
opportunity to know just how important 
they are. In the second place, the so- 
ciety will form a clearing house for in- 
formation, and its meetings will discuss 
the most advantageous methods of in- 
sect control. ‘Take, for example, the 
ravages of the gypsy moth and the 
brown-tail moth in the Northeastern 
States. If we can bring about a general 
knowledge of these insects and of the 
harm they do, and are able to instill 
into the mind of the individual the ne- 
cessity for and the proper methods of 
their control, how much easier it will 
be to combat them than when the work 
is confined only to governmental 
agencies !” 


TIMBER ESTIMATING IN THE PACIFIC 
NORTHWEST 


ay. Et. J. 


‘IMBER estimating varies from 

| the rapid, inexpensive prelim- 

inary to the detailed, elaborate, 

costly method of the total tree 

count. In making a preliminary, one 

may run once through a 40 by either 

estimating the trees in a given strip or 

by generally sizing up the timber. In 

making a total tree count it is necessary 

to run through a 40 8 or 12 times, 

counting the trees on each side of the 

compass line for a sufficient distance to 
cover the entire area. 

In the wide range from the one-rur. 
preliminary to the total tree count with 
its 8 or 12 times through a 40, there 
are any number of systems, limited 
only by the ingenuity of the estimator, 
so that when one reads of a new sys- 
tem having been developed it is not to 
be taken too seriously. 

The first estimating on the Pacific 
Coast was done on a basis of one run 
through a 40, but as the timber in- 
creased in value more care was taken 
with the estimating until now the basis 
is a 2, 4 or 8 times run through a 40, 
at a cost of from 12 cents to $1.00 per 
Bete. 

The most frequent systems used are: 

(1) Counting the trees either in 
strips or in circles and obtaining the 
total by multiplying the average tree 
by the number of trees. 

(2) Counting the trees either in 
strips or in circles and treating each 
tree as a unit to obtain the totals. 

(3) Taking a tree here and there as 
a base and by much criss-crossing of 
the area between the compass lines 
seeing the entire acreage. ‘This plan is 
subject to a great many variations and 
is used mostly by men of long expe- 
rience in the woods. It is considere/ 
by many largely a matter of intuition. 
Nevertheless, its accuracy at times 1s 
almost startling, 

The strip and circle methods are 


BROWN 


fundamentally the same, as they are 
both based on the counting of trees. 
Some prefer the circle method, as they 
can count the trees with more accuracy 
while standing on one spot than while 
moving and counting them in a strip. 
This, however, is largely a matter of 
training. The strip method is the only 
one used when making an entire tree 
count. The difference in the method 
of estimating lies in counting the con- 
trast and then multiplying by an aver. 
age tree in contrast to estimating each 
tree and adding for the total. 

To obtain the amount in individual 
trees is also largely a matter of per- 
sonal choice. There are two general 
systems: 

(1) Certain “rules of thumb” de- 
veloped by the individual cruiser and 
which have been found to produce sat- 
isfactory results. 

(2) The use of the volume table 
which is based on an ideal tree, thereby 
making it necessary to have the trees 
conform to the volume table and not 
the volume table to the tree. This table 
is based on diameters running from 12 
to 90 inches, or higher, carrying a dif- 
ferent number of logs and a varying 
taper for each diameter class. In 
other words, adding the contents of the 
scale of the individual logs to get the 
contents of the tree. 


For example: 


4 logs or 3 logs or 
128 foot tree 96 foot tree 

Taper Contents Taper Contents 

32’ log B.M. 32’ log 3. M. 
Butt ao 4,784 3” . 3,960 
Diameter 4” = 4,010 Ws) aes 
36” Bit 3 S16 5” 2.994 
6” 22 6” 2.568 


To use this table one must measure 
down trees for taper and length and 
use the volume table accordingly. The 
diameter of standing trees can be deter- 
mined by the use of a diameter tape. 


70 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Whether the estimate is to be based 
on a 2, 4 or 8 times run through a 40 1s 
optional with the owner or prospective 
buyer. A 2 times run through a 40 1s 
made at intervals of two tallies or 660 
feet, counting trees on either side of 
the tally line for a distance of 31% 
steps or 5 rods and multiplying the 
amount by 4 for the total. A 4 times 
run is made at intervals of one tally 
or 330 feet, doubling the amount for 
the total. 

In an 8 times run tally stakes are set 
by a survey crew which keeps ahead of 
the estimators. These stakes are set 
along the section line and are used to 
keep the compassman in alignment. 
The boundary of the 40 (or 1/16 
square-mile lines) can be carried by 
the estimator and the compassman can 
carry the lines, and a survey crew is 
not used except to run the section lines 
where there is an indistinct survey. 

In making a 1, 2 or 4 times run, 
whether the trees are counted in strips 
or circles, there is no fundamental dif- 
ference in the basis of the estimate. 
The difference lies in using the indi- 
vidual multiple for the number of 
trees in contrast to estimating the in- 
dividual trees and adding for the total. 

The following diagram is based on 
an 8 times run through a 40. Estimates 
are run on the fractional tally lines. 


4th tally or 1/16 line 
3yA 
3% tally line 
3d_ tally line 
234 tally line 
2% tally line 
2d_ tally line 
134 tally line 
1% tally line 
Ist tally line 


2/ 


34 tally line 


tally line 


% tally line 


Boundary line of 40. 


In making a detailed estimate of a 
large tract, if a number of crews are 
employed, some estimating firms have a 
head estimator check up the work of 
the other estimators. In such instances 


it is well to have a well perfected 
system under which all the crews can 
work in order to produce similarity of 
data and reports. The head estimator 
is held responsible for the work of all 
the estimators. As the work is done 
under one system, it is much easier to 
prevent errors or adjust any dispute 
that may arise. 

The foregoing shows that timber es- 
timating has developed from a loose 
individual idea to a closely detailed 
system. None of the methods evolved 
are obsolete or untrustworthy, as the 
method to be used depends upon the 
circumstances and object of the cruise, 
as well as upon the individual making 
the estimate. A buyer thinking of 
entering a certain belt of timber and 
wishing to obtain general information 
as to the kind and character of the 
timber does not care to spend much 
money, and so sends an estimator on 
a preliminary cruise for this informa- 
tion. The estimator may work alone 
by simply running along section lines 
and getting a general idea, or he may 
have a compassman. If his report is 
satisfactory a more detailed examina- 
tion is made. Where stumpage is 
$3.00 and $4.00 or higher, the buyer 
will probably want a detailed tree 
count. 

Bonding houses now require a care- 
ful, detailed cruise by well-known esti- 
mators in order to offer assurance to 
their clients as to the exact amount of 
timber under mortgage. : 

In connection with the estimating, a 
complete contour map should be made, 
based on barometer readings, which 
will show creeks, roads, trails, etc. It 
will also show tthe outlet of the timber 
and the best location for possible rail- 
roads and camps. 

The report form on which the final 
estimate is made is largely a matter of 
choice. It varies from the simple form 
with the section divided into 40’s—the 
amount in board feet found on each 40 
to be inserted—to the elaborate form 
giving the number of trees and their 
amount, the average length, size and 
amount per tree, and the different per- 
centage of grades found on each 40. 
These reports are worked up from the 


FIRE PROTECTION ON THE 


cruiser’s field notes, which are copied 
on forms while in the field. On large 
tracts the specific report for a 40 or a 
section is supplemented by a general 
report covering the tract as a whole 
and taking up in detail the quality of 
the timber, the cost of logging and the 
general desirability of the tract. This 
general report is of great value and 
often covers the ground so thoroughly 


OZARK NATIONAL FOREST 11 
that the detailed reports are not con- 
sulted. 

With the increase in the value of 
timber there is a growing recognition 
of the fact that timber estimating must 
be put on a more scientific basis. Up 
to this time, however, efforts to make it 
conform to certain prescribed theories 
have not been entirely successful. 


FIRE. PROTECTION ON THE OZARK NATIONAL 
PORESd 


By Francis Kierer, Forest Supervisor 


NDER this same title there ap- 

peared an article in the August, 

1912, number of AMERICAN 

Forestry, a description of the 

fire protection system installed on the 

Ozark National Forest. It is the pur- 

pose of this short paper to briefly dis- 
cuss its results. 

To summarize the scheme, the forest 
supplied with ten towers, is divided 
into six ranger’s districts, which are in 
turn subdivided into fire-fighting units 
in accordance with natural and arti- 
ficial features such as ridges, streams 
and roads. In each unit a reliable set- 
tler is chosen who is well situated for 
quickly reaching any fire which may be 
reported to him either by the ranger or 
tower lookout. This fire-fighter is sup- 
plied with fire rakes, sprinkling buck- 
ets and wooden brooms, required for 
extinguishing. In this way the regular 
force, which on account of limited ap- 
propriations is kept small, is supple- 
mented in time of danger. 

After a year’s trial, the system has 
shown its value to be in the ability of 
the district rangers to (1) place fire- 
fighters at a fire in its incipiency, (2) to 
relieve themselves of attending every 
small fire, thus saving themselves for 
the more critical situations. In the 
Ozark region fires are numerous, due 
to incendiarism growing from an old 
custom of the settlers to burn annually 
to “improve the range,” “destroy var- 
ments,” “improve health conditions,” 
and kindred superstitious reasons. 


The direct benefit of the first feature 
of value in the system is that the acre- 
age burned over annually is largely re- 
duced although the number of fires has 
not been diminished. This is shown by 
the following extracts from annual re- 
ports: 


Number of | Acreage 
Year Fires * Burned Remarks 
1911 145 83,723 Without tower system 
1912 241 43,933 With ce < 


*Presumably the number of fires is greater in 1912 
than in 1911, because all fires were discovered and 
-eported, while in 1911 under the riding patrol system 
some fires were not discovered. 


The one great fault of the system 
has proven itself to be the difficulty to 
procure a reliable fire-fighter for each 
fire-fighting unit. This weakness, how- 
ever, is expected to be remedied in 1913 
through a chief fire-fighter whose sole 
duty it will be to maintain a strict vigi- 
lance in troublesome units. 

The speedy action which is obtained 
by the towers in locating fires and 
sending men to them is shown by the 
following: 


Time Fire- 


| Distance of | 


2 Time ° fighters 
A | from : 
Namie of Fire ~ | pj<covered | eee) Arrived at 
= Fire 


. Mm. 


Sylamore No. 80 11:30 a. m. | 10 miles | 12:1 


> p 

Blue Mt. No. 100p.m.| 9 0p. m. 
PleasandHillNo.5| 1:00p.m.| 8 0 p.m 
While setting forth the foregoing re- 


sults of the protective system it is op- 


72 ; AMERICAN FORESTRY 


portune to mention the findings in ex- 
periments with various forms of fire- 
fighting equipment. The abundance of 
water in the many running streams of 
the Ozarks has stimulated efforts to de- 
vise means for its conveyance to fires. 
Since packing is unknown on the forest 
animals, metal tanks were soon aban- 
doned. Collapsible canvas bags de- 
signed to be thrown over ordinary 
Texas saddles and to be carried on a 
and impracticable through lack of pack 
man’s shoulders have been the object 
of development. Where water is 
plentiful there is no question as to the 
feasibility of conveying it in sufficient 
quantities on horseback to be of im- 
mense benefit in combating fires, but 
the difficulty which has not been over- 
come is the prevention of leakage at 
seams and through the fabric itself. 
Various weights of canvas, combina- 
tion of weights, water-proofing liquids, 
and methods of construction have all 
failed. It is essential that leakage be 
prevented because during cold weather 
both man and beast must be dry. The 
South African water bag, which has 
proven its merit in the Forest Service, 
is unsuited to the purpose since its ob- 
ject is to allow slow evaporation of its 
contents for cooling purposes as in the 
case of the earthen Mexican water bot- 
tle. The only solution is a rubber bag 


but the price is prohibitive as shown by 
the following quotations from a large 
manufactory of rubber goods. 

Large double horse pack bags, $30.00 
to $40.00 per pair. 

Small shoulder pack bags, $15.00 to 
$20.00 each. 

The method of the application of 
water, however, has been solved for 
extinguishing burning logs, stumps, 
etc., safeguarding back fire line when 
within easy reach of a water supply. 
For this purpose the standard Forest 
Service canvas water bucket has been 
modified by the attachment of a can- 
vas hood across three-fourths of the 
top with perforated crescent-shaped 
metal plates at the joint edge. With 
this contrivance, which is light and can 
be carried in great numbers to a fire, 
water can be readily applied as with a 
garden sprinkling can. 

In making a fire line in hardwood 
leaves two implements have proven 
their worth, the ordinary so-called five- 
tined potato digger, hook or rake, 
which is a standard agricultural tool, 
and the wood broom, a specially con- 
structed device made from second © 
growth hickory or white oak. The 
broom is formed by splitting the lower 
end of the handle and spreading the 
splits fanwise by means of wooden 
bars and light wire to hold them. 


ELK FROM YELLOWSTONE PARK 


LMOST 2,000 more people visited 
the Yellowstone Park in 1913 


than during the season of 1912, 

according to the report of the 
Superintendent, recently made to Sec- 
retary Lane. The tourist travel has in- 
creased 45 per cent since 1906, and was 
heavier in 1913 than ever before with 
the exception of 1909, when the Lewis 
and Clarke Exposition was held in 
Portland. 

“The winter conditions for wild 
game were again excellent,’ says the 
Superintendent. “With plenty of grass, 
and the snow remaining soft so they 
could paw through it to get food, the 
elk, deer, antelope and mountain sheep 
wintered well and with but little loss.” 


“During December, January, Febru- 
ary, and March, 538 elk were captured 
in the park near the northern entrance 
and shipped for stocking public parks 
and ranges as follows: 80 to Kings 
County, Wash.; 50 to Yakima County, 
Wash.; 40 to Garfield County, Wash. ; 
50 to Shasta County, Cal.; 50 to Penn- 
sylvania for Clinton and Clearfield 
counties; 50 to West Virginia; 80 to 
Arizona; 25 to Hot Springs, Va.; 3 to 
City Park, Aberdeen, S. Dak.; 4 to the 
City Park at Boston, Mass.; 6 to the 
City Park at Spokane, Wash. One 
hundred were captured and shipped 
under direction of the Department of 
Agriculture, of which 25 went to Sun- 
dance, Wyo.; 25 to Estes Park, Colo.; 


FOREST NOTES 13 


25 to Walla Walla, Wash.; and 25 to 
points in Utah. The cost of capture 
and loading on board the cars at Gardi- 
ner was $5 per head, which was paid 


by the States and parks receiving the 
elk. The loss in capturing and up to 
the time of delivery at their destination 
was but 22 animals out of 538 shipped.” 


BORES! 


In spite of the fact that New York 
leads all the other States in the amount 
of its State Forests and has done more 
planting of idle land than any other 
State, New York as a whole is decidedly 
apathetic along Forestry lines, especially 
in the matter of the proper use of its 
forest resources. The State College of 
Forestry feels that the only way of 1m- 
proving the situation is to carry through 
an aggressive campaign of education 
along forestry lines beginning with the 
children of the State. The question of 
how to educate the child along forestry 
lines is a bit perplexing in view of the 
complexity of the curriculum in gram- 
mar grades and high schools. ‘Too 
often schocls are burdened with too 
many courses or have all too little time 
to teach work outlined for present 
courses. The College of Forestry by 
no means urges the insertion of a sepa- 
rate course in Forestry. It does be- 
lieve, however, that the children of the 
State can be thoroughly acquainted with 
the importance of Forestry, its place in 
our economic life and its possibilities 
as a State and National industry by 
simply injecting the Forestry point of 


NOTES 


view into the various courses given in 
the lower grades. 


At the recent meeting of the Pocono 
Protective Fire Association of Monroe 
County, Pennsylvania, the keynote of 
the report of the board of directors was 
the need for a widespread education of 
the people of the community. The di- 
rectors realize that effective work in 
keeping down forest fires depends much 
more upon the active interest of the 
resident population than upon the con- 
tributions of a few owners of extensive 
tracts of woodland. So a movement is 
now under way to instruct the residents 
of the Pocono region as to the need 
and value of taking care of the woods, 
and in this manner to extend the limits 
of the activity of the association by tak- 
ing as many persons as possible into 
membership, without regard to the hold- 
ing of forest lands. The use of posters, 
the circulation of tracts, and newspaper 
articles are expected to influence grad- 
ually the adult population, while the 
school children are being taught the les- 
son of forest conservation through a 
systematic course of instruction, under 
the hearty co-operation of the County 
Superintendent. 


STATE 


Maine 


The Forest Fire Protective System of 
Maine, which was among the first established, 
has been greatly improved the past season 
by the addition of fifteen new lookout sta- 
tions. This brings the number of station; 
up to forty-three, and Forest Commissioner 
Blaine S. Viles plans to erect six or more 
new stations the coming year. The fire loss 
on the wild lands of the State for the past 
season amounted to only $29,212.00. As this 
area includes nearly ten million acres of for- 
ests, with an estimated value of from sev- 
enty-five to one hundred million dollars, it 


NEWS 


will be seen that this loss is comparatively 
nothing. 

While the season was not a particularly 
dry one, except for short periods of drought, 
there were no heavy rains, and a great many 
fires started which would have caused heavy 
damage had they not been promptly extin- 
guished. 

The Lookout Stations reported three hun- 
dred and sixty-five fires during the season, 
and patrolmen seventy-one. 

While it is realized that there may 
year of such extreme drought that even the 
most advanced measures may fail to protect 


74 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


the forests from fire, the people of the State 
feel that the system now established is of 
great value. 

A large number of tools, etc., for fighting 
fire have been distributed the past season and 
about seventy miles of additional telephone 
lines constructed. 


North Carolina 


The great interest North Carolinians feel 
in securing the wisest use and most efficient 
control of all our natural resources, whether 
the property of the individual, of the State, 
or of the Nation, was shown by the large 
and representative delegation which attended 
the National Conservation Congress recently 
held in Washington. 

At the first meeting of the State delega- 
tion, called for the purpose of selecting offi- 
cers, Mr. Z. W. Whitehead, of Wilmington, 
was elected State Vice-President, and Mr. J. 
S. Holmes, of Chapel Hill, State Secretary 
for the ensuing year, while Col. W. A. Blair, 
of Winston-Salem, was elected a member of 
the Resolutions Committee. 

Of the seventeen delegates present at the 
Congress four had been appointed by Govy- 
ernor Craig to represent the State, four rep- 
resented the North Carolina Forestry Asso- 
ciation; the University of North Carolina, 
the State Department of Agriculure, and the 
National Lumber Manufacturers Association 
each sent one delegate, while the remainder 
represented their own home towns. The 
variety of interests represented is seen in the 
fact that six delegates were lumbermen or 
timber users, five were teachers or scientists, 


two were bankers, two were large land- 
owners, and one was a prominent club 
woman. 


The unanimous attitude of the delegation 
was expressed in the following resolution, 
adopted at their first meeting: 

“Resolved, That it is the sense of the 
North Carolina delegation and they hereby 
request their representative on the Resolu- 
tions Committee to vote for strong Govern- 
ment co-operation in the matter of conser- 
vation, believing that it is only through the 
Government that certain conservation poli- 
cies can be successfully carried out.” 

The newly-elected Vice-President, Mr. 
Whitehead, in speaking of the Congress a 
few days later, at the monthly meeting of 
the North Carolina Pine Association at Nor- 
folk, said that “nation-wide benefits would 
result not only to forestry and timber, but 
our water-power sites and other national re- 
sources would be conserved and advanced as 
well as protected and safeguarded.” He gave 
it as his opinion that this institution, 7. e., 
the National Conservation Congress, ‘should 
be heartily supported and that the lumberr 
people shall take an active interest in shap- 
ing its policies in the future.” 

The North Carolina delegation in all test 
votes, at which times there were always from 
nine to eleven delegates present, went defi- 
nitely on record as favoring strong govern- 


ment control of water powers, and only one 
vote was cast against endorsing the advanced 
and patriotic stand of Mr. Pinchot on this 
subject. 

The tone of the State press, in comment- 
ing on the Conservation Congress, thoroughly 
endorses its action; while the lumber jour- 
nals throughout the country are unanimous 
in praise of the congress, its stand and ac- 
complishments. 


New York 


The regular session of the New York State 
legislature has passed a concurrent resolu- 
tion amending the Forest Preserve section 
of the constitution. The present provision 
prohibits any direct use of this enormous 
area. The proposed change will permit the 
removal of mature, dead or fallen timber, 
or permit thinning; authorizes the leasing of 
camp sites; the construction of necessary 
roads and trails; also the sale of isolated 
parcels of land without the Adirondack and 
Catskill Parks. This provision will neces- 
sarily have to be adopted by a subsequent 
legislature and submitted to a vote of the 
people before it is active. 

Governor Glynn has already stated that he 
is very much interested in an extension of 
reforesting, better forest-fire protection, and 
the purchase of additional lands for Forest 
Preserve purposes. 


Massachusetts 


At the annual meeting of the Massachu- 
setts Forestry Association there was dis- 
cussed the advisability of obtaining State 
Forests in Massachusetts, and a bill will be 
presented to the legislature this year asking 
for $50,000 a year for five years, with which 
to purchase wild and waste land in Massa- 
chusetts. It is believed by the Association 
that this will be the means of bringing into 
the productive list much of the now worth- 
less land in the State which is yielding noth- 
ing for the owner or for the State through 
taxation. 

Several important addresses on State For- 
ests as applied to Massachusetts were given. 
Prof. W. D. Clark, of Amherst, talked on 
“State Forests in Massachusetts as a Busi- 
ness Proposition.” Philip T. Coolidge, in 
his address on “State Forests in the United 
States,” gave very interesting data concern- 
ing the lands owned and held in the various 
States as State Forests. William P. Whar- 
ton talked on “State Forests as Bird Sanc- 
tuaries,” giving specific examples from Ger- 
many. State Forester F. W. Rane sum- 
marized the work of his department to date, 
showing what had been done toward pro- 
curing State-owned forest lands. The meet- 
ing has aroused considerable enthusiasm on 
State Forests, and we believe that it will have 
direct bearing on the passage of the bill 
which is to be presented to the incoming 
legislature. 

The present status of the White Mountain 


ee ee 


—.” 


ors 


. 


STATE NEWS 


National Forest was discussed at length, and 
it was shown that perhaps through some 
misunderstanding on the part of the National 
Forest Reservation Commission regarding 
public sentiment in New England in connec- 
tion with the management of this forest, that 
reasonable progress in the purchase of those 
lands has not been made. In order to dis- 
pel any such misunderstanding, this Associa- 
tion placed itself on record as favoring the 
management of the forests in the White 
Mountains along the same lines as other 
national forests. 

The outlook of the Association for the 
coming year is brighter than ever before. 
The Association now has twenty-four branch 
associations and a membership of 3,400, hav- 
ing increased its membership the past year 
by 1,491. An average of six foresters have 
been kept in the field giving advice and do- 
ing practical work for the past year, and this 
work will be continued. 

From the standpoint of legislation the As- 
sociation is proud of one bill which passed 
the legislature through its efforts this year. 
The Public Domain Act was so revised as to 
give towns and cities in the Commonwealth 
the right to own and manage municipal for- 
ests, and already some of our towns are tak- 
ing advantage of this measure. It is hoped 
that in the near future many other towns 
and cities will be persuaded to acquire lands 
under this law. 


Pennsylvania 


The Central Pennsylvania Forest Fire Pro- 
tective Association, of which J. M. Hoffman 
was the organizer and is the forester, has 
just finished its first year’s work. Natural 
regeneration on the 350,000 acres that now 
comprises the area of the association’s work, 
in spite of recurring fires, is now at least 
60 per cent perfect. 

Lands which to the casual and experienced 
observer seem to have nothing growing on 
them except brush or worthless trees, one 
finds on close examination to be growing 
maple, chestnut, red and white oak, and 
others of the most valuable tree species. The 
only great hazard preventing these young 
trees from becoming valuable timber is fires. 

For the protection of the seven million 
acres of the State land particularly subject 
to the fire hazard, and about seven million 
additional acres of land in farmer’s wood 
lots or in communities more thickly settled 
where the damage done by fires is less, the 
greatest amount of money ever spent by the 
State was $50,000 for two years work. 

Mr. Hoffman says in his report :—This 
money until our work begun had been spent 
only in actual fire fighting. Last spring 
and again this fall we were able to induce 
the Commissioner of Forestry to allow us 
24 patrolmen at $25.00 per month for two 
months’ service. There is this provision 
for patrol in our Fire Warden act but until 
our activities began this was never made 
operative by the Forestry Department. 


I held several meetings with Jand owners 
and organized an association, each land owner 
pledging himself to pay an assessment on an 
average basis. My plans were thus laid to 
secure the aid from the Federal Government 


provided for through the Weeks’ law. It 
must be remembered that with the exception 
of one other association in Monroe County, 
whose activities cover about 60,000 acres, 
our work is the only systematic effort made 
at Forest fire protection on private lands in 
our State. 

I am omitting in this statement the very 
worthy effort made by several co-operations 
and individuals for the protection of their 
own lands which is very difficult, indeed, 
when all owners of consecutive areas of land 
do not join for their mutual protection. | 
am not including in this discussion the 
900,000 acres of land owned by the State, 
except to remark that in many cases where 
the State lands adjoin or are surrounded by 
private holdings the protection of both 
private and State lands is necessary to pro- 
tect either. Organized forest fire protective 
associations adjoining State lands will greatly 
aid the State Forestry Department in pro- 
tective work. 

Our actual work of prevention consists 
briefly of looking after the railroad right 
away, cleaning up and burning where there 
is material that is a fire trap. Burning 
around saw-mills, utilize the telephone con- 
nections in our communities, in securing aid 
when fire does occur. Organizing fire fight- 
ing crews, warning those that were permit- 
ting anything that might cause a fire. Many 
different devices of prevention can be 
worked out that are unique to each com- 
munity. Much good has been accomplished 
by causing the owners of small farms in the 
mountains to realize that those owning the 
large holdings that surround their farms are 
taking an interest in the protection of their 
own lands. 

In this way we can assure men pay if 
they fight a fire just as soon as they see it, 
and confine it to as small an area as possible, 
and no pay if they do as their custom in 
the past has been, back fire from their own 
lands to protect themselves from the fire 
just as soon as the fire is anywhere within 
miles of their farm buildings. 

In this way we have secured the hearty 
co-operation through appealing to the set- 
tlers self-interest. When a group of land 
owners spend hundreds of dollars for the 
protection of their lands along practical 
lines, there necessarily is an uplifting in- 
fluence exerted over the entire community, 
and with a practical system whereby we can 
actually show results. We have certainly 
done much in being a living example to our 
State. Due to favorable weather conditions, 
we were very successful this fall having only 
one or two four or five-acre fires. In the 


spring we had many fires and much good 
work was done. Some of them were caught 
in their incipient stage before much damage 


was done. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR DECEMBER, 1913. 


(Books and Periodicals Indexed in the 
Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


FOREST EDUCATION. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
secondary education in the United States 
by the sub-committee on forest school 
education; chairman, J. W. Toumey. 36 
p. Washington, D. C., 1913. 

National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
publicity, by the sub-committee on pub- 
licity: chairman, EH. TJ. Allen. 16° p- 
Washingon, D. C., 1913. 

Yale Forest School. Prospectus, 1913-1914. 
32 p. New Haven, Conn., 1913. 


FOREST LEGISLATION. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
framing, passing and enforcing a State 
forest law, by the sub-committee on State 
forest policy; chairman, William T. Cox. 
15 p. 26cm. Washington, D. C., 1913. 


FOREST DESCRIPTION. 


Hofmann, Amerigo. Aus den waldungen 
des fernen Ostens; forstliche reisen und 
studien in Japan, Formosa, Korea und 
den angrenzenden gebieten Ostasiens. 
225 p. pl. maps. Wien and Leipzig, W. 
Frick, 1913. 


FOREST BOTANY. 
Trees—Classification and Description. 


Hillyer, V. M. Common trees; how to know 
them by their leaves; illustrated with 37 
leaf silhouettes. 30 p. il. Baltimore, Md., 
Calvert School, 1913. 

Shannon, C. W. The trees and shrubs of 
Oklahoma. 41 p. Norman, 1913. (Okla- 
Loma-Geological Survey. Circular No. 
4.) 

Wooten, E. O. ‘Trees and shrubs of New 
Mexico. - 159) %p: 11. Das Crtces, 1913. 
(New Mexico—Agricultural Experiment 
Station, Bulletin 87.) 


SILVICS. 
Forest Influences. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
the relation of forests and water, by the 
sub-committee on forest investigations ; 
chairman, Raphael Zon. 21 p. Washing- 
tony Oy G L9TSse 


Studies of Species. 


Knapp, Frederick B. Silviculture of whtie 
pine (Pinus strobus). 4 p. Boston, 
Mass., 1913. (Massachusetts forestry 
association, Bulletin 106.) 

Shinn, Charles Howard. An economic study 
of acacias. 38 p. pl. Washington, D. C., 


1913. (U.S. Agriculture Dept. of. Bul- 
letin No. 9.) 
SILVICULTURE. 
Planting. 
National Conservation Congress—Forestry 


Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
the conditions under which commercial 
planting is desirable, by the sub-commit- 
tee on forest planting; chairman, E. H. 
Clapp. 46 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. 


FOREST PROTECTION. 
Fire. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
fire prevention by States, by the Fed- 
eral Government and by private inter- 
ests, by the sub-committee on forest 
fires; chairman, C. S$. Chapman. 56 p. 
Washington, D. C., 1913. 

National Conservation Congress—Forestry- 
Committee. State forest organization, 


with special reference to fire protection, = — 


by J. Girvin Peters. 62 p. Washing- 
Wor IDL (Gp, Ue ale. 
Rhode Island—Dept. of Forestry. Warden 


and Woodsman, by Jesse B. Mowry, 24 
Ds Dine Brovadentces Reales Oia 


FOREST ECONOMICS. 
Taxation and Tariff. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
forest taxation, by the sub-committee on 
forest taxation; chairman, G. Pinchot. 
32 9p. | Washington, Das 19men 


Forest Policy. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
Federal Forest Policy, by the sub-com- 
mittee on Federal forest policy; chair- 
man Jos. N. Teal. 36 p. Washington, 


D: Cage: 
Ross, William R. Forest policy of British 
Columbial Ivgpy ns pse19iee 
Statistics. 
Alsace Lorraine—Abteilung ftir finanzen, 


handel und domanen.  Beitrage sur 
forststatistik von Elsass-Lothringen, heft 
30. 98 p. Strassburg, 1913. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


FOREST ADMINISTRATION. 


United States Department of Agriculture— 
Forest Service. Report of the forester, 
1912-13. 56 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. 

United States, Department of Agriculture— 
Forest Service. The use book; a manual 
for users of the national forests; 1913. 


88 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. 
FOREST UTILIZATION. 
National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 


the closer utilization of timber, by the 
sub-committee on forest utilization; 
chairman, R. S. Kellogg. 15 p. Wash- 
ington, D. C., 1913. 

Pearson, R. S. On the economic value of 
Shorea robusta. 70 p. pl. Calcutta, 1913. 
(Indian forest memoirs, v. 2, pt. 2.) 


Lumber Industry. 


National Conservation Congress—Forestry 
Committee. Advance copy of paper on 
lumbering, by the sub-committee on lum- 
bering; chairman, R. C. Bryant. 39 p. 
Washington, D. C., 1913. 

West Coast Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- 
ciation. Rate book on forest products, 
compiled by F. G. Donaldson. First 
edition. Portland, Oreg., 1913. 


Wood-using Industries. 


Kelly, A. Ashmum. The expert wood finisher ; 
a complete manual of the art and prac- 
tice of finishing woods by staining, filling, 

. varnishing, waxing, etc. 339 p. Malvern, 

Pa., Master Painter Publishing Co., 1912. 
Radford, William A. and others. Practical 

carpentry. Vol. 1-2. il. Chicago, IIl., 

The Radford Architectural ‘Co., 1913. 


Wood Preservation. 


The preservative treat- 


Bailey, Irving W. 
UG: jo, jo, Melokereey, INS” We. 


men of wood. 
1913. 


AUXILIARY SUBJECTS. 
Water Supply. 


United States—Congress, Senate—Committee 
on Public Lands. Hetch Hetchy reser- 
Voesitess hearings on iH. ks 7207, an 
act granting to the city and country of 

. San Francisco certain rights of way in, 
over, and through certain public lands. 
78 p. Washington, D. C., 1913. 


Camp Cookery. 


Oregon Agricultural College—Extension di- 
vision. A bulletin on camp cookery, 
for special use of forest rangers, campers 
and sportsmen, by Ava B. Milan and 
Ruth McNary Smith. 47 p. Corvallis, 
1913. ; 


PERIODICAL, ARTICLES. 

Miscellaneous Periodicals. 

Annals of Botany, Oct. 1913.—Deforestation : 
its effects upon the growth and struc. 
ture of the wood of Larix, by Alan G. 
Harper, p. 621-42. 4 

Beihefte zum Botanischen centralblatt, Oct. 
1, 1913.—Uber den einfluss von licht und 
schatten auf sprosse von holzpflanzen, by 
Hermann Farenholtz, p. 90-118. j 

Country Life in America, Dec. 1913.—Making 
over an old willow, by C. C. Page, p. 
78, 96, 98. 

Garden Magazine, Nov. 1913.—Why the 
black walnut is worth growing, by A. 
Rutledge, p. 140-1. f 

Gardeners’ Chronicle, Nov. 1, 1913.—The ef- 
fects of summer drought upon tree 
growth, by A. C. Forbes, p. 299-300: 
Kapok, p. 321. 

Independent, Novy. 6, 1913.—Community for- 
GStS; psccols 


Journal of the Linnean Society, Oct. 6, 1913. 
—The structure of the wood of East In- 
dian species of Pinus, by Percy Groom, 
p. 457-90. 


Popular Science Monthly, Nov. 1913.—The 
increase of American land values, by 
scott Nearing, p. 491-505. 


Popular Science Monthly, Dec. 1913.—The 
forests and forestry of Germany, by 
William R. Lazenby, p. 590-8. ; i 

Scientific American, Nov. 22, 1913.—Which 

_ end of a post should be up? p. 390. 

Scientific American, Supplement, Noy. 1, 
1913.—The camphor industry in For- 
mosa; an important Japanese monopoly, 
by F. Wertheimer, p. 288. ; 

West Indian Bulletin, Sept. 1913—The 
Windward and Leeward Islands consid- 
ered in relation to forestry, by Francis 
Watts, p. 293-314. 


Trade Journals and Consular Reports. 


American Lumberman, Noy. 15, 1913.—Kiln 
drying of lumber, scientifically con- 
sidered, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 29: 
Care of oak flooring, by W. L. Claffey. 
p. 40; Adirondack’s ranger forest school, 
p. 46-7; National forests of today, by 
Franklin H. Smith, p. 66-7. 

American Lumberman, Nov. 22, 1913——Wood, 
by Daniel Wells, p. 35; Fifth conserva- 
tion congress; forestry section meets in 
advance, p. 45-7, 55-9. 

American Lumberman, Dec. 6, 1913.—Forest 
service timber estimates, p. 29; Utilizing 
forest waste in longleaf pine. p. 29. 

Canada Lumberman, Nov. 15, 1913——The 
purpose of the forest products labora- 
tories, p. 37; The endurance of railroad 
timbers; valuable report presented by 
special committee of American railway 
and bridge association, p. 39. 

Canada Lumberman, Dec. 1, 1913. 
tions at a logging camp in B. C., by C. W. 


Opera 


Scarff, p. 30-2; Experience with a cable 
tram road, by. l. Ps Jones, p. 54-6. /— 
Engineering record, Oct. 25, 1913.—Reclaim- 
ing the Florida everglades, p. 454-7; 
Fires in the Rocky Mountain forest re- 

serve, by W. N. Miller, p. 464. 

Handle Trade, Dec. 1913.——Use of persim- 
mon, p. 13; Maple in handles, p. 13-14; 
Insects and sap stain, p. 21-2. 

Hardwood Record, Nov. 25, 1913—Measure- 
ment of shrinkage, p. 22; Regarding 
black walnut, p. 23-4; The export of oak 
lumber, p. 26; Fungus enemies of oak 
trees, p. 29-30; Reducing the working of 
wood by kiln-drying, p. 32. 


Mississippi Valley Lumberman, Nov. 21, 
1913.—Federal forestry, by H. S. Graves, 
p. 39-40. 


New York Lumber Trade Journal, Nov. 15, 
1913.—Sound forestry principles and con- 
servation keynote of Empire State forest 
products association annual, p. 36-40. 

Paper, Nov. 12, 1913.—Canada’s new forest 
products laboratory, by A. Gordon Mc- 
Intyre, p. 20-2, 34. 

Paper, Nov. 19, 1913—Forest conditions in 
Wisconsin, by F. B. Moody, p. 44-6; 
The New York State forest preserve, by 
Clifford R. Pettis, p. 26 B-C; The de- 
velopment of private forestry, by E. A. 
Sterling, p. 28. 


Paper Mill, Nov. 1, 1913——Wood flour, by 
Robert P. Skinner, p. 34. 


Paper Trade Journal, Nov. 13, 1913.—Sul- 
phite liquor for wood preservation, p. 
46; The pulp industry and the national 
forests, by Julian E. Rothery, p. 48. 


Paper Trade Journal, Nov. 20, 1913.—Closer 
utilization of forest products in New 
York, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 40-44. 

Pulp and Paper Magazine, Nov. 1, 1913.— 
General notes on sulphite pulp, by Leo 
Schlick, p. 714-15; The development of 
the chemical pulp industries, by A. Klein, 
p. 720-1. 

Railway and Engineering Review, Nov. 15, 
1913 —Preservation of poles by Kyaniz- 
ing, p. 1054. 

St. Louis Lumberman, Noy. 15, 1913.—Creo- 
soted wood block pavement in Duluth, 
Minn., p. 53; White box wood, p. 56-57. 

St. Louis Lumberman, Dec. 1, 1913.—Missis- 
sippi’s petrified forests, p. 34; Conquer- 
ing the chestnut tree blight, p. 59; Fifth 
session of conservation congress, p. 
67-71. 

Timber Trade Journal, Nov. 22, 1913.—Baltic 
and Scottish red and white sleepers, p. 
818 ; Development of British forestry, by 
William Schlich, p. 821-22. : 

Timber Trade Journal, Nov. 29, 1913.—Re- 
claiming sanddunes in Belgium, by A. D. 
Webster, p. 857. ; 

Timberman, Nov. 1913.—Taxation of tim- 
ber lands, p. 26; Potentialities of im- 
mense Siberian lumber interests graph- 

_ically shown, by W. Toritch, p. 33-4. 

‘United States Daily Consular Report, Nov. 

24, 1913.—Wood-working machinery in 


78 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate forester, with three years of practical 
experience in Austria, wants position. Best of 
references. Address GrorGE RAcEK, 6th Avenue, 
2133, Seattle, Wash. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


POSITION WANTED.—On private estate: By 
forester now in U. S. Forest Service. Understands 
all branches of tree surgery, surveying, drainage, 
road building, bridges and culverts. concreting and 
landscape. Best of references furnished. H. M. C., 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with 
city park commission. Understands fully nursery 
work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best 
references and practical experience. Care AMERI- 
CAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED-—Situation as Woods Superintendent 
on private estate or hunting preserve, by graduate 
Forest Engineer with thorough experience and train- 
ing, both here and abroad, in forest management 
and the proper care of woods and game. Well rec- 


ommended. Address, MANAGER, Care AMERICAN 
FoRESTRY. 
Young, industrious fellow, perfectly temperate, 


Have had 12 
Also 
SS 22 


wishes position on private estate. 
years’ experience in care of a country estate. 
some college training in forestry. Address 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with technical training and with sev- 
eral years’ experience in administrative work and 
teaching, desires position along either of these lines. 
Address ‘‘B,” Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. ° 


WANTED—Having organized city forestry de- 
partment and having had charge of city forestry 
and park work, being qualified for publicity work, 
etc., I am open for position as secretary of State 
Forestry Association. Address D, Care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, 
with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a 
big paper company, desires position with tree 
surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., 
Care AMERICAN ForEstTRY. 
a re 

Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, ete.. and also in park 
work, desires position. Best of references. Address 
U, Care AMERICAN FoREsTRY. 
ee 

Graduated forester with one year’s practical ex- 
perience in U. S. Forest Service, desires to advance 
himself and will gladly communicate with persons 


desiring to employ a forester. Address D., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


CURRENT LITERATURE "9 


Germany, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 1004; 
West African cedar, by W. J. Yerby, p. 
1006. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Dec. 
2, 1913—Conservation of forests in 
Switzerland, p. 1131. 


West Coast Lumberman, Nov. 15, 1913.— 
Problems of Douglas fir distillation, by 
George M. Hunt, p. 33, 50. 

West Coast Lumberman, Dec. 1, 1913.—Reas- 
ons why government should not compete 
in manufacture of lumber, by Joseph B. 
Knapp, p. 22; Big problems in lumbering 
and timber ownership were discussed in 
practical way in sessions of forestry sec- 
tion of National conservation congress, 
by L. Murray Lamm, p. 34-8. 

Wood Craft, Dec. 1913.—Cross-grain; its 
causes and possibilities, by Samuel J. 
Record, p. 59-61; The kiln-drying of 
lumber, by Harry D. Tiemann, p. 61-64; 
True sandalwood and its uses, by Charles 
Davis, p. 74; Resonance in wood, p. 83; 
Weights of wood, p. 84. 

Wood-worker, Nov. 1913.—A country of 
wonderful forests, by T. C. James, p. 


42-3. 

Forest Journals. 

Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Sept. 
1913.—Die eichenwicklerfrass in West- 


falen, by Herwig, p. 316-19. 

Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Nov. 
1913.—Zurgeschichte der waldungen der 
stadt Leipzig, by A. Muller, p. 365-72; 
Der waldzinsfuss, by Kreysern, p. 372-8. 

Boletin de bosques, pesca 1 caza, June, 1913.— 
La plantaciones de la hacienda Guindos, 
by F. Albert, p. 795-815; Clasificacion de 
las maderas nacionales, by F. Albert, p. 
842-51; Los bosques en Argentina, p. 
857-8. 

Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, July, 1913.— 
Los bosques, su conservacion, explotacion 
i fomento, by F. Albert p. 4-47; Le las 
claras en la dasonomia moderna, p. 57-62. 

Canadian Forestry Journal, Nov. 1913.— 
Forest pests in British Columbia, by J. 
M. Swaine, p. 166-7. 

Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist, Oct. 
1913.—_Important additions to the Ha- 
waiian forest reserve system, by Ralph 
S. Hosmer, p, 299-310, 325-34. 

Indian Forest Records, Sept. 1913.—Report 
on the investtigation of Savannah grasses 
as material for production of paper pulp, 
by W. Raitt, p. 1-44. 

North Woods, Nov. 1913.—The 1913 fire 
losses, p. 3-5. 

Proceedings of the Society of American for- 
esters, Oct. 1913.—In memoriam; Fred 
Gordon Plummer, p. 260; Reforestation 
on the national forests, by William B. 
Greeley, p. 261-77; The use of frustum 
form factors in constructing volume 
tables, by Donald Bruce, p. 278-88; Dar- 
winism in forestry, by Raphael Zon, p. 
289-94; Nature’s law of selection, by 
Patrick Matthew, p. 295-300; Is eucalyp- 


FOREST ENGINEER, with Forest Service 
training in Colorado, Wyoming, private work in 
California, and six years’ experience in the lumber 
industry on the Pacific Coast, would like field work 
in any part of the United States. Estimating of 
timber lands and topographic surveying a_ spe- 
cialty. Four years technical training. Address, 
“D,” Care AMERICAN ForEstTrRY. 


WANTED—By Forester, a position with lumber 
or paper company. Experience in looking after 
camps and _ forestry work. Address W., Care 
AMERICAN FOorRESTRY. 


FORESTER and General Manager upon Private 
Estate.—Position wanted by man with long and 
wide experience in all matters connected with 
the above position. For full particulars address, 
X, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY, 


Classified 


Advertising 
10c a Line 


10c a Line 


TIMBER SALES 
A50 ACRES York or nice, growing 


TIMBER 
suitable for scientific forestry FOR SALE 


Address CHARLES J. CLARK 
Holland Patent New York 


HAVE TWO FINE TRACTS OF PINE TIMBER 


For Sale. Parties meaning business we will gladly 

pay the expenses from Norfolk to timber and return 

if not just as represented. No brokers considered. 
JOYNER TIMBER CO., Norfolk, Va. 


OPPORTUNITY IN OREGON 


Years ago—before many people realized the value 
of standing timber—I homesteaded 160 acres having 
an exceptionally fine and heavy pure stand of 
Douglas Fir (Oregon Pine). The claim is bounded 
on one side by a large tributary of the McKenzie 
River and in the very heart of one of the richest 
timber belts in Oregon. I have held this timber land 
intending to take advantage of the certain rise in 
prices following the completion of the Panama Canal, 
until now, in the lull preceding a storm of buying 
I find myself under the necessity of selling. If you 
are in a position to take advantage of a dull market 
I will gladly send copy of expert’s estimate and 
complete data, and assist you in conducting a rigid 
investigation. Address: 

OREGON OWNER, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY 


EXCELLENT OPPORTUNITY 


FOR SALE—500,000,000 feet of White Fir in 
California, immediately accessible; railroad operating, 
elevation 3,000 feet. Abundant pure mountain water; 
lime-rock outcroppings and two available water-power 


sites. There is only one pulp mill in California and 
market demands are heavy for grades of pulp and 
paper. Will sell more or less than the above amount 


of timber and contract to deliver logs to a mill. 
Douglas Fir and Yellow Pine reproduction is abun 
dant. Terms moderate. If interested 

Address: A. W. Donce, Sacramento, Calif. 


FOR SALE--JUNIPER TRACT 


in West Florida tributary to Apalachicola; 1,200 
acres timber, extra fine quality; bargain; owner 
retiring. +. SUSKIND, 

106 Main Street, Jacksonville, Fla. 


ORCHIDS 


80 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


tus suitable for lumber, by Harry D. 
Tiemann, p. 301-316; Coordination ot 
growth studies, reconnaissance, and reg- 
ulation of yield on national forests, by 
Hermann H. Chapman, p. 317-26; Man- 
agement of western white pine in north- 
ern Idaho, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 327- 
32: The Himalayan forests, by W. H. 
Gallaher, p. 333-9; Methods and cost of 
brush piling and brush burning in Cali- 
fornia, by J. Alfred Mitchell, p. 340-53; 
Combating the larvae of the June-bug in 
forest nurseries, by Decoppet, p. 354-61; 
Some financial forest problems, by W. B. 
Barrows, p. 362-5. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Oct. 15, 1913.—Le 
mouvement forestier al’ étranger ; Suisse; 
by B. Huffel, p. 609-18. 

Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Oct. 
1913.—Die neue preussische betriebsregu- 
lungs—answeisung, by L. Schilling, p. 
617-47; Mineral- und stickstoffgehalt von 
ziirbelnadeln und ziirbelstreu, by H. 
Bauer, p. 659-60; Ertragstafeln fur 
Pseudotsuga douglasii, by A. Schwap- 
pach, p, 652-7. 


TIMBER SALES—Continued 


STAFF COMPASS (K. & E.) FOR SALE 
Good as new, Kueffel and Esser, the standard of 
the U. S. F. S., original cost $25.00, combines 
clinometer, protractor alidade, etc. Bargain. Address 
E, Care THe AMERICAN Forestry ASSOCIATION, 
Washington, D. C. 


PULPWOOD LAND 


2,500 acres in one township on Lake Superior, 
patented (freehold land) for sale cheap. ‘This is a 
good opportunity for an operator or anyone wishing 
to go into the pulpwood business to secure a fine 
block of timber at a very low price and receive the 
highest price for their wood, viz.: $7 to $7.50 per 
cord for rough unpeeled over rail or boat. 5,000 
acres in different townshps, cheap. For further 
particulars apply, 


‘ MuLHoLLAND & Co., 
McKinnon Building, Toronto, Canada. 


ORCHIDS 


We are specialists in Orchids, we col- 
lect, import, grow, sell and export this class 
of plants exclusively. 


Our illustrated and descriptive catalogue 
of Orchids may be had on application. Also 
special lists of freshly imported unestab- 
lished Orchids. 


LAGER & HURRELL 
SUMMIT, N. J. 
Orchid Growers and Importers 


66 FUMA” 


weevil, but you can stop their grind with 


Kills Prairie Dogs, Woodchucks, 
Gophers, and Grain Insects. “The 
wheels of the gods grind slow 
but exceedingly small.”’ So the 


“Fuma Carbon Bisulphide” 


as others are doing. 


TAYLOR CHEMICAL CO., Penn Yan, N. Y. 


ee 


National Forest 
Timber 


For Sale 


Six hundred million feet of timber 
in the Clearwater country of Idaho 
will shortly be offered for sale by the 
Forest Service. ‘This stumpage forms 
a most attractive railroad logging 
proposition for a twenty year opera- 
tion. The timber will run 27 per cent 
choice white pine, while the cedar 
poles numbering approximately 350,- 
000 offer an unusually good oppor- 
tunity for this branch of the lumber 
industry. 

A prospectus giving detailed infor- 
mation on timber estimates, approxi- 
mate logging and manufacturing 
costs, appraised stumpage prices and 
other data will soon be ready and may 
be obtained by addressing either of 
the following offices of the 


FOREST SERVICE 


Washington, D. C. 
Chicago, Ill. 


Missoula, Mont. 
Orofino, Idaho 


REMOVAL NOTICE 


ESTABLISHED 1905 INCORPORATED 1912 


FISHER & BRYANT, inc. 


CONSULTING FORESTERS 
AND 


TIMBERLAND EXPERTS 
Are now located in larger quarters at 
39 Asticou Road, Forest Hills Station 
Boston, Mass. 
Two minutes from Forest Hills Railroad and ele- 
vated stations, directly opposite the Bussey Insti- 


tution and adjacent to the Arnold Arboretum of 
Harvard University 


TELEPHONE, JAMAICA-270 


American Forestry 


VOL. XX 


FEBRUARY, 1914 No. 2 


THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE 


By R. C. Bryant, Professor of Lumbering at Yale University 


HE influence the opening of the 

| Panama Canal will have upon 

certain industries in this country 

has furnished a fruitful topic 

of discussion for some time. It is 

probable that no class of business men 

have looked forward with greater hopes 

of increased commercial activity than 

have the lumber producers of the Pacific 

Coast, who for several years have been 

struggling to make ends meet in their 
business. 

There are some who feel that the 
lower water rate which will prevail 
when the Canal is open, should permit 
Pacific Coast operators not only to 
enter the eastern tidewater markets 
but they also foresee the possibility of 
delivering lumber, without rehandling, 
to Canal boats at Albany, New York, at 
the terminus of the Erie Canal from 
which point it may be distributed to the 
large consuming districts tributary to 
it. This would not only open a large 
rural market in New York state but 
would permit them to invade the famous 
stronghold of eastern white pine, namely 
the Tonawandas at the western end of 
the canal. By reloading at this point, 
lumber could be forwarded by an all- 
water route from Pacific Coast points to 
the large lumber consuming centers on 
the Great Lakes, including Chicago, the 
largest lumber market in the United 
States. 

That this dream of conquest will 
materialize in the next decade seems 
doubtful, although it may well come true 
when the supply of eastern woods is 
reduced. 


The reasons why western lumbermen 
are so keenly interested in the Panama 
Canal as a market stimulus is that the 
lumber industry on the western slope 
of the Rocky Mountains has been in a 
somewhat demoralized condition due 
to the low average price which lumber 
has brought to the manufacturer f.o.b. 
car at the mill. Competition with other 
woods, especially southern yellow pine, 
coupled with a very high freight rate 
for points east of the Rocky Mountains 
has narrowed the boundaries of their 
domestic market to such an extent that 
only the better grades of lumber could 
be manufactured and sold at a profit. 
The prosperous business conditions pre- 
vious to 1907 led some to make heavy 
investments in manufacturing plants 
and others in stumpage, and to-day 
with depressed market conditions many 
operators find themselves forced either 
to close their plants, if they can do so 
and avoid bankruptcy, or else manu- 
facture lumber at a loss and thus 
secure a little ready money with which 
to meet obligations. 

A somewhat unique situation exists 
in the territory tributary to the Colum- 
bia river, Puget Sound and other 
coast points in that the logging and 
manufacturing interests are usually con- 
ducted under separate management, 
even though both may be controlled 
directly or indirectly by the same in- 
terests. The logger harvests his timber 


and places the logs on the market 
- often through some log-selling agency, 


the logs being bought on ‘grade and 
manufactured by the mills. This sepa- 


81 


82 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Tue Docks AND LUMBER PILES OF THE PorT BLAKELY MILL. 


ration of woods and mill work is not 
common in any other forest region. 
Many mills have been closed or 
running on part time during the last 
few months because the operating costs 
often nearly equalled and sometimes 
exceeded the sale value of the lumber. 
Although the price of logs has been low 
the loggers have been able to keep their 
camps running without as great loss 
as that sustained by the mill men since 
loggers have been able to realize some 
profit on their stumpage even at the 
low price which the logs have brought. 
The condition of the lumber market 
is reflected in the statement of an 
official of a large plant, located on tide- 
water, which closed down some months 
ago. ‘Business conditions in the West, 
as far as lumber goes, are poorer then 
during the 1907-1908 panic. Our selling 
average since May has been from $10 
to $11.25 per M. Logs cost us about 
$9.” This condition prevails in the 
shingle trade as well as with lumber, a 
manufacturer recently stating that dur- 
ing the past year his average percentage 
of grades of shingles manufactured had 


been 95 per cent of the best and 5 per 
cent of the second grade, although the 
normal per cent of production should 
have been 60 per cent and 40 per cent, 
respectively. The company wasted 
material that would have made the 
extra 35 per cent of the second grade, 
and when they offered at cost the 5 per 
cent which they actually manufactured, 
they could not sell them. 

A recent writer on Pacific Coast con- 
ditions states that about 25 per cent of 
the lumber cut of Washington and 
Oregon goes by water to domestic and 
foreign ports, 25 per cent is consumed 
locally and the remainder is shipped by 
rail to points East and South, chiefly 
west of Denver, less than 2 per cent 
going to points East of the Missouri 
River. 

While softwood lumber is marketed 
all over the United States, the best 
territory outside of the home states is 
the great agricultural region of the 
Middle West which has no forest re- 
sources; the vast area east of Chicago 
and north of the Ohio river, once 
heavily forested but now largely cut- 


Doucras Fir, oF Wuict More LUMBER Is Cut IN THIS COUNTRY THAN OF ANY OTHER SPECIES, BEING LOADED 
AT Tacoma, WASH. 


NOTE THAT THE VESSELS ARE BUILT TO CARRY A HEAVY DECK LOAD IN ADDITION TO THAT IN THEIR HOLD. DOUGLAS 
FIR IS NOW IN DEMAND IN THE EASTERN STATES AND IN MOST TIMBER IMPORTING COUNTRIES. 


84 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LumMBER MILL aT FAIRBANKS IN THE INTERIOR OF ALASKA WHICH Cuts TIMBER FOR LOCAL USE. 


THE FORESTS IN THIS PART OF THE COUNTRY SUFFER GREATLY FROM FIRES. THOSE ON THE COAST 
ARE LESS LIKELY TO BE BURNED BECAUSE OF THE MORE MOIST ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS. 


over and in which the demand for 
lumber for manufacturing and other 
purposes far exceeds the local production 
and the area west of the Mississippi 
River and east of the Rocky Mountains, 
including Texas, Colorado, Kansas, 
Nebraska and the Dakotas which have 
only limited supplies in restricted sec- 
tions. 

The value of the eastern states as a 
market for outside lumber is shown by 
the fact that seven states tributary to 
New York and Philadelphia consume 
about six billion feet of lumber in excess 
of the local production, and the area 
within a radius of one hundred miles of 
New York consumes as much lumber 
as the territory comprised in an area 
within a radius of fifteen hundred miles 
from Seattle. 

The territory west of the Mississippi 
river is the fighting ground of the 
yellow pine and Douglas fir trade with 
some competition in the north from 
white pine products. West of Denver 
the Pacific coast products have but 
little competition but east to the 
Missouri river the competition grows 
more keen as the freight haul from the 
West increases. Beyond this point the 
territory’is given over chiefly to southern 
yellow pine and to white pine. 

Freight rates are the dominating 


factor in determining the territory in 
which a product can be sold profitably. 
As illustrating this the rates for Douglas 
fir from Washington and on southern 
yellow pine from the South may be 
cited. The all-rail rate on fir products 
is 75 cents per 100 pounds from the 
Pacific Coast to New York, which 
on flooring, per thousand board feet, 
amounts to approximately $15, on 
dimension and common boards from 
$18. to $19.50, on timbers, not green 
about $22.50, and on rough green 
lumber and timbers about $24.75. The 
all-rail rate from points in Louisiana 
which ship yellow pine lumber to the 
same point as that mentioned for fir is 
35 cents per 100 pounds, which is 
approximately $7.75 per thousand board 
feet for longleaf pine flooring, $9.50 on 
dimension and common boards, and 
$15.75 on heavy timbers. 

This gives the yellow pine manu- 
facturers an advantage in freight rate 
alone of $7.25 on flooring, from $8.50 
to $10. on dimension and common 
boards, and $9 on timbers. This handi- 
cap for fir timber is so great that only 
a very limited amount of the better 
grades can now be sent by the all-rail 
route. 

Within the last year or two a very 
limited quantity of fir lumber has found 


“ACV4aL NOINHOY ANV ASIMLISVOD HLOG AOA GHddIHG SI YAAWIY ANIG MOTIA ZA HOIHAA WOW “V5) ‘HVNNVAVS LY 490C asaaWn’] 


86 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A LuMBER MILL ON THE ToNGass NATIONAL FOREST, SOUTHEAST ALASKA. 


The logs are floated to the mill on the same waters on which their material is later transported as finished lumber. 
The Alaska National forests are now self supporting and cut material for local use to make boxes for the salmon 


canneries. 
means of the Panama canal. 


its way into the eastern markets via 
the Isthmus of Panama, due to a com- 
bination rail and water rate of from 40 
to 50 cents per 100 pounds from Puget 
Sound points to New York. This rate 
was inaugurated by a steamship com- 
pany operating on the Pacific Coast. 
Lumber has been reshipped from the 
Atlantic seaboard as far west as Buffalo 
at a cost of $125. per car less than it 
could have been sent by an_all-rail 
route. The amount of lumber sent by 
the water route has been small because 
of the limited facilities available, so 
that this means of transport, has had 
no effect on transcontinental rail rates. 

The question of what water rates 
will apply from the West Coast to the 
eastern seaboard, via the Panama 
Canal, is yet undecided, but it has been 
estimated that American ships will 
charge from $11 to $12 per thousand 
board feet for this service. It is doubtful 
if the amount of lumber traffic through 


A heavy production of pulp is promised from these forests which may be marketed in the east by 
This forest is at Ketchikan. 


the Canal from West to East will assume 
large proportions, at least for some 
time after the opening of the Canal, 
because of the lack of suitable American 
bottoms in which to carry the product. 
While there are some new lumber 
carriers now under construction for the 
canal trade, the total carrying capacity 
will not be such as to make a very 
strong impression on eastern markets. 

Another important factor is the lack 
of adequate lumber handling facilities 
at many of the Atlantic coast ports. A 
large part of the water shipments which 
now come both from Canada and from 
the yellow pine region of the South are 
in comparatively small cargoes made up 
of parcel lots which are delivered at 
various docks. The lumber is also 
often in mixed lots destined for interior 
rail trade. Large vessels carrying 
cargoes of from four to six million feet, 
which are desirable for long shipments, 
will find few ports where there are 


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MONV]] ATIGVAY AG AVIA SUIAWL] AAIAVAP, ANV ONINNVTd UTY SVTONOG HIN NO SYATIOY AHL HIT “HSV M ‘VNOOVY, LY ANSI RIVA HAGA] \ 


88 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LUMBER MILLING AND TRANSPORTATION ON THE NORTHWEST COAST. 


In the foreground is the log pond from which the material is supplied to the mill. 
the lumber fleet which takes the product of the mill to distant ports. 


Washington. 


sufficiently large receiving yards to 
permit of the rapid unloading of the 
vessel, and there will be little encourage- 
ment for the owners of lumber carriers 
of large capacity to engage in lumber 
transport until this condition is 
remedied. 

The laws of the United States regu- 
lating coast-wise traffic require that the 
products shall be carried in American 
bottoms and this fact alone will be 
deterrent to the rapid expansion of the 
estern trade because of the limited 
tonnage of vessels available and because 
of the greater expense of operating such 
vessels as compared to those of foreign 
registry which may carry lumber from 
British Columbia to our eastern sea- 
board. Cheaper operating labor costs 
are due to the employment of Asiatic 
labor, lower interest charges on the 
investment, and a lower insurance rate. 
According to a statement of the presi- 
dent of a large steamship company on 
the Pacific Coast, the reduced expense 
of foreign vessels will permit the ship- 
ment of lumber from western Canada, 
via Panama Canal, to the Atlantic 
seaboard for about $10 per thousand 
board feet, canal tolls included. If this 


In the background is 
Port Blakely, Kitsap Co., 


low rate is made for foreign vessels, the 
eastern markets will be more advan- 


_tageous for our Canadian cousins than 


for the lumber manufacturers of the 
Northwest. An added advantage has 
been granted to Canadian lumbermen 
through the passage of the Underwood- 
Simmons Tariff Bill which has removed 
the $1.25 duty on lumber, now admitting 
lumber into this country free of charge. 

While it is admitted by all that the 
wood products of the western forests 
will supply a large part of the eastern 
requirements at some future time, due 
to the gradual exhaustion of timber 
near-by yet this change, even with 
favorable water rates from coast to 
coast will only come about gradually for 
several reasons. The eastern trade is 
conservative and has been held for 
many years by local and by southern 
lumber manufacturers who have estab- 
lished trade connections and who have 
carefully studied the requirements of the 
various classes of consumers. The 
Pacific Coast manufacturers will find 
that it will be dificult to overcome these 
handicaps, unless they can offer a 
superior article at a lower price. This 
will hold true so far as ordinary lumber 


THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE 89 


SITKA SPRUCE LOGS IN THE SAWMILL, Box Factory AND Boat BuILDING PLANT AT PorT GRAVINA 
ISLAND, ALASKA. 


products are concerned, but even now 
the West is gradually taking over the 
trade in heavy timbers since the South, 
which formerly supplied a large part 
of this class of material, finds that its 
supply of stumpage suitable for this 
purpose is largely exhausted. The 
eastern market for flooring, finishing and 
common construction lumber will not 
be surrendeied without a struggle, and 
it is doubtful if a large part of the trade 
can be wrested from the southern pine 
manufacturers until their supply of 
stumpage becomes so depleted that they, 
of necessity, must give up some of their 
_ more distant markets. 

It is not anticipated that fir lumber 
can influence to any degree the yellow 
pine trade in the great prairie states of 
the Middle West, which for many years 
received vast quantities of lumber from 
the Lake States, but which in recent 
times have relied on the South to supply 
their needs. The mills in Arkansas and 
Louisiana, for instance, now get into 
the Chicago market on an average rate 
of 24 cents per 100 pounds, while the 
rail rate from the coast is 55 cents. 
Even though a very favorable water 
rate were granted from the West via 
the Canal, Pacific Coast lumber could 
not get into these markets as readily as 
yellow pine, since the railrate from Gulf 
or Atlantic ports would be equal to the 


rate now paid from southern mills and, 
in addition, the western product would 
have to pay the water rate and handling 
charges at the point of transfer. From 
the standpoint of the yellow pine 
operator, in fact also from the standpoint 
of the Coast manufacturer as well, a 
most hopeful sign is that the home 
demand for lumber in the southern 
states is increasing at a very rapid rate 
and in another decade it is reasonably 
certain that a very large per cent of the 
lower grades produced at southern pine 
mills will be marketed at home on a low 
freight rate, thus automatically with- 
drawing this product from competition 
with Douglas fir in other sections. 

There is little likelihood of any im- 
portant movement of timber via water 
from the East to the West, although a 
new field for southern hardwoods will 
be open on the Pacific Coast. The very 
high freight rates now charged for 
transporting hardwoods from the Missis- 
sippi valley to the western part of the 
United States practically precludes their 
use except in the best class of buildings. 
It is now cheaper to import hardwoods 
from Asiatic countries than it is to 
bring native hardwoods over the Rocky 
Mountains by rail. 

While the western tide-water mills 
will probably be benefited directly to a 
greater degree than the interior mills 


90 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Loapinc EASTERN LUMBER AT TIDEWATER AND LUMBER SCHOONERS TAKING ON CARGO AT 
BANGOR, ME. 


by the opening of the Canal, yet the 
latter also should have an increased 
field in which to market their products, 
or at least their present field should be 
freed from a certain amount of com- 
petition which it now meets from the 
tide-water plants. Most of the Coast 
mills have rail as well as water con- 
nections and cater to the cargo or rail 
trade depending on which market is the 
better for the time being. With an 
enlarged field for their cargo trade the 
Coast mills will to a large extent abandon 
their rail trade and leave it unmolested 
to the interior mills. It is also probable 
that a greater amount of cargo trade will 
develop for certain species, such as 
western white pine, which is manu- 
factured exclusively by the rail mills. 
This wood is now in demand in the 
East as a substitute for eastern white 
pine and even today the cargo trade in 
this wood is of considerable importance. 
It is probable that the rail shipments 
which now reach the eastern seaboard 
will later come largely by water and in 
increasing quantities. 

The new Canal route should open up a 


new export field for western lumber, 
especially in eastern South America and 
in Europe—tregions which largely have 
been dominated by yellow pine. How- 
ever, western lumbermen will find pro-_ 
gress slow in both of these sections, 
because of the old established business 
connections of the manufacturers of 
eastern woods. Yellow pine has been an 
important factor in many European 
markets for years and has held its own 
in competition with lumber from Russia, 
Sweden and Norway, and since the 
Douglas fir lumber must pay for a haul 
several thousand miles longer than 
yellow pine the cost of placing it on the 
market will be greater. The European 
markets, especially in the United King- 
dom, are exceedingly conservative. 
Some fir is now used there and the 
demand for large ship timbers will 
probably rapidly increase, but a strong 
campaign would be necessary before 
the consumer of construction and finish- 
ing lumber could be persuaded to buy 
readily a wood with which they are not 
thoroughly familiar. 

The South American trade of greatest 


THE PANAMA CANAL AND THE LUMBER TRADE 91 


Boom oF LoGs AND SAWMILL AT DouGLas, ALASKA. 


THE DEEP FIORD-LIKE “‘CANALS”’ OF THE ALASKAN COAST OFFER EXCEPTIONAL OPPORTUNITIES FOR RAFTING 
LOGS AND FOR LOADING THEM FROM THE WHARVES TO OCEAN-GOING VESSELS. 


importance to the yellow pine manu- 
facturers is in the Argentine Republic 
where there is a very large demand. 
Southern shippers are familair with the 
needs of this market and would offer 
resistance to any incursions in their 
selling territory. 

The West Coast of South America will 
probably always remain largely in the 
hands of the western lumber producers 
owing to their proximity . The cheaper 
freight rate, coupled with the fact that 
fir lumber usually sells at a lower f.o.b. 
mill price will largely discourage yellow 
pine men from seeking to develop a 
market in that part of the world. The 
same is true also of the Asiatic markets 
whose demands for our lumber have not 
increased greatly during the last de- 
cade. It is more than probable that out- 
side of the lumber shipped there from 
the west coast that the chief supplies 
will be drawn from Japan, Formosa 
and Siberia, all close at hand. 

It is not to be expected that the 
opening of the Panama Canal will 
either be a panacea for all of the troubles 


of the Coast lumbermen or the means 
of giving the people of the eastern part 
of the United States cheaper lumber, 
since it will take some years to build up 
a trade in western lumber and to 
develop shipping and terminal facilities 
so that the movement of large quantities 
of fir lumber will be possible. In the 
meantime the advancing price of stump- 
age and the reduction in the annual out- 
put of southern yellow pine, its greatest 
competitor, will have reduced compe- 
tition and the territory now controlled 
by the pine manufacturers will gradually 
be absorbed by the Coast manufac- 
turers without any marked reduction in 
lumber prices—probably at an increased 
price. We need not expect cheaper 
lumber on the eastern seaboard because 
of the opening of the Canal but we may 
reasonably hope to have a more gradual 
increase in lumber values than we would 
be warranted in expecting if the pro- 
ducts of the great forests of the West 
were not to be made available to us at 
a transportation cost much lower than 
now prevails. 


THE TORREY PINE 


By EvoisE RooRBACH 


ALIFORNIA is. distinguished 
forestrally, for the frequency of 
what the botanists call Arboreal 
Islands—localities pre-empted 
by a single species of tree, surrounded by 
a distinctly different flora. Groups of 
trees of an entirely local character dot 
the flora of the state as an ocean is 
dotted with islands. Some of these tree 
islands occur inland, of which the Se- 
quoia Gigantia (or Washingtonia) is 
a notable example. But the greater 
number are strictly littoral. The Mon- 
terey Pine is a fine illustration of such 
an island, being the dominant tree of the 
Monterey Peninsula and confined ex- 
clusively to, this very limited area. 
Monterey and Gowan cypress, Bishops 
and Knob-cone pine, Santa Lucia fir, 
Catalina Ironwood and the Torrey pine 
(Pinus Torreyana) form other con- 
Spicuous examples. 

The Torrey pine is restricted to a 
small tract at the mouth of the Soledad 
River, just within the northerly limit 
of San Diego’s extensive city limits, and 
to a few on the Santa Rosa Island, 


which is one of the Santa Barbara 
group. These are its only known 
stations. The San Diego island con- 
tains a roughly estimated two thousand 
of these isolated survivors of an ancient 
forest that are making a last brave 
fight for racial continuance. Upon an 
arid cliff, overlooking the salt marshes 
of the river, buffeted by swiftly driving 
winds from the sea, they stand at bay. 
Some cling pluckily, with long bark 
covered roots, to the steep walls of 
sandstone knowls. Some have heavily 
buttressed their precariously leaning 
trunks, bracing against the inevitable 
as wrestlers thrust out a foot when, 
resisting an antagonist. Some, foiled 
by the winds, of their natural endeavor 
to reach, tall and straight to the skies, 
sweep the earth with prostrate crown— 
their reverent genuflection to a higher 
power. Some are recumbent, creeping 
along the ground as vines creep, dragging 
full ripened cones through the rifts of 
sand. A few boldly toss their stifly 
contorted branches into the air from the 
top of a cliff, staunchly braving the 


A Harpy, Aupacious TorREY PINE CLINGING PARALLEL WITH THE STEEP SLOPES. 
Photo by E. Roorbach. 


92 


SoLEDAD RIVER 


JAPANESQUE G 
ROWTH 
OF A PINE Upon A SANDY KNOLL OVERLOOKING THI 


94 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


storms, doggedly submitting to the 
roughly modeling gales. Some grow 


close to the bluffs for protection and are 
in consequence often washed with their 
helpless protectors, far down a crevasses, 
where they may be seen clinging 
desperately to any possible foothold. 
Every tree has been shaped by the 
influence of the ocean winds into a 
beautiful individuality of form. No 
two are alike, each developing a dis- 
tinctive manner of resisting adverse 
conditions. Occasionally a branch that 
has made a bold, straight thrust into 
the wind has abruptiv retreated, bend- 
my buck upon itself with Serpentine 
grace. Or a determined branch has 
been forced to yield inch by inch, until 
it re-curves downward, banyan fashion, 
and its needles become burried in the 
sand. 

This San Diego island of Torrey 
pines, being the more accessible and 
by far the largest, is the goal of many 
a distinguished botanist, scientist, den- 
drologist as well as laymen interested 
only in its very remarkable beauty and 
wild charm of setting. This rare tree 
was. discovered ‘by ‘Dr. °C... C: . Parry 
when on the Mexican Boundary Survey 
of 1850 and by Prof. John Le Conte. 
It was named in honor of Dr. John 
Torrey a distinguished scientist and 
botanist, by his friend Dr. Parry. 
Reports of an earlier discovery is exant 
but it is unreliable and the pine was not 
classified. 

Dr. Jepson, author of the “Silva of 
California’”’ gives a most interesting 
account of the formation of these 
arborial islands. He says “‘ The arborial 
islands along the coast are taken to be 
remnants of a great Pleistocene forest. 
At the end of the Pliocene period there 
was inaugurated a tremendous series of 
earth movement on the California 
coast. Geologists are by no means 
agreed as to the period and duration 
of these oscillations but in the Tertiary 
and Quarternary there was at intervals, 
land connection between the present 
mainland and the Santa Barbara Is- 
lands. A moister climate in the Pliocene 
or Pleistocene periods would permit the 
existence of a great forest along the 
California coast and its extension down- 


ward over a large area which now rests 
beneath the Pacific ocean, save for the 
immersed peaks of the Santa Barbara 
Islands. Subsidence of the mountains 


> 


Hh 
7, 


wf 


L 


Ti yee 


A TORREY PINE. 
Drawn by E. Roorbach., 


THE TORREY PINE 95 


\ 
JN 
\ € 

\ 
WER 


COMPANIONS. 


South Coast Range area left only 
vestiges of this forest on the immersed 
peaks or islands. Between these islands 
the tides flowed through the waterways 
of Pacheco Pass, Ponoche Pass, Warthan 
Pass etc., connecting the ocean and the 
inland sea of the Great Valley. The 
final uplift of the Coast Ranges, with 
the species following the receeding shore 
downwards, accompanied by changes 
and diversifications in climatic con- 
ditions would account for the persis- 
tence and isolation of the present 
arborial islands of Monterey pine, Mon- 
terey Cypress and other species along 
the California coast line. Subsidence 
and uplift would also explain the 
presence of species on the Santa Barbara 
Islands and not on others by reason of 
the difference of altitude among the 
islands.” 


Drawn by E. Roorbach. 


Darwins oft-quoted statement that 
“The Oaks have driven the Pines to the 
sands.” comes to mind when seeing 
this remarkable, interesting company of 
pines. They have, like wise fighters, 
entrenched themselves from further in- 
vasion by retreating to a territory so 
bleak and forbiding, no foe would care 
to enter within its borders. Their arid 
reservation is only about a mile wide 
and eight miles long. To the north 
Del Mar can be seen through their cone 
fringed branches. To the south, La 
Jolla lies, framed by strangely twisted 


trees. To the east, the Los Penasquitos 
and McGonigle canons lead the vision 
far on to the deeply colored, purple and 


The 


as is 


amethist Cuyamaca mountains. 
outlook is wild, barbaric in color 
characteristic of southern California’s 
mesa lands. 


96 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The rains have poured heavily upon 

this pine encampment, as it has a way 
of doing in semi-arid districts and 
washed deep ravines toward the river 
and cut sharp angular paths to the sea. 
Some of the fissures are one hundred and 
fifty feet or more in depth, somewhat 
rounding, imitating in soft sandstone 
miniatures, the granite formations of 
Yosemite. In other places sheer walls 
have been gashed from flat table lands 
with a formation reminding forcefully 
of the Grand Canon. Sulphur and iron 
out-croppings have streaked these 
deeply eroded walls with yellows, reds, 
blues and grays. When the sky is blue 
and the sun shines brightly upon these 
mineral painted fissures topped with 
yellow sands, the spot rivals the fam- 
ously gorgeous painted desert colorings 
of Arizona. 
* The surf that continuously dashes the 
soft cliffs, have occasionally claimed 
whole points, leaving jagged, raw looking 
scars in the steep banks. Mesambry- 
amtheum, coarse grasses, opuntias, obtain 
a footing in the cracks of these bare 
walls with daring flashed of color. The 
trees lean away from these treacherous 
shores with dramatic vigor, quite as if 
in rushing flight from an enemy. They 
rush up narrow defiles, huddle together 
in canons, ambushing themselves behind 
jutting cliffs. A few lie flat upon the 
headlands, as if scouting, Indian fashion. 
The whole impression of the place where 
these stunted trees exist as best they 
may, is as if danger lurked everywhere 
and storm and destruction were ever 
immanent. The form of the trees, the 
gashed lands; the savage, brilliant 
colors, combine in making a spot of 
wild beauty as well as one of exceptional 
scientific interest. 

Under cultivation in inland parks and 
gardens the trees grow symetrically. 
They are straight of trunk, full of crown 
and much taller, with outward swinging 
branches of greater length and of softer 
curve. Here in the unprotected land 
of their retreat, adverse conditions have 
made them _§ short, compact, tough. 
Their branches are held close to the 
trunk, the crown is small. They rarely 
exceed a height of thirty five feet or a 
diameter of fourteen inches. ‘The bark 


of the older trees is of a redish brown 
color, about an inch in thickness, com- 
posed of wide flat scales broken into 


Its GROTESQUE ARMS STRETCHING TO THE FAR, 
Far WEST. 
Drawn by E. Roorbach. 


THE TORREY PINE 97 


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iS 


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A ” 


Pcs 


ANS 


, om 


SS > 


= = 


ZE 
LA WT 
hy < WGC ¢ Vy 


aa eS ie 


SF WMly 4) ZA 
EN wi 


7 


i: a a etde? 
oo Bhi 
X = wii 


THE SCATTERED GROWTH ALONG THE ROADWAY. 


deep, irregular ridges. The bark of the 
young trees is grayer and quite spongy. 
The wood is brittle and wide grained. 
The needles tough, unusually long, being 
from eight to twelve inches in length and 
in fascicles of five. They are dark 
grayish green, clustered in heavy looking 
bunches at the end of thick, knotty 
branches. The cones are triangularly 
oval, about four to five and one half 
inches in length, strongly attached to 
the branch by short, thick stems. They 
ripen in the early fall of the third year 
but persist upon the tree for four or 
five years. Cones of all ages of growth 
hang upon the tree at the same time. 
The seeds are dark brown with yellowish 
streaks and are ranked with the Digger 
and Big Cone pine, the Parry and One- 
leaf Pinon in food value. The seeds 
often remain within the cone several 
years after it has fallen to the ground. 


Drawn by E. Roorbach. 


The Torrey pine,in order to counteract 
excessively adverse conditions, are pro- 
lific bearers. The cones are dark brown 
with an upward turning spike on the 
end of each scale. The scales do not 
readily release the seeds while on the 
trees but wait for the winds to send them 
rolling down to the pockets of earth. 
Unless the seeds are washed into 
crevasses of the earth that are filled with 
mineral soil, they are not apt to ger- 
minate. So the tree spreads slowly, but 
now that this tract of land is under the 
care and direct supervision of a city 
forester, a new and hopeful growth is 
gaining a footing. This pine is thought 
to be short lived, barely reaching to a 
hundred years of age, as far as can be 
determined. Yet the strange feat 
of this island of pines is that 


scars in the ground from which th 


98 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


SHOWING THE STUNTED GROWTH OF THE TORREY PINE UPON THE RIDGES. 


misht have been’ ~ removed. Jit="1s 
supposed that the Indians carried away 
the fallen logs for fire wood and that the 
sands burried the scars made by digging 
for each bit of root. The tree flowers in 
February and March, the pollen bearing 
blossoms being large, terete, light brown 
in color and clustered thickly at the ends 
of the branches. 


Photo by E.. Roorbach. 


These pines are being companioned by 


many small shrubs and flowers which - 


have crept in from the surrounding mesa 
for protection. Wherever shrubs grow, 
the birds congregate. So Torrey Island 
is developing into a most interesting 
resort of bird, flower and shrub. Its 
plant life is of unusual interest for the 
local species of beach and mesa have 


SHOWING THE ARID BLUFFS AMONG WHICH THE ToRREY PINES ARE LIVING. 
Photo by E. Roorbach. 


THE TORREY PINE 99 


FROM THE WINDS BY SANDSTONE 
BLUFFS THE TORREY PINE GROWS TO ITS 
FuLiest HEIGHT. 


Photo by E. Roorbach. 


PROTECTED 


been augmented by many an immigrant 
from distant habitats which find the 
needle-covered sand and the shade of the 
trees quite to their liking. Fortunately 
the state has become interested in this 
scientifically valuable group so these 
kindly protectors of shrubs will not be 
crushed out by too vigorous upstarts. 
Pine and Oak insurgent history will not 
be repeated on this refuge island. The 
shrubs are now of real benefit to the 
trees by shielding the seedlings from the 
winds and by conserving the moisture to 
a great extent. Ceonothus fills the 
canons with fragrance in the spring. 
Toyon makes it gay in the winter. 
Mahogany, sumac, laurel, manzanita 
add their flower beauty. Yerba Santa 
and several sages join the buckthorn and 
chaparal. The tree poppies dapples the 
sand with petals of gold. Clematis 
trails long green vines over brown 


UNUSUALLY TALL AND SYMMETRICAL TORREY 
PINES GROWING IN THE LEE OF A CLIFF. 


Photo by E. Roorbach. 


needles and hangs white blossoms far 
down dark ravines. Nemophilia and 
gilia drift daintilly over sheltered 
slopes. Mesambryamtheums’ succulent 
foliage clings in many a sandy sift. 
lilac sand-verbena runs gaily among 
tall clumps of blossoming grasses. 
Maraposas stand poised gracefully above 
opuntias barbed leaves. The Spanish 
bayonet rears its thousand-tapered can- 
delabra above velvety lichened rocks. 
Ferns thrive a brief season under their lea. 

san Diego, thanks to the generous 
policy of the early days, includes 47,000 
acres of land within its city limits. At 
the present phenominal rate of growth, 
there actually seems to be danger of 
its outgrowing its tremendously large 
grant of land—deeded to it in the days 
of its infancy. This little grove of rare 
trees has been reserved as a permanent 
city park—a wild, lovely park, always to 


100 AMERICAN FORESTRY 
yg as ig rig Ke FINS ste, a MA 
4 Gin ve pee 
N So - 


ag 


BZ 


A TORREY PINE CONE. 
Drawn by E. Roorbach. 


be kept inviolate. To be carefully 
preserved from civiliaztion ruthless ad- 
vance. To be left unhindered of its 
own charming, spontaneous way. No 
close cropped shrubs, no stiffly bordered 
paths, no star and anchor beds of exotic 
hot-house aliens will ever disfigure its 
natural beauty. There‘is a city forester 
in charge who sees to it that they are let 
most gloriously alone, that thoughtless 
folk do not chop them into firewood, 
nor curio hunters carry away their 
patiently ripened cones. But nature 
will continue to train the vines, the 


THE Roots, IN SEARCH OF MOISTURE, SOMETIMES 
Drive AWAY THE CLIFFS BUT THE TREE 
Hoitps IN Mysterious WAY TO THE 


Poor SOIL, AND SUCCEEDS 
RIPENING ITS CONES. 


Photo by E. Roorbach. 


IN 


lated it into permanent safety. It is 
beyond the despoiling reach of investors 
It will never be sub- 


winds to prune the trees, the flowers to 
congregate in informal tangles according 


to their own delightful vagaries. This 
little wild park sheltering the last 
remnants of a vanishing race, is an 


immense asset to the city of San Diego 


and promotors. 
divided into home lots or leased to 
factory sites. Everyone in America 
interested in the conservation of our 
rapidly vanishing wild places must 
rejoice to know of San Diego’s con- 


siderate care of this accessible, beautiful 
wilderness of untouched growth. 


and is a living monument to the far- 
seeing city authorities who have legis- 


A rancher has applied for the rental of 320 acres on the Pike national forest, Colorado, to be used 
im connection with other private land, for raising elk as a commercial venture. 


The Government has just sold 43,000 cords of cedar wood for shingles from the Washington national 


forest. The shingles manufactured from this wood, laid six inches. to the weather, would cover 21% 
square miles of roof. 


The navy department has asked the forest service to investigate guijo, a Philippine wood, for 


possible use in decking boats and ships. Longleaf pine, sugar maple, and beech are the domestic woods 
most used for decks. 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


By WARREN H. MiLtER 


PART II. 


S I said before, forestry is nothing 
if not practical. If you know 
from the farm records that the 
pasturage yield from your stony 

acreage does not exceed from one to two 
dollars per acre per year, rest assured 
that you will do better, far better, with 
a well-managed forest on the land. 
(This statement applies in general to all 
stony and brambly pasturage, relics of 
the Glacial Age, clear across the United 
States). The trend of modern dairying 
is all in the direction of rich pasturage 
cut”and carried to the stock, and land 
that must be hand-cut, ruinous or im- 
possible to machinery, is better in trees. 

Suppose then that you have decided 
that a certain ten acres will pay you 
best in forest. The first question will 
then be what species to plant; and im- 
mediately the three factors of climate, 
soil ‘and rainfall require your careful 


THE STONY PASTURE 


consideration. Your first and most 
reliable guide will be Nature herself. 
What trees is she growing now in your 
woodlot? Which are evidently the 
survival of the fittest? In judging this 
question do not overlook man’s inter- 
ference in the processes of nature. The 
chances are your woodlot has been 
logged long ago, of its white pine and 
the ancient stumps will be discovered, 
buried here and there in the leaf mold. 
Years ago the lordly white pine, the 
noblest of eastern conifers, stretched in 
unbroken forests from Maine to the 
Western prairies and as far south as our 
coastal sandy plains, the home of the 
yellow pines. In Southern Jersey you 
will find it mixed with shortleaf, pitch 
pine, red oak and white oak on the rich 
sandy loams that extend down from the 
limestone ribs of the State. It thrives 
equally well on the slates of Pennsyl- 


Tue StuRDY EVERGREENS STAND ERECT AGAINST THE SNOWS 


101 


102 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Rep PINE, PLANTED SEVEN YEARS AGO ON A TWENTY-FIVE ACRE TRACT. 


vania, the granitic bases of New York 
and Maine, and the Champlain gravels 
of the Lake States. Given the one 
requirement of moisture it ts hard to 
find a soil that will not grow white pine. 
It will not however succeed in arid, 
non-nutritive soils that will not hold, in 
a reasonable fashion, the seasons’s 
rainfall. The red and pitch pines are 
better for such. Nor will it stand over- 
much heat. South of Masons and 
Dixon’s line, except in the mountains, 


it would be foolish to try it. Com- 
mercially genuine white pine, pinus 


strobus, stands at the top of our con- 
struction woods, selling for $100 a 
thousand board feet in the lumber yard. 

In cold Northern places such as the 
New England States, Northern New 
York and the Northern border of the 
Lake States, I would try spruce for my 
planted forest. The market for it is 
much more nearly to hand than with 
white pine, as the paper pulp mills are 
always hungry and the stumpage of 
spruce is steadily rising, having doubled 
in the last ten years.” You can sell 
everything that you raise, including the 


thinnings, and all the timber in the tree 
down to the four-inch cull of the top. 
As to what spruce to plant you will find 
yourself in a beautiful quandary just as 
soon as you get well into the subject. 
We have in the East the the beautiful 
Canadian white spruce, hardly of large 
enough growth to be a commercial 
species; its sturdy brother, the Adiron- 
dack red spruce; and its -swampy 
cousin, the black spruce. Then there is 
the familiar, imported Norway spruce, 


to which most of our big paper com- - 


panies are pinning their faith. I do not 
like it; it’s an exotic and a foreigner and 
‘I have seldom seen one in a windbreak 
or anywhere else in America that grew 
over 60 feet high before it began to 
peter out. Our climate does not agree 
with them. I can show you Norway 
spruces in the forest of Gilley in France 
that are 150 feet high and three feet in 
diameter: I have been through dozens 
of spruce forests in Thuringia and Sax- 
ony and have stood on the edges of 
ravines with Norway spruces two hun- 
dred feet high rising sheer up to me 
from the bottom-most depths of the 


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104 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


PLANTATION OF ScoTcH PINE, Six YEARS OLp, NEAR LAKE Pr.acm, NEw York. 


ravine. The Norway spruce cannot be 
made to grow like that here, except in 
nurseries and arboretums—not in the 
rough-and-tumble of a stand of growing 
forest. 

Our own red spruce will. There are 
lots of them in favorable localities in the 
Adirondacks, reaching 3 feet in dia- 
meter ——and |) every (| place- in. ‘ay well 
managed forest is a ‘‘favorable locality.”’ 
The red spruce is a slower grower than 
the Norway and as the pulp men are 
after quick results they plant Norway 
and cut at 12 inches diameter growth. 
At least that is their present intention. 
They will eventually realize, as the 
European foresters have, that during 
those years after the twelve inch dia- 
meter, during the prime of its life, the 
tree puts on a far greater volume of 
wood per year, and that it is better to 
wait an extra twenty years thereby 
more than doubling the volumetric 
yield. ’Tis then that they will wish 
they had planted the tree that Nature 
has fitted to do that very thing, our 
own Adirondack red spruce. 

And, let me caution against attempt- 


ing any experiments with the various 
Pacific Coast spruces, the magnificent 
Engleman Spruce and the Douglas Fir 
(which tree, in reality, is a hemlock). 
While they have all been successfully 
raised in arboretums, they are entirely 
unsuited to our climate, and practically 
all the plantings that our state forest 
services have attempted with them have 
been complete or partial failures. The 
Western pine alone seems to thrive 
equally well here in the East, and to 
them may be added Parry’s blue 
spruce, which is hardy throughout the 
“peach belt.’”’ Do not however con- 
ceive the idea that if you plant a forest 
of blue spruce you will shortly have a 
collection of young specimens worth a 
dollar a tree. The beautiful light-blue 
spruce which delights the eye on every 
suburban lawn is the so-called Koster’s 
blue spruce and was got by grafting 
selected light blue shoots on Parry 
spruce roots. The seeds from it revert 
to the original stock, which has a dark, 
silvery, bluish tinge, except in the young 
spring shoots. The natural home of the 
Parry spruce is in the canyons of South- 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


105 


WHITE PINE SEEDLINGS SET OuT FIvE YEARS AGO. 


western Utah and Nevada where 
occasional ‘‘sports’’ show the desired 
light-blue coloration and from these 
the “‘Koster’’ stock was originated. 

In poor, dry, sandy soils, such as are 
encountered here and there in New 
England and the Lake States, I should 
not advise either white pine or spruce. 
Time was when such ground was planted 
in imported Scotch (or sylvester) pine. 
We have since learned better.. Time has 
shown that in our climate and soil the 
red pine will give finer and healthier 
trees, and will be just swinging into its 
prime when the sylvester begins to give 
up the struggle against the vicissi- 
tudes of our climate. The red pine, also 
called ‘‘Norway”’ pine, not after King 
Kaakon’s country but named after 
that noble locality, the hamlet of 
Norway in Main, has the same climatic 
range as the white pine. It grows in 
company with it, taking whatever soil 
is too poor for the white. It will not 
thrive where long, hot summers and 
droughts are to be encountered, in 
general not much south of Northern 
Pennsylvania. South of that the much- 
maligned pitch pine can take it splace. 
This species is renowned for its thick 
leafy verdure, its fire-resisting capacities 
and its everlasting wood. As it fills 
a special niche in the woodworking 
industries you will always find a market 
for a small planted forest of it—and the 


bright green bushy trees are a joy for- 
ever to look at. 

Having decided upon your species, 
the next problem will be where to get 
the trees and how to plant them. 
Paradoxical as it may seem the State 
nursery four-year “‘transplant”’ is the 
cheapest of all planting stock. Cheaper 
than seeding, seedlings, or transplanted 
forest stock. The four year state trans- 
plant costs $4.80 a thousand in white 
pine and $5.12 in Norway spruce. Two 
year old seedlings cost around two 
dollars a thousand but their percent of 
failure ranges 50 to 60% making the 
ultimate cost the same, to say nothing 
of the cost of replanting. As for seeding, 
either broadcast or in seed spots, by 
the time you have bought your seeds at 
around $1.50 a pound, prepared your 
ground, sown the seed and then thinned 
out the seedlings and rescued them from 
weeds your cost will run at least $10. 
an acre against $8. an acre for four year 
state transplants that are already four 
years ahead. In the state nurseries the 
seedlings are grown, 7,000 of them to a 
bed 4 ft. x 12 ft. and in their second 
year are transplanted six inches apart by 
twelve in the rows in the nursery fields. 
At the end of two more years they have 
grown to bushy little trees a foot high 


with compact, vigorous root growth. 
Planted in the open fields or on old 
burns or brush land their percent of 


106 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ScotcH PINE AT BRETTON Woops, N. H., PLANTED BY THE BRETTON Woops Co. 


failure is only three to five percent. 
They are so hardy that I have picked 
up New York State transplants at 
Saranac, pulled up with no more 
ceremony than one would devote to a 
head of lettuce, and then after carrying 
them down to my place in South Jersey, 
they laid firm hold on the soil and next 
hear had two feet of crown to show me. 
Granite base soil of New York, sandy 
loam of South Jersey, it was all grist to 
those lusty young white pines. A 
Scotch pine seedling taken at the same 
time only barely recovered from this 
treatment. The transplants come to 
you in April or May, upon application 
to the State forest service made some- 
time during the winter. They will 
arrive buried in wet sphaguum moss and 
you are to guard them above all things 
from drying out, for a sun-dried root 
is a dead root, nor all your penitence and 
tears will avail to lure it back to life 
again. If you are not ready to plant, 
heel them in a shallow trench on the 
planting site. Your planting gang will 
be in units of two men and should get 
in 600 plants a day. The hole man goes 
ahead with a mattock and lays bare a 
shallow hole with a single stroke of the 


mattock. He must have a good eye for 
alignment on the sighting poles, and 
either step his paces evenly or space 
his holes with a stick gauge. His mate 
foliows with a pail full of transplants 
with their roots buried in muddy water. 
He plants the trees, surrounding the 
roots with the topsoil lifted by the 
mattock man finishing off with the base 
soil to discourage weeds. At the end of 
the row they move the sighting stakes 
and start back. On slopes and dry 
ground this will be all the planting 
labor expended, as Nature is kind in 
May and the young trees will not lack 
for showers and moisture. In rocky 
soil the mattock man will have harder 
going and may need a helper to dis- 
lodge boulders in his path or dynamite 
to destroy them. 

If you run into swampy soil the trees 
will surely die of wet feet unless you 
use the mound planting method of 
Baron Manteuffel. The mattack man 
cuts two large crescents of sod, and the 
planter first builds a little mound of 
earth of the soil in the sod roots, plants 
the young tree with its roots in the 
mound and then covers the mound with 
the two crescents of sod, grass side in, 


A SEEDLING. 


PLANTING 


THE Four OPERATIONS IN 


108 


the north crescent always overlapping 
the one on the south side. This makes a 
firm cone of plant food surrounding the 
tree roots, one that will not wash away 
by weathering. The Baron used it even 
on good dry soils, and claimed that, 
though more expensive than ordinary 
hole planting, it paid because of the 
quicker and sturdier growth of the 
trees—and his extensive forests at 
Colditz in Saxony (just above Meissen) 
go far to prove it. 

Once having made your plantation 
you will not see anything very im- 
pressive at first. Little rows of dark 
green tufts that look as if they would 
never amount to anything. Along 
about the third year you will suddenly 
awake to the fact that you have here a 
potential forest for the trees are above 
your waist line. By the sixth year the 
leader shoots are taller than your head 
and by the twelfth year they will be 
thirteen feet high with trunks three 
inches in diameter and crowns of nine 
feet spread. In the twentieth year they 
will be six inches in diameter and twenty 
five feet high and you must then thin 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


out and sell at least half of them. The 
rest will reach 8 inches in their thirtieth 
year and require another thinning; ten 
inches in the fortieth year and twelve in 
the fiftieth, with about two hundred 
trees to the acre. Such a tree will be 
about 60 feet high with a 24 ft. crown 
and they will stand on about 18 ft. 
centers. You can either cut them all 
and replant or thin still further, going 
up to 16, 18 and 24 inch diameter. It 
is good forestry to do this, for remember 
that each year the tree adds a quarter 
inch of wood all around the trunk and 
it means a lot of added volume per year 
in these larger diameters. In fact your 
total yield will double during the 
following twenty years. 

In giving this brief sketch of the life 
of a planted forest, the reader will 
gather that it is not well to plant the 
entire forest at once. Far better is it 
to plant a few acres each year, making 
successive sections of even-aged stands. 
Your forest will then become an in- 
tegral part of the estate and have its 
niche in the yearly claendar of farm 
operations. Each year there will be 


PLANTATION OF WHITE PINE EIGHTEEN YEARS OLD. 


ee 


a 


— 


a EE EEO OeOO_orrerereee 


FORESTRY ON THE 


planting to do, thinning on other sections 
and in due time a steady yearly yield of 
lumber to market. 

I have confined this dissertation to 
conifers, partly because the lumber 
situation is steadily growing more acute 
with them, partly because State raised 
conifer transplants may be had in large 
quantities cheaply. And in case your 
state has no well equipped forest 
service there are at least a dozen large 


-forestry concerns which are able to 


furnish you millions of transplants at 
prices equal to or lower than the State 
nursery charges. 

A few more words as to forest arrange- 
ment: The spacing of the young trees 
has always been a matter for argument 
pro and con. In Germany it is very 
narrow, spruce, fir and sylvester pine 
being all planted on one meter spacing 
or even less. As they have a ready 
market for all the thinnings, poles, and 
faggots, the arrangement is a logical 
business outcome. But with us small 
thinnings are a source of embarrass- 
ment and a six-foot spacing gives the 
trees a change to reach fifteen years 
growth before a thinning becomes im- 
perative. And they are best palnted 
in quincunx, that is with each alternate 


COUNTRY ESTATE 109 
row staggered, the reason being that a 
tree taken out then gives the maximum 
growth space for the surrounding sur- 
vivors. A thinning should be planned 
so as to leave the crowns of the sur- 
viving trees nearly touching, and always 
take out the suppressed and spindling 
trees so as to give the dominant sturdy 
specimens a chance to make their 
maximum growth. You will need fire 
and logging lanes between the sections. 
In laying out either, remember that the 
crown of any tree not crowded by 
neighbors will have a diameter in feet 
equal to three times its trunk diameter 
in inches. The trees bordering a fire 
lane come under this rule. A twelve 
year white pine with three inch trunk 
will then have a crown diameter of nine 
feet, that is, its longest branches will 
be four and one half feet long. Sections 
of this age should have a ten foot fire 
lane separating them wherefore the 
border transplants should be nineteen 
feet center to give you a ten foot fire 
lane must be widened to twenty-five 
feet, usually done by taking away the 
outside row of trees, first on one section 
and then on the other. In general 
these fire lanes should occur about four 
hundred feet apart throughout the forest. 


(To be continued.) 


The State university lands in Arizona are to be lumbered under a cooperative agreement between 
he Government and the State land commission. Arizona is the first State in the southwest and one of 


. ew in the country to cut its timbered lands on forestry principles. 


Makers of phonographs are aiming to use wood instead of metal in all parts of the instrument where 


this is possible, in order to increase the mellowness of the tone. 


On the” Pocatello forest, Idaho, 230,000 trees were planted during the past year, and almost half a 
million in the past three years, fully three-fourths of which are alive and doing well. 


Experiments in the use of aspen for shingles show that the shingles do not check in seasoning, and 
that they turn water satisfactorily, but that they are too easily broken in handling. 


There are somewhat more than 500 recognized tree species in the United States, of which about 100 


are commercially important for timber. 


Government's newly acquired Appalachian forests. 


Of the 500 recognized species, 300 are represented in the 


All American species, except a very few sub- 


tropical ones on the Florida keys and in extreme southern Texas, are to be found in one or another of 


the national forests. 


D. E. Lauderburn, a forest engineer, has withdrawn as a member of the firm of V itale and Rot hery 
of New York City, and is now engaged in the business of timber estimating and other branches of 
forest engineering at 56 Worth Street, New York City. 


IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 
By Ao. POTTER 


Associate Forestor United States Forest Service 


IGHT years have passed since 
i the Forest Service took charge of 
the National Forests and it 
seems opportune at this time 
to review what has been accomplished. 
Our job in the main is to protect this 
most valuable public property against 
destruction by natural agencies and to 
secure the widest possible utilization of 
the forest products under a plan which 
will preserve the permanent productive- 
ness of the Forests. In other words, to 
preserve the forests and make them add 
most to the public welfare. Upon our 
success in this regard depends the per- 
manence of the National Forests, be- 
cause to secure and hold the support of 
the people we must manage their 
property in a manner which is generally 
satisfactory to them. 

When the first National Forests, or 
Forest Reserves as they were then 
called, were created, it was with the 
idea only of keeping in government 
ownership lands having valuable stands 
of timber which should be held to meet 
the future needs of the people. No 
provision was made for even the utili- 
zation or sale of the mature timber 
until several years afterwards, and even 
then little thought was given to use of 
the other products and resources of the 
forests. While it was known that the 
lands were being used to some extent 
for the grazing of livestock, this was 
looked upon as only a temporary use 
which most likely would have to be dis- 
continued before any extension of the 
forest or improvement in its condition 
could be secured. Therefore, the ten- 
dency was to restrict grazing very 
closely, particularly the grazing of 
sheep, and either prohibit it entirely or 
treat it as something which must 
ultimately be discontinued. This was 
practically the situation at the time the 
National Forests were transferred to the 
Department of Agriculture and came 


110 


under the jurisdiction of the Forest 
Service. 


FORAGE RESOURCES A VALUABLE ASSET 


The outlook for the stockmen at that 
time was not a very bright one and 
naturally many felt that the mainte- 
nance of the National Forests was detri- 
mental to their interests. It was realized 
in the beginning by the Forest Service 
that the forage resources of the National 
Forests represented a valuable asset 
upon which not only the welfare of the 
stockmen but that of a large proportion 
of the people was dependent, and it 
set about to work out a plan which 
would develop this resource and pro- 
mote its use to the fullest extent con- 
sistent with good forest management. 

The first thing to be done was to 
open up for use many areas from which 
stock had been excluded and to author- 
ize grazing upon many areas which had 
previously been unused. The next was 
to substitute full use of all areas added 
to the Forests for the earlier policy of 
restriction. The result was that during 
the first three years, or from 1905 to 
1907, the area of the average grazing 
unit was reduced about one-third, or 
in other words, the number of stock 
grazed upon the National Forests in 
proportion to the area of the range in- 
creased about 50 per cent. 


BAD EFFECTS OF OVERGRAZING 


Unfortunately, however, many of the 
areas which were added to the National 
Forests during this period had previously 
been badly overgrazed, and it was 
evident that a material reduction must 
be made in the number of stock grazed 
there before damage to the forest could 
be stopped, or before it would be possible 
to secure any improvement in the con- 
dition of the range. This made it 
necessary first of all to ascertain the 
extent to which the overcrowded con- 


IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 111 


LARGE PARK IN WESTERN YELLOW PINE TYPE, SHOWING GRAZING POSSIBILITIES. 


dition of these ranges could be relieved 
by the transfer of stock to other ranges 
and also to find out to what extent the 
damage could be checked by better 
management of the stock. A splendid 
opportunity was thus offered for con- 
structive work which would be of real 
substantial benefit. It was a task not 
alone for the Forest Service, but also 
for the stockmen, and how well it has 


been done is shown by the results. 


COOPERATION OF STOCKMEN INVITED. 


Right in the beginning the Forest 
Service invited the cooperation of the 
stockmen and consulted with them 
regarding the practicability of the plans 
which were to be adopted. While it 
was not always possible to agree, there 
was generally a mutually advantageous 
settlement of all questions involved and 
most important of all, there grew up a 
feeling among the stockmen that the 
government desired to help bring about 
a more stable condition of their in- 
dustry. 

The greatest amount of damage on 
overgrazed ranges was due to the fact 
that prior to the inclusion of these 
lands within the National Forests there 
was no legal authority for their con- 
trol. This usually meant that the feed 
belonged to the man who got his stock 


-owners. 


on the land first. There was no way, 
however, except physical force, by which 
he could hold the feed and prevent 
others from sharing in its use. Under 
this system numbers of stock largely in 
excess of the capacity of the lands were 
grazed upon them and with little 
thought or care except to get what there 
was while it lasted. It was natural that 
this condition should lead to serious 
controversy, and out of it grew many 
range wars which often resulted in great 
loss to life and property. These de- 
plorable conditions have been removed 
on the lands which were included within 
the National Forests, for the simple 
reason that an authoritative means 
of control has been afforded under 
which right instead or might prevails. 
Had nothing else been accomplished, 
the removal of this one evil has made 
the work worth while. 

As an orderly use of the range was 
being brought about, an effort was made 
to divide the range fairly between the 
different kinds of stock and the different 
The stockmen were called 
together in meetings and so far as 
possible all questions were settled by 
mutual agreement, the government mak- 
ing arbitrary decisions only in cases 
where the stockmen could not agree 
among themselves or where it appeared 


112 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Movinc A Camp oF GRAZING EXAMINERS IN ROUGH COUNTRY. 


necessary to protect the public interests. 
Where it was clear that the ranges 
were being overgrazed and the surplus 
stock could not be taken care of by 
removal to other ranges, the necessary 
reductions were made gradually and 
so far as possible unnecessary loss and 
hardship were avoided. 


RANGES GRAZED AT WRONG SEASONS 


It was found that under the former 
system, or rather lack of system, many 
of the ranges had been used at un- 
seasonable times and that this had re- 
sulted in the loss of much forage. An 
economical use of the forage plants and 
grasses can be secured only by a con- 
sideration of their natural habits, and 
it is just as disastrous to place stock 
upon a range before the forage crop has 
reached a sufficiently mature stage of 
development to be ready for grazing as 
it is to cut a field of hay or grain before 
the proper time. Accordingly grazing 
periods were established to fit the 
different districts and so far as possible 
to meet the needs of the stockmen, due 
consideration being given to the neces- 
sity for early grazing on lambing grounds 
and other special conditions. On many 
of the ranges the destruction of forage 
by trampling in driving the stock about 
in search of feed and by placing stock 


upon the range too early in the season 
while the feed was immature, amounted 
to fully 30 per cent of the crop. Under 
a systematic use of the ranges this loss 
was stopped and the formerly wasted 
feed utilized for the grazing of additional 
stock or for putting the stock in better 
condition of flesh. The result has been 
that in many cases the stockmen have 
been able to sell beef and mutton from 
ranges which before were only pro- 
ducing feeders and often poor ones at 
that. 


FENCES RECOGNIZED AS NECESSARY 


One of the greatest handicaps of the 
stockmen using the open public range 
for raising cattle and horses had been 
the prohibition of fencing, and efforts 
to handle their stock through this means 
had often resulted in prosecutions for 
violation of the fence laws. That the 
proper handling of cattle and horses 
requires the construction of fences in 
certain localities is recognized by all. 
Therefore, it was with much gratifi- 
cation that the stockmen learned of the 
willingness of the Forest Service not 
only to allow the fencing which was so 
much needed, but to cooperate with 
them in the construction of such im- 
provements. This has reduced the losses 
from straying and theft, but most 


IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 


113 


Movinc A Camp oF GRAZING EXAMINERS IN ACCESSIBLE AREAS. 


important af all has enabled the stock- 
men to successfully raise higher’ grade 
stock and to get larger calf crops. The 
construction of fences has also been an 
important factor in preventing the 
spread of disease and reducing the losses 
from poisonous plants. 

Early in the administration of the 
Forests it was found that pastures were 
needed for holding stock which was 
being gathered for transfer to other 
ranges or for shipment to market and 
provision was made to meet this need. 
The pasture privilege was afterwafd 
extended to include pastures for saddle 
horses and pure bred or graded stock 
and to give settlers a way of holding a 
limited amount of winter range adjacent 
to their ranches. This regulation has 
been taken advantage of very generally 
and the large number of pastures which 
have been built under it show in another 
way the advantages of a proper con- 
trol in the use of the range. 


DEVELOPMENT OF WATER FACILITIES 


Next to grass the most important 
need of livestock is water. It was 
found that mush could be done in the 
way of improving the stock watering 
facilities on the National Forests and 
right in the beginning we started clean- 
ing out the seeps and springs, piping 


the water into troughs, building reser- 
voirs and doing whatever else might 
help to increase or secure a better use 
of the water supply. During 1912 a 
report was secured from each Forest, 
covering the water development work 
done since the Forests were put under 
administration. The figures secured 
show 676 water-development projects 
to the close of 1912. Of these, 173 were 
developed exclusively by the Forest 
Service, and as many more in coopera- 
tion with permittees; and 320 solely 
by the stockmen. 

Complete figures are not available as 
to the new acreage of range brought 
into -utilization by this water develop- 
ment. In Arizona and New Mexico 
alone, however, 65,000 acres of new 
range have been made available by 
water projects developed by the Forest 
Service in cooperation with the stock- 
men, and 420,000 acres made available 
by projects developed by permittees—a 
total of 485,000 acres of new range by 
water development in these two States 
alone. A great deal of water develop- 
ment done by the Forest Service has 
been to secure better management of 
range already in use, which accounts for 
the small acreage of new range brought 
into use by water development. While 
the acreage developed by the stockmen 


114 AMERICAN 


is large, this improvement may be 
attributed almost wholly to the Forest 
Service putting the grazing on a sub- 
stantial basis and assisting and en- 
couraging permittees to develop water. 

There is still a great possibility for 
improvement along this line. On the 
Pecos Forest there are 90,000 acres, 
which would carry 5,000 cattle or 20,000 
sheep, now unused, due to the lack of 
water, and that could be largely develop- 
ed by four dams costing $1,000 each. 
On the Tusayan Forest there are 200,000 
acres not fully utilized which would 
carry 1,000 more cattle if properly 
watered. The Qundance Forest has 
2,100 acres which were made available 
by developing four springs in 1913, and 
plans have been made for developing 20 
springs in 1914. A great many of the 
Forests will show similar work in 
development accomplished and possible 
development in the future. 


RESEEDING THE RANGE. 


Let me now tell you something of 
what has been done in the way of 
reseeding the ranges. In 1907 experi- 
ments in seeding range to cultivated 
forage plants were initiated. To date 
something over 500 experiments, cover- 
ing 86 Forests, have been initiated. 
From these tests it has been learned 
that artificial reseeding can be accom- 
plished economically only on mountain 
meadow areas of good soil, and alluvial 
bottoms along creeks, at an altitude of 


nite 


ee 


Eo 


FORESTRY 


not higher than within 500 to 1,000 
feet of timber line; also that on these 
areas timothy is ordinarily the best 
species and that one year’s protection 
from grazing is necessary after seeding. 

The work under way on artificial 
reseeding this year and that planned, is 
to establish more definitely the economic 
possibility of improving our better soils 
by reseeding and possibly by irrigation. 
A number of observations and reports 
this year show that at a very small cost 
for diverting the water at the heads 
of meadows and scattering it out over 
the area, then seeding the area to timo- 
thy, the forage crop has been increased 
from 100 to 400 per cent, in many 
cases beyond the cost of the labor. 


PROPER USE, BEST METHOD OF IMPROVE- 
MENT. 


This method of procedure, however, 
is both slow and expensive and the 
greater part of our range lands must be 
improved by protection and natural 
reseeding—at least within the next 
20 years—until we know more about 
artificial reseeding. Our investigations 
have established beyond doubt that 
natural reseeding can be accomplished 
best by a rotation system of grazing, 
based upon the simple principle that 
after the vegetation has matured its 
seed, approximately from August 15 to 
September 15, grazing aids in scattering 
and planting seed. A report recently 
received from the Supervisor of the 


? 
: 


— Pee 
OV. ie 


A Mountain MrEapow SurROUNDED BY DENSE STAND of RED Fir, AND WATERED BY A WINDING 
BROOK. 


IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 


Many DENUDED SLOPES OCCUR IN THE JEFFREY PINE TYPE, IN THE CENTRAL SIERRA NEVADAS. 


Hayden Forest on the experiment 
started there in 1910 with one acre 
absolutely protected yearlong against 
grazing, 19 acres protected until after 
seed maturity and then grazed, and 
outside range unprotected, shows that 
the vegetation on the 19-acre tract 
grazed each fall is approximately 
50 per cent better than the totally 
protected area and probably 200 per 
cent better than the range without 
protection. This means that the ranges 
can be improved faster in use than they 
can be in idleness. This principle is 
being rapidly adopted on many of the 
other Forests and is securing excellent 
results. In my estimation this system 
offers great encouragement in range 
improvement, for the reason that there 
is almost no waste of forage and con- 
sequently the stockmen suffer no loss 
in adopting it. It gives better results 
than total exclusion of the stock and it 
prevents the accumulation of coarse, 
unusable forage, and other inflamable 
material which is a menace to the 
Forests. This principle can be worked 
into the management of every piece of 
range on National Forests and will be 
fundamental as long as we have range 
management. 


THE NEW OPEN SYSTEM OF HANDLING 
SHEEP 


Our experimental work in methods of 
handling stock has been confined mainly 


to sheep. Byfar the most important 
phase of this work has been the develop- 
ment.and practical application of what 
is known as the ‘Blanket system,” 
“Bedding out system,” or ‘New 
method” of handling sheep, which is 
simply open, quiet herding during the 
day and bedding the sheep where night 
overtakes them. We started a vigorous 
campaign for the adoption of this 
change in the handling of sheep in 
1909, based largely upon the result of 
the Coyote-proof pasture experiments in 
the Wallowa National Forest, Oregon. 
At that time this method of necessity 
was largely employed in the Southwest 
and elsewhere by a few of the most 
successful sheep companies—such as 
Woods Livestock Company. Aside from 
these cases, most of the sheep were 
handled under a system of returning to 
the same bed ground as many times as 
the Forest Service would allow, which 
in a great many instances was more than 
the six nights provided by the Regu- 
lations. 

At the present time there are a 
number of Forests where almost without 
exception. the sheep are never returned 
to one bed ground more than one or 
two nights, and on nearly all the grazing 
Forests, at least a part of the sheepmen 
have been persuaded to adopt this 
method, and the result invariably 1s an 
average increase of about 5 pounds in 
the weight of the lambs, and I should 


116 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


OpEN WOODLAND TYPE. 


THE BARE ROCK PINNACLES IN BACKGROUND MAKE FIELD EXAMINATION OF THE GRAZING EXAM- 
INERS DIFFICULT. 


say an increase fo 10 to 25 per cent in 
the carrying capacity of the ranges. An 
increase of 5 pounds per lamb for 5,000,- 
000 lambs would mean 25,000,000 pounds 
added to the sheepmen’s salable product 
and the country’s meat supply. 


THE CASE OF THE MADISON FOREST. 


The best example of what has been 
accomplished in the way of adopting this 
system is perhaps the Madison Forest. 
With perhaps one or two minor excep- 
tions the sheep on this Forest are 
handled without returning to one camp 
more than two nights. In 1912 the 
Supervisor submitted figures and state- 
ments from sheepmen showing that the 
advantage of this method over the old 
method of returning to bed grounds was 
from 5 to 15 pounds difference in the 
lambs, with a corresponding difference 
in the condition of the ewes. Sheepmen 
established this advantage to be from 
20 cents to 50 cents a head on the sheep. 
In 1913 we planned to get an experi- 
mental comparison of sheep handled 
under the new system and sheep handled 
under the old system on the Madison 
Forest. When the test came the 
Supervisor could not get any permittee 
to return to the old system for experi- 
mental purposes without paying a bonus 


of 50 cents a head. One permittee 
finally consented to return to the old 
system provided he were allowed 100 
head of sheep free of charge in addition 
to his permit. A total of seven bands 
were carefully observed during the 
season, the acreage of range used by 
each band was mapped and compared, 
and lambs in each band were weighed 
and marked at the beginning of the 
season and again weighed at the close 
of the season to determine growth. | The 
average gain per day of the lambs under 
the new system was .43 pounds as 
compared with .38 pounds made by 
lambs under the old system, a net gain 
of .05 per day per head in favor of the 
new system. At 5 cents a pound this 
difference amounted to 2214 cents per 
head for a period of 90 days. Ona band 
of sheep containing 1,000 lambs, there- 
fore, it would amount to $225. during 
the grazing season of 90 days; in addition 
the difference in condition of the lambs 
would probably result in a higher price 
for the better lambs raised under the 
new system. 

This change in method of handling has 
been, in large part, responsible for the 
building up of the Madison Forest and 
enabling us to incresae the number of 
sheep grazed from 90,000 head to 107,- 


IMPROVEMENT IN RANGE CONDITIONS 


DEEP CANYON SHOWING ROcKyY CLIFFS. 


AN IMPORTANT FACTOR IN INCREASING COSTS OF MOVING CAMP AND OF FIELD 
EXAMINATION BY THE GRAZING EXAMINERS. 


000 head, with a possible further in- 
crease of several thousand head. 

There has been some difficulty in 
getting the herders to adopt this new 
system for the reason that it means 
harder work, but experience has shown 
that after the sheep get used to the open 
system of herding they are no harder to 
handle than under the close herding 
system. All good herders take a pride 
in having their sheep look well and there 
is often the keenest kind of competition 
among them in getting their herd on to 
the best bedding ground. As _ such 
herders come to realize that it means 
better sheep they voluntarily adopt the 
Open herding system out of pride in 
securing the best possible results. 


OTHER INVESTIGATIONS. 


The Forest Service is carrying on 
many other studies and experiments 
with a view to helping the stockmen 
secure a better utilization of the forage 
resources of the National Forests and 
to raise more and better stock. In 1911 


a systematic range reconnaissance was 
begun to learn the exact proportion of 
the Forest land which was suitable for 
grazing and to find out the character 
of the different ranges; the kinds of 
grasses and plants growing in each 
locality; the kind of stock to which they 
were best adapted; and in fact, to get all 
of the information which would be of 
value in promoting the fullest possible 
use of the lands. Over 5,000,000 acres 
have already been covered by this 
survey. Aside from the actual acreage 
covered this work has accomplished 
something even greater by starting 
systematic, intelligent study and classi- 
fication of the ranges on practically all 
of the grazing Forests. The result will 
be more equitable distribution of range 
between permittees, improvement in 
management of the stock, utilization of 
unused range and intelligent develop- 
ment of the range lands to their highest 
use. The success which we have had 
in all this work has been due largely to 
the hearty cooperation of the stockmen. 


[American Forestry is indebted to the Forest Club Annual of fe University of Nebraska for the cuts illustrating this 
article. 


WOODLOT FORESTRY 


For the Instruction of Owners of Farms and Country Estates 
By R. ROSENBLUTH, M. F., 


Director of Forest Investigations New York State Conservation Commission 


r | \NHE woodlots of the farms and 
country estates have, for the 
most part, been treated with 
mistreatment . 

Neglect and abuse have been the 
keynotes by which the owners have 
been guided in managing this valuable 
resource. Even the progressive farmers 
of the country who pride themselves on 
crop rotation, intensive methods, alert- 
ness and business on the rest of their 
farm, are following the old careless, if 
not ruinous, methods in their woodlots. 

While the percentage of improved 
land on the farms has remained about 
the same from 1880 to the present, the 
amount of unimproved land has more 
than doubled and the woodlots have de- 
creased about one-third—in other words, 
not only have the woodlots themselves 
deteriorated in condition, but a large 
area has been actually destroyed and 
made worthless, nonproductive land. 

To point out the importance and 
value of the woodlots to the nation and 
the individual owners; to stimulate the 
owners to the practice of forestry in 
their woodlots, securing for themselves 
and to the nation the many benefits and 
great profits which well-managed wood- 
lands yield; and to point out clearly and 
simply the principles and methods of 
correct forest practice—these are the 
aims of this bulletin. 


IMPORTANCE OF WOODLOTS. 


The woodlots of the nation represent, 
in the aggregate, an enormous source 
of natural wealth. 

Statistic show that of the 1,903,289, - 
600 acres net land area in this country, 
878,798,325 acres are in farms. Of this 
farm area we find: 

478,451,750 acres (54.4%) improved 
land. 

190,865,553 acres (21.7%) woodlots. 


118 


209,481,022 acres (23.8%) unimproved 
land. 

878,798,325 acres (100%) in farms. 

Studies show a conservative estimate 
of the amount of unimproved land in 
farms, which is best suited to forest 
productions, to be at least 70,000,000 
acres; which, in connection with the 
area now in woodland, makes a total of 
261,000,000 acres, or 30 per cent of the 
land holdings in farms best adapted to 
forest growth. This total area is held 
in comparatively small holdings, on 
which all necessary work can be done 
by the permanent labor force at times 
when it cannot be otherwise profitably 
employed. 

Conditions thus are ideal for intensive 
management of this great forest area. 

At present it represents one of the 
least intelligently used assets of the 
nation. 

The total value of the forest product 
of farms is $195,306,283, or roughly 
£1.00 per year per acre of farm woodlot. 

Under intelligent and intensive man- 
agement the owners should earn from 
these areas a fair share of the farm 
revenue, where now they produce almost 
nothing. This profit in money value 
should net about $500,000,000 a year 
and pr-duce for the industries of the 
nation between seventy-five and eighty 
billion board feet of lumber each year. 

To the owner, the value of this wood- 
land is made up of many factors. 

The most common products are lum- 
ber, poles, ties, fence posts and firewood. 
Besides these, many special uses may 
be had in different localities, such as 
pulpwood, implement wood, etc. There 
are also m ny special products which 
may be developed—thus, gathering seed 
of desirable species often will yield a 
good profit. The value of these pro- 
ducts is sufficient, under good manage- 


LTAIAAIG NOILVAILIND GNVY AOOd SI TOS AHL FAAHM ‘SdOLTIIH AHL NO SLOTGOOM GNV ‘SONIGTING AHL YOA SHVANAGNIM GALVOOT-114M 
WAVY AHL GNV ANLSAAO 


120 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


TypicAL WOODLOT 
RESULT OF SUCCESSFUL CULLINGS OF THE BEST REMAINING TREES AT EACH CUTTING, AND GENERAL 


NEGLECT. 


ment and under average farm condi- 
tions, to provide a fair net return from 
the lands, and make the woodlot areas 
pay their fair share in the farm profits. 

Unquestionably one of the biggest 
problems on the farms today is to secure 
and keep good help. This can generally 
only be done where year-around work 
is given; and the woodlot offers one of 
the most satisfactory solutions of the 
problems. 

A belt of woods has proved of great 
value in protection against the direct 
mechanical effect of winds (blowing 
down of crops, especially fruit; shifting 
sands); against drying of soil; to a 
lesser extent in securing an even distri- 
bution of protective snow cover, and 
shelter after the snow has melted, for 
winter crops; and in very greatly in- 
creased comfort to people and stock. 
This spells increased profits in better 
and larger crops; and last, but not 
least, in greater comfort in the home. 

It is a well-established principle now 
in successful farming, not to have ‘‘all 
the eggs in one basket.’’ ‘The wood 
crop is one which always has a market 
at a fair price; and with the price of the 
product constantly advancing. It can 


OLD TREES OF INFERIOR GRADES, AND NO VALUABLE YOUNG GROWTH COMING IN. 


truly be called a winter crop, as the 
cultivation (improvement cuttings, 
planting, etc. can be done at times 
not required by any other crop. 

The woodlot may be compared to a 
high class bond investment, and is 
better than such investment. Good 
sized thrifty material of desirable species 
is always marketable at a fair price, 
earning a fair ate (4 per cent. or more) 
of compound interest all the time by its 
growth in volume; in addition, it is 
growing in value, both through increas- 
ing prices of wood products, and because 
material from larger trees is more 
valuable than that from smaller trees. 
After some calamity, such as barns 
burning, or crop failure, it can then be 
utilized when most needed; or, for 
example, during a coal strike, when 
other sources of fuel cannot be had, 
except at exorbitant prices and with 
great inconvenience. 

Nearly every farm has some land 
which cannot be profitably used for 
farming crops. This may be stony, 
rocky land, wet land which cannot be 
drained, pure sands, steep slopes, espe- 


cially if subject to excessive erosion — 


(washing away), etc. Frequently, be- 


— 


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WOODLOT FORESTRY 


WR 


THE Woop.Lot as IT SHOULD BE- 
GROUND FULLY OCCUPIED BY THRIFTY, VALUABLE TREES. CUTTINGS MADE TO IMPROVE THE REMAINING 


STAND, AND TO SECURE A NEW STAND OF THE BEST KINDS. 


cause of irregularities in boundary lines, 
a considerable amount of land cannot 
be used without undue expense in extra 
fencing, etc. Again, many times, be- 
cause of labor conditions, a piece of 
land which might otherwise be used for 
pasture or crops, is not needed, and 
could profitably be used for tree growth. 

The aesthetic value is a factor which 
cannot be accurately measured in its 
value to a place. Certainly it is con- 
siderable. For example, on a country 
place the difference between attractive 
woods and scrubby worthless brush or 
waste places would be enough to make 
a great difference in the value attached 
to the whole place; and for purposes of 
sale, an attractive place could be dis- 
posed of very much more easily than an 
unattractive one. In fact, an attractive 
grove of trees might often be the de- 
termining factor in a sale. 

Or, if one goes to buy a farm and sees 
a piece of poor brush land or waste land 
his estimate of the value of the whole 
place is mcuh lowered; if that same 
piece is covered with a well-set thrifty 
grove, even if young, his estimate of 
the value is raised. 


YOUNG GROWTH ALREADY STARTED 


PROTECTION TO WATER SUPPLY. 


Around springs a piece of woods is 
one of the best means of providing 
against their drying up. In country 
places where a large and abundant sup- 
ply of pure water is desired, the main- 
tenance of woodland around the source 
of supply is a very valuable means of 
conserving it. 

As a special problem, the value of 
woods on village, town and city water- 
sheds is especially great. In such cases 
a considerable area of land must gener- 
ally be held anyway to protect the 
purity of the water supply. This pur- 
pose can best be advanced by the main- 
tenance of a good forest cover on the 
land, which will also prevent he silting 
up of the reservoirs, and irregularities 
in supply; at the same time yielding a 
profit from the use of the land. 

There are still other uses which are 
hard to classify. Thus, it is well known 
that in keeping insect attacks on valu- 
able farm crops under control, insectiv- 
erous birds, etc., are of great value. 
These always are able to thrive better 
when woodlots are at hand, in which to 
nest and seek shelter. 


122 AMERICAN 


COSTS AND PROFITS. 


In casting up accounts of the woodlot, 
it is seen that many factors, other than 
mere cash profits from the products 
derived, must be considered. At the 
came time, it is well to know just what 
financial return can be expected. 

Unfortunately on this point there is 
lack of accurate data for the whole na- 
tion. The following examples will il- 
lustrate the possibilites: 

In Western New York, a woodlot 
was heavily culled of most of its mer- 
chantable material in the past two 
years. There was left, however, about 
202 valuable trees per acre on this por- 
tion, besides 146 trees which would 
best be removed to improve the stand. 
Most of the valuable species were hick- 
ory, white oak, red oak and white pine. 
At the rate of growth, as determined by 
measurements, and at average present 
market prices, in twenty years from now 
there would be value produced sufficient 
to earn the equivalent of a net annual 
income of $3.27 per acre at 5 per cent. 
compound interest; figured for forty 
years ahead, the net return would be 
$3.31 per acre per year, because of the 
more valuable material produced from 
larger trees. 

This is disregarding the fact that at 
the end of these periods, timber prices 
are sure to be much higher than now, 
and also the fact that this stand is not 
fully stocked with valuable species. 

An interesting and typical condition 
also presented here, in the possibilities 
of improvement of the stand, is that if 
the owner were to cut the 146 trees 
which ought to be removed, together 
with some ; ood material on the ground, 
he would secure about 314 cords of 
wood, worth much more than the cost 
of planting a sufficient number of desir- 
able trees, so as to secure a full stand of 
valuable species, and thus greatly in- 
crease the net profit per acre. 

As another example, a farmer, realiz- 
ing the value of his woodlot, has con- 
tinuously improved it for the past 
twelve years, and today it is one of the 
most valuable parts of the farm. It 
has supplied fuel, fence posts, lumber 
for farm buildings and for repairs, and 
some has been sold. The work con- 


FORESTRY 


nected with its management was done © 
in the winter and at odd times. The 
improved woods are now worth over 
$150 yer acre. 

These examples are based on lumber 
sold under present market prices of — 
stumpage or round logs. To the farm — 
and country estate, the chief value of 
the woodlot is to supply lumber, posts 
and fuel, at least in times of ermergency. 
The purchase price of these materials is 
generally very much greater than is re- 


ceived for material sold; and used asa ~ 


source of home supply, the woodlot 
would yield much greater financial 
profit than indicated above. 

Again, it is worth while remembering 
that the direct value of products derived — 
is but one of many benefits derived from 
the woodlot; and it is especially urged, 


in view of the common misconception 


of the subject, that the income from 
better management is not something 
which will be enjoyed only by our great 
grandchildren, who, as one wag said, 
“Never did anything for us; but is 
constant, with financial returns com- 
parable at least to those from a high- 
class bond investment.. 


WOODLOT HISTORY. 


In the development of the woodlot, ] 


“we must turn back and consider the con- — 


ditions under which they developed. 4 


When the first settlers came here, hey — 


found ‘an almost unbroken wilderness. — 
The forest had to be destroyed to clear — 
land for agriculture. It had no value © 
—in fact, it was considered an impedi- 
ment. With that attitude, there was 
no effort made either to protect the © 
forest from fire or other damage. Sim- 
ilarly, in the use of wood—at first only — 
the very best trees of the best species — 
would be taken for any purpose. With 
the gradual culling of the woods, we 
have today woodlots consisting mostly 
of culls or inferior stock. Most of the 
hardwoods are either the third or fourth 


set of sprouts from the same stump, and ~ 


thus of very low vitality, or are seed- ~ 
lings of poorer species; the evergreens — 
are, of course, of seedling stock, but the 
proportion of these is very much low- 
ered, and these generally also are of 
weakened vitality. In addition, prac- 


‘dOUD AALNIM YW SGOOM AHL 


124 AMERICAN 


tically all the woodlots are damaged by 
fire, grazing, poor conditions for growth, 
often by insects or disease, so that 
today practically no woodlot is as 
thrifty as it should be. When the good 
farm land was cleared, then the poorer 
lands were attacked, and this continued, 
until today we find thousands of acres 
which, being best adapted to forest 
growth, should never have been cleared. 

On the other hand, wet lands, a little 
difficult to handle becuase in need of 
draining, were mostly left uncleared, 
and frequently we find the best land on 
the farms under woods. Nor was any 
notice taken of the value of woods for 
windbreaks, etc. 

So there is no fixed relation between 
the actual location of the woodlot and 
the location which would give the 
fullest possible benefits of an equal area 
of woodlot on the farm. 

Now, all these conditions have 
changed. It is certain that intelligent 
and careful management of land, best 
adapted for the woodlot, will prove a 
profitable investment. This investment 
will generally consist of time and labor, 
which otherwise would be less profitably 
employed or else would lie idle (winter 
work); and in the foregoing of certain 
present cash returns when trees, which 
might be sold, are left to grow; and toa 
limited extent, in actual outlay of 
money, for trees to plant, in marking 
trees for cutting, or in other extra work 
in woodlot improvement. 


A PROGRAM OF MANAGEMENT. 


What is practical in forestry for the 
ordinary farm or estate in any given 
case must, of course, depend on the 
specific conditions involved. In gen- 
eral, the application of management 
will be in about this order: 

(1.) Protection, principally against 
fire, often against grazing; and to a 
lessor extent, against diseases and insect 


attacks. Protection is closely connected 
with 
(2.) Damage cuttings of watse ma- 


terial on the ground, dead or dying 
trees, etc., which make the worst fire 
traps, and breeding places for diseases. 
This, in nearly every case, can be done 
at a profit, as the material yielded will 
pay for the labor. 


FORESTRY 


(3.) Avoiding Waste. In this con- 9 
nection may be mentioned the use of 
better and more careful methods in the ~ 
woods :—cutting low stumps; working 
up all material in tops and limbs; work- ~ 
ing everything into its most profitable — 
form; taking care not to injure remain- 
ing trees when cutting or hauling in the — 
woods, ete. All this is closely connected — 
with 

(4.) Cuttings made of standing tim- — 
ber, in such a way as to improve condi- 
tions. While to be discussed more in 
detail under the subject of management, — 
these are broadly divided into (1) im- — 
provement cuttings, in which the prin- — 
cipal aim is the removal of those trees 


which should be cut for the benefit of © 


the remaining stand; and (2) reproduc- 
tion cuttings, in which the main idea is — 


to secure a new crop from seed of the _ 


most desirable species. 4 
(5.) Planting or sowing either on 
the open waste places; or in existing — 
woodlots, where these are too open, or | 
where they contain too great a 
proportion of inferior species; or for 
windbreak or aesthetic effects, etc. 
Planting is very closely related to the © 
relocation or change in area of the wood- — 
lot, where necessary to secure the best 


results from a given area of woodlot— 


that is, where the sum total of all the — 
factors of value, as enumerated prev- 
iously, is the greatest. 
(6.) A plan of regulating the cut — 
may be to secure a certain amount of 
material of given quality and size every — 
year, or at regular periods. A plan for 
an equal annual cut is rarely practicable 
in ordinary woodlots, as now found, 
because the area under management is 
too small and its condition too poor. — 
However, it is practicable to aim for an 
annual cut not to exceed the annual — 
growth; or for a cut less than the annual ~ 
growth, accumulating a reserve fund for 
larger timbers to be cut at more or less 
definite intervals. Where possible, this — 


involves a definite system of forest ~ 


management. 


FACTORS OF GROWTH. 


All tree growth, like other vegetation — 
is governed by the environment in — 


which found. ‘This is true of individual 


trees, of species, and of types or com- 


RAN: 


TREES ARE TOO FAR APART TO SHED THEIR LOWER BRANCHES NATURALLY 


SEcoND GROWTH OF WHITE PINE FROM WIND-SOWN SEED. 


A. Knechtel 


Photo by 


126 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


HERE THE WOODLOT IS BEING USED FOR GRAZING—BUT THIS PREVENTS 
REPRODUCTION, THE Cows DESTROYING THE YOUNG TREES 


munities. To be successful in forest 
management, the practice must con- 
form to the conditions and full advan- 
tage must be taken of the factors of 


growth which control in any given 
situation. 

These factors fall into two great 
groups, not however, clearly defined. 
These may be termed the “Natural” 
factors, including only the broad fea- 
tures closely related to climate, etc. 
over which man has but little control, 
and the “Subsequent” factors, brought 
about mainly by man _ himself, or 


through changes which he has wrought. 
Briefly, the great natural factors of 
growth are: Moisture, heat, light, soil, 
slope, aspect and wind. 
Moisture is a most important factor 
in tree growth. Without moisture trees 
cannot grow. But different trees differ 


widely.in their demands for moisture, 
and only those trees adapted to the 
moisture conditions should be used in 
a given situation. For instance, the 
red. pine can grow on very dry sites, 
while the black ash must have moist 
ones. 

However, it is the minimum amount 
of moisture which any tree must have 
that is most important. Up toa rather 
high per cent. of moisture, such as in 
pe srmanently soggy ground or in swamps, 
almost any tree can do better, the 
greater the amount of moisture it has. 

Therefore, in forest management, it 
is important not only to use species 
adapted to the general moisture condi- 
Se but to use such practices as will 
conserve and improve the moisture 
factor. 

As a genreal proposition, the woods 


ANVIS HO ALISNAG OL ANG SHNOAUL NVAID ONOYT “AOVIIA ANV]T OVNVUVS—HAOUD ANIG ALIN 


128 AMERICAN 


and waste lands of the farms are either 
the driest or the wettest ones. 

On the dry situations, the best prac- 
tice requires the keeping of a good forest 
cover, sufficiently dense to prevent dry- 
ing out of the soil by sun and wind. 

On the very wet situations, fre- 
quently much can be done to improve 
moisture conditions by a small amount 
of ditching which can now be done 
economically by the use of dynamite. 
Often, land which is called too wet and 
cold and now left to grow to worthless 
scrub, with proper drainage can be 
turned into the most fertile part of the 
farm. Again, there are opportunities 
on such land for special crops, such as 
basket willow. If left in ordiary wood- 
land much can be done by laying 
special emphasis on selection of species 
best adapted to the particular site, per- 
haps supplemented by some simple 
ditching. 

For each locality the relationship of 
trees to drought and soil moisture 
should be noted, and only those species 
used which are adaptible to the condi- 
tions of soil and air moisture prevailing 
over the area. 

Heat is one of the chief factors in the 
distribution of trees. Thus, the forests 
of the north are of different species and 
types from those of the south. It is 
necessary to know the requirements of 
trees with respect to heat in order to 
determine whether they can be used or 
not. It is especially important to know 
the susceptibility of any given species 
to late and early frosts. Thus, the 
catalpa, widely heralded as a most 
valuable tree, is not adaptable over 
most of New York, being too frost- 
sensitive. Again, certain species, al- 
though they will be able to live under 
the lower temperatures and _ shorter 
seasons of Northern New York, or in 
the mountains, grow so slowly as to be 
undesirable, while in warmer districts 
their growth is rapid enough to make 
them valuable. 

Beyond this choice of suitable species, 
we have little control over the factor of 
heat. The indirect effect of heat, such 
as the drying out of the soil, can be 
obviated, but this really is directly an 
effect of moisture conditions. 


FORESTRY 


Minor influences of heat, such as 
sensitiveness to frost-cracks, can to a 
certain extent be controlled by regulat- 
ing the density of the stand, etc.; in 
forest practice, trees which are espec- 
ially susceptible to such injury should 
not be unduly exposed but maintained 
in more closed groups. 

Light also is one of the major factors 
of growth. From a forestry stand- 
point, it is, with moisture, the most im- 
portant, because these two are the ones 
most susceptible to control by forestry 
methods, and show the greatest differ- 
ence in returns following proper methods 
in contrast to improper methods. 

Light is absolutely essential to tree 
growth, as it is this that causes the 
inorganic plant foods taken from the 
soil and air to be assimilated by the 
leaves into higher forms, available for 


.tree growth. Thus, one of the most 


noticeable facts in growth is the relation 
of any tree to the condition of light in 
which it can, and does grow. 

Thus, a tree in the open may have its 
branches low and spreading; while the 
same species, grown in a dense forest, 
will have a long, straight clean trunk, 
with living branches only on the upper 
portions. This is true, becuase in the 
open, the total necessary leaf surface 
can be most easily obtained by spread- 
ing the branches laterally, while in the 
forest it becomes necessary to keep the 
crown well up with the rest, in order to 
get light for the leaves. At the same 

ime, the lower branches, deprived of 
light, die and eventually fall off, leaving 
the clean trunk of a forest tree. 

In relation to the development and 
position of the crown or head, of a tree, 
that part from the lowest large living 
limb to the top, with respect to the 
stand in which it is found, a tree is 
divided into one of four classes: 

(1.) Dominant, with full crown and 
sufficient growing room tothe sides, as well 
as free light from above. When spreading, 
and shading much more land than it 
should, the tree is termed a ‘‘wolf tree.” 

(2.) Co-dominant: Trees just a little 
below the dominant trees in height, 
with free light from above but crowded 
from the sides; not entirely free, nor 
with full crowns. 


saqay, avaq—x sqauy,, INVNINOGODjD—y 
Sdauy, qissauddag—s saquy, INVNINOG—q 
SdaaL, ALVIGAWATLNI—] SAGA], ATOM—M 


= vj / 


130 AMERICAN 


(3.) Inte mediate: Healthy trees, 
but far enough below the normal so as 
to be shaded from above as well as on 
the sides. Such trees are still thrifty, 
and usually capable of making full 
growth if given enough light. 

(4.) Suppressed: Those so far be- 
hind and completely shaded that the 
crown development is not much more 
than enough to keep the tree alive. 
Such trees may, or may not, recover 
full vigor if given enough light, depend- 
ing mostly on the species and the degree 
of suppression. As a rule, even if re- 
covery is possible, it will be years before 
full vigor is regained. 

AY ith class, “of 
sometimes included. 

Again, different kinds of trees differ 
very much in their demands for light. 
Spruce can stand a very large amount 
of shading, and does not do well in the 
open; while the Scotch pine demands a 
great amount of light, and can stand 
very little, if any, shading. Trees 
which can stand a considerable amount 
of shade are called tolerant, those that 
demand much light and cannot endure 
shade are called intolerant. 

Also, individual t ees differ at differ- 
ent periods of their life with regard to 
their light relations. Most trees can 
stand at least a moderate degree of 
shade at the start, and generally demand 
an increasing amount of light as they 
grow older. 

The demand for light also varies with 
the situation and district in which the 
tree is growing. 

It is thus important to know the 
light requirements, not only of the 
different species, but also at different 
periods in the life of these species. 

Proper forestry methods aim, as far 
as practicable, to assure enough light 
to the best individuals of the best spec- 
ies, so as to allow them to make their 
best growth, and at the same to maintain 
the stand dense enough to produce 
good, tall, clean trunks. 

There is also an intimate relationship 
between light and maintenance of the 
quality of soil, and such features as the 
seed-bearing qualities of the tree. 

As with moisture, so with light, a 
study must be made in each locality of 


“‘dead’”’ trees, is 


FORESTRY 


the tolerance of shade by different 
species, and the forest management 
must be very largely based on the 
needs of the trees favored. 

4s with all other plant growth, the 
kind of soil affects very largely the kind 
of tree growth found on it, and the 
quality of that growth. Thus, the red 
pine can grow on the poorest of sands, 
while the basswood must have a rich 
soil. 

Any tree will do better on a good 
soil than on a poor one. But we must 
not use a tree which requires a good soil 
on soil of inferior quality. 

Just as in farming, good methods 
maintain and improve the qualities of a 
soil, while poor methods—the ordinary 
kind—impoverish the soil, so it is with 
forestry. The leaves and other decay- 
ing vegetable matter add very much to 
the richness of the soil, forming a good 
humus and leaf mold. But if exposed 
to too much light and heat, this humus 
does not form from the leaves and their 
nourishment is wasted. So one of the 
guides to proper forest practice is to 
maintain such a cover as will improve 
the soil conditions. This is generally 
accomplished by maintaining, as nearly 
as possible, a complete shade for the 
ground. 

At times when reproduction by seed 
from standing trees is desired, however 
sufficient light must be given to do away 
with the litter, and thus provide better 
seed-bed conditions. 

The requirements of trees with re- 
gard to soil must also be studied, and 
only those species used which are 
adapted to the quality of soil on the 
site on which grown. 

The Species itself has much to do with 
the rate of growth. Certain species, as 
hemlock, or native red spruce, are 
naturally very slow growers, while 
others, as Carolina poplar, are naturally 
very rapid growers. Of course, all 
species will grow better on good soils 
than on poor ones; and under proper 
forestry methods will grow much better 
than under poor methods. At the same 
time, it is important, other things being 
equal, to favor the most rapid growing 
species. Thus, generally, red oak 
should be favored over white oak, as it 


WOODLOT FORESTRY 


grows so much faster; while the native 
spruce and hemlock grow so slowly that 
it is not best to favor them in the ord- 
inary woodlot. 

Knowledge of the rate of growth is 
especially valuable in choosing trees for 
planting, as naturally slow growers 
would not produce enough to pay inter- 
est on the money invested. 

While moisture, heat, light, and soil 
comprise the four great elements affect- 
ing growth, and the character of the 
species itself is very important, even in 
the same district, these factors are sub- 
ject to many variations. 

The steepness of the slope is an im- 
portant factor, greatly modifying the 
factors of light and moisture. 

The aspect (the direction in which 
the slope faces, as east or west) is im- 
portant, in modifying especially the 
factors of heat and moisture, and to a 
certain extent, of light. Thus, a south 
slope, which becomes heated sooner in 
the spring, is very much more apt to 
have growth start earlier,, and this 
growth is more likely to be ‘‘nipped”’ by 
a late frost, which is general over the 
whole district, than would be the case 
on a north slope. A south slope dries 
out more than a north one. And as 
between south and north slopes, so 
between west and east ones; and on a 
ridge running northwest to southeast, 
for instance, the northeast slopes might 
have very different conditions of growth 
than the southwest ones. 

Wind is another factor, acting to a 
small degree in modifying the forms of 
trees, but much more important from 
its modification of the factor of moist- 
ure, and still more so in its mechanical 
effects, in blowing down trees. 

In modifying the form of trees, this 
is apparent mostly on exposed mountain 
peaks, along the shore, etc., where a 


_ dwarfed, bushy form is developed, best 


to resist the winds. 
To prevent drying out of soils, a dense 
border at the edge of the woods should 


_ be maintained. 


Should the border of the woods be 


) open, it will be best to plant several 
| rows of such trees as Norway spruce to 


act as a windbreak. 
The mechanical effect of wind—that 


131 


is the blowing over of trees in the forest 
—is its most important one. The re- 
sistance of different species, as well as of 
individuals grown under different con- 
ditions, is a consideration of importance 
in management. 

Species must be so selected and man- 
aged that the danger of windfall is re- 
duced to a minimum. Thus, a species 
like the spruce with its shallow root 
system, must be grown in closer stands, 
and in more protected places than the 
deep-rooted Scotch pine. Especially 
in cuttings in dense stands, where re- 
sistance to wind was provided by the 
whole woods, trees must not be left to 
stand too openly, as the danger from 
being blown over by wind is too great. 
This applies especially to shallow-rooted 
species like spruce. With them differ- 
ent forest practice must be adopted than 
that used with wind firm species. 

So far we have discussed mainly the 
natural factors of growth. But much 
more important, generally, in their 
damaging effects, are the factors pro- 
duced by man himself or by conditions 
which he causes. To a certain extent, 
of course, these damaging agents are 
entirely ‘natural’? in their work, and 
not the result of man’s work. 

Most important is fire. Almost all 
of our woods have been seriously affected 
by fire. 

The effects of fire are many, and often 
but little understood or noticed. Thus, 
the ordinary, light ground fire, which is 
not thought of as doing damage, burns 
up the leaf-litter and vegetable mold, 
which is so valuable in soil fertility. 
From this alone, the loss is enough to 
warrant great care in excluding fire. 
Then, if there is arty seedling reproduc- 
tion on the ground, this is generally 
killed off, so that desirable new stock 
cannot get established. 

If the fire is a bit more severe, enough 
injury is done to the standing trees to 
check growth, or at least weaken the 
vitality of the trees. Generally a wound 
is produced through which disease or 
insects can enter and thus kill or serious- 
ly affect the tree. Frequently the 
young saplings and small poles are 
killed outright, and thus only mature 
trees past their prime are left standing. 


‘ 


THE COMPARISON OF NATURAL REPRODUCTION ON PASTURED AND UNPASTURED LAND 
TO THE RIGHT OF THE FENCE PASTURING HAS BEEN PROHIBITED, AND THERE IS AN EXCELLENT REPRODUCTION, WHILE ON THE LEFT PASTURING HAS BEEN PER- 


MITTED. AND NO YOUNG GROWTH IS TO BE FOUND 


Photo by J. M. Stephen 


WOODLOT FORESTRY 


EFFECTS OF LIGHT GROUND FIRE 


These are generally injured so that 
their value is greatly decreased. 

Last comes the fire severe enough to 
wipe out all the stand. 

It is in one of four ways that fires do 
most of their damage in woodlot: 

(1.) By burning up the litter and 
plant food, making the soil poorer. 

(2.) By checking growth, and re- 
ducing vitality. 

(3.) By injuring tree, so that either 
loss in quality of wood is effected; or 
wounds produced through which rot or 
insects can enter the tree. 

(4.) By destroying new young 
growth, and generally of the best kinds. 
Thus, all evergreens seedlings may be 
wiped out, while the hardwoods, through 
their ability to produce sprouts, may 
survive; and the poorer species, as 
birch, increase at the expense of the 
better. 

The principal causes of fire are rail- 
roads, brush burning, and carelessness. 
The question of protection from fire is 
discussed under Management. In 
general, however, different species differ 
considerably in their ability to with- 
stand fire, and allowance for this should 
be made in the selection of species. 

In woodlots it is the common prac- 


tice to turn cattle or hogs into the wood- 
lot to pasture. It is generally believed 
that this does no harm to the woodlot. 

As a matter of fact, only in fairly 
mature woods does grazing do no dam- 
age; and in itself, the fact that there 
is any pasture there means that the 
woods are not in as good shape as they 
should be. If the woods were as dense 
as the best conditions demand, there 
would not be enough light on the 
ground to support a growth of grass, 
and the amount of pasture would not be 
sufficient to turn the cattle into the 
woods. Besides this, cattle browse off 
young trees and trample down others, 
and hogs root up many trees, while 
sheep are especially destructive to very 
young growth. 

Only in special cases should the 
woods be pastured, such as turning in 
hogs to root up the ground just before 
the seed falls in a good seed year, thus 
making the seed bed conditions better. 

As a general thing, a piece of land 
should be used exclusively either for 
woods or for pasture. Well managed 
for either use, the return will probably 
be greater than the combined use for 
both woods and pasture. 


Each year the damage by forest 


134 


insects and tree diseases is becoming a 
more serious problem. Especially does 
the damage from these sources increase 
with trees weakened by fires, or grazing, 
or other causes, or in old over-mature 
trees. 

Insects are divided into three classes 
as to mode of attack, namely, chewing, 
sucking and boring. From the forest 
standpoint for practical purposes, the 
two classes of borers and leaf feeders 
(chewing) are the most important. 

The borers generally work by bur- 
rowing under the bark and feeding on 
the living ‘‘cambial” tissue between the 
wood and bark. Spreading out in sec- 
ondary channels, these insects more or 
less girdle the tree, or parts of it, and 
either greatly weaken the vitality of the 
tree or kill it. 

The leaf feeders, as their name indi- 
cates, injure the trees by more or less 
completely eating off the foliage, thus 
greatly checking growth and weakening 
the tree; and killing it if repeated over 
several years. 

The insect enemies are so many, and 
so varied according to locality, that it 
is impossible to enumerate these here. 
Most states maintain entomologists 
from whom information concerning the 
insect pests of their states may be ob- 
tained. 

Of the tree diseases not so much is 
known. Those that attack living trees 
generally work by feeding on the 
cambial layer just under the bark, and 
appropriating to themselves the nour- 
ishment which should go into the tree. 

Many of these diseases have two 
stages and more than one form; that is, 
they may live part of their lives on a 
certain tree and part on another plant, 
and the form on the different hosts may 
be entirely different and not recognized 
except after careful study. 

Thus, one of the most threatening 
diseases which has appeared in some 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


time has been the white pine blister 
rust. This disease lives in one form or 
young white pine and at other times in 
another form on the currant and goose- 
berry. Fortunately, the disease has so 
far been kept in check by destroying all 
the currant and gooseberry bushes near 
any infected localities—deprived of its 
alternate host, the disease cannot spread. 

The chestnut blight is perhaps the 
most virulent tree disease which has 
ever appeared. No known remedy has 
yet been found, and the destruction of 
the chestnut seems imminent. 

The liability of certain species to dam- 
age from these causes must be under- 
stood. Thus, the chestnut bark disease 
is so virulent in its attack on chestnut 
as to render it impracticable to favor 
chestnut as a tree in forest management. 
Similarly, in many cases the white pine 
weevil, hickory borer, elm leaf beetle, 
locust borer, and other insects make 
inadvisable the favoring of those species 
in certain localities and under certain 
conditions. 

These must necessarily modify the 
forest practice, both in selection of 
species and especially in taking steps to 
see that the woods are as little liable to 
attack as possible. This generally 
means keeping the woods cleared of dead 
and diseased individuals, as these are 
the breeding places for the disease or in- 
sect. Another important and practicable 
thing is to protect and encourage the 
propagation of our insectiverous birds, 
etc., as these are very valuable in check- 
ing depredations. 

Poisonous gases, such as produced by 
smelter works, often will kill all the tree 
growth in their vicinity. This is of 
very limited occurence, however, and 
not often noted. About. the only 
measure possible in such cases is to use 
the species most resistant to the poisons 
found. 


(To be continued.) 


WASTE LAND ON THE FARM 


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INITIATING A STATE FOREST POLICY 
IN KENTUCKY 


By J. E. Barton, State Forester 


O aman who undertakes the task 
| of organizing a forest policy in 
any State, I feel certain a great 
many situations and circum- 
stances which arise will come as a shock, 
especially if, heretofore, his earnest en- 
deavors have been confined to private 
work, teaching or work in the federal 
Forest Service. There is a poem en- 
titled, ‘‘In Kentucky,” which contains 
these lines “‘Politics are the damdest 
in Kentucky,’ and the force of this 
statement with relation to the initiation 
of a forest policy in the State I have 
felt most keenly. By no means do I 
desire to give the impression that 
politics in Kentucky are worse or more 
in evidence than in any other State; 
but since I have been myself engaged 
in State work my observation here and 
elsewhere has been that the political 
exigencies of the State, the party, and 
the individual are the ‘‘form factor”’ of 
the situation as far as a State forest 
policy is concerned. An adequate prep- 
aration for the office of State Forester 
would involve, among other important 
features, a course in county politics and 
training for the diplomatic service. 
Then, if the receptive individual is 
long on suavity, patience and tact, he 
will probably hold his job through one 
administration and accomplish some 
effective work. The people of the 
South love politics and the Southerner 
is a born politician, which facts should 
be written in large letters in the mind 
of such persons as seek to initiate forest 
policies in the Southern States. 

It is perfectly astonishing, when one 
considers the length of time during 
which there has been a concrete forest 
policy for the United States, the amount 
of literature that has been published in 
this country concerning forestry and 
conservation generally, the discussions, 
lectures and talks upon this subject 
that have been staged everywhere, 


what a wide-spread ignorance with 
regard to forestry there is, even among 
educated and well-informed people. It 
is against this stone wall of ignorance 
that a State Forester is continually 
butting his head and for that reason 
one of the chief features of any policy 
he may initiate must be educational 
exposition of what he is trying to 
accomplish. He must talk and write 
Forestry continually and must take 
advantage of every opportunity to 
arouse an interest in forestry and con- 
servation problems. In this connection, 
I have undertaken lectures at Farmers 
Institutes and meetings of diverse 
character; wherever, in fact, the oppor- 
tunity presented itself. I have taken 
the matter up through Women’s Clubs, 
the Boy Scouts, and through the Edu- 
cational Department of the State. A 
plan is now under way to organize 
Boys’ and Girls’ Forestry Clubs through- 
out the State on the same general lines 
as Boys’ Corn Clubs and Girls’ Canning 
Clubs are organized by the United 
States Department of Agriculture. It 
seems to me that the hope of forestry in 
the State and in the United States lies in 
an intelligent understanding of the 
problem by the rising generations and 
that through the children a sense of the 
importance of the problem will be 
brought into a large number, if not the 
majority, of the homes within the com- 
monwealth and the nation. 

Of course, a wide dissemination of 
literature on forestry is desirable and 
this should be as timely and helpful 
in a practical way as it can be made if 
it is to count for anything in enhancing 
the value of a forest policy for the State. 
For instance, it has been my observation 
that one of the important problems for 
Kentucky (certainly in the Blue Grass 
Section and Western Kentucky) is the 
raising of fence post material. An 
exhaustive study of the species which 


135 


136 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


RAFTS OF OAK, ETC., ON BEACH OF RIVER NEAR ASHLAND, BoyD CouNtTy, KENTUCKY 


are suitable for fence posts, the results 
of which are published, is timely, but 
so far as regards black locust (one of 
the species which could be used) no 
study is complete without giving the 
farmer definite and practical instructions 
with regard to the control of the insect 
enemies of the black locust, notably 
the locust borer. Again it is unusual 
and striking features that stick in the 
mind of the average citicen and I am 
attempting to make use of this fact in 
getting together an exhibit at the State 
Fair this year. The idea is to present 
something novel and out of the ordinary 
which will attract attention. In this 
connection it may be stated that a 
forestry exhibit (or for that matter any 
kind of an exhibit) which involves 
action is a great deal more of a success in 
riveting attention than an exhibit which 
suggests a museum. To put it in the 
language of the day, where there’s 
something doing there you'll find the 


crowd and get attention, a fact which 
is made use of by the Salvation Army, 
among many notable examples. 

As is usual in establishing any forest 
policy one of the first features of the 
work which has received attention has 
been the matter of fire protection. 
Since the appointment of the State 
Forester was made September 1, 1912, 
there was little opportunity to get any 
organization under way in the fall of 
1912. An effort was made, however, to 
get together in usable form some in- 
formation with regard to the extent and 
prevalence of fires and other essential 
information through the county offi- 
cials. The result was exceedingly 
negative. In no one ca e was accurate 
information of value received. Early 
in the spring of 1913 the question of 
getting Kentucky into line under the 
Weeks Law was taken up. The propo- 
sition seemed simple enough and yet 
the matter was delayed from one cause 


INITIATING A STATE 


Locs BEING HAULED TO RAILROAD 


THE ONE ON THE WAGON IS WHITE OAK, 14 FEET BY 34 INCHES. 


It SCALES 787 FEET SCRIBNERS RULE. THE 


SCENE IS NEAR Kuttawa, LYON County, KENTUCKY 


or other throughout the entire summer. 
In fact, it was the twenty-fourth of 
September before the Governor as 
Secretary of the State Board of Forestry 
signed the necessary agreements. With 
the cooperation of the Federal Govern- 
ment in fire protection in the State 
assured, it seems that a sound beginning 
of a fire protective policy has been made. 
This fall, two patrolmen at large for 
the State have been appointed and be- 
tween twenty and twenty-five county 
patrolmen will be provided, such ap- 
pointments being confined to those 
counties needing protection most. The 
details of this fire protective scheme 
have not as yet been fully worked out; 
but are in a fluid state. In connection 
with the plans for fire protection the 
active cooperation of the Fish and Game 
Commission through their wardens has 
been secured. Also the cooperation of 
timberland owners is a most desirable 
feature of the proposed plan, and in 
two quarters at least an organization 


of the interested individuals is probable. 

There are no public lands in Kentucky 
of any sort, from which State forests 
could be created. Undoubtedly, the 
value of State forests, scientifically 
managed, as concrete examples of the 
practicability of a forest policy for the 
State can not be over estimated. At 
the present time it seems that the only 
way the necessary land can be acquired 
is by gift or purchase. The former 
method is uncertain and vague; and the 
latter method is out of the question 
except, perhaps, in a very small way at 
the present time because of the limited 
amount available under the appro- 
priation for the State Baord of Forestry. 
Another way of obtaining the requisite 
land has been suggested, but does not 
seem feasible for a good many reasons; 
that is, turning tax-lands, suitable for 
the purpose of State forests, over to the 
State Board of Forestry. One of the 
principal objections to this is that the 
present squatters on the land would 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Toots USED IN RIVING STAVES 


HEATING AX, THROE BOLTING AX AND GAUGE ON 


constitute such an annoyance as to 
make the land untenable. Another 
difficulty is with regard to titles. The 
lands of the State, as a whole, are held 
in fee simple and, so far as Eastern 
Kentucky is concerned, are held by 
large companies, such as the coal 
companies. Eastern Kentucky is one 
vast coal field. It has impressed me in 
this connection that these companies are 
in excellent circumstances to practice 
scientific forestry with considerable profit 
to themselves and that here is a field 
which can be worked advantageously 
for the advancement of forestry in the 
State. The practice of scientific forestry 
has identical aims with the needs of 
coal operators; that is, a dependable 
timber supply over an indefinite period. 
Last year about 161% million tons of coal 
were mined in Kentucky. The amount 
of wood used in mining a ton of coal is 
roughly estimated at 31% feet board 
measure, so that this meant a wood 
consumption of over 57 million feet 
board measure. Certainly an important 
matter, especially in view of the fact 


’ 


‘THE PONY’ BLOCK. JACKSON COUNTY, KENTUCKY 


that the coal fields of Kentucky have 
but recently been operated to any ex- 
tent. Here then seems a place where 
efforts to promote a sentiment in favor 
of forestry and encourage the growth of 
a forest policy among private owners is 
likely to be most successful. In Eastern 
Kentucky, the Consolidation Coal Com- 
pany has already employed a forester, 
and in the Western Kentucky field the 
St. Bernard Mining Company have 
made extensive experiments in forest 
planting. 

In the meantime, with a view of en- 
couraging the planting of forest trees 
in the State, two forest nurseries have 
been projected, one at Frankfort and 
one at Louisville. The nursery at 
Louisville is well under way. It in- 
cludes twenty-five acres of ground which 
is a part of the land owned by the 
Kentucky State Fair. It is intended 
that the nursery shall form a permanent 
exhibit as a part of the State Fair and 
that a demonstration forest shall be 
established as a portion of the perma- 
nent exhibit. The stock from the 


BRINGING GALAX OUT OF THE MOUNTAINS 
MT. MITCHELL AREA, YANCEY COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA 


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5: Ea 
eee ees: 


eS 


AN EXHIBIT AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS EXPOSITION 


nursery will be furnished to the people 
of the State either at cost or free, a 
matter which has not, as yet, been fully 
determined. The nursery at Frankfort 
will be on a slightly different footing. 
The land on which the nursery will be 
established is controlled by the trustees 
of the Kentucky Normal and industrial 
School for Colored Persons. In addition 
to raising stock for the use of the citizens 
of the State, an effort will be made to 
teach the negro students such nursery 
practice, planting and care of trees as 
will enable them to qualify as care- 
takers of grounds, trees and groves on 
private estates, since there is a real 
demand for this character of knowledge 
and no supply of intelligent labor from 
which to draw. 

The work, then, in Kentucky is 
shaping up along some pretty well 


141 


defined lines, as follows: (1) forest 
protection; (2) education; (3) forest ex- 
tension, 1. e., encouraging the planting of 
forest trees by supplying the material: 
(4) encouraging private owners to take 
up the scientific management of their 
tracts; (5) acquiring suitable tracts for 
State forests. It is expected that the 
work in the immediate future will 
develop largely in these directions. An 
effort will probably be made at the next 
session of the Legislature to secure a 
method of taxation favorable to the 
reforesting of suitable areas. . Also it 
is expected that a law will be passed 
permitting the establishment of National 
Forests within the borders of the State. 
At any rate it now appears as if the 
forest policy for the State were on a 
sound footing. 


AN EXHIBIT AT THE FOREST PRODUCTS 
EXPOSITION 


T its annual meeting on January 

14 The American Forestry Asso- 

ciation decided to have exhibits 

at the Forest Products Exposi- 

tion to be held at Chicago April 30 to 

May 9 and at New York City May 21 
to May 30. 

According to advice received at the 
Chicago headquarters the exhibits of 
the lumber and allied associations alone 
will provide one of the most interesting 
and instructive displays ever arranged 
for an industrial exhibit in this country. 
It has practically been decided, that the 
United States Forestry Service will 
display a number of most instructive 


incidentals to the service, including 
Fire tower, Equipment station, Tim- 
bersale models, Erosion models, Relief 
map, Mine, timbers, Greenhouse bench- 
boards, Collection of scientific instru- 
ments, National forest model, Wood 
utilization exhibit, Wood distillation 
exhibit, Paper pulp exhibit, Timber 
testing exhibit, Wood preservation ex- 
hibit, Specimens of wood waste products 
manufactured from such waste and 
Bromides, transparencies, maps and 
charts. It is understood that some of 
the State forestry divisions will make 
exhibits. 


The war department 1s reforesting a large area near Fort Bayard, New Mexico, for use as an 


army hospital site. 


The light house reservations on the great lakes are able to grow all the white cedar needed for spar 


buoys in their district. 


The Kaibab and the Coconino national forests adjoin each other. 


Yet it takes from two to three 


days to go from one to the other across the Grand Canyon of the Colorado. 


THE SPRAG INDUSTRY OF EASTERN 
PENNSYLVANIA 


By Joun L. STROBECK 


Pennsylvania Department of Forestry 


the limit to which Nature bestows 

her bounty, and of the consequent 

conservation movement, any action 
which tends toward the closer utilization 
of Nature’s products is a boon to the 
conversationist. The fact that the 
fruits of the soil were exposed to the 
exploits of man in an unduly high- 
handed manner, and with the dis- 
cussion and agitation attendant thereto, 
left the impression that anything below 
a par excellence quality comprised the 
waste in our industries. Especially is 
this true in the timber industry. 

Business is a matter of dollars and 
cents, and sometimes, a few accessories 
thrown in. Where those dollars do not 
come to the surface, the business 
becomes defunct. In the matter of 
Forestry, no progress has been made 
with the practical man unless he is 
shown its results in figures. It is true 
that Forestry is applied in cases where 
other motives besides the desire to gain 
money value is concerned. Also, there 
are cases where it is practiced with no 
particular end in view, but a man who 
looks for his living comforts to come from 
his lumber industry will not install the 
practice of Forestry to his business if 
it does not pay any more readily than he 
will an unprofitable office device. 

But the fact that timber is being 
utilized as closely, in the judgment of 
the operator, as is permitted from a 
financial standpoint must be admitted. 
However, in many cases, he lacks some- 
what in judgment. In this particular it 
is the intention to discuss in this article 
an industry, though small in extent, yet 
serves the purpose to show the extent to 
which timber in certain localitits is 
utilized and how it may be extended to 
serve the purpose of closer utilization in 
other localities. 


142 


|’ this day of proper realization of 


A sprag is a cylindrical piece of hard- 
wood, twenty-one inches long and is 
pointed at both ends. Generally, speci- 
fications call for a thickness of from 
two and one-fourth to three and one- 
fourth inches. In certain mines, how- 
ever, they require a somewhat more 
uniform size, namely three to three and 
one-quarter inch diameter. 

Sprags are used in coal mines for the 
purpose of checking the speed of the 
small cars used therein. When it is 
necessary to check the speed of a car or 
train of cars, a sprag is thrown between 
two spokes.of a wheel. When the wheel 
has rotated so that the sprag strikes the 
beam of the car, rotation of that wheel 
ceases entirely and the sprag has served 
its purpose in that the momentum of the 
car or train of cars is reduced. 

Upon a sprag depends the safety of a 
car or train of cars when running down 
a grade in a mine. The cars are not 
equipped with “brakes”’ as ordinarily 
are found on cars above the surface. 
However, if a sprag breaks, it ordinarily, 
precipates no undue excitement, for the 
train crew become, by experience, some- 
what expert in placing a sprag even when 
the cars are moving rapidly. However, 
consuming companies generally, but not 
always, require sprags of certain speci- 
fications so that no undue risk is 
entailed by their use. A case where 
unusually small sprags were used came 
to the notice of the writer recently when 
in conversation with a mine “boss” 
who remarked with some _ bitterness, 
born of long usage of small sized sprags, 
that “‘this much-talked of conversation 
has a grand basis on which to make a 
claim by eliminating the small sprags 
from usage and thus prevent the undue 
waste, the breaking of the small-sized 
sprags entails.” 

Also, the species to which the making 


a 


ee ee ee ee ee 


ee cit TS aE, 


| 
| 


THE SPRAG 


INDUSTRY OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA 


143 


SpPRAG CUTTERS AND A PILE OF SPRAGS. 


of sprags is restricted is the result of 
the necessity for strong and durable 
sprags. The oaks and maple are the 
species mostly used, the chestnut being 
excluded entirely. No softwoods are 
admitted and green timber is generally 
specified. However, in this respect, the 
companies are very lenient upon in- 
spection and rightly so, as will be shown 
later. 

As said before, the sprag industry is 
not of large size, and no doubt, repre- 
sents a very small fraction of the entire 
wood product of the State. During the 
year 1912. the Delaware, Lackawanna 
and Western Railroad used 350,000 in 
their collieries. This represents a volume 
of 30,000 cubic feet, or 360,000 board 
feet of timber used in the collieries of 
one company for the purpose. It is 
estimated that about 6,000,000 sprags 
are used annually in the anthracite 
regions of Pennsylvania. Yet, since it 
is a product that may be made of what 
otherwise would be considered waste, it 
deserves attention in that such attention 
may be the means leading to the utili- 
zation of so-called waste for the purpose 
and not the oak and maple coppice of 
pole size from which almost the entire 
output is obtained at the present time. 

An instance of such action has been 


observed recently. That section of 
northeastern Pennsylvania from which 
the anthracite mining regions draw a 
large part of their mine supply timber is 
divided into many units of ownership. 
Since the region is mainly a timber 
region, the individual owner depends 
largely on his standing timber for the 
greater part of his earnings. In view 
of the instance mentioned above, the 
owner advanced to that stage of forest 
mismanagement when his merchantable 
timber down to mine-tie size was cut. 
However, a thrifty stand of oak and 
maple coppice of twenty years’ growth 
remained on the ground. The best of 
this growth was cut for sprag timber and 
thereby left a residue of poor and 
thriftless stuff to form the future forest. 

On a certain tract in Monroe County 
which is covered with a twenty year 
coppice growth of chestnut and oak 
in equal proportion as to density and 
which is being cut for the purpose of 
making sprags, the writer paced off 
three areas of one-quarter acre each. 
The poles of sufficient size to make 
sprags were counted on each area, and 
the following is the result: 

ist area 80 poles average 4 sprags each, 320 sprags 


2d area 78 poles average 4 sprags each, 312 sprags 
3d area 65 poles average 4 sprags each, 260 sprags 


144 


By this observation it could be ascer- 
tained readily that 1100 to 1200 srpags 
per acre could be got of well stocked 
oak and chestnut coppice forests of the 
age of twenty years. 

The prevailing price for sprags is 
$12 per M. f.o.b. cars at shipping point. 
Dealers pay $1 per M. less. However, 
where sprags of the largest size are 
specified, as much as $14 per M. is 
paid. 

Ten years ago, sprags were made 
entirely with axe and drawing knife. 
If a man made 200 of them per day, he 
was considered well at his trade. A 
machine was then devised with a knife 
which moved vertically with every 
revolution of the wheel which governed 
it. The sprag stick was held in an 
almost vertical position and at such a 
slant as to allow the knife, moving 
vertically, to taper the end of the stick 
toa point. At each fall of the knife, the 
operator would turn the stick a few 
degrees, and continued turning until 
the uniform taper was affected. 

This machine gave poor results in 
that the process was too slow. It was 
not used very extensively and the sprag 
industry fell back into the domain of 
the handworker. 

It was necessary to depend on the 
handworker only a few years, and three 
years ago, his elimination became per- 
manent. A man of a mechanical turn 
of mind and now living at Mountain 
Home, Pa., devised a machine for the 
purpose by placing on a shaft two 
properly moulded wheels with planing 
knives set in each wheel. These wheels 
are so moulded that when they are 
placed one against the other on the 
shaft, the space between the two 
wheels in,the direction of the shaft 
admits of a perfectly made sprag. A 
support on which to rest the sprag 
when in the process of making is built 
upon the base of the machine and ex- 
tends upwards between the wheels to 
an inch below the plans of the axis. 
This support is raised by an extra block 
two inches higher at the circumference 
of the wheels, and in fact, must be 
adjusted so that the minimum jar is 
obtained. 

A four-horse. power gasoline engine 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


furnishes sufficient power to turn it. 
However, the more power is used, the 
faster and better the sprags are made. 
The operator places a sprag stick 
between the wheels, and as the wheels 
revolve, the cutting knives reduce the 
stick at the proper place, and by con- 
tinually revolving the stick, it effects the 
desired point. This proceess is then 
repeated on the other end of the stick 
and thereafter, it is the finished product. 

The sprag sticks are sawed in lengths 
with an ordinary circular saw attached 
to motive power. Two men can saw 
from 8,000 to 9,000 per day. However, 
it is inadvisable to saw such a large 
number at a time for the reason that 
the pile will become very large and, 
therefore, will necessitate carrying a 
great number of them a considerable 
distance to the machine. 

One man -can make one thousand 
sprags per day if the sticks are piled 
near him. Eight hundred sprags of 
mixed sizes make a load for two horses. 

In the spring of 1911, a fire killed a 
stand of oak and chestnut coppice 14 
years old on the Pocono division of she 
Minisink Forest Reserve in Pennsyl- 
vania on an area of about 75 acres. The 
timber was not merchantable because 
of size and the distance from market. 
However, the possibility of disposing of 
it in the form of sprags was looked into, 
and was found decidedly favorable. 
Accordingly, arrangements were made 
with the owner of the above mentioned 
machine for the use of a machine and 
the operation started. Almost 100,000 
sprags were made from this area. 

A contract was made with a party to 
furnish motive power and make the 
sprays complete from the pole for $4 
per M., and incidentally he made good 
wages. It cost approximately $4 per 
M. to haul them to the railroad since 
only one trip a day was possible. To 
cut the poles in the woods cost $1.30 
per M. sprags, making a total cost of 
$9.30 per M. sprags delivered at ship- 
ping point. 

The use of the machine was obtained 
on condition that the output be sold to 
the owner of the machine who was also 
a dealer. Therefore, $11 per M. was 


received, leaving a balance of $1.70 for - a 


THE SPRAG INDUSTRY OF EASTERN PENNSYLVANIA 


timber. The Department of Forestry 
considered the operation a success in that 
it gave a return on what would have 
otherwise been waste material; also it 
removed so much dead material from 
the woods and thereby made the stand 
of dead trees less dense, and con- 
sequently, less of a tangle when they 
fall, thus assuring a fall closer to the 
ground and quicker decomposition. 

Lying adjacent to this tract is a few 
hundred acres of oak and chestnut 
growth killed by the same fire. The 
sprag timber was gathered on about 
twenty acres, but on the remaining 
area, which is divided into a few owner- 
ships and separate from the ownership 
of the twenty acres which were cut 
over, no attempt was made to utilize 
the timber, and the result is: a mass of 
wind blown trees covering the ground, 
an exhibition of wasted product, which, 
if taken in time, could have served a 
purpose of economic good. 

During the winter of 1911-1912, there 
was undue activity in cutting oak and 
maple poles for sprag timber in the 
region adjacent to the above referred 
to areas. Undoubtedly, almost a suffi- 


145 


cient amount of timber could have been 
procured on the burned area to supply 
the sprags that otherwise were supplied 
from this region. The dealers pre- 
ferred green timber in preference to 
dry timber for the reason that it worked 
with less exertion on the part of the 
operator. A profound regard for the 
literal meaning of ‘“‘take no thought of 
the mo‘row, etc.,”, reinforced by the 
above referred to subserviency of spirit, 
resulted in an economic loss to the 
community of both the labor, cost, and 
the profit of operation of the dead 
stand as well as the loss of the growing 
stock of a future stand. 

The sprag industry is, typically, an 
industry which disposes of otherwise 
waste product in the ordinary lumbering 
operation, in that the consumption of 
sprags is of very limited extent and can 
be supplied by such “‘waste’’; and be- 
sides, the very nature and dimensions 
of this product calls for that part of 
the product of the ordinary lumber- 
ing operation—especially where mine 
supplies are the chief product. of 
such operation—which is considered 
““waste.”’ 


FORESTRY COMMITTEE REPORTS 


Reports of the Forestry Committee of the National Conservation Congress 
in pamphlet form may be secured from the American Forestry Association for 


- $1.00 a complete set or 20 cents each. 


These Reports are on:— 
Forestry Committee 
Organization 
Forest Publicity 


Federal Forest Policy | Lumbering 


State Forest Policy 
Forest Taxation 


Forest Fires 


Forest Utilization 
Forest School Education 
Forest Investigation 


State Forest Organization 


Forest Planting 


THE ANNUAL MEETING 


AVING cooperated with the 

| National Conservation Con- 

gress in the very successful 

forestry conference in Novem- 

ber, the annual meeting of the American 

Forestry Association at Washington, 

D. C., on January 14, 1914, was con- 

fined to a business session, for the elec- 

tion of officers, the adoption of a plat- 

form of principles and policy and con- 
sideration of routine business. 

Henry Sturgis Drinker, president of 
Lehigh University, was re-elected presi- 
dent of the Association; Hon. Franklin 
K. Lane, Secretary of the Interior; 
Hon. David Houston, Secretary of Ag- 
riculture, Hon. Thomas Nelson Page, 
United States Ambassador to Italy 
and Mr. George W. Vanderbilt were 
added to the list of vice presidents, the 
gentlemen who served in this capacity 
last year all being re-elected. 

Mr. Otto Luebkert of Washington, 
D. C., was re-elected treasurer. 

Mr. C. W. Lyman of New York, Mr. 
Charles Lathrop Pack of Lakewood, 
N. J., Mr. John L. Weaver and Mr. 
Otto Luebkert of Washington, D. C., 
were re-elected directors for a term of 
three years and Mr. Alfred Gaskill, 
State Forester of New Jersey, was newly 
elected a director for the same period. 
Mr. E. A. Sterling of Philadelphia was 
re-elected an auditor for two years. 

The platform of principles and policy 
which was unanimously adopted will 
be found in the front section of this 
magazine. 

It was decided to hold the 1915 con- 
vention at San Francisco, during the 
Panama-Pacific International Exposi- 
tion, the date to be selected shortly. 
The day selected is to be known as 
American Forestry Association Day, 
and it is the purpose of the Association 
to invite every country in the world 
to send representatives, and invitations 
will be extended to all State forestry 
organizations, conservation associations 
and commissions, fire protective bodies 
and lumber and paper trade associa- 
tions to send delegates. It is proposed 


146 


to make it the greatest gathering of 
foresters, and all interested in forestry, 
that the world has ever seen. 

The financial report was the most 
encouraging that the Association has 
heard since its organization. Not only 
was the work of the Association greatly 
extended during the year, its general 
activities increased and its magazine 
greatly improved, but it increased its 
membership by adding over fifteen 
hundred new members and earned a 
considerable fund which will be used in 
further development work during the 
present year. 

The report of the Secretary, P. 5S. 
Ridsdale, was as follows: 


THE SECRETARY'S REPORT 


The Secretary reports that the As- 
sociation’s work during 1913 has re- 
sulted in a gratifying growth of the 
interest in forest conservation, and a 
generally wider appreciation of the 
activities of the Association, and the 
value of such an organization. This is 
indicated in the increase in membership 
during the year, the greater number of 
requests for forestry literature and ad- 
vice regarding forestry development, 
and the broader general knowledge that 
the Association is working along essen- 
tially practical lines in furthering for- 
estry conservation. The Association 
continues to be self-sustaining and the 
financial difficulties which it experienced 
in past years are not likely to be re- 
newed. There is a steady increase in 
active membership and in demand for 
the magazine and this growth is general 
and not limited to any one section of . 
the country. 

It is satisfactory to note that big 
timber owners, lumbermen, loggers, 
wood preservers and all others interested 
in the growth of trees and the uses of 
wood are acquiring, in greater number, 
an interest in the work of the Associa- 
tion: and a realization of its need. 
There has not been, to the knowledge 
of the Secretary,any adverse criticism 
of the work which is being done. In- 


THE ANNUAL MEETING 


stead this work and the results achieved 
have been from time to time heartily 
commended by various lumber and 
paper trade publications and by the 
newspapers and magazines, as well as 
by individuals. 

During the year the Association took 
an active part in approving or opposing 
various forestry legislation, both State 
and National. The effort to take 40,000 
acres of the Pike National Forest from 
the control of the Secretary of Agri- 
culture and turn it over to Colorado 
Springs and Manitou, was successfully 
opposed, with the result that the two 
towns now have the watershed pro- 
tection they needed while the forest 
on this watershed remains under the 
administration of the Department; val- 
uable assistance was given in securing 
the passage of forestry legislation in 
Pennsylvania; in preventing the New 
Hampshire legislature passing unwise 
forestry laws which would have ham- 
pered the State Forestry Department; in 
aiding the Wisconsin State Forestry 
Department’s opposition to political 
interference with its work; and in giv- 
ing aid and supplying information to 
various forestry organizations, forest 
schools, forestry committees of different 
associations, and to individuals. 

The Association also opposed reduc- 
tions in the Agricultural Appropriation 
bill for the Forest Service work; 


and did what it could in enlightening 


members of the 62nd Congress regard- 
ing the States Rights movement, and 
various forestry legislation which was 
presented or was proposed for presenta- 
tion to the Congress. Letters from the 
Association to various clubs of the 
American Federation of Women’s Clubs 
resulted in large numbers of letters and 
resolutions protesting against State con- 
trol of the national forests being sent to 
members of Congress. . 

During the year the Board of Direc- 
tors and the members of the Executive 
Committee have been most active in 
looking after the business of the Asso- 
ciation and in directing the work. The 
directors held a meeting at Asheville, 
hare. on March 25, 26 and 2/7 and 
there an examination was made of the 
forest planting on the estate of Mr. 


147 


George W. Vanderbilt, of the forestry 
conditions on Mt. Pisgah and addresses 
were given at a large public meeting in 
Asheville by President Henry Sturgis 
Drinker and other officials and mem- 
bers of the Association. In July the 
directors held a meeting at Lake Sun- 
apee, N. H., in conjunction with the 
Society for the Protection of New 
Hampshire forests and various other 
forestry, timberland and fire protective 
societies and there forestry addresses 
were made by its officers and members 
at several public meetings. The Asso- 
ciation was also represented by officials 
and members at a number of conven- 
tions of forestry organizations, lumber, 
timberland, forest fire protective and 
wood preservers associations and con- 
servation bodies during the year, both 
in the United States and Canada, this 
resulting in a wider knowledge of the 
Association’s activities and a deeper 
appreciation of what it has done, is 
doing and is striving to accomplish. 
Too much importance cannot be at- 
tached to the value of the Association’s 
cooperating with the National Con- 
servation Congress in securing the in- 
vestigation, by competent committees, 
of vital questions in forestry and lum- 
bering. Several of our members raised 
several thousand dollars which enabled 
the forestry committee and its ten sub- 
committees to not only thoroughly 
investigate various phases of forest fire 
protection, forest planting, State forest 
policy, Federal forest policy, forest 
taxation, forest investigations, lum- 
bering, forest publicity, forest school 
education, and forest utilization, but to 
have these reports printed in pamphlet 
form for general distribution at the 
Congress here in November, and now 
to be published in book form together 
with the discussions on the reports, the 
addresses and the resolutions of the 
forestry section of the Congress, as a 
matter of permanent record. Officials 
of the Association composed the For- 
estry Committee of the Congress and 
most of the members of the sub-com- 
mittees are members of the Association, 
while the office force of the Association 
gave much time during the fall to aiding 
in this work, and to the details of ar- 


148 


ranging for the forestry banquet given 
here during the Congress. 

During the year our president, Henry 
Sturgis Drinker, president of Lehigh 
University, has delivered addresses on 
forestry at Tome Institute, Md., Lake 
Sunapee, N. H., Asheville, N. C., the 
Wholesale Lumber Dealers Association 
convention at Atlantic City, Allentown, 
Pa., Wilkes Barre, Pa., and other places 
and these have been published and wide- 
ly distributed. 

The Board of Directors has arranged 
to hold a meeting at Cornell University 
on May 15, at which time a new forestry 
building is to be dedicated, and also to 
hold a meeting at Chautauqua, New 
York, in July, upon which occasion the 
five thousand people expected at’ Chau- 
tauqua at that time will be addressed 
on forestry subjects at six big meetings, 
lasting through two days. This meet- 
ing is expected to prove of great educa- 
tional value to the forestry cause. 

The Board has also arranged to hold 
the annual convention of the Associa- 
tion in 1915 at San Francisco, during 
the Panama-Pacific International Ex- 
position, at which time it is expected to 
have representation from every country 
in the world having any interest in 
forestry. The Exposition managers 
have offered to set aside a special day 
of the Exposition to be known as 
American Forestry Association Day, 
and plans are already under way for 
making this day the most notable in 
the annals of forestry in this or any 
other country. 

A membership and circulation cam- 
paign was conducted steadily during 
the year by means of letters sent to 
persons who are or who should be in- 
terested in forestry conservation, names 
being secured from personal nomina- 
tions by members, and from lists of 
various organizations. This sort of 
campaign was effective enough to se- 
cure 1,520 new members and _ sub- 
scribers. A still more effective method 
of securing members and subscriptions 
would be the placing of field agents in 
various sections of the country, these 
agents being qualified to make addresses 
on forestry, to aid State and local for- 
estry associations in perfecting their 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


organizations and to generally arouse 
interest in the forestry conservation 
movement, as well as to personally 
solicit memberships and subscriptions. 
It is gratifying to state that the 
financial report of the treasurer shows 
a healthy and a steady growth, the re- 
ceipts from memberships, subscriptions, 
and advertising being more than in any 
year in the history of the Association. 
It is perhaps unnecessary to call at- 
tention to the improvement in the 
quality of the magazine AMERICAN 
ForestTrRY during the year. Not only 
has there been a marked improvement 
typographically, and in the quality of 
the paper used but the effort to secure 
articles of greater value and interest to 
the readers has been successful, while 
the increase in the number of illustra- 
tions used has materially added to the 
attractiveness of the magazine. These 
improvements have been made at con- 
siderable cost but they have been 
valuable in drawing attention to the 
magazine, holding the interest in it, and 
in inducing voluntary subscriptions. 
Two features, in the conduct of the 
magazine during the year, deserve 
special attention. One was the greatly 
enlarged November issue, devoted to 
forest fire protective work and profusely 
illustrated in colors, the cost being 
about twice that of the regular number; 
and the other being the additional spe- 
cial number issued during the sessions 
of the National Conservation Congress 
and summarizing, for the benefit of all 
our members and subscribers, as well 
as for general distribution at the Con- 
gress, the work of the forestry com- 
mittee and the ten sub-committees. 
Twenty-five hundred additional copies 
of the May issue were printed for distri- 
bution at the forest exhibition of the 


Pennsylvania Forestry Association in 


Horticultural Hall, Philadelphia, during 
the week of May 19, at which time the 
Association had an exhibition which 
attracted much attention. 

In July the Association took over the 
business management of the Forestry 
Quarterly, Dr. B. E. Fernow of Toronto 
remaining in editorial charge. The 
Association is assured by one of its 
members against any loss in the pub- 


SF eh Se 


PRIZE FOR AN ESSAY ON FORESTRY 


lication of the Quarterly, So far, 
however, there has been a small profit 
and this will be increased during the 
coming year. 

The Association acknowledges with 
thanks and appreciation contributions 
from Mr. Charles Lathrop Pack, The 
Lehigh University Forestry Fund, 
through Dr. H. S. Drinker, Mr. W. R. 
Brown, Capt. J. B. White, Robt. P. 
Bass to provide for the work of the 
forestry committees of the National 


149 


Conservation Congress and the publi- 
cation. of their reports; from Mr. 
Charles Lathrop Pack and the Forestry 
Fund of Lehigh University, through 
Dr. H. S. Drinker, for the foresters 
banquet at Washington, D. C., on 
November 19; from Mr. Charles Lath- 
rop Pack and the International Paper 
Company of New York, for improve- 
ments in the magazine, and the be- 
quest of $5,000 from the estate of Miss 
Jane Smith of Pittsburg. 


PRIZE FOR AN ESSAY ON FORESTRY 


HE Indiana State Board of 

| Forestry, in the endeavor to 
get everyone interested in the 
preservation of forests as far 
can be done without loss to 
owners, and the establishment of forest 
plantings on all land that is not suited 
for agriculture, has offered prizes ag- 
gregating $40.00 for the best essays on 
Forest Influences. $12.50 is to be 
given for the best essay and $7.50 for 


as this 


the next best. Also $12.50 is to be 
given for the best and $7.50 for the next 
best essay by pupils in the graded and 
country schools. The essay must not 
be more than 2,000 words. It should 
be mailed to Elijah A. Gladden, secre- 
tary of the State Board of Forestry, 
Indianapolis, not later than May 1. 
He will be glad to send anyone the rules 
governing the contest. 


INDEX FOR 1913 


The Index for Volume 19, 1913, of American Forestry 
is now ready and may be had on application by mail 


or otherwise by any subscriber or member. 


Requests 


may be sent to the main office of the American 
Forestry Association, 1410 H Street, Washington, D. C. 


There are several bands of the Persian fat-tailed sheep on the national forests of southern Utah. 
The large fat tail sometimes weighs as much as forty pounds, and, like the hump on the camel, is a 


reserve supply of nourishment when food is lacking. 


Dr. B. E. Fernow, dean of the forest school of the University of Toronto, and Bristow Adams, of 


the U. S. forest service, have just been elected president and secretary, respectively, of the soci 


ety of 


American foresters, the only organization of professional foresters in the western hemisphere. 
' 


HETCH HETCHY TIMBER AFFECTED 


PECIAL investigations by the 
experts of the Department of 
Agriculture have shown that as 
much as 95 per cent of the 

timber in some of the canyons and val- 
leys of the Toulumne River, which is to 
supply the water for the Hetch Hetchy 
project, has been killed by bark-boring 
insects. 

The areas in which practically all of 
the timber has been killed, some of it 
many years ago, are Jack Main Canyon 
and Matterhorn Cznyon. It was found 
that the forest growth of the entire 
watershed was more or less affected, 
and that the dustructive insects were 
killing a great amount of timber from 
near Tenaya Lake through the forests 
surrounding Toulumne Meadows to and 
through Virginia Canyon. 

This alarming condition, affecting as 
it did the scenic beauty of the area 
north of the Yosemite Valley and its 
consequent effect on the water supply 
and general economy of the Hetch 
Hetchy project, presented a problem of 
great importance. 

As soon as the matter was called to 
the attention of the Secretary of the 
Interior in the fall of 1912, he appealed 
to the Secretary of Agriculture for such 
advice and assistance as his Department 
could render through the expert who 
has charge of the forest insect branch of 
the Bureau of Entamology. 

The matter received the required 
prompt attention and arrangements 
were soon made for active warfare 
against the depredating beetle. A plan 
of procedure was outlined by the 
expert and recommended by the Secre- 
tary of Agriculture to the Secretary of 
the Interior. According to the plan, 
the Interior Department was to allot 
the required funds, the control work to 
be carried on under the immediate 
supervision of an entomological assist- 
ant of the Bureau of Entomology. This 
plan was adopted and the work was 
started just as soon as the weather con- 
ditions permitted in June, 1913. 

The areas near Tenaya Lake and in 


150 


the Cathedral Basin around Toulumne 
Peak to the Toulumne Meadows were 
carefully cruised for the location and 
marking of the particular trees, in the 
bark of which the broods of the destruc- 
tive beetle had passed the winter. Two 
areas representing centers of infesta- 
tion were thus located and designated 


—one as the Tenaya Project, the other 


as the Cathedral Project. 

Control work was. started on the 
Tenaya Project on July 1, and finished 
when the beetles began to emerge from 
the bark on July 24th. Work on the 
Cathedral Project was started on Sep- 
tember 8th, after the beetles coming 
from the overwinter broods had en- 
tered the bark of the living trees, and 
was completed on October 7th. 

The method recommended and fol- 
lowed was to fell the infested trees, lop 
off the limbs, pile them on the prostrate 
trunk, and set fire to it; thus the in- 
fested bark was scorched or burned to 


a sufficient extent to kill the broods of — 


the insects. Thestrees thus treated 
ranged in diameter from 6 inches to 54 
inches, with the average of about 224% 
inches. 

One thousand, six hundred and sev- 
enty-one trees were treated in the two 
projects, at a cost of $1,158, including 
all expenses except the salaries of two 


representatives of the Bureau of Ento- © 


mology who directed and assisted in 
the work. 

It is claimed that this work, with an 
additional expenditure of about $500 
next season, will be sufficient to bring 


* 


the beetle under such control that very — 


little attention will be required to pro- 


tect the remaining living timber from _ 


further serious injury. Both, this and 


an infestation in the timber around the 


rim of the Yosemite Valley will receive 
the required attention next season. 
The Interior Department has expressed 
a determination to prosecute a warfare 
against the depredations of insects in 
the Yosemite and Glacier National 
Parks to the limit of the funds available 
for the purpose. 


FORESTRY LAW FOR VIRGINIA 


The insect which is directly respons- 
ible for the death of such a large per- 
centage of the lodgepole pine timber of 
the northern section of the Park is 
known as the mountain pine beetle, 
ithe technical name of which is Den- 
droctonus monticolae Hopkins. It at- 
tacks perfectly healthy trees and kills 
them by mining between the bark and 
wood in such a manner as to stop the 
movement of sap and kill the bark 
which results in the final death of a tree 
‘within ten to twelve months after it is 
attacked. This beetle is the most 


| 
| 
) 
) 


| NUMBER of Virginians, inter- 
ested in the proper management 
| of the forests of the state are 
urging the members of the state 
legislature to pass a new forestry law at 
the present session. This law provides 
for the establishment of a permanent 
Forestry Board, which shall employ a 
technically trained forester who shall 
have power to carry on fire protective 
work and other functions of a state for- 
ester. An appropriation of $10,000 is 
to be asked for carrying on the work 
during the present year. 
The law was drafted by Dr. Howard 
S. Reed and his associates of the Vir- 
ginia Polytechnic Institute at Blacks- 
burg, and has already been fully ex- 
plained to the Executive Committee of 


Sas a ee ane 


) OVERNOR Martin H. Glynn of 
| New York is an ardent believer 
in forest conservation, and in 
his message makes recommen- 
dations regarding forestry conditions in 
‘the state which will be heartily endorsed 
by every one who appreciates the value 
of the forests and their perpetuation. 
He declares that the forests are the 
foundation of all conservation activities 
as they provide water supply, forest 
| 


{ 


| 


151 


destructive enemy of the lodgepole 
pine, western yellow pine, and mountain 
or silver pine of the entire Pacific Coast 
and Northern Rocky Mountain region. 
A vast amount of the best timber of 
these regions has been killed by this 
beetle during the past fifty years and 
has gone to waste through the agencies 
of decay and forest fires, but, thanks to 
the discoveries of the experts of the 
Bureau of Entomology, it can now be 
controlled and a great waste of forest 
resources prevented in the future. 


FORESTRY LAW FOR VIRGINIA 


the Board of Visitors of the college. 
The law provides that this Executive 
Committee shall serve as a State For- 
estry Commission without compensa- 
tion. 

Besides providing for the other reg- 
ular duties of a state forester the 
proposed law provides that he shall 
annually deliver a course of lectures at 
the Institute at Blacksburg upon for- 
estry and silviculture; shall give instruc- 
tion in farm forestry to th> county 
demonstrators and by lectures before 
farmers institutes and other organiza- 
tions. 

The prospects of this bill passing the 
legislature and being signed by the 
Governor are bright. 


GOVERNOR GLYNN FOR FORESTRY 


products and a home for fish and game. 
He urges resumption of buying of forest 
lands for the extension of the Adiron- 
dack and Catskill parks. He calls at- 
tention to the fact that the reforestation 
of state lands is making slow progress 
and that instead of a few thousands, 
tens of thousands of acres should be 
planted annually. He believes that the 
state should go further than providing 
seedlings at cost for the replanting of 


152 


private forest lands and should plant 
these lands at cost, as its forestry em- 
ployes know the business of tree plant- 
ing and private owners do not. He 
also urges the amendment of the State 
Constitution as follows: (a) To permit 
the leasing of camp sites in the State 
Forest Preserves, to afford the people a 
freer and more satisfactory use and en- 
joyment of their own recreation grounds; 
(b) To permit the utilization of mature 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


and dead timber in the Forest Pre- 
serves, under State supervision, which 
would not only result in a revenue of 
millions annually to the state, but 
would also improve the condition of the 
growing timber in several ways; (c) And, 
to authorize the construction of roads 
through the Forest Preserves for forest 
fire protection and other public pur- 
poses. . 


A SOUTH CAROLINA FORESTRY LAW 


: DETERMINED effort is”to be 
made to have the South Carolina 
legislature pass a forestry law 

this year which will give to the 
state the kind of forest management 
best suited to the interest of its people. 

The proposed law provides for the 
appointment of a state board of forestry, 
comprising nine members, the Governor 
of the State, the director of the South 
Carolina State Experiment Station; the 
Commissioner of Agriculture; the presi- 
dent of the University of South Caro- 
lina; the President and the professor of 
Forestry at Clemson Agricultural Col- 
lege, and three persons to be appointed 
by the Governor. 

This board is to appoint a technically 
trained man as state forester at a salary 
not to exceed $2,500 a year. He is also 
to act as secretary of the board. 

The forester is to have charge of all 
matters pertaining to forestry in the 
jurisdiction of the state; to carry on an 
educational forestry campaign by giving 
lectures, preparing bulletins, advising 
colleges and schools regarding courses 


of instruction in forestry; to co-operate 


with towns, corporations and individuals 
in preparing plans for the utilization, 
protection, management, and replace- 
ment of trees, wood-lots and timber 
tracts, under an agreement that parties 
obtaining such assistance pay the field 
expenses of the men employed in pre- 
paring such plans; to have charge of all 
the forest wardens, employ proper 


means to prevent and to fight forest. 


fires and to enforce forest and wood- 
land laws. 

The law also provides that all rural 
lands to which the state now has title, 
or may acquire title, shall if suitable 
for a forest, be held as a state forest. 
These lands are then to be used to 
demonstrate the practical utility of 
timber culture and for the purpose of 
forest management. 

Stringent provisions are made in the 
proposed law for fire protection on the 
lines approved by the Forest Service. 
The proposed law also provides for an 
appropriation of $10,000 for the salary 
of the state forester and the expense of 
carrying on his work in 1914. 


There are 36,500,000 young trees in the government's forest nurseries. 


Two tons of cascara bark have just been sold from the Siuslaw national forest, Oregon, at one 


cent a pound. 


The northernmost national forest is the Chugach in Alaska; the southernmost is the Luquilloin 


Porto Rico. 


For shingles alone, 750 million feet of timber is cut in that part of the state of Washington which 


lies west of the Cascades. 


A SYLVAN MEMORIAL 
By Wo. R. FISHER 


HE planting of a tree, here and 

there, to commemorate the visit 

| of a distinguished person, or to 
mark some notable event, has 

been a common custom for a long time. 
Usually there is much ceremony and a 
gathering together of a crowd of on- 
lookers and some prominent locality is 
selected for these formal tree plantings— 
the college campus, the city park, or 


the site of historic doings,—memorable ° 


achievements of the peaceful arts, or 
the warroir’s reminder “‘of old, unhappy, 
far off things, and battles long ago.” 
But the planting of some thousands of 
seedlings, with the intention of making 
trees, when they grow up, serve as a 
memorial to the dead, instead of erecting 
a monument of carved stone, is certainly 
new and interesting to the forester. 
Mrs. Flavia Camp Canfield, widow of 
the late James Hulme Canfield, LL. D., 
a former president of the Ohio State 
University and subsequently Librarian 


of Columbia University, New York City, 
has recently devised this novel and beau- 
tiful tribute to her departed husband. At 
the family homestead at Arlington, Vt., 
twenty thousand white pine seedlings 
have been set out, and the plantation 
will hereafter be known as the Memorial 
Pines. 

One may hardly say of such a monu- 
ment what the Roman poet said of his 
verse—that it would outlive a monu- 
ment of bronze; and yet, under watchful 
care to exclude destructive fires, there 
is no limit to the continuance of such a 
woodland. 

Most people find it hard to break 
away from the conventional way of 
doing things. It is not likely that there 
will be many imitators of this lady, but 
there are some who will feel that no 
more dignified method could be found, 
of expressing love and respect for the 
memory of one who has gone than this 
sylvan monument. 


FULL TITLE UNDER THE WEEKS ACT 


The completion of the payment by 
the United States government, acting 
through the department of agriculture 
and the forest service, for lands in the 
town of Benton, New Hampshire, sold 
by the Pike Woodlands company and 
FE. Bertram Pike, places the Federal 
Government in full title and possession 
of the first tract which it has acquired 
in the White Mountains under the 
Weeks act. 

The Moosilauke tract comprises the 
northerly and westerly slopes of Mount 
Moosilauke and will furnish a valuable 
example of modern forestry practice 
under varied conditions which are typi- 
cal of large areas in our mountain region. 

It is understood that the Forest 
Service will proceed at once to construct 
necessary trails and fire stations in 
order that the property may be pro- 
tected from injury by fire and at the 
same time may be accessible to the 
public for all reasonable uses.° The 
mature timber on the tract will prob- 


ably be sold for commercial uses, the 
cutting being conducted in such man- 
ner as to benefit rather than to injure 
the remaining growth. 

The tract is quite accessible to the 
public, being only a short distance from 
the Glencliff station on the White 
Mountain division. It adjoins the 
property owned by the state in con- 
nection with the sanitarium at Glen- 
cliff. Mr. Pike owns or controls large 
areas in the same vicinity which he is 
planning to improve on forestry lines, 
including the extensive tract owned by 
the Lake Tarleton club in the town of 
Piermont which overlooks the Moosi- 
lauke reservation. 

Allen Hollis, Esq., of Concord, who 
represented Mr. Pike and the Pike 
Woodlands company in the proceed- 
ings for condemnation, is receiving con- 
gratulations in being instrumental in 
bringing into New Hampshire the first 
actual payment on account of a govern- 
ment purchase. 


153 


GOVERMENT MAKES LARGEST OFFERING 
OF TIMBER 


ASEUNGT ON 1) Jan. 6. 
Secretary of agriculture, 
Houston has today ap- 


proved the disposal of one 
billion feet of western yellow pine timber 
from the Kaibab national forest in 
northern Arizona. In order to get this 
timber out it will be necessary to build 
a railroad approximately 200 miles 
long. Such a railroad will connect 
Colorado and Utah with the world- 
famous Grand Canyon of the Colorado, 
which hitherto has been accessible only 
from the south. 

For several years the construction of 
such a railroad has been considered by 
various capitalists, but it has been 
stated that the lack of assured im- 
mediate traffic was an effectual barrier. 
It is pointed out, however, that a con- 
tract for a billion feet of timber will 
overcome this difficulty by providing 
a commodity for transportation which, 
together with tourist and local traffic, 
will place the project on a paying basis 
practically from the outset. 

Chief forester Henry 5S. Graves made 
a personal examination on the ground, 
and this examination supplemented by 
the reports of his forest engineers, in- 
duced him to recommend the sale of 


such a large body of timber in order that 
the country might be developed through 
the supplying of this resource. Mr. 
Graves says, however, that the Kaibab 
forest is one of the most beautiful in 
America, and gives assurance that the 
marketing of the mature crop of timber 
will not be allowed to mar the scenic 
beauty of the region. 

In accordance with the timber sale 
policy of the government the stumpage 
will be disposed of to the highest bidder. 
In order to attract a sufficient invest- 
ment to assure the building of the rail- 
road and of the necessary lumber mills 
at least a billion feet of timber had to 
be offered. The investment necessary 
to make this timber accessible will 
amount to more than $3,000,000. By 
placing this quantity of timber before 
the lumbermen of the country the 
officials of the forest service believe that 
the development of extensive areas in 
southern Utah may be looked for, 
because the necessary railway will 
render accessible resources which have 
heretofore been tundeveloped. The 
whole region is rich in agricultural 
land, in cattle and sheep range, and in 
coal. and copper deposits, as well as 
in timber. 


What a Forester Should Be 


This definition by Dr. C. A. Schenck 
of what a forester should be well de- 


serves reproduction. 


He says: 


“A forester should stand the life in 
the woods like a tree; and should stand 
the knocks in the mill like a log; lest 
he go to waste with the culls.”’ 


154 


ANNUAL MEETING OF THE NEW YORK 
STATE FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 


HIS active and growing organiza- 

tion in the Empire State held 

its first annual meeting on Jan- 

uary 22, 1914, at Albany in the 
new Educational Building. The at- 
tending foresters were welcomed by 
Dr. John H. Finley, President of the 
University of the State of New York, 
and Commissioner of Education. Dr. 
Hugh P. Baker, a member of the 
American Forestry Association and now 
head of the State Forestry School at 
Syracuse University, New York, was 
the organizer, and is the Secretary of 
the Association, which is already doing 
a great work for New York State in the 
promotion of the State’s forestry in- 
terests. There was much interesting 
discussion relative to the extension and 
care of the State’s forest reserves and 
particularly of the proposed amendment 
of the existing provision in the State’s 
Constitution forbidding all cutting on 
the State reserves. 

Dr. Henry S. Drinker, President of 
the American ‘Forestry Association, 
was present by invitation, and made an 
address in which he touched as follows 
on the above question: 

“Foresters and the friends of forestry 
in your sister States are noting with 


great interest the discussion in New 
York looking to a revision of the policy 
adopted in the past of denying to New 
York the benefit in the management of 
the State’s woodlands of the principles 
of forest culture, cutting, and reproduc- 
tion that have been generally approved 
in Europe and America as conducive to 
the economic and profitable manage- 
ment of forest lands. 

“Local conditions may have made it 
necessary or advisable to deny to your 
State forest lands the exercise of the 
principles of forestry, in the interest of 
retaining your forests for a time in a 
wholly wild condition as a refuge for 
game and a wilderness home for the 
man who would for a time fly from civi- 
lization, but surely with forests aggre- 
gating over 1,600,000 acres in New York 
State, by far the largest State Forest 
Reserve of any State, the time must 
soon come when the State constitutional 
prohibition against all cutting shall be 
amended, and the great Forest Re- 
serves shall be handled as the National 
Forests are so admirably handled, with 
a view to the best care and conserva- 
tion of your woodlands for the benefit 
of the people at large of the State and of 
the State’s industrial interests.” 


MASSACHUSETTS WANTS STATE FORESTS 


ASSACHUSETTS, which has 
MI only a few hundred scattered 
acres of state forest land now 
wants its legislature to pass 
a law creating a state forest commission 
to acquire land suited for forestry and 
create state forests. About one million 
acres, one fifth the area of the state is 
now wild and waste land, worth very 
little. Private owners cannot afford to 
reclaim this land, many of the towns are 
too poor to do so and the state is the 
only agency that can deal with the 
problem. 


If the proposed measure becomes a 
law, the land will be well protected 
against forest fires; employment may 
be given prison labor; the forests could 
be used for public recreation and could 
become bird and game sanctuaries; as 
well as serve the very practical purpose 
of protecting water from impurities and 
conserving water power. 

An earnest effort, in which the 
Massachusetts Forestry Association 1s 
aiding, is. being made to have this pro- 
posed law passed. 


ANNUAL REPORT ON YOSEMITE 
NATIONAL PARK 


HIRTY-FIVE miles of new trail 

have been built in Yosemite 

Park during the last year, ac- 

cording to the annual report of 

the superintendent, recently made to 

Secretary Lane. There are now in the 

park 578 miles of trail and 147 miles of 
wagon road. 

‘“‘Tn order to protect the big trees from 
fire,’ says the superintendent, “‘approxi- 
mately 80 acres of the upper grove of the 
Mariposa Big Trees have been cleared 
of debris, fallen timber, and jungle 
growth of shrubs and young yellow 
pines and firs. Sixty acres of this tract 
were cleared some years ago while the 
grove was under the control of the 
State of California. 

“In order to thoroughly safeguard 
this portion of the national park from 
fire the work should be continued next 
year and succeeding years until both 
groves are cleared and a fire brake con- 
structed on the eastern boundary. This 
clearing process should be extended to 
the Toulumne Grove of Big Trees 
where it is much needed. 

“On October 30, 1913, there was 
planted on both sides of the road 


extending from the Sentinel Bridge to 
Kenneyville on the north side of the 
Merced River, a row of sequoia seed- 
lings. The rows were placed 104 feet 
apart, the trees in each row 80 feet 
apart. Another line of sequoias was 
planted on the northern border of the 
woods which grow in the southern part 
of the meadow lying west of the village. 

“On the same date a party of en- 
thusiasts planted six sequoia seedlings 
in a semicircle around the front of the 
Le Conte Lodge. There has also been 
planted on both sides of the road 
between Camp Ahwahnee and Pohono 
Bridge, at suitable places, sugar-pine 
seedlings, rows and plants at suitable 
distance apart. Likewise have sugar- 
pine seedlings been planted near the 
river along the meadow below the mouth 
of the Yosemite Creek. aden 

“October 30 has been designated as 
“Arbor Day”’ for the Yosemite National 
Park, and the avenue from the Sentinel 
Bridge to Kennyville has been named 
“Sequoia Lane.” <A future generation 
will there observe the most beautiful 
avenue in the world.”’ 


THE FIRE FOOL 


(With apologies to Rudyard Kipling) 


A fool there was and he flung a match 

Even as you and I, 

Carelessly down on a sundried patch 

Giving no heed that a fire might catch 

And spread to the timber with quick dispatch, 
Even as you and I. 


The fool returned on his way and found 
Even as you and I, 

Ashes and embers all over the ground, 

And far in the distance with horrible sound 


156 


The fire consuming the timber around, 
Started when he went by. 


The fool passed on with a wondering look 
Even as you and I. 

He couldn’t explain the fire that took 
The forest away, and dried the brook, 
And left the region a place forsook; 

He was a fool—that’s why. 


A. G. Jackson in Seattle Sun. 


FOREST NOTES 


New York City is far behind many 
smaller cities of the country. in con- 
trolling the planting of trees in its 
streets and in the care of trees after 
planting. The Landscape Engineer of 
The State College of Forestry at Syra- 
cuse is making a very careful recon- 
naissance survey of street in New York 
in cooperation with the Tree Planting 
Association of the City for the purpose 
of securing material which may be used 
to stimulate interest in more and better 
street trees. It is believed that the 
interest aroused will result in the forma- 
tion of a definite and unified system of 
tree planting under the direction of a 
Tree Planting Bureau headed by or 
made up of trained Foresters. 


The rates of transportation into and 
through the Yellowstone National Park 
by way of the western entrance at 
Yellowstone, Montana, have been re- 
duced 20 per cent by Secretary Lane. 
This means that one dollar a day has 
been taken off the rate which has here- 
tofore been charged to tourists in the 
park coming through this entrance. 
This reduction is due to a contract for 
carrying passengers in the park which 
has been awarded by the Department 
of the Interior to Messrs. F. J. Haynes, 


Robert Duff, and R. W. McTavish, a 


corporation known as the Yellowstone 
Western State Company. This action 
is greatly in the interest of the traveling 
public, inasmuch as it will enable 
persons to make the complete park 
tour for $20 whereas the rate heretofore 
has been $25. Corresponding reduc- 
tions will be made in the 4-day, 2-day 
and other short trips in the park. 


Acting Secretary of Agriculture B. T. 
Galloway has just given a permit to 
James Lindsey, of Portland, Oregon, 
for the construction and operation of a 
power plant on Mill Creek, Douglas 


County, Oregon, within the boundaries 
of the Siuslaw national forest. 

Mr. Lindsey intends to transmit the 
power obtained from this hydro-electric 
plant a distance of eighteen miles to 
Reedsport, Oregon, where it will be 
used in the manufacture of pulp. There 
are now at Reedsport a fish cannery, a 
cold storage creamery, and a warehouse, 
but when the Southern Pacific Rail- 
road completes the extension upon 
which it is now at work, Lindsey and 
others who are associated with him in 
the development of Reedsport believe 
that the town will become a valuable 
manufacturing and shipping center. 
Besides the power plant and pulp mill, 
other industries are contemplated by 
the men interested in the town. They 
claim to see possibilities of an excellent 
future, based upon resources, power, 
and transportation facilities. 


The largest remaining virgin stands 
of white pine in the United States are 
found in Minnesota, according to a 
State report recently published. These, 
in addition to the stands of Norway 
and jack pine, spruce, tamarack, and 
balsam fir, add much to the State’s tim- 
ber wealth and make it contain some of 
the most valuable timber resources east 
of the Rockies. 

The report which gives these facts 
deals with the wood-using industries of 
the State and is the result of coopera- 
tion between the State and Federal 
authorities. The field investigations 
were conducted by members of the 
U. S. forest service. Certain statistics 
on present and future supplies of 
Minnesota’s timber were contributed by 
W. T. Cox, State Forester, who brings 
out the diminishing timber resources of 
the State, and advocates measures for 
conserving them. 

Twenty different wood-using indus- 
tries are reported, not counting saw- 
mills, shingle mills, cooperage and pulp 


157 


158 


works, which are not included in an 
investigation covering only manufac- 
tured commodities. 

The wood-using industries require 45 
kinds of wood, of which 20 grow in 
Minnesota and all but three are native 
to the United States. 


The widening and repairing of the 
roads in the Mesa Verde National Park 
is what is most needed to make that 
reservation accessible to tourists, ac- 
cording to the annual report of the 
superintendent. This park is in south- 
western Colorado and has an area of 
about seventy-six square miles. 


Secretary Lane, of the Interior De- 
partment, has asked the President to 
withdraw certain lands for the pro- 
posed Denver Mountain Park, Colo- 
rado, pending consideration by Congress 
of a bill for the creation of the park. 
The area covered by this withdrawal is 
over 34,000 acres. In a general way 
this land is of no substantial value for 
agricultural, mineral or other purposes, 
though it is an ideal location for a park. 
It is in a region of broken land, rocky 
in character and having many canyons, 
but the City of Denver desires to in- 
close the tract, if ceded to it for park 
purposes, police it, build drives to and 
through it, and, generally speaking, 
make it one of the additional attractions 
of the city. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The Northern Forest Protective As- 
sociation of Michigan has just com- 
pleted the posting of nearly one thou- 
sand direction signs upon the outlying 
roads and trails of the Upper Peninsula. 
These signs were put up solely as a 
kindness to woods travelers, and to 
properly direct them to the location 
being sought or to a place where pro- 
tection and lodging could be found. 

This is the first effort with any 
breadth of scope to properly designate 
the roads and camps of the Peninsula, 
and if it meets with the approval of 
the general public it will be continued 
until it is almost impossible for one not 
familiar with the woods to become lost. 


During the season of 1913 travel to 
the Mount Rainier National Park in- 
creased 52 per cent as compared with 
1912, according to the annual report of 
the superintendent, recently made to 
Secretary Lane. Mount Rainier is one 
of the most accessible of the national 
parks, being only 56 miles from Tacoma 
and 93 miles from Seattle. 

Near the center of the park is the 
summit of Mount Rainier, from which 
radiates a system of glaciers ranking 
in importance with any similar system 
or group of glaciers in the world. 
There are more than a score of these 
glaciers from which flow headwaters of 
four important rivers—the Nisqually, 
a Puyallup, the White, and the Cow- 
itz. 


California led last year in timber sold from national forests, though Montana has the largest 


number of sale transactions. 


The biological survey and the forest service have-been co-operating in the extermination of ground 


squirrels on national forests in California. 
ground squirrels 1s enormous. 


The annual loss of range feed and grain crops from 


STATE NEWS 


Michigan 


At a recent meeting of State Forest Service 
officers, plans were formulated for bringing 
about the State and Federal Government the 
exchange of a considerabel acreage of forest 
land. As a result of this meeting the ex- 
amination of the lands in question was begun 
and the field work will probably be completed 
by the middle of January. The State lands 
which the Government will acquire, consist 
of about 15,000 acres intermingled with the 
Government holdings in the Marquette Na- 
tional Forest in Chippewa county and in the 
Michigan National Forest in Iosco county. 
In exchange for this, the State is to receive an 
equal area of Government lands. Should this 
exchange be consumated, it will result in the 
addition of about 4,000 acres to the Marquette 
National Forest and 11,000 acres to the 
Michigan National Forest. On the other hand, 
the acreage of the Higgins Lake State Forest 
in Crawford and Roscommon counties will be 
increased by about 1,400 acres, the Houghton 
Lake State Forest in Roscommon county by 
3,600 acres and the Lake Superior State 
Forest in Luce county by 10,000 acres. From 
an administrative point of view, the exchange 
would be highly beneficial to both parties, 
inasmuch as it would be a big step towards the 
consolidation of their respective holdings. 

To keep pace with the increased demands 
for planting stock for reforestration projects on 
the State Forests, the nursery at the Higgins 
Lake State Forest has recently been enlarged. 
Formerly this contained only five acres. With 
the addition that has been made, there are 
now a little over ten acres of available growing 
Space. At present there are in the nursery 
approximately 3,000,000 seedlings and trans- 
plants of various coniferous species. The 
addition will make it possible to double, or 
perhaps treble the present output. 


Pennsylvania 


The Department of Forestry announces the 

al purchase of what is known as the Pine 
Grove Furnace property in the South Moun- 
tains. This property was for a long time 
under the direction of Jay Cooke who was very 
largely instrumental in helping to finance the 
civil war. With the recent turning over of 
7,562 acres of land, the State now owns in the 
South Mountains a forest extending in one 
continuous body almost from the Susquehanna 


tiver to the Maryland line, and having a total 


area of 70,000 acres and bringing the total 
acreage of the State forests up to 994,062. 


Georgia 


Recently a woodlot was examined and re- 
ported on in Habersham County by officials of 
the Forest School, University of Georgia, and 
on this trip an address was made before the 
Nacoochee Institute at Sautee in White 
County. 

Later on Professor Akerman made a trip on 
the other side of the Blue Ridge, delivering 
addresses at Hiawassee, Young Harris, and 
Blairsville, reaching over 900 persons. The 
talks stressed the need for protection from 
fire. At the time fires were running in the 
mountains and the air was full of smoke, so 
that the talks were to the point. 


Kentucky 


During the latter part of 1913 there were 
a large number of forest fires, particularly in 
the eastern part of Kentucky. State Forester 
Barton says: ‘‘The fire plan inaugurated by the 
office of the State Forester in cooperation with 
the Forest Service of the United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture has been effective so far as 
we have been able to put the plan in operation 
in the field in the suppression and control of a 
large number of forest fires. In addition 
it has been of great educational benefit in 
serving to call the attention of the people to 
the large number of forest fires which occurred 
in the State and especially after such a long 
dry season as the past summer. While the 
statistics with regard to the number of fires, 
cause, etc., have not as yet been compiled, a 
casual survey of them is interesting in that it 
shows that the two chief causes of fires are the 
railroads and the carelessness of hunters. 

“The demand for county forest wardens in the 
eastern part of the State has been greater than 
the ability of this office to supply such wardens 
with funds available. There does not, however, 
seem to be any question about the fact that 
the forest protective measures initiated by the 
State Board of Forestry meets a real need, that 
the work is meeting with the support of the 
timberland owners and other timber interests, 
particularly in the eastern section of the State 
where the large timbered areas are.”’ 

The biennial report of the State Forester is 
in the course of preparation and will be ready 
for the Legislature about January 1. 


_ 
mn 
\o 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR JANUARY, 1914 


(Books and _ Periodicals Indexed in _ the 
Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole 
Proceedings and Reports of Associations, Forest 
Officers, etc. 
India —Forest dept. Annual return of sta- 
tistics relating to forest administration in 


British India, 1911-12. 27 p. il. Simla, 
Govt. press, 1913. : 
Massachusetts forestry association. 16th an- 


nual report. 122 p.il. Boston, 1914. 

Philippine Islands—Bureau of forestry. An- 
nual report of the director of forestry, 
1912-13. 65 p. pl., map. Manila, 1913. 

Queensland—Dept. of public lands. Annual 
report of the director of forests, 1912. 
5p. Brisbane, 1913. 

South Australia—Woods and forest dept. 
Annual progress report upon state forest 
administration for the year 1912-13. 
12 p. pl. Adelaide, 1913. 

Western Australia—Woods and forests dept. 
Annual report for the year ended 30th 
June, 1913. 9p.il. Perth, 1913. 


Forest History and Biography of Foresters 


Yale forest school. Biographical record of the 
graduates and former students of the Yale 
forest school, with introductory papers on 
Yale in the forestry movement and the 
history of the Yale forest school. 350 p. 
pl. New Haven, 1913. 


Forest Aesthetics. 
Street and Park Trees. 


American association of park superintendents. 
Proceedings, 15th annual convention. 
60 p. il. Denver, Colo., 1913. 

Buffalo—Park commissioners. Forty-fourth 
annual report, 1912-13. 48 p. Buffalo, 
1913. 

New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- 
mission. Who looks after your shade 
trees? 4p.il. Trenton, N. J., 1913. 


Forest Education. 


Nolan, Aretas W. Lessons from forest and 
orchard for use in public schools. 35 p. 
il. Urbana, Ill, University of Ill., 1912. 


Forest Schools. 


University of Wisconsin—College of agri- 


culture. The forest rangers’ course, 1914. 
16 p.il. Madison, Wis., 1913. 
Forest Botany. 
Trees: Classification and Description, 


Babcock, Ernest B. Studies in Juglans: 1. 
Study of a new form of Juglans californica. 
46 p. pl. Berkeley, Cal. 1913. (Uni- 
versity of California publications in agri- 
cultural sciences, v. 2, no. 1: 1-46.) 


160 


Cook, O. F. Nomenclature of the sapote and 
the sapodilla. 9 p. pl. Washington, 
D.C., 1913. (Smithsonian institution— 
U. S. National museum. Contributions 
from ee U.S. National herbarium, v. 16, 
pie we 

Safford, Wm. E. Annona sericea, and its al- 
lies. 13 p. pl. Washington, D. C., 1913. 
(Smithsonian institution—U. S. National 
museum. Contributions from the U. S. 
National herbarium, v. 16, pt. 10.) 


Silvics. 
Studies of Species. 


Burdon, E. Russell, and Long, A. P. The 
production and utilization of pine timber 
in great Britain; pt. 1. Production; no. 2. 
Sample plot of Scots pine at King’s 
Lynn. 16°“ps Cambridge, Eng., 101 
(University of Cambridge—School of 
forestry. Bulletin no. 2.) 

Scott, Charles A. The Chinese arbor vitae. 
Thuya orientalis. 6 p. il. Manhattan, 
Kan., 1913. (Kansas—Agricultural Ex- 
periment Station. Circular 33.) 

Williamson, A. W. Cottonwood in_ the 
Mississippi valley. 62 p. il., pl. Wash- 
ington, D. 7}, 19013) 5.5 (U5. Deptaes 


agriculture. Bulletin 24.) 
Silviculture. 
Planting. 
Anderson, W. A. Plantation rubber in 


Hawaii. 12p. Honolulu, 1913. (Hawait— 
Agricultural Experiment Station. Press 
Bulletin 44.) 

Bemis, J. M. Our country; its diminishing 
natural resources; a plan for foresting our 


lands. 4p. 
Forest Protection. 

Diseases. 

Hartley, Carl. The blights of. coniferous 
nursery stock. 21p. Washington, D.C., 
1913. (U. S—Dept. of Agriculture. 
Bulletin 44.) 

Peets, Elbert. Practical tree repair; the 


physical repair of trees—bracing and the 
treatment of wounds and cavities. 265 
p. il, pl. New York, McBride, Nast 
Si Com olsy 


Forest Management. 


Forest Finance. 
Riebel, Franz. Waldwertrechnung und schatz- 


ung von liegenschaften. 2d ed. 527 p. 
diagr. Wien, and Leipzig, C. Fromme, 
1912. 


Range Management. 


Sampson, Arthur W. Range improvement 
by deferred and rotation grazing. 106 p. 
p'. Washington, D. €., 1913.) (Us S25 
Dept. of Agriculture. Bulletin 34.) 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Forest Utilization. 
Lumber Industry. 


Barns, W. E. Business and lumber trade 
conditions. 8 p. St. Louis, Mo., St. 
Louis lumbermen, 1914. 

Northern Hemlock and Hardwood Manu- 
facturers’ Association. Facts about 
hemlock. 15 p.il. Wausau, Wis., 1913. 


Wood-using Industries. 


Barrows, F. W. Practical pattern making. 
347 p. il. New York, Norman W. Henley 
Pub. Co., 1913. 

Harris, John T. Wood-using industries of 
New York. 213 p. pl. Albany, N. Y., 
J. B. Lyon Co., 1913. 

Wolfe, Stanley L. Wood-using industries of 
South Carolina. 53 p. pl. Columbia, 
Ss (Cay ls ILS Ushmrehay (loss als) 


Forest By-products. 


Henry, Yves and Ammann, Paul. Acacias a 
tanin de Sénégal. 53 p. il. Paris, A. 
Challamel, 1913. 


Wood Technology. 


Drew, P. J. Identification of timbers. 7 p. 
Sydney, 1913. (New South Wales— 
Dept. of Forestry. Bulletin No. 7.) 

Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association. 
Adaptability of southern yellow pine; the 


wood of a thousand different uses. 15 p. 
il. St. Louis, Mo., 1913. 
Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Association. Yel- 


low pine: a manual of standard wood 
construction, prepared and compiled by 
maton d,. North, 130," 1x p.. ah, ot. 
Louis, Mo., 1913. 


Auxiliary Subjects. 
Conservation of Natural Resources. 


Sec- 
29:1 px api: 


New York—Conservation Commission. 
ond annual report, 1912. 
maps. Albany, N. Y., 1913. 

Smith, George Otis. The disposition of nat- 
ural resources. 6 p. N. Y., American 
Institute of Mining Engineers, 1913. 


Botany. 


Britton, Nathaniel Lord, and Brown, Addison. 
An illustrated flora of the northern 
United States, Canada and the British 


possessions. 2d ed. v. 1-3. il. New 
York, C. Scribner’s Sons, 1913. 

Clearing of Land. 

McGuire, A. J. Land clearing. 32 p. il. 


St. Paul, 1913. (Minnesota—Agricultur- 
al Experiment Station. Bulletin 134.) 


Periodical Articles 
Miscellaneous Periodicals. 


Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec. 20, 1913——vThe 
mahogany tree, by W. D., p. 436-7. 
Muhlenbergia, Dec. 9, 1913.—The conifers of 
the .Charleston Mts., Nev., by A. A. 

Heller, p. 78-80. 


161 


National Wool Grower, Dec. 1913.—Scientific 
range management, by Arthur W. Samp- 
son, p. 7-9. 

Outdoor World and Recreation, Jan. 1914.— 
Why the autumn leaves change, by 
Leonard Keene Hirshberg, p. 12. The 
lookout man, by C. M. Granger, p. 14-16. 

Overland Monthly, Sept. 1913.—Pickling 
timber, by A. L. Dahl, p. 233-7. 

Quarterly Review, Oct. 1913.—Forestry in 
England and abroad, by H. G. Joly de 
Lothiniére, p. 441-63. 

Science, Dec. 12, 1913.—Notes on a chestnut- 
tree insect, by A. G. Ruggles, p. 852; The 
chestnut bark disease on chestnut fruits, 
by J. Franklin Collins, p. 857. 

Scientific American, Dec. 27, 1913.—Balsam 
of Peru, p. 493. 

Scientific American, Supplement, Nov. 29, 
1913.—A wood that never rots; the man- 
grove, p. 347. 

United States—Department of Agriculture. 
Journal of Agricultural research, Dec. 
1913.—Polyporus dryadeus, a root para- 
site on the oak, by W. H. Long, p. 239-50. 

United States—Weather Bureau. Monthly 
weather review, Sept. 1913.—Relation of 
precipitation to tree growth, by Milroy 
N. Stewart, p. 1287. 

Utah Farmer, Nov. 29, 1913.—Tue Utah 
forest experiment station, p. 281, 284. 


Trade Journals and Consular Reports. 


American Lumberman, Dec. 13, 1913.—Na- 
tional forest supervisors deliberate, p. 
46; Material for a wooden leg, p. 54. 

American Lumberman, Jan. 10, 1914.—Pro- 
tecting forests from fire, p. 27; Red gum 
as an interior finish wood, p. 36-7. 

Canada Lumberman, Dec. 15, 1913.—Prob- 
lems of Douglas fir distillation, by George 
M. Hunt, p. 42-3; Practical points in se- 
lecting face veneer, by T. Morgan, p. 56-8. 

Canada Lumberman, Jan. 1, 1914.—The com- 
mercial importance of birch; physical 
properties and industrial uses of the most 
important Canadian hardwood, by R. G. 
Lewis, p. 30-2; The scientific kiln drying 
of lumber, p. 38-9. 

Engineering Magazine, Dec. 1913.—A sac- 
charine timber preservative; equipment, 
operation and efficiency of the Powell 


seasoning process, by R. E. Neale, p. 
437-9. 
Engineering record, Nov. 22, 1913.—Wood 


block on steep grades; special pavement 
for noiseless driveway entrance to New 
York apartment house, p. 586-7. 

Handle Trade, Jan. 1914—What kiln-drying 
accomplishes, p. 4; Curtain poles and 
erbnkersys Gop 117 

Hardwood Record, Dec. 10, 1913.—A trip to 
the Caucasus, by R. S. Bacon, p. 20-4; 
Remarkable wood preservation, p. 27-8; 
Uses of Port Orford cedar, by Huron H. 
Smith, p. 30-1; Red gum and Circassian 
walnut, p. 31-2; The Russian veneer in- 
dustry, by Henrik Cronstrom, p. 33-5. 

Hardwood Record, Dec. 25, 1913.—Espave, 
p. 20-21; Junco, a new source of American 


162 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


hardwood, p. 21; The briar root and its 
substitutes, p. 21; Scientific lumber dry- 
ing, by Z. Clark Thwing, p. 22-5; Some 
fallacies of the forest; flow of sap, p. 27-8; 
Some wrong uses of hickory, p. 30; Manu- 
facturing spools in Finland, p. 31-2. 

Hardwood Record, Jan. 10, 1914.—Red gum 
according to regions, p. 20; Judging the 
quality of a wood, by S. J. Record, p. 22-4. 

Lumber World Review, Dec. 25, 1913.— 
Western forest fire conference; conserva- 
tion association holds annual meeting in 
Vancouver, p. 39-41. 

Municipal Journal, Jan. 1, 1914.—Wood 
block in New York, p. 8-9; Wood block 
paving abroad, p. 9-10. 

New York Lumber Trade Journal, Dec. 15, 
1913.—Lumber and the Panama Canal, 

10! 

Pacbaees Dec. 1913.—Beech as veneer, p. 60. 

Paper, Dec. 17, 1913.—Fiber lengths of paper- 
making woods, by Clayton Beadle and 
Henry P. Stevens, p. 19-21. 

Paper, Dec. 31, 1913.—Fire protection for 
pulpwood piles, p. 19. 

Paper Trade Journal, Dec. 11, 1913.—The de- 
velopment of the sulphite and soda pulp 
industry, by Arthur Klein, p. 46-8; Treat- 
ment of knotty wood, p. 48-50. 

Paper Trade Journal, Dec. 18, 1913.—Com- 
mercial forestry, by Ellwood Wilson, 
Deo: 

Paper Trade Journal, Jan. 1, 1914.—Cellulose 
in India, by W. Raitt, p. 46-52. 

Pioneer Western Lumberman, Jan. 1, 1914.— 
Forest products of Newfoundland, p. 11; 
Review of 1913 fire season in Oregon, by 
F. A. Elliott, p. 21; Disastrous forest fires 
in California, by G. M. Homans, p. 21; 
The lumber industry of Washington, by 
F. D. Becker, p. 13-15; Tanbark acacias 
in California, p. 15. 

Pulp and Paper Magazine, Nov. 15, 1913.— 
The testing of sulphite pulp for moisture, 
by E. Sutermeister, p. 739-41; The com- 
mercial value of wood for the paper in- 
dustry, by Martin L. Griffin, p. 746-8; 
Notes on the manufacture of paper and 
pulp, by Leo Schlick, p. 755-6. 

St. Louis Lumberman, Dec. 15, 1913.—The 
retail lumberman and the silo question, 
by W. S. Dickinson, p. 82-3; Electrically 
driven western lumber mill, by W. S. 
Taussig and George W. Hall, p. 84-6. 

Southern Industrial and Lumber Review, Oct. 
1913.—Pencils made of Ozark cedar; 
large exports of cedar to foreign pencil 
factories, p. 27. 

Southern Industrial and Lumber Review, Dec. 
1913.—Government timber testing, p. 30. 

Southern Lumber Journal, Dec. 1, 1913.— 
Adaptability and availability of yellow 
pine for different purposes, by R. A. Long, 
Dp. seen New use found for spruce timber, 
p. 45. 

Southern Lumber Journal, Dec. 15, 1913.— 
zing forest waste in longleaf pine, p. 

Southern Lumberman, Dec. 20, 1913.—Two 
methods of flood control, by George H. 


Maxwell, p. 69-70; Canada’s forestry 
awakening, by A. C. McIntyre, p. 72-4; 
What has been done on cut-over lands, 
by Ewing A. Walker, p. 78-81; Magnolia: 
new commercial hardwood, by H. B. 
Turner, p. 89-90; Black willow: another 
“coming’’ wood, p. 90-1; Modern ideas 
in construction of saw mills, by C. H. 
Huston, p. 92; The forest products expo- 
sition, by George S. Wood, p. 95; Decay; 
its causes and the factors affecting it, by 
Samuel J. Record, p. 97; American de- 
velopment of Philippine timber, p. 98-9; 
What is done at our forest products labor- 
atory, by R. S. Kellogg, p. 101-2; Soda 
dipping to prevent sap-stain, by Stanley 
F. Horn, p. 104-6. 

Timber Trade Journal, Dec. 6, 1913.—Wood 
waste, etc., as fuel for gas producers, by 
G. E. Lygo, p. xviii-xix; The creosoting 
of timber, p. 903. 

Timber Trade Journal, Jan. 3, 1914.—Trees 
as food, p. 12. 

Timberman, Dec. 1913.—Consumption of 
lumber and lumber products in the state 
of New York, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 
28; Forest fire prevention, by H. S. 
Graves, p. 32 J-K; Slash and right-of-way 
burning, by George C. Joy, p. 32 M-O; 
Proper slash disposal, by F. A. Elliott, 
p. 32 O-P; Forecasting fire winds, by E. 
A. Beals, p. 32 P-Q; Methods of fire pro- 
tection, by S. C. Bartrum, p. 32 Q-R; 
Lookout, map and signal systems, by 
Coert DuBois, p. 32 R-U; Development 
in telephone systems, and the recent 
lessons learned in building and equipping 
forest lines, by W. D. DeVarney, p. 32 
U-V; Briquetted wood waste, by Robert 
S. Hamilton, p. 32 V; Wireless an auxil- 
iary to telephone, by J. R. Irwin, p. 32 
V-W; The railroad hazard, by Clyde 
Leavitt, p. 32 W-X; British Columbia 
forestry system, by T. F. Paterson and 
H. R. McMillan, p. 32 AA-DD; Testing 
structural fir timbers, by J. B. Knapp, 
p. 49; History of Hallock manufacture, 
by A. J. Moser, p. 51-2. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Dec. 
18, 1913.—Boulevard and street trees in 
Paris, by Lucien Memminger, p. 1356-8. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Dec. 
22, 1913.—Barrel staves in Germany, by 
Robert P. Skinner, p. 1403. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Dec. 
26, 1913.—Turpentine and rosin in India, 
by Henry D. Baker, p. 1454-5. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Dec. 
27, 1913.—Coconut oil production in far 
east, by George E. Anderson, p. 1463; 
Timber and rubber in the Gold Coast 
colony, by W. J. Yerby, p. 1463. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 
7, 1914.—French artificial wood, by Carl 
Bailey Hurst, p. 79; Manufacture of 
excelsior in Switzerland, by R. E. Mans- 
field, p. 105. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 
14, 1914.—Wood alcohool in Germany, 
by A. M. Thackera, p. 174. 


a IN 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Veneers, Jan. 1914.—The art of veneer inlay- 
ing, by Le Roy H. Block, p. 9-10; Utiliza- 
tion of waste in veneer factories, by 
Stanley L. Wolfe, p. 12-15; Suggesting 
profitable by-products, by Richard Neu- 
becker, p. 18; Walnut for interior finish, 
bys. 1; Crain, Jr.,p. 18-19. 

West Coast Lumberman, Dec. 15, 1913.— 
Good substantial business factors back of 
forest protection propaganda, by E. T. 
Allen, p. 30, 42; Practical reforestation 
on barren mountain slope in Snoqualmie 
forest, p. 31, 41; Douglas fir discovered 
one hundred and twenty-one years ago, 
p. 34-5, 37. 

West Coast Lumberman, Jan. 1, 1914—Gov- 
ernment tests show fir stringers to have 
average bending strength equal to 5983 
pounds per square inch, by Joseph B. 
Knapp, p. 34-8. 

Western Electric News, Dec. 1913.—How 
telephone and telegraph poles are made, 
by E. A. Hubbard, p. 1-4. 

Wood Craft, Jan. 1914.—The filling and finish- 
ing of the various oaks, by A. Ashmun 
Kelly, p. 96-8; Tests to determine trans- 
verse strength of screws in wood, p. 101-3; 
Sawdust for use in concrete, p. 106; 
Sources and substance of shellac, by 
Rowley, p. 108-9. 


Forest Journals. 


Allgeneine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Dec. 1913. 
—Wie sind die ergebnisse der neueren 
forstlichen ertragsuntersuchungen nach 
ihrem wissenschaftlichen und praktischen 
wert zu beurteilen?, by Borgmann, p. 397; 
Die berechnung des normalvorratswertes 
far den zwischen- und nebenbestand, by 
Th. Glaser, p. 412-16. 

Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, Aug. 1913. 
—Algo sobre los bosques de los territorios 
de Neuquen i Rio Negro, by Humberto 
Giovanelli, p. 104-12; Las plantaciones en 
el Balneario de Pichilemu, by Evaristo S. 
Merino, p. 116-21; Rol que desempefian 
los macizos forestales i su importancia, by 
Oscar Bravo, p. 121-6. 

Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, Sept. 1913.— 
Aluviones su relacion con los bosques, by 
Daniel Zelada, p. 153-6; La madera, by 
Ernesto Maldonado, p. 160-87; Arbori- 
cultura forestal en el valle del Huasco, by 
C. Nazarit, p. 188-91. 

Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, Nov. 1913.— 
El congreso forestal internacional de Paris, 
by L. Elzo Baquedano, p. 291-303; 
Bosques andinos, by Humberto Giovan- 
elli, p. 304-13; Asociacion forestal Med- 
iterranea, by R. Elzo Baquedano, p. 
313-20. 

Canadian Forestry Journal, 


Dec. 1913.— 


163 


Northern Ontario’s timber resources, by 
W. 4H. Hearst, p. 181-3. 

Forest Leaves, Dec. 1913.—Narrative of the 
annual meeting of the Pennsylvania 
forestry association, p. 82-7; Prevent forest 
fires, by J. T. Rothrock, p. 88; The ac- 
quisition and management of state-owned 
forest lands in Pennsylvania, by S. B. 
Elliott, p. 90-4. 

Forstwissenschafliches centralblatt, Nov. 
1913.—Statistische erhebungen tiber die 
verhaltnisse der waldarbeiter, by Kru- 
tina, p. 561-77; Der rindenzuschlag, by 
E. Munch, p. 577-83; Nattirliche und 
kunstliche verjungung, by Seeholzer, p. 
583-6; Die entwicklung des forstlichen 
hochschulunterrichts in Osterreich, by 
Furst, p. 586-91; Die forstausstellung zu 
Aschaffenburg im Mai 1913, by Hermann, 
p. 593-600; Welche verjingungsweise 
passt sich dem wesen der tanne am besten 
an?, by Bargmann, p. 625-39; Uber die 
planmassige trennung der hiebsertrage, 
by Hemmann, p. 639-44; Typologische 
klassifikation der walder des gouverne- 
ments Kurland, by Chr. Melder, p. 651-7. 


Ohio Forester, Oct. 1913.—The tulip poplar, 
by J. J. Crumley, p. 6-7. 


Revue des eaux foréts, Nov. 15, 1913.—Les 
repeuplements dans la forét domaniale de 
Vierzon, by Paul Buffault, p. 673-81. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Dec. 1, 1913.—Le 
déboisement a la Martinique; ses effets 
sur le régime des eaux, by G. Bordaz, p. 
705-12; Le mouvement forestier al’étranger 
Autriche; Danemarck, by G. Huffel, p. 
713-20; L’assurance contre l’incendie des 
foréts en Allemagne, p. 726-8. 

Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, Nov. 
1913.—Eucalyptus pflanzungen in Kali- 
fornien, by Arnold Heim, p. 333-8. 

Yale Forest School News, Jan. 1, 1914.—Look- 
ing after New Haven’s trees, by George 
A. Cromie, p. 3; Work at the Priest River 
experiment station, by J. A. Larsen, p. 4; 
Reforestation on the Florida national 
forest, by W. R. Mattoon, p. 4; National 
forests of Alaska, by W G. Weigle, p. 4-5; 
Sheep herding in Idaho, by W. N. Spar- 
hawk, p. 5; Forestation then and now, by 
James M. Fetherolk, p. 6; Forestry on 
the Menominee Indian reservation, by 
Lincoln Crowell, p. 8; Teaching at Ne- 
braska, by W. J. Morrill, p. 8; From a 
wood preserver, by R. M. Killey, p. 9. 

Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, Nov. 
1913.—Der erwerbswald, der wirtschafts- 
zinsfuss und die waldrente, by E. Ostwald, 
p. 683-701; Zur biologie der nonne, by 
Stubenracuh, p. 701-11; Ein beitrag zur 
waldarbeiterfrage, by Jekel, p. 711-27. 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


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on roads main- § 
taining ‘lime 
Inspection} 
carry Hamil- 
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Pawnilton 


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“‘The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ 


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The Hamilton 12-size, shown here, is the 
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purchased, so that you can own a Hamilton W atch, 
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and upward. Ask your jewele r. If he cannot 
supply you, write us. 


Write for ‘‘The Timekeeper’’ 


a book about watches containing pictures, descrip- 
tions and price list of various Hamilton models. 


Hamilton Watch Co., Lancaster Pa. 


eV WOT 


KO — | Ll 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


KL | | | | | | fH 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate forester, with three: years of practical 
experience in Austria, wants position. Best of 
references. Address Grorce RAcEK, 6th Avenue, 
2183, Seattle, Wash. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


POSITION WANTED.—On private estate: By 
forester now in U. S. Forest Service. Understands 
all branches of tree surgery, surveying, drainage, 
road building, bridges and culverts, concreting and 
landscape. Best of references furnished. H. M. C., 
Care AMERICAN ForRESTRY. 


FORESTER of technical training and practical 
experience in the United States and Germany wishes 
to better position. Best reference from German 
Aberforster and others. Address ‘‘S,’’ Care AMERI- 
CAN FoREsSTRY. 


WANTED—Situation as Woods Superintendent 
on private estate or hunting preserve, by graduate 
Forest Engineer with thorough experience and train- 
ing, both here and abroad, in forest management 
and the proper care of woods and game. Well rec- 
ommended. Address, MANAGER, Care AMERICAN 
ForEStTRY. 


WANTED—BY a graduate forester, a position on 
reforestation work, or with a landscape gardening 
firm. Experience Northeastern. References if de- 
sired. Address ‘‘S. D. H.,”” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with technical training and with sev- 
eral years’ experience in administrative work and 
teaching, desires position along either of these lines. 
Address “B,’? Care AMERICAN ForFSTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
European training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, railroad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, 
with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a 
big paper company, desires position with tree 
surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., 
Care AMERICAN FOoRESTRY. 


Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, etc., and also in park 
work, desires position. Best of references. Address 
U, Care AMERICAN ForEstry. 


FORE STER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every 

way, and with executive ability. Address ‘‘A,’’ care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


American Forestry 


VOL XX 


MARCH, 1914 


No. 3 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 
II. FOREST OPERATIONS 
By WarRREN H. MILLER 


TET us assume that you have in pos- 
session a large estate, have in- 


herited therewith. considerable 

woodlot property, and have de- 
termined to make a real forest of this, 
together with certain of your brambly 
and hilly pasture which figures out best 
as planted in pine and spruce forest. 

It is with the woodland that this 
article will chiefly deal, for it will be 
the sphere of your immediate forest 
activities, whereas the planted pasture 
had best be left with brush and grasses 
surrounding the young trees for several 
years to come, in order to protect them 
from the bitter winds and frosts of a 
bleak field in winter and the corre- 
sponding droughts in summer. 

I am convinced that, for the con- 
verted woodlot of either hardwood or 
evergreen timber, the French system of 
forestry will appeal to American prop- 
erty owners rather than the character- 
istic German planted forest. I have 
studied forestry extensively in both 
countries and know whereof I speak, 
wherefore it is with conviction, based 
on intimate studies of our American 
conditions in surrounding forests, that 
I feel that for American private parks 
and wooded estates the French stand- 
ard forest treatment will give the most 
satisfactory results, more particularly 
on the aesthetic side. For that reason 
nearly all the illustrations of this article 
are from representative French prac- 
tice, in such famous forests as Com- 
piégne, Belléme, Bercy, Eure, Gilley, 
etc. 

If you are going into it purely for 
commercial ends, by all means raze 
your fine stands of hardwoods and plant 


valuable white pines in orderly rows 
for all the world like an Iowa cornfield— 
you will come out ahead commercially, 
in fifty years! But I assume that the 
estate owner wants to enjoy his forest 
now, is already well on in years, and 
would like to start in at once to make 
the wooded part of his place a pleasure 
to roam in and yet profitable in that it 
yearly more than pays for its upkeep in 
cord wood, lumber and forest products. 
And to this end a combination of the 
French standard and selective forest 
systems seems peculiarly adapted. 

The French standard forest provides 
a regular yield per year of mature 
timber, section by section; and a natural 
reproduction of each section in pure 
stands of trees at the end of its revolu- 
tion, over the whole forest, one section 
coming mature each year and being 
self seeded before cutting. In the selec- 
tion system, trees are taken out here 
and there when ripe, depending on their 
neighbors to replace the tree by natural 
seeding. The standard system gives 
the better yield at the least cost, and if 
there are eighty sections in the forest 
one ripe section is cut every year besides 
seeding cuts and secondary cuts on the 
adjacent sections. There is also a regu- 
lar series of thinnings to attend to on 
various sections, so that the life work of 
a standard French forest is a very active 
and profitable one. The system applies 
directly to our own woodlands, because 
we already have a stand of mature 
timber, some of it too old, some in the 
sapling state, but the majority of it 
strong, vigorous trees of ten to fourteen 
inch diameter, with a dense second 
growth of saplings underneath. Our 


165 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A Pure STAND OF BEECH. 
BEECH IS OFTEN USED TO REGENERATE THE SOIL AFTER SEVERAL REVOLUTIONS OF OAK. 


forests are, however, a terrible mixture, 
hardly any two adjoining trees being 
alike, though one or two tree species, 
such as oaks and maples, usually pre- 
dominate. 

Now, every section on a French forest 
is of trees all of the same species and 
all of the same age, though each section 
differs from the next in the age of the 
trees on it; yet none of it is planted nor 
ever will be, for, by an ingenious system 
of cutting, the complete regeneration of 
the section in the same species and in 
pure stand is obtained before all the old 
trees are cut off. Instead of taking off 
all the trees on a section at one cutting, 
a seeding cut is first made, that is, 
enough trees are taken to let in the 
sunlight on the forest floor. Now, 
every two or three years the forest has 
a heavy seed year throughout its life, 
but usually these seeds do not germinate 


FOREST OF EURE, FRANCE. 


for lack of sun. A few do, as in a 
natural forest, for that is Nature’s way 
of keeping up the species—thousands of 
seeds in order that one tree may survive 
to take the place of the parent tree. 
But, with the seeding cut, in comes the 
sun, and a large proportion of the seeds 
germinate and soon the forest floor is 
covered with a thick growth of young 
seedlings. These need at first shade, 
not because the young tree wants it 
but because the humid soil would soon 
dry out if only these little seedlings 
protected it from the sun. Three years 
later the young seedlings need more 
sun, and a secondary cut is made, letting 
in a very large amount of sunlight, in 
fact the remaining old trees do little 
but shade the young saplings and fill in 
any bare spots with their own seed. At 
the tenth year from the seeding cut the 
terminal cut is made, and all the old 


Mate 


. 


4, 


oe ie Cees Ss 


os 
a) 


es 


BS, 


| WELL Kept Forest Roaps AND TRAILS. 


THIS SHOWS A PURE OAK STAND IN THE FOREST OF COMPIEGNE, FRANCE. NOTE THE EXCELLENT CONDITION OF THE 
ROAD, WHICH JS TYPICAL OF GOOD FOREST MANAGEMENT. 


168 


trees are then marketed, leaving a new 
stand of young ten-year saplings on the 


section. In this way the reproduction 
has cost nothing; but, though this 
system was originally proposed and 


adopted in Germany, it did not become 
popular there, for it does not pay as 
well as the planted forest, because the 
trees are not as straight as if planted in 
rows, several years are lost in getting 
the reproduction, and the crop is har- 
vested in three cuts instead of one. 
Today in Germany you will see but 
few of these forests except along the 
upper Rhine, but the system is very 
popular in France. It is destined to 
be used in American forest estates very 
extensively, being a change on the lines 
of least resistance, and will be made 
along with the planted evergreen forests 
onold wasteland. Our problem, then, is 
how to change our rough-and-tumble 
woodlot into a standard forest, for by 
doing so you combine beauty and util- 
ity, keeping all the pleasurable aesthetic 
features, yet at the same time making 
something valuable out of what is at 
present but a mess of cord wood. 

The first step is an inspection of your 
domain, with a view to ascertaining 
what are the dominant trees and their 
ages in the various parts of your forest 
property. In Chapter One of this series 
we looked over the property with an 
eye to preserving and accentuating its 
aesthetic beauties; now let us see what 
can be done towards organizing the 
forest into something of utility. Nature 
has already been trying to do something 
along the lines of the French standard 
forest, for her dominant species in each 
locality, that is, the trees. that thrive 
best in your different conditions of soil 
moisture and exposure, have usurped 
most of the growing room, and the other 
Species are struggling for a foothold. 
Some of these will be undesirable from 
a forester’s standpoint and will have to 
be discouraged, others are just what 
you want and only need a little help 
and encouragement to form a ccs 
in themselves. The size of the section 
does not matter, within reasonable 
limits, that is, not too small to make < 
commercially profitable cutting; it is 
the age with which you are principally 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


concerned. It is important to intto- 
duce a series of sections of as even ages 
as possible, and here also nature has 
been at work, for many localities will 
have a dominant age, that»is, the 
major part of the trees will be approxi- 
mately of an age. Here, for example, 
is a grove of maples, a regular sugar 
bush of them. Taking the places 
where they are thickest and other places 
where they still predominate there 
must be several acres of them. Further 


How A Forest FLroor SHOULD LOOK. 


SAPLINGS AND BRUSH CLEANED OUT AND TREES PROP- 
ERLY THINNED. FOREST OF GILLEY, FRANCE. 


inspection shows that a little judicious 
thinning of undesirables will make that 
stand almost pure maple. Now, of 
course, one is not to run amuck with 
the axe here and take out everything 
that is not a sacred maple, there may 
be a fine white oak or several of them, 
and maybe one or two scenic trees 
which should be left in for their aesthetic 
value, but quite a few nondescript trees 
can come out to give the young maples 
under them a chance to come ahead. 
Such a “bush” usually wants thinning 
also, for young maples endure a lot of 
shade and are prone to get a good deal 


FORESTRY ON- THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


L69 


Too Mucu oF A SEEDING CuT 


THIS SECT ON WILL HAVE TO BE PLANTED. 


too thick. Again, certain sections will 
have so many young maples in the 
underbrush that you had best take off 
the large mixed-species trees overhead, 
thus acquiring a young section of maples 
at nearly an age. 

Here, in this high flat table-land, the 
white oaks have made a great showing. 
Cruising through your forest there- 
abouts you note that there appears to 
be either a small one or some big sturdy 
specimen about every few rods, in all 
there are enough of them to warrant 
making a section of white oak. First, 
we will take out everything that is 
palpably interfering with the growth of 
the white oaks already in the stand, 
after which we will look around to see 
what chance there is for a seeding cut 
in the neighborhood of the large seed- 
bearing white oaks which are scattered 
here and there in the section. Clearing 
away the general underbrush is a first 
step towards a good seeding cut, and 
the next consists in taking out undesir- 
ables that are at present keeping the 

sunlight off the forest floor. This must 


THE SEED TREES WERE LEFT TOO UNPROTECTED AGAINST BEING WIND- 
THROWN, TOO YOUNG AND TOO FAR APART. 


VOSGES, FRANCE. 


be done judiciously, not too mtch or 
you will have a husky epidemic of 
weeds, but with enough out to give sun- 
light from 10 a.m. to4 p.m. you will 
find a thick fur of young oaks on that 
floor inside of two years. If this has 
been done pretty evenly all over the 
section you will wake up to the fact 
some day that here is a forest of young 
oaks, all of an age, growing up under 
the larger trees, which young oaks will 
demand more and more sunlight as 
they grow older, requiring more and 
more of the older trees to be taken out, 
and before you know it that section will 
be on the standard forest (futaie regu- 
laire) system. 

A little further on we come to a big 
ravine of rich soil that is doing well 
in a natural forest of white pines, 
started by a few that the lumberman 
overlooked. For some reason of cross- 
pollenization, isolated specimens of 
white pine seldom set fertile seeds, and 
grow old and die without any colony of 
young ones coming up around them. 
But a clump of even a few of them pro- 


170 


ceed to fight for the ground that they 
originally owned in entirety, and they 
push their young ones out on all sides. 
Young white pines seem to thrive under 
any quantity of shade (I have one that 
has reached its thirty-fifth year growing 
within two feet of a huge chestnut oak 
which never gives it a scrap of sun- 
light), so that once a ravine full of them 
gets a foothold this forest is bound to 
spread and grow. Here is a good place 
to plan to fill up gaps with what is 
known as underplanting. Do not do 
this at regular spacings and intervals 
but select, rather, favorable locations 
where the young trees get good soil and 
lots of sunlight, without any unneces- 
sarily expensive work with the axe in 
clearing away overhead thickets. The 
best tree for underplanting is the state 
or forestry company’s nursery four-year 
transplant, and it is best planted on 
the mound system, 7.e., with a shallow 
hole in the soil, the roots spread in a 
little cone of rich top-soil and finally 
the basic mineral soil and forest leaves 
banked around the tree covering the 
root collet. The root soil should be 
firmly packed with the feet and the 
mound soil tamped with the back of 
the spade. With the help of some 
underplanting and judicious assistance 
to every young specimen of natural 
white pine found on the area you will 
soon have in process of formation a 
natural white pine section which will 
vie with your planted sections out in 
the brambly pasture. 

I have always a penchant for the 
nut-bearing forest trees with which 
nature has so generously endowed us. 
Not all nor by any means the most 
valuable products of a forest are its 
lumber tallies. Maple sugar, hickory 
nuts, seeds and acorns at the prevailing 
market prices for seeds for nursery use, 
and tanning bark all pay well, much 
better per acre of ground than lumber, 
and none of them should be neglected 
on the small forest of the country estate. 
Where you will find one shagbark hick- 
ory there will be several of them, as 
they are prone to form groves. If there 
is such a grove on your land, or even 
the nucleus of one, by all means en- 
courage it, both by planting nursery 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


saplings, costing about 75 cents for 
young two-inch trees, and by trans- 
plants from your own little forest nurs- 
ery, which matter will be gone into 
later. I do not believe that any satis- 
factory results will be got from seeds 


_Forér de Belléme (curiosités) 


Faviwur de Parbre : 40% 
Hauieur & ta fourche . 7 


A SPECIMEN OAK. 


THE LAST OF THE OLD STAND. 
120 FEET HIGH. 21 FEET IN CIRCUMFERENCE 
AT BASE. THE NEW FOREST OF SAPLINGS 
HAS ALREADY REACHED 30 FEET IN 
HEIGHT. FOREST OF BELLEME, 
FRANCE. 


52 FEET TO THE FORK. 


planted at random in the forest, for 
the chances of success are so slim that 
nature herself has to use a whole treeful 
of seeds or nuts every few years in order 
to get one new tree to maturity. But 
when properly grown in your own nurs- 


| 
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4 


PORES TRY ON THE COUNTRY. ESTATE 


ery and transplanted, or else trans- 
planted from a commercial nursery in 
which root-pruning has been well at- 
tended to, the young tree is almost sure 
tosucceed. These young saplings should 
go on not less than fifty-foot centers, 
for the capacity to produc> nuts is 
directly dependent upon sunlight and 
general unhampered vigo’. Needless to 
say all hindering trees are to be taken 
out. 

After a look-over of the property we 
have in mind a rough plan of the make- 
up of the future forest, and can then 
lay out one of the most important items 
init, the roads and trails. These should 
in general follow the boundaries of the 
various sections or rather the bound- 
aries should be made by the roads, 
which are in turn determined by plane- 
table measurements and their utility 
in serving the various sections. You 
have lumber, cordwood, and _ forest 
products to take out (for none of them 
should be stored in the forest itself, 
since to do so is to invite an insect 
epidemic); there are saplings, seedlings, 
soil and spray-wagons to take into the 
forest, so practicable roads and trails 
that are reasonably negotiable to nar- 
row-gauge wagons (such as the port- 
able spray-pump) must be provided. 
Our photograph of the trail and road- 
crossing in the forest of Compiégne 
will give some idea of the pride the 
French take in such work. Eight 
feet width will answer for a forest road 
and the principal labors in connection 
with building it are taking out the 
trees in the way, stumping with dyna- 
mite, and grading through the duff to 
mineral soil. In general the trails will 
bound or lead through the small sec- 
tions, and the main road will serve the 
larger ones directly, and the others in- 
directly by way of the trails. And, 
until such a road is built, you have no 
forest but just a brush patch, out of 
which nothing can be taken except 
in winter when the snow makes it 
possible for sleds to operate. These are 
all right and necessary for transient 
lumber operations, but for a permanent 
forest that is to be an active part of a 
country estate, a good system of roads 
and trails should be put in, as much as 


171 


on any other part of the farm. Of 
course the bulk of the lumber work will 
be done in winter, as there is no better 
soluticn of the winter labor problem on 
a big farm than to employ the men in 
active forest operations during the slack 
times of December and January; but 
there is a good deal of summer work to 
do also, such as planting, spraying and 
sugaring-off in the spring, and getting 
out nuts and cord wood from thinnings 
in the fall, so that good roads are by no 
means an expensive luxury; in fact, with- 


A SEEDING CuT IN A PURE OAK FOREST. 


NOTE THE SPACING OF THE SEED TREES REMAINING. 
FOREST OF BERCY, FRANCE. 


out them the forest degenerates into the 
inactive woodlot, where most of the 
products are let go to rot because it is 
too expensive to take them out to make 
it worth while. 

I have spoken of the clearing out of 
underbrush incidental to a seeding cut. 
While, in certain French forests, the 
underbrush is allowed to remain for the 
sake of the leaf fall that it contributes 
to the general forest humus, I never 
could see any real gain in so doing. 
No one would think of running an 
orchard with all the ground space filled 
up with little trees and bushes, and 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE ADVANTAGES OF A Goop Roap. 
SMALL FORCE GETTING OUT CORDWOOD IN SEPTEMBER IN THE FOREST OF GILLEY, FRANCE. 


whyJdo so in the forest where the 
growth of the big trees is the main point? 
A tree must have food for its roots and 
sunlight for its leaves; not one of them, 
but both. It cannot thrive if every 
foot of the forest soil is covered with 
saplings which contest for food with 
the big trees. The roots of the latter 
lie as close to the surface as the roots 
of the sapling. They all must abide 
where there is the warmth of the sun 
and air and the microbial growth in 
the humus to feed the roots. It is a 
fallacy to suppose that many of the 
main roots of a tree go far down into 
the mineral soil in search of food. There 
are several tap and anchor roots which 
go down deep for the purpose of with- 
standing the overturning effect of gales, 
but the big feeder roots spread right 
out about two feet or less below the 
surface, as anyone who has stumped 
many trees knows. Here they have a 
network of sapling roots to contend 
with, and if these latter are taken out, 
not only is the forest a much more open 
and pleasant place to walk about in 
but the big trees have much more room 
to put out new roots without robbing 
each other. You do not need saplings 
until the end of the revolution, when 


you can get them quickly enough by a 
seeding cut. To clear out saplings and 
brush is something more of a problem 
than it looks, for a careless mattock- 
man is likely to cut off many an im- 
portant root of a big tree in his efforts 
to clean up the forest floor. In my own 
forest a mattock man will grub and 
clear about 3,500 square feet of forest 
floor per day, and I found that the best 
way to insure my big roots not being 
cut was to take his axe away from him 
and let him use the mattock hoe alone. 
This tool has a broad blunt adze edge 
on one face, and a thin axe blade on the 
other. The latter is good enough to 
cut small roots and aid in uprooting 
bushes, but will glance off a large root. 
For clearing saplings the best procedure 
is to cut them out close to the root- 
collet and then grub up all those that 
sprout again the following year. 

I know of two adjoining woodlots in 
the western part of my State, one of 
which has had the saplings cleared out 
and the other is still a dense tangle of 
underbrush; and there is no comparison 
in the vigor and value of the trees on 
the two lots. The one is almost all 
pure natural white oak, got by judicious 
thinning out of undesirables which 


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— —— ae 
Se 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION EXHIBITS 


were formerly crowding these young 
oaks; the other is a big mixture, with 
about nineteen white oaks to the cruis- 
ing mile, most of them choked and de- 
formed by pin oaks and red oaks with 
their faster growth and bigger leaf area. 
The first woodlot is worth about twice 
as much as the second, just as it stands. 
It is really wonderful how quickly a tree 
will push out and fill all the available 
space you clear for it in a forest, for the 
natural crowding and competition is 
fearful and every tree is ready and 
equipped to take advantage of the least 
accident to its neighbors to get ahead 
and do some big growing. It is the 


‘crowding that keeps all our forest trees 


ty 


about of a single height and diameter; 
most of them could do better if the 
others would give them a chance. This 
is the work that you must do with the 
axe to push along your desirable trees, 
and you will be surprised at the sudden 
increase in height and trunk diameter 
that follows a judicious thinning. 

In our next chapter will be presented 
some details on private nurseries for 
special deciduous trees, and the best 
methods of combating the attacks of 
fire, fungus and insect enemies, as prac- 
ticed in the forest of a large country 
estate. 


(To be continued.) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION EXHIBITS 


HE American Forestry Associa- 

| tion will have attractive ex- 

hibits of the work it is doing at 

the Forest Products Exposition, 

to be held in the Coliseum, Chicago, 

April 30th to May 9th and in the Grand 

Central Palace, New York, May 21st 
to May 30th. 

Gradually the Forest Products Expo- 
sition is shaping itself definitely. Vari- 
ous associations are making more or 
less elaborate plans; large and small 
concerns are preparing for active demon- 
stration of the value and merits of 
their wares and their specialties; the 
Forest Service of the U. S. Department 
of Agriculture is assembling a demon- 
strating exhibit that will probably be 
the most enlightening and interesting 
display of the sort ever given; the wood- 
working machinery people are polishing 
up the machines that in their operations 
will show the last degree of efficiency 
and mechanical advancement, and there 
1s every reason to justify those in touch 
with the actual preliminary details in 
predicting one of the most representa- 


tive, attractive and generally important 
industrial expositions ever given in this 
country. Special arrangements have 
been completed for the speedy yet un- 
hurried transfer of the Chicago exhibits 
to New York; both expositions will be 
installed and handled by the same force 
of men; the moving picture exhibit in 
connection with both expositions will 
contain wonderfully accurate views of 
activities in every branch of the wood 
industry, a large attendance of manu- 
facturers, producers, specialists, en- 
gineers, architects, contractors, build- 
ers, buying and selling forces, educa- 
tionalists, the mechanical forces of the 
factory, the mill and the shop, organiza- 
tions and individuals representing every 
branch of the industry and the great 
power, the home builder, street im- 
provement voter, investor in improve- 
ments in building, the layman, the 
ultimate consumer, will go to Chicago 
and to New York to study the actuali- 
ties and see the proofs and observe the 
multitude of things they never dreamed 
of, according to every indication. 


In trying to find uses for blight-killed chestnut it has been found that it can not be utilized for 
crating stone; quarry owners say that chestnut wood leaves an indelible stain on the marble or granite. 


Railroads caused nearly half the forest fires in Colorado and Wyoming last year, and almost 


one-sixth were set by lightning. 
comparatively insignificant cause. 


In California lightning started more than half, with railroads a 


A WOMAN AS A FOREST FIRE LOOKOUT 


LL alone, 6,444 feet above sea 
x level, on top of Klamath Peak 
in Siskiyou County, California, 

a young woman for months at 

a time during the prevalence of the 
forest fire season, did her part, and did 
it well, in the effort the G vernment is 
making to preserve the forests of the 
country from the destructive flames 
which have for years past caused an 
average annual property loss of twenty- 
five million dollars, and cost annually 
an average of seventy-five human lives. 

She is Miss Hallie M. Daggett, and 
she is the only woman lookout employed 
by the Forest Service. Posted in her 
small cabin on top of the mountain 
peak it was her duty to scan the vast 
forest in every direction as far as she 
could see by naked eye and telescope 
by day for smo e, and for the red glare 
of fire by night, and report the result of 
her observations by telephone to the 
main office of the forest patrol miles 
and miles away. 

Few women would care for such a 
job, fewer still would seek it, and still 
less would be able to stand the strain of 
the infinite loneliness, or the roar of the 
violent storms which sweep the peak, 
or the menace of the wild beasts which 
roam the heavily wooded ridges. Miss 
Daggett, however, not only eagerly 
longed for the station but secured it 
after considerabl exertion and now she 
declares that she enjoyed the life and 
was intensely interested in the work 
she had to do. 

Perhaps the call of the wild is in her 
blood. Her parents are pioneers, her 
father, John Daggett, having crossed 
the Isthmus in 1852 and her mother, a 
mere baby, being taken across the plains 
from Kentucky the same year. Miss 
Daggett was born at the Klamath mine, 
in the shadow of the peak on which the 
lookout station is perched. She spent 
most of her early years out of doors 
riding and tramping over the hills with 
her brother, so that it was natural that 
with her inborn love of the forests she 
should be anxious to take part in the 
fight which the Forest Service men are 


174 


making for the protection of the forests. 
Debarred by her sex, however, from 
the kind of work which most of the 
Service men are doing she saw no oppor- 
tunity until lookout stations were 
established, and then after earnest 
solicitation secured the place she held 
so well. 

Some of the Service men predicted 
that after a few days of life on the peak 
she would telephone that she was 
frightened by the loneliness and the 


Miss Hattie M. DaGGETT, THE YOUNG WOMAN 
Wuo Dip EFFICIENT WORK FOR THE FOREST 
SERVICE AS A Forest Frre LooKoutT 
ON KLAMATH PEAK, CALI- 

FORNIA. 


danger, but she was full of pluck and 
high spirit, and day after day as her 
keen eyes ranged the hills which consti- 
tute the Salmon River watershed and 
as she mad_ her daily reports by tele- 
phone she grew more and more in love 
with the work. Even when the tele- 
phone wires were broken and when for 
a long time she was cut off from com- 
munication with the world below she 
did not lose heart. She not only filled 
the place with all the skill which a 
trained man could have shown but she 


“AVad HLVWVYTA WOU NAYS Ad NVO STIIH 
GaLSaXOA AO SATIN NOdON SATIN “NYO SVM LLAOSVA SSIW FAAAHM ‘ANIN HLVYWV1M LV SHSNOH AHL AUYV LOOA AHL UVAN GAUALSN1ID 


“GHNOILVLS SVM LILASSVC SSI LVHL AVAqd HLIVWVIY AO dO, AYAA AHL NO SVM I] 


Cn Rak 


~ o_o ial 


176 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Eppy’s GuLcH Lookout STATION ON Top OF KLAMATH PEAK WHERE Miss DAGGETT WAS STA- 
TIONED FROM JUNE 1 TO NOVEMBER 6 LAST YEAR. 


Tue ELEVATION IS 6,444 FEET. 


desires to be reappointed when the fire 
season opens this year. 

The story of her experiences she has 
told for AMERICAN ForREsTRY and here 
ctas: 

“My earliest recollections abound with 
‘moke-clouded summer days and fires 
that wandered over the country at their 
own sweet will, unchecked unless they 
happened t») interfere seriously with 
someone’s claim or woodpile, when they 
were usually turned off by back firing 
and headed in another direction, to 
continue their mischief till they either 
died for lack of fuel or were quenched 
by the fall rains. Such being the case, 
it is easy to see that I grew up with a 
fierce hatred of the devastating fires, 
and welcomed the force which arrived 
to combat them. But not until the 
lookout stations were installed did 
there come an opportunity to join what 
had up till then been a man’s fight; 
although my sister and I had frequently 
been able to help on the small things, 
such as extinguishing spreading camp 
ve or carrying supplies to the firing 

ine. 


“Then, thanks to the liberal minded- — 


ness and courtesy of the officials in 


charge of our district, I was given the 


pesition of lookout at the Eddy’s Gulch 


Station in the fourth District of the. 


Klamath National Forest; and entered 
upon my work the first day of June, 


1913, with a firm determination to 
make good, for I knew that the appoint- 


ment of a woman was rather in the 
nature of an experiment, and naturally 
felt that there was a great deal due the 
men who had been willing to give me 
the chance. 

“Tt was quite a swift change in three 
days, from San Francisco, civilization 
and sea level, to a solitary cabin on a 


still more solitary mountain, 6,444 feet — 
elevation and three hours’ hard climb 


from everywhere, but in spite of the 
fact that almost the very first question 
asked by everyone was ‘Isn’t it awfully 
lonesome up there?’ I never felt a 
moment’s longing to retrace the step, 
that is, not after the first half hour 
following my sister’s departure with 
the pack animals, when I had a chance 
to look around. Of course I had been 


‘1dadT ANWANLXA AHL LV SI MVAd SYANDVd “ALNNOD ALINIUL SALT AUAHM HLAOS AHL SGUVMOL SI MAIA AL 
‘SdNOT) AHL AAOMY ONIAG AVAd AHL ‘ANAS SIN], GAMAIA LLBDOV SSIJY AVG V ANVIN NO 


on ge ’ . ne 


178 


on the peak before during my early 
rambles, but had never thought of it as 
a possible home. One of my pet dreams 
had always been of a log cabin, and 
here was an ideal one, brand new the 
summer before, and indoors as cozy as 
could be wished; while outdoors, all 
outdoors, was a grander dooryard than 
any estate in the land could boast; and, 
oh, what a prospect of glorious freedom 
from four walls and a time clock! 

Klamath Peak is not really a peak in 
the conventional sens of the word, but 
as can be seen from the picture, is 
rather the culmination of a long series 
of ridges running up from the water- 
sheds of the north and south forks of 
the Salmon River. Its central location 
in the district makes it, however, an 
ideal spot for a station. I can think of 
no better description of it than the 
hub of a wheel with the lines of ridges 
as spokes, and an unbroken rim of 
peaks circling around it; some eternally 
snow capped, and most all of them 
higher than itself. 

“To the east, a shoulder of snowy 
Shasta and an unseen neighbor lookout 
on Eagle Peak; further to the south, the 
high jagged edge of Trinity County and, 
just discernible with the glasses, a 
shining new cabin on Packers Peak; in 
the west, behind Orleans Mountain 
with its ever watchful occupant, a faint 
glimpse of the shining Pacific showing 
with a favorable sunset; and all in be- 
tween, a seeming wilderness of ridges 
and gulches, making up what is said 
to be one of the finest continuous views 
in this western country. 

“However that may be, it was certainly 
a never-ending pleasure to search its 
vast acres for new beauties at every 
changing hour, from sunrise to sunrise 
again. 

“Added to the view was a constantly 
spreading, gaily tinted carpet of flowers 
to the very edges of the snow banks. 
These all summer and then the gorgeous 
autumn coloring on the hillsides later 
on, when the whole country seemed one 
vast Persian rug. 

“Bird and animal life was also very 
plentiful, filling the air with songs and 
chatter; coming to the doorstep for 
food, and often invading the cabin 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


itself. I positively declined owning a 
cat on account of its destructive inten- 
tions on small life,—a pair of owls 
proving satisfactory as mouse catchers, 
and being amusing neighbors as well. 
Several deer often fed around evenings; 
there was a small bear down near the 
spring, besides several larger ones whose 
tracks I often saw on the trail; and a 
couple of porcupines also helped to keep 
from being lonesome, by using various 
means to find a way into the cabin at 
night. 

“All these animals being harmless, it 
had never been my custom to carry a 
gun in so-called western fashion, until 


THE ARRIVAL OF THE VERY NECESSARY WATER. 
SUPPLY, SHOWING THE METHOD BY WHICH 
SUPPLIES WERE TAKEN TO THE TOP OF 
THE MOUNTAIN WHERE Miss Dac- 

GETT WAS STATIONED. 


one morning I discovered a big panther 
track out on the trail, and then in 
deference to my family’s united request, 


I buckled on the orthodox weapon, © 
which had been accumulating dust on — 
the cabin shelf, and proceeded to be 


picturesque, but to no avail, as the 
beast did not again return. 


“At many of the stations the question — 


of wood and water is a serious one on 
account of the elevation; but I was) 
especially favored, as wood lies about) 
in all shapes and quantities, only watt- 


‘NVad HLIVWVTY AO SADAIY YAMOT AHL WOU ANAIS AUVONV[E Vv SI dua} 


180 AMERICAN 


ing for an ax to convert it into suitable 
lengths; and water unlimited could be 
melted from the snow banks which 
lingered until the last of July, although 
it did seem a little odd to go for water 
with a shovel in addition to a bucket. 
Later the supfly was packed in canvas 
sacks from a spring about a mile away 
in the timber. This was always a job 
sought for by anyone coming up on 
horseback; and thanks to the kindly 
efforts of the guards who passed that 
way, and my few visitors, it was always 
easy to keep the kettle boiling. So I 
did not need a horse myself, there be- 
ing, contrary to the general impression, 
no patrol work in connection with look- 
out duties, and my sister bringing up 
my supplies and mail from home every 
week, a distance of nine miles. 

“The daily duties of life on top were 
small, merely consisting of an early 
morning and late evening tramp of 
half a mile to the point of the ridge where 
the trees obscured the north view from 
the cabin; and a constant watch on all 
sides. for a trace of smoke, a watch 
which soon became a sort of instinct, 
often awaking one in the night for a 
look around; for I soon came to feel 
that the lookout was, what one friend 
so aptly called it, ‘an ounce of preven- 
tion.’ Then there were the three 
daily reports to the district headquar- 
ters in town, to prove that everything 
was serene, also the extra reports if they 
were not; and a little, very little, house- 
work to do. 

“Taking it all in all, not a very busy 
day, as judged by modern standards of 
rush, but a lookout’s motto might well 
be “They also serve who only stand 
and wait,’ and there was always the 
great map spread out at one’s feet to 
study by new lights and shadows while 
waiting, ani the ever busy phone with 
its numerous calls, which must be kept 
within hearing, so one could not wander 
far. 

“That phone, with its gradually ex- 
tending feelers through the district, 
made me feel exactly like a big spider 
in the center of a web, with the fires for 
flies; and those fires were certainly 
treated to exactly the speedy fate of 
the other unworthy pests. Through 


FORESTRY 


all the days up to the close of the term 
on November 6th, when a light fall of 
snow put an end to all danger of fires, 
there was an ever growing sense of re- 
sponsibility which finally came to be 
almost a feeling of proprietorship, re- 
sulting in the desire to punish anyone 
careless enough to set fires in my 
dooryard. 


A TREE NEAR Miss DaGGett’s CABIN WHICH 
Was STRUCK By LLIGHTNING. 


It was the same stroke of |ightning which caused 
the lightning arresters to burn out and cut 
Miss Daggett from telephone communication 
with the main fire patrol station. 


“The utter dependence on the tele- 
phone was brought vividly to my mind 
one afternoon, soon after my arrival, 
when an extra heavy electrical storm 
which broke close by caused one of the 
lightning arresters on the outside of the 
cabin to burn out, quite contrary to 
precedent, and I was cut off from the 
world till the next day, when someone 
from the office came up in haste to find 
out the cause of the silence and set 
things aright. They often joke now 
about expecting to have found me 
hidden under some log for safety, but 
it wasn’t quite so funny then. 

‘““However, there seems to be very 
little actual danger from these storms, 


oe a ee 


A WOMAN AS A LOOKOUT 181 


Miss DAGGETT ON HER Pet Horse AT THE HIGHEST POINT OF 
KLAMATH PEAK, LOOKING NorTH. 


in spite of the fact that they are very 
heavy and numerous at that elevation. 
One soon becomes accustomed to the 
racket. But in the damage they cause 
starting fires lies their chief interest to 
the lookout, for it requires a quick eye 
to detect, in among the rags of fog which 
arise in their wake, the small puff of 
smoke which tells of some tree struck 
in a burnable spot. Generally it shows 
at once, but in one instance there was a 
lapse of nearly two weeks before the 
fall of the smouldering top fanned up 
enough smoke to be seen. 

“At night the new fires show up like 
tiny candle flames, and are easily 
spotted against the dark background of 
the ridges, but are not so easy to exactly 
locate for an immediate report. Upon 
the speed and accuracy of this report, 
however, the efficiency of the Service 
depends, as was proven by the sum- 
mer’srecord of extrasmall acreage burned 


in spite of over forty. fires reported. 
“To the electrical storms are easily 


‘attributed most of our present-day 


fires, as traveler and citizen alike are 
daily feeling more responsible for the 
preservation of the riches bestowed by 
nature, and although some still hold to 
the same views as one old timer, who 
recently made the comment, when 
lightning fires were being discussed, 
‘that he guessed that was the Al- 
mighty’s way of clearing out the forest,’ 
the general trend of opinion seems to be 
that man, in the form of the Forest 
Service, is doing an excellent work in 
keeping a watchful eye on the limits of 
that hitherto wholesale clearing. A 
good work and long may it prosper, is 
the earnest wish of one humble unit, 
who thanks the men of the Service one 
and all, for the courtesy and considera- 
tion which gave her the happiest sum- 
mer of her life.”’ 


Minnesota has a forested area of 28 million acres, the largest of any State east of the Rocky 


Mountains. 


There are approximately four million acres of timber land in New Hampshire of which about 


half is in farmers’ woodlots. 


Forest fires in the United States have caused an average annual loss of 70 human lives and the 


destruction of 25 million dollars worth of timber. 


Juniper from the Indian reservations of New Mexico and Arizona may prove an excellent source 


of material for lead pencils. 


Manufacturers are searching the world for pencil woods. 


THE PLACE OF A FOREST SUPERVISOR 
IN THE COMMUNITY 


By Pau, G. REDINGTON 


Forest Supervisor Sierra National Forest, California 


Supervisors in direct charge of the 

work on the various National For- 

sets. These men have administrative 
jurisdiction over approximately 160,- 
000,000 acres of public property. They 
are in responsible positions and are 
chosen because of their fitness to handle 
successfully the work on their Forests, 
and their ability to deal fairly with the 
thousands of people who use the Forests. 

Of these 150 Supervisors, 117 (by a 
very conservative estimate) are located 
in towns or small cities where they 
should be known to the large majority 
of the members of the communities. 
Laying aside a consideration of their 
official relations with certain individuals 
in each community, their potential 
influence by active participation in 
movements looking towards “commun- 
ity up-building”’ is very large. 

It is my conviction that every Super- 
visor has a splendid chance to make his 
place as an individual just as prominent 
in his community as his official position 
is prominent among other occupations 
of the locality. 

The personality of every man in this 
position, his ability to mix with his 
fellows, and to take the leadership in 
community development work, of course 
will have a great deal to do in fixing his 
place in his home town. Assuming, 
however, that the average man is well 
qualified in these particulars, what 
ought he to do to make his community 
the better for his being a member of it? 

Education is at the bottom of com- 
munity progress, just as much as it is 
the foundation stone of all progressive 
development. A Supervisor should not 
hesitate to take an interest in all educa- 
tional questions, particularly those hav- 
ing to do with the betterment of the 
grammar and high schools in his com- 
munity. He should, when asked to do 
so by the voters, accept a position on 


182 


|: the United States there are 150 


the local school board. He should at- 
tend public school exercises and be 
willing to give talks to students, when- 
ever invited to do so. Incidentally, 
by getting into the school activities in 
any of these ways he is helping out his 
profession. 

A Supervisor should be willing to go 
before the county officials to aid school 
work and development, if he thinks his 
influence can assist. Western counties 
are going farther each year in the placing 
of branch libraries in the mountain 
towns and settlements, and a Super- 
visor can find in this an additional 
channel through which to direct his 
unofficial activities. 

A Supervisor should not fail to take a 
positive stand which will align him on 
the right side of all things which have to 
do with raising the moral tone of the 
community and he should not be back- 
ward about expressing an opinion if he 
thinks good can be accomplished. 
Without going into the pros and cons of 
the liquor question, it is my belief that 
every Supervisor who lives in a small 
isolated place where adequate regulation 
of saloons is not possible, should actively 
advocate their absolute abolishment in 
order to keep out lawlessness and in 
this way help in giving boys and young 
men the right start in life. 

The benefit of church influence in 
any community is beyond question. 
Whether a Supervisor is a religious 
man or not, I think he ought to appre- 
ciate the benefit accruing from the loca- 
tion of a church in his home town, and 
if one is lacking, he should, on general 
principles, give his aid, financial and 
otherwise, towards its establishment. 

Oftentimes, due to the comparatively 
small number of residents in a town 
where a Supervisor is located, and to 
the consequent uncertain practice, there 
is no physician. A competent medical 
practitioner is one of the most needed 


A FOREST SUPERVISOR 


IN THE COMMUNITY 182 


sengers. 


adjuncts of any community, large or 
small, and a Supervisor should identify 
hims lf with any movement which will 
bring a physician to his community, if 
| one is lacking. This may be done best 
_ perhaps by offering a guaranteed salary; 
, each member of the community agree- 
_ ing to pay a certain amount of the salary 
; at stated periods. Closely allied to 
| this, are the questions of proper sanita- 
tion and water supply of towns, and in 
bog I think every Supervisor should 
| 
i 


take an active interest. 
Other community problems, such as 
_the beautifying of streets, the placing 


_of shade trees, the cleaning up of debris, 


‘ 
i 
1 
! 


MAIL CARRIER APPROACHING TETON PASS FROM THE EAST WITH ONE PASSENGER, MAIL 
AND EXPRESS. 


Notice open slope where slides come and endanger the life of mail carriers and pas- 

Lincoln County, Snake River, Teton National Forest, Wyoming. 
Supervisors equipped with their horses and sled for Forest Service work are of much 
aid to citizens in this kind of country, especially in winter. 


Forest 


the extinction of insect and rodent pests, 
are all locally important, and a Forest 
Supervisor is just as well qualified to 
take an important part in the proper 
solution of these problems as any other 
citizen. 

I can see no objection to a Supervisor 
serving, without pay, as a member of 
his town council or board of alderman, if 
by doing so he can help out the com- 
munity. There may be official objec- 
tion to this, but if it exists, I do not 
know of it. Where a community is 
very small and no town council or 
similar body exists, a great deal of 
community work can be done through 


184 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


THis SHOWS THE DIFFICULTIES OF TRAVEL BY FOREST OFFICERS OR ANYONE MAKING A WINTER 
TRIP TO JACKSON, SNAKE RIVER, TETON NATIONAL FOREST, WYOMING. 


The horse is down as a result of soft roads. 


improvement leagues, and there 1s every 
reason, in such cases, for a Supervisor 
to take an active interest in the organ- 
ization of such bodies. Through the 
medium of such, a great deal can be 
done to elevate the social atmosphere of 
the community by arranging for simple 
entertainments, dances, moving picture 
shows, etc. 

A Supervisor should be posted on 
such topics as life, fire and accident in- 
surance, and should not be backward 
in urging his neighbors to protect them- 
selves and their property through this 
medium. He should take an interest 
in farm credits, part cularly if he is in a 
community where agriculture is an im- 
portant industry. Oftentimes, associa- 
tions of individuals can secure better 
prices on the necessities of life than any 
individual working alone could, and a 
Supervisor may in many places have a 
chance to help in the formation and 
successful operation of a cooperative 
buyer’s association. In the develop- 
ment of the rual free delivery and the 
introduction or extension of means of 
communication, a Forest Supervisor 
should actively participate. 

Good roads constitute perhaps the 
most tanglible asset a locality can pos- 
sess, and every Supervisor should know 
what a good road is, and should work 


with his neighbors to secure funds from 
the counties and states, wherever new 
roads are needed or the improvement of 
old roads is essential. Officially, a 
Supervisor in these days must know 
something about roads, since 10 per 
cent of the annual receipts from the 
National Forests is now devoted to co- 
operative road and bridge projects in 
the counties in which the Forests are 
located. With this knowledge the 
Supervisor should be particularly quali- 
fied to take the lead in this line of com- 
munity activity. 

I have touched on a few things which 
have occurred to me, mainly because I 
have been fortunate enough to rub up 
against some of them. Undoubtedly 
every Supervisor has had the same ex- 
perience. In fact, I will go farther and 
say that probably every permanent 
Forest officer—and there are over 2,000 
of them—has had the chance to take a 
concrete interest in many of the lines 
of community development work, con- 
cerning which I have spoken, and my 
suggestions therefore can be taken as 
applying to them, as well as to merely 
the Supervisory force. 

We all know that there is a strong ten- 
dency all over the country to improve the 
conditions of country life, and I sincerely 
believe that we ought to do our share 


— 


BUSINESS MANAGEMENT OF WOODLOTS 


FOR THE INSTRUCTION OF OWNERS OF FARMS AND 
COUNTRY ESTATES 


By R. ROSENBLUTH 


Director of Forest Investigations, New York Conservation Commmission 


HE ordinary woodlot owner has 

only a very indefinite idea of 

| what his woodlot is worth, or 
how best to market the product. 

In cases where he sells the cordwood 


only, he may know about what it is 
worth as cordwood, but rarely does he 


‘figure whether he could not greatly in- 
crease his revenue by selling each tree 


/ 


)} the material cut, 
| greatest loss lies rather in the fact that 


to the best advantage. Thus, for in- 
stance, strange as it may seem, I know 
of some farmers who are still cutting 
black cherry for railroad ties—and this 
in a district near large furniture fac- 
tories. 

In selling a lot of mature timber, the 
general practice is to sell ‘“‘by the lot,”’ 
receiving a stipulated sum for all the 
wood on the tract. This arrangement 
is one which practically always works 
out to the benefit of the buyer rather 
than to the owner of the woodlot, as 


| buyers generally figure on at least a 25 
| per cent margin. 


Not only is this true of the value of 
but the owner’s 


no provision can be made to save any 


| desirable trees for a second crop. The 


buyer paying a fixed sum for everything 


| in the lot, will ‘‘skin’’ every stick that 


will yield any profit, and will take no 


| care of young growth which he cannot 
| use, so that what is left to the owner of 
| the woodlot is, indeed. a very poor 
| tract of woods. 


Many buyers of such timber lots 


would prefer to buy and pay for only 
| the mature, or at least the larger trees, 
‘\leaving material for a second cut 


within a few years; but when they buy 


| by the lot, they naturally continue the 


old skinning method. 


BETTER METHODS OF SELLING. 


It is thus seen that the owners of 
woodlots should at least abandon the 


outright sale of all the wood “by the 
lot,” and sell by the unit—so much per 
thousand feet of lumber; so much per 
pole, etc.; based on the quantity actually 
cut, or estimated to be standing on the 
tract, and should stipulate that great 
care be used to prevent undue injury 
to young growth (with a fine attached 
for trees carelessly broken), and that 
trees below certain diameters be left, as 
well as a few selected individuals of 
trees above those diameters, which may 
be marked. 

The best results will be obtained by 
having the work done directly by the 
owner. Where this is impossible, it 
should be done under his supervision, 
or with frequent inspection by a trust- 
worthy representative. 

Contract work in the woods should 
be guarded by carefully drawn provisions 
regarding all the important features of 
the work. These should be put in the 
form of a written contract, signed by 
both parties. 

In a complete detailed contract, pro- 
visions should be included, in detail 
under the headings of timber to be cut; 
provisions against waste; protection 
against damage; location of camps and 
mill site, etc.; measurements; payments; 
faithful performance; disputes; duration 
of contract. 


ESTIMATING THE STAND OF TIMBER. 


In cases where the product sold is 
based on the actual amount cut, it is 
not necessary to know the amount 
standing before the cutting is done, in 
order to make a fair contract for pay- 
ment. However, in management it is 
very desirable to know just how much 
of each kind and size of trees is standing 
in the woods, in order to base calcula- 
tions as to the amount which may be 
cut at any time, and still leave a definite 
amount for future cuts; to place intelli- 


185 


SHOWING A RHODE IsLAND WoopLot Cur OvER AND THE Corp Woop NEATLY STACKED AND READY FOR TRANSPORTATION. 


BUSINESS MANAGEMENT OF WOODLOTS 


187 


SCENE AT A PORTABLE SAWMILL USED IN NEW YorK STATE THROUGHOUT THE WINTER. 
NOTE SIMPLICITY OF ITS ARRANGEMENT. 


gently a value upon the woodlot; and 
to know how and where best to market 
the product and to make contracts for 
cutting. 

Various methods of estimating the 
stand of timber are in vogue. It must 
be remembered that to make an accurate 
estimate requires skill and experience, 
and if the woodlot is of valuable material 
and good size, it will pay best to hire 
a forester to make the estimate. He 
can, at the same time, make a plan for 
the best method of management. This 
will save money on such lands. 

In the woodlot the area is generally 
so small that the owner could go through 
it and count all the trees, and determine 
just what an average-sized tree would 
be; find the contents of that average- 
sized tree; and multiply that by the 
total number of trees. Or, he could 
estimate the contents of each tree 
separately. Unless the woodlot is very 
small, it would be more practicable to 
determine the number of trees of each 
inch class of diameters; find the volume 
of the average tree of each diameter 
class, multiply the volume of the av- 
erage tree of each diameter class by the 
number of trees in that class, and add 
together the volumes obtained for each 
class and thus secure the total volume 
on the whole area. 

_ In estimating by diameter classes, it 
is generally the custom to take the 


diameter of trees at breast height, or 
four and one-half feet from the ground, 
in order to be above the root swellings, 
which vary with individual trees. In 
measuring diameters an average diam- 
eter is taken. Where all the trees are 
counted, it is best to mark them in 
some way as they are counted, in order 
to avoid counting any of them more 
than once. Plain chalk can be used. 

A very useful instrument for measur- 
ing the diameters is a pair of calipers, 
constructed so that one beam is fixed 
at right angles to the end of a graduated 
stick, while the other slides along the 
stick. When the movable beam is 
pressed against the tree, it stands at 
right angles to the scale; and the diam- 
eter in inches, read off on the scale, 
gives the diameter of the tree. 


THE USE OF VOLUME TABLES. 


Based on such measurements at 
breast height, a large number of tables 
showing the volume of trees of different 
diameters has been constructed. Where 
such a table can be found, all that is 
necessary to complete the estimate, 
after determining the number of trees 
of each given diameter class, is to look 
up in the table for a given species the 
volumes of trees of the same diameter 
and average height, and to use the 
volume there given. Where no volume 
table exists, it will be necessary to deter- 


It May READILY BE 


2STION. THAT 


SUGGE 


THE 


NBLUTH WITH 


Suip MetTHop AS DESCRIBED BY R. ROSE 


> TIMBER BY THE 


MEASURING 


OF 


MeETHOD 


SHOWING THE 


UsEeD ON LARGE SIZED WOODLOTS. 


S. Bickmore. 


vof. A. 


Courtesy P 


BUSINESS 


mine the actual contents of at least a few 
trees in each diameter class. This may 
be done by selecting trees of as nearly 
| average form as can be found; cutting 
/them down and then working ‘them in 
such a way as would be done for the 
market. Then each log, if logs are cut, 
can be scaled separately, “with the 
ordinary log rule used for scaling logs 
in that district, and the total board 
‘foot contents thus determined. Cord- 
/wood, ties or poles may be estimated 


T[ANAGEMENT OF WOODLOTS 


LS9 


SHOWING A WoopDLOT RECENTLY CuT AND UPON WHICH STRAIGHT THRIFTY WHITE OAKS HAVE 
BEEN LEFT BECAUSE THEY WILL YIELD LARGER RETURNS WHEN THEY REACH TIMBER SIZE. 


either by working the tree into those 
products and determining the actual 
amount thus obtained; or by determin- 
ing the solid cubic foot contents, and 
allowing such converting factors, as for 
example, ninety cubic feet to one cord 
of wood. Where the cubic contents are 
measured, the diameter of each piece 
is measured at both ends, and the 
average diameter is taken; the area of a 
circle of that diameter is found, and 
that area multiplied by the length of 


, 


190 
the piece. The volume of the piece is 
the result. The sum of the volumes of 


each piece gives the volume of the tree. 

However, in actual practice, it will 
seldom be practicable or necessary to 
make such a volume table. It will be 
easier either to use the volume tables 
already constructed, or to determine 
the contents of average trees by actually 
working them into the finished products, 
and by measuring the amounts of those 
products. 

The best volume tables give volumes 
for trees not only of certain diameter 
classes, but also for different heights 
of each diameter class, because the 
volume of trees varies, not only with 
the difference in diameter, but also 
largely with the difference in height. 
That is, a tree of four inches in diameter 
at breast height, that is twenty feet 
high, ‘will have a very much lower 
volume than a tree four inches in 
diameter and fifty feet high. 

It is then necessary in estimating, 
either to record each tree separately as 
to diameter and height, or to find the 
average height of trees in each diameter 
class. A simple way of determining 
height is to place a ten-foot pole along- 
side of the tree, and, stepping off to a 
convenient distance from the tree, 
figure the height by eye, comparing 
the height of the tree with the ten-foot 
pole. 


METHODS IN LARGE WOODLANDS. 


Where the area is too large to measure 
all the trees, or where time does not 
permit it, various short cuts to an esti- 
mate may be used. 

One convenient way when the area 
of the woodlot is known, is to measure 
off some definite portion, such as one 
acre or five acres, determine the amount 
standing on this small area according 
to the methods described before, and 
multiply the amount on this area by 
the figure which shows the proportion 
between the small area, and the whole. 
That is, if the small area is five acres, 
and the whole one hundred acres, 
multiply the volume on the small area 
by twenty. 

Good judgment must be used in 
order to select these sample plots that 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


they shall be representative of the 
whole area. It may be convenient to 
know that a plot of 208 feet square 
makes an acre; or that a circular plot 
with a radius of 85 feet is a half acre. 

In still larger areas, where it is diffi- 
cult to select sample plots which would 
be fairly representative of the whole 
stand, it is often convenient to run 
strips at fixed intervals through the 
stand. All the timber on these strips 
is estimated and multiplied by the 
number of times the strips are contained 
in the total area. Strips should always 
be run at nght angles to the main 
slopes; that is, up and down hills, rather 
than alomg them. Where very noted 
changes in the type of forest occur, the 
amounts in each type on the strips 
should be estimated separately, and 
the estimate applied to the area of each 
type. 

It will be seen from this that in using 
these methods it is necessary to know 
at least the total area of woodland, and 
it is much better also to know the area 
of each type. This involves the map- 
ping of the area. 

It is not possible to describe here the 
way to make such forest maps. Unless 
the area is very large, or a very accurate 
map is wanted, a fairly good map may 
be made by the use of an ordinary hand 
compass, and by pacing, or else by 
chaining distances. 

In estimating strips, it is most con- 
venient either to take 161% feet on each 
side of the line run, or 33 feet on each 
side. Then, for every chain (66 feet) 
forward along the strip, in case where 
161% feet on each side of the line has 
been taken, one-twentieth of an acre 
has been estimated; where 33 feet on 
each side of the line, one-tenth of an 
acre; for every tally of 10 chains (66 
feet) in the wider strip, an acre has been 
estimated; in the smaller, one-half acre. 

It is best to tally each acre separately; 
and where the line ends before a whole 
acre has been estimated, the number of 
chains should be noted, and that frac- 
tion of an acre used for the strip esti- 
mated, rather than continuing on the 
same sheet back on another line. 

Strips sixty-six feet wide, run one- 
quarter mile apart, will give an estimate 


—- 


ee eee gy aes > eee re” a 


oe ee 


is 


Bg oore, 
Pe NEE oP AN 
hehe is 2, ak 


A DENSE Borper ARouND THE Farm WoopLot WuicH PREVENTS THE WIND FROM BLOWING 
AWAY THE LITTER AND INSURES FAVORABLE FoREST CONDITIONS. 


192 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A Type or A PoRTABLE SAWMILL WHICH AT SLIGHT EXPENSE May BE SHIFTED FROM PLACE 
To PLACE AS IT IS NEEDED IN CuTTING A WOODLOT. 


of 5 per cent of the whole area; one- 
eighth mile apart, 10 per cent of the 
whole area, etc. 

In sample plots or strip methods of 
estimating, at least 5 per cent of the 
total area must be estimated in order 
to have accuracy in the result; but it 
will be better to estimate the stand on a 
greater percentage of the area. Gen- 
erally an estimate of 20 per cent of the 
whole area would give a very accurate 
estimate for the whole stand. 


THE MARKETS. 


In order to know what a tract of 
timber is worth, it is necessary to know 
the value of the products. Not only 
should the general uses of the different 
kinds of wood be known, but careful 
attention should be given to any special 
use for given kinds or sizes of trees, 
which may result in increased value. 

The market for woodlot timber is 
chiefly for ties, poles, firewood, posts, 
piles, rails, lumber, and very frequently 
in the round for pulpwood, acid fac- 
tories, and box manufacturers; while 
special kinds, such as fine white oak, 
ash, second-growth hickory, cherry, 
etc., have a large number of special uses, 


such as in the vehicle industry, furni- — 


ture making, etc. 
It is again urged that owners should 
be particular to inquire into their 


special markets, both for the different 4 


kinds of timber, and for the most 
profitable form into which given sized 
trees may be worked. By taking ad- 
vantage of this, they can very frequent- 
ly double the price received for their 
products. 

Lumber is sawed from almost every 


kind of wood. ‘The principal uses of © 


several kinds are given later, together 
with the average price of each kind. 
Prices given show the average price at 
the mill per thousand board feet of 
lumber ‘‘log run,’’ 2. e., the average of 
all the products sawed from the logs. 
The average value of the ‘log run” of 
lumber cut in most State woodlots is 
about $25 a thousand feet board measure. 

Poles are mostly of chestnut. All 
poles shall be of sound, live, white 
chestnut, squared at both ends, reason- 
ably straight, well proportioned, from 
butt to top, peeled and knots trimmed 
to the surface of the pole. The dimen- 
sions of the poles shall be according to 
the following table: The ‘top’? meas- 


Ee Oe ae TT ee eee ee ee 


ANOTHER STAND ON WHICH THE Most DesrRABLE TREES HAVE BEEN LEFT For FuRTHER GROWTH AND FUTURE CuTTING. 


194 AMERICAN 


urement being the circumference at the 
top of the pole. The “butt” circum- 
ference being six (6) feet from the butt. 

Ties are usually 8 or 814 feet long. 
First class ties are 7 inches thick and 
not less than 7 inches or over 12 inches 
wide at any place on the face, and must 
be hewed or sawed on two faces; 
sometimes allowed to be sawed on four 
sides, and then to be 7 inches by 9 
inches. Second class ties are 6 to 9 
inches thick, and with a face not less 
than 6 inches wide. 

It is generally stipulated that not 
over 25 per cent of second class ties will 
be accepted on any contract. By far 
the most common woods used for ties 
are chestnut and the various oaks. 
Red oak is discriminated against, either 
fetching a lower stated price, or ties of 
first-class dimensions being considered 
as second-class white oak. The follow- 
ing prices may be taken as a fair 
average: 

First Class Ties: Chestnut, 53 cents; 
White and other oaks, 65 cents; Red 
oak, 45 cents; 

Second Class Ties: Chestnut, 47 
cents; White and other oaks, 53 cents; 
Red oak, 41 cents. 

Cordwood is generally sold by the 
cord in ranks eight feet long, of wood 
cut into sticks four feet long, and 
stacked to a height of four feet. Near 
towns, however, it 1s very frequently 
cut into shorter lengths, such as twelve 
or eighteen inches, so as to be of stove 
size; but this generally fetches almost 
the same price as four-foot pieces, on 
account of the extra convenience to the 
user. 

Cordwood for firewood is worth about 
$4 per cord for chestnut and similar 
woods; $5 for oak, and $6 for hickory. 
Poplar and spruce cordwood for pulp 
or excelsior, is worth about $8.50 at the 
mill. 

Charcoal is worth from six to ten 
cents a bushel. 


USES OF PRINCIPAL KINDS OF WOODS, 
AND PRICES. 


The most important general and 
special uses of our most important 
woods and average value “‘log run”’ for 
each kind, under average woodlot con- 


FORESTRY 


ditions, is given below and’should prove — 
very useful. Average ‘‘log run’ values 
are considerably below the value where — 
used for some special purpose. The — 
owner therefore should always look for — 
the very best market for his product; 
and for that product most in demand 
and yielding the greatest profit. “ 
White ash is used mostly for agri- — 
cultural implements, vehicle stock, fur- — 
niture, basket veneer, and many special 
uses. Good white ash is especially © 
valuable, and should always secure a — 
special market. 
Black ash is rather less valuable | 
than the white ash and is used mostly | 
in veneer stock, for baskets, etc. The — 
average price is about $21.50 per thou- 
sand feet of lumber, although it fre- — 
quently reaches $40 per thousand or — 
more. - 
Aspen is generally sold by the cord. — 
The average price is about $8.50 per — 
cord at the mill. Its common uses are — 
for excelsior, pulp, boxes, crates, veneer — 
baskets, etc. Popple brings about the — 
same price, and used for the same 
purposes. 4 
Basswood is generally sold for lumber — 
of the better grades, and special stock 
is used mostly for vehicles, in furniture, 
for veneer stock, etc. Its average] 
price is about $21.00 per thousand feet. 
Beech is sold mostly for lumber and _ 
cordwood. Its average price is about 
$14.50 per thousand. Its main use is_ 
for agricultural implements, furniture, — 
and novelties, such as clothes pins, 
wooden blocks, musical instruments, — 
eLc 
Birch is sold for lumber or cordwood — 
at an average price of about $20 per 
thousand feet. Its main uses are for — 
furniture, and’ veneer stock, and for — 
interior finish. This wood is often stained 
and used as a substitute for mahogany. 
Good birch logs should always command 
a special price. Re: 
White birch and paper birch very — 
seldom grow to sizes large enough to — 
warrant use for lumber, and are mostly _ 
used for cordwood; and for wooden 
novelties, such as clothes pins, tooth- — 
picks, spools, etc. 4 
Cedar is used mostly in the round — 
for posts and poles. The red cedar 


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196 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ANOTHER VIEW OF A PORTABLE SAWMILL. 
NOTE THE SIZE OF THE LOGS. 


very seldom grows larger than post size. 
The white cedar makes poles as well as 
posts, and shingles and lumber are made 
from it. Its average price is $24 per 
thousand feet. 

Cherry is mostly used for fancy 
furniture. Any tree which will yield 
a good log should be worked into furni- 
ture stock, and should always command 
a special price for this purpose. Its 
average price is $30 per thousand feet. 

Chestnut is used mostly for cordwood, 
ties, telephone poles and piles, and also 
very largely for bridge and car construc- 
tion and furniture, and a large variety 
of miscellaneous purposes. The aver- 
age price is about $19 per thousand 
feet. 

Elm is also a wood with a large num- 
ber of special uses for which it has a 
special value. 

The white elm is the best of the elms. 
It is used mostly for cooperage stock, 
vehicle stock, and in such implements 
as wheelbarrows, etc., where especially 
strong wood is desired. Its average 
log run price is now $23 per thousand 
feet. 

Hemlock is sold mostly for ordinary 


lumber and pulp. It is rather an in- 
ferior wood. The average price = 
$15.75 per thousand feet. 

Hickory is used mostly for aonene 
tural implements, tools, vehicle stock, 
etc. Good hickory is growing scarcer 
and scarcer and should always command 
a special price. Frequently trees are 
worked up into cordwood or other in- 
ferior products which should be left 
to grow lumber. The average price 
is $25 per thousand; although hickory 
finds a ready market up to $60 per 
thousand feet. Hickory cordwood brings 
about $6 per cord. 

Locust is used mostly for posts, ties, 
insulator pins, etc. The average price 
is $20 per thousand feet. 

Maple is used mostly for furniture 
and fancy interior finish, wooden novel- 
ties, musical instruments, and a very 
large number of special uses. It saver- 
age price is $18.75 per thousand feet. 

Red maple is very inferior to the 
sugar maple and can only be used in a 
very limited number of ways as com- 
pared to the sugar maple. Special 
grade maple can always command a 
special price, especially if it has a 


cy SA 
° met? 


5 
sare 23 


eens a PM 


Ons 3 
SOR 


t 
4. 


‘ 
B 
H 


MANAGEMENT OF WOODLOTS 


THE OLD STYLE OF FELLING TREES IN WoopLoTS—CHOPPING Down A FINE WHITE OAK. 


twisted grain, the famous 
bird’s eye maple. 

Oak is used mostly for agricultural 
implements, vehicle stock, car construc- 
tion, furniture and interior finish. Its 
average price is $25 per thousand feet, 
although good oak can generally find a 
cy market up to $45 per thousand 
ect. 


The white oak is more valuable than 


making 


the red oak, but both command the 
best price when cut into good logs for 
sawing ‘‘quarter sawn” lumber for fur- 
niture. Oak is also used to a large 
extent for ties, posts, etc. Very often 
trees are worked up into ties and posts 
which should be left to grow for lumber. 
Tops and smaller sizes can be cut into 
cordwood and brings a better price 
than ordinary cordwood. 


198 


The white pine is used for almost 
every purpose. The smaller sizes and 
inferior grades find their best uses for 
boxes, while the better grades and larger 
sizes are most valuable for furniture, 
interior finish, and for special uses, such 
as molds, match stock, etc. The aver- 
age price is $23.75 per thousand feet. 

The red pine is used for much the 
same purposes as the white pine. 

The pitch pine or yellow pine is used 
mostly for lumber, and is inferior even 
for that purpose. Near metallurgical 
works, such as smelters, a special use 
for this is found in the form of poles 
used in the reduction process. Pitch 
pine is often marketed in the smaller 
sizes for cordwood. 

Spruce is used mostly for pulpwood, 
and larger sizes for ordinary building 
lumber, and, to a certain extent, for 
boxes. The average price is about $19 
per thousand feet. 

Tulip Poplar or yellow Poplar is used 
mostly for interior finish, cigar boxes, 
and furniture. It is a high grade woad 
and generally can command a special 
price. The average price is about $40 
per thousand feet. 


LUMBERING COSTS. 


The owner, having estimated the 
amount of wood which he has standing 
and knowing the value of it in the 
markets, which he can reach conven- 
iently, now wishes to know what it will 
cost to get his material from the tree 
to the market. When he knows that 
he is in a position to place a value on 
the standing timber. 

In this discussion, we are taking ac- 
count only of standing timber of mer- 
chantable size, which, it must not be 
forgotten, is much below the real value 
of the whole woodlot. 

The costs of marketing the timber 
are: 

First. Cutting down the trees and 
working them into logs, poles, ties, 
cordwood, etc. 

Second. Skidding into convenient 
piles, or to a sawmill, if there be one on 
the tract. 

Third. WHauling logs to a sawmill, if 
it is not on the tract; or hauling lumber 
and other products, such as ties, etc., 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


to market, loading on cars, if necessary. 

Fourth. Cost of sawing, piling, etc. 
While the costs of these various factors 
differ greatly according to circum- 
stances, the following figures are given 
as fair average costs under general wood- 
lot conditions and will serve as a guide 
in valuing timber. 


COST OF HAULING. 


Naturally the most variable cost is 


that of hauling, on account of the 
different distances to be hauled; be- 
cause of difference in the nature of the 
country and condition of the roads; 
and through difference in weight be- 
tween seasoned and greenwood, etc. 

A large share of the lumber from 
woodlots is cut by small portable mills. 
These can be moved for from $50 to 
$100, and a stand of 75,000 to 100,000 
board feet will warrant a “‘set up.” 
‘Eheretonre: 
established mill is toolong to be profit- 
able, it may pay to have a portable 
mill come in and saw the logs. Often 
where there 1s not enough in one wood- 


lot, two or three owners might combine ~ 


to have a portable mill set up. 


In hauling, an average load for a 4 


team along ordinary country roads is 
about 1,000 board feet of lumber; 32 
first class ties, 38 second class ties, six 


25-30 foot poles, four 30-35 foot poles, — 
two 35-45 foot poles, or one cord of ~ 


wood. 


Ordinarily a team will average for a 


day’s work, loading, hauling the load 6 
to 9 miles, and then returning. The 
best time to haul is in winter, when 
sleighing is good. 

The cost of a team and driver varies 
from $4 to $5.50 a day. Generally a 
team can be hired cheaper in winter 
than in summer, as in the former season 
farmers want work for their horses. 

In the following figures, it will be 
assumed that the average cost of haul- 
ing is $5 per thousand board feet—that 
is, that the average load above given, 
will be hauled; that only one trip per 
day can be made, and that the wages 
for the team and driver are $5 per day. 
This is an average high price for haul- 
ing. Generally, it is considerably 
lower. It is used to be conservative 


where the haul to any 3 


“07 2 Pus ei eds 


Pes 


mes ae er ae a a, 


al ae oe OO eed ee Pa 


Serr 


BUSINESS MANAGEMENT OF WOODLOTS 


and rather as an illustration of figuring 
costs than to be fully representative. 

The costs given are those up to 
loading on cars at the railroad or to 
delivery to local markets. 

Average prices for the other items of 
cost are given. These can be modified 
in any given case. 


COST OF PRODUCING LUMBER. 


The cost of producing lumber may 
be estimated per thousand board feet 
as follows: 


EST ee Se $1.50 
EG ST SS a pen a i aS 
ES FTL Sig gear a 3.50 
BNR ney een Se Sass 1.00 
Bees et Ss cs ie es 5.00 


_———— 


— 


Or a total of $12.75 


COST OF PRODUCING TIES. 


Ties are often hewn at a cost of about 
10 cents per tie. Hewing is wasteful, 
especially in large-sized trees. Ties 
may be sawed on two or four surfaces. 

Generally 33 first-class ties or 38 
second-class ties will average about 
1,000 board feet of lumber and the 
average cost will be 35 cents for first- 
class ties, and 29 3-10 cents for second 
class ties. Ties are 8 or 8 14 feet long. 
First-class ties are 7 inches thick, and 
not less than 7 inches or over 12 inches 
wide at any place on the face, and must 
be hewed or sawed on two faces. They 
are sometimes allowed to be sawed on 
four sides, and then to be 7” x 9”. 


COST OF PRODUCING POLES. 


Poles are generally peeled and cut to 
come in one of two classes given in the 
specifications under products—the most 
common sizes are seven inches inside 
the bark at the top. 

Poles cut in winter cost a little more 
to cut than in summer, but are pre- 
ferred, because they are less likely to 
rot. 

Frequently a cent a foot is charged 
per pole—that is, a 25-foot pole would 
cost 25 cents. Poles from 35 to 50 
feet long are cut and peeled for 35 cents, 
while hauling cost may be estimated 
per load as 83 cents for 25 to 30 foot 
poles, $1.25 for 35 foot poles; $2.50 for 


199 


40 to 50 foot poles; $5.00 for 60 foot 
poles, only one of the latter being 
hauled as a load. 


COST OF PRODUCING CORDWOOD. 


The average cost of cutting and 
stacking cordwood for burning is about 
one dollar per cord. Where oak and 
hickory predominate the cost will be 
higher. 

An ordinary load is about 1 to 1% 
cords. 

This would make cordwood cost $6 
per cord to cut and haul. It would be 
unprofitable where the haul was six 
miles or over, for only one cord could 
be drawn per day, at a cost of $5 for 
team. 

Where the only product available 
is cordwood, and the distance is too 
great to haul profitably, the wood may 
sometimes be burned into charcoal on 
the tract, and this profitably marketed. 

Generally, at least twenty cords of 
wood should go into an ordinary kiln. 
Where several kilns are burned at once, 
the cost of burning is reduced consider- 
ably, as one man can watch them all 
as easily as he can one. It can be pro- 
duced at a cost of 8 1-3 cents a bushel. 


VALUE OF STANDING TIMBER. 


Knowing market prices and costs of 
getting his material to the market, the 
owner is in a position to place a value 
on his standing timber. This value of 
standing timber is called its “Stumpage 
price.”’ Where he does his own lum- 
bering, the stumpage value might be 
considered the difference between the 
cost of marketing the product and the 
market price. This, however, is hardly 
a fair value. Each step should be con- 
sidered separately, and a fair allowance 
should be made for each. 

The lumbering being a manufactur- 
ing operation, it is only fair to allow 
about 20 to 25 per cent net profit on 
the work; and figure the real stumpage 
value as the market price, less the cost 
of lumbering and the profit of lumber- 
ing (20 per cent to 25 per cent of the 
cost). That is, stumpage value is the 
difference between market value and 
the sum of the cost of lumbering plus 
profit of lumbering. Then, if the 


200 


owner does his own lumbering, the 
stumpage value and profit in lumbering 
will both be his. 

On the basis of costs given for market- 
ing the product, stumpage values would 
be as follows: 


Lumber; Per M. bd. ft. 
Average value of lumber ‘‘Long Run” $25.00 
Cost of lumbering $12.75+25% profit 15.94 
Syeunmoelee walle. Gouge siacbonp esas an $9.06 
First Second 
Ties: class class 
Average value... 08 2. $0.56 $0.50 
Cost of lumbering and profit 
(COG) aR ea ey ee ans cree ree 44 0.36 
Stumpagetvalue. 022.4 a>. $0.12 $0.14 
25-30 40-50 
He, OS ky atte GO) tHe. 
Poles: Poles Poles Poles Poles 
Average Value...... $2.50 $4.00 $6.00 $9.00 


Cost of logging and 
LOWEN 2919p). 2. es 


Stumpage value. ...$1.15 $2.00 $2.44 $5.31 


Cordwood ; 
Average value $4.00 for chestnut, and 
similar wood. $5.00 for oak, $6.00 for hickory. 


At the rate of hauling, used in these 
figures, the value of the wood standing, 
as far as cordwood goes, would be 
nothing, as it would be a losing proposi- 
tion to try and market it. 

As noted, under such circumstances, 
it may pay to burn the wood into char- 
coal on the tract. This gives a lighter 
and more valuable product to haul. 


1.5 700) S50 ©.09 


Average value 34 bushels charcoal 


(romelxcondtor wood) memrne snes 3.40 
Cost of logging and profit (25%) on 34 

[SEISIOVENS, Bo rc ercocny eee Nae tocare aarti: Seo 
Stumpage value 1 cord of wood...... $0.10 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Under the above theoretical condi- 
tions, it will be seen that selling cord- 
wood, the owner would lose $1 a cord, 
and converting it into charcoal would 
still be at a net loss of ten cents a cord, 
allowing 25 per cent profit. However, 
allowing 20 per cent on the operation, 
at 10 cents a bushel for charcoal, the 
owner could come out even, where he 
would lose money trying to sell as fire- 
wood. This sometimes is important in 
figuring on a pure improvement cutting, 
or in clearing land after fires, etc. As 
a general rule, the market for cordwood 
is closer at hand—mostly at home. 


AVERAGE STUMPING VALUE FOR DIFFER- 
ENT PRODUCTS. 


For . convenient, reference, taking 
in consideration ordinary conditions, 
in woodlots fairly well stocked and in 
from fair to good condition, the follow- 
ing stumpage value will give an idea of 
actual value, or of what should be a 
fair value for stumpage. 

Cordwood for firewood, 50 cents to $1 
per cord. 

T1es, 8 cents to 12 cents per tie. 

Poles, $1.25 for 30 ft. pole. 

Lumber, $6 to $10 per thousand 
board feet. 

Average stumpage value for wood- 
lands of different sized average trees 
per acre in well-stocked stands will be 
about as follows: 

Value per acre. 
$15.00 

25.00 to 30.00 

35.00 to 50.00 


40.00 to 65.00 
45.00 to 85.00 


Stands averaging 
4 inches diameter.......... 
6 inches diameter.......... 
8 inches diameter.......... 
10snches) diameteqaenee ee oe 
1IDiinchesidiametenas sass see 


To be Continued. 


(AMERICAN Forestry is indebted for the illustrations used in this article to the New York 
State Conservation Commission and the Rhode Island Department of Forestry.—Editor.) 


Canada has established a forest products laboratory in connection with McGill University~at 
Montreal, on the lines of the United States institution of the same sort at the University of Wisconsin. 


Tree planting on national forests has to be confined to comparatively short intervals in spring and 


fall. 


it comes between the fall rains and first snowfall. 


In spring 1t starts when the snow melts and stops with the drying out of the ground; in the fall 


New York leads all the other States in the Union in lumber consumption, with a total annual 


bill for timber of all kinds of over $54,000,000. 


ee 


ULIEIZA TION AT GHRMAN 


SAWMILLS 201 


O AN American interested in a 
more complete utilization of 
the raw products of our forests, 
a study of utilization at German 

| sawmills is most interesting. It is said 

| that in Germany, 94 per cent to 96 per 
| cent of the whole tree on the average is 
utilized, even stumps being grubbed 
out ‘and used for fuel and tar along with 
| the faggots from the smallest branches, 
whereas it has been estimated by the 

U. S. Forest Service that we only use 

about 40 per cent of the average tree 
that is felled in the woods. 

| Of course, the obvious explanation of 

\this discrepancy between American 

| and German utilization is the difference 

|in market conditions—wood is so scarce 
and consequently prices are so com- 

paratively high in Germany that prac- 
| tically speaking, nothing goes to waste 
jand no wood is too far distant from 
market to find an attractive price. But 
aside from this explanantion, we must 


f 
i] 
j 
i 
j 
j 
| 
t 


AN OL_p WoMAN GATHERING REFUSE FROM THE FOREST. 


THIS EXEMPLIFIES IN A STRIKING WAY THE EXTENT TO WHICH THE GERMANS CAN PRACTICE 
INTENSIVE UTILIZATION. 


UTILIZATION AT GERMAN SAWMILLS 


By NeEtson C. Brown 
New York State College 


of Forestry at Syracuse 


give the Germans credit for studying 
their market more carefully and using 
machines and methods that we will 
come to use sooner or later. Although 
observations of their closer utilization 
may be largely suggestive in their 
present application to American condi- 
tions, yet, we are passing through very 
much the same economic environment 
that the older nations of Europe passed 
through two or three hundred years ago 
and we can take advantage of and 
profit by many of their close practices 
which our conditions will soon make 
possible. 

It has often been an open question 
in this country as to whether the 
ultimate mill will be a large or a small 
one and which will secure the better 
and more complete utilization. In 
Germany, the small mill is the rule and 
there is no evidence that they will in- 
crease in size. They would correspond 
roughly to our mills having a capacity 


202 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A CHARACTERISTIC SAWMILL WHERE A GREAT VARIETY OF WooD PRODUCTS ARE MADE AND 
NOTHING Is ALLOWED TO GO TO WASTE. 


IN THE FOREGROUND, BOARDS FROM SELECT LOGS ARE PILED TOGETHER JUST AS THEY COME 
FROM THE SAW. 


of from 30,000 to 60,000 board feet per 
day and the great majority would have 
the smaller capacity or less. For ex- 
ample, the largest mill in Bavaria and 
probably one of the largest in Germany, 
cuts about 16,000,000’ feet a year, 
which means a daily capacity of about 
64,000 board feet when running two 
hundred and fifty days a year. 
Practically every house and building 
in Germany is largely constructed of 
stone, brick, or concrete, so that con- 
struction and building timbers are not 
much in demand. The majority of the 
product therefore goes into interior 
trim, sash and door stock, flooring, box 
boards, furniture, cooperage, fencing, 


railway sleepers, and a great variety 
of minor lines of utilization. For the 


majority of these uses, therefore, they 
demand well sawn stock. Consequent- 
ly the gang saw 1s the rule, with a very 
narrow kerf and the minimum amount 
of wood going into sawdust. 

Wood is very expensive and labor 
cheap in Germany, so that German 
machines are built to save lumber and 
power, whereas American machines are 
built to save labor. Our machines are 


built to turn out enormous quantities 
of product at our sawmills; on the other 
hand, their machines turn out quality of 
product. German machines are fre- 
quently constructed and fitted to serve 
a variety of purposes whereas American 
machinery is intended to turn out one 
product and to do that quickly. Ger- 
man machinery in turn ordinarily lasts 
for a long time, whereas ours is not 
expected to last more than fifteen to 
twenty years or so. 

It is gratifying, however, to see the 
amount of American machinery in use 
in Europe. At the above mentioned 
Bavarian mill, several of the pieces 
were of American make. In fact, the 
only band sawmill in the whole Black 
Forest region and one of the very few 
in Germany was fitted with machinery 
made by an American manufacturer. 
Another interesting fact in connection 
with these small sawmills is the great 
variety of products that are usually 
turned out. Many of these are by- 
products of the main output and would 
frequently be sent to the “hog’’ of 
burner in this country. 

Contrasted to our American condi- 


rl 


. 


UTILIZATION AT GERMAN SAWMILLS 


203 


An Exectric Cut-orr SAw UsEep To Cut LonG Locs INTO THE DESIRED LENGTHS. 


IT CAN BE MOVED BY OVERHEAD TROLLEY TO ANY PART OF THE ROLLWAY AND SAVES 
A LARGE AMOUNT OF UNNECESSARY WASTE IN TRIMMING. 


tions, small logs are the rule. This is 
explained by the fact that under any 
system of scientific forest management, 
it does not pay to wait until trees be- 
come of large size before they should 
be cut. The “financial rotation,” as it 
is called, permits of the growth of trees 
just large enough to be utilized for saw 
logs and not left long enough in the 
woods for the compound interest 
charges to nullify the dividends. This 
means therefore rather knotty and low 
grade lumber. 

Long timbers or tree lengths are also 
the rule. On many operations 23 feet 
(7 meters) is the minimum log length. 
The advantages explained in connec- 
tion with this procedure are that the 
logging and transportation to the mill 
are more economical, the long logs can 
be better sawed to the desired length 
whatever the demands of the market, 
at the mill, and there is no loss in 
trimming. Loggers in this country 
commonly allow from three to six 
inches for abrasion in transportation 
and trim at the mill. In many of the 
German mills, logs are cut to the even 

. desired length and there is no trimming 
done at all. Long lengths are al. 


barked before shipment. It is said 
that bark constitutes an average of 10 
per cent of the total material in a log. 
In the case of Norway spruce, beech, 
and oak, the bark is used for tanning 
purposes. The bark of other trees is 
used for fuel. 

Another important phase of utiliza- 
tion at German sawmills is the universal 
practice of sawing closer than is the 
custom in this country. That is, only 
an eighth or a sixteenth of an inch is 
allowed for dressing and stock intended 
for a variety of uses is never allowed 
to be sawed one inch in thickness, when 
three-quarters or five-eighths will suf- 
fice. Of course different standards of 
measurement are used in Germany 
(metric system) but this is offered as 
exemplary of the manner in which they 
study their market and then saw ac- 
cordingly. 

As mentioned before, there are hardly 
ever any trimmings which in this 
country go to the “‘hog”’ or are sent to 
the burner. Edgings are used for 
handles of all kinds, chair rounds, 
novelty and toy stock, etc., and are 
seldom used for fuel. The wooden toy 
industry is very important in Germany 


204 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LoGs ARE USUALLY SENT INTO THE MILL ON SMALL TRUCKS RATHER THAN A JACK LADDER. 


and toys are exported to America as 
well as to every European country. 
The center of this industry is in Nurem- 
burg in northern Bavaria. Slabs are 
utilized largely for boxboards, veneer 
cores, short stock, fuel, novelties, etc. 
Sawdust is sold for fuel and is utilized 
for making paper and wood alcohol and 
for general packing purposes. In cov- 
ering practically every producing region 
of Germany, the writer failed to see a 
refuse burner and it is doubtful if there 
is one in the whole country. Prac- 
tically all of their ties are sawed, which 
saves the enormous waste prevalent 
with our hewn ties. The German rail- 
way specifications are also very eco- 
nomical in that in cross section ties 
need not be rectangular as is the case 
with American ties. The upper side 
can be as narrow as five or six inches, as 
long as the base or lower face is at least 
ten inches in width. By this means, 
many logs are made to yield two ties 
instead of one as with our railroads. 

A very interesting feature of their 
sawmills is that hydro-electric or even 
steam power supplied with coal is 
utilized in many cases instead of using 
sawdust and refuse for fuel. Scarcely 
a single horse-power in the form of 


falling water in the mountains is allowed 
to go to waste with the consequent re- 
sult that a great economy is introduced. 
It is said that the first sawmill in Ger- 
many was run by direct water powervas 
early as 1322. 

In grading, rules formulated and 
adopted by lumber associations similar 
to those in this country are prevalent. 
They are based on dimensions and de- 
fects in the same manner as with our 
own lumber associations. All lumber 
cut from certain butt logs is piled to- 
gether for special uses such as matched 
veneers, furniture stock, and fancy 
panel stock. In almost every lumber 
yard it is a common sight to see these 
boards from the select logs piled one on 
top of the other just as they occurred 
in the log. Much better prices are 
secured in this way for the best grade 
of logs. Most of the oak from the fa- 
mous Spessart region is piled in this 
way and for fancy veneers and cabinet 
work, especially fine large trees are said 
to bring from $500 to $1,000 on the 
stump. 

Wood is sold by the cubic unit rather 
than by the board foot and it is probable 
that in the future we will adopt the 
same method. One is somewhat sur- 


THESE LOGS ARE DECKED BY ELECTRIC MACHINERY. 


THIS METHOD IS USED INSTEAD OF THE AMERICAN LOG STORAGE PONDS TO HOLD THE LOGS 
BEFORE BEING SENT THROUGH THE MILL. 


A LocciInc SCENE IN THE SPRUCE REGION OF SAXONY. 


ALL OF THE AVAILABLE MATERIAL IS UTILIZED IN THE FORM OF LOGS, PULPWOOD, BARK, 
FUEL WOOD OR FAGGOTS, 


206 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Tue MuNICIPAL LANDING ON THE ISAR RIVER NEAR MuNICcH, WHERE THE RAFTS ARE 
BROKEN Up AND THE LoGs SENT THROUGH THE MILL. 


DRIVING IS STILL A COMMON PRACTICE IN THE MOUNTAINOUS REGIONS OF GERMANY. 


prised at the amount of lumber sea- 
soned wholly in the open or under 
sheds. Although considerable is dry 
kilned not as much is put through 
this process as one would naturally 
expect. 

Since Germany’s forests produce only 
four principal. species namely Scotch 
pine, beech,. Norway spruce, and silver 
fir with only a little oak, ash, maple, 
hornbeam, etc., their problem of utiliza- 
tion is much simplified. Many foreign 
woods, as a result, are introduced to 


. 


supply the demand and American tim- 
bers are highly prized. 

At several of the mills visited, many 
intensive lines of utilization were de- 
veloped. For instance, at one mill, be- 
sides the usual lumber and box board 
product, there were special machines 
for turning out broom handles, wooden 
shoes, implement stock, cooperage, — 
furniture stock, ties and_ excelsior, 
and in: addition there was a_ Bou- 
cherie timber treating plant to pro- 
long the: life of telephone and_ telegraph 
poles. 


In the United States as a whole four-fifths of the standing timber is privately owned, and one-fifth 


is owned by various States and the Federal Government. 
of the State and one fourth of the standing timber. 
cannot be cut even though it 1s dying or dead and a menace to healthy timber about it. 


_ New York owns one fifth of the forest land 
Owing to a clause in the Constitution this tumber 
The State should 


allow careful cutting of mature timber in the Adirondacks. 


New York manufactures more pulp paper than any other State, consuming over 1,000,000 cords 


of wood per annm. 


Maine, its nearest competitor, is surpassed by over 100,000 cords. 


With over 6,000,000,000 bd. ft. of timber growing on the forest land owned by the people of the 


State of New York, over $20,000,000 is sent out of the State each year for forest products. 


Proper — 


use of the mature forests of the State and reforestation of land now idle would keep much of this vast 4 


sum in New York. 


FORESTRY ADDRESS TO STUDENTS 


Extracts from an Address on Forestry 
Delivered by invitation before the Faculty and 
Student Body of Oberlin College, Ohio, 
January 16, 1914, by Henry Sturgis Drinker, 
President of Lehigh University and President 
of the American Forestry Association. 


In the opening words of this Address, 
Dr. Drinker summarized, as he did in 
his address at Tome Institute published 
in the October number of AMERICAN 
Forestry, the rise and history of the 
Forestry and Conservation movement 
in this country, noting the early work 
in conservation of the American Insti- 
tute of Mining Engineers, so long ago 
fas 1871, in the appointment of its Com- 
mittee ‘“‘to consider and report on the 
waste in Coal Mining’’—the constant 
warnings that have come from the 
‘engineering professions—the Confer- 
lence of Governors at Washington, 
icalled by President Roosevelt and 
largely the result of the insistent public 
preachings on Conservation and For- 
estry of Gifford Pinchot—the calling 
in 1909 of the first Conservation Con- 
gress at Seattle and finally the splendid 
forestry record of the last or Fifth Con- 
servation Congress held last autumn. 
In regard to the meetings of this 
Moneress, Dr. Drinker said: “The 
Congress has addressed itself in its 
Several meetings to many important 
phases of Conservation. Forestry was 
given much attention in the first two 
sessions. Then the one at Kansas City 
in 1911 was largely devoted, as Presi- 
dent Wallace expressed it, to the Con- 
servation of the fertility of the soil and 
he life of the people who live in the 
open country. The Congress at Indian- 
apolis in 1912 was devoted to the study 
of the Conservation of vital resources 
‘and the health of the people, and finally 
jn this last Congress of 1913 Forestry 
again came to the front, and the 
principal subjects of discussion were 
orestry and our water power re- 
s0urces—two full sessions of the Con- 
gress and a large number of sectional 
| eetings being devoted wholly to for- 
estry ; and at these sectional meetings a 
set of ten exhaustive reports, prepared 


by Committees arranged for and financed 
wholly by the American Forestry Associ- 
ation, were presented on the following 
subjects: 


Secondary Forestry Instruction in the 
United States. 

Publicity—Public Education in Forestry. 

The Framing, Passing, and Enforcing of 
a State Forest Law. 

Forest Tax Legislation. 

Fire Prevention by States, by the 
Federal Government, and by Private 
Interests. 

The Conditions under which Commercial 
Planting is Desirable. 

Lumbering. 

The Closer Utilization of Timber. 

The Relation of Forests and Water. 

Federal Forest Policy. 


“With the above reports by special 
sub-committees, the General Forestry 
Committee also submitted a general 
report giving a synopsis of these sub- 
committee reports, and also published 
an exhaustive and able report on 
‘State Forest Organization with special 
reference to Fire Protection’ by Mr. J. 
Girvin Peters, Chief of State Coopera- 
tion in the U. S. Forest Service. These 
reports are without doubt the best full 
summary ever made of the whole 
forestry situation in our country. The 
various committees were composed of 
picked men, experts on the subjects 
treated, and the reports are obtainable 
by application to Mr. P. S. Ridsdale, 
Executive Secretary of the American 
Forestry Association, 1410 H Street, 
Ne Wa, Washineton. D.C.” 

Dr. Drinker in his address then 
touched on the early history of the 
American Forestry Association and of 
the Pennsylvania Forestry Association, 
paying tribute to the services to the 
cause by Dr. J. T. Rothrock and Mr. 
John Birkinbine as Secretary and as 
President of the latter Association, 
founded so long ago as 1886, and then 
said: 

“These initial movements have now 
so spread that the Forestry State 
Organizations and the various Forestry 
Associations in the United States 
cover: 


208 


33 States having Forestry Departments; 
17 States having Conservation Com- 
missions and Similar Organizations; 

2 National Conservation Organizations; 

2 National Forestry Organizations; 

23 National, State, and Local Forestry 
and Conservation Organizations; 

42 Conservation, Timber Protective, and 
Allied Associations; 


And there are now in operation: 


23 schools with courses leading to a 
Degree in Forestry; 

11 schools with courses covering one or 
more years in Forestry; 

42 schools with short courses in Forestry. 


“This is the machinery now in 
existence, and rapidly enlarging, for the 
study and care of our forest interests. 
Now what in fact do those interests 
comprise, succinctly stated— 

‘“The forests of the United States at 
this date (1914) cover 550,000,000 
acres, National, State and private, 
divided as follows: 


295,000,000 acres corporations and individuals; 
100,000,000 acres farm woodlots; 
140,000,000 acres national forests; 
10,000,000 acres Indian reservations; 
3,246,000 acres state forests; 
2,000,000 acres National parks. 


“The annual product of the forests 
amounts to about 20 billion cubic feet, 
or about 140 billion board feet. 

“The lumber industry ranks first in 
number of wage earners and third in 
value of products in our country. 
According to the Census of 1909, the 
latest actual figures available, the 
number of wage earners is 734,989. The 
value of forest products in that year is 
given as $1,156,129,000. The forest 
Service approximates the present value 
as $1,250,000,000. 

“The money paid out for salaries and 
wages was in 1909, $366,167,000, of 
which $47,428,000 was for salaries and 
$318,739,000 for wages. 

“Surely interests so large are worth 
caring for. What are we doing to 
preserve and foster them? It was first 
said by, I think, Gifford Pinchot, that 
the two great enemies of forestry, of 
our woodland growth, are Forest Fires 
and Unwise Taxation. The country has 
measurably been awakened to the fire 
danger. The United States Forest 
Service notably has done and is doing 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


immensely good and valuable work in 
this direction and not less then 29 
States make annual appropriations for 
forestry (including fire protection)— 
ranging in some few States from small 
amounts up to $164,500 in New York, 
and $328,000 in Pennsylvania, last year, 
the total in all the states so appropri- 
ating being $1,340,300. The various 
Forestry and Fire Protective Associa- 
tions are unceasingly active in fire 
protection work, led by the example of 
the Great Western Forestry and Con- 
servation Association which embraces 
the States of Washington, Idaho, Mon- 
tana, California, and Oregon, and of 
which E. T. Allen, of Portland, is the 
well-known Forester. This Association 
set the example of printing and dis- 
tributing among the school children 
of those States, circulars containing 
succinct expressive lessons on the fire 
danger, luridly illustrated, and _ this 
example was followed in Pennsylvania 
in 1912 by the issuance and distribution 
among the 1,000,000 or more public 
school and parochial school children 
of the State, of a Fire Circular prepared 
and published jointly by the Penn- 
sylvania Forestry Association, the Penn- 
sylvania Conservation Association, the 
Philadelphia Commercial Museum, and — 
Lehigh University. This circular has © 
been copied and issued in Massachusetts 
by the Massachusetts Forestry Associa- 
tion and distributed among the 450,000 
Public School Children of that State, 
and also in North Carolina by the 
North Carolina Forestry Association, 
and such issue is contemplated in other 
States, the importance of impressing on 
school children throughout the country 
the danger and the useless and great 
loss resulting from woodland fires being 
widely felt. A burned building can be © 
comparatively soon rebuilt, but it re- 
quires a great many years to grow a 
forest. When fire runs through the 
woods practically all the young trees 
are killed and most of the older ones 
greatly injured or distroyed, and so also 
are the live seeds and nuts in and on 
the ground, all the laurel and berry 
plants, and the humus or mould soil 
which holds the stored water from the 
rainfall, and from which our springs, 


FORESTRY ADDRESS TO STUDENTS 


creeks, and rivers are kept flowing dur- 
ing the summer and in times of drought. 

‘“So much for Forest Fires—now as 
to Unwise Taxation: 

“Remember that a farmer growing 
grain may annually harvest and sell his 
crop, and have wherewith to pay his 
taxes, but the timber grower raises a 
crop that does not mature for thirty or 
forty or fifty years or more, and the 
taxes should be adjusted so as to bear 
on the yield when it comes with the 
cutting of the timber, and not be 
assessed and made payable annually, or 
the owner will cut and sell his timber to 
avoid the annual tax on a crop giving 

no annual return. Legislation of this 
nature formulated by Committees of 
the Pennsylvania Forestry and Con- 
servation Associations was enacted in 
Pennsylvania in 1913 to encourage re- 
forestation by private owners, and 
similar action has been taken in New 
York, Louisiana, and Connecticut, and 
is in contemplation in other States: 
Massachusetts and Ohio have recently 
adopted Constitutional amendments 
|permitting such legislation, and its 
importance is becoming generally ap- 
| preciated. 

| “Whether timber-growing will be 
jundertaken on any large scale by 
\private owners, in this country, even 
under the most favorable conditions of 
|protection, taxation, and location, is 
iproblematical. The work is apparently 
jone mainly for the Federal and State 
\Governments, though much can be done 
‘by the private citizen who remembers 
ithe Laird’s injunction in the ‘Heart of 
|Midlothian,’ when on his death-bed 
he enjoined tree-planting on his son, 
‘saying,—‘ Jock, when ye hae naething 
jelse to do, ye may be aye sticking in a 
tree; it will be growing, Jock, when ye’re 
jsleeping.’ Walter Scott, in a _ foot- 
‘note, says of this, ‘The Author has 
{been flattered by the assurance that 
this naive mode of recommending 
Jarboriculture (which was actually de- 
ivered in these very words by a High- 
| 
j 
, 


and laird while on his death-bed, to his 
on), had so much weight with a 
cottish earl as to lead to his planting 
large tract of country.’ 

“The National Government under 


| 
i 
' 


209 


the provisions of Acts of Congress 
enacted in 1891 and 1896 has set aside 
large areas for National Forest Reserves 
in some twenty States, about 140,000,- 
000 acres net area (not counting 
alienated lands located within the 
boundaries of the National Reserves): 
in addition to which there are nearly 
27,000,000 acres in Alaska, and about 
66,000 acres in Porto Rico, 167,066,000 
acres of Government Reserves; if we 
reckon with this the land located within 
the boundaries of the National Forests, 
approximately 21,000,000 acres which 
have been alienated, we have about 
188,000,000 acres in all. These re- 
serves are admirably managed by the 
United States Forest Service organized 
in the Department of Agriculture under 
the charge of Henry S. Graves, United 
States Forester. 

‘Fourteen states have set aside areas 
ranging from 1,950 acres in one state, to 
231,350 in Michigan, 400,000 in Wis- 
consin, 983,529 in Pennsylvania, and 
1,644,088 in New York, as State 
Forests, the total area so set aside in all 
States being 3,246,832 acres; and these 
States in their Forestry or Conservation 
Bureaus are studying and promoting the 
best utilization of these lands for the 
public needs. This is supplemented by 
the work of the Forestry schools and 
Forestry Associations of the land. A 
striking instance of this is shown in the 
study of harvest-bearing trees, made 
during the past summer by Professor 
J. Russell Smith of the Wharton School 
of Finance and Commerce of the 
University of Pennsylvania. 

“Tf we turn to the Bible for citations 
in forestry, we find a rather utilitarian 
view of forestry running through the 
citations—the interest seemed to center 
in the preservation only of fruit or nut- 
bearing trees; for instance in Deuter- 
onomy, Chapter 20, verses 19-20, it is 
written, (When thou shalt besiege a city 
a long time, in making war against it to 
take it, thou shalt not destroy the trees 
thereof by wielding an axe against them; 
for thou mayest eat of them, and thou 
shalt not cut them down, for is the tree 
of the field man that it should be 
besieged of thee? Only the trees which 
thou knowest that they be not trees 


210 AMERICAN 


for meat, thou shalt destroy and cut 
them down.) This Scriptural view seems 
to have been impressed on the Mediter- 
ranean littoral lands. Professor Smith’s 
- attention was drawn some years ago to 
the fact that much more attention was 
being given to the growth in the Medi- 
terranean countries than here of harvest 
yielding trees, and he went abroad 
during the past year and made a very 
valuable study of this subject. As he 
well says: 

“<The immediately important reason 
for the forestry movement is to prevent 
an impending wood famine, but the 
ultimately important call for tree plant- 
ing is to prevent the wasting of hilly 
lands and their destruction through 
erosion. This loss is irreparable. The 
farmer is accordingly being urged to 
reforest much of his steep land, which 
should never have been cleared. The 
argument in favor of this farm planting 
can. be greatly. strengthened if the 
farmer is urged to plant trees which 
will yield annual harvests rather than 
the one final harvest of wood which 
comes at the end of many years and 
makes a relatively meagre average an- 
nual return.’ 

“Professor Smith tells us of grafted 
Chestnut forests on granitic mountain 
slopes in Corsica which cover large 
areas as steep as the slopes of the 
Appalachians, and that this one crop 
with the attending pasturage beneath 
the trees serves to keep a fairly dense 
population in a prosperous condition— 
that a large proportion of the total 
pork product of the Iberian Peninsula is 
due to acorn food. He suggests that, 
‘The honey locust has a sugary food 
around a nitrogenous bean with a 
total analysis much like that of the 
widely grown carob or St. John’s bread 
of the Mediterranean countries. The 
carob bean sells for Ic a pound and is a 
regular crop in extensive territories. 
While the carob will not grow in 
America, its age-long success (it fed 


FORESTRY 


the prodigal son, the scriptural swine, 
and St. John, the Baptist), suggests 
that we can use the allied bean-pro- 
ducing trees, honey locust and mesquite, 
for crop development in America. This 
is particularly the case because the 
mesquite has already become an im- 
portant crop in Hawaii, where it yields 
from four to ten tons per acre a year, 
the bean meal selling for $25 a ton as a 
substitute for bran. Both of these 
American beans are greedily devoured 
by animals wherever they can be found.’ 

‘Professor Smith urges that the ex- 
ample of the Corsica Chestnut forest, the 
Iberian cork and acorns, the carob, 
the mulberry and persimmon hog past- 
ures, the Hawaiian mesquite, and other 
promising nut and fruit bearing trees, 
seems to indicate the easy possibility 
of the development of a fruitful forestry 
rather than a wood forestry, where the 


conditions are proper, so that we may ~ 


have a plowless agriculture for steep 
lands, and he emphasizes the great im- 
portance of the development of tree 
grown forage crops. These suggestions 
are from letters from Professor Smith to 
me personally, and are only indications 
of the fuller information and conclusions 
which we may hope he will give us soon 


in published form of his original in- — 


se eK 


vestigations in this interesting phase 


of the forestry question.” 


Dr. Drinker closed his Oberlin address 
with the warning given in his Tome 
address, that the public in studying 
forestry and conservation should not be 
led aside by sentiment or wrong doctrine, 


that the main lesson of the conservation — 
of our natural resources is that they — 


shall not be locked up for the needs of 
future generations to the exclusion of 
the needs of today and that we should 
remember, as epitomized by Dr. C. W. 
Hayes, that conservation is “‘ Utilization 
with a maximum efficiency and a 
minimum waste.” 


Roadside signs, each containing a single catchy sentence in large type, are proving effective m 


warning against fires on western forests. 
tion against forest fires. 


They give the essentials and tell the importance of protec- 


SLATE FORBES IS AS. 1 


sIRD: SANCTUARIES 211 


A WInpdow Box IN MERIDAN SHOWING BIRDS FEEDING. 
Photo by Ernest Harold Baynes. 


STATE FORESTS AS BIRD SANCTUARIES® 


By Witiiam P. WHARTON 


N a recent address by the well-known 
naturalist, Mr.: Ernest Harold 
Baynes, on Bird Protection, the 
speaker began his remarks by asking 

three questions: (1) Do birds need pro- 
tection by man? (2) Is bird protection 
by man justified on purely economic 
grounds’ (3) If the answers to these 
two questions are affirmative, what 
methods can man employ to the best 
advantage to protect and _ increase 
birds? It requires but a few familiar 
illustrations from the history of bird 


life in this country to prove conclusively 
that nearly all species of birds must 
have some sort of protection {rom man 
if they are to survive. The passenger 
pigeon, the great auk, the Labrador 
duck, the Eskimo curlew are extinct 
chiefly as a result of unrestrained perse- 
cution by man, and the heath hen, 
upland plover, egret and others have 
been reduced to the danger point by the 
same cause. Many other species are 
rapidly diminishing as a direct or in- 
direct result of man’s activities. It is 


212 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


A Younc CHICKADEE AT Home, NEAR MeEripAN, N. H. 
Photo by Ernest Harold Baynes. 


needless to inquire further into a ques- 
tion the answer to which is so patent. 
The second question—that relating 
to the economic value of birds—is a 
more complex one, and the answer to 
it is not so universal in its application. 
The investigations of the U. S. Biolog- 
ical Survey, however, indicate strongly 
that birds as a whole are of the greatest 
value to the general agricultural inter- 
ests of the country. An insignificant 
minority of birds—as for instance the 
sharp shinned and Cooper’s hawks, 
which prey largely upon useful birds, 
and certain birds which do extensive 
damage to farm crops—has been con- 
demned, but the great majority of 
species have been found, through care- 


ful investigation of the contents of their 
stomachs, to be decidedly beneficial. 
Although the relation of birds to for- 
ests has not been studied quite so care- 
fully in this country as their relation to 
purely agricultural crops, yet consider- 
able data have been compiled on this sub- 
ject, and these indicate that birds in the 
forests are fully as useful as, and per- 
haps less harmful than, they are in the 
cultivated fields. 

Among the conspicuously useful forest 
birds in Massachusetts is the familiar 
chickadee, considerably over one half of 
whose food consists of moths, cater- 
pillars and other harmful insects and 
their eggs, including both tent cater- 
pillars, canker worms, codling moths, 


SLATH FORESTS’ AS 


gipsy and browntail moths, bark bettles, 
plant lice, and probably the white pine 
weevil, which latter does so much dam- 
age to young white pine stands in many 
parts of the State. The woodpeckers 
also are great forest protectors, 76 per 
cent of their food consisting of animal 
matter, largely boring beetles. It is 
hoped that the spread of the leopard 
moth, which has destroyed so many of 


BIRD SANCTUARIES 213 


4% 


the fine elms in Boston and its vicinity. 
will be checked in the rural districts by 
the woodpeckers, which are known™to 
feed on this pest. These birds and 
some others are working for us in Mas- 
sachusetts during the entire year. Other 
forest birds, as for instance the many 
species of wood warblers, the kinglets. 
cuckoos, certain flycatchers, thrushes, 
etc., are in the State only a part of the 


a 1h i.a ad ows 


ONE SIMPLE TYPE OF FEEDING DEVICE, WHICH CouLD BE UsEep to Goop ADVANTAGE 
IN THE STATE FORESTS. 


IT IS A “WEATHERCOCK’’ FOOD HOUSE WHICH SWINGS WITH THE WIND. 


Photo by Ernest Harold Baynes. 


214 AMERICAN 


year, but during that period they are of 
vast importance as checks upon the in- 
crease of insects injurious to forest 
trees. Finally certain birds of prey, 
such as the sparrow, marsh, and red 
shouldered hawks, and the little screech 
owl, should not be forgotten; for, by 
preying on the mice which girdle young 
trees, and on other rodents, they per- 
form a valuable service to the forester. 
Itfis hardly necessary to go further into 
a subject regarding which there is prac- 


FORESTRY 


measures should be taken to protecf 
and increase such birds. The city to 
Frankfurt am Main expends about $400 
annually in such work. An area of a 
hectare, adjacent to one of the forest 
nurseries, has been especially set aside 
for bird protective work in an intensive 
way. Of the 100 specially constructed 
nesting boxes on this area, 90 per cent 
are said to be occupied by birds each 
year. Feeding stations and baths are 
also maintained, one of the latter being 


A NEARER VIEW oF A NEST PLATFORM MADE BY 
PRUNING OF A THORN Busu. 


Owing to the rather dense foliage the structure 
of the “‘whorl’’ cannot be clearly seen. Estate 
of Baron Von Berlepsch. 


tically no difference of opinion among 
investigators. We may therefore as- 
sume that bird protection in the forests 
is justified and desirable on purely eco- 
nomic grounds. 

It is interesting to note that German 
foresters reached this conclusion as re- 
gards their forest birds some time ago, 
and they are now showing us how to 
answer the third question, as to what 


ONE OF THE Nest PLATFORMS FORMED BY THE 
PRUNING OF A THORNBUSH. 


The shoots are cut back each year, in order that 
leaves may surround and protect th: nest. 
Estate of Baron Von Berlepsch. 


so constructed that the water is pre- 
vented from freezing in cold weather by 
the heat of kerosene lamps beneath it, 
while blocks of wood and perches are 
set in the water at varying depths to 
accommodate different species of birds. 
Darmstadt has placed some 6,000 nest- 
ing boxes in her woods, of which be- 
tween 80 per cent and 90 per cent are 


SrALE FORESTS 


AS BIRD SANCTUARIES 


© 
eat 


FLICKER ABOUT TO FEED YOUNG AT ENTRANCE HOLE OF A BERLEPSCH Nest Box 
NEAR MERIDEN, N. H 


occupied yearly, has established thirty 
feeding, drinking and bathing stations 
for birds, and planted two areas with 
special shrubs adapted to pruning for 
bird-nesting purposes. In the Heidel- 
berg forests, besides nesting boxes, 
single shrubs or small groups of species 
similar to those at Darmstadt are 
planted in young plantations of forest 
trees, and so pruned as to form plat- 
torms for the nests of birds that nest 
naturally in shrubs and trees, after the 
method devised and practiced with 


: Photo by Ernest Harold Baynes. 


such wonderful success by Baron Hans 
Von Berlepsch on his estate at Seebach, 
Germany. Here too are about fifty 
feeding stations. At Baden Baden, 
also, nesting boxes have been hung in 
the forest, and plantations established; 
but here, owing probably to the presence 
of old trees having natural cavities, 
probably not over one third of the boxes 
are occupied. To my questions at 
these places the foresters’ answers were 
always substantially the same: ‘“‘We 
consider birds of great importance in 


Or 


216 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


TuHE ‘“‘AupUBON Foop House.” 


CoPIED FROM A Foop HOUSE ORIGINATED BY BARON 


VON BERLEPSCH. 
THIS ONE STANDS IN MERIDEN, N. H. 


the protection of the forest, and we be- 
lieve that there is less damage from in- 
jurious insects at present than before 
these bird protective measures were 
practiced.”’ 

Probably the most convincing in- 
stance of the value of birds in control- 
ling insect outbreaks in the forest 
occurred in 1905, in the private forest 
of Baron Hans Von Berlepsch, who has 
been mentioned as the originator of the 
special measures of protection which are 
being copied in the forests of the valley 
of the Rhine. Parenthetically it should 
be stated here that the Baron’s system 
consists in supplying to birds their 
three chief needs: (1) Favorable nesting 
sites, of which many of the original 
natural ones are removed by the in- 


Photo by Ernest Harold Baynes. 


tensive practice of agriculture and 
forestry; (2) Food and water in larger 
quantities than would naturally be 
present, especially in winter; (3) Pro- 
tection from their natural enemies 
through the killing off of polecats, 
weasels, stray cats, English sparrows, 
certain hawks and jays, and some other 
predatory animals. In his forest the 
Baron placed several thousand nesting 
boxes, carefully made in imitation of the 
nesting holes excavated by the wood- 
peckers, which latter are commonly 
used by many of the most useful forest 
birds. These were placed from 30 to 
40 paces apart throughout the broadleat 
stands, and at various openings in the 
dense coniferous stands. The birds 
especially the woodpeckers and the tits 


[ 


THE CASTLE FROM THE PARK. ESTATE OF BARON VON BERLEPSCH. 
THE TREES AND SHRUBS ON EITHER SIDE OF THE VISTA ARE FILLED WITH BIRDS NESTS. 


HO 


STIVM AHL NI ACGVIN SHILIAVD 


‘saduid Ad GHIdNDDO AAV AITLSVD AHL 
“ONIGNNOUANS SHNAHS GNV SHAAL AHL NI sduld YAHLO ANVIN[GNV GNOd HHL LNOAXVY ISHN SNHHAOOW AO AlVd AXOW YO ANO 


‘HOSdaTaaG NOA NOUVG AO ALVISY ‘NUVd AHL WOU ATLSVD TVALSHONV AHL 


————EEEe 
— 


StAtTE FORESTS As BIRD SANCTUARIES 219 


A GENERAL VIEW OF ONE OF THE ‘‘SHELTERWOOD”’ Brrp NESTING PLANTATIONS OF SHRUBBERY ON THE BORDER 
oF A Woop, ESTATE OF BARON VON BERLEPSCH. 


—which latter are similar to our chick- 
adee—soon occupied approximately 90 
per cent of these boxes. In 1905 oc- 
curred a great outbreak of the destruc- 
tive moth called Tortrix Viridana. The 
woods surrounding those of Baron Von 
Berlepsch were stripped virtually clean, 
but the Baron’s trees, protected by the 
birds, and by no other known agency, 
retained their foliage, and stood out 
amid the surrounding desolation like a 
green oasis in a desert. 

The application of German methods 
to Massachusetts conditions will not, of 
course, be all plain sailing, but it may 
be reasonably assured that the general 
principles are as applicable here as 
there, and that the difficulties will come 
in adapting the German practices to 

erican environment. Probably 
everyone will agree that the useful non- 
game birds should receive in our State 
forests the same complete protection 
from molestation by man which they 
now enjoy under the law throughout 
Massachusetts. The next step, then, 
should be to protect them so far as 
practicable from their other enemies, 
and this object could be accomplished 
to a large degree by requiring wardens or 
rangers to kill off certain predatory 


creatures. Feeding stations and bird 
baths, established at favorable points 
in the forest, would undoubtedly attract 
and hold many birds which might other- 
wise pass on. The problem of nesting 
sites is more difficult. Owing in part 
to the comparative novelty of the arti- 
ficial nesting box, and in part to the 
presence of a good many natural nesting 
cavities in our forests, birds thus far 
have not taken readily to the former 
where they have been placed in the 
woods. Boxes so situated are usually 
occupied by squirrel or mice, or remain 
empty, though I am told that flickers 
and screech owls have been known to 
nest in them. On the edges of clearings 
and in old orchards and fields these 
boxes are now used to a considerable 
extent, and this is a hopeful sign of 
what may be expected later in the for- 
ests. For as the improvement of the 
forest proceeds, and dead and decayed 
trees are eliminated—thus approximat- 
ing German conditions—the birds will 
in all probability take more and more 
to the boxes, and a decrease in their 
numbers will thus be prevented. Then, 
becoming habituated to these artificial 
conditions, and increasing as a result of 
the protection and encouragement af- 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


A Row or Poplars WHOSE BRANCHES ARE CuT BACK TO THE TRUNKS EVERY FIVE oR Six YEARS TO FORM 
NESTING SITES. 
ONE OR TWO NEWTS OF THE YEAR WERE TO BE FOUND IN PRACTICALLY EVERY TREE. ESTATE OF BARON VON 
BERLEPSCH. : 


forded them in other ways, there is good 
reason to hope that ultimately they can 
be colonized in much larger numbers 
than are now present under natural 
conditions—in numbers large enough to 
control, as they do in Germany, many 
of the injurious forest insects. For birds 
nesting in the branches of trees and 
shrubs, the pruning of certain of these 
after the German plan, and the planting 
of hedges and undergrowth in certain 
places, will, if German results are any 
criterion, eventually produce a large in- 
crease in nesting birds. 

The effectiveness of the pruning of 
underplanted shrubbery on the estate 
of Baron Von Berlepsch is little short of 
marvelous. In a double row hedge of 
thorn (crataegus oxycantha) on the 
edge of a wood, the writer counted 
thirty-one nests of the year in a distance 
probably not much exceeding 300 feet, 
and would probably have found a pro- 
portionate number in the larger part 
still remaining, had the lateness of the 
hour not prevented. While awaiting 
the results of his pruning, Baron Von 
Berlepsch has found that the tying to- 
gether of the branches of bushes is 
effective as a temporary expedient. 
These methods, so far as known to the 


writer, have not as yet been given a 
trial in this country. 

One phase of this problem has thus 
far been unmentioned, that relating to 
the conservation of game birds in State 
forests. A detailed discussion of this 


A FAMILY OF YOUNG BLUEBIRDS ON ToP OF THE 
Nest Box in WHICH THEY WERE HATCHED 
NEAR MERIDEN, N. H. 


Photo by Ernest Harold Baynes. 


ee 


SrALE FORESTS As 


subject would require much more time 
and space than can be allotted to an 
article of this nature. In a general 
way most people will agree that such a 
splendid bird as our New England 
ruffed grouse, or partridge, should by 
some means be assured perpetuation in 
goodly numbers in our forests. With- 
out doubt this and other game birds 
would profit largely by the destruction 
of predatory animals and other measures 
for the protection of the other birds. 
The question then naturally arises, 
should shooting of game birds be allowed 
ontheseforests? Itisone perhaps which 
we are not yet quite ready to decide. 

In her large Forest Preserve, New 
York allows the taking of game under 
practically the same regulations as else- 
where in the State. Pennsylvania has 
marked off inviolable sanctuaries in the 
middle of many of her forests, and the 
overflow of game from these protected 
areas is said to be large. At a time 
when the posting of both public and 
private lands against shooting by the 
public is proceeding at a rapid rate, and 
many sportsmen are complaining bitterly 
because of that fact, it behooves us to 


BIRD SANCTUARIES 


ao1 


consider the future of the recreation of 
hunting for the average man. One 
means of assuring him the opportunity 
for healthful sport in the future is to 
make State forests public game pre- 
serves. Under game preserving meth- 
ods, State forest lands could probably 
be made to produce a large head of 
game annually, and a certain amount of 
carefully restricted shooting in them. 
would not decrease the breeding stock 
from year to year, and would be in 
no way inconsistent with the complete 
protection and increase of the non- 
game birds. Even on the remarkable 
sanctuary of Baron Von Berlepsch, a 
certain amount of game shooting is 
done, without resulting in any progres- 
sive decrease in the amount of game. 
Under any such arrangement, however, 
it is of the utmost importance that the 
management of the animal life (as well 
as the vegetable) be kept in competent 
hands and out of politics, to the end 
that the killing of game be regulated in 
such a way as to insure a plentiful 
supply at all times, and that the abund- 
ance of bird life be the primary con- 
sideration. 


*From an address at the annual meeting of the Massachusetts Forestry Association. 


Receipts from the use of national forest resources were greatest in Arizona last year. 


The State of New York has just published a comprehensive report of its wood-using industries. 


Of the three Pacific coast states, Oregon and Washington far outstrip California in the work 
done by private owners for forest protection. 


Manufacturers of greenhouses and makers of boxes are getting in touch so that the latter may use 
for box cleats the cypress waste from the greenhouses. 


The development of quicksilver mines promises to make large demands for cordwood and con- 
struction timbers on the Tonto national forest, Arizona. 


Dr. C. D. Marsh, of the Federal Bureau of Plant Industry, is delivering a series of illustrated 
lectures to stockmen in the west on the subject of plants poisonous to stock. 


The Biltmore Forest School, established in 1898 and therefore the oldest forest school in America, 
has been discontinued. Dr. C. A. Schenck, its director, has returned to his home in Germany. 


Lodgepole pine seed sown broadcast on the snow in southern Idaho last spring germinated when 
the snow melted, and as many as 60 little trees were counted to the square foot. The summer was so 
dry, however, that most of the plants died, except where sheltered by brush or logs. 


FOREST NOTES 


Over 60 acres of land on the College 
Campus at the Pennsylvania State 
College have been set aside permanently 
by the Trustees of the College for the 
gradual development of a forest arbor- 
etum. .The tract reserved for this 
purpose is within two minutes walk of 
the Forestry Building and lies next to 
the woodlot of 18 acres which now serves 
as the ‘‘woods laboratory” of the forest 
school. It is planned to gather together 
in this arboretum the shrubs and trees 
that are indigenous to the State of 
Pennsylvania. No such collection now 
exists and from a botanical standpoint 
such a collection will be of great value to 
botanists everywhere. In addition all 
trees that can be grown in the climate 
of Pennsylvania, both native and for- 
eign, will be planted. Such trees: as 
may be of value for making forest 
plantations will be grown in clumps of 
a quarter acre each, so that they will 
grow under forest conditions and de- 
velop the form of bole and crown char- 
acteristic of forest-grown trees. Each 
of the trees as well as all others will 
also be grown as individuals so as to 
develop the natural beauty and form 
of these trees when grown in the open, 
which makes them of value for decorat- 
ive purposes. Many experiments will 
be carried on in connection with the 
arboretum and data taken as to the 
growth and development of the trees, 
their value for forest and decorative 
purposes and their suitability to the 
climate of Pennsylvania. Planned as 
the arboretum is on such a wide scale, 
with the possibility of the tract being 
greatly extended, should the demand 
ever come, it is believed that the forest 
arboretum at State College will in 
time take its place among the famous 
tree gardens of the country. 


A Division of Forestry has been 
established in the College of Agriculture 
at the University of California. Profes- 
sor Walter Mulford, at present head of 
the Department of Forestry at Cornell 
University, has been appointed to take 
charge of the work at Berkeley. 


222 


Mr. M. B. Pratt has been appointed 
assistant professor in the new Division. 
At the time of his appointment to the 
faculty of the University, Mr. Pratt 
was Deputy Supervisor of the Tahoe 
National Forest in California. Mr. 
Pratt is already in Berkeley, and is 
giving during the present college term 
a non-professional lecture course on 
general forestry. 


After a careful canvass of 87 of a list 
of 194 lumber mills in Washington. 
which Representative Humphreys, of 
that State, had charged were closed 
down on account of the new tariff, Sec- 
retary of Commerce Redfield has de- 
clared that lumber conditions were the 
same as usual at this season of the year, 
and that not a single manufacturer or 
operator could be found who would 
<edmit that the tariff has anything to 
do with the present situation. 


Secretary Redfield, in a letter to Mr. 
Humphreys, quoted from a report made 
to him by T. M. Robertson and William 
H. England, special agents of the 
Department of Commerce, following 
a visit to the State of Washington. 


Some of the acacias, a group of trees 
with a world-circling range, are so 
valuable as a source of tannin and tim- 
ber, says the Department of Agriculture 
in a bulletin recently issued, that their 
commercial cultivation in certain por- 
tions of the United States may prove 
extremely profitable. Aside from their 
value for tannin and lumber, the de 
partment goes on to say, they are well 
adapted to the reclamation of sandy 
and semi-desert lands, some species 
being able to thrive with only three 
inches of rainfall. 


All told, there are about 450 species 
of acacias, 300 of which are Australian 
species and the rest scattered over the 
world, principally in Asia, Africa, and 
America. Australian acacias were in- 
troduced into California at about the 
same time the eucalypts were, and like 


FOREST NOTES 


the latter have thrived there. Like 
the eucalypts, too, they are not resist- 
ant to frost. 

With so many species of acacias 
there is naturally no form and no rate 
of growth that is common to the whole 
group. Some acacias are mere herba- 
ceous plants; some are towering trees; 
most are shrubs, and some, in fact, are 
vines or climbers. The largest acacia 
grows more than 160 feet high, with 
a trunk clear of branches for 50 or 60 
feet and a diameter of from 2 to 4 feet. 


That the Federal Government assume 
jurisdiction over the Glacier National 
Park is one of the recommendations 
made by the superintendent of the 
Glacier National Park, in his annual 
report to Secretary Lane. Jurisdiction 
over the park has been ceded by the 
State of Montana but has never been 
accepted by the United States, although 
a bill providing for th: acceptance of 
the jurisdiction has passed the Senate 
and is now pending in the House of 
Representatives. ‘‘Until such juris- 
diction is accepted by Congress,” says 
the Superintendent, ‘“‘and laws made 
governing the park reservation, serious 
and endless confusion and annoyance 
will be encountered in administering 
the park rules and regulations.”’ 


A large class of students taking work 
in the forestry department at the 
Michigan Agricultural College spent 
their Christmas vacation in the lumber- 
ing districts of West Virginia studying 
the logging and milling operations of 
hemlock and spruce. The students 
were accompanied by Prof. F. H. San- 
ford and Instructor I. W. Gilson. 

The headquarters were made in 
Davis and the operations on the hold- 
ings of the Babcock Lumber and Boom 
Company were studied very intensively. 
The timber being cut was some fifteen 
or eighteen miles from the mill and was 
mostly hemlock with some _ spruce, 
the remaining stand being maple, pop- 
lar, beech, birch, and a few gums. The 
company owns many thousand acres 
and has about six years cut standing. 
The stands average 25,000 to 30,000 
board feet per acre and their mills 


992 
aS) 


(hardwood and _ softwood) handle 
30,000 to 100,000 board feet per day 
respectively. 

The students had a train at their 
disposal and took trips to the woods 
every day where power skidding, animal 
skidding, felling, bucking, steam load- 
ing, road building, and track laying 
operations were studied. A full week 
was spent in the woods on the above- 
mentioned operations and then a trip 
was made over the whole area with the 
supply train. This completed the 
woods work. 

The second week was spent in the 
mills. The work here comprised mill 
tallying, cost of materials and cost per 
thousand feet of the different opera- 
tions, sawyers were checked, mills and 
the yards were mapped, and the planing, 
lath, and kindling mill operations were 
carefully studied. After completing the 
work the West Virginia Pulp and Paper 
Mill was visited and a whole day was 
spent studying the different operations 
there. The last day was spent in the 
Independent Tannery and some very 
interesting data were obtained in regard 
to the tannin content of different tree 
barks and nuts. 

Other studies were planned but the 
time allowed was up and the boys 
packed up and ieft for Lansing, Michi- 
gan, and reached there at the beginning 
of the second week of school. 


Arrangements have just been com- 
pleted between several Granges and 
Schools in Rensselaer and Columbia 
counties, New York, and The New York 
State College of Forestry at Syracuse 
University for a number of illustrated lec- 
tures upon Forestry. Professor Russell 
T. Gheen, a graduate of the Department 
of Forestry of the Pennsylvania State 
College and now instructor in the College 
of Forestry, will speak before several 
granges in New York during March. 
Professor Gheen will have with him 
several sets of attractive lantern slides 
and will talk on such subjects as ‘The 
Reforestation of the Idle Lands of New 
York,” ‘‘The Forests of New York Past 
and Present,”’ ‘‘The Improvement of the 
Farm Woodlot”’ and ‘‘The Utilization of 
Waste Portions of the Farm by the 
Planting of Forest Trees.” 


224 


The tenth annual meeting of the Ohio 
State Forestry Society was held in 
Columbus, Ohio, recently. A number 
of interesting addresses were given and 
all present were enthusiastic and felt 
they were doing a good work. The 
officers of last year were reelected: 
President, Wm. R. Lazenby, Columbus, 
Vice President, W. J. Green, Wooster; 
Secretary, J. J. Crumley, Wooster; 
Treasurer, H. C. Rogers, Mechanics- 
burg. 


Three thousand acres of public tim- 
ber land valued at nearly $170,000 have 
been recovered by the Department of 
the Interior from those who had made 
fraudulent entries thereon. A _ long 
litigation was involved in this suit, 
which ended in favor of the Government 
in the Circuit Court of Appeals having 
jurisdiction of the Lewiston, Idaho, 
land district. This suit and six others 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


which were won in Idaho, Montana, 
and Oklahoma restored to the public 
domain a total of over four thousand 
acres. This culmination is in line with 
the announced policy of Secretrry Lane, 
which is that of no compromise for those 
charged with public-land frauds. 


Other suits brought by the Depart- 
ment of the Interior, in cooperation 
with the Department of Justice, during 
the month of December, 1913, were 
recommended for timber depredations 
on the public domain in Alabama, 
Florida and Mississippi, involving dam- 
ages to the extent of over $5,000. 


Two judgments in favor of the Gov- 
ernment in timber depredation cases 
were secured in Arkansas and Idaho. 
Two suits were recommended to set 
aside patents fraudeulntly acquired in 
Mississippi and Washington. 


IMPORTANT FORESTRY LEGISLATION 
IN VIRGINIA 


IRGINIANS are making a de- 
y, termined effort to secure the 

passage of a bill looking toward 

the better protection and de- 
velopment of the forest interests of the 
State and the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation is endeavoring to arouse interest 
throughout the State in the measure. 
Probably the first State in the Union to 
begin exploiting the forests and still 
ranking sixth as a lumber producing 
State, Virginia has never given any 
special care to the conservation and 
improvement of her forest resources. 
The best available information shows 
that fifteen million acres, or half of the 
State, are in forest, and no other State 
has more magnificent forests, yet few 
States have done less to preserve this 
great resource, that stands next to 
agriculture in value of products and 
labor, in the State. 

The agricultural bill has provided in 
the past that the Commissioner of 
Agriculture shall investigate the forest 
resources of the State and recommend 


measures for the, better development of 
the forests. Under this act, $10,000 
has been spent in the past two years in 
fighting the chestnut blight, and two 
bulletins in cooperation with the Forest 
Service have recently been published 
on the wood using industries of the 
State, and on the management of short- 
leaf pine. 

A bill to create the office of State 
Forester under the direction of the 
State Geological Commission was re- 
cently introduced into the Virginia 
legislature by Hon. J. G. Blackburn 
Smith, patron of the bill in the Senate. 
The bill has received much favorable 
comment from all parts of the State, 
from timber owners, lumbermen and 
allied interests. A public hearing was 
held in the Hall of the House of Dele- 
gates on Wednesday evening, February 
25, before a joint session of the Com- 
mittees on Mining and Agriculture of 
both houses. The hearing was well 
attended and much interest was shown. 
Among those who spoke in fayor of 


IMPORTANT FORESTRY LEGISLATION 


the bill were Senator Smith, T. B. 
Robertson, Delegate from Northamp- 
ton, Dr. Lambeth of the University of 
Virginia, J. Girvin Peters, represent- 
ing the Forest Service, and Samuel B. 
Detwiler, representing the American 
Forestry Association. 

The bill, as originally introduced, 
provided for a separate forestry board 
and an appropriation of $10,000 per 
year, but the sentiment of the State 
appears to be against the formation of 
new commissions. Accordingly a sec- 
ond bill was introduced by Senator 
Smith, placing the forestry work under 
the direction of the State Geological 
Commission (composed of the Gov- 
ernor, the president of the University 
of Virginia, the president of the Vir- 
ginia Polytechnic Institute, the presi- 
dent of the Virginia Military Institute 
and one citizen from the State at large). 
Until 1916, the bill provides that the 
expenses incurred in the organization 
and operation of the forestry depart- 

_ ment are to be paid out of the budget of 
the University of Virginia. 

The other provisions of the bill are 
very similar to those in the law now in 
successful operation in Kentucky. The 
principal powers conferred on the for- 
estry commission by the bill are as 
follows: 

1. The appointment of a technically 
trained man as State forester. 

2. The commission has the power 
to purchase lands suitable for forest 
reserves at a price not exceeding $10 
per acre. It may establish a forest 
nursery and distribute seeds and seed- 
lings to citizens under proper regula- 
tions. It also has the power to sell the 
dead, mature or large growth of trees 
on the forest reservations, and also the 
, mineral rights. 

3. The commission is empowered to 
carry on investigations in forest manage- 


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220 


ment, to take measures to preventt he 
destruction of forests by fire (including 
cooperation with U. S. Forest Service 
and the appointment of forest wardens), 
and to assist public and private owners 
in the protection, management and re- 
placement of timber. It is also. pro- 
vided that they shall investigate the 
streams and navigable rivers to deter- 
mine methods, means and cost of im- 
proving the same, of preventing their 
pollution, of conserving the water sup- 
ply, and of developing the power and 
other features by which the streams 
and rivers may be made of most value 
to the State. 


4. The State Forester has supervi- 
sion and direction of all forest interests 
in the jurisdiction of the State, includ- 
ing charge of forest wardens, enforce- 
ment of fire and other laws for the 
protection of woodlands, carrying on 
investigations of the forests and waters 
of the State, and of an educational 
campaign in the interest of forestry. 


The patrons of the bill in the House 
of Delegates are John M. Steck, W. T. 
Oliver, N. E. Spessard, F. B. Robertson, 
iui CGrasty. Rob Willis and C.J. 
Duke. 


The need in Virginia of an organized 
forestry department is so apparent and 
the bill provides for such a very modest 
start, that it is to be hoped that favor- 
able action will be taken before the 
close of the legislative session on March 
14. That there is much interest in the 
measure is shown by the fact that the 
present bill has had a favorable hearing 
and appears to have the approval of a 
great variety of interests from all parts 
of the State. Forestry bills introduced 
in 1906 and 1908, by Col. Eugene C. 
Massie, and ably championed by him, 
could not be brought to a hearing be- 
cause of lack of interest. 


| _Dr. B. E. Fernow, Dean of the Forest Faculty of the University of Toronto, is President of the 
Society of Canadian Foresters, a flourishing association of some fifty members, and ‘was also recently 
| elected President of the Society of American Foresters. 


The statement was inadvertently made in 


the February issue of AMERICAN FoRESTRY that this latter organization was the only one of professional 
Soresters in the Western hemisphere. Dr. Fernow calls attention to the fact that there are two. 


| 


company's nursery at Cheshire. 


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} 


The North-Eastern Forestry Company has moved 1ts main office from New Haven, Conn.. to the 


FOREST FIRES CONTROLLED 


URING 1913 the forces on the 
national forests fought 4,520 
fires, or nearly twice as many 


as started in 1912, the best 
year the forests have ever had. 


Notwithstanding the great increase 
in the number of fires, Forester Graves 
considers that the showing made by the 
Forest Service was quite as favorable as 
that in the preceding year, because 
the damage done and the costs of fire 
fighting were no greater proportionately 
than in 1912. In both years practically 
50 per cent of all fires were detected 
and extinguished before they burned 
over a quarter of an acre, and 25 per 
cent of both years’ fires were put out 
before they covered 10 acres. Of last 
year’s fires, 3,278, or considerably more 
than the whole number of fires in 1912, 
were confined to areas of less than 10 
acres, and in 1,080 additional fires less 
than $100 damage was done by each. 
In only 25 fires did the damage amount 
to $1,000. 


The aggregate loss in timber is 
estimated at nearly 59 million board 
feet, valued at about $82,000, and the 
damage to young growth and forage is 
estimated at about $110,000, making a 
total of about $192,000. About 18 per 
cent of this loss, however, was incurred 
on private lands within the forests 
where 16 per cent of the fires had their 
origin. 

One encouraging feature is that the 
total number of fires set by railroad 
locomotives was scarcely more than in 
the preceding year and represented only 
12 per cent of all fires, as against nearly 
19 per cent in 1912; also the proportion 
set by sawmills and other engines in the 
woods was considerably less than in 
1912. This indicates very plainly, Mr. 
Graves says, that the public is awaken- 
ing to the need of spark arresters and 
care with engines in the woods. 


CAUSES OF INCREASE IN FIRES. 


_ Looking for the reason of the increase 
in number of fires, the forester finds 
three main causes: 


226 


First of all, the unprecedented electric 
storms which swept the whole state of 
California at the end of a long dry 
season and set, almost simultaneously, 
about 700 fires. The 804 fires set by 
lightning in California formed nearly 
50 per cent of the 1,628 fires on the 
national forests of the State from all 
causes, and were more than half of the 
1,571 lightning-set fires in all the 21 
states reporting. 

In the second place, there were 757 
fires which started outside the forests, 
of which 644 were stopped by the Gov- — 
ernment’s fire fighters before they 
reached the forest boundaries, as against 
424 which started on outside areas in 
1912. However, the proportion of such 
fires to all those which the service 
battled with was about the same for 
1912 and 1913. 

The other increased cause of fires was 
incendiarism, but this increase was con- 
fined to three States, Arkansas, Cali- 
fornia, and Oregon, all others showing 
a marked decrease. Of the 452 incend- 
iary fires, 128 were in Arkansas, 133 in 
California and 142 in Oregon, where 
two brothers were known to have set 72 
on one forest alone. These two and 
other incendiaries were, of course, 
severely dealt with by the law. On the 
Arkansas forest, too, it has been assumed 
that the 351 fires classed under the 
general heading of “origin unknown” 
were mainly incendiary. In California 
the incendiary fires are largely attribu- 
table to what is known as the “‘light- 
burning theory,” which advances the 
argument that forests should be burned 
over frequently to prevent the accum- 
ulation of débris. The Forest Service 
considers this a pernicious theory be- 
cause it scars the standing timber and 
thus reduces its value; it robs the forest 
soil of its ability to retain moisture, and 
effectually prevents the reproduction of 
the forest, since such fires destroy all 
tree seedlings before they have a chance 
to get a good start. 


LIGHTNING CAUSED MOST FIRES. 
In 1912, lightning caused more fires 


FOREST FIRES CONTROLLED 


than any other agency, followed closely 
by railroads, campers and incendiaries, 
in the order given. In 1913, however, 
the fires caused by lightning outnum- 
bered the next nearest cause by more 
than three to one, but the order—rail- 
roads, campers and incendiaries—re- 
mained the same as in 1912. A con- 
siderable decrease in the proportion 
set by railroads and campers indicates, 
according to forest officers, a growing 
carefulness on the part of the general 
public. 

Last year, as in 1912, California led 
all others in number of fires, this lead 
being natural because California has 
such along dry season. It was followed 
by Arkansas, Arizona and Oregon, in 
the order named. Kansas, which had 
only one fire in 1912, escaped without 
any in 1913. North Dakota repeated 
its record of 1912 and had no fires on its 
one small forest. Not a single severe 
fire occurred during the year in District 
4, which includes Utah, Nevada, and 
southern Idaho, and in which a large 
proportion of the forests reported no 
fires at all. 


LOSSES ON PRIVATE LANDS. 


There was proportionately greater 
loss on private lands within the forest 
boundaries than on the public lands. 
It is pointed out by the forest officers 
that these lands cover approximately 11 
per cent of the total area included 
within the forest boundaries, yet the 
area burned over on these private lands 
was more than 25 per cent of all. The 
Forest Service expended more than 
$30,000 in protecting the private lands 
within the forests and lands adjacent 


99% 
was 


to and outside of the forests. In addi- 
tion to this cost, services and supplies 
to the value of more than $17,000 were 
contributed by cooperators for fire- 
fighting on these areas. 

In the middle of the fire season, that 
is in July, the Service had high hopes of 
small fire damage during 1913, and this 
hope kept up until the middle of 
September, when the fire season on the 
national forests ordinarily is about at 
an end. At that time there was less 
damage than had ever been recorded, 
and only 2,260 fires as against 2,470 
in 1912, with about 60,000 acres burned 
as compared with 230,000 in 1912 and 
780,000 in 1911. At the end of the 
month, however, the electric storms in 
California and one or two outbreaks of 
incendiarism changed the whole situa- 
tion. 

But even in the face of these diffi- 
culties, the firefighting force, with its 
plans and experience from preceding 
years, was able to cope with the situa- 
tion! In California, in particular, it 
was as if a military leader, represented 
by the District Forester at San Francisco, 
was holding, with a comparatively small 
number of men or a mere skirmish 
force, a line of defense extending 750 
miles in a north and south direction. 
This force received, as if from an attack 
by the heavy artillery of an opposing 
army, the electric storms, generally 
unaccompanied by rain, which played 
havoc all along the Sierras and the 
Coast Range. That the California 
force was able to cope with the situation 
was, according to Mr. Graves, an evi- 
dence of the efficiency of the men and 
the organization. 


The paper used by the government printing office each year requires approximately 125 million 
pounds of rag pulp and 490 million pounds of wood pulp. 


PF. A. Elliott, state forester of Oregon, says that cooperative fire patrol associations among lumber- 
men for prevention of forest fires have proved their worth. 


Of 606 fires last year on the national forests of Arizona, New Mexico, and Oklahoma, more than 
one-half were caused by lightning. Campers set about one-tenth, and railroads one-twentieth. 


Incense cedar is 
particularly troublesome. 


proving valuable for piling on the Pactfic coast where marine borers are 


NEED OF A FOREST LAW IN SOUTH CAROLINA 


EPRESENTATIVES of the 
RR American Forestry Association, 
the Forest Service and the 
Southern Commercial Congress 
appeared recently before a committee 
of the South Carolina Legislature and 
urged the passage of a State forestry 
bill quite similar to the bill passed some 
time ago in Kentucky and now in suc- 
cessful operation there. 

There is such a decided need for a 
forestry law in the State that the legis- 
lators are getting urgent demands from 
every county to give the proposed bill 
their earnest consideration. There is 
doubt, however, owing to the quickly 
approaching close of the session, as to 
whether the bill will get out of the hands 
of the committee. Its introduction has 
aroused so much interest, however, 
that if the bill does not pass at the 
present session it is almost certain to 
do so at the next session for by that 
time the American Forestry Association 
and other interests will have so im- 
pressed the people of the State with the 
need of a forestry law that the legis- 
lature will doubtless treat it as one of 
the most important measures before it. 


J. Girvin Peters, chief of the office of 
State Cooperation in the Forest Service, 
outlined lucidly to the committee the 
situation in the State. He said: 


“It is a wise policy and sound 
business for South Carolina to protect 
its forests, and in doing so it may 
secure the aid of the Federal Govern- 
ment. The value of these forests to 
the owners, to the wage earner and to 
the State is enormous. 


“‘Lumbering is the second most im- 
portant industry in South Carolina. 
The value of its products is not less 
than $15,000,000 annually. Of this 
sum, about $3,000,000 represents the 
value of the timber before it is cut. 
The remainder, approximately $12,- 
000,000, is the cost of manufacture, 
which goes principally in wages to the 
community. This industry employs 
over 15,000 wage earners, many of 
whom are skilled laborers. 


228 


“South Carolina has unique possibili- 
ties as a timber-producing State. Few 
other regions in the world are as favor- 
able to tree growth as the one in which 
it lies. Climate and soil combine to 
produce the most valuable timber in 
the shortest time, provided fire and 
unwise cutting are kept in check 
Nowhere else are there so many hard- 
wood species, while its coniferous forests 
are among the most valuable in the 
United States. So great is the region’s 
adaptability to forest growth that even 
worn-out farmland, no longer capable 
of supporting crops, will in time re- 
clothe itself with trees, if only these can 
escape the ravages of fire. 

“Fire is the forest’s greatest enemy. 
Since the first settlement of this country 
it has destroyed as much timber as 
lumbering has utilized. Nor does it 
confine its damage to the forest growth 
—the old trees of the present stand and 
the young ones which should furnish us 
our forests in the future. It rTebg 
the soil of its fe: tility; it sweeps away 
the cover provided by Nature for the 
watersheds, increasing the danger both 
of floods and of low water in the streams; 
it impairs these streams’ navigability; 
and it destroys property and interrupts 
business. A conservative estimate of 
the area burned over in South Carolina 
every year would be 400,000 acres, with 
a loss of nearly $300,000. To this loss 
must be added that resulting from 
floods and low water, the extent of 
which is only too well known to every 
citizen of the State. 

‘When fire destroys the young growth 
in the forest it takes away from the 
State an important source of future 
wealth, just as in the destruction of the 
older trees it removes a present source. 
Upon the young growth depends the 
permanency of the lumber industry in 
South Carolina. If it is left to burn 
there will be no forest in the years to 
come to supply the needs of the many 
wood-using industries. Cut-over lands 
will remain valueless if the young repro- 
duction which springs up after lumber- 
ing is not allowed _to grow. Its protec- 


————— es 


NEED OF A FOREST LAW IN SOUTH CAROLINA 229 


tion, on the other hand, will mean that 
when the present crop of merchantable 
timber is removed there will be another 
to take its place. 

“As a result of forest fires and conse- 
quent deterioration of the soil and 
elimination of the more valuable tree 
species, South Carolina today contains 
vast areas of unproductive waste land, 
or else land on which such valuable 
trees as white oak and yellow poplar 
have been supplanted by the black 
oaks and other inferior species. 

“The blight of fire on the watersheds, 
which bares the slopes so that there is 
no impediment to run-off, is invariably 
reflected in the greater likelihood of 
floods and of low water. Very few 
States have as much at stake in the 
maintenance of an equitable streamflow 
as has South Carolina. Memory of the 
disastrous floods of 1903 is still fresh in 
your minds. So important does the 
Federal Government consider the rela- 
tion of forest fires to stre-mflow that 
Congress enacted the so-called ‘““Weeks 
Law,” which appropriated $200,000 for 
cooperative work with the various 
States in protecting forests on the 
watersheds of navigable streams. It 
also appropriated $8,000,000 for the 
purchase of forested lands which are 
important in maintaining the navigabil- 
ity of water courses, and in purchasing 
such lands the Government pays a 
higher price for those which have not 
been badly burned than for tracts which 
have undergone the ravages of fire. 

“Tf an example were sought of results 
which follow excessive destruction of 
timber and wasteful methods of hand- 
ling it, it would be hard to find a better 
one than that presented by the history 
of the naval stores industry in South 
Carolina. From a sum reported to be 
nearly $2,000,000 in 1879, the value of 
the naval stores products in South 
Carolina decreased to $400,000 in 1909. 
The industry declined as the supply of 
longleaf pine steadily became scarcer. 
It can be rehabilitated only by pro- 
tecting the remaining longleaf pine 
from fire and adopting proper methods 
of management. Starting in North 
Carolina, th: industry moved to South 
Carolina, which at one time marked 


the center of production. With the 
depletion of the timber resources in 
these two States, it moved again to 
Georgia, and is now concentrated in 
the pineries of Florida. Yet the perma- 
nency of the naval stores industry, 
which means so much to the prosperity 
of the Southern States and to the 
country at large, could have been 
maintained by the exercise of fore- 
thought and a little effort, especially on 
the part of the State. 

‘France is one of the largest producers 
of naval stores, and this result has been 
brought about not through a gift of 
Nature, but by the efforts of the 
French people. Something over a mil- 
lion acres of shifting sands have been 
transformed by the French Forest 
Service into a flourishing forest region 
which supplies all the naval stores of 
that country. In our own country the 
United States Forest Service is now ex- 
perimenting on its National Forest in 
Florida with the maritime pine of 
France, which resembles our loblolly 
in rapidity of growth, and yields tur- 
pentine equal in quality to that from 
the fast disappearing longleaf. The 
experiments promise to go a long way 
toward solving the problem of reforest- 
ing our depleted Southern pineries, and 
I mention this instance and that of 
France merely to show that by taking 
th nece sary measures it may be 
possible to renew and keep the naval 
stores industry in the Southern States, 
where it originated. 

“South Carolina has a productive for- 
est area of about 10,000,000 acres. On 
this area as a whole it is safe to say that 
the average annual production per acre 
does not amount to more than 75 board 
feet of log material. This means that 
the total annual growth of the forest 
of the State is something like 750,000,000 
board feet of timber. The annual cut, 
on the other hand, is estimated at one 
billion board feet, which exceeds the 
annual growth by 250,000,000 feet. To 
put the fact in another way, one-third 
more timber is each year being taken 
from the forests of South Carolina than 
is being produced. And this does not 
take into consideration the large amount 
of material used for domestic purposes 


230 AMERICAN 


such as fire wood and fence rails. With 
this drain continued it can readily be 
seen that the forest wealth of the State 
will eventually become exhausted. 


‘““There is no need, however, for this 
to come about, By the application of 
forestry with fire protection as the first 
step, the annual growth could not only 
be made equal to the present cut, but 
it could in all probability be doubled, 
permitting a gradual increase in the 
cut without injury to the forest. 

“An increase in the annual yield of 
only 10 board feet per acre would give 
an additional timber growth in South 
Carolina of 100,000,000 board feet. 
With a conservative sale value of $15 
per thousand when manufactured, this 
would mean an increased annual in- 
come from timber products of $1,500,- 
000 distributed principally among those 
who furnish the labor and materials for 
marketing the products. To obtain 
this increased income the State could 
well afford to invest an appropriation 
of $10,000, $20,000, or even $30,000. 
Sums such as these would, moreover, be 
very cheap insurance for the protection 


FORESTRY 


of standing timber estimated to be 30 
billion board feet worth at least $60,- 
000,000 to the owners, and many times 
that to the people of the State if saved 
for manufacture. 

“Tn framing forest legislation for South 
Carolina, one important fact should be 
kept in mind. Practically all the tim- 
ber of the State is in the hands of 
private owners. If forestry is to be 
practiced in South Carolina, then, it 
must be by these same owners of forest 
land. For this reason the State should 
endeavor to make the practice of for- 
estry by private owners as easy as 
possible by removing such a serious 
obstacle as lack of protection from fire. 
At the same time it should educate the 
owners of timberland, through actual 
cooperation with them, to the need of 
adopting practical forestry on their 
holdings. This should be South Caro- 
lina’s chief aim in forestry. It can be 
accomplished by (1) the organization of 
a non-partisan forest department, (2) 
the appointment of a technically trained 
man as State forester, (3) the establish- 
ment of a fire protective system, and 
(4) an adequate appropriation of funds.” 


FIRE SEASON CLOSED 


ITH the snows which fell 
early in January, the fire 
season in the southern Ap- 


palachain mountains has 
practically closed for this winter. The 
record of fires on the land which the 
government has acquired for national 
forests was much better during Decem- 
ber than in November. During No- 
vember forest officers reported 47 fires 
on or near government land, while in 
December there were only twelve. Of 
course, part of this decrease is due to the 
colder weather. 
In all approximately 700,000 acres 
have been protected from fire during 
December. ‘The total area burned over 


will not exceed 300 acres; the foresters 
consider this, as compared with the 
acreage under protection, comparatively 
insignificant, and point out that it 
forms less than one-twentieth of cne 
per cent of the area under protection. 
During January and February, it 
was not necessary to employ any fire 
fighters or patrolmen. However, if the 
snow should disappear and the leaves 
get dry, patrol will be started again. 
The spring fire season usually opens 
about the first of March. From this 
time until the green vegetation is well 
established in May, it is necessary to 
patrol the woods with the greatest care. 


The forest service is compiling a new volume table for calculating the board contents of standing 


western yellow pine trees in the southwest. 


It is based on actual measurements of 6,000 trees. 


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LOBLOLLY PINE ADAPTED TO FORESTRY 


r | \HAT farmers and other land 
owners in Delaware, Maryland, 
and Virginia can put their worn- 
out or poorly drained land to 

profitable use by growing loblolly pine, 
is the statement made by the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture in a recent bulletin. 
For several generations, says the de- 
partment, it will probably be better to 
grow timber on such areas, at little 
outlay, than to incur the heavy expense 
of making them fit for crops. At the 
same time, intensive agriculture can be 
practiced on the limited areas best 
adapted to it. 

Loblolly pine, the department goes 
on to say, is easily the leading tree for 
commercial timber growing on the 
coastal plain of these three states, be- 
cause of the ease with which it repro- 
duces itself and forms pure, well-stocked 
stands, its rapid growth and the wide 
range of sites on which it will grow, the 
many uses to which its wood is adapted, 
the comparative cheapness of logging 
and milling the timber, and the good 
prices which its lumber brings. 

The best stands of loblolly ought to 
yield a money return of anywhere be- 
tween 4.5 and 10 per cent, on a 20-year 
rotation. On a 40-year rotation the 
best stands should bring in not less than 
6 per cent, and perhaps 8 or 9. 


STATE 


New Jersey. 


New Jersey is not letting up in her fight on 
the forest fires. Last year the fires were more 
in number than they were the year before and 
the damage done was somewhat greater, but 
the increase is accounted for by the fact that 
the spring was unusually dry and windy. 

The records seem to prove that the State 
has a firm grip upon fires started by brush 
burners since only 7 per cent of the total 
number were due to that cause—and brush 
burning in the New Jersey catalogue embraces 
every form of intentional fire setting except 
incendiarism. 

The season demonstrated again that the 
tailroad hazard is the most serious. It is 
therefore, announced that from now on every 


The range of uses for loblolly is wide, 
and it is sold throughout the eastern 
and central states and exported to 
Europe and Central America. In build- 
ing construction it is used for interior 
finish, flooring, ceiling, sashes, wains- 
coting, weather boarding, joists, lath 
and shingles. It also finds wide use 
for boxes, slack barrels, cheap furniture, 
woodenware and toys. In addition, it 
is used in bridge and trestle work and 
for freight cars. A good deal of lob- 
lolly pine is cut for cross-ties, which 
are given a preservative treatment. 
The wood is very easy to treat with 
chemical preservatives, and the recent 
development of wood impregnation 
processes and plants is rapidly increas- 
ing its use for many purposes. Few 
pines exceed it in use for fuel, and im- 
mense quantities of cordwood find a 
sale in cities as far north as Philadel- 
phia. A report of the woods in Mary- 
land in 1909 shows loblolly as exceeding 
all other woods combined in the manu- 
facture of boxes and crates, and as 
standing second in cooperage and basket 
making. 

According to the department, lob- 
lolly pine can be grown successfully in 
Kent and Sussex counties, Delaware; 
throughout eastern and southern Mary- 
land; and in eastern Virginia. 


NEWS 


effort will be directed toward the prevention 
of such fires. The Fire Line Law, under which 
upwards of 300 miles of fire lines have been 
constructed by the railroads, having been de- 
clared unconstitutional, a new act was prepared 
which probably would stand the test of the 
courts, but after considering the whole situa- 
tion it has been decided to introduce for enact- 
ment a brush disposal law and a fire patrol 
law. If both become effective the Forest 
Commission will be in a position to require 
the removal of all unusual hazards by those 
who are responsible. The brush disposal 
law will affect development projects (town lot 
schemes) in the main, since New Jersey’s 
lumber industry is restricted. The patrol 
act will require any agency, whether railroad 
or other, to maintain a patrol when in the 


231 


232 


judgment of the Forest Commission a dangerous 
hazard is found. Both these acts are believed 
to be more workable, because more elastic, 
than any other similar acts submitted for 
enactment in this country. 

The campaign against violators of the law 
is pursued with undiminished vigor, and to 
New Jersey still belongs the credit of proving 
that a law against firing the forest can be en- 
forced. The statement is made that during 
the year 1913, 350 violations were established, 
of which 39 were simply technical offenses, 
chiefly burning without a permit and starting 
back fires without the authority of a fire warden. 
In another form the statement is made that 52 
per cent of all the fires started, 678, large and 
small, were traced to their authors and fixed 
as violations of the law. Of the 350 violations 
the railroads were responsible for 255, brush 
burners for 72, smokers for 8 and miscellaneous 
agents for 15. The money penalties recovered 
in these cases amounted to $1,538.67 at the 
end of the fiscal year, October 31. Since that 
date further sums have been received on ac- 
count of 1913 fires sufficient to make the 
total penalties collected approximately $2,500. 


Massachusetts. 


The Massachusetts Forestry Association 
has offered a prize of a mile of street or road 
planted with shade trees to the town or city 
in Massachusetts which this spring plants the 
greatest number of shade trees in its streets in 
proportion to its population. Such a prize as 
this is to be based on the number of live trees of 
the spring planting when a count is made on 
September 15. At least fifty towns or cities 
must enter the contest, and already a large 
number have expressed the desire to do so. 
The mile of tree planting will require about 
two hundred trees. 


Maine. 


Prof. John M. Briscoe of the University of 
Maine announces that the camp course in 
forestry which he inaugurated last year will 
be continued this summer, and that he expects 
a large number of applicants. The course 
is for two weeks and many farmers and land 
owners take it. It gives them sufficient in- 
struction in general forestry to answer for 
themselves questions about the best ways of 
reforesting their waste land; managing their 
woodlots so as to get the best income without 
destroying their productiveness; estimating 
their timber as to amount of it in board feet 
and its sale value, and protecting their wood- 
lands from fire, insect depredations and fungus 
diseases. The only requirements for the course 
are that the student shall be over eighteen 
years of age and in good health. 

The University is also introducing lecture 
courses on forestry in the normal schools of 
the State and giving special lectures to the 
Farmers Week and special short courses in the 
college. 

North Carolina. 


The North Carolina Forestry Association 
will hold its Fourth Annual Convention in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Asheville on Wednesday and Thursday, April 
8th and 9th. Advantage is being taken of the 
fact that the meeting is being held in the 
mountains for the first time to arrange trips for 
the delegates to two of the most interesting 
types of forests to be found in the State. These 
are the forest plantations of the Biltmore 
Estate and the spruce forests on the slopes of 
Mount Mitchell, the highest peak east of the 
Rockies. The Appalachian Park Association 
and the Asheville Board of Trade are lending 
their hearty cooperation in arranging for the 
Convention and no effort will be spared to make 
this one of the most interesting and largely 
attended meetings ever held in the South. 

The first meeting will be held on Wednesday 
morning in Hotel Langren, when the set pro- 
gram will be taken up. Prominent speakers 
are being secured for such subjects as State 
Forest Fire Prevention, Improving the Farm 
Woodland, Forests and the People, Shaping 
State Forestry Legislation, Publicity in For- 
estry, etc. 

Wednesday afternoon will be taken up with 
a carriage drive to the pine plantations of the 
Biltmore Estate, where forestry has been prac- 
ticed for a longer time than any other place in| 
the United States. An evening session will 
be held at the Hotel Langren. 

Thursday morning the delegates will be 
taken over the recently completed logging 
road of the Perley and Crockett Lumber Com- 
pany, Black Mountain, into the spruce forests 
now being logged near Mount Mitchell and just 
outside of the Appalachian National Forest. 
A basket lunch will be provided. The return 
trip will be made in the afternoon in time for 
the delegates to catch both the east and west 
bound trains. 

Publicity is to be the keynote of this Con- 
vention. It is hoped that some definite plan 
can be arranged to secure the support and, if 
possible, the pledge of the various candidates 
for the State Legislature who will be in the 
field during the coming summer preparatory to 
the general state election next November. 
North Carolina is badly in need of up-to-date 
forestry legislation and it is to be hoped that 
a General Assembly can be elected which will 
act favorably upon the bills advocated by the 
Forestry Association. 


Rhode Island. 


Jesse B. Mowry, Commissioner of Forestry 
for Rhode Island, writes: ‘‘Down to the middle 
of the 19th century the farmers got theit 
limited supply of ready cash from the sale of 
hay, wood, charcoal and potatoes in Provi- 
dence, and of milk, cheese, and butter to the 
local mill operatives. Those who had little 
streams on their farms erected gristmills, 
sawmills, and small shops for the manufacture 
of spools and bobbins which found a ready 
market in the cotton and woolen factories 
through Rhode Island. These little mills 
afforded the farmers a chance to work in winter 
and added to their incomes. 

“The disappearance of the virgin timber, 
the drift of the farmers’ boys cityward, and 


STATE 


the shifting of the grain producing industry 
westward, in the latter half of the last century, 
caused these mills to fall into innocuous desue- 
tude. Some towns had as many as fifteen 
up-and-down sawmills, interesting remnants 
of which may be found today by the hunter 
who roams along the streams through the 
woods. 

“Along with the State’s development there 
is now springing up a new interest in corn, 
timber, electric transmission, and _ water- 
power—Earth’s cleanest, cheapest, and best 
motive power, the possibilities of which in this 
State have never yet been even dreamed. 

“Many a limpid trout brook which now 
unobstructed tumbles down ‘to join the 
brimming river’ will soon be harnessed to 
turn water wheels which in recent years have 
been greatly improved.” 


Michigan 

Approximately one-half million trees were 
planted by the Public Domain Commission on 
the Michigan State Forests in 1913. Prac- 
tically all of these are the native Norway pine 
raised in the Higgins Lake Forest Nursery, 
where about 1,500,000 more choice seeedlings 
and transplants of Norway and White Pine 
are available for future reforestation projects. 
About 500,000 trees will be planted on the 
Higgins, Houghton, and Fife Lake State For- 
ests during the coming spring. 

The method of planting, as now practiced 
in all planting operations on the State Forests, 
is to prepare the ground by plowing shallow 
furrows into which the plants are set. Obser- 
vations seem to indicate that such prepara- 
tion of the ground decreases the death rate in 
the first year to a very small figure. The 
average death rate in the 1913 plantations was 
three and one-half per cent, the heaviest being 
but a little over four per cent. Fall planting 
resulted in a slightly heavier death rate than 
the spring planting. The average number of 
plants set per acre was 2,080, and the total 
average cost per acre, including plowing and 
cost of plants delivered to the site, was $5.33. 

Plans for the coming summer for the better 
protection of the State Forests against fires 
include the erection of a number of steel look- 
out towers. The Houghton Lake, Fife Lake 
and Lake Superior Forests are all to be equipped 
with such towers. Telephone lines will con- 
nect the towers with each other and with 
headquarters. Additional ranger stations are 
to be established on the Houghton Lake and 
Lake Superior Forests. Further protection 
will be afforded by the extension of the system 
of fire lines on each of the State Forests. The 
systems on the Higgins, Houghton, and Fife 
Lake Forests, on each of which there is now a 
considerable mileage of fire lines, will be 
brought to completion. 


Pennsylvania 
The Senior Class of the Forestry Depart- 


ment of the Pennsylvania State College, with 
Professor R. R. Chaffee in charge, left State 


NEWS 


233 


College on February 2, 1914, on their annual 
Lumbering Trip. 

On their way to Galeton, Pa., the head- 
quarters for the first week, the party visited 
the Asaph State Nurseries at Asaph, Pa. At 
Galeton they made many side trips among 
which were the visits to the basket factory 
of Guile and Windnagle at Gaines, the Gaffney 
Chemical Company at Walton, the National 
Chemical Company at Lyman Run, the 
Telescope Cot and Novelty Company at Tele- 
scope. The boys derived much benefit from 
the Galeton Stave and Heading Company’s 
works, and the Pennsylvania Wood Company. 
A study was made of the sawmill of the Central 
Pennsylvania Lumber Company and the Em- 
porium Lumber Company. At the several 
camps to which the boys had access on the 
holdings of the C. P. L. Company, they had 
a good chance to see both earth and timber 
slides; also portable slides invented by F. P. 
Sykes, Woods Superintendent of the Em- 
porium Lumber Company. While in Galeton 
the Seniors were fortunate in having the oppor- 
tunity to hear an address by H. P. Welsh, 
General Superintendent of the C. P. L. Lum- 
ber Company, on “the History of Hemlock 
Logging in Northern Pennsylvania.” Mr. W. 
W. Lowell, Local Superintendent of the 
Pennsylvania Lumber Company also ad- 
dressed the boys. 


On February 7 the party left Galeton in a 
special car, ‘‘Callao,” for Penn Yan, New York, 
where they visited the basket factories of 
Guile and Windnagle and of the Yates Lumber 
Company. 

From this point the boys continued to Lake 
Clear, New York, where they were met by 
Edward Patnode who is in charge of the 
nurseries at Lake Clear and the plantations in 
that vicinity. 

Here the morning was spent in a most 
interesting and instructive visit to these differ- 
ent plantations both at Lake Clear and Sar- 
anac. This chance to see the New York State 
Nurseries gave the boys a large field of oppor- 
tunity to see just what is accomplished in that 
special phase of Forestry work. The courtesy 
extended to them was fully appreciated by all. 

In the evening the party returned to Tupper 
Lake, where they were the guests of the Santa 
Clara Lumber Company for the following week. 
Many interesting side trips were taken, and 
three days of the stay were spent in the camps 
of the company on Cold River. 

During the week spent at Tupper Lake 
several instructive talks were given to the boys, 
among which were addresses by James L. 
Jacobs, General Superintendent of the Santa 
Clara Lumber Company, John L. Graham, 
operator, and Charles H. Cooper, representing 
the Henry Disston Co., and George McA. 
Gilbert, Vice President of Ryther and Pringle 
Company, manufacturers of the Barienger 
Brake which has been successfully used by the 
Santa Clara Lumber Company. 

On February 14 the party returned to State 
College after a thoroughly successful trip in 
every way. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR FEBRUARY, 1914 


(Books and Periodicals Indexed in the 
Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole. 


Proceedings and Reports of Associations, Forest 
Officers, etc. 

Irish forestry society. 
I2T pa Dub line a9 13s 

Irish forestry society. Transactions and state- 
ment of accounts, 1912. 19 p. Dublin, 
1912. 


Ligue des amis 
Cinquiéme rapport annuel, 1913. 
Brussels, 1913. 

National forest reservation commission. Re- 
port for the fiscal year ended June 30, 
1913. 8p. Washington, D. C., 1913. 

Norway—Skogdirektoren. Indberetning om- 
det Norske skogvaesen for 1912. 152 p. 
Kristiania, 1913. 

Royal Scottish arboricultural society. Trans- 
actions, v. 28, pt. 1. 120 p. pl. Edin- 
burgh, 1914, 

Sociedad forestal Argentina. Boletin, v. 1, 
no. 3. 56p. Buenos Aires, 1913. 


Forest Botany. 


Rules and by-laws. 


de la forét de Soignes. 
eos ale 


Trees; Classification and Description. 

Illick, J. S. Check-list of the woody plants 
of a portion of the South Mts. near Mont 
Alto, Pa. 10 p. Harrisburg, Pa., Dept. 
of forestry, 1913. 

Levison, J. J. Studies of trees; exercises T 4-1 
tO W-2-. 42. py rpl, iNew | York, J. 
Wiley & Sons, 1913. 


Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South 
Wales;) pts# So-52.936, p. sydney, 
Govt. printer, 1913. 

Sargent, Chas. Sprague. Plantae Wilsonianae, 
an enumeration of the woody plants col- 
lected in western China for the Arnold 
arboretum of Harvard University during 
the years 1907, 1908 and 1910, by E. H. 
Wilson. 611p. Cambridge, Mass., 1911- 
13. (Arnold arboretum. Publications, 
no. 4.) 

Silvies. 

Studies of Species. 

Sterrett, W. D. Forest management of lob- 
lolly pine in Delaware, Maryland, and 
Virginia. 59 p. pl. Washington, D. C., 
1914. (U.S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bul- 
letin no. 11.) 


Silviculture. 

Planting. 

Newsham, J. C. The propagation and prun- 
ing of hardy trees, shrubs and miscellaneous 
plants, with chapters on manuring and 
planting. 224 p. pl. London, Crosby 
Lockwood & Son, 1913. 


234 


Noter, R. de. Les eucalyptus; culture, ex- 
ploitation, industrie, propriétés médi- 
cinales. 119 p. il. Paris, A. Challamel, 
1912. 


Forest Protection. 
Insects. 


Burgess, A. F. The gipsy moth and the 
brown-tail moth, with suggestions for 
their control. 24 p. il. Washington, 
D.C., 1914. (U.5.—Dept. of agriculture. 
Farmers’ bulletin 564.) , 


Fire. 


United States—Dept. of Agriculture—Forest 
service. Forest fire protection by the 
states, as described by representative men 
at the Weeks law forest fire conference; 
edited by J. Girvin Peters. 85 p. maps. 
Washington, D. C., 1914. 


Western forestry and conservation association. 
Proceedings of forest fire conference, Van- 
couver,, B.C.) Dees 15-16, 1913) a32igos 
Portland, Ore., 1913. 


Forest Management. 


Rosenbluth, R. Woodlot forestry. 104 p. 
il., map. Albany, 1913. (New York— 
Conservation commission. Bulletin 9.) 


Forest Organization. 
Baader, Gustav. Die veranschlagung des 


zuwachses bei waldertragsregelungen. 56 
p. Giessen, O. Kindt, 1913. 


Hawley, Ralph C. A working plan for the 
woodlands of the New Haven water com- 
pany, prepared after five years of forest 


practice, 1908 to 1912. 30 p. map. 
New Haven, Conn., 1913. (Yale forest 
school. Bulletin 3.) 


Forest Economics. 
Taxation and Tariff. 


United States—Department of Commerce— 
Bureau of Corporations. Special report 
on taxation. 440 p. Washington, D. C., 
1914. 


Forest Administration. 


United States—Department of Agriculture— 
Forest service. January field program, 
1914. 30p. Washington, D. C., 1914. 


Forest Engineering. 


Stoetzer, Hermann. Waldwegebaukunde 
nebst darstellung der wichtigsten sonstige 
holztransportanlagen; ein handbuch fur 
praktiker und leitfaden fur den unterricht. 
Sth ed. 9251p. 0 ils ple FrankfurtiassVies 
J. D. Sauerlander, 1913. 


a 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Forest Utilization. 


Lumber Industry. 

Jolyet, Antoine. Le transport des bois dans 
foréts coloniales. 2ded. 60p. il. Paris. 
A. Challamel, 1912. 


Wood-using Industries. 

Dunning, Carroll W. Wood-using industries 
of Ohio. 133 p. il. Wooster, O., Ex- 
periment station press, 1912. 


Wood Technology. 


Baker, R. T. Cabinet timbers of Australia. 
186 p. il, pl. Sydney, N. S. W., 1913. 
(N. S. W.— Technological museum. 
Technological education series no. 18.) 

Birdwood, H. M. Indian timbers: the hill 
forests of western India. 12 p. 47 p. 
London, Journal of Indian art, 1910. 

Hough, R. B. American woods, pt. 13. 
4 p. Plates, wood sections. Lowville, 
N. Y., R. B. Hough, 1913. 


Auxiliary Subjects. 
Conservation of Natural Resources. 


New York—Conservation Commission. Third 
annual report, 1913; preliminary edition. 
pip. Albany, N. Y., 1914. 


Hydrography. 


Brown, Rome G. Improvement of navigable 
rivers; an address delivered before the 
National rivers and harbors congress at 
the 10th annual convention held at Wash- 
meuen I. -C.,- Dee::. 3-5, 1913. 21% p: 
Washington, D. C., 1913. (U. 5—63d 
Congress—2d session. Senate document 
S32.) 


Periodical Articles. 
Miscellaneous Periodicals. 


America city, Nov. 1913.—Establishment of 
foresters in towns and cities through state 
forestry associations, by H. A. Reynolds, 
p. 412-4. 

American Homes, Dec. 1913.—Cedars of Leb- 
anon, by R. Johns, p. 410-16. 

American Sheep Breeder, Jan. 1914.—Improve- 
ment in range conditions, by A. F. Potter, 
p. 12-13. 

Botanical Gazette, Jan. 1914.—The develop- 
ment of Magnolia and Liriodendron, by 
Willis Edgar Maneval, p. 1-31. 

Bulletin of the Pan American Union, Dec. 
1913.—Resources of Dutch Guiana, by J. 
B. Percival, p. 818-26. 

Cairo Scientific Journal, Oct. 1913.—The de- 
termination of humus in heavy clay soils, 
by William Beam, p. 219-24. 

Country Gentlemen, Jan. 10, 1914.—Making 
pace posts last, by Ernest A. Sterling, p. 

Country Gentleman, Jan. 24, 1914.—Basket 
willow by-products, by C. D. Mell, p. 171. 

Country Gentleman, Jan. 31, 1914.—Sticking 
lumber, by W. D. Graves, p. 202; What 


catalpas will do, by Samuel J. Record, p. 
218-19, 


205 


Country Life in America, Jan. 1914.—A com- 
munity that appreciates its native trees, 
by Charles Francis Saunders, p. 54. 

Farm and fireside, Feb. 1914.—What are we 
going to do for fence posts?, by J. A. 
Ferguson, p. 5. 

Farm Engineering, Feb. 1914.—A simple 
stump puller, by W. H. Rayner, p. 11. 

Gardeners’ Chronicle. Nov. 29, 1913.—The 
Paris forest congress and British forestry, 
by D. E. Hutchins, p. 373. 

Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec. 6, 1913.—A new 
American ash, p. 407. 

Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec. 13, 1913.—Christ- 
mas trees, p. 423; Forestry at Cambridge, 
p. 423. 

Gardeners’ Chronicle, Dec. 27, 1913.—Green 
coloration of wood by fungi, by P. Vuille- 
man, p. 459; Timber production in Britain, 
by A. D. Richardson, p. 462. 

Gardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 3, 1914.—Timber 
for clog soles, by Angus D. Webster, p. 4-5. 

Gardeners’ Chronicle, Jan. 10, 1914.—The 
variegated willow weevil, Cryptorhynchus 
lapathi, by J. W. Munro, p. 27. 

Journal of the Society of Chemical Industry, 
Nov. 29, 1913.—The fractional distillation 
of mixed pine woods, by J. H. Paterson, 
and R. E. Forbester, p. 1053-5. 

Plant World, Feb. 1914.—Phytogeographical 
notes on the coastal plain of Arkansas, by 
Roland M. Harper, p. 36-48. 

Scientific American, Jan. 3, 1914.—New 
materials for paper making, p. 23; Scarcity 
of true box wood, p. 25. 

Scientific American, Jan. 24, 1914.—The intro- 
duction of deodar cedar and its uses, p. 80. 

Scientific American supplement, Jan. 10, 1914. 
—The strength of long-seasoned Douglas 
fir and redwood, by Arthur C. Alvarez, 
105 AAV: 

United States—Department of Agriculture. 
Journal of Agricultural Research, Jan. 
1914.—Some diseases of pecans, by 
Frederick V. Rand, p. 303-38; A twig 
blight of Quercus prinus and related 
species, by Della E. Ingram, p. 339-46. 


Trade Journals and Consular Reports. 

American Lumberman, Jan. 17, 1914.—From 
swamp to home; a story of cypress, p. 
32-3; Flood control in the Mississippi 
valley, p. 35. 

American Lumberman, Jan. 24, 1914.—More 
about wood paving specifications, p. 30; 
Is the price of lumber high, by Chas. S. 
Keith, p. 52-3; Wood preservers in 10th 
annual meeting, p. 60. 

American Lumberman, Jan. 31, 1914.—Michi- 
gan forest scouts, p. 54. 

American Lumberman, Feb. 7, 1914.—The 
world’s greatest wood-lot, by George S. 
Long, p. 55-6. 

Barrel & Box, Jan. 1914.—Life of the slack 
barrel, p. 40. 


236 


Canada Lumberman, Jan. 15, 1914.—Foreign 
veneer and panel.manufacture, by J. B. 
B. Stryker, p. 54-6; Beech becoming im- 
portant as/a veneer ,wood, p. 56. 


Canada Lumberman, Feb. 1, 1914.—Lumber 
trade of Ontario during 1913, p. 28-30; 
Canada’s exports of wood and manufactures 
of wood to the United States during the 
last five years, p. 32-3; Trade of Quebec 
province during 1913, p. 34-5; New Bruns- 
wick output shows decrease, p. 37-8; Nova 
Scotia lumber trade during 1913, p. 40-1; 

British Columbia needs curtailment, p. 42-3; 
United Kingdom increased its imports; 
statistics for last six years, p. 50-2. 

Engineering Magazine, Dec. 1913.—Saccharine 
timber preservative; Powell seasoning 
process, by R. E. Neale, p. 437-9. 

Engineering Record, Nov. 15, 1913.—To get 
long life from untreated timber in trestles, 
p. 542; Suggestions for college course in 
logging engineering, p. 549-50. 

Furniture Journal, Jan. 26, 1914.—Value of 
ebony, p. 37-8. 

Handle Trade, Feb. 1914.—Handle industry 
of New York State, p. 5-6; Developments 
in excelsior line, p. 11; Remarkable toy- 
making machine, p. 13-14; Chance to cut 
into pipe trade; scrap hickory available 
for cheap pipes, p. 15. 

Hardwood Record, Jan. 25, 1914.—Cabbage 
palmetto, p. 14; Logging, by James Boyd, 
p. 24-6; Scientific seasoning of lumber, by 
Albert Kraetzer, p. 28-9; Manufacture of 
wood flour, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 31; 
Ash timbers of commerce, p. 40-1; Future 
tie materials in the United States, by 
Henry H. Gibson, p. 48-50; The ebony 
forests of West Africa, p. 50; Names of 
woods hard to change, p. 52. 


The Hub, Jan. 1914.—Wood for vehicles and 
parts in New York, p. 327; Birchwood and 
maple for vehicles, p. 341. 


Journal of Electricity, Power and Gas, Jan. 
17, 1914.—Effect of forests on run-off, by 
J. C. Stevens, p. 40-51. 

Lumber Trade Journal, Feb. 1, 1914.—Pre- 
liminary experiments show advance in 
methods of fireproofing wood, by Robert 
E. Prince, p. 34-5; The proper construc- 
tion of creosoted wood block pavements 
for heavy traffic, by R. S. Manley, p. 35; 
New ideas in creosoting wood block paving 
are explained to convention, by J. B. 
Card, p. 35-6; Treatment of piling and 
timber according to conditions of use and 
exposure, by E. L. Powell, p. 37. 

Lumber World Review, Jan. 10, 1914.—Uni- 
formity of inspection its aim; Northwest- 
ern hemlock and hardwood association 
holds conference, p. 29. 

Lumber World Review, Jan. 25, 1914.—Whole 
sweep of the fire retardant question, by 
Bolling Arthur Johnson, p. 20-4. 

Mississippi Valley Lumberman, Jan. 30, 1914. 
—Wood for silo construction, by H. R. 
Isherwood, p. 40-1. 

New York Lumber Trade Journal, Feb. 1, 1914, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


—Cableway skidding, by J. H. Dickinson, 
p. 36d, 36g. 

Paper, Jan. 21, 1914.—Paper pulp from 
Savannah grasses, by William Raitt, p. 
15-16, 34. 

Paper, Jan. 28, 1914.—Views on sources of 
paper-making material, p. 20-1. 

Paper, Feb. 11, 1914—Woodpulp silk in 
Germany, p. 21. 

Paper Mill, Dec. 20, 1913.—Ash of sulphite 
wood pulp, p. 24; Forest insects; Henry 
S. Graves heads new association to study 
and combat destruction of timber, p. 36. 

Paper Mill, Jan. 10, 1914.—Forest fire insur- 
ance; its financial feasibility in Canada, 
75 dil. 

Paper Trade Journal, Jan. 8, 1914.—Motor 
drive in pulp and paper mills, by Alvin 
Schlarbaum, p. 38-44; Production and 
treatment of mechanical wood pulp, by 
Anders Nicolay Anderson, p. 46-8; The 
business end of forestry, by James Up- 
ham, p. 48; British Columbia timber notes, 
by G. C. Woodward, p. 50. 

Paper Trade Journal, Jan. 15, 1914.—Brazil’s 
forests for wood pulp, p. 48; Straw con- 
verted into artificial wood, p. 50. 

Paper Trade Journal, Feb. 12, 1914.—The use 
of the cotton stalk to prevent depletion 
of our forests, p. 40-2; Marram grass for 
papermaking, p. 52-3. 

Pioneer Western Lumberman, Jan. 15, 1914.— 
An ideal grove for a national park, p. 
Dales} 

Pioneer Western Lumberman, Feb. 1, 1914.— 
California forest protective association 
holds annual meeting and banquet, p. 13. 

Pulp and Paper Magazine, Dec. 1, 1913. 
—Micro-photographs of paper-making 
woods, by H. D. Tiemann, p. 770-3. 

Pulp and Paper Magazine, Dec. 15, 1913—— 
Lignose; a new method to manufacture 
brown wood-pulp for paper and cardboard 
industries, by K. Weishan, p. 810-11. 

Pulp and Paper Magazine, Jan. 1, 1914.— 
Power; its use in the manufacture of 
ground wood, by J. H. Thickens, p. 7-9. 

Railway Review, Jan. 17, 1914.—Air seasoning 
of ties, by Wm. H. Kempfer, p. 106-9. 

Railway Review, Jan. 24, 1914.—Air pumps 
for injecting timber preservatives, by F. 

Angier, p. 140-2; Experiments with 
treated ties, by J. H. Waterman, p. 152-3. 

Railway Review, Feb. 7, 1914.—Protection 
of ties from mechanical destruction, by 
Howard F. Weiss, p. 226-8. 

St. Louis Lumberman, Jan. 15, 1914.—Char- 
acter in red cedar, p. 16; Wood block pav- 
ing in Kansas City, Springfield, Mass., and 
New Haven, Conn., p. 32-3; Logging by 
waterways and other ways, p. 58; Par- 
ticularly concerning cypress and_ its 
votaries, by John E. Williams, p. 60-1; 
Specifications for factory timbers, by F. 
J. Hoxie, p. 64-8; Hoopless stave crib silo 
for retail lumbermen, p. 80, 88. 

St. Louis Lumberman, Feb. 1, 1914.—Addi- 
tional light on the factory timber question, 
by Howard F. Weiss, p. 64-5; Excelsior as 
a mattress material, p. 103. 


Southern Lumber Journal, Jan. 15, 1914.— 
| Forestry in North Carolina, p. 37. 

| Timberman, Jan. 1914.—Wooden blocks recog- 
| nized as the standard for pavement in 
Europe, p. 28-9; Different stages in the 
evolution of overhead system of logging, 
p. 30-1; Accurate cost finding an essential 
in successful lumber operations, by J. B. 
Knapp, p. 31-32 A; Smoking in the woods, 
p. 32 N-O; Forest protection work, p. 
32 O-33. 


United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 17, 

1914.—French brier-pipe industry, p. 222. 
United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 21, 

1914.—Russian match manufacture, p. 269. 
United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 23, 
1914.—Changing conditions in the shook 
trade, by Claude I. Dawson, p. 288-91. 
Processes for fire-proofing wood, by John 
L. Griffiths, p. 292-3; The wood and lum- 
ber market of Havre, by John Ball Os- 
borne, p. 294-5; Toothpicks in England, 
by John L. Griffiths, p. 302. 


United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 26, 
1914.—Production and exports of Russian 
matches, by John H. Snodgrass, p. 331. 


United States Daily Consular Report, Jan. 27, 

| 1914.—Use of metal railway ties in 
Switzerland, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 344. 

United States Daily Consular Report, Feb. 5, 
1914.—Wood paints and finishes in 
European cities, by Ralph C. Busser, and 
others, p. 465-8; Plantation rubber in 
Cochin China, by Miller Joblin, p. 471. 

United States Consular Report, Feb. 7, 1914. 
—Hardwoods of Panama, by James C. 
Kellogg, p. 508-9. 


Veneers, Feb. 1914.—Future cabinet woods, 
p. 7; Acomparison with European methods 
in veneer making, by J. B. B. Stryker, p. 
13-14. 

est Coast Lumberman, Jan. 15, 1914.— 
Seattle’s leading retail business street to 
have test block paving, p. 20; Need of a 
cost system in successful logging opera- 
tions, by Herbert E. Smith, p. 30-1. 

est Coast Lumberman, Feb. 1, 1914.— 
Characteristics and utilization of western 
red cedar, by Alexander Grant Jackson 
and Joseph Burke Knapp, p. 34-40. 

ood Craft, Feb. 1914.—Wooden screens of 
ancient and modern styles, by John Bov- 
ingdon, p. 116-22; Wood paving; its mak- 
ing and use, by S. R. Church, p. 135-7. 

ood-worker, Jan. 1914.—Saving and working 

; lumber waste, by James Francis, p. 42-3. 


orest Journals. 


gemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Jan. 1914. 
—Vogelschutz im walde, by Ph. Sieber- 
Ernsee, p. 1-4; Ueber wirtschaftliche und 
Statistiche grundlagen fur den praktischen 
forstbetrieb, by Konig, p. 4-14. 

Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de 
Belgique, Dec. 1913.—Le revenu des 
foréts luxembourgeoises, by L. Pechon, p. 

815-25; Imprégnation des bois de mines au 

| €ruscophénol, p. 825-8; Le parc de Ter- 

| Vueren, by P. Christophe, p. 829-33; Le 


CURRENT LITERATURE 237 


parasitisme du Gui, by L. D., p. 832-44; 
Bois communaux du Luxembourg; coupes 
de futaie; utilisation des produits, by B., 
p. 860-2; Plantations en général; travaux 
preparatoires, by C. J. Q., p. 862-5; Les 
foréts de Formose, p. 873-5. 

Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de 
Belgique, Jan. 1914.—Quelques mots de 
la régéneration naturelle, by G. Delevoy, 
p. 1-11; Le dessouchement, by A. Poskin 
and G. Bouckaert, p. 12-23; La forét, 
source de bien-étre social, by T. Collignon, 
p. 23-8; Les foréts de la Nigérie méridi- 


onale, by A. H. Unwin, p. 28-33; Les 
quebrachos, p. 54-5. 
Canadian Forestry Journal, Jan. 1914.— 


Possibilities of a modern maple grove, by 
George Fisk, p. 3-7. 

Centralblatt fir das gesamte forstwesen, Oct. 
1913.—Die Schiffel-Glasersche forstliche 
rentabilitatslehre in ihrer anwendung auf 
den jahrlichem betrieb, by A. Schiffel, p. 
433-8; Beschadigungen durch  eichen- 
mehltau, by Nikodem, p. 438-40; Die 
berechnung der elemente eines kreisbogens, 
der durch einen gegebenen punkt gehen 
und zwei sich schneidende gerade tangieren 
soll, by Szabé v Bagyon, p. 440-52. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur land- 
und forst-wirtschaft, Oct. 1913.—Der 
heutige stand der forstlichen samen- 
provenienz-frage,. by Arnold Engler, p. 
441-61. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift ftir land- 
und forst-wirtschaft, Nov. 1913.—Regen- 
fall und blitzgefahr, by Karl von Tubeuf, 
p. 503-13. 

North Woods, Jan. 1914.—Planted forests in 
Minnesota, by W. H. Kenety, p. 3-11; 
The forest ranger’s work, p. 25-31. 

Quarterly Journal of Forestry, Jan. 1914.— 
Report on the visit of the R. E. A. S. to 
German forests by Thomas Bewick, p. 
1-15; Extension of the Mexican forest 
flora to the plateau country of South 
Africa, by D. E. Hutchins, p. 16-20; The 
mistletoe in England, by W. Somerville, 
p. 20-5; An attack by the pine-shoot 
Tortrix moth, by W. P. Greenfield, p. 
25-30; Microscopic investigation of trees 
defoliated by the large larch sawfly, by 
Alan G. Harper, p. 30-3, 71; Endowment 
of a professorship of forestry at Oxford, 
p. 52-5; Inspection of forestry work in 
Chopwell woods, by J. F. A., p. 59-63; 
Timber slide for pulp and fire wood, by 
Leslie S. Wood, p. 66-7; The relative 
growth of various willows, by E. R. Pratt, 
p. 68-9. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 1, 1914.—Com- 
merce exterieur des bois communs en 1911, 
p. 4-15; Les premiers chasseurs forestiers, 
by P. Mougin, p. 16-24; L’evolution 
forestiére en Suisse, by A. Barbey, p. 40-6. 

Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, Dec. 
1913.—Die waldflache der Schweiz, by 
Decoppet, p. 366-8; Die notwendigkeit der 
durchforstungen im mittelwald, p. 368-72; 
Zur frage der verbreitungsbiologie der 
eibe, by F. Wille, p. 384-8. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


TT 
EEE | 


‘Ine Hamilton 12 
Size; thinnest, 
most accurate 17, S77 
19 or 23 jewel 12- 
Size watch made 
in America, 


Conductor J. W. Cook, 
of the Chicago, Mil- 
waukee & St. Paul 
Railway, who has 
carrieda Hamil- 
ton Watch for 
years. 


**The Railroad 
Timekeeper 
of America’® 


VER one-half of the railroad 

men of America, on roads 
where Time Inspection is main- 
tained, carry the Hamilton Watch. 
This is proof of Accuracy. 

The Hamilton Watch is made in 
standard sizes for men and women 
and is sold by leading jewelers every- 
where at $38.50 to $150.00 for com- 
plete watches, timed and adjusted in 
the cases at the factory. In some 
models, movements only may be 
purchased, so that you can own a 
Hamilton Watch, using your present 
watch case, at a cost of $12.25 and 
upward. Ask your jeweler. If he 
cannot supply you, write us. 


Write for ‘The Timekeeper’’ 
A book about the Hamilton Watch 


HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY 
Lancaster, Pennsylvania 
1b 


DrrrrrrrrrrrvrrrrnrrTTDOT INOUE OCCT 


Le 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


SL 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate forester, with three years of practical 
experience in Austria, wants position. Best of 
references. Address GEorGE RAcEK, 6th Avenue, 
2133, Seattle, Wash. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


POSITION WANTED.—On private estate: By 
forester now in U. S. Forest Service. Understands 
all branches of tree surgery, surveying, drainage, 
road building, bridges and culverts, concreting and 
landscape. Best of references furnished. H. M. C 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER of technical training and practical 
experience in the United States and Germany wishes 
to better position. Best reference from German 
Aberforster and others. Address “‘S,’”? Care AMERI- 
CAN ForEsTRY. 


WANTED—Situation as Woods Superintendent 
on private estate or hunting preserve, by graduate 
Forest Engineer with thorough experience and train- 
ing, both here and abroad, in forest management 
and the proper care of woods and game. Well rec- 
ommended. Address, MANAGER, Care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 


WANTED—BY a graduate forester, a position on 
reforestation work, or with a landscape gardening 
firm. Experience Northeastern. References if de- 
sired. Address “S. D. H.,’?? Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with technical training and with sev- 
eral years’ experience in administrative work and 
teaching, desires position along either of these lines. 
Address “B,’”? Care AMERICAN ForRESTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
European training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, railroad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, wil! consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, 
with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a 
big paper company, desires position with tree 
surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, etc., and also in_ park 
work, desires position. Best of references. Address 
U, Care AMERICAN ForEstTRY. 

FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every 
way,'and with executive ability. Address “A,” care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


American Forestry 


VOL XX 


APRIL, 1914 


No. 4 


WOOD VERSUS SOME OF ITS SUBSTITUTES 


By R. C. BRYANT 


HE lumber industry has begun 

| to view with alarm the rapid 

encroachments which  substi- 

tutes for wood have made and 

still continue to make in the field of 

wood products. This inroad is not 

confined to any particular kind of wood 

or class of material, but it has been felt 

most keenly in the inferior grades of 

lumber which have been consumed in 

immense quantities for boxes, crates, 
and innumerable other purposes. 

Economy and the public welfare de- 
mand that we use in a conservative 
manner the resources at our command 
and therefore, the substitution of steel, 
concrete or other materials is to be 
commended where the public at large 
is benefited either directly or indirectly. 
There are instances, however, where it 
is not for the public interest to make 
such changes, since the final result is 
not an economic gain but a loss. 

The substitution of other building 
materials for the high-grade lumber 
formerly used may be justified in some 
cases on the grounds that better wood 
material was used than was necessary 
or that the demands for the high-grade 
lumber by new or expanded forms of 
industry has so increased that our de- 
pleted forests are unable to supply cer- 
tain kinds of material in sufficient 
quantities to meet the public needs in 
those industries unless retrenchment is 
made where it will be least felt. It is 
an economic waste to use better wood 
materials than are required for a spe- 
cific purpose, but it is regarded as a 
direct economic loss when low grade 
woods suitable only for a few specific 
purposes are displaced by substitutes 
and the wood product thereby rendered 


of such low value that the lumberman 
can not market it, and therefore de- 
stroys it at his manufacturing plant or 
else leaves the timber in the forest to rot. 
The extent to which close utilization 
of stumpage can be effected is dependent 
directly on the markets for and the 
prices which can be secured for the low- 
grade material which comprises more 
than 50 per cent of the lumber cut of 
the United States. The lumberman 
removes from the forest only as much 
of the stand as he believes can be 
marketed at a profit, although every 
defective log may contain some cull | 
material which must be handled in order 
to secure the higher grade lumber on 
which a profit can be made. The last 
few years has seen a marked change in 
the character and amount of timber 
which is taken from a given acre of 
land, a fact well illustrated in the south- 
ern pine region. Where formerly only 
the choicest trees and the best logs 
from these same trees were taken, 
lumbermen have now reached a point, 
due to higher stumpage values and in- 
creased market prices for lumber, where 
the entire stand of pine is removed down 
to a diameter of from twelve to fourteen 
inches, in some cases still lower; where 
low stumps are cut and where defective 
and knotty top logs are taken to the 
mill. The yield per acre for stands of 
the same character has increased from 
four hundred to five hundred per cent 
for the above reasons. It is a mistaken 
theory to assume that a competition 
in low-grade lumber, which comprises 
much of this increased yield per acre, 
reduces the lumber cut and thereby 
prolongs the life of the operation. On 
the contrary, the reverse is true, since 


239 


240 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Truck Loap oF TRIANGULAR Cross TIES READY FOR TREATMENT AT THE GREAT NORTHERN 
RarLway Co.’s TREATING PLANT, SOMERS, FLATHEAD COUNTY, MONTANA. 


the annual output of a large lumber 
manufacturing plant is more or less 
regulated by the investment, and the 
operator who has large carrying charges 
to meet both on the investment in 
the raw product and in plant facilities 
will still maintain his average output, 
but will leave in the forest to rot such 
material as can not be sold at a profit. 
This means that all of the usable ma- 
terial is not removed and the lumber- 
man, therefore, must cut over a greater 
acreage to secure the amount of raw 
product he requires. This hastens the 
exhaustion of his timber supply and 
likewise affects every citizen who in the 
future must use wood. 

It is essential both from the stand- 
point of national economy as well as 
from the direct standpoint of forestry 
that this material shall continue to find 


a profitable market in addition to the 


saplings and other small material which 
may result from the thinning of arti- 
ficial forests. We are all, therefore, 
vitally interested, or should be, in the 
creation and maintenance of profitable 
markets for this class of material. 


The marketing of high-grade lumber 
is not so difficult since there is a steady 


demand for this class of material, and 


as timber becomes scarcer the problem 
of placing the better grades on the mar- 
ket will become more simple even than 
it is today. 

One of the largest markets for low 
grade material and for trimmings from 
the sawmill and the planing mill has 
been in the manufacture of crates and 
boxes for holding all sorts of vegetables, 
canned goods, soap, starch, crackers, 
etc. A recent estimate of the Secre- 
tary-Manager of the National Lumber 
Manufacturers’ Association places the 
annual consumption of wood for the 
above and similar purposes at more 
than six billion feet, or about 20 per 
cent of the total lumber production of 
the entire country. Much of this lum- 
ber was not valuable for other purposes, 
and if it had not been used as stated 
the logs which contained it either would 
have been left in the forest, or the 
lumber of box quality would have been 
burned at the mill. 

The importance of the box trade to 


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TRESTLE BuiLt oF TIMBER Cur AND SAWED IN THE VICINITY ON LINE OF GREAT NORTHERN 


MONTANA. 


FOR TRESTLES AND BRIDGES WOOD HAS BEEN SUPERSEDED BY STEEL, CONCRETE, AND MASONRY. 


YET IN PIONEER CON- 


TRESTLE STILL HOLDS ITS OWN. 


3H TIMBERED COUNTRY THE WOODEN 


STRUCTION THROUC 


242 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


UNTREATED TIES PILED IN YARD AND TRAM TRACKS, ESCANABA, DELTA County, MICHIGAN. 
There has never been a successful substitute for the wooden tie and engineers are willing to 


admit there never can be. 


When treated with preservatives a large measure of perma- 


nence is added to their other good qualities. 


certain sections of the country may be 
better appreciated when it is stated 
that from 20 to 25 per cent of the eastern 
white pine, from 25 to 30 per cent of 
the California white pine, 2 per cent of 
spruce, 75 per cent of the hemlock of 
Wisconsin, Michigan and Pennsylvania, 
and 20 per cent of the yellow pine is 
made into containers of various sorts. 
A recent authority credits the cracker 
industty with having used 75 million 
feet of lumber for cracker boxes in 1912, 
canned goods packers 350 million feet, 
piano box manufacturers 250 million 
feet, apple box manufacturers 200 
million feet, soap box makers from 75 
to 100 million feet, starch box manu- 
facturers from 75 to 100 million feet, 
fruit and vegetable package manufac- 
turers from 150 to 200 million feet, and 
boxes for standard oil products 300 
million feet. 

The lumbermen have within the last 
few years become greatly alarmed over 
the heavy inroads fiber boxes have made 
into their trade and have been endeav- 
oring to hold their market at any cost. 


They have only met with a partial 
measure of success, since the fiber pack- 
age is lighter in weight and its sale has 
been more widely and_ persistently 
pushed than has the wooden box. 

Another important product which is 
now being discriminated against in 
some sections is the wooden shingle. 
This had been one of the most common 
forms of roof covering in use in this 
country and for many years its value 
for this purpose was unquestioned both 
from the standpoint of wearing quality 
and of cost. There are today few if 
any roof coverings which give such good 
satisfaction, which can be placed on a 
building for as low a cost, which can be 
repaired as cheaply and readily and 
which give greater value for the money 
than do first class wooden shingles. 

They have been discriminated against 
in some cities on account of the fire 
hazard which is supposed to attend their 
use but which has undoubtedly been 
exaggerated, at least in some cases. 

The chief competitors of shingles are 
a host of prepared roofings of a wide 


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244 


range of quality; tin and galvanized 
iron; asbestos shingles; slate and tile, 
etc. The most serious competitor is 
that with prepared roofing and metal 
roofing. There are several reasons for 
this, some of which may be ascribed to 
the shingles themselves, the others to 
outside agencies. Among them may 
be mentioned the reduced life of the 
present-day shingle roof owing to the 
use of wire nails which rust off in a few 
years; in some instances to improper 
kiln-drying at the plants which takes 
the ‘‘life’’ out of the shingles and makes 
them inferior in quality. 

A very important feature in connec- 
tion with the substitution of materials 
other than wood for roof coverings has 
been the apathy of the shingle manu- 
facturers on the one hand, and the 
strenuous advertising campaign of the 
substitute manufacturers on the other. 
The producers of all kinds of wood prod- 
ucts for years devoted very little atten- 
tion to the advertising of their 
wares. The introduction of substi- 
tutes, especially steel and concrete, as 
building materials did not seem to 
awaken the lumbermen from their 
indifference to advertising, and before 
they were fully aware of what had 
happened the substitutes had gained 
such a strong hold on the builder that 
it could not be overcome. The lumber 
manufacturers now appreciate that the 
lumber trade can be saved only by 
creating a desire for lumber on the part 
of the public. Sectional advertising 
campaigns have been conducted by 
lumber interests for some years and it 
is now being taken up by the lumber 
industry as a national problem. 

Shingle men, in spite of the inroads 
that have been made on their business, 
have not yet shown as great activity in 
pushing their product as have their 
chief competitors. Every magazine to- 
day contains from one to several ad- 
vertisements of substitutes for wooden 
shingles and, further, a strong personal 
effort is put forth by firms manufactur- 
ing such goods to get in touch with the 
retail dealer who sells roof coverings, 
offering special inducements to carry a 
stock and also to push the product. All 
of these things must be done to intro- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


duce a new product which is to displace 
an old well-established article. The 
shingle man on the other hand usually 
has a smaller business organization, less 
funds for advertising purposes and has 
allowed his competitors to enter the 
field without a struggle. 

However, the shingle makers at last 
realize that they have delayed too long, 
and the struggle for supremacy is now 
on, being manifested by the effort made 
by some cities to prevent the use of 
shingles in them and the opposition to 
this ruling on the part of shingle manu- 
facturers and dealers who are now en- 
gaged in a strenuous effort to produce a 
fire-retardant paint which will decrease 
the fire risk of wooden roofing and per- 
mit the use of shingles. This problem 
is still far from a satisfactory solution, 
but it is believed that the efforts now 
being put forth will result, at least, in 
a fair measure of success and make it 
possible to again use shingles in most 
of the cities which have recently passed 
ordinances prohibiting their use. From 
the standpoint of forest conservation it 
is very desirable that a wider field for 
sale and a greater demand for shingle 
consumption should be secured since 
the waste in shingle manufacture is now 
very great. The West, which produces 
a very large per cent of the total number 
of shingles manufactured in the country, 
is far removed from the great consum- 
ing centers of the middle West and the 
Eastern States and on account of the 
high freight rates into the territory 
east of the Rocky Mountains and the 
keen competition with the various sub- 
stitutes, the shingle producers of the 
Pacific Coast find it profitable - to 
manufacture only the best grades of 
shingles. It is hoped that the opening 
of the Panama Canal may improve the 
conditions under which western shingles 
are marketed and thus permit a closer 
utilization of the red cedar of the West. 

Lath are a by-product in nearly 
every large sawmill, being made from 
slabs and edgings which otherwise 
would be consumed in a refuse burner 
at an expense to the lumber manu- 
facturer. It is very desirable that the 
manufacturer of lath shall continue since 
there is not a market for much of the 


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GROVE OF Harpy CATALPA ON PLACE OF Mrs. F. W. KRUCKMAN, 14 YEARS FROM SEED. 
FENCE POSTS CAN STILL BE GROWN AT AN ECONOMIC ADVANTAGE AND WITH DECAY-RESISTING MATERIAL ARE CHEAPER 


AND EASIER TO HANDLE THAN 


rough material in any other form. The 
introduction of various metal substi- 
tutes for lath threatens to restrict the 
market for the wood product, causing a 
waste of raw material at the mill. 
Another field in which wood formerly 
reigned supreme but which is now 
gradually being usurped by substitutes 
is that of fence posts. It is almost 
universally recognized that the wood 
fence post is the most satisfactory form 
of fence support, because of the ease 
with which it can be placed in position, 
and the fence material attached to it, 
and the facility with which fence repairs 
may be made. The comparatively 
short life of posts made from some spe- 
cies of trees, and the increasing cost of 
posts made from the more desirable 
species has led to the introduction: of 
substitutes both of concrete and of steel. 
The greatest market for the substitutes 
has been and probably will continue to 
be in the great agricultural section of 
the Middle West which is largely devoid 
of forest areas from which fence posts 


WEBSTER Co., Iowa. 


ANY SUBSTITUTE. 


may be secured in large quantities. 
The high cost of wooden posts shipped 
into the region from distant points 
makes the prairie States a lucrative 
field for the concrete or metal posts. 
The concrete post is probably the more 
popular with agriculturists since it can 
be made on the farm at a reasonable 
cost. It is believed, however, that the 
future development of farm forestry 
will increase the consumption of wooden 
posts since each farmer may devote a 
limited area to the production of such 
fence posts as he requires from fast grow- 
ing species which are capable of treat- 
ment with chemical preservatives at a 
reasonable cost. 

For a great many years millions of 
feet of lumber were annually consumed 
in the construction and repair of side- 
walks in the smaller cities and in the 
villages of the country. The first com- 
petitor of wood for walks was the brick, 
which made a more durable structure, 
but which had many. unsatisfactory 
features after it had been laid for some 


246 


years. Since the advent of concrete, 
wooden and brick walks have, to a very 
large extent, been replaced by struc- 
tures made from it, which is far more 
satisfactory than either. This sub- 
stitution of concrete for wood has been 
a desirable thing since it “has reduced 
the consumption of a high grade of 
lumber which has since found a strong 


demand for other lines of construction. - 


Another field in which wood is being 
largely replaced is in the construction of 
small bridges and culverts on public 
highways. Formerly these were con- 
structed almost exclusively of wood. 
Cheap transportation to market for 
agricultural products is one of the first 
requisites for the farmer and this has 
brought about the construction of a 
very large mileage of low-grade macad- 
amized roads of permanent’ character. 
The small bridges and culverts are being 
given a greater permanency than for- 
merly by constructing them of concrete. 
While more expensive than wooden 
structures, if properly built, they are 
more permanent in character and reduce 
the cost of road maintenance. This is 
in line with efficiency and is desirable 
from every point of view. 

One of the largest consumers of lum- 
ber is the railroad industry which has 
need of immense quantities of wood for 
crossties, bridge timbers, buildings, car 
construction, sign boards, and like uses. 

The crosstie situation has been a 
pressing one with railroad companies 
for many years due to the rapidly in- 
creasing price of durable woods and the 
greatly diminished supply. For years 
repeated efforts have been made to 
perfect a tie made from material other 
than wood, which would fulfil the rail- 
roads’ needs, but so far the results have 
not been satisfactory. Steel ties of 
various patterns have been patented 
and numerous forms of reinforced con- 
crete ones have been offered but all have 
so far been pronounced undesirable. The 
difficulty appears to be that metal or 
concrete ties are too rigid and unyield- 
ing and therefore are hard on the loco- 
motives; that steel ties become brittle 
and break under the continuous pound- 
ing of heavy traffic and that concrete 
ties disintegrate both through the action 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


of frost and the continuous pounding of 
heavy traffic. 

There does not appear to be any sub- 
stitute for wooden ties which can meet 
the requirements. The main drawback 
to the wood crosstie being its non-dur- 
able quality. The problem is now being 
solved by the use of inferior species of 
woods and treating them with some 
form of chemical preservative which if 
properly done renders them immune to 
decay. The preservative treatment of 
a large number of species which could 
not be used untreated has opened up a 
large source of supply hitherto inaccess- 
ible and is going a large way towards 
solving the problem for the railway 
transportation companies of the 
country. 

The lumber industry has not been so 
fortunate in holding the railroad trade 
in large timbers for bridge construction, 
since steel has largely replaced wood in 
large structures and concrete in the 
smaller ones. This can not be regarded 
as a serious calamity, however, at least 
from the public point of view since a 
steel or concrete structure if properly 
constructed and cared for is more lasting 
than the ordinary structures of wood, 
and therefore is to be preferred for 
this purpose since in the long run it will 
aid in prolonging the time when the 
supply of large trees, from which rail- 
road bridge timbers must be cut, will 
be exhausted. 

Railroads still consume large quanti- 
ties of lumber for stations and other 
buildings although the railroads are 
coming more and more to construct 
such buildings of brick or concrete be- 
cause of the more durable character of 
the structure. 

The construction of cars for years 
has required a very large amount of 
lumber, but today the demands for 
wood for this purpose are decreasing, 
due to the increased use of steel for the 
construction both of passenger and 
freight cars. The average size box car 
if constructed of wood requires about 
6,500 board feet of lumber, and the 
average size gondola, coke or ore cars, 
4,000 feet. In 1911 an estimate of the 
number of cars exclusive of passenger, 
which were constructed, was about 


WOOD IVER SUS SOME“OF TTS SUBSTITUTES 244 


180,000, of which number 60,000 were 
gondola, coke or ore cars, and 120,000 
box cars. Had these been constructed 
of wood as they were formerly the total 
lumber requirement for these cars alone 
would have been in excess of one billion 
feet. As a matter of fact, however, 
practically all of the gondola, coke and 
ore cars were constructed of steel and 
80 per cent of the box cars had a steel 
underframe which reduced the amount 
of lumber required from 6,500 board 
feet per car to 4,000 board feet per car, 
so that the actual lumber consumption 
was 540,000,000 board feet, about one- 
half {of what,it would have been had 
the entire car been of wood. This loss 
of a market for 1.35 per cent of the total 
lumber cut of the country has been 
felt by the lumber industry to some 
extent but the result was not unforseen 
on their part since it is admitted by all 
experts that a steel-frame car is superior 
to a wooden one. All are not yet 
agreed, however, that an all-steel car is 
a safer or better car than the steel- 
frame wooden car. The abandonment 
of the wooden frame is in line with 
modern progress as regards safety and 
as such should be encouraged, but in 
justice to lumber manufacturers the 
public shouldjnot commit itself to the 
all-steel passenger car and freight car 
until the matter has been decided by 
impartial experts. 

_ Another interesting example of sub- 
stitution of metal for wood is in the 
manufacture of office furniture, includ- 
ing desks, filing cabinets, and chairs. 
These have little merit over wood, 
since it is doubtful if they are fireproof 
in character and further when injured 
or sprung in any part of the structure 
it is difficult to repair. The steel 
furniture trade has not yet made great 
inroads on the product made from wood 
and will probably never command 
more than a limited share of the furni- 
ture business, since a large percentage 
of the average furniture sells for a price 
below that for which steel articles of the 
same character could be marketed. 


Strong efforts have beenYmade in 
some cities especially in}New York, to 
forbid the use of wood interior trim in 
buildings more than a specified number 
of stories in height. The plea on which 
ordinances of this character are intro- 
duced is the reduction of the fire danger. 
The passage of such an ordinance would 
be an. act of injustice to those who 
handle wood, and an exhibit of favorit- 
ism to those concerns which now manu- 
facture metal interior trim. It is yet 
to be proved that the very limited 
amount of wood now used for trim in a 
large office building is a distinct fire 
menace or that it increases the fire risk. 
In case this is true, it is possible to so 
treat wood with a fire-retardant that 
the danger that may exist 1s eliminated. 

There has been a tendency for some 
time past to substitute concrete floors 
for wooden ones in factory construction, 
on the plea of greater durability and of 
decreased fire risk. This has appre- 
ciably reduced the amount of wood 
flooring materials demanded for this 
purpose. The concrete floors, how- 
ever, have not met all of the require- 
ments for a satisfactory floor, since 
they are harder upon the workmen who 
must travel continually back and forth 
upon them; they havea deleterious effect 
upon the health of employees who must 
stand upon the cold surface during 
working hours; and the dust which 
arises from the gradual wearing of the 
floor settles on the bearings of machin- 
ery and causes a greater wear than 
where wooden floors are used. The 
many advantages of the wooden floor 
will undoubtedly enable it to hold its 
own in the future, and it is believed in 
many factories which still insist on a 
concrete subfloor will in the future 
employ a top covering of wood. 

The public should give the lumber- 
men every encouragement possible to 
utilize to the fullest extent his forest 
resources and thereby eliminate the 
economic loss which results from a re- 
duced market for low grade pro- 
ducts. 


The Canadian Forestry Association, which recently met in Ottawa, has selected Halifax, Nova 


Scotia, for its next annual meeting place. 


HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH 
AMERICA 


By H. G. Curler 


ATIONS are slower to learn by 

experience than even individ- 

No uals. Perhaps because small 

bodies move more rapidly than 

the massive ones. But. isn’t it a fact, 
throwing the cause aside? 

If I shall have the privilege in the 
great hereafter of viewing the progress 
of mundane affairs, I know that I shall 
be curious to know how long it will be 
before the nations of the earth will appre- 
ciate the blessings which nature has 
showered upon them, and not, in the 
mere gluttony of the good things of 
life, scatter them to the winds with wan- 
ton wickedness. In spite of the warn- 
ings which have come to the older 
sinners of the earth, such as Germany, 
France, the United States and others 
who have seen the error of their ways, 
Argentina and Paraguay, which embrace 
the cream of the hardwood forests of 
southern South America, are allowing 
them to melt away before the onslaught 
of land, railway and manufacturing 
corporations. 

The strong soil has presented the 
southern republics with vast forests of 
quebracho, cypress, oak, cedar and 
lignum vitae, as well as those varieties 
which are her own special offspring— 
coigue, alerce and manu—and, in repay- 
ment of this generosity, the governments 
of men have allowed them to be ravished 
at will, for the payment of paltry sums 
and in blind forgetfulness of the future. 
But they say, “‘Sufficient unto the day 
is the evil thereof. Why worry? We 
need the money to live on. The future 
has always taken care of itself in some 
way.” 

True. _Nature has always been very 
good to mankind, in view of how man- 
kind has treated nature. When the 
forests commenced to thin out, Coal 
began to yield his treasures. Coal gets 
to be too cumbersome to be carried into 
every nook of the universe, and is 
altogether absent in such great lands 


248 


AN INDIAN OF THE CHACO HARDWOOD FORESTS. 


as Argentina, and petroleum flows from 
the bowels of the earth into the furnaces 
of war ships, factories and residences. 
Nature has been a thoughtful, tender 
mother to careless, ungrateful children. 
Is it not time that the new, undeveloped 
nations show their gratitude to her by 
refusing, from the first, to waste their 
lives in riotous living? 

Along this line is the following from 
a publication issued from Buenos Aires, 
the splendid capital of Argentina and 
financial center of the great companies 
which are especially exploiting the vast 
forests of. quebracho in the northern 
and northeastern sections of the repub- 
lic: ‘‘Attention has been repeatedly 
called to the danger of the extinction 
of the quebracho, as little or no check 
has been placed on the reckless methods 
of forest exploitation in vogue for many 
years past. If these are still permitted, 
according to a very high Argentine 


: “XISNOILIGNdXA NO GHIMUVD SI HUYOM AHL AGNV ‘AAAAMOH ‘SNOODVM ‘1VILNVLISHNS AM GADVIdSIG MON SI 
LUV GATAAHM-OML G10 AHL “HAAILINIAd AUDA SVM SDOT ONIIGNVH HO AVM AAILVN AHL ,,OOVHD AHL,, JO AULSNGNI YAAWIL AHL JO SAVA ATUVA AHL NI 


*(SOZITIOY) SNOT OHOVAEANGH ONIAVO'T 


L AONAHL GNV THW AHL OL Galdadvo Adv SDOT HOIHM NO ‘LSHXOS AHL 


‘VNILNADUV GNV AVOADVUVd HO SANIT ANNUAL AHL O 
AOUdMWI NUAGOW T1V GAONGOULNI AAVH SAINVdWO)D IVIALSNGNI OHOVAEANO 


OLNI SAVMTIVU TIVWS GIV1T AAVH GNV ‘LondoOUd UIAHL ONITGNVH NI SINAWA 
"AVMTIVY TVIOT V NO s9.0'T OHOVUEANG) OSNIGVO'T 


HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 


Rol 


Tue EpGe oF “THE CHACO”’ IN ARGENTINA. 


THIS IS AN OUTLYING VILLAGE CELEBRATING THE NATIONAL HOLIDAY (MAY 25). 


FROM HERE THE 


WORKMEN SKILLED IN WOODCRAFT JOURNEY INTO THE WILDERNESS IN SEARCH OF QUEBRACHO. 


authority, few existing quebracho trees 
will be left standing, as no provision 
for future systematic planting is being 
made. There is a constant outcry in the 
native press for the passing of improved 
forestry laws, but as yet this very press- 
ing matter has not obtained its share 
of consideration from Congress. Not 
only the quebracho, but many other 
valuable species of trees with which 
the vast forests of the republic abound, 
are in danger of extinction in the not 
very distant future as the result of 
inadequate forestry laws. It is a matter 
for wonder that the. several foreign 
companies having large capital invested 
in the exploitation of the quebracho 
have not shown systematic regard for 
their own future interests. 

“The red quebracho furnishes a hard, 
close-fibred wood, which is chiefly used 
for railway sleepers and fencing posts 
and for the extraction of the tannin, in 
which it is very rich. Its adaptability 
for sleepers and posts is first class. 

“In the matter of railway sleepers the 
exports of quebracho logs has been con- 
stantly diminishing since 1900. In a 


much less degree there has been a 
shrinkage in the number of sleepers 
used by the Argentine railway com- 
panies. The chief cause of this decrease 
is the competition of steel sleepers. As 
to the comparative economical advan- 
tages of these latter for use in Argentine, 
expert opinions vary. It may be noted, 
however, that the provision of the law 
under which railway companies are 
permitted to import material duty free 
is an important factor in the rivalry 
of steel and quebracho sleepers. Neither 
Europe nor the United States has ever 
imported considerable quantities of 
sleepers from Argentina, and these over- 
seas imports have ceased entirely since 
1903. Uruguay and Brazil have been 
the best customers, with a gradual 
decline even in their trade. 
‘““The general increase in the exporta- 
tion of logs is explained by the growing 
appreciation abroad of the fine qualities 
of the timber for fencing, building and 
cabinet-making. It is dense and com- 
pact of fibre and water-resisting, besides 
which its mahogany color contributes 
to handsome decoration and it takes a 


‘LSAUOA AHL OLNI SANIT AVYMTIVU TIVWS XO SAVOU ALVIGVA WAHL WOUA ANV ‘SLOVAL AFAWIL JO YALINAD AHL NI GALVOOT auUXV SNOILVLIS ASHHL 
“SAAILVN AHL AD GOOLSUAGNN ISAM GOHLAW AAILININd AHL NINAXO Ad TIIN XO NOILVIS LSAAVAN AHL OL GATNVH AAV OHOVUAANO AO SNOT GATIAA ATMAN 


*SDO'T_ OHOVUdANG uoAt LINIOd ONITHWASsSyY NY 


HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 253 


aa 


BiG QUEBRACHO LOGS GATHERED IN “THE CHACO.” 
It should be noticed that these logs have had the bark removed, and are serviceable either for tan- 


ning extract or for sleepers. 
be utilized for the extract. 


splendid polish. The Argentine rail- 
Way companies, which now finish a 
considerable proportion of their really 
fine ordinary, dining and sleeping cars, 
have found quebracho to have notable 
advantages over other woods for both 
strengthening and decorative purposes. 
Indeed, a demand for many other kinds 
of native timber, hitherto scarcely con- 
sidered for building and cabinet-making, 
is spreading rapidly. It has been dis- 
covered that such are more suited to the 
climate and other conditions of the 
country than the foreign woods hitherto 
imported for these purposes.”’ 

If Argentina shall awaken to the 


_ necessity of soon protecting her splendid 


northern forests against the ravages of 
the money-mad corporations, she will 


| place herself among the progressive 
nations. 


As the matter stands today, 
over $10,000,000 worth of quebracho, 
in logs and extract, is being exported— 
about $1,000,000 more of timber than 
of tannin. The logs are used chiefly for 
railway sleepers, fence posts, paving 
blocks and fuel, and of late years from 


If logs are felled close to a factory, every particle of the wood may 


sixty to ninety per cent. of the timber 
exports have gone to the United King- 
dom. Formerly Germany was the 
largest market for the extract, but the 
heavy import duties imposed on it have 
almost barred it from that country. 
For some years the United States has 
been getting about fifty per cent. of the 
tannin, whose exports amounted to 
75,000 tons in 1912. 

The manufacture of the quebracho 
tannin is conducted in numerous little 
factories in the forests of the Chaco 
region and the adjoining provinces of 
Santa Fe and Santiago del Estero, and 
as one ton of extract represents four 
tons of logs, the freight profits of the 
railroads are considerably reduced by 
this transformation. The factories are 
mostly located in the province of Santa 
Fe. It is estimated that the annual 
timber products of these three great 
forest districts of the north are divided 
as follows: Santiago, 3,600,000 railway 
sleepers, 1,800,000 fence posts (chiefly 
quebracho), and 310,000 tons of que- 
bracho logs; Santa Fe, 490,000 tons of 


“ISAUOA AHL AO AOGH AHL OL SIVWINY Ad 
NOILOVUL YOA STIVA AVI OL dALS AAISSANDOUd AUYAA V LHONOHL SVM LI SNOILUOdOUd LINASHAd SLI GAWOASSVY GVH AUYLSNAGNI OHOVadaNO AHL ANOKA 


‘AVMTIVY YAMAN AHL GNV NOOVMA AAGIO AHL NAYMLAG LAOdSNVAL 40 AGO 


ness of the bark and sap wood. 


logs, and the territory of the Chaco, 
45,000 tons of logs. 
The northernmost forests of Argen- 
tina have also extensive belts of liignum 
vitae, or Brazil wood, whose solid and 
ornamental qualities have been utilized 
| in so many ways. The southern dis- 
tricts of the republic, covering what are 
often called the Patagonian savannahs, 
carry oak, cypress and other woods 
| which go into wine casks, furniture and 
interior woodwork. 

But the quebracho forests of the 
north and northeast remain by far the 


"| country’s most valued supply of hard- 


woods, and upon their conservation will 
rest Argentina’s future as a nation 
| which is capable of learning from the 
| experience of others. 

| Within the past decade the amount of 
logs exported has increased from 245,000 
tons to 445,000, and of extract, from 
9,000 to 84,000. In this great land of 
forests and glades, rising from the 
| Parana river toward the northwest, 


HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 


w 
or 
Or 


THE BARK OF THE QUEBRACHO TREE. 
The workman always tries the tree, if it is to be used for its tanning extract, by testing the thick- 


If the sap wood is too thick (114 inches or more), the tree 
is spared, because it involves too high a labor cost to cut down a tree having proportionately 
so small a trunk. As neither bark nor sap wood contain much tannin, andas these coverings 
are always removed before a log is shipped, it is cheaper to search for trees of greater yield. 


some 300 saw mills (aserraderos) and 
extract factories are eating out its vitals, 
backed by 25,000,000 gold dollars ‘of 
capital and $45,000,000 of sales. The 
largest company employs 4,000 or 
5,000 workmen in getting out the timber 
and transporting it to the saw mills 
and extract factories. 

The greater proportion of the popula- 
tion of the quebtacho country are 
Correntinos, a mixed race of the native 
Guarani Indians and the whites of all 
nations. The Chaco, or more northern 
part of this forestal district, is a-plain 
inclined toward the southeast and the 
Parana river, but it is also a land of 
forests and solemn glades—a sort of 
Kentucky—a dark and bloody battle- 
ground long contested by the Spaniards, 
the Argentines and the Indians, and 
large tracts of which are still unexplored 
and held by primitive owners. The 
Chaco Indians have been the warriors 
of their race in Argentina, and the Tobas, 
still half naked and armed with wooden 


wOATSTASSAA SNIOD-NV4d90 


‘VAS UHAO NOILVNILSHAG AWOS 
OLNI NAGuNd SLI SGVOIND NIVAL AHL AYAH ‘NOILVOIAVN UYAAIN LV SI OOVHD AHL NI SAVYMTIVa ANVW AO 


‘NOILVNILSAQ] SL] DNIHOVOUddY NIVYL, OHOVATING VY 


SONINUAL AHL 


HARDWOOD FORESTS OF SOUTHERN SOUTH AMERICA 


Orn 
20% 


LOADING QUEBRACHO FROM A HIGH RIVER BANK TO AN OCEAN-GOING STEAMER. 
On the Parana River, near Rosario, anchorage is found for steamers of considerable draft, but 
special apparatus is employed to get the logs on board. They are first lowered to the stream 
by wire rigging and then hoisted to the deck. 


lance,and bamboo bow, are responsible 
for the line of forts which stretch along 
the northern frontier. Farther away 
from civilization, their costume con- 
sists of a few tufts of ostrich and parrot 
feathers, or of a white linen head-dress 
patterned after the ancient helmet of the 
Peruvian Incas. The stone axe is there 
in common use, and in many districts 
fire is still produced by friction. As the 
fringe of civilization is touched by the 
Chaco Indians, they add bag loincloths 
to their feather or linen head-dresses, 
and those who come down from the 
wilds to‘ work in the forests or sugar 
plantations even don the blouse, wide 
trousers, broad-brimmed hat and flow- 
ing colored tie of the Gaucho or Italian 
peon. 

Y The cultivation of cane and the manu- 
facture of sugar are prosecuted over a 
large extent of northern and _ north- 
western Argentina, and in these indus- 
tries several thousand Chaco Indians 
and mixed Correntinos are employed 
every year as unskilled laborers. Many 
more work in the quebracho forests. 


At the end of the sugar season these 
savage workmen will return to their 
homes in the Chaco country, travelling 
sometimes four or five hundred miles 
over mountains and through swamps 
and forests. They will then fell the que- 
bracho trees on the banks of the rivers 
and streams, bind them into rafts with 
lighter woods beneath as floating buoys, 
get out fence posts and sleepers and 
assist in preparing the red quebracho 
for the manufacture of the tannin 
extract. Another hardwood tree which 
the Indians and semi-Indians help to 
get into commercial form is the algar- 
robo. It goes into street paving (as 
does the quebracho), its beany fruit 
makes good fodder, and a liquor is dis- 
tilled from it which is the source of many 
a fierce headache to the Chaco man and 
woman. 

The management of these hardwood 
industries is chiefly in the hands and 
brains of Europeans of Latin and Ger- 
man stock, with a threatened incursion 
by capitalists of the United States. The 
Farquhar syndicate, a powerful combi- 


‘VNVUVd YAANRYT AHL NO SIsAva, OHOVUGANH AOA sluog Ivo] 


"SHNVAH AHL LSNIVOVY ONILSANX SAINS SSONDV GavOd NO WAHL INVH AAWVALS AHL NO 
SANIONG AHL ANY ‘AdISUALVM AHL OL WAHL SONINA AVMIIVa AHL “AONVWAOAUAd ATMWIS ANAA VY SI ONIGVOT UAAIM VNVUVd AHL NO SINIOd IWAYAARS woud 


‘adOUNY OL ONION) SNOT OHOVUEANG 


260 AMERICAN 


nation of New York moneyed men, 1s 
solidly intrenched in Paraguay and 
southwestern Brazil—another great 
Chaco, or Indian country—and is mak- 
ing ceaseless attempts to penetrate the 
quebracho region of Argentina. 

With the rapid extension of railroads 
throughout the forestal regions of this 
section of southern South America, the 
most serious drawback to the exploita- 
tion of their riches is being removed. 
When the trees to be felled are away 
from the water courses, cattle must haul 
the heavy logs through the dense forests. 
Both cattle and men require fresh 
water, or they cannot work. 

On the other hand, the land border- 
ing the streams and rivers is generally 
swampy and subject to overflows, and 
there are many rapids to be overcome 
in the best of the water courses. Rafting 
is therefore especially difficult, and the 
navigation companies, with their freight 
steamers and schooners, as well as the 
few railways in the territory, have taken 
advantage of the quebracho lumberman 
and. extract manufacturer to charge 
exorbitant rates for transportation. 
The extension of trunk lines of railway 
into the forest area, and the completion 
of the links which have brought it into 
touch with Buenos Aires, the seaboard 
and the world’s markets, is so stimu- 
lating the industries of the country 
that the denudation of the timber lands 
should be, more than ever, a matter of 
present concern. With the fair protec- 


PORES TRY 


tion of the forests, and consequent con- 
servation of natural supplies of water, 
many sections of the country could well 
be devoted to live stock and the culti- 
vation of wheat, cotton, sugar and 
tobacco. But if the land is completely 
striped of its forests, and no provision 
be made for future growths, the coming 
generation will furnish another hard 
example of the cruel saddling of unneces- 
sary burdens on the shoulders of unborn 
sons and daughters of the soil. In the 
case of the quebracho forests of Argen- 
tina, this seems especially hard-hearted, 
since the natural stock can be replaced 
in twenty or thirty years—an advantage 
seldom offered by hardwood as valuable 
as this. 

It might even be suggested that the 
leather manufacturers of the United 
States, for the good of their sons and 
those who follow them in their indus- 
trial life, should urge upon the govern- 
ments of South America in whose 
domains lie the forests of quebracho, 
the desirability of the restoration of 
denuded tracts, knowing, as they do, 
that the hemlock bark of their own 
woods has long since proved inadequate 
for their tannin demands upon it. In 
our land, the denuded hemlock forests 
have been largely replaced by other 
native trees and given over irrevocably 
to farms, villages and cities. In Argen- 
tina and Paraguay, comparatively un- 
developed, the problem is simple as well 
as urgent. 


*Photographs in this article by courtesy of the Pan-American Union. 


Canada has 23 million acres in timber reserves, as compared with 187 million acres in the national 


forests of the United States. 


Apple wood is the favorite material for ordinary saw handles, and some goes into so-called brier 


pipes. 


New Jersey has a timbered area of about two million acres, on which the timber is worth about 
$8,500,000 on the stump. It ts mainly valuable for cordwood. 


Many of the forest fires attributed to railroads are caused not by sparks from locomotives, but by 
cigar and cigarette butts thrown from smoking-car windows. 


Port Orford cedar of the Pacific coast, recently tried as a substitute for English willow in the manu- 


facture of artificial limbs, has been found unsatisfactory. 


brittle. 


While it 1s light enough, it ts,too coarse and 


As an experiment, the supervisor of the Beaverhead national forest is stripping the bark from the 
bases of a number of lodgepole pine trees at various periods before they are to be cut for telephone poles. 
This girdling causes the trees to exude resin, and it is desired to find what effect this may have as a 


servative treatment for the poles. 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


By WarREN H. 


Editor Field 


IV. TREE TROUBLES 


N THE woodlands of a country 
| estate owner, forestry partakes of 

many of the characteristics of park 

culture, as opposed to lumbering, in 
that the individual tree will have more 
care bestowed upon it and more money 
spent to save it if it is ailing than the 
lumberman could ever afford to spend. 
To him a tree attacked by borers or 
caterpillars is just non-merchantable 
stock, to be left standing or else used 
for skidways or construction work. To 
the estate owner, however, his chest- 
nuts, hickories, pines, hemlocks, oaks 
and maples are the glories of his forest, 
and he will go to considerable expense 
to save a fine specimen, knowing well 
that if it dies he will not live to see it 
replaced by another like it. 

These lines are therefore written more 
for the man who proposes to keep every 
fine tree in his forest thriving and health- 
ful, than for the commercial forester 
who is mainly concerned with exploiting 
the timber. The usual forest remedy for 
most insect and fungus epidemics is 
to cut down and sell at once all the 
infected trees, also cutting down and 
leaving trap trees, which are forthwith 
burnt at the proper time to destroy the 
insect life they contain. Such a course 
would at once deprive the man owning a 
small tract of woodland of a large num- 
ber of the trees which form a noticeable 
part of his forest, and which could ill 
be spared without rendering the place 
unsightly and leaving many dangerous 
gaps in the forest cover. For him, then, 
the spray and tree-stirgery methods, in 
order to save and keep standing the 
fine growth that he already has. 

In general,*the best way to reduce 
tree troubles is to put your forest in a 
_ condition of maximum health, with the 
full complement of bird, animal and 
insect life which nature had ordained 
and maintained for thousands of cen- 
turies before tree{troubles were ever 


MILER, M. F. 
and Stream 


thought of. With the approach of 
civilization, the settlement of country, 
the growth of railroads, the killing off 
of our song birds, and the introduction 
of foreign insect life for which our own 
forest régime had no specific remedy, 
the tree troubles in our forests multi- 
plied fast, and millions of dollars have 
been spent in artificial methods of 
restoring Nature’s balance and trying 
to save our native trees from utter 
destruction. With the passing of the 
birds went our great feathered army of 
tree cleaners; with the introduction of 
the railroad and the factory came vast 
clouds of black soot, tainting the air 
and clogging up the respiration of our 
tree leaves, so that it is almost impossible 
to travel along the right of way of any 
big commuting railroad and see any- 
thing but dead and dying trees, killed 
by the train soot. And then, in the 
irony of fate, while it has proven impos- 
sible to make imported silk worm moths 
and other valuable insects thrive here, the 
harmful sorts, such as the gypsy and 
browntailed moths, increase and mul- 
tiply here wholesale! To restore the 
original plan on which Mother Nature 
got along comfortably enough, the 
owner will see to it that a big, thriving 
bird colony is attracted to his forest, 
by bird houses, feeding, and rigid pro- 
tection; that the forest is cleaned and 
thinned so as to promote vigorous 
growth in his trees; that spraying appa- 
ratus is used on infected trees too valuable 
to be cut down, and that parasites are 
imported, under directions of the U. S. 
Bureau of Agriculture, to fight insect 
epidemics. He will need all these 
resources to insure a fine forest growth, 
for, while Nature had a vast amount 
of decayed wood to contend with, man 
today has constant invasions from with- 
out his premises of every sort of fungus 
and insect wave which sweeps over the 
country, which more than balance the 
advantage gained by having a clean 


262 AMERICAN 


forest. Insects and fungus will not as a 
rule attack healthy, living trees, but, 
when an invasion comes, there is not 
enough recently killed timber to go 
around, so that the insects concentrate 
their attacks on a healthy tree and kill 
it, with the object of attaining more 
dead wood to operate in. And, with the 
leaf-chewing varieties, the healthier the 
tree is, the better victim it makes. 


WorK OF TIMBER WORMS IN OAK. 
(a) OAK TIMBER WORM; (d) SAP TIMBER WORM. 


The part the birds play in keeping 
down insects is enormous. For instance, 
take the little green inch-worm which 
we are wont to regard as a harmless 
sort of creature, principally engaged in 
measuring one for a new suit. To the 
forester he is known by the sinister name 
of canker worm, for he is the dread foe 
of all tree life, absolutely voracious in 
his attacks on all foliage, and denuding 
a tree of every leaf it has got, if given 
chance. Yet one little vireo, nesting 
nearby, will find and eat hundreds of 
him in a single day. So will the harmless 
little garter snake, who performs for 
the bush life of the forest the same ser- 
vice that the birds do for the tree life. 
Nature has always kept down our 
American canker worm species within 
the limits of furnishing food for birds, 
with a reasonable amount of leaves 
supplied for the continuation of the can- 
ker worm family, but, with the birds 
gone, this restriction is removed and 
there seems to be no limit to the canker 
worm but the blue sky! 

In the same way the woodpecker 
tribe have always kept the borers 
within reasonable bounds. All the sap 
borers work just under the bark, making 
big galleries through the cambium layer, 
and cutting all the sap fibres, so that 


FORESTRY 


the sap flows to their precious offspring 
instead of feeding the tree, and by the 
time they have girdled a tree com- 
pletely there is nothing for it but death 
to the latter—usually two seasons of 
borers will suffice to kill a perfectly 
healthy tree that has taken fifty years 
to reach its present stage of maturity. 
The woodpeckers, nuthatches, creepers 
et al. used to go over every tree carefully, 
listening for the borers at work and 
tapping the bark for hollow spots, and 
when they left a tree every borer on it 
had been found and eaten, to say noth- 
ing of a few million cocoons and dor- 
mant insects under the crevices in the 
bark. Nowadays, with one woodpecker 
to a hundred acres of forest, man has 
to do the principal fighting, and his 
only remedy is to cut down the tree or 
else make a woodpecker of himself 
and go over the infected tree with an 
oil can and a hatchet, squirting kerosene 
oil into the borer galleries under the 
bark. One remedy is worse than the 
disease, except that it may save the 
remaining trees, and the other is pretty 
expensive, but worth trying in the case 
of a fine, large tree, which used to send 
down a bushel of hickory nuts every 
season. 

Do not get the idea from the above 


Work OF PINE BORERS. 


(a) ROUNDHEADED BORER, (c) FLATHEADED BORER, 
LARVAE AND ADULT BEETLE. 


that all our forests are necessarily going 
to the bow-wows; far from it. Unless 
you are located near large cities or 
along heavily travelled railroads, the bulk 
of your forest will be healthy if properly 
managed. In the forest of Interlaken, 
where the writer lives, we have about 
three hundred acres of woodland, mostly 
white oaks, red maples, sweet and sour 
gums, chestnut oaks and some pine, 


FORESTRY ON THE 


chestnut and hickory. We did not have 
the blight, nor have we had any special 
insect epidemics, and we have more 
than our share of birds, for there seem 
to be as many here every summer as 
there used to be twenty years ago in 
the suburban towns much nearer New 
York than we are. Every Appalachian 
species is well represented, and one can 
hear the quail whistling in the woods 
4 


AMBROSIA BEETLES IN OAK. 


(a) MONARTHRUM MALE AND HIS WORK; (b) PLATYPUS 
COMPOSITUS AND GALLERIES. 


any summer morning, before the day 
noises have begun to drown out all the 
sweet, quiet woods sounds. 

But insect, fungus, fire and light prob- 
lems will occur, and are continually 
coming up in any forest estate, and the 
only way to avoid suffering from them 
is to have the equipment and fight them 
vigorously until you have the mastery. 
Beginning with the first two, anything 
that chews leaves can be combated 
with a poison spray, of which arsenate 
of lead is the best, as it sticks to the 
foliage in spite of showers that would 
wash off Paris Green. For forest work, 
where there is no lumbering or logging 
road, nor fire lane down which a barrel 
spray wagon can be moved, the knap- 
sack or bucket spray apparatus will 
answer. The cost runs from five to 
fifteen dollars, and a large barrel spray 
pump, with barrel and agitator attach- 
ment, will cost thirteen dollars. The 
standard solution will make fifty gallons 
of spray to the gallon of chemical, and 
the latter is all that need be carried, 
replenishing the water supply at the 
nearest brook. All sort of nozzle length- 
ening attachments, in the form of light 
pipes with a nozzle at one end and a 
hose connection at the other, for treat- 


COUNTRY ESTATE 263 
ing tall trees, can be had, as can also 
all the standard spray chemicals, all 
made up and only needing the addi- 
tion of water, at any of the big seed 
houses. Several special nozzles for 
various types of spraying should also 
be provided, since such sprays as Bor- 
deaux mixture require occasional de- 
gorging. Certain caterpillars of the 
European species our native birds will 
not touch, and for these spraying is the 
only remedy (but it is effective), and 
for all the fungus diseases the Bordeaux 
mixture spray is essential. For scales 
and lice the whale oil and kerosene 
emulsion sprays will be needed, such as 
for the April spraying of your silver 
maples for cottony maple scale, and 
oyster shell scale on poplars and hard 
maples. Bordeaux mixture is the best 
remedy yet discovered for blight on 
chestnuts, slime flux on all large gaping 
wounds in the cambium layer of any 
tree, and anthracnose in sycamores and 
oaks. In these latter trees the affected 
twigs had better be pruned off and 
burnt in the early spring, which brings 
us to another much-needed tool, the 
pruning hook and tree saw, both of 


BC 
A 


Sy, 
CEUDEL OF 08 19 THIN 


y fe 
BLY iba 


AMBROSIA BEETLES IN HICKORY. 

a, b, and c, Hickory borer, larvae, pupa and adult. 
The remedy is to cut off and burn dead all in- 
fected branches and inject kerosene oil into 
the galleries on the tree trunk. 


which come with twelve foot or longer 
handles for forest tree work, the cost 
being about a dollar for each tool, or 
they can be bought combined in one tool 
for $1.75. A couple of good extension 
ladders will also be needed, the thirty- 
foot size, costing around twelve dollars, 
being ample for nearly all forest work. 
In the fall there will be some cocoon 
cleaning to do, and the implement for 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


WINDTHROWN FIRS IN THE SIHLWALD, ZURICH. 


this is a wire tree brush, costing two 
dollars, which is attached to a long pole 
and manipulated from ground or exten- 
sion ladder, depending upon the height 
of the tree infested with the little white 
cocoons, which will mean so much 
trouble for you the following spring if 
not brushed off and burnt. 

Another weapon to fight forest ene- 
mies is the tar band. Many species, 
such as the canker worm and the elm 
leaf beetle have a continuous cycle of 
reproduction going on all summer, and 
a colony of them will camp out on a 
tree and ravage it of all its leaves if not 
headed off. After losing its first crop 
the poor tree tries to put out another, 
and usually does, but by the time they 
are grown a new generation of cater- 
pillars will be on hand and this crop 
goes also. Another crop of leaves will 
sometimes put forth in September, but 
usually the tree is through for the year, 
and if the experience is repeated the 
next year, the tree dies from suffoca- 
tion, for the leaves are what it breathes 
with. Spraying is, of course, one remedy; 
and the other is to prevent the ascent 
of the female moth full of eggs. Luckily 
she cannot fly in this state but must 


crawl up the trunk to the branches, in 
the crevices of which she deposits her 
eggs. With plenty of birds about, these 
are cheerfully eaten and there’s an end; 
but nowadays most of them hatch, and 
the voracious little larvae begin right 
off on the tender spring foliage. In 
two weeks they are full grown and let 
themselves down to the ground by 
spinning a long silk thread, which you 
have often seen them do, many of them 
being carried by the wind to infest 
other trees. After burying themselves 
in the ground they enter the pupa state, 
some species remaining dormant until 
next spring, some emerging as a moth 
in a month or so, when they immediately 
crawl up the tree again and start a 
new colony of worms. Most seed 
houses keep sticky band preparations 
already prepared, so that the forest 
estate owner with only a small patch of 
woodland need not bother with tar pre- 
paration on a large scale. I have seen 
forests in Germany where for miles 
every tree was banded, all along the 
borders and into the forest about fifty 
or a hundred feet, the idea being to keep 
out these crawlers by catching them on 
the border trees. These bands should 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


go on during the first warm days of 
early spring. Any tree attacked by 
canker worms, elm beetles, pine and 
spruce beetles; gypsy, browntail and 
tussock moths, and ants, should be so 
banded. 

One more mechanical weapon, the tree 
torch, for tent caterpillars and cocoons. 
The iron basket with asbestos filler 
costs twenty-five cents and can be 
attached to any sort of pole cut in the 
forest. Saturate with kerosene oil and 
pass quickly along twigs and branches 
where there are cocoons or webs of the 
tent caterpillar. A heat of 140 degrees 
Fahrenheit reached in the cambium 
layer of any twig or green branch will 
ruin it, but, as the specific heat of 
sap is nearly as large as that of water, 
the flame can hover for nearly a minute 
if need be in any one locality without 
raising the sap temperature to that 
point. Bark injury, with its attendant 
fungus troubles, is more to be guarded 
against in the use of the torch than sap 
injury, and on thin bark, as a rule, 
ten seconds of flame will kill any pupa 
or burn up the cocoon, and is long enough 
for the torch to remain. 

Lichens, mushrooms, toadstools and 
- fungi will attack any dead or decaying 
tree, and any exposed wood or wound 
on a live one. As soon as the fungus 
has effected a lodgement, the mycelium 
or, as it were, root fibres of the fungus, 
fight their way down into the wood, 
rotting it as they go, and what was at 
first a minor injury soon becomes a bad 
wound. The remedy for all this is 
clean cutting the wound, disinfecting 
with one of the standard formaldehyde 
solutions sold at any seed store, and 
painting with tar or white lead paint, 
the latter of course being colorable to 
any shade desired, as in house painting. 
The living part of the tree is the sap 
layer only; one should get to regard the 
heart wood as a carpentered structure 
and treat it accordingly. How would 
you go about stopping rot in your 
house trim, your barn timbers or your 
fence posts? By cutting down to fresh 
wood and repainting, of course—and 
caat. is really all. fhere is to tree 
surgery. Be sure and go deep enough 
to get out all infected wood, or you might 


265 


as well not start at all, and if the result- 
ing work will leave a rain pocket, fill 
with Portland cement mortar, two 
parts sand to one cement, and cap it 
off with neat cement or one-and-one 
mixture. In a big forest much of this 
sort of work is entirely unnecessary, for 
nature is doing it very well herself. 
All the shade-killed branches are self- 
pruned by the fact that the rot begins 


Cottonwoops INFECTED \\ ITH BORERS. 


right close to the trunk, and the wind 
soon breaks off the dead branch. Year 
by year the cambium layer closes over 
on the decayed stub, until finally the 
closure is complete. After that the sap 
layer flows completely over the spot, 
and we get the well-known bark knob, 
so common on maple, elm, dogwood, 
cherry and gum trees. With large 
limbs, however, which from one cause 
or another have heen shade-killed and 
later break off, the fungus attack 1s 
likely to get a firm foothold, and as the 
closu-e cannot be made by the bark 
yr wth on account of the size of the hole, 


266 


the rot continues from year to year until 
the whole heart wood may be rotted. 
In such cases the tree surgeon gets to 
work and saves the tree for many years 
of usefulness and vigor, for, while a 
tree rotten at the heart will be as healthy 
and vigorous as ever in its growth, it is 
mechanically weak, subject to insect 
and fungus attack and likely to be 
windthrown any time. 

Fire is an enemy that will not bother 
the owner of a hardwood forest to any 
great extent, except in the matter of 
ground and brush fires, but as soon as 
he plants or assembles a forest of ever- 
greens he is in danger of fatal crown 
fires from almost the first year. During 
the early years of a plantation the 
danger is of a brushor field fire, which of 
course would kill the young transplants; 
and after the sixth year the crowns 
get to such a size as to easily communi- 
cate a fire even on six foot spacing. Fire 
and logging lanes should be left every 
four hundred feet in such a forest, and 
these should be twenty-five or thirty 
feet wide during the first twenty years 
of the life of the forest, and later widened 
to 50 and 100 feet. In planting for a 
twenty-five-foot fire lane, leave forty- 
five feet between the border transplants 
to allow for side growth into the lane 
from both sides, or branches, which 
will easily attain ten feet in length 
in the first fifteen years. A fifty-foot 
European larch border around each 
section is a good thing, not only because 
it is the best way to grow such an 
intolerant tree as larch, but because 
it aids materially in the effectiveness of 
a fire lane in a forest of spruce or pine, 
the larches being less vulnerable to 
crown fires. 

In the hardwood woodlot the fire 
most often met with is the ordinary leaf 
or brush fire. These seem harmless 
enough, and might even be suggested 
as a means of cleaning out underbrush 
cheaply, but as a matter of fact they 
are extremely harmful. At first nothing 
unusual is apparent but some blackened 
bark at the stumps of the trees. If 
the bark is thick and the tree old, no 
particular harm has been done, but the 
saplings of three to six inches diameter 
of all species will have been found to be 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


badly scalded. In a year or so the bark 
spalls off, showing bare heart wood 
underneath; the tree has only about half 
the original number of sap fibres avail- 
able to feed it and therefore cannot 
circulate its sap from roots to crown 
freely, and soon becomes peaked and 
diseased. In time it may heal up the 
scar, grow bark over it and put down 
some roots on this side again; more 
often a set of coppice shoots will start 
from the root collet, and instead of one 
tree you have a spindly sapling and a 
lot of outlaw shoots, which fight with 
it for ight and moisture. We have one 
patch of forest in Interlaken, burnt over 
by one of these “harmless” ground 
fires, in which every single sapling 
shows a scar as big as a saucer, and on 
the big trees some of them exhibit a 
scald the size of a dinner plate. They 
will all be taken out in time; at present 
we have planted some three-inch nur- 
sery white ashes and liriodendrons here 
and there in the patch, which will be 
the dominant trees in a few years, and 
then the burnt growth will be taken out 
entirely as none of it will ever make 
good, sound trees. Wherefore, prohibit 
brush fires in your woodlands, and be 
keen to put out any accidental ones. 
Very good apparatus for the purpose, 
consisting of asbestos fire shields, pack- 
sack fire extinguishers, etc., are now 
being made commercially so there is no 
necessity to go to the trouble of home- 
made equipment. I have already pub- 
lished what can be done with dynamite 
in fire fighting, and would advise reserv- 
ing a set of tree-planting cartridges, all 
wired up for use in emergency brush 
fires, as they often occur when sufficient 
help cannot be gotten’ to the scene of the 
brush fire quickly enough to save many 
valuable saplings. I knew one leaf fire 
that covered half an acre of ground in 
ten minutes. 

The problem of light in the forest is 
a fascinating one, and any forest owner 
can get a good deal of pleasure out of 
the study, using an ordinary photo- 
graphic actinometer to make his own 
measurements. My goodfriend, Raphael 
Zon, of the U. S. Forest Service, has 
published an excellent bulletin on the 
subject, which everyone should read to 


te: 


vai 


ey, 


iasepa Scaapanenncntante 


ao 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 26% 


get posted in the matter (Bulletin 92, 
Forest Service). His measurements are 
all in Weisner’s “‘Isolator’’ standards, 
but a good enough practical substitute can 
be made by measuring full daylight in 
your locality on bright summer days 
with the photographer’s actinometer, 
and then taking the average per cent. 
of full daylight with this instrument in 
any locality you propose to under plant. 
A table of our more common eastern 
species, with their tolerance expressed 
in terms of full daylight, would be valu- 
able. The subject is of importance, for 
many species will thrive when young in 
a light which they would die in after 
middle age, and it is well to take light 
values in different localities before 
finally deciding on the species of tree to 
plant there, after due consideration 
has been had of water, soil, and sur- 
rounding general conditions. With us 


in Southern Jersey, the light intensity 
problem is not so very serious, for the 
general diffused daylight is so strong 
that white pine will grow directly 
under a big chestnut oak and seemingly 
get to maturity without any particular 
trouble—we have several of them 35 
years and over growing under such con- 
ditions. But in more northern localities, 
where the winters are severe and the 
total yearly daylight much less, light 
measurements should be taken. In the 
brief limits of this article the subject 
can be barely mentioned; I believe that 
with a thorough comprehension of all 
that is said in Zon’s bulletin, a wood- 
lot owner could make with an ordi- 
nary pocket actinometer, costing fifty 
cents, measurements sufficiently accurate 
enough for planting purposes. 


(To be Continued.) 


A MAN TO A TREE 


By GERTRUDE CORNWELL HopkINs 


Stripped clean to meet the blast you 
stand, 

No tender leaves to shred; 

Your thousand fingers grip the earth 


- And all the rest seems dead. 


Your life drawn back and hid beneath 
The cool, thick, silent crust— 
No blithe joys now of upper air, 


- Your spirit dwells in dust. 


I’m like you, Tree; this is the time 
I’m stript to bare life’s needs, - 
For when a branch is full 0’ sap, 
And bent or broke—it bleeds. 


I have to see some grim days past, 
To play this game straight through; 
It’s time for endurance, not for mirth 
With me, the same as you. 


But I’m not set to stay like this, 
So stiff and stark and numb: 

A man should be as sure as you; 
His good green time will come 


When he can spread in the warm air, 
Stick small, new leaflets out, 

And add a grace or two to life— 

He doesn’t have to doubt. 


Yet—I need more than you do, Tree; 
I can’t stand still and wait, 

Secure that all the good that’s mine 
Will come to me like fate: 


I have to stir around a bit, 

Find what belongs to me— 

O, I’m gnarled and roughed and 
strained and hard 

But—just you wait, Old Tree! 


Lumbermen and others have shown recently that only 40% of the trees cut in the forests of this 


country are used for lumber. 


The remaining 60% represents pure waste as high stumps and tops 


either left to rot in the woods or as slabs consumed in the burner or slash piles at the mill. I n Germany 
about 95% of every tree grown in the forests is used. Practically nothing from the forest is allowed 
to go to waste; even the stumps are grubbed out and the twigs and branches tied up into faggots jor f uel. 


ONE VIEW OF THE FOREST RANGER 


By Paut G. REDINGTON 
Forest Supervisor, Sierra National Forest 


LREADY much has been written 
about the forest ranger—some 
good poetry—more bad; some 
true-to-life fiction, more that 

widely misses the mark. To those people 
who have never come in contact with 
the forest ranger—easterners and those 
of the west who do not frequent his 
habitat—his life is one of romance, 
adventure, danger. To them he is a 
mighty man of brawn, clad in the stage 
habilaments of a frontiersman or cow- 
boy, superbly mounted, travelling in 
a country where heretofore ‘‘the hand 
of man has never set foot; classes in 
the same category as a member of the 
Northwest Mounted Police of Canada; 
an officer of a great government, clothed 
with the stern and unyielding authority 
of the law as he does his business with 
the grazer, the miner, the lumberman 
and the settler. This poorly drawn pic- 
ture of a forest ranger has been displayed 
before the eyes of many people by 
noted authors and writers of fiction and 
one cannot blame the uninitiated if he 
fails utterly to comprehend that com- 
monplace and hard, grinding work also 
are to be found in the daily life of a 
ranger; that this government officer 
seldom has to resort to force to carry 
out the law under which he works; that 
he is the friend and not the enemy of the 
men with whom he transacts business; 
that ehey ds a-.respected, member’ of a 
community; in most cases a man with 
a family, with the cares in this respect 
of the average American citizen on his 
shoulders; that he does his work from 
a sense of duty and because he wants to 
see it well done rather than because of 
arbitrary instructions of a superior 
officer. These people fail to appreciate 
—hbecause they do not know—that a 
large part of the work of the ranger is 
of his own initiating; that within cer- 
tain limits he plans the greater part of 
the work which is to keep him busy, 
unhampered by dictation from any 


268 


higher authority. There will always be 
romance in the ranger’s life, and it is 
safe to say that his work and his life 
will furnish the basis for many of the 
really readable novels of the future. I 
have often thought of what a chance any 
man in the field force of the Service, 
blessed with the knack of throwing 
together a good novel, has of putting the 
forest ranger into a story that would 
deal with the romantic and the hum- 
drum, the humorous and the pathetic; 
a story that would give to the public a 
clearer idea of the real work of the 
average ranger than has been conveyed 
in the writings hitherto. How many 
little anecdotes each one of us knows, 
which, if put into properly embellished 
English, would make one of the most 
interesting groups of short stories in 
existence. But I am going to side- 
track this phase of a many-sided sub- 
ject, and try to tell just what I think 
of the forest ranger and his future as 
viewed from a few short but pleasant 
years of contact with him and from the 
angle of a good many different positions. 

The forest ranger is, though he may 
not fully appreciate it, the foundation 
of the Forest Service, on which the vast 
establishment absolutely depends for 
support. He is the real forester in this 
great government machine. If not, in 
technical parlance, now, he will be not 
many years in the future. The practice 
of the profession of forestry must natur- 
ally be based on, first, a chance for the 
largest possible amount of field work, 
and, second, on observation; assuming, 
of course, that the man practising it has 
had sufficient of the theory of forestry 
to allow him to do proper and accurate 
work in the woods. As I say, the work 
must be done in the field where results 
can be watched for and studied. This 
cannot be done by an administrative 
officer of the Service, who necessarily 
has to devote a great bulk of his time 
to office work in connection with proper 


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‘ISHUOY TIVNOILVN VUNAIS ‘LOVAL, AVALSAWOT, ISANOY ONIATAUNG SAAONVY 


270 


organization, and also because such an 
administrative officer, even though in 
the field for quite a portion of his time, 
has generally a large territory to cover, 
and his work cannot be intensive. It 
now happens that the greater number of 
the higher administrative offices in the 
Service are filled by men who have had, 
considering the chances in this country, 
a good technical education, but this 
is no criterion by which the future 
should be judged. These men of whom 
I speak may be classed as the mission- 
aries of the forestry profession in the 
United States. Their work has been one 
of education and of organization and 
the work they have done in the past 
five years along these lines will, I 
think, always stand out as a distinct 
and a remarkable achievement; but 
these results could not have been 
as successful as they assuredly have been 
unless these missionaries had found men 
willing to be educated in the funda- 
mentals of forestry and also willing to 
sacrifice a larger gain for the satisfac- 
tion of accomplishing something for the 
general public service. The rangers 
constitute this latter class of men to 
whom I refer, and it would be difficult 
to frame a tribute which would convey 
the credit due these men. They have 
worked under exasperating difficulties, 
and they do not, in most instances, 
appreciate what they have accomplished. 

More and more it becomes apparent 
to me that to the man who wants to 
accomplish those things which are going 
to count in the organization and manage- 
ment of forest work, a position in the 
field is an absolute necessity. There 
will be no denial of my statement that 
the trend now is out of the office and 
into the woods, but some of the men 
who are taking this step now are a long 
way behind the rangers who have been 
in the woods for some time. As Inspector 
and later Associate District Forester in 
another district of the Service, I thought 
very often with envy of the Supervisor, 
since from that point of view it seemed 
to me that he was the man who was 
accomplishing things. Now, as Super- 
visor, the same feeling comes to me 
when I think about the rangers. As 
Supervisor, perhaps my judgment in 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


differing with a ranger on a piece of 
work must as a matter of organization 
be final, but unless I have been on the 
ground and know the conditions thor- 
oughly, I never feel satisfied with the 
decision that has to reverse a ranger. 
To successfully conduct the work of a 
national forest, the Supervisor must 
depend almost to the last degree on his 
men in the field, for they are the men 
who are on the firing line and who are 
doing things. 

Not many years from now our ranger 
districts, smaller in area considerably, 
will be in the charge of a forest ranger, 
who to successfully conduct the work 
within his district, is going to need a 
fundamental knowledge of technical 
forestry. .The forest stations will be 
equipped with tree nurseries whence a 
supply of young trees can be transported 
quickly and safely to an area in need of 
trees, when natural reproduction has 
failed to seed up a logged or burned 
country; these stations will be equipped 
in many instances with instruments for 
recording all those climatic features 
that have such an influence on the 
growth of the forest trees. The stations 
will be dotted with experimental plots 
from which the technically educated 
ranger in charge will draw his conclu- 
sions on which to base his field work. 
This change I think the men have all 
seen coming, slowly perhaps but surely, 
but I do not believe any of them, who 
think they lack opportunities for obtain- 
ing knowledge for technical forestry, 
should become alarmed lest their posi- 
tions are shortly going to be preempted 
by others. The rangers do not appre- 
ciate that they know a great deal about 
technical forestry, neither do they, I 
think, realize how tremendous an oppor- 
tunity each one of them has to widely 
extend this knowledge of technical 
forestry by study, by reading, and, 
perhaps most important of all, by 
observation. Though it is hard for 
some to read and assimilate readily, it 
is possible for everyone, whether the 
opportunity of a higher education has 
been his or not, to benefit an hundred- 
fold by observation. Rangers are seeing 
those things in the woods that are 
necessary to the forester if he is going 


“SISHUYOH AHL HONOUHL Si 
L SI MHOM (SU , LINVLYOdWI NV GNV Su 


‘ISdNOY TVNOIL vuUe V ONIN Vda AAONVY 


272 


to endeavor to satisfactorily solve the 
forest problems to be found in this 
country. They have the best chance to 
study by observation the effects of fire 
on soil and reproduction. It is up to 
them to tell us how our methods of fire 
protection can be bettered; how we 
can bring about economy in the man- 
agement of timber sales; how brush 
burning can best be done and why; 
what steps are necessary to bring about 
a better condition of the range. If the 
rangers can only appreciate it and keep 
the realization before them constantly, 
every one of the men has it within his 
power to advance to an appreciable 
degree the work to which he is devoting 
his time and thought. As a field man, 
a ranger has considerable advantage 
over the men who have been coached in 
theoretical methods of forestry at the 
school, where field work does not 
occupy a period proportionate with text 
books. It is up to the ranger to try his 
very best to get the theory to go along 
with the practice and experience that 
is his. The chances for obtaining a 
forestry education are so much better 
for the average man now than they were 
five years ago that we can scarcely 
prophesy what is going to happen in the 
next decade, while most of the men are 
still in the prime cf life and able to 
take (partially at least) advantage of 
such opportunities. As I have said, 
most of the rangers have the funda- 
mental principles of the field end of 
practical forestry well in hand. If 
those whe have not had the opportunity 
before, can round this out by a short, 
comprehensive course in technical fores- 
try, one of these days they can return 
to their districts secure in the knowledge 
that they are in the position to do the 
most valuable kind of work for the 
profession. 

As time goes on, our substantial 
cabins will have been built, our tele- 
phone and trail systems completed; 
our grazing so adjusted as to run almost 
automatically each year; our current 
timber sale work well in hand, and 
then more time will be devoted by the 
rangers to the thousand and one forest 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


problems that the American forester 
has to solve. They will tell us how best 
we can check the erosion of our moun- 
tain parks; what grasses are going to 
best restore a depleted range; what 
body of timber needs to be marketed, 
and all the facts about how much can 
be cut each year; how much of the area 
should be reforested as it is cut; how 
much can be cut fifty years in the future; 
under what regulations the cutting 
should be done; what by-products can 
be obtained from the heretofore wasted 
portions of trees, and how are incipient 
insect attacks to be combated. They 
will be able to say whether or not our 
methods of forest mensuration are 
archaic, and just how they can be 
improved. They will be in charge of 
reconnaissance crews and will con- 
struct a working plan to the last detail 
for the territory within their districts. 
I am, of course, speaking for myself 
when I forecast this future. I know 
that the majority of experienced men 
in the Service agree in general with my 
views. I know that they will tell the 
men, as I have tried to, if government 
control of the forests of the western 
country is to continue, that there can 
be no great success or large accomplish- 
ment unless there is always at the front 
the forest ranger, conscientious, self- 
sacrificing, observing, doing things as 
the forest ranger of today is doing things. 
He must remember, when the work 
drags and discouragements come, that 
without him and men like him, the 
Forest Service could not progress. His 
reward may not come in large remu- 
neration or rapid advancement in 
rank, or in results actually seen by him, 
but it will most surely and quickly 
come in his own realization that he is 
a cognate part of a movement that 
touches the very foundations of human 
prosperity; of a movement that is 
altruistic, and one that has no tolerance 
for graft or meanness or selfishness, 
individual or corporate; his reward will 
come when he fully appreciates that he 
has done his best to help along the 
conservation movement, classed by 
many as the greatest of modern times. 


PROGRESS IN BRITISH COLUMBIA 


By OVERTON WESTFELDT PRICE 


RITISH Columbia has already 
i travelled, surely and very rapid- 
ly, far along the road which leads 
to forest conservation. That is 
important, since in British Columbia’s 
forests is estimated to be over one-half 
the total timber stand of all Canada. 
To what is British Columbia’s progress 
in forestry due’? To these three things 
‘as I see it. First, a very remarkable 
opportunity to make the provincial 
forests serve the provincial welfare; for 
while British Columbia possesses large 
agricultural and rich mineral resources, 
vast water powers and great fisheries, 
it is primarily a forest country. Second, 
after opportunity comes the man in 
William R. Ross, the Provincial Minister 
of Lands, who, with the strong support 
of the Premier, Sir Richard McBride, 
is carrying forward wisely and vigor- 
ously a remarkably progressive, clean- 
cut policy of land, forest and water 
conservation. Third in the list of pre- 
disposing causes for forestry in British 
Columbia, and also an absolutely essen- 
tial one, comes a group of men like 
H.R. MacMillan, M. A. Grainger, R. E. 
Benedict and J. H. Lafon; men who 
have great zeal and great efficiency in 
forest work, and who are building up a 
forest branch which is like themselves. 
This new forest branch is a distinctly 
vigorous infant. The toys with which 
it is playing happily and usefully are 
the forests of British Columbia. That 
makes quite an extensive puzzle picture, 
for British Columbia’s forests cover one 
hundred and fifty million acres. This 
infant organization spent last year 
about $350,000 and took in from rentals 
on timber held by lumbermen under 
lease from the goverriment, ‘“‘royalties”’ 
which means payments for stumpage, 
and from miscellaneous sources, about 
$3,000,000, or a revenue of $6.93 per 
capita for the entire population of the 
province. 
Nor is this somewhat precocious 
youngster interested merely in present 
returns. It also goes in quite extensively 


for forest fire protection and last year 
held, with a force of 320 men, the total 
forest fire damage in the entire province 
down to $18,354, which, to put it 
mildly, is distinctly creditable to those 
320 men. During the year alsc the 
forest branch completed its organization 
of twelve forest districts, each with a 
district forester in charge. It made an 
admirable beginning on logging inspec- 
tion of 794 operations whose product 
aggregated one and one-third billion 
feet board measure, as well as great 
quantities of shingle bolts, piling, posts, 
mine props and poles. It made a notable 
beginning too, on permanent forest 
improvements, in the construction of 
nearly twelve hundred miles of trail 
and 360 miles of telephone line. To 
complete the tale merely of its more 
notable achievements, the forest branch 
has also developed a thriving little tim- 
ber sale business, which last year com- 
prised $238,000 worth of timber sold, 
and a further $147,000 worth advertised 
for sale. When the fact is recalled that 
the forest branch is not yet three years 
old, this progress is notable in forest 
history anywhere. 

The next task before the branch is 
to put forestry into effect on all timber 
limits with fairness to the forests and to 
the lumbermen. That, as Mr. Ross, 
the Minister of Lands, announced in a 
recent speech, is the most important 
task of all; and he and his forest branch 
are facing it. 

The recent act introduced by Mr. 
Ross for the adjustment of timber 
royalties is a great accomplishment. 
Without going into detail (for the act 
is available from the forest branch to 
any one who asks for it), I want merely 
to indicate what it accomplishes in 
fundamentals. 

This act provides that royalties, now 
fifty cents, shall go up by fifty per cent 
on January 1, 1915, andjthere remain 
for five years. Then, in 1920, comes a 
readjustment, under which the govern- 
ment first determines the average mill 


273 


Pe Ne a) ee 


‘VIAWAI0D HSILING NI NAY LON FAVE, SAX ISANOY AYAHM 


2 cease 


‘VIGIWN 100 HSILING NYAHLYON NI ‘AAARY SVVN AHL NO 


‘VIAINNTO) HSILIYG NI AONVSSIVNNOOYY LSHAOY AO 


INAGIONT NY 


‘SIH AMI] SUNV]T GHAHHNONNYS) SV VIAWNTO*?) HSILIY 
NY 1 v 


278 AMERICAN 
run price of lumber for the last three 
years, and adds to the royalty for the 
next five-year period one-fourth of the 
excess above $18.00 per thousand feet. 
At the end of every five years for six 
five-year periods the same process is 
renewed, the percentage of the price 
increment above a price of $18.00 taken 
by the government in royalty rising 
gradually from twenty-five to forty per 
cent, 

This means straight profit sharing 
between the public and the lumbermen. 
In revenue it means from forestry 
several times the present returns before 
the period of the act is ended. Asa 
precedent it means to British Columbia 
true conservation, if the precedent be 
followed, as I firmly believe it will. 
It is precisely one of the great conserva- 
tion principles for which Gifford Pin- 
chot has been fighting and has been 
winning and goes on doing both, in the 
United States; and it is very gratifying 
to Americans that in his speech endors- 
ing the Royalty Bill of Mr. Ross, the 
Premier referred to Gifford Pinchot as 
“that great conservation leader who 
possesses the rare combination of vision, 
leadership and common sense.” The 
application of that principle to the other 
vast resources of British Columbia, 
such as water powers and minerals, will 


FORESTRY 


make it, more nearly than any other 
government of which I know, the epit- 
ome of conservation principles, with 
the possible exception of Australia. 

I do not mean, of course, to imply 
that the situation is absolutely roseate 
Conservation confronts difficulties in 
British Columbia as it does elsewhere. 
But there is in that province an admi- 
rable combination of opportunity—for 
British Columbia owns nearly all the 
natural resources of British Columbia 
and the special interests do not—and of 
patriotic, farsighted men like Sir Richard 
McBride, Mr. Ross and Mr. Bowser, 
the Attorney General, in position of 
high trust. Such a combination is sure 
to get great results. 

The way in which the United States 
Forest Service has, by friendly coopera- 
tion, lent its help to the new forest 
branch, is an exceedingly praiseworthy 
and productive thing. The forest 
branch cannot be a replica of the Forest 
Service, because it deals with different 
conditions under different laws; but the 
purpose of both organizations is to get 
the highest good for the greatest num- 
ber from publicly owned forest resources, 
and there is and is always bound to be 
a constant and fruitful spirit of mutual 
help between them. ‘That spirit is 
already active and at work. 


CONFERENCE ON IRRIGATION 


a conference on the general sub- 

ject of the irrigation of the arid 

West to meet in Denver on the 
9th of April, and has requested the 
governors of Arizona, California, Colo- 
rado, Idaho, Montana, Nevada, New 
Mexico, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, 
Washington, and Wyoming, to send to 
this conference those who are interested 
in the further extension of irrigation in 
the West. This conference will be de- 
voted especially to the consideration of 


Secon LANE has called 


methods of cooperation between the 
States and the Federal Government, the 
building and managing of irrigation 
projects and in considering the ways 
and means of financing such work. 
Secretary Lane will be represented by 
several members of his staff, including 
those most familiar with irrigation 
matters, and invitations have also been 
extended to the representatives of 
financial interests interested in the 
flotation of irrigation bonds and to the 
representatives of Carey Act projects. 


DEDICATION OF A FORESTRY BUILDING 


r | \HE dedication of the forestry 
building of the New York State 
College of Agriculture at Cornell 

University on May 15 promises 

to be an occasion of great interest. The 

address of dedication is to be given by 

L. H. Bailey, former director of the 

College of Agriculture, at the opening 

of the program. Morning, afternoon 

and evening sessions have been arranged. 

In the morning and afternoon the 
following additional speakers will be 
heard: J. S. Whipple, President of the 
New York State Forestry Association; 
C. M. Dow, Chairman of the Forestry 
Committee of the New York State 
Bankers’ Association; F. L. Moore, 
President of the Empire State Forest 
Products Association; C. L. Pack, Presi- 
dent of the National Conservation Con- 
gress; H. S. Drinker, President of the 
American Forestry Association; J. W. 
Toumey, Director of the Yale Forest 
School. 

The evening session will be held in the 
assembly hall of the Main Agricultural 
Building, at which Henry S. Graves 
and Gifford Pinchot will be the speakers. 

On Saturday morning, May 16, the 
Society of American Foresters will hold 
a meeting at which Alfred Gaskill, 
State Forester of New Jersey, Filibert 
Roth, Director of the Department of 
Forestry at the University of Michi- 
gan, and B. E. Fernow, President of the 
Society, will speak. 

The directors of the American For- 
estry Association will also attend during 
the two days’ exercises and at the same 
time will hold their spring meeting. 

The program throughout follows one 
main topic, of interest to all, ‘‘ The Lines 


of Principal Effort in American For- 
estry for the Next Decade.” The 
speakers will develop this subject from 
various standpoints, including the train- 
ing of foresters, lumbering, making 
public opinion effective, national forest 
work, the national movement for forest 
conservation, state forestry in the east 
and in the middle west. 

The Cornell Forestry Club has planned 
an excursion by boat to Taughannock 
Fails on Saturday afternoon and an 
informal dinner there. 

Between the sessions of the dedica- 
tion meeting, visitors will have an 
opportunity to visit buildings of the 
university and to inspect the new for- 
estry building. 

This building is located on the east 
side of the university campus, opposite 
Beebe Lake and Fall Creek Road. Its 
cost, including equipment, is $120,000, 
which was appropriated by the State. 
It is one hundred and forty-two feet 
long and fifty-four feet wide. The dis- 
tribution of principal rooms is as follows: 

Ground floor: Wood technology labor- 
atories, timber testing laboratory, locker 
room, freight room. 

First floor: Offices, reading room, 
lecture and class room, mensuration 
and utilization laboratory. 

Second floor: Silvicultural and den- 
drology laboratory, museum, herbarium, 
class rooms, draughting room. 

Third floor: Laboratories for ad- 
vanced students, forestry club room, 
camera and dark rooms. 

Much interest has been shown in the 
dedication and a large attendance both 
from within and without the State is 
assured. 


Sawdust is now becoming of sufficient value to ship it to points where ti can be used for ice packing, 
stable bedding, stuffing for upholstery, packing glassware, for shipment of metals, crockery, etc. Saw- 
dust is even used for the manufacture of gunpowder and in Europe it is compressed into briquettes 
and sold for fuel. A few plants have already been organized in this country for utilizing sawdust for 


briquettes. 


Slabs, edgings and tops are now being profitably converted into cooperage stock, broom 


and other handles, wood turnery, wooden dishes and novelties, dowels, furniture rounds, etc. 


The stringent requirement of the Forest Service that all sheep be dipped before entering the national 
forests has practically eradicated scabies on those areas. 


279 


‘ST AVI NO daLlvoldad 


A NEW TYPE OF FIRE LINE 


By M. A. BENEDICT 
Deputy Supervisor, Sierra National Forest 


ciIVMRE Ro tamine in. the. next 
aS generation or two is a strong 
probability. The rapid deple- 

tion of the timber stand on 
private holdings is a clear prognosis 
of the grave situation which will con- 
front this country a few decades hence. 
To partially meet the demands of the 


| future, millions of acres of public land 


were set aside some years ago as Na- 
tional Forests, to be devoted primarily 
to the protection of mature timber and 
the young growing stock which furnish 
the basis of the future crops. Fire is the 
greatest menace to this growing stock. 

The Forest Service has been paying 
particular attention to this phase of 
forest protection for several years, and 
each year sees the methods of protec- 
tion brought to a higher state of effec- 
tiveness. In fact, the point has almost 
been reached when the American people 
—the owners of these vast timberlands 
—can:be assured that the great bulk 
of the growing stock on the National 
Forests will be in good shape for harvest 
at the proper time. There are, however, 
several obstacles that still stand in the 
way of complete insurance of the free- 
dom from serious damage to timber from 
fire. The chief of these in many parts 
of California is the proximity to the 
timber producing lands, of large areas of 
brush lands, which are not potentially 
valuable for timber production. Im- 
mense tracts of this type of land are 
either included within the forest in 
order to conserve the water supply, or 
lie just without the boundaries, where, 
because of their high degree of inflam- 
mability, they are a constant menace 
to the timber producing areas. The 
average fire, starting in this type of 
country, is only controlled through vigi- 
_ lant effort and the expenditure of much 
money. 

The line*between the brush and the 
timber producing areas, on the west 
_| slope of the Sierra Nevadas, is generally 


a most clearly defined one, and in order 
to reduce the chance of serious damage 
to the timber, the idea of placing a 
cleared line between the two types was 
conceived in the fall of 1913, and this 
line was constructed along the proposed 
new western boundary of the Sierra 
National Forest (which coincides closely 


FELLING A SNAG BY A SAW. 
NOTE HOW BADLY IT HAS BEEN BURNED. 


with the lower timber line) in January 
and February, 1914. The purpose of this 
fire line is to afford cheaper and more 
effective protection to areas which 
should be devoted to the continued pro- 
duction of timber. 

The conditions which had to be met 
were extraordinary, and it was found to 


281 


‘ANI’] GUI V XOX HLMOUD AHL HONOUHL AVM V ONIAVAIO NI MYO MING 4O GOHLAW ONIMONS ‘AAGMOg AT GATIAY OVNS V 


Forest RANGERS CLEARING OuT THE BACK FIRE LINE. 


284 


be impractical, from the point of ;view 
of both cost and effectiveness, to con- 
struct a wide, clean line of the German 
type. Fires originating in the brush 
country burn with fearful rapidity, and 
if left alone would sometimes sweep 
over a line half a mile in width. The 
cost of the construction of a line of this 
width would obviously be prohibitive. 
It was therefore decided to construct a 
line from which an organized fight could 
be directed. The usual method of com- 
bating fires in this type of country is to 
get well in advance of the approaching 
fire and clear the ground of all inflam- 
mable material for a few feet in width. 
Then the country between the cleared 
strip and the approaching fire is fired. 
The two fires burn together and go out 
for lack of inflammable material to burn. 
This method of fire control is in com- 
monuseall over the State of California, 
but there are several serious difficulties 
in combating a fire in this way. A back 
fire line has to be run hurriedly through 
very rough country; oftentimes it is 
not rightly placed and frequently it is 
not possible for a crew of reasonable 
size to prevent the back fire, set out 
along the hastily improvised line, from 
jumping the slight barrier interposed. 
To offset these difficulties, the follow- 
ing principles were outlined to govern 
the construction of the new type of 
line. It was to consist of three parts: 
(1) The back fire line, which is a narrow 
cut through the ground cover to mineral 
soil—in all respects similar to a line 
which a fire fighting crew would cut 
out to combat a fire in any given type. 
(2 and 3) To insure the successful 
handling of any fire, this back fire line 
was supplemented by the removal of the 
more inflammable material, such as 
down limbs, snags or clumps of heavy 
brush, for an average width of 100 feet 
in front and back of the cleared back 
fire line, in order to reduce the extra 
hazard. These two strips were to be 
known as the front and back protection 
strips. With this dangerous material 
out of the way, a ranger in charge of an 
efficient fire fighting crew could get 
well in advance of an approaching fire 
and back fire without fear of the back 
fire getting away from him. Special 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


emphasis was laid on the removal of 
old snags in front of the line. These 
snags very often are the means of throw- 
ing sparks across the back fire line and 
cause the loss of control. 


Bortnc Hoes with AUGERS FOR THE CHARGES 
oF POWDER WITH WHICH THE TREE IS TO BE 
BLown Down. 


The detailed location of the line was 
determined on in advance by rangers 
who had had a long experience in back 
firing work. Advantage was always 
taken of topography that would render 
the fighting of a fire less difficult. Roads, 
trails, open plowed fields, were used 
where they occurred as a part of the 
back fire line. 

Wherever possible the line was also 
made so that it could be used as the 
basis .for a patrolman’s beat. Tool 
boxes and telephone instruments will 
be placed at frequent intervals along the 
line to facilitate the control of an 
approaching fire. Signs will be placed 
at living springs so that no time will be 


* ‘ 


AD TREE BEING BLowN Down By A CHARGE OF POWDER. 


THE SMOKE FROM THE EXPLOSION OBSCURES THE LOWER PORTION OF THE FALLIN( 


DE 


TREE, 


x 


METHOD OF PLOWING 
THIS WORK MAY ALSO BE SATISFACTORILY DONE BY DYNAMITING, THE EXPLOSION MAKING A DEEP AND WIDE TRENCH. 


lost by the fighting force in locating 
available sources of water supply. 

To do this work, twenty-four regular 
rangers were picked from the different 
forests in California, assigned to the 
Sierra Forest, and were there divided 
into two crews of twelve each. These 
crews were in charge of a foreman who 
was chosen from their number. The 
foreman subdivided his crew into groups 
that worked on different parts of the 
construction. Usually there were two 
snag crews, one equipped with falling 
saw, and the other equipped with augers 
and powder. In this connection, very 
interesting and valuable data in regard 
to the cost and effectiveness of these 
two methods of snag disposal was 
obtained. From four to six men were 
equipped with axes and it was their duty 
to brush out the back fire line for a 
width of ten to twelve feet and also 
remove such inflammable material as 
was necessary in front and behind this 
strip. After the line was brushed out, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE Back FIRE LINE. 


two men came behind with a side-hill 
plow and plowed two furrows, one on 
each side of the back fire line, as close 
as the horses could go to the brush. 
The space between these furrows was 
then burned, leaving a back fire line 
free from any inflammable material. 

The progress of the crews varied 
according to the type of the country, 
but each crew easily averaged a mile 
and a half of finished line per day. By 
February 20 the line had been built along 
the western boundary of the Sierra 
Forest, an approximate distance of one 
hundred and ten miles, at a cost of $52 
per mile. While the full value of this 
type of line cannot as yet be determined, 
there can be no doubt but that such a 
line will prove to be a big help in protect- 
ing the timber areas, simply because it 
will relieve the local organization from 
the necessity of constructing a line of 
less efficiency on very short notice and 
in the face of an approaching fire. 


Plans for the Forest Products Exposition of Chicago, April 30th, are progressing satisfactorily. 


The preparations of exhibits by the affiliated associations is under way. 
to induce attendance, will be undertaken in the near future. 


A campaign of advertising, 
The manufacturers generally are requested 


to exert their utmost efforts toward creating interest in the expositions, which bid fair to be the most 
interesting and comprehensive ever held in this country. 


ee ee ee ee 


7 


PLANTING AND SEEDING OF WOODLOTS 


By Geo. Latta Barrus, NEw YorkK STATE FORESTER 


HE establishment of tree growth 
in the woodlot, or on large forest 
| areas may be brought about by 
two methods, namely, natural 
reproduction and artificial reproduction. 
I wish to give some advice to woodlot 
owners on planting and seeding, and to 
draw their attention at this time to the 
planning of such work for the spring 
season. In another issue of this maga- 
zine there will be discussed the different 
systems to be followed in securing 
natural reproduction of forest growth. 
It will be learned from such discussion 
that, while natural reproduction is the 
ideal to be hoped for, there are certain 
fundamental requirements, at the start, 
necessary in order to make the adoption 
of that system possible, the most impor- 
tant factor being the presence of good 
seed trees of desirable species. 

On vast areas of land in the United 
States not only are desirable seed trees 
lacking, but there are often no signs 
of any tree growth, leaving artificial 
reproduction as the only choice. Even 
in the small areas of woodlots there are 
often open spaces where planting or 
seeding is advisable to secure satisfac- 


tory conditions. Thus, in any opening 
where grass is found, and where it 
would be difficult to secure reproduction 
of the best species, it would be wise to 
resort to planting. Only too often all 
the trees of the best species have been 
cut out from a woodlot, so that it would 
be impossible to secure their natural 
reproduction. Also it might be desirable 
to introduce species which had never 
grown there before. Again, in such 
spaces where the land is now occupied 
by large spreading trees of poor quality, 
it would be better to cut these out and 
plant. 

There are very few woodlots which 
could not be very greatly improved by 
planting from one hundred to four 
hundred trees per acre. Like all other 
forest planting, the work can generally 
be done before the ordinary farm work 
is taken up, so that it will not interfere 
with that work. In case the market 
conditions warrant cutting of the poor 
material, generally the value received 
from such cuttings will be enough to 
pay for the cost of planting the woodlot 
with new stock, as this latter cost is 
very low. 


Photo by C. J. Ayres. 


THE LAND Gives EvIDENCE OF BEING OCCUPIED IMMEDIATELY AFTER PLANTING. 
SCOTCH PINE ON ADIRONDACK SAND. 


288 


The first thought which occurs to the 
land owner ordinarily is that he can 
secure a forest growth much more 
cheaply and satisfactorily by sowing the 
seed directly on the ground instead of 
planting the trees. Where it is desired 
to start a growth of hardwood trees 
this is sometimes true, especially in the 
case of black walnut, red oak, hickory 
and some of the heavy seeded hard- 
woods. In such cases seed can be 
gathered from the trees and set out 
immediately or kept over winter and 
planted in the spring. Where squirrels 
and field mice are especially numerous, 
the spring planting is preferable. In 
such work it is necessary to have the 
mineral soil exposed, and also to have 
leaves and grass removed from the spot 
where the seed is planted, or if the seed 
is to be sown, the ground should be 
dragged with a light drag or an old 
stub of a tree which will tear up the 
ground surface. 

Experience in planting trees and sow- 
ing seeds in the field under varying con- 
ditions clearly indicates that planting is 
a successful method, while broadcast 
sowing is too expensive and uncertain 
to be used generally. 


WHEN TO PLANT. 


Most of reforesting work has been 
done in the spring as soon as the frost 
is out of the ground, so the trees could 
be shipped. This means from the early 
part of April to the latter part of May, 
depending upon local climatic condi- 
tions. It is also possible to do such 
planting work in the early fall as soon 
as the long summer drought ceases and 
the fall rains begin. Coniferous trees 
in some cases can be planted as early 
as the latter part of August, but for 
fall planting of hardwoods it is better 
to/wait until later when the leaves begin 
to fall. 


WHAT TO PLANT. 


In answer to this question the first 
requirement is to learn what are the 
native species making the best growth 
on the kinds of soil where your planting 
is to be done, and then decide which 
species will give the product desired for 
your use or marketable in your locality. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Of the trees adapted for planting in 
the Eastern States, perhaps the follow- 
ing named are some of those most likely 
to be chosen for a special product: 
White ash and red oak, for hardwood 
lumber; black locust, European larch, 
arbor vitae and catalpa (in restricted 
range), for fence posts, grape stakes or 
hop poles; white and red pine, Norway 
and red spruce and tulip poplar, for a 
supply of softwood lumber; Norway 
or red spruce and Carolina poplar, for 
pulpwood. 


eet 
hee 


| Siang 


Caf 
- Se 


Photo by G. L. Barrus. 


PircH PINE SEED Spot S1x YEARS AFTER PLANTING 
SEED. 


In order to have the plantation suc- 
cessful and prove a profitable invest- 
ment, there are certain factors, stich as 
light, soil moisture, soil fertility, climatic 
conditions, fungus diseases and insect 
pests, which must be considered. 

The pines are best adapted to light, 
sandy soils with but little fertility, while 
the spruce, tulip poplar and catalpa are 
quite exacting as to soil requirements. 

The amount of moisture required by 
trees depends upon their root systems. 


‘AUASYNN AHL NI SONITGCHAS AVAR OMT 


290 


Such trees as Scotch, Austrian and red 
pine, black locust and red oak, make 
satisfactory growth on dry soil because 
their long tap roots are able to take up 
moisture from the lower sub-soil. There 
are no trees, however, which make a 
satisfactory growth on cold soils thor- 
oughly saturated with water, because 
air in the soil is necessary. 

All trees, in order to make a profit- 
able growth, require light, but the maxi- 
mum and minimum requirements vary 
considerably according to species. Light 
shade is beneficial to nearly all species 
when they are first planted, but some 
kinds, such as spruce, have the ability 
to withstand considerable shade. Often 
times there will be existing growth, such 
as grass, brambles, brush or brakes on 
the land to be planted. In such cases 
a liberal sized space should be cleared 
before planting the trees, so as to allow 
a fairly good opening to prevent the 
ground cover from choking out the 
trees or matting them down after the 
rank growth of the summer has been 
weighted down by the winter snow. 

Of course it is hard to select any 
species which is not afflicted with insect 
pests or fungus diseases to a more or 
less extent. There are some species, 
however, which are especially undesir- 
able for this reason. For instance, the 
chestnut should not be planted in the 
Atlantic States because of the chestnut 
blight, and in certain localities the locust 
borer works such havoc with plantations 
as to discourage the planting of this tree. 
Ordinarily, however, the locust will 
reach a size suitable for grape stakes 
or fence posts before the plantation is 
destroyed, and when sprout growth 
comes up after cutting, it gets a very 
good start before another attack is 
likely to occur. Where there is a ground 
cover of sweet fern the Scotch pine is 
apt to develop a fungus disease which 
requires the sweet fern as a host in 
order to carry out its life cycle. In some 
localities the white pine weevil causes 
considerable damage to plantations 
periodically and, in such cases, it might 
be best to consider the substitution of 
red pine. 


SIZE OF TREES TO BE USED. 


Ordinarily a land owner expects to 
receive trees three or four feet high, so 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


as to make an immediate showing, but 
the folly of using such stock is easily 
seen when we consider the cost of trans- 
portation, the increased cost of labor 
in setting them out, and finally the 
large percentage of loss where this large 
stock is used. Under most conditions 
the largest tree advisable for reforesting 
work is the four-year-old transplant and 
the use of this tree is not to be advised 
ordinarily unless there is filling in to 
be done where former planting has 
already made a fairly good start, or in 


Photo by G. L. Barrus. 


No. 1—FiveE YEAR OLp ScorcH PINE SEEDLING 
FROM SEED SPOT. 


No. 2—Four YEAR OLD ScotcH PINE TRANSPLANT 
FROM NURSERY. 


NOTE BETTER ROOTS ON NO, 2. 


planting on very dry and exposed situa- 
tions where the smaller transplants or 
seedlings could not survive. The best 
proportioned tree for ordinary planting 
is the three-year-old transplant which 
has a very well developed root system, 
even though the top does not make as 
much of a showing as that of the four- 
year transplant. The transportation 
of such trees is considerably less than 
the four-year transplant, and they are 


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ONIINVId NI Sd¥Lg AnoOY AHL 


292 


much easier for the men to handle in 
planting. 

In some cases, where there is not a 
dense ground cover, the two-year-old 
seedling will give satisfactory results, 
andj when this stock is used, closer 
spacing could be adopted, assuring a 
sufficient number of trees for the final 
stand, even though a larger percentage 
of loss was encountered. In taking up 
such small trees from the nursery, we 
are bound to get a more complete root 
system with the small fibrous roots 
which are so essential to the growth of 
tie tree: 


HOW TO PLANT. 


If the planting is to be done on a 
large scale, it will be necessary to organ- 
ize the men in crews and to have trees 
purchased from a commercial or State 
nursery. 

When the trees arrive they should 
be taken to the planting field and un- 
packed immediately. The roots should 
be dipped in water and the plants 
“‘heeled in,’ i. e., placed upright in a 
trench and the dirt packed tight 
around the roots. They can be kept in 
this manner while the planting is in 
progress. 

The working unit is two men, one of 
them equipped with a grub hoe and the 
other with a pail for carrying the little 
plants. Two men working thus as a 
pair—one making the hole and the 
other planting the tree—will, after a 
little experience, set out about 1,000 
transplants or 1,200 seedlings per day. 
If only a few thousand trees are to be 
planted, two men can do the work 
within the required time; but if many 
thousand, several pairs of men will be 
necessary. 

In making a hole, it is well to cut off 
and remove a thin slice of sod, as this 
gives the plant a better opportunity 
to grow. The hole should be large 
enough to give room for the roots with- 
out crowding; but on a light soil the 
least dirt that is moved in order to set 
the plants properly the better it will be. 
The plant should usually be placed in 
the ground at the same depth that it 
was before; but on light, sandy soil it 
may be set slightly deeper. The earth 
should be packed about the roots 
thoroughly, so that the plant will be 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


able to get all the moisture possible from 
the surrounding earth. Care should be 
taken also to place the roots in their 
natural position. 

Special pains should be taken to 
prevent any exposure of the roots to 
the sun. Once they become dry the 
plants are very likely to die. The trees 
“heeled in’ should be kept moist at 
roots. 


POSSIBILITY OF SCOTCH PINE AS A CHRISTMAS TREE. 


In planting spruce special care must 
be taken to get the tree in the ground the 
same depth as it has been growing. The 
roots should also be placed in as near a 
normal position as possible. 

Cultivation is not necessary before 
planting, but it will improve the growth 
of the plantation and is necessary for 
catalpa. 


NUMBER OF TREES PER ACRE. 


It is absolutely necessary that a much 
larger number of trees be planted on an 
acre than would be expected in a mature 
forest. It is not necessary, however, to 
crowd the trees the way they are found 


‘“AMHSUNN AHL NI GuvOg ONILNVIdSNVUL ONIS() 


294 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


BEFORE PLANTING. 


This land is not fitted for agriculture. 


It is an evidence that the real cost of neglected waste areas 


on a farm is a general lowering of the whole farm value. 


sometimes in nature, especially in 
natural seeding of white cedar or white 
pine. A close, dense stand is essential 
at the start in order to produce a proper 
development in the future growth, but 
it is wise to consider at the same time 
the initial cost of your planting, as this 
will affect the final profits. 

The close planting produces crowded 
and shaded conditions which kill off 
the side branches when the trees are 
small, reduce the number and size of 
the knots, and finally make a higher 
grade of lumber. 

Such valuable results are easily seen 
when we compare the difference between 
trees which have grown naturally in a 
dense forest and those which have 
grown in the open. On the other hand, 
if too many trees are planted per acre, 
the cost is rapidly increased and tends 
to discourage the land owner from mak- 
ing the initial investment. Then too, 
the denser the stand, the sooner will 
thinning be necessary in Order to get 
the best growth. Such early thinning 
ordinarily would not bring a profit in 
this country. In foreign countries where 
the fagot is in demand, closer planting 
and such early thinnings can be carried 


on with some degree of profit. It is also 
possible that, if the right species could 
be grown on the soil in question, the 
early thinnings could be made with the 
idea. of a supply of Christmas trees 
which would bring a profit in this 
country. The advisability of growing 
such a crop, however, would be governed 
largely by the proximity to available 
markets as well as the adaptability of 
balsam, Norway spruce or other Christ- 
mas trees to the soil where the planting 
is to be done. 

In consideration of these factors, it 
is found that a spacing of six by six 
feet, requiring 1,200 trees per acre, is 
best ‘adapted for most plantations. 

The fast growing-and light demanding 
trees, such as Carolina poplar and black 
locust, may be set at a wider spacing, 
for example, eight feet apart each way, 
requiring 680 trees per acre. In some 
cases a mixed plantation might also be 
desired where fast growing species 
would be alternated with slower grow- 
ing and shade enduring species, with the 
idea that the faster growing tree would 
be taken out in the early thinnings. In 
such a case the trees might be planted 


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“SLTASAY NOILVINVT INI ALI 
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296 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Four YEARS AFTER PLANTING. 


NOTE NOT ONLY THE MUCH BETTER APPEARANCE BUT ALSO THE VERY APPARENT INCREASE IN 
VALUE PER ACRE, 


five feet apart, requiring about 1,740 
per acre. 

Planting in the farmers’ woodlots 
should be done where necessary to fill 
up openings in the woodlots, which 
would’take too long to seed up naturally, 
thus immediately putting all the land 
to productive use; to introduce new 
species to make the stand more valuable; 
or to ensure reproduction of most desired 
species, difficult to secure otherwise. 

In underplanting in the woods, care 
must be taken not to plant where the 
light conditions or soil conditions are 
unsuitable to the species used; thus, 
white pine should have a moderate 
amount of light, Norway spruce could 
stand a considerable amount of shade 
and white oak would require much light. 

Several States maintain nurseries 
where trees can be purchased at cost 
or at least at very reasonable rates. 
If there are no State nurseries, the State 
Forestry Department can refer you to 
reliable commercial nurseries and give 
you special advice for planting in your 
particular locality. Therefore the first 
thing to do is to communicate with the 
State Forestry Department. If there is 
no State Forest Service, then communi- 


cate with the U. S. Forest Service at 
Washington, D. C. 

Lumber companies or owners of 
large tracts remote from railroad lines 
can often avoid heavy transportation 
and hauling charges by establishing a 
small nursery near the planting site. 
The owner of a woodlot can perhaps 
even more easily start a small nursery 
in his garden patch. 

The growing of hardwoods in a 
private nursery is perhaps even more a 
practical suggestion, especially for the 
owner of the woodlot. Seeds of the 
different hardwoods can often be col- 
lected in the vicinity of the woodlot and 
either sown in the fall or stored over 
winter and sown in the spring. If suit- 
able precautions can be taken to prevent 
loss from squirrels or mice, better results 
usually are obtained from fall sowing 
from heavy seed of hardwoods, such as 
oaks, hickory, etc. 

The seed could be sown in long rows 
spaced the same as transplants, so as to 
permit the use of a hand cultivator. 
The seeds should not be covered too 
deeply, ordinarily two to three times 
the diameter of the seed itself. 

It is also possible and advisable in 


So A SES 


PLANTING AND SEEDING OF WOODLOTS 297 


some localities to gather small seedlings 
if they have come up naturally in a 
place where they are not desired, or too 
thick for a permanent stand. If trans- 
planted in nursery rows for a year or 
two, they would develop much better 
roots and be better adapted for planting 
in permanent sites. 

The cost of reforesting depends on 
many factors which go to determine the 
cost of the planting stock and the work 
of planting in the field. First of all 
the cost of stock will depend on where 


‘the same has to be purchased. There 


was a time, not many years back, when 
reforesting could not be advocated to 
any extent because trees could not be 
secured at a price reasonable enough 
to show results from a business stand- 
point. No one can expect land owners 
to undertake reforesting if they have to 
pay $10 to $30 per thousand for trees 
at the nursery. Since some of the States 
have started nurseries in recent years, 
commercial nurseries have come to 
realize this fact and they have been led 
to offer a smaller grade of stock suitable 
for reforesting at a more reasonable 
price. 

In the majority of cases the public 
have not yet come to realize the fact 
that the best trees can be secured for 
reforesting at prices ranging from $1.50 
to $6.00 per thousand. Of course such 
prices generally are quoted f. 0. b. nur- 
sery so that the final cost of stock will 
depend upon the proximity of the plant- 
ing site to the nursery. If you are for- 
tunate enough to have your land 
located near a nursery where trees can be 
shipped by freight or hauled direct from 
the nursery by teams, the cost of stock 
will be at a minimum. If, on the other 
hand, the trees have to be shipped by 
express and then perhaps hauled twenty 
miles from express office to planting 
site, the cost is greatly increased. 

The cost of planting is a still more 
variable quantity. The condition of 
land to be planted, the distance at 
which trees are spaced, the cost of 
provisions (depending on the season 
of the year or the distance toted), the 
amount of lost time due to bad weather, 
the experience of the men, the supply 
of labor, and the size of operation, are 
allfactorsinfluencing the cost of planting. 


The reports from private plantings 
show variation of cost per acre from 
$3.00 for underplanting with 400 trees, 
to $16.00 for a maximum where trees 
are spaced six by six feet, requiring 
about 1,200 per acre. 

Probably an average cost per acre 
for trees and labor would be about $8 
to $12. 


Photo by G. L. Barrus. 


PopLaR WHIPPING Top OF RED PINE AND RETARD- 
ING Its GROWTH. 


IN CASE OF UNDER PLANTING REMOVE POORER SPECIES 
WHEN THEY INTERFERE WITH THE BEST GROWTH. 


For planting in the woodlot, the work 
can often be done at such times as not 
to interfere with other work and with 
permanently employed labor, so that 
the only actual investment is the cost 
of trees, about $3 to $6 per acre. 

Returns come within a short time. 
The trees in from three to five years 
cover the unsightly parcels, thereby 
increasing the value of the entire tract. 
Careful studies of growth made in 
plantations show good yields and money 
returns from reforesting. Planting is 
not a matter of sentiment, but a sound 
business investment. 


298 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CHARCOAL KILN IN THE SPESSART MOUNTAINS. 
THEY RECEIVE ABOUT ONE AND A QUARTER CENTS PER CUBIC FOOT FOR THEIR LOPWOOD. 


THE HARDWOODS OF THE SPESSARTS 


By F. F. Moon, M. F. 


HE statement was made a short 

time ago by no less an authority 

than Mr. Pinchot, that up to the 

present time, in comparatively 
few instances has timber ever brought 
a price in the United States equal to the 
cost of production. A trip to the great 
hardwood region of Germany, the 
Spessart Mountains of Hessen, proves 
this statement beyond cavil. 

The Spessart Mountains are located 
in the bend of the Main River, are sterile 
as to soil, inclement as to weather, and 
unsuited for agriculture, but at present 
constitute a resource of enormous value, 
since they produce the bulk of the fine 
hardwoods for the German Empire. 
One-third of this region is devoted to 
timber production, and forestry and 
mining are the chief sources of employ- 
ment for the inhabitants. 

The development of this region as a 
broad commercial forestry proposition 
is of comparatively recent date as 
measured by their standards, regular 
silvicultural methods having been intro- 
duced about 1813. Previous to this 
time it had been used chiefly for a 
hunting preserve by the archbishops of 
Mainz. Even now portions of it furnish 
superior boar shooting, the Prince 


Regent of Bavaria owning a large tract, 
completely fenced, near Rothenbuch. 

When the church property passed 
into the hands of the state, the desultory 
methods were replaced by more scien- 
tific forms of management so that at 
present we find them handling these non- 
agricultural lands in an up-to-date 
manner instead of using methods that 
had their chief sanction from custom. 
Even now they realize that the rotations 
used in the past are entirely too long 
when the financial returns are taken into 
consideration, and that the mature 
stands of oaks and beeches, ranging 
in age from 800-1,000 years, while 
picturesque in the extreme, are not 
financially profitable, in spite of the 
high stumpage prices that prevail. 

The revier at Rothenbuch gives a 
good idea of conditions and practices 
prevailing in this region. Mature forests 
are being rapidly cut off and replaced 
by seedling stands of oak and beech. 
Direct seeding is the chief method used 
in getting the stands started. The rows, 
approximately 1.5 meters apart, are 
hacked with a grub hoe at an average 
cost of about 30 marks per hectare ($3 
per acre), then the acorns are put in 
with a dibble at an additional cost of 


F. Moon. 
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Photo by F. 


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THE HARDWOODS OF THE SPESSARTS 


8-20) marks per hectare. As a result 
they may get as high as 20,000 seedlings 
per hectare. (8,000 per acre.) 

At present they are doing little in 
the way of artificial regeneration of 
beech, since in the words of Forst- 
meister Endres, ‘Beech is a weed in 
this locality, both as to germination 
and growth, and comes in the oak plan- 
tations of its own accord.”’ 

Frequent thinnings are made and if, 
as in some instances, the stand has come 
up ragged, they will cut it clean and 
get a coppice stand of greater regularity 
and vigor. 

In the past hogs were often pastured 
in the woods at mast time to force the 
nuts and acorns into the ground. At 
present, while a good deal of grazing is 
permitted, no dependence is placed on 
way of getting a forest started; artificial 
regeneration being the rule. 

The care which is exercised in the 
proper utilization of their material and 
their efforts to keep up the value and 
reputation of their products is abun- 
dantly justified, since the prices they 
receive are enormous and Spessart oak 
is widely known for its quality and in 
great demand. 

The very best sticks of clear oak are 
sold for veneer, the lower grades are 
used for planks and staves, and the 
tops and defective portions are made 
into charcoal on the ground, thus mak- 
ing their utilization practically complete. 

The age of their largest trees (small 
annual growth), of course insures the 
fine texture and uniform quality needed 
for the veneer industry. One reason 
that was given here for the close planting 
method and is found to prevail in other 
parts of Germany, is that this close 
competition during the first decade or 
two of the trees, prevents rapid spongy 
growth in the core. We have hardly 
reached the point in the United States 
where we care to sacrifice early volume 
growth for later quality. 

That these efforts at price and quality 
maintenance are not lost, the value of 


50] 


the logs bear witness. In 1911 the aver- 
age price they received per stem of 
oak was $142 (stems averaged a little 
less than 2,000 board feet apiece, making 
the price about $75 per thousand on the 
stump). They have received as high 
as 470 marks per cubic meter of oak or 
an equivalent of about $375 per thou- 
sand board feet. 

For their veterans that are free from 
branches for some distance above the 
ground, there is great demand; a butt 
log that will run six meters free from 
branches, is worth $250, and one that is 
eleven meters in clear length brings 
$750, on the stump. It is needless to 
say that this class of material is most 
economically used, being cut into the 
finest veneers. 

For the stave material they receive 
42 marks per stare (7-10 of a cubic 
meter), or about 40 cents per cubic 
foot, while for their lop wood, etc., they 
get about 1 1-4 cents per cubic foot. 

Regarding the financial success of their 
methods, it has been found that the 
compound interest charges very largely 
eat up the profits on long rotations in 
spite of the enormous returns per acre. 
They are now planning to reduce the 
rotation to 250-300 years for the oaks 
and to introduce the faster growing 
spruce and pine. 

We have in our Southern Appala- 
chians some of the finest natural hard- 
wood land in the world; land far better 
suited for the raising of trees than for 
agriculture; land which in the memory 
of middle aged men, has been cleared, 
tilled for a few years, and then allowed 
to grow up to brush. It is eminently 
fitting that we profit by the example 
of the Bavarian and Hessian foresters 
and turn this vast area, now producing 
nothing but a fraction of its capacity, 
into a magnificent hardwood producing 
region so that in the United States, 
Appalachian oak, like Spessart oak in 
Germany, may be a term with which to 
conjure. With the vigorous extension of 
the Weeks Act it is not at all improbable. 


A California firm is selling eucalyptus charcoal at $24 a ton, as against $20 a ton for oak char- 
coal. Since most of the California-grown eucalyptus do not make good lumber, uses for other products 


of the tree are being sought. 


SALT LAKE PRESERVES TIMBERS 


recently burned, along the north 
shore of Great Salt Lake, engineers 
have just found that the piles are 
still perfectly sound after forty-three 
years of service. Looking for the cause, 
since these were only of local pine and 
fir, they found the timbers were impreg- 
nated throughout with salt from the lake. 

At another point on the lake, eighteen 
inch piles, set twenty-nine years, are 
similarly preserved with salt, which has 
penetrated to their very center. Tim- 
bers in the Southern Pacific trestles 
across Salt Lake, placed in 1902, appear 
to be as good as on the day when the 
piles were driven. They have been pre- 
served well above water line by the salt 
dashed on to them by the waves, a 
fact apparently anticipated by the 
engineers who built the trestles. 

The first transcontinental telegraph 
line, built before the railroad, extended 
west from Salt Lake City through the 
prosperous mining camps of Eureka, 
Austin and Virginia City. When the 
railroad was built, the telegraph line 
was transferred to follow its right of 
way and the old poles sawed off at the 
ground. An engineer who recently 
examined the butts left in the ground in 
the salt desert near Fish Springs, found 


|: REPLACING a railroad trestle 


that, although fifty years had passed 
since the poles were cut off, the old 
butts were perfectly sound. 

Telephone and electric companies in 
the Salt Lake valley have used the local 
salt for preserving poles. When set up, 
about 75 pounds of salt is placed around 
the pole on the ground. This method 
cannot be used, however, when the pole 
is on or near a lawn, or in any place 
where vegetation is desired. 

It is pointed out that the reason why 
the waters of Salt Lake act as a strong 
preservative. as distinguished from ocean 
waters, is because the lake water is so 
much saltier, being practically a saturate 
solution. Preservation with salt is of 
no use in ocean piling against the attack 
of teredos and other marine borers. 

Experts in the Forest Service who have 
been investigating the preservative 
treatment of timber, offer the suggestion 
that ties and poles which have been 
immersed for some time in the waters 
of the lake ought to be impervious to 
decay, if the salt is not leached out by 
the action of the elements. It has been 
suggested that this can be guarded 
against, for example, by painting the 
butt of the pole with a coat of creosote, 
which will keep out the moisture and 
keep in the salt. 


CARE OF SHADE TREES 


HE Tree Committee of the Laurel 

| Hill Association, Stockbridge, 

Mass., has evolved a plan for 

arousing interest in the systematic 

care of the village shade trees which 

commends itself to other communities. 

The plan is outlined for the guidance 
of others: 

In order to plan more intelligently 
for tree planting and tree removal, the 
town of Stockbridge has had a chart 
of its village trees plotted to scale. 

The work has been done with the 
approval and authority of the selectmen 
and the tree warden by the committee 
on trees of the Laurel Hill Association, 


302 


a village improvement society which 
prides itself on being the pioneer of 
such societies. 

The village main street is 100 feet 
wide and flanked on either side by a 
row of trees. Elms predominate, sup- 
plemented by maple, ash, linden and 
pine. 

The largest of the elms is 171% feet 
in circumference at a height of three 
feet above the ground and is probably 
about 160 years old. 

In addition to the chart, the com- 
mittee has issued a pamphlet for local 
distribution outlining briefly the num- 
ber and varieties of the village trees 


MARYLAND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION 303 


and showing the need of a comprehen- 
sive? plan for the whole street in the 
matter of tree removals and replanting. 

The charts and the pamphlet together 
make it easily apparent that the usual 
aversion to any sort of thinning of 
trees in public highways or parks is a 
mistaken attitude. 

The committee have as yet charted 
only those trees on the roadway side 
of the property lines, but it is expected 
that property owners along the street, 
which is widely known for its perspective 
of arching trees and its well kept lawns, 


will conform in their tree planting 
activities to the general plan indicated 
by the committee. 

In addition to this landscape study, 
the committee supplements the town 
and private activities in the nature of 
spraying, trimming, and general care 
of the trees and expects to systematically 
call the attention of the residents of the 
town to any State or Federal bulletins 
on these general subjects as may be 
from time to time available for general 
distribution. 


MARYLAND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION 


HE first annual conference of the 
| Maryland Conservation Asso- 
ciation at John Hopkins Univer- 
sity, proved to be a very success- 
ful and encouraging gathering of Mary- 
landers in the good cause. The preamble 
to the by-laws of the association contains 
the statement that this association has 
been formed through the interest aroused 
by the Fifth National Conservation 
Congress, which was largely attended 
by Marylanders. That those attending 
the Congress felt desirous of advancing 
the cause of conservation in Maryland, 
and of reviving the organization formed 
some years ago for that purpose. 

The addresses at the conference were 
as follows: 

Conservation in the Nation and in the 
State, Senator Moses E. Clapp, of 
Minnesota. 

The Smith-Lever-A gricultural 
Demonstration Bill, Congressman A. F. 
Lever, of South Carolina. 

Relation of Farm Co-operative Dem- 
onstration Work to Soil Fertility, Brad- 


ford Knapp, Esq., United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture. 

Bird Refuges and Game Propagation, 
John B. Burnham, Esq., New York, 
President, American Game Protective 
& Propagation Association. 

The Shellfish Industry, Dr. H. F. 
Moore, Chief, Division of Fisheries. 

The Bearing of Pollution of Tidal 
Water on Health, and the Necessity of 
Control of Pollution, Surgeon H. S. 
Cumming, United States Public Health 
Service. 

The Value to Maryland of the Con- 
trol of Water Carried Diseases in Town 
and County, and Measures Necessary 
to Accomplish It, Surgeon L. L. Lums- 
den, United States Public Health Ser- 
vice. 

Patapsco Forest Reserve, Miss Kath- 
arine Lurman. 

Old Fort Frederick, Judge Henry 
Stockbridge. 

Forestry, Dr. Henry 5S. Drinker, 
President, American Forestry Associa- 
tionand President, Lehigh University, Pa. 


GEORGE W. VANDERBILT DEAD 


members of the American Forestry 
Association heard of the death re- 
cently of Mr. George W. Vanderbilt, 
of Washington, D. C., a vice president 
of the association and a man who has 
done much for the cause of forestry. The 
success of the forest planting on the 


|: WAS with the deepest regret that 


estate of Mr. Vanderbilt at Biltmore 
has long been known to students of 
forestry and has been an object lesson 
and an inspiration for similar work in 
other parts of the country. What Mr. 
Vanderbilt has done for forestry will 
be the theme of an article in an early 
issue of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


HOW TO SAVE $100,000,000 A YEAR 


O GREAT are the possibilities 
and so urgent the need of wider 
use of preserved timbers that 
it is estimated that $100,000,000 

a year would not cover the saving which 
could be made by the universal treat- 
ment of woods in commercial use, which 
are exposed to decay. A Forest Service 
bulletin issued five years ago made the 
estimate then that about $72,000,000 a 
year would be saved if proper preserva- 
tive treatment was given to all kinds of 
structural timber which can be treated 
with profit. 

In order to show the wood using pub- 
lic just what may be done in wood pre- 
serving, the American Wood Preservers’ 
Association has decided to have an 
elaborate exhibit at the Forest Products 
Exposition in Chicago, from April 30 
to May 9, and in New York from May 
21 to May 30. This exhibit will show 
the development of an industry which 
has trebled in the number of plants and 
quadrupled in the capacity of output 
during the past 10 years. By charts 
and graphic representations will be 
indicated the wonderful saving of treated 
over untreated material on both a cost 
and physical basis. All of the commer- 
cial woods of the country will be shown 
as to their adaptability for treatment, 
and the preservatives and processes 
best suited for various woods in differ- 
ent conditions will be exhibited. Rail- 
road cross ties, which are treated to the 
extent of over 32,000,000 annually, repre- 
sent the most important phase of the 
industry; but wood in a hundred other 
forms can be chemically preserved, and 
the more important of these miscella- 
neous uses, will be shown by actual wood 
specimens. The list of miscellaneous 
material suitable for treatment, includes 
piling, poles, paving blocks, construc- 
tion timbers, cross-arms, fence posts, 
mine timbers and lumber of all 
kinds. 

As irrefutable proof of the efficiency of 
proper treatment, many actual speci- 
mens of treated material, which has had 
long service, will be shown. There will 


304 


be creosoted piling from Galveston, 
which is still sound after 37 years in 
teredo infested waters; there will be 
wood blocks which have served as 
flooring for over 30 years; creosoted ties 
with a record of a quarter of a century 
in situations where untreated ties of 
the same character will rot in six years. 
There will be shown the possibilities 
of treating wood such as gum, sap 
pine, beech and other hardwoods, which 
rot quickly, so that they will resist 
decay almost indefinitely. This one 
development has opened an enormous 
field in the utilization of timber for 
which there was little or no market 
untreated. 

The exhibit will demonstrate, for 
example, the advantages of framing 
timber before treatment, the boring and 
adzing of cross-ties before treatment, the 
distribution of preservatives in various 
woods, and the application of established 
principles in the preservative processes 
and ultimate use of the material. The 
more general educational features will 
be fully covered. In the center of the 
space will be a model of a typical plant 
and yard showing the equipment and 
general layout of a modern plant, also 
a model of a creosoted silo. Supple- 
menting this will be transparencies and 
bromides of both general and_ special 
features in plant construction and 
operation, and the use and character 
of treated material. 

Fundamentally the exhibit is being 
planned with the hope of bringing home 
to the lumberman, the architect, the 
engineer, and the general public, a 
realization which they have never had 
before of the magnitude and economic 
importance of the wood preserving 
industry. A lesson in conservation will 
also be taught through the obvious 
reduction of waste and the fuller ser- 
vice from wood in many forms. If the 
lessons which the exhibit will teach were 
fully applied, the economy expended 
would duplicate the annual expendi- 
ture on our army or navy in times of 
peace. 


FORESTRY LAW FOR VIRGINIA 


UCCESS has crowned the efforts 
of the friends of forestry in Vir- 
ginia, who were inspired and 
vigorously aided by the Ameri- 

can Forestry Association, to secure the 
passage of a forestry law in that State, 
ably directed by Senator R.S. B. Smith, 
the father of the bill, the campaign 
which secured its passage not only was 
successful but it has resulted in arous- 
ing state wide interest in forestry. 
The bill described in the AMERICAN 
Forestry for March, passed the Senate 
unanimously, and the House by a vote 
of 86 to 3, and has been signed by Gov- 
ernor Stuart. Virginia will now have 
such forest protection as it has so badly 
needed for many years past, and it is 
earnestly hoped that the operation 
of the law for the next two years will 
arouse the entire State to demand from 
the next Assembly, in 1916, a more 
complete forestry law and one which will 
provide for a liberal appropriation for 
the thorough development of the forests 
of the State. 

The forests of Virginia supply the 
raw materials for an industry which is 
exceeded in the value of its production 
only by agriculture. Over 3,500 saw- 
mills operate in the State. The total 
amount of wood contributed annually 
by the forests exclusive of that for 
domestic use has a value of about 
$25,000,000. Probably but one-third 
of this sum went to the owners of the 
timber, the remainder going principally 
to the wage earner. 

Protection of the forests which supply 
the timber for these products is of 
fundamental importance. Fire is the 
forest’s greatest enemy. The damage 
from fire in Virginia has been enormous. 
Probably as much timber has been 
killed by fire or burned up as has been 


utilized. Thousands of acres are burned 
over annually and the normal loss each 
year by the injury to and destruction 
of mature timber is at least $350,000. 
To this must be added the losses from 
the destruction of young growth, deter- 
ioration of the soil, slower growth of the 
timber, injurious effect on water re- 
sources, interruption of business, and 
depreciation of other property. 

Virginia has a productive forest area 
of about 15,000,000 acres. On this area 
as a whole it is safe to say that the 
average annual production per acre 
does not amount to more than 150 
board feet of log material. The total 
annual growth is, therefore, about 
2,500,000,000 feet, which is less than 
the annual cut. 

Through the application of forestry, 
including first of all protection from 
fire, this annual growth should be more 
than doubled. If, however, it were 
increased by only 10 board feet an acre, 
the annual timber growth of the State 
would be greater by 150,000,000 board 
feet. At the low rate of $15 per thousand, 
this amount, if manufactured, would be 
equivalent to an increased annual 
income from timber products of $2,250,- 
000, to be distributed not only among 
the land owners, but mainly among 
those who furnish the labor and mater- 
ials for marketing these products. To 
obtain this increased income the State 
could well afford to invest an appro- 
priation of $10,000, $20,000, or even 
$30,000. Sums such as these would 
moreover be very cheap insurance for 
the protection of standing timber esti- 
mated at upwards of 30,000,000,000 
board feet, worth over $60,000,000 to the 
owners, and many times that to the 
people of the State if saved for manu- 
facture. 


The Twelfth Annual Meeting of the National Lumber Manufacturers’ Association will be held 


in Chicago in connection with the Forest Products Exposition May 5th and oth, 1914. 


A program 


dealing principally with the merchandising of lumber is being prepared, to include addresses by 
representative architects, contractors, salesmen, fire insurance interests, retailers, etc. 


305 


A NEW SOAP MATERIAL 


ETTLERS in western Kansas 
are cutting and marketing soap 
weed, or Spanish bayonet, to 
supply the demands of soap 

manufacturers, according to a report 
recently received from officers of the 
Kansas national forest. There are vari- 
ous plants in the southwest locally 
known as soap weed, called amole by 
the Mexicans, but the one gathered 
by the Kansas farmers, technically 
known as Yucca bacata, a species with 
exceptionally large fruits, is the most 
used. The soap manufacturers, how- 
ever, utilize the tops or the roots. 
Manufacturers are paying $8 a ton for 
the plant at the railway stations, while 
the estimated cost of cutting, drying, 
baling, and hauling ranges from $5 to 
$6, depending upon the distance to the 
railroad. Since a man can ordinarily 
get out a ton a day, the gathering of 
the soap weed affords an opportunity 
to secure a fair day’s wages at a time 
when other ranch activities are not 
pressing. After cutting, the soap weed 
is allowed to dry from 60 to 90 days and 
then is baled up in the ordinary broom- 
corn baling machine. 

For a long time this weed has been 
made into a soapy decoction which the 
Indian and Mexican women have used, 
particularly for washing their hair, for 


which purpose it is considered especially 
suited, since ab “contains: 100 alikala 
Present day soap manufacturers use 
it for toilet and wool soaps. Its 
qualities have been known for a long 
time but the harvesting of soap weed 
is just now becoming commercially 
important. 

The industry is now operating on 
lands adjacent to the Kansas national 
forest and it is expected that the de- 
mand will soon spread to that forest, 
some portions of which bear an abund- 
ant. supply of the plant. There is a 
plentiful supply of it throughout south- 
ern Colorado, Arizona, New Mexico, 
and Texas. 

Forest officers have considered this 
weed a nuisance since it is the nature 
of the plant to spread over entensive 
areas and kill off other vegetation. It is 
particularly a pest on stock ranges. In 
line with its policy of range improve- 
ment, the Government is anxious to rid 
the forage areas of all such injurious 
plants, and it is the hope of the forest 
officers that the commercial demand for 
soap weed will soon reach such propor- 
tions that it will not only take an other- 
wise useless product, but also will 
eradicate it from areas which could be 
utilized to better advantage for the 
supplying of forage to cattle and sheep. 


WHITE PINE GROWING PROFITABLE 


HE growing of white pine, says 

the Department of Agriculture 

| in a bulletin recently issued on 

theprsubject;, 1s a profitable 

undertaking at 6 per cent compound 

interest. To bring in these returns, the 

trees may be cut when not more than 
from 35 to 70 years old. 

The original white pine forests are ap- 
proaching exhaustion, according to the 
department, and with the growing 
scarcity of large-sized, high-grade white 
pine lumber, lower grades now find a 
ready market. Besides this, the tree 


306 


grows rapidly, has a heavy yield, and is 
easy to manage. 

Second growth white pine, 50 years 
old, on good soil, may yield as much as 
49,000 feet of lumber per acre. On 
medium soil, stands of the same age 
36,000 board feet, and even on poor 
soil, 24,000 feet. White pine boxboard 
lumber, one of the chief products of 
such stands, sells for from $12 to $18 
a thousand board feet. Material for 
making matches, another product, sells 
for from $17 to $18 a thousand. Even 
larger material, suitable for sashes and 


BEST SEED YEAR FOR LONGLEAF PINE 307 


blinds, some of which may be cut from 
a 50-year-old stand, brings from $30 
to $35 a thousand feet. Second-growth 
white pine, the kind that is found on 
thousands of abandoned fields and 
pastures in New England, and that 
which has sprung up after lumbering 
in many places where the original white 
pine forests stood, has a value today, 
says the department, that makes it 
well worth the attention of the owner. 

Too often, caution the forest officers, 
the farmer or other land owner sells 
second-growth white pine stumpage 
for less than it is worth because he does 
not know how much lumber the stand 
is actually capable of yielding, or else is 
ignorant of the price the lumber and 
other products will bring. Too often, 
also, the foresters say, the owner of 
second-growth fails to realize that per- 
haps by holding his pine trees for a few 


years longer, or by thinning it properly 
at the right time, he can obtain a great 
deal more and better timber, and 
consequently a much larger relative re- 
turn in money, than if he allows it to 
be cut clear when the first opportunity 
offers. 

The best second-growth white pine, 
45 years old, will yield about 42,000 
board feet per acre, but the same stand, 
when 55 years old, will yield 55,000 feet, 
an increase of 13,000 feet per acre in 
10 years. And this is not all, for along 
with the increase in quantity comes an 
increase in quality. Not only more, 
but better timber is to be had. Count- 
ing in this factor of quality, the lumber 
from an acre of best white pine, 55 years 
old, is worth*about $1,000 against a 
value of $750 when the stand is 45 
years old. 


BEST SEED YEAR FOR LONGLEAF PINE 


OREST officers who have just 

returned from the southern 

states say that 1913 was the 

best seed year for longleaf pine for 
a long period of years, and that through- 
out its range the tree produced a full 
crop of seed. This is said to be par- 
ticularly noteworthy because the species 
matures seed no oftener than from six 
to eight years, and often at longer 
intervals. In many sections the seed 
last year was so abundant that it col- 
lected in little heaps in ruts and other 
depressions. 

Not only was the seed crop abundant, 
but weather conditions were unusually 
favorable, and by early December most 
of the seed had germinated and little 
seedlings 2 or 3 inches high are now 
growing in great numbers. In some 
cases, however, there was insufficient 
moisture during the fall, and the seed 
lying over the winter will germinate 
early this spring. 

Throughout Louisiana, Mississippi, 
and eastern Texas many thousands of 
acres of longleaf pine forests are now 
carpeted with these seedlings. Counts 
made in December by the State Con- 


servation Commission of Louisiana 
showed groups of seedlings as far as 300 
feet from the nearest seed tree. Long- 
leaf pine seed is relatively large, but it 
bears a filmy wing which causes it to 
revolve spirally when it is dropped 
from the cone, so that if winds prevail 
at the time the seeds are released they 
may be carried for considerable dis- 
tances. 

The reason forest officers are calling 
attention to the abundant seedling 
growth is that they may bring home to 
the owners of longleaf pine woodlands 
the peculiar need at this time for pro- 
tecting these woodlands from fire. 
They point out that it would cost from 
five to ten dollars an acre to restock by 
artificial means what nature has done 
gratuitously this last fall, and emphasize 
the fact that the owners of longleaf 
pine lands, where natural reproduction 
has taken place in this way, should not 
fail to fight fires vigorously this season, 
and as many seasons thereafter as 
possible. 

It is a common belief in many parts 
of the south that longleaf pine will not 
reproduce itself. This belief has arisen, 


308 


the foresters say, through a combina- 
tion of the relatively rare seed periods 
and the annual recurrence of fires which 
run over the ground and destroy both 
the seed and such little trees as may 
start. The thick bark of the mature 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


longleaf pine makes it comparatively 
fire-resistant, but tender young trees 
are readily killed, and consequently the 
necessity for protecting them in a critical 
year like the present is particularly 
urgent. 


WINTER FOREST FIRES 


EPORTS for the winter fire 
hR season in the southern Appala- 
chians covering the months of 
January and February, recently 
received by the Forest Service, show 
that the winter has been dry and that 
fires have occurred on land which the 
government is acquiring under the pro- 
visions of the Weeks Law. While these 
two months are normally not so dry as 
the fall or the spring fire season, serious 
fires may occur in an open winter, 
though they are not usual. 

During January there were nine fires, 
five of which covered more than ten 
acres each. In February there were ten, 
of which only two spread over more 
than ten acres. All of these fires 


occurred during the latter part of Jan- 
uary and the first of February, when the 
weather was unusually dry. 

The fact that the fires were reported 
from southern Virginia to northern 
Georgia, shows that the danger from 
fire was widespread. However, they 
occurred on only four of the twelve 
areas within which land is being pur- 
chased. 

At least three-fourths of the fires 
were due to railroads. Forest officers 
say that until the southern states adopt 
and enforce laws requiring the use of 
adequate spark arresters on railroad 
locomotives, losses from forest fires 
can scarcely be prevented. 


THE FOREST RANGER. 


Up through the high lands, the low lands, the snow lands; 
Covered with dust and decay of dead trees; 

Mushing the mire lands; facing scorched fire lands— 
The ranger’s the man who is there, if you please! 


Fording swift furies of wild mountain torrents; 
Bound by the weight of his fifty-pound pack; 

Over forest-choked passes; through torn jungle masses— 
The ranger—it’s him you should pat on the back! 


Twelve-month or eight-month, the long or short-term man; 
The man who puts seedlings in dead seedless slopes; 
Roustabout, ax-man, college man, pack-man— 
Your hat to them all, to their aims and their hopes! 


Out in the wilderness, stripped of all mildness; 
Blood pulsing strong like the full sap of fall; 

Hearts full of gentleness; memories the tenderest— 
It’s the ranger—here’s health to them all! 


P. C. Smith, 713 East Olive Street, Seattle, Wash. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


N EXHIBIT of the work of the 
INS Forestry Association 
will be made at the Forest Prod- 

ucts Exposition at the Coliseum 

in Chicago, from April 30 to May 9, 
and at the Grand Central Palace, New 
York City, from May 21 to May 30. 
This exhibit will be in charge of repre- 
sentatives of the association and will be 
one which should attract a great deal 
of attention. Progress being made in 
the work of securing proper forestry 
laws in the various States, the organizing 
and encouragement of various State 
and local associations for the care and 
protection of forests, and the general 


ASSOCIATION EXHIBIT 


activity of the association in securing 
the wise conservation of forests and 
forest products will be explained to 
visitors. Members of the association 
are urged to attend the exposition and 
to take their friends to the association’s 
exhibit. 

The Forest Service will also partici- 
pate and have perhaps the most com- 
plete exhibit it has ever displayed. Con- 
gress has appropriated $10,000 for this 
exhibit. 

Scores of lumber associations and 
various industries connected with the 
lumber and wood working business will 
also be represented. 


FOREST NOTES 


Members of the Tri-Counties Refor- 
estation Committee of San Bernardino, 
Riverside and Orange counties, Cali- 
fornia, are much interested in conserving 
the flood waters of the Santa Ana River, 
and are giving their active aid in the 
endeavor to satisfactorily settle the 
problem which the difficulty presents. 
Francis Cuttle is chairman of the com- 
mittee. 


Sixty million feet of timber and 42,000 
poles are offered by the government on 
the Kaniksu National Forest, near 
Priest Lake, Idaho. The timber is said 
to be of exceptional quality and all of 
it lies within four miles of Priest Lake, 
so that it is readily accessible and can 
be easily examined by prospective pur- 
chasers before the date on which bids 
are closed, June 1. Except for the pole 
material, which is cedar, the principal 
species are white pine and yellow pine. 
The timber now occupies some 5,000 
acres. 


One hundred and seven fires were 
reported during the last fire season to 
the Northern Forest Protective Asso- 
ciation, with headquarters at Munising, 
Mich., according to the report of Secre- 
tary-Forester T. B. Wyman at the 


annual meeting recently. Of these, 45 
were caused by settlers clearing land, 
and: 22 ‘by locomotives.’ The~ loss 
amounted to $1,900. The fire loss on 
abutting lands not listed with the asso- 
ciation was $12,600. Mr. Wyman 
reported plans for making the associa- 
tion’s work still more effective, and 
addresses were made by State Forester 
Marcus Schaaf, R. S. Kellogg, secretary 
of the Northern Hardwood and Hem- 
lock Association, and others. The area 
patrolled by the fire wardens during 
the fire season was 2,139,081 acres, and 
22 wardens were used. Secretary Wyman 
emphasized the value of publicity work 
in educating the people to the necessity 
of taking proper precautions to prevent 
fires. The directors elected are: Thorn- 
ton A. Green, timber lands, Ontonagon, 
Mich.; C. V. R. Townsend, Cleveland- 
Cliffs Iron Co., Negaunee, Mich.; W. H. 
Johnston, Oliver Iron Mining Co., 
Ishpeming, Mich.; James E. Sherman, 
Michigan Iron & Land Co., Marquette, 
Mich.: A. E. Miller, J. C. Ayer Estate, 
Marquette, Mich.; C. H. Worcester, 
Worcester Lumber Co., Chicago, IIL, 
and Chassell, Mich.; F. H. Smith, Oval 
Wood Dish Co., Traverse City, Mich. 


Members of the Kennebec Valley 


309 


310 


Protective Association held their second 
annual meeting at Augusta, Me., on 
March 3rd, and reported that the fire 
protective work done during the year 
was most satisfactory. The expenses 
for the year were so small that it was 
not necessary to make an annual assess- 
ment. The efficiency of the State work 
for the prevention of fire, a favorable 
summer and no protracted dry periods, 
all relieved the association of much 
expense for fire patrol or fire fighting. 
E. P. Viles of Skowhegan was elected 
president; W. J. Lanigan of Waterville, 
vice president, and F. H. Colby of 
Bingham, secretary-treasurer. F. H. 
Billard of New Hampshire spoke on 
the necessity of collecting accurate data 
to aid timberland owners to ascertain 
the cost of proper fire protection and the 
value of the work. President Viles 
also made an address on forestry con- 
ditions in Maine. 


Among the many plans proposed for 
aiding in the prevention of floods, now 
that the flood season is near, is one for 
artificially increasing the absorbent qual- 
ities of subsoil on farm areas, slopes 
stripped of forests, and vegetation, by 
the use of dynamite. The plan appears 
to have merit as applied to farm lands 
for more reasons than its value in flood 
prevention, as by increasing the absor- 
bent area of the soil it permits the reten- 
tion of moisture to a greater degree than 
under normal conditions and this has 
a decidedly good effect in increasing the 
yield of crops. It is calculated that 
dynamite cartridges in holes three feet 
below the surface and 15 feet apart, 
exploded when the soil is dry, shatters 
the subsoil without creating any sur- 
face disturbance, and the water-holding 
capacity of the soil is greatly increased 
thereby. Experts declare it is particu- 
larly valuable in preventing erosion 
of side hill farms. The cost is estimated 
to be about $15 an acre, and the treat- 
ment necessary once in 10 years. 


An executive order just promulgated 
has resulted in an elimination of lands 
from national forest areas in Oregon. 

This readjustment of boundaries has 
resulted in a total reduction of gross 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


area on the Paulina and Deschutes 
national forests of about 400,000 acres. 
The lands eliminated are located in the 
east-central part of the State, a con- 
siderable portion being on pumice lands 
of low fertility and little value for present 
or future forest purposes. A portion is 
located near the Deschutes River and 
already comprises a large percentage of 
private lands, and includes two towns. 
These eliminations are a part of the 
work of boundary examinations ini- 
tiated five or six years ago, which is 
resulting in fixing, after careful survey, 
the definite boundaries of those lands 
which should remain permanently in 
forests. 

The present eliminations are made 
because the land is not required for 
forest purposes or for the protection of 
watersheds. The lands have considerable 
grazing value, but only a small portion 
are suitable for agriculture under present 
conditions. ; 


Secretary Lane of the Interior Depart- 
ment has recently given direction that 
an unnamed lake of great beauty in 
Glacier National Park be called Lake 
Ellen Wilson, in honor of the wife of 
the President. At the time of his visit 
last summer to Glacier National Park 
in Montana, Secretary Lane and his 
party were much impressed with the 
beauty of this lake which lies along the 
trail from Lake McDonald to Upper 
St. Mary Lake. This lake is about a 
mile long and half a mile wide. Lying 
more than a mile above sea level, the 
forests and cliffs which surround it are 
reflected from its surface as in a mirror. 


The comprehensive report on the 
wood-using industries of New York, 
just issued by The New York State Col- 
lege of Forestry at Syracuse, shows 
results of first attempt to take stock 
of the use of forest products in the 
State. In line with suggestions above, 
it shows that such small and seemingly 
unimportant things as shoe lasts, dowels, 
spools and bobbins, wooden toys, wooden 
turnery, handles, brushes, small furni- 
ture parts, etc., are now being manufac- 
tured out of slabs, edgings, short 


BOOK REVIEWS 311 


lengths, trimmings, defective tops and 
butts. 


L. G. Johnson, formerly Deputy State 
Forester of California, has accepted the 
position as yard manager with the Frazer 
Lumber Company of Sacramento, Cali- 
fornia. Johnson is from Michigan Agri- 
cultural College, where he received his 
forestry training. G. M. Homans, State 
Forester, has appointed Alex W. Dodge 
to take the office made vacant by John- 
son’s resignation. Dodge is a Californian 
and graduated from the Yale Forest 
School in 1912. 


It was most gratifying to President 
George E. Rex and the other officials of 


the American Wood Preservers Associa- 
tion to find that over 20 committee mem- 
bers answered the call to meet at 
Chicago during the recent convention of 
the American Railway Engineers’ Asso- 
ciation. There was a time, not long ago, 
when less than 20 attended the annual 
meetings. The growth of the wood 
preserving industry and the rapidly 
growing realization of the value of 
treating wood for commercial use is 
now concentrating interest on the wood 
preservers’ association and the important 
work it is doing. At the Chicago meet- 
ing committee reports were heard and 
arrangements completed for the exhibit 
at the Forest Products Exposition and 
for the plan ot the next annual meeting. 


BOOK REVIEWS 


Logging, by Ralph Clement Bryant (John 
Wiley & Sons, $3.50). Mr. Bryant’s series of 
articles in AMERICAN FORESTRY have attract- 
ed so much attention that it is idle to state that 
his book on the principles and general methods 
of logging in the United States is also heartily 
praised. It supplies a demand which for years 
has been apparent. The volume was prepared 
as a text book for use in the forest schools, but 
has had a much wider sale and is of interest 
and undoubted value to every one connected 
with the logging industry. 


Economic Woods of the United States, by 
Prof. Samuel J. Record (John Wiley & Sons, 
$1.25). The need of foresters, timber inspectors 
and wood users to be able to distinguish the 
woods with which they deal inspired this book. 
The number of such woods is so large and the 
difference between many of them so slight 


that mere familiarity with their general : 


appearance is not always sufficient for their 
proper identification. This book supplies infor- 
mation and illustrations which largely solve 
the problem of identification. 


A Forest Idyl, by Temple Oliver (Sherman, 


French & Co., Boston, $1.20). A story of the 
poetry of rural life, the value of getting back 
to Mother Nature and at the same time a 
cleverly woven romance, make this book enter- 
taining, instructive and restful, and a strong 
plea for the back-to-the-land movement. 


Trees in Winter, by Albert F. Blakeslee and 
Chester D. Jarvis (Blakeslee and Jarvis, 
Storrs, Conn., $2.00). Many people desire to 
know what trees to select for various purposes, 
where, how and when to plant them, and how 
to care for and protect them. This book aims 
to give such general knowledge of trees and 
tree conditions. It is well illustrated. 


The Commuter’s Garden, by W. B. Hayward 
(Crowell Co., New York, $1.00). This is a 
book for those who love gardens and take care 
of them. In an interesting manner is given 
information about care of lawns, flowers, 
plants, vines, shrubbery, hedges, and in fact 
about everything in relation to a garden which 
may prove of value. There are also hints 
about care of hens, cows and bees. It is good 
reading. 


Fifteen small sawmills are cutting timber from the Powell national forest in southern Utah, more 
than 100 miles from the nearest railroad. They are run by settlers during time that can be spared 
from the crops, and supply local needs, since there is no opportunity to ship timber in or out. 


That a serious decline in the carrying capacity of vast areas of western grazing lands, due largely 
to the fact that stockmen fail to give the range plants a chance to keep growing, can be remedied without 
closing these areas to cattle and sheep, is the statement made by the Department of Agriculture in a 


bulletin recently issued on range improvement. 


Excessive grazing in the spring before the forage 


crop is mature, and such grazing continued year after year, says the department, are the main causes 


of range deterioration. 


STATE NEWS 


Missouri 


The Board of Curators of the University of 
Missouri at its regular meeting February 18, 
1914, delegated the administration of the 
College Lands to the Department of Forestry 
of the College of Agriculture. The Ccllege 
Lands comprise more than 50,000 acres in the 
Ozark Region of Missouri. They are the 
remnant of the land grant received by the 
University from the United States under the 
terms of the Morrill Act of 1862. These lands 
are chiefly valuable for forestry and the 
Department of Forestry has formulated plans 
for their administration and utilization. 

On vesting the management of these lands 
in the Department of Forestry, the Board of 
Curators has provided the funds necessary for 
meeting the expenses of administration, includ- 
ing the employment of forest wardens for local 
patrol work. Four forests will be organized 
this spring, a field force built up, and bound- 
aries established and posted. Sales of stump- 
age will be made where advantageous. 

Special funds were also provided for a 
reconnaissance survey and the Department of 
Forestry expects to cover the whole area this 
summer. Work will start June 15, directly 
after the close of class work at Columbia, and 
will continue for three months. Two parties 
will be maintained in the field. The Depart- 
ment of Forestry will give its whole attention 
to this field work and to a study of the wood 
using industries of the state during the coming 
summer; no Summer Forest Camp will be 
opened this summer, since with the change in 
the curriculum the Camp has been advanced 
from the end of the sophomore to the end of 
the junior year. 


Ohio 


The Ohio Forester, the organ of the Ohio 
State Forestry Society, will hereafter have a 
certain portion of each number edited by the 
faculty and students of the Forestry Depart- 
ment of the Ohio State University. 

By this means the department of the 
University will have a publication and at the 
same time the Forester will be strengthened 
and increased in its scope. 

Mr. Edmund Secrest, chief of the Depart- 
ment of Forestry of the Ohio Agricultural 
Experiment Station, has just returned from 
Europe, where he spent the past autumn and 
winter studying forest conditions in several 
European states. 


Vermont 


At the last session of the Vermont Legis- 
lature, the State appropriated $10,000 to the 
Agricultural College for agricultural extension 
work. An Extension Department of the 
College has been formed, and numerous short 
courses have been given in the rural com- 
munities of the State. One of the faculty of 


312 


this School, is a trained forester, Mr. B. A. 
Chandler, who is a graduate of the Yale 
Forest School. In his connection with the 
Forestry Department of the State Mr. Chand- 
ler has become well acquainted with the loca] 
conditions and is, therefore, well able to give 
the farmers and the timber land owners the 
kind of information which they must have in 
dealing with their woodlands. Particular 
interest is manifested in the matter of timber 
estimating. The farmers are beginning to 
realize that they have, in many cases, sold 
their timber for much less than 1t was worth. 
Now that the Lever Bill has passed Congress, 
a much larger sum will be available for the 
Agricultural College for extension work, and 
it is hoped that forestry will receive its fair 
proportion of this sum, since the Congressional 
allotment is on the basis of similar allotments 
by the states, and Vermont is spending as 
much for forestry work as for any other branch 
cf agriculture. 


Kentucky 


The fire situation had already assumed 
serious aspect in certain parts of the State when 
rains and snows came along and put a stop to 
the fire danger for a brief period. Approxi- 
mately March 15 about thirty patrolmen will 
be appointed in the Eastern part of the State 
in as many counties, and an additional district 
patrolman will be appointed. In addition to 
these appointments, two county forest pro- 
tective associations in Bell and Harlan Counties, 
respectively, are in the process of organization. 
A similar cooperative association among the 
timber land owners of Rowan County is doing 
effective work. The County Forest Pro- 
tective Association of Harlan County is con- 
templating an assessment of one cent per acre 
on its members for fire protective work. In 
view of this cooperation on the part of private 
timber holding companies with the office of 
the State Forester, it seems probable’ that the 
fire hazard will be greatly reduced during the 
year of 1914. At the Louisville Nursery the 
spring planting is under way and it is expected 
very materially to increase the capacity of 
this nursery. 

The State Forester has been giving a series 
of six lectures on History of Forestry and For- 
est Policies at the State University at Lexing- 
ton. This is the beginning of an effort to 
make forestry a live issue at the State Uni- 
versity. 


Pennsylvania 


At the meeting of the Reservation Commis- 
sion for March 15 new permanent camp sites 
were leased, bringing the total number of 
permanent camps leased upon State lands 
close to one hundred. 

A new house for the forester of the Rothrock 
Forest in Mifflin County, and a new house for 


STATE NEWS 


one of our rangers on the Seven Mountain 
Forest in Centre County, were authorized. 
During the months of January and February 
the receipts from the sale of material from the 
State Forests have amounted to almost $3,900. 


Louisiana 


The Conservation Commission of Louisiana 
is making a special effort to prevent forest 
fires and is calling attention to the laws making 
it a misdemeanor, punishable by fine and 
imprisonment, negligently or wilfully to set 
on fire or cause to be set on fire any forest, 
brush or grass lands. The Commission urges 
the sheriffs and other parish officials and the 
officers of railroads and lumber companies to 
cooperate with the conservation agents through- 
out the State in preventing, and, if necessary, 
in punishing violators of the law. 

The Commission considers the application 
of laws on this subject a matter of vital impor- 
tance, and is using every means possible of 
acquainting the public with the laws on the 
subject and securing their enforcement. 


Massachusetts 


The Massachusetts Forestry Association has 
been working several years to obtain a slash 
law which would be workable in Massachusetts 
and at last, with the cooperation of other 
organizations, it has succeeded. This law is 
not all that might be desired in this section but 
it is a long step in the right direction. The law 
provides as follows: 

Section 1. Every owner, tenant or occupant 
of land, and every owner of stumpage, who 
cuts or permits the cutting of wood or timber 
on woodland owned or occupied by him or on 
which he has acquired stumpage by purchase 
or otherwise, and which borders upon the 
woodland of another or upon a highway or 
railroad location, shall clear the land of the 
slash and brush wood then and there resulting 
from such cutting for such distance, not exceed- 
ing forty feet, from the woodland of such other 
person, highway or railroad location as the 
local forest warden shall determine, and within 
such time and in such manner as he shall 
determine. 

Section 2. Any person who cuts or causes 
to be cut trees or bushes or undergrowth within 
the limits of any highway or public road, shall 
dispose of the slash and brush wood then and 
there resulting from such cutting within such 
time and in such manner as the forest warden 
of the city or town wherein such cutting is 
done shall determine. 

Section 3. Whoever neglects to comply 
with the directions of the forest warden with 
regard to the disposal of slash and brush, as 
provided in Sections one and two of this act, 
may be punished by a fine of not less than 
five dollars nor more than fifty dollars. 

Section 4. This act shall take effect on the 
first day of January in the year nineteen hun- 
mo a fifteen. (Approved February 25, 

4. 


313 


It will be noticed that the local fire warden 
is the officer named to enforce this law. It 
would seem that in some cases this may not 
be very effective, but with our present State 
fire protective system, with a State fire warden 
and several efficient deputies who are constantly 
travelling over the State, that these wardens 
will be instructed and requested to do their 
duty. With this fact in view, it is felt that the 
‘aw will bring very satisfactory results in this 
State. 


North Carolina 


The Forestry Club of Tryon, Polk County, 
North Carolina, was organized last fall and is 
now in very active operation. This association 
arose out of the very pressing need of fire pro- 
tection in that county. Forest fires during 
November in western Polk County were the 
worst ever recorded. It was estimated that 
in four townships, 28,000 acres of hardwood 
land were burned over, causing a loss of $3,000 
to $4,000 to property exclusive of the injury 
to timber and young growth. This latter 
damage was estimated by one man on the 
ground at $60,000, which certainly is a very 
conservative estimate. The people of the 
county were so stirred up over the necessity 
of taking some action to prevent a recurrence 
of such destructive fires that the Forestry 
Club was organized. Mr. E. R. Rankin was 
elected president, and G. B. Cobb, secretary, 
while C. M. Howes was appointed fire warden. 
The club has already offered a reward of $50 
through the county commissioners for the 
arrest and conviction of any person who sets 
fires in the woods contrary to law. It has also 
prepared and distributed handbills on which 
are printed the State laws against setting fires. 

The annual meeting of the State Forestry 
Association, which is to be held in Asheville 
April 8th, 9th and 10th, promises to be the 
most interesting and largely attended of any 
similar meeting held in the State. The Ameri- 
can Forestry Association will be represented 
and several men of national reputation are 
amongst the speakers. Governor Locke Craig, 
Mr. Overton W. Price, Vice-President of the 
National Conservation Association, and Mr. 
W. B. Townsend, Townsend, Tenn., have all 
promised to make addresses, while Mr. H. S. 
Graves, U. S. Forester, and Congressman John 
H. Small, have also signified their intention of 
being present and taking part in the proceed- 
ings. An extra day has been added in order to 
provide for a trip into Pisgah Forest where 
logging is now going on in mountain hard- 
woods under strict and yet reasonable forestry 
regulations. An alternative trip for this day 
(April 10) has been arranged to the large pulp 
factory of the Champion Fibre Company at 
Canton, N. C. These, with the trips to the 
forest plantations of the Biltmore Estate, and 
the spruce forests on the slopes of Mt. Mitchell, 
make this an wunexampled opportunity to 
become thoroughly acquainted with the 
southern Appalachian forests and with the 
practical methods for their management. 


314 


New York 


In 1908 the New York Central Railroad 
caused fires which burned over some State 
land in Adirondacks and destroyed a quantity 
of;forest area. Two actions were brought to 
recover damages. In each case an award for 
the full value of all of the material, injury to 
soil, etc., was awarded the State. 

The railroad company demurred on the 
ground that timber upon State land was with- 
out value because the Constitution prohibited 
its removal. They also further argued that 
the measure of damage was ascertained by the 
value of the property before the fire, less what- 
ever salvage might be derived, the State claim- 
ing that the Constitution prohibited removal 
of timber, there could be no salvage and, 
therefore, the loss was entire. The Appellate 
Division Court of New York State has just 
handed down a decision confirming the judg- 
ment of the Supreme Court in the previous 
case. The Railroad Company will doubtless 
make an appeal to the Court of Appeals. 

In 1908, at the time these injuries were 
caused, the State did not prescribe any penalty, 
nor more than actual damage. Since that time 
a law has been enacted which prescribes a 
penalty oi ten dollars for trees killed upon State 
land, and a penalty of one dollar for trees 
killed upon private land, together with 
damages. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


New Jersey 


Good advice relative to Arbor Day obser- 
vances is given in a circular issued by the 
Forest Commission and the Department of 
Public Instruction of New Jersey. Arbor Day 
is to be: April 10), The circular says: “tree 
planting, though important, has been some- 
what overdone in connection with Arbor Day 
observances. If there is room for more trees 
on the grounds of any school, or in nearby 
parks, let the occasion be used for planting 
with appropriate ceremonies, but it often will 
be better to organize a squad of pupils to culti- 
vate and fertilize the ground about trees 
already established, to provide and maintain 
suitable guards, to conduct a campaign against 
insects, or in some other way to awaken a 
continuing interest on behalf of trees. It is well 
to keep in touch with the town or city shade tree 
commission. 

“In this State there is no dearth of forests; 
in some places we have too much woodland. 
The exercises in country schools, therefore, 
may serve to give emphasis to local needs and 
interests, especially to the control of forest 
fires by which so much property is lost. There 
is a forest fire warden in every part of the State 
where there is danger of forest fires. He may 
be asked to take part in the exercises and point 
out how the pupils can help in this work. 
They can do much.” 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR MARCH, 1914 


(Books and Periodicals Indexed in the Library 
of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole. 

Dictionaries. 

Reinhardt, Wm. A. A., comp. Vocabulary of 
forest terms; silviculture, forest protec- 
tion, forest utilization, found in Schwap- 
pach’s Forstwissenschaft. 24 p. Mont 
Alto, Pa., State forest academy, 1909. 


Proceedings and Reports of Associations, Forest 
officers, etc. 

British Columbia—Dept. of lands. Report of 
the minister of lands for the year ending 
3ist December, 1913. 508 p. pl., maps. 
Victoria, 1914. 

Oregon—State board of forestry. Third 
annual report of the state forester, 1913. 
46 p. Salem, Ore., 1914. 

Royal English arboricultural society. Transac- 
tions, v. 8, pt. 2. 73 p. Haydon Bridge, 
Northumberland, 1913. 

Vermont—State forester. Fifth annual report, 
1913. 43 p. pl, maps. Burlington, Vt., 
1913. 


Forest Education. 


Victoria—Education dept. Forestry. 16 p. il. 
Melbourne, 1913. (Circular_of informa- 
tion no. 17.) 


Forest Schools. 

Bailey, Liberty Hyde Statement on _ the 
forestry situation to the governors of the 
Cornell club of Rochester. 12 p. Ithaca, 
N. Y., Cornell univ., 1913. 


Forest Legislation. 


British Columbia—Legislative assembly. An 
act to amend the “‘forest act.” 8p. Vic- 
toria, B. C., 1914. 

British Columbia—Legislative assembly. An 
act respecting the royalty on timber. 7 p. 
Victoria, B. C., 1914. 

Ross, Wm. R. Speech on the timber royalty 
bill in the British Columbia legislature. 
Rebs 13, 19145) 34> p. © Victoria) see 
Dept. of lands, 1914. 


Forest Botany. 


Gregson, Margaret M. The story of our trees, 
in twenty-four lessons. 160 p. il. Cam- 
bridge, University press, 1912. 


Silvics. 


Arzhanoy, S. P. Iz zhizni rastenii (Piant life). 
pt. 1-2. il. S.-Peterburgh, 1912-13. 
Studies of Species. 


Ashe, W. W. Yellow poplar in Tennessee. 
56 p. il. Nashville, Tenn., 1913. (Ten- 
nessee—Geological survey. Bulletin 10-C) 


CURRENT LITERATURE UE 


Silviculture. 


Pruning. 

Foster, J. H. Pruning the pine woodlot. 
Durham, N. H., 1913. 
Agricultural experiment station. 
bulletin 37.) 


Forest Protection. 


itp: 
(New Hampshire— 
Press 


Insects. 

American association of park superintendents. 
Insects injurious to shade and ornamental 
tress. 21 p. pl. Brooklyn, N. Y., 1914. 
(Bulletin 11.) 

Barbey, A. Traité d’entomologie forestiére a 
l’usage des forestiers des reboiseurs et des 
propriétaires de bois. 624 p. il, pl. 
Paris, Berger-Levrault, 1913. 


Diseases. 

Meinecke, E. P. Forest tree diseases common 
in California and Nevada; a manual for 
field use. 67 p. pl. Wash., D. C., Forest 
service, 1914. 

Fire. 

California forest protective association. Bulle- 
Tile nOs owen 2 pal cane hrancisco, Cal: 
1914. 

Maine—Dept. of state lands and forestry. 
Forest fire protection in Maine forestry 
district, 1913. 11 p. Augusta, Me., 1914. 
(Bulletin No. 1.) 


Forest Management. 


Frothingham, Earl H. White pine under 
forest management. pl. Wash., D. C., 
1914. (U.S. Dept. of agriculture. Bulle- 
tin 13.) 


Sazonov, G. P. Lyesnoe ghosudarstvennoe 
khozyaistvo (Management of national 
forest lands.) 218 p. S. Peterburgh, 1912. 


Forest Utilization. 


Lumber Industry. 

Mitchell Brothers Co. 
Mitchell’s products. rev. ed. 
Cadillac, Mich., 1913. 

Wood Technology. 


Kempfer, Wm. H. The air-seasoning of tim- 
ber. 231 p. il. Chicago, Ill., American 
railway engineering association, 1913. 


Michigan tress and 
242 p.. il. 


Auxiliary Subjects. 

Botany. 

Frye, Theodore C., and Rigg, George B. 
Northwest flora. 453 p. Seattle, Wash., 
Univ. of Washington, n. d. 

Plant Introduction. 


United States—Dept. of agriculture—Bureau 
of plant industry. Inventory of seeds and 
plants imported during the period from 
April 1 to June 30, 1912. Wash., D. C., 
1914. 


Plant Breeding. 


Sapyeghin, A. A. Osnovui teorii i metodiki 
selektzii sel’sko-khozyaistvennuikh  ras- 


QU 


tenii. (Principles of the theory and 
methods of selection of agricultural plants.) 
90 p. il. Odessa, 1913. 


Mathematics. 


Barlow’s tables of squares, cubes, square roots, 
cube roots, reciprocals of all integer num- 
bers up to 10,000. 200 p. London, E. & 
F. N., Spon, 1912. 


Palmer, A. de Forest. 
ments. 248 p. 
book co., 1912. 


Periodical Articles. 


The theory of measure- 
N. Y., McGraw-Hill 


Miscellaneous Periodicals. 


American City, Feb. 1914—How to promote 
the planting and care of shade trees, by 
J. J. Levison, p. 157-60; How the Raker 
act affects Hetch Hetchy, San Francisco, 
and the rest of California, by Martin S. 
Vilas, p. 175-81. 


Botanical Gazette, Feb. 1914—The male 
gametophyte of Abies, by A. H. Hutchin- 
son, p. 148-53. 


Country Gentleman, Feb. 7, 1914—Watch for 
white pine blister, by Walter C. O’Kane, 
p. 251; Soil waste by erosion, by H. L. 
Walster, p. 269-71. 


Country Gentleman, Feb. 14, 1914—Trans- 
planting forest trees, by S. J. Record, 
p. 328-9; Pine for waste land, by S. J. 
Record, p. 333. 


Craftsman, Feb. 1914—Threshold of spring, by 
A. Lounsberry, p. 407-15; Care of the 
roadside, by A. Athol, p. 423-8. 


Garden Magazine, Feb. 1914—Four interesting 
old trees, by E. H. Wilson, p. 48-50; The 
oriental spruce, by John F. Johnston, 
[Os G0): 


Gardeners’ Chronicle, Feb. 7, 1914—The edu- 
cation of German foresters, by J. G. W., 
p. 86-7. 

Harvard Alumni Bulletin, Feb. 4, 1914—The 
trees in the college yard, by Thos. P. Ivy, 
p. 314-15. 

Journal of the Washington Academy of 
Science, Feb. 19, 1914—Injury by smelter 
smoke in southeastern Tennessee, by 
George Grant Hedgcock, p. 70-1. 


Outlook, Jan. 3, 1914—Practical conservation, 
p. 13-15. 

Philippine Journal of Science, Sec. D, Aug. 
1913—Notes on the termites of Japan with 
description of one new species, by Masa- 
mitsu Oshima, p. 271-81; Two new species 
of termites from Singapore, by Masamitsu 
Oshima, p. 283-6. 

Scientific American, Feb. 7, 1914—Oil and wool 
from pine needles, p. 116. 

Scientific American, Feb. 14, 1914—The rela- 
tion of the ant, leaf roller and spider with 
bark diseases, by Arthur Laver, p. 142. 

Scientific American Supplement, Jan. 17, 1914 
—Electrical injury to street trees, by 
G. A. Cromie, p. 36-7. 

Technical World, Jan. 1914—Three thousand 
men fight mountain fire, by L. R. Perry, 
p. 740-2. 


316 


Tree Talk, Feb. 1914—Plant the tree carefully, 
p. 3-4; Cedars of Lebanon, p. 5; Prepare 
now to spray, p. 6-8; Spraying of shade 
trees a necessity, by George F. Cromie, 
p. 9; Winter injury, by A. J. Mix, p. 10-13; 
Protection and care of young planted 
forests, by Samuel N. Spring, p. 14-15. 


United States—Weather Bureau. Monthly 
weather review. Oct. 1913—A meteoro- 
logical study of parks and timbered areas 
in the western yellow pine forests of Ari- 
zona and New Mexico, by G. A. Pearson, 
p. 1615-29. 


Trade Journals and Consular Reports. 


American Lumberman, Feb. 14, 1914—Grain 
and texture in wood, p. 55; Allowance for 
defects in log scaling, p. 55; Commercial 
possibilities of sawdust briquettes, p. 55; 
Washington forest fire association, p. 56. 


American Lumberman, Feb. 21, 1914—Past 
and future of hardwood distillation, by 
R. C. Palmer, p. 34-5. 


American Lumberman, Feb. 28, 1914—New 
attitude of the lumber industry toward 
closer utilization, p. 27-8; British Columbia 
timber royalty, p. 32; Utilization of 
hickory, p. 56. 


American Lumberman, March 7, 1914—Hem- 
lock placed in proper light, p. 34; Methods 
and results of forest protection in Ger- 
many, by Wm. B. Mershon, p. 51. 


Barrel and Box, Feb. 1914—Average life of 
tight barrels, p. 35-6. 


Canadian Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914—The 
commercial importance of poplar, by 
R. G. Lewis, p. 36-8. 


Canadian Lumberman, March 1, 1914—Aerial 
skidding, by John A. McDougall, p. 54-6. 


Engineering News, Nov. 27, 1913—An early 
objection to wood-block pavements and 
an early argument for timber preserva- 
tion, by W. A. Kentish, p. 1076; Condi- 
tion of experimental telegraph poles, 
treated and untreated, after eight years’ 
service, by C. H. Teesdale, p. 1084-6. 


Engineering News, Dec. 4, 1913—Heaving of 
wood-block pavement under extreme 
climatic conditions, p. 1134-7. 


Engineering News, Dec. 11, 1913—Hardwood 
ties on the Panama railroad, p. 1166. 
Engineering News, Feb. 26, 1914—Building 

a 115-ft. fire lookout and triangulation 


tower under difficulties, by Bristow 
Adams, p. 462-3. 


Engineering Record, Dec. 13, 1913—Preserva- 
tive treatment of timber in framing, p. 
678. 


Engineering Record, Dec. 20, 1913—Logging 
engineering, by L. W. Duffee, p. 706. 
Engineering Record, Jan. 24, 1914—Various 
phases in the details of timber preserva- 
tion; Abstracts of five papers presented at 
recent convention of wood preservers at 
New Orleans, by F. J. Angier and others, 
p. 99-100. 

Hardwood Record, Feb. 10, 1914—Spanish 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


cedar for cigar boxes, p. 29; Protection of 
ties from mechanical destruction, by 
Howard F. Weiss, p. 31-2; Lumber out- 
put for 1912, p. 35. 


Hardwood Record, Feb. 25, 1914—Red gum 
for interior finish, p. 17; Wood manu- 
factures in the United States, p. 18-19; 
A question in veneer trimming, p. 21-2; 
Timber trade in West Scotland, p. 22; 
Methods of forest protection, by Nelson 
C. Brown, p. 30-2; Imports and exports in 
1913, p. 32-3; Bullet wood of British 
Guiana, p. 33. 


Hardwood Record, March 10, 1914—Walnut 
is coming back, p. 19; Olive wood of com- 
merce, p. 19; The wood that goes into 
aeroplanes, p. 34. 


Lumber Trade Journal, Feb. 15, 1914—Pine 
beetle appears in Gulf coastal states, p. 11, 
14; Exports of wood and its manufactures 
during year 1913 show prosperous busi- 
ness, p. 35-42. 


Municipal Journal, Feb. 26, 1914—Water shed 
forestry, by Water bureau of Syracuse, 
N. Y., and College of forestry of Syracuse 
university, by N. C. Brown, p. 274-5. 


Paper, Feb. 18, 1914—Practical tests of new 
woodpulp papers used successfully on 
regular press run of New York Herald, 
p. 15-16; Chemical utilization of southern 
waste, by John S. Bates, p. 19-21, 34. 


Paper, Feb. 25, 1914—The future of the pulp 
and paper industry, by O. L. E. Weber, 
p. 40-42; Forestry and the manufacture 
of paper, by Raphael Zon, p. 148-54. 


Paper Mill, Jan. 17, 1914—Resinous wood 
waste, p. 35. 


Paper Trade Journal, Feb. 19, 1914—The year 
in Canada in the pulp and paper industry, 
p. 53-61; Newfoundland’s paper industry, 
by T. P. McGrath, p. 63-79; British paper 
trade, 1913, p. 81-90; The German paper 
trade in 1913, p. 90-3; The pulp market 
in Scandinavia during 1913, by H. Bjérn- 
strom Steffanson, p. 95-9; The paper 
industry of Finland, by E. R. Barker, 
p. 101-5; Experimenting plant of Arthur 
D. Little, Inc. “by AP Price Dillont, p: 
209-13; Use of saw mill waste, p. 217-25: 
Work of the conservation commission, by 
H. M. Hoover, p. 225-7; Pulp and paper 
course at Maine University, by John P. 
Flanagan, p. 229-33; Progress in paper 
machinery, p. 235-7; Norway spruce for 
paper pulp, by Nelson C. Brown, p. 239-43; 
Cellulose for paper-making, by Burdett 
Loomis, p. 253-7; Economic survey of 
national reclamation, by C. J. Blanchard, 
p. 257-63. 


Paper Trade Journal, Feb. 26, 1914—The 
training of young men for the manufac- 
ture of pulp and paper, by Ralph H. 
McKee, p. 42-4; The forests of Siberia, by 
Richardson Wright and Digby Bassett, 
p. 48-52. 


Pioneer Western Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914— 
Forests of California, p. 11; Test track 


CURRENT LITERATURE 31% 


laid with blue gum ties, p. 21; By-products 
of the Washington forests, p. 23; Turpen- 
tine experiments in California, p. 24. 


Pulp and Paper Magazine, Jan. 15, 1914— 
The length of some paper making fibres, 
by E. Sutermeister, p. 43-4; The paper and 
pulp industries in Russia, by C. E. Bande- 
lin, p. 48. 


St. Louis Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914—Some 
comments on Mr. Hoxie’s pamphlet on 
“Dry rot in factory timbers,’ by F. H. 
Farwell, p. 61-2; Fire retardant paints for 
shingles, by Henry A. Gardner, p. 68-70; 
Dry rot in factory timber, by F. J. Hoxie, 
p. 74-5. 


Southern Industrial and Lumber Review, Feb. 
1914—Timber storehouse of the orient, 
p. 32; Enormous waste of lumber trade, 
p. 63. 


Southern Lumber Journal, Feb. 15, 1914— 
Treatment of piling and timber according 
to conditions of use and exposure, by 
E. L. Powell, p. 36. 


Southern Lumberman, Feb. 14, 1914—Bilt- 
more forest school discontinued, p. 60. 


Timber Trade Journal, Feb. 21, 1914—A 
submerged oak forest in Russia, p. 293; 
Midland reforesting association, p. 297. 


Timber Trade Journal, Feb. 28, 1914—Notes 
on timber preservation, with special refer- 
ence to the Aczol process, p. 336; Irish 
woods and trees, by Augustine Henry, 
eS OMe 


Timberman, Feb. 1914—Testing structural 
material, by William Hood, p. 50. 


United States Daily Consular Report, Feb. 17, 
1914—Millions for Christmas trees, by 
George Nicolas Ifft, p. 637. 


United States Daily Consular Report, March 
12, 1914—Woodblock pavements in Ber- 
lin, by Robert P. Skinner, p. 956-7. 


Veneers, March 1914—Advocating plain oak 
panels, by J. C. Eastman, p. 9-10; The 
care of veneered furniture, by G. D. 
Crain, p. 11-12. 


West Coast Lumberman, Feb. 15, 1914—Six 
billion feet of timber logged in Washing- 
ton and one billion seven hundred and 
sixty million logged in Oregon during 
year 1913, by H. B. Oakleaf, p. 32-34. 


Woodcraft, March 1914—Waste wood utiliza- 
tion; raw materials, marketable products 
and manufacturing processes, by John E. 
Teeple, p. 145-7; The practical character 
of wood stains, by Charles Harrison, p. 
154-5; Hardwoods and the effects of forest 
fires, by W. H. Long, p. 156; Making 
large calipers for timber measurement, 
p. 163; Some practical points on varnish 
and varnishing, by A. Ashmun Kelly, 
p. 165-6. 


Forest Journals. 


Bulletin de la Société Centrale Forestiére de 
Belgique, Feb. 1914—Impressions d’un 
voyage dans les foréts de la Bulgarie, 
by J. P., p. 88-92; Les anciens empires des 
plantes, by D’Astarac, p. 93-8: La forét 
des Ardennes, p. 112-14. 


Forest Leaves, Feb. 1914—The status of the 
chestnut tree in Pennsylvania, by S. B. 
Elliott, p. 99-100; The profitable utiliza- 
tion of dead and defective timber on 
Pennsylvania state forests, by Wm. F. 
Dague, p. 100-1; Temperature and humid- 
ity at Eberswalde in the open and in 
a beech stand, by Johannes Schubert, 
p. 102-3. 


Forestry Quarterly, Dec. 1913—A new den- 
drometer or timber scale, by Judson F. 
Clark, p. 467-9; Effect of source of seed 
upon the growth of Douglas fir by 
Raphael Zon, p. 499-502; A comparison of 
yields in the White Mts. and Southern 
Appalachians, by K. W. Woodward, p. 
503-8; Notes on the distribution of lodge- 
pole and yellow pine in the Walker basin, 
by H. S. Kerr, p. 509-15; Winter recon- 
naissance in the Rocky Mts., by George 
Z. Mason, p. 516-18; Some suggestions on 
brush disposal, by Elers Koch, p. 519-24; 
A Norwegian forest fire insurance asso- 
ciation, by J. A. Larsen, p. 525-6; Spe- 
cific gravity and weight of the most 
important American woods, by Alfred 
Gaskill, p. 527-30; Second growth yellow 
pine, by W. H. Gallaher, p. 531-6. 


Forstwissenschaftliches Centralblatt, Jan. 1914 
—Gross-oder kleinflachenwirtschaft, by 
C. Wagner, p. 3-26; Beitrage zur physio- 
logie des bodens, by Bernbeck, p. 26-44. 

Forstwissenschaftliche Centralblatt, Feb. 1914 
—Ertragsregelung und freie bestand- 
swirtschaft, by P. Frey, p. 69-74; Die 
grundlagen naturgemasser bestandesbe- 
grundung, by J. Eberhard, p. 75-87. 

North Woods, Feb. 1914—Conservation of 
life in the lumber camps, by Mabel T. 
Boardman, p. 9-13; Plans for reforestation 
in Wisconsin; p. 17-22; Division of respon- 
sibility in protective work, by Henry S. 
Graves, p. 23-7. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Dec. 15, 1913— 
Le mouvement forestier a 1l’estranger; 
Russie et Finlande, by G. Huffel, p. 737-41; 
La situation forestiére en Corée, p. 741-5. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Jan. 15, 1914— 
Les races de pin sylvestre, by R. Hickel, 
p. 49-56. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Feb. 1, 1914— 
Bulletin forestier l’estranger; Turkestan 
Russe, p. 105-9. 

Tharandter Forstliches Jahrbuch, 1914—Die 
fichte im Elbsandsteingebirge, by Augst, 
p. 26-82. 


i 


i 
i 
j 


~~ Towerman €., F. 


AMERICAN}FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


Heide of the Rock WhereAccurate 

Island Lines, for 10 

Hamilton Watch that Time 1S Vital 

is highly satisfactory. 

men on American Railroads main- 

taining Official Time Inspectioncarry 
“*The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ 

as accurate as the watches railroad men 

carry, look at the illustration of the Hamil- 

or 23 jewel 12-size watch made in America. 
Your jeweler can fit your present watch case with 

Hamilton watches timed and adjusted in the cases at 

the factory, $38.50 to $125.00. 12-size sold com- 
Write for ‘‘ The Timekeeper’’ 

a book about watches containing advice about how 

chase of a fine watch can profitably read. It con- 

tains pictures, descriptions and price list of various 


years has carried a 
Over one-half (almost 56%) of the 
hear 3. | | 

If you would take pride in owning a watch 
ton 12 size, shown here. Itis the thinnest 19 
a Hamilton movement if you desire. Prices of 
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to buy a watch that everyone interested in the pur- 
Hamilton models. 


Hamilton 


ennsylvania 


; 
> 
— » Lancaster 
: ) P 
A 


1b 


ee 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


eT 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate forester, with three years of practical 
experience in Austria, wants position. Best of 
references. Address Grorce RAcEK, 6th Avenue, 
2133, Seattle, Wash. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- 
tion aS an assistant in park or city forestry work. 
Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. 
Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address IL. L., Care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 


FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- 
ing and practical experience in different parts of the 
United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- 
ences from university and employers, and others. 
Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with technical training and with sev- 
eral years’ experience in administrative work and 
teaching, desires position along either of these lines. 
Address “B,’? Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
European training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, railroad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


ee 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 
en ——————————————— 


Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, 
with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a 
big paper company, desires position with tree 
surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address 18 eR 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 
ee ———————————————— 


Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, etc., and also in_ park 
work, desires position. Best of references. Address 
U, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every 
way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


— oe ee 


American Forestry 


VOL XX 


MAY, 1914 


No. 5 


fo.000 MILES OF FORESTED SHORE 
LINE 


VB AaVigd Sie a 


HE steamer on the Vancouver- 
| Prince Rupert run covers about 
550 miles. Jn this same distance 
there are about 16,000 miles of 
forested coast line on the two shores 
and around the islands of the inside 
channels. This is a distance appreciable 
only by comparison. If connected and 
straightened out it would give a shore 
line of magnificient forests and moun- 
tains two-thirds of the way around the 
world, or from New York via Cape 
Horn, past New Zealand and Australia 
and almost to the Cape of Good Hope, 
South Africa. 

The passenger from the deck of an 
Alaska or Prince Rupert steamer on the 
inside route sees on this coast line a 
panorama of meuntains and forests un- 
equalled on any regular water course 
in the whole world. From the time the 
steamer swings out through the narrow 
entrance of Vancouver Harbor and on 
past Point Atkinson into the Strait of 
Georgia, a sky line of mountains and 
indented shores breaks the view on 
every side. A hundred miles north of 
Vancouver the wide sweep of water 
narrows into tide swept channels, and 
for 120 miles until Queen Charlotte 
Sound is reached, the ship is navigated 
through passages which might be enor- 
mous salt water rivers, except that now 
and then the channels widen or a Sound 
or Inlet gives a vista of miles of con- 
necting water running back into the 
west slopes of the Cascade Mountains. 

On one side the shore of Vancouver 
Island rises abruptly to a mountain 
chain of 3,000 to 5,000 feet, along the 
foot of which the boat passes; while 


STERLING 


on the east is a broken shore line with 
thousands of large and small islands, 
and an intricate system of protected 
channels extending far back into the 
mainland. The far background is a 
wilderness of jagged mountains with 
ever-present snow-capped peaks and 
here and there the green hue of glacial 
ice. In the middle foreground of the 
shores the forests uniformly cover the 
lower slopes, save where the logging 
camps have taken their commercial toll. 
Evidences of man or civilization exist 
only in the occasional camps of loggers, 
salmon canneries and the Indian vil- 
lages. 

If the tourist from an ocean-going 
steamer on the regular course sees all 
this, and more, what is revealed to the 
cruising launch which threads the nar- 
row channels and inside passages off 
the regular route? The steamer view 
shows an unparalleled view of moun- 
tains and glaciers, with the pointed, 
overhanging of Mt. Stephens peak a 
striking landmark; the independent 
cruising party sails at will through the 
unfrequented waters, and back fifty to 
one hundred miles up deep water inlets 
into the very heart of the mountains, 
and along the foot of the peaks and 
glaciers, as on Kingcome Inlet, which 
comprise the units of the distant view. 

The tourist compares the west coast 
of British Columbia with the fjords of 
Norway; but anyone who gets the inti- 
mate view, attempts no comparisons, 
since the knowledge is given that no 
such magnificent combination of water 
and shore exists anywhere. To com- 
plete the picture, imagine a_ region 

319 


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16,000 MILES OF FORESTED SHORE LINE 321 


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Phoio by E. A. Sterling. 
HoME OF A PROUD NIMKISH CHIEF. 


NOTE THE SIGN OVER THE DOOR OF THIS CHIEF’S HOUSE, ALSO THE TOTEM PAINTED ON THE SIGN. ANOTHER CHIEF IN 
THE SAME VILLAGE HAD A SIGN READING: 


CHIEF JOHN CLARK 
oF Trawsis GAVE A FEAST. 
1,130 Sacks oF FLouR—Cost $2,260.00 
SEPTEMBER 18TH, 1911 


where your cruising launch can nose its of which a large per cent live on or 
way half a dozen times a day into adjacent to the coast. 
Sounds and Inlets where you have a These various bands are under the 
water setting comparable to the Lake charge of regional government agencies, 
of Lucerne with a Riga above every and under each agency are several 
headland. And if you miss the art and bands. For example the Kwawkewlth 
history developed by the people of the Agency at Alert Bay has charge of 
Swiss Mountains, remember that you Kwashela, Nimkish, T’sawataineuk and 
can go ashore in colonnades of trees Mamalillikulla and various other bands, 
which were fully mature when the old all belonging to the Kwawkewlth or 
bridge at Lucerne was built, and more Lachwiltach Nations. The population 
beautiful than any cathedral; and in’ of these various bands varies from a 
the Indian Villages find traits and cus- dozen or two up to two or three hun- 
toms unchanged from the time of the dred individuals. 
Lake dwellers of Como. While some of the old Indian tradi- 
The Indians of the British Columbia tions and customs are dying out, most 
coast are known generally as Siwash. of the tribes keep up some form of the 
Actually the term Siwash 4 is not a tribal potlach, which in the native tongue 
name, but a term of derision in the ‘Palth-piah” means the distribution of 
Chinook jargon. The traits which give gifts. For example, “potlach conway 
rise to the name probably resulted in sun nisika muck-a-muck,” is a Chinook 
part from contact with the whites, version of “Give us this day our dail) 
although most of the tribes were never bread,’ in the Lord’s prayer. At the 
highly “deve loped. There are 188 bands same time like most Chine yok words it 
or tribes of Indians in British Columbia, has a host of meanings which cover 
with a total population of about 25,000, carnivals, feasts, meetings for trade and 


Photo by D. C. A. Galarneau. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


SUPPLIES FOR A POTLACH. 


ON THE LEFT ARE DOZENS OF BOXES OF SEA BISCUIT AND ON THE RIGHT SCORES OF BAGS OF FLOUR. 


THESE WERE ALL 


DISTRIBUTED AMONG THE INDIANS AT A POTLACH GIVEN AT ALERT BAY, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


barter, and the various ramifications of 
the potlach. 

The gifts at these “potlachs” consist 
of money, blankets, dishes, calicos and 
other articles and the amount of ma- 
terial given away at some of these carni- 
vals is enormous. According to the 
lettered sign of Chief John Clark of 
Tiawsis a feast occurred at which 1,130 
sacks of flour costing $2,260 were used. 
Naturally the Indians will travel long 
distances to attend a potlach, and enjoy 
the dancing and singing as well as the 
gifts. The Kwawkewlth tribes probably 
rank first in the frequency and the ex- 
tent of these festivals. 

The “potlach” houses, which are 
large, barnlike structures built of cedar, 
may best be described as community 
affairs where the Indians trade, feast, 
frolic and entertain their friends. The 
houses are usually occupied between the 
ceremonies by poor Indian families who 
appropriate space wherever they can 
find it, making them free hotels in which 
they build open fires for warmth and 
for cooking, and to which they bring 
their food, blankets and fleas. ‘The 
latter are permanent inhabitants of all 
these places. 


The principal art of the Indians is 
wood working, and a high degree of 
imaginative skill is shown in their totem 
poles. These poles are emblems or 
tokens of clans or of families and have 
no particular religious significance. 
While the Indians are proud of them 
it is the same sort of pride and rever- 
ence a family might have for its coat 
of arms, or family crest. 

The poles are colored and often very 
cleverly, the predominant colors being 
red, yellow, green and black. Their 
size and form depend entirely upon the 
caprice of the man who makes them. 

The native boats are really works of 
art, and from the war canoes 30. feet 
or more long, to the delicately carved 
lighter canoes, which seat only two or 
three, a balance and symmetry unattain- 
able by white men is the rule. ~ All 
these boats are dugouts that are carved 
from a single cedar log, but so well is 
it done that many of the canoes are 
light and fast, and beautifully embel- 
lished at bow and stern. 

The burial customs are unique, the 
chiefs and leading men being buried 
usually on little islands with quaintly 
carved totems and headboards; while 


| 
: 
. 
. 
| 
| 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


A TypicaL StwasH Totem. 


Note the great care given to detail in the « arving of the large and small figures and in the decorative work at the top 


of the pole. These totems made by the Nimkish band of the Kwawkewlth nation excel in many ways the work 
of the Alaska Indians. 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


AN ELABORATE TOTEM. 


Note the head at the foot of the 


The variety expressed in these figures is worthy of particular attention. 2 
All these poles are made of 


pole and the hooded head at the top surmounted by the fantastic bird. 


nearest 
cedar. 


| 
| 
| 
al 


Photo by C. A. Lyford. 


A FuLL LENGTH TOTEM. 


This is a quite unusual full length totem of a human figure, the usua totem being a series of figures. 
eighteen feet high and a good idea of the size may be gained from the six-foot man standing beside 
The lines on the forehead, cheeks, ears, eyes, mouth and finger tips are white, giving a strikingly 
appearance. This totem, the only one of the kind seenin B. C., is inthe Tsawataineuk village of ( 


is about 
left leg. 
yrotesque 


[Sw) 
oo 
a 


Photo by E. 


A. Sterling. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A SrwasH Due Out. 


Some of the British Columbia Indians are very skillful in the making of these ‘“ 
The canoes are light and graceful as may be seen. 


white men. 
can travel fast. 


the lesser lights are laid to rest in a 
rude box tied fast to a limb high in the 
top of a nearby tree. In an isolated 
winter village of about 350 inhabitants 
on a little island near Fife Sound the 
trees back of the village are thickly 
laden with the rude burial cairns. Fish 
of various kinds largely constitute the 
Indians’ diet, and at the same village 
the strip of beach is strewn with shells 
of clams which have been brought in 
until it looks like a natural shell beach. 

As government wards, the Siwash 
are a race on which either pity or ad- 
miration would be wasted. ‘They are 
well suited to their environment, and 
the British Columbia coast is something 
of a Paradise for the Indian temper- 
ament. They can hunt and fish in any 
season of the year, work in the can- 
neries or logging camps if they feel like 
it and do not have to plan for any 
radical change in seasons. ‘Their attire 
reflects the prosperity, age and tastes 
of the wearer, ranging down through 
various stages of overalls, calicos and 
blankets, to the old squaw with a dirty 
single garment, blanket, and bare feet. 
The young Indians are often seen 


dug out”’ canoes, far excelling the 
This one is manned by two Indian boys and 


proudly and uncomfortably attired in 
the latest styles of ready-made clothes, 
with the accompaniment of shiny yellow 
shoes, white collars and other adjuncts 
of civilized man. 

Some of the Indians are at times 
really very prosperous, their cash assets 
being derived from high pay as guides, 
or the more nominal wages of the sal- 
mon canneries; while a_ particularly 
energetic individual will sometimes ap- 
pear in town with $1,000 to $3,000 in 
cash as the result of having sold a boom 
of hand logged timber. As a rule, how- 
ever, they are poor more hours than 
they are rich. Naturally they do not 
know how to make the best use of their 
money when they get it, but they spend 
it according to the best light they have, 
which usually means that it goes for 
“Jim-cracks” or a lot of first class ma- 
terial which they really do not need. 

A well-known forest engineer in Van- 
couver relates his experience in spend- 
ing an evening at one of the Indian 
homes at Thunder Bay. Apparently the 
family had recently passed through a 
temporary period of prosperity, for the 
visitor was interested to see stacked up 


OSONOH HSIo LAG ‘HSVYM ATINVA AHL GIOH LON SHOd LAAT 4 y ot HLOIT)D AHI “ASNOH HOVTLO« 
TAOHV NOIS V NO GHAWIdSIGC ATLINAN ISI ANVN : LV #0 4Sne 2 SWaH LOL ISMHI 


oy Olete adel V LV SWALOY] 
IS “WV ‘a &q ONT 


ee aes 


328 


Photo by D. C. A. Galarneau. 


FORESTRY 


Duc Out MADE BY WHITE MEN. 


TIMBER CRUISERS USING A RED CEDAR ‘‘DUG OUT’’ MADE BY WHITE MEN. 


IT IS HEAVY AND CLUMSY COMPARED WITH 


THE DUG OUTS MADE BY THE INDIANS, WEO ARE ADEPTS IN WOOD CARVING, EVEN WITH THEIR CRUDE TOOLS. 


at one end of the room 40 pairs of 
trousers and as many coats, shirts and 
other articles of wearing apparel, and 
miscellaneous clothing without end. 
The collection also included dozens of 
crates of oranges, canned fruits and 
vegetables, several phonographs and a 
fine $85 steel range which they used 
fora sideboard. Yet with all this luxury 
they cooked their food over an open 
fire inside the house and slept in quilts 
and blankets wherever they could find 
an odd place to lay them down at one 
end of the room. 

The forests flanking the 16,000 miles 
of coast line are the most valuable re- 
source of the region. ‘The fish, game, 
minerals and scenery are resources of 
great interest and value; but the timber, 
under present developments, is a greater 
asset than all the others combined. The 
salmon canneries represent a well-estab- 
lished industry ; mining is carried on in 
the region, but is not a ranking industry 
on the coast; while the game and scen- 
ery are not sought for themselves alone. 
Some day a steamship company may 
make capital of this scenic coast line, 
and Bute Inlet and Wakeman Sound be- 


come as well known as Lake Louise or 
Banff, while with the increase in pop- 
ulation in the Northwest, the inside 
channels of British Columbia may be- 
come a mecca for motor boat cruising, 
with summer houses on the coast and 
islands. Whatever the ultimate develop- 
ments, the next decade at least will be 
a period of timber exploitation on an 
enormous scale and under funda- 
mentally favorable conditions. 

The west coast of British Columbia 
is an enormous natural forest region 
where the favorable conditions for 
growth have produced dense forests of 
valuable species at once protected from 
the winds of the Pacific, and immedi- 
ately accessible to tide water. The 
heavy rainfall of from 60 to 120 inches 
annually is a decided factor in produc- 
ing the large individual trees in heavy 
stands, and at the same time has pre- 
vented wide destruction by fire. An- 
other factor which has favored timber 
growth and prevented fire is the prox- 
imity of the warm Japan current, 
which causes heavy fog during parts of 
the year. This “Queen Charlotte fog 
belt” extends over a large section of 


16,000 MILES OF FORESTED SHORE LINE 329 


the coast timber country, and keeps 
some of the best timber protected in a 
blanket of moisture, as are the red- 
woods on the California coast. The 
coast region is almost entirely non- 
agricultural, and should be kept under 
forest cover. This is fortunately a 
future likely to be realized under the 
Provincial policy of fire protection, 
aided by the heavy rainfall and the 
tendency of valuable species to repro- 
duce naturally on cut over land. 

The predominating commercial spe- 
cies of the coast forest are Douglas fir, 
red cedar, hemlock, balsam and spruce. 
The estimate of the timber in British 
Columbia is 250 to 300 billion feet, of 
which a large percentage of the best 
and most accessible is on or adjacent to 
the coast. The Province of British Co- 
lumbia derives a large part of its reve- 
nue from its forests; the amount col- 
lected in 1913 from royalties, license 
fees and other sources amounting to 
nearly $3,000,000, or an average of ap- 
proximately $7 for every inhabitant of 
the Province. Of this about $245,000 
was used during the same year by the 
Forest Branch for the management and 
protection of the forests, the heaviest 


expenditures for fire protection being 
in the mountain districts. Government 
launches and their crews maintain a fire 
prevention and police patrol on the 16,- 
000 miles of forested shore lines. 

While these shores appear to be heav- 
ily forested, an entirely wrong impres- 
sion of the uniform value and similar 
character of the forests is derived from 
casual observation by travelers, or even 
by timbermen who draw their con- 
clusions from a boat trip. The forest 
cover is practically complete and fairly 
uniform, but a large amount of the tim- 
ber is not of merchantable value under 
present market conditions, nor likely to 
be, until the better timber equally ac- 
cessible is exhausted. The timber of 
value for present logging, or to hold as 
an investment, does not cover the whole 
shore line, but lies in the protected 
“draws” or valley bottoms where little 
streams break into the “salt chuck,” or 
on moist slopes. The investor who buys 
timber limits just because they have 
trees on them is in for a long wait or an 
unhappy awakening. It is very unsafe 
to “cruise” British Columbia timber 
from a boat. 

Startling as it may seem, probably not 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


BritisH COLUMBIA COAST SCENE. 


THIS IS A TYPICAL VIEW IN ONE OF THE NUMEROUS INSIDE CHANNELS AMONG THE ISLANDS ALONG THE COAST OF 
BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


WHat A FoRESTER NEEDS HERE. 


IN CRUISING TIMBER IN THE COAST DISTRICT OF BRITISH COLUMBIA A LAUNCH IS ABSOLUTELY ESSENTIAL AND IT MUST 


BE SEAWORTHY. 


over 10 billion feet of British Colum- 
bia’s 300 billion feet of timber is of igh 
grade and immediately accessible to tide 
water. Since timber of this character, 
available for cheap logging and water 
transportation is in greatest demand, it 
is also of highest value. By the same 
token, such timber so long as available 
becomes:a basis of values, and since it 
can be logged cheaply keeps the price of 
manufactured lumber at low levels. This 
condition, however, cannot last long, 
since the quantity of such timber is so 
distinctly limited. Part of it is being 
cut each year and part held for better 
prices. Gradually the supply of logs 
has to come from farther north, or far- 
ther inland, and from land not quite so 
cheaply logged, so that while the quan- 
tity may be as good, the costs of produc- 
tion generally are rising, and thereby in- 
creasing the stumpage value of the high- 
grade tide-water timber still uncut. 
The kind and character of the timber 
varies considerably in the coast region. 
Douglas spruce for about 100 miles 
north of Vancouver is the most abun- 
dant species, and in greatest demand 
and of highest value. It reaches mag- 
nificent proportions in individual trees, 


HERE IS SHOWN A FORESTER’S LAUNCH AT ANCHOR IN THE PROTECTED WATERS OF A LAGOON. 


the larger specimens often measuring 
8 to 10 feet in diameter, with a volume 
of 15,000 feet or over per tree. 

North of the region where Douglas 
spruce is predominant is an enormous 
stretch of inside water and shore lines 
known as the “cedar country.” Here 
occurs red cedar in its optimum develop- 
ment. In favorable locations are found 
stands of cedar made up of trees from 
4 to 10 feet in diameter, of the finest 
quality, and in quantity occasionally 
running over 100,000 feet to the acre on 
considerable areas. Over many square 
miles cedar will comprise 50 to 80% of 
the stand. 

Red cedar ranks with southern cy- 
press as the “wood eternal.” Perfectly 
sound logs are taken from fallen trees, 
which are known by the age of trees 
growing over them to have lain in the 
wood for a hundred years and more. 
Since the wood is very resistant to de- 
cay, cedar is widely used for poles and 
shingles. It is also an excellent building 
material where great strength is not re- 
quired, and in texture and firmness of 
grain is almost unequalled. 

Alone or associated with other spe- 
cies on the whole west coast is found 


eek 
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“ey 
Ly on Fst 
x ted 


ste 
tah ae 
r 


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é 


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Cees 


Photo by C. A. Lyford. 
THE WritTeR of THIS ARTICLE AT THE Foot or A RED CEDAR. 
of the characte the 
f > =) nt bas f the tree 
view. So dense is the forest cover that itis nece3s 
picture. 


Photographs 
was e 


32 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


OveER 20,000 Boarp FEET IN THIS. 


THIS MAGNIFICENT PRODUCT OF THE FOREST, WHOSE DIAMETER IS ABOUT NINE FEET, IS A DOUGLAS FIR. 
THE ROUGH ROOT-LIKE GROWTH IN THE TRUNK IS NOT PART OF 


TREES WILL CuT 10,000 To 20,000 BOARD FEET. 
THE TREE. 


spruce, hemlock and balsam. Spruce is 
the least abundant, but of the highest 
value of the three. The other two are 
woods of the future, the present market 
absorbing only limited quantities of the 
lumber. This, however, is only because 
of the abundance of other woods which 
received earlier recognition. The west- 
ern hemlock is far superior to the east- 
ern species and suitable for many pur- 
poses as construction material, while 
balsam, although less strong, is equal 
in other respects and has the advantage 
of lighter color and more uniform tex- 
ture. Both balsam and hemlock are ex- 
tensively utilized in making paper pulp, 
and while their present lumber value is 


MANY SUCH 


not great, their low stumpage value 
makes them an attractive and promising 
investment. A $5,000,000 paper mill at 
Powell River, with a capacity of 225 
tons of paper per day, uses spruce and 
hemlock almost exclusively for pulp. 
They also use considerable balsam and 
like it. 

Logging on this entire stretch of coast 
line is naturally one of the largest and 
most interesting phases of the. timber 
exploitation in the region. Its begin- 
ning was near the early centers of set- 
tlement, and it is now developed and 
extended far up the coast. In advance 
of the present operations were the 
“hand loggers,” a peculiar development 


* 


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THIS STAND IS IN A MIXED FOREST 


of local land laws and markets. In a 
word, under the earlier laws any citizen 
of the Province could take out a license 
for hand logging, which gave permission 
to log on a stated area which was al- 
ways immediately adjacent to tidewater. 
The provisions of the permit were that 
no steam machinery should be used. 
The payment for this permit was only 
a few dollars, and the result was that 
many men in pairs or small camps ope- 
rated close to the shore line, felling the 
larger and better trees, and by an 
amount of labor and skill almost incred- 
ible, slowly worked the logs down into 
the “salt chuck.” These would ulti- 
mately be assembled into booms and 
towed to the mill. The result is that the 
shore line is scarred for miles by the 
work of these hand loggers, but under 
present market conditions the land can 
be logged over again, while the strip 
operated on is so narrow that it really 
has little effect on the value of a timber 
limit. 

Present logging operations on tide- 
water limits are conducted almost en- 
tirely with heavy equipment which con- 
sists of a “bull”? donkey located on the 
shore line with a skid road running back 
a convenient gully or ravine for 1,200 
to 5,000 feet or more. Smaller skidding 
donkeys mounted on heavy frames pull 
themselves through the woods and after 
the trees are felled, skid the logs to the 
main road where they are hauled by 
steel cables to tidewater by the larger 
donkey at the shore. The size of the 
logs and the rough nature of the ground 
prevents the use of draft animals or the 
lighter equipment seen in the south and 
east. The logs are assembled in pro- 
tected coves or bays and made up into 
booms which are then towed by large 
tugs to the sawmills at Vancouver, New 
Westminister and other points. The 
charges for towing vary with the dis- 
tance. The present logging rates range 
from 75 cents a thousand to as high as 
$2.50 from Seymour Inlet, which is 250 
miles from Vancouver. The towing 
charge for most of the inside channel 
country is from $1.00 to $1.50 per thou- 
sand. In the coast district logging and 
towing can be carried on the year round, 
although usually most of the camps shut 


34 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


down during the winter season, which 
is the period when it rains a little 
harder, if possible, than during the 
spring and summer. There is, however, 
little or no snow. 

The booming of logs in the coast dis- 
trict of British Columbia is an in- 
tensively interesting phase of the lum- 
ber industry. The usual type of boom 
is made up-of 8 to 12 sections or 
“swifters,” each section being made of 
boom sticks 64 feet long and a top di- 
ameter of 12 to 16 inches fastened to- 
gether with heavy chains. Having se- 
cured the boom sticks together, they are 
placed in two parallel lines and the logs 
floated in and arranged endwise, pack- 
ing them as closely as possible to the de- 
sired width of the boom, which varies 
from 60 to 100 feet. Care is taken to 
place comparatively long logs next to 
the boom sticks where they are joined 
together. After filling the boom with 
logs, the boom sticks are drawn to- 
gether by a winch or small donkey en- 
gine, and the binding poles or “swifters”’ 
to hold the boom from spreading, are 
placed in position and chained at each 
end to the boom sticks. A single sec- 
tion or “swifter” of a boom usually con- 
tains from 40 to 80 thousand feet log 
scale, and while 8 to 12 sections is the 
usual number, as high as 20 sections or 
over a million feet are sometimes made 
into one boom. Booms of this -charac- 
ter are known as water section booms 
and their towing speed is from 2 to 2% 
miles per hour, and frequently the 
larger tugs tow several booms. ‘There 
is comparatively little loss to logs thus 
towed when navigating the waters be- 
tween Vancouver Island and the main- 
land, but since a gale is a source of 
danger, it is usual for the captain to 
seek shelter upon indication of a storm. 
There is no particular period of gales or 
hurricanes, however. 

Another form of boom which has 
come into favor is known as the Davis 
patent. Its essential features consist of 
arranging a sufficient number of long logs 
to made a width of 80 to 100 feet. These 
logs are then firmly bound together by a 
wire cable at each end. Other logs are 
then piled on top and as the weight in- 


creases, the raft forming the bottom | 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 
i Heavy STAND OF HEMLOCK AND BALSAM. 


Trees with clear length of 200 feet, and stands of over 100,000 board feet per acre, are not uncommon in these forests 
of hemlock and balsam. The undergrowth is often luxurious as in a tropical forest. This particular stand was 
on a slope immediately adjacent to tide water. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


PREPARING A BOoM. 


HERE THE BIG LOGS ARE BEING ASSEMBLED AND WILL LATER BE MADE INTO A BOOM AND TOWED DOWN 
THE COAST TO THE SAW MILLS. 


sinks. ‘This process is continued until 
the logs form a rounded pile extending 
10 or 12 feet above the water-line and 
for a considerable distance below. 
Cables are then passed over at each end 
from the outside log of the original raft 
to the corresponding log on the other 
side and firmly secured. The raft when 
finished resembles a great sheath of 
grain, except it is bound at both ends in- 
stead of the middle. From 400 to 800 
thousand board feet can be towed in a 
single section of this kind and without 
danger of loss from storm. This form 
of rafting is especially valuable for 
hemlock, which shows a tendency to 
sink. If the front end of a hemlock log 
in a water section boom dips down ever 
so slightly when in motion, the down- 
ward thrust of the water will force it 
out of place, and after turning a somer- 
sault under the boom, it simply rolls out 
and is free. 

The future of this great tidewater 
timber country, and, in fact, of all the 
British Columbia forest lands, is of par- 
ticular interest to the forester and con- 
servationist. Since so much of the 


country is non-agricultural, it is funda- 
mentally suited for continual forest pro- 
duction. Natural growth and controlla- 
ble fire risk encourage this end. Such 
use of the territory assures not only a 
permanent asset to the Province, but a 
reserve timber supply which, because 
of its availability to water transporta- 
tion, will be distributed among the mar- 
kets of the world. The first step is the 
utilization of the existing forests since 
the trees are now qver mature. The 
cutting will be incomplete and wasteful 
because the market permits utilization 
of only the best. Following this era of 
lumbering will come a long regeneration 
period, when the cut-over land, either 
naturally or with the help of man, will 
come back into forest. The second and 
successive forests will never equal the 
first because the market by then will 
not have the heritage of the trees cen- 
turies old to draw on, and will be con- 
tent with smaller sizes and lower 
grades. ‘ 

It is not without regret that these in- 
comparable tidewater forests are con- 
signed to the commercial needs of ad- 


ui Seti 


ee a 


se ee eee ee ee 


Why 05 nes aca it ee 6 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


British CoLuMBIA Rep CEDAR. 


THE TRUNKS OF THESE RED CEDARS ARE COVERED CHARACTERISTICALLY WITH MOSS. DESPITE THE ROUGH OUTSIDE 
APPEARANCE OF MANY OF THE CEDAR TREES, THEY PRODUCE LUMBER OF THE FINEST GRAIN AND TEXTURE. 


Photo by E. A. Sterling. 


a 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ts 
halk 
§ 
4 
' 


Now TIMBER—SOON TO BE PAPER. 


A NINETY-FOOT HEMLOCK STICK ON ITS START THROUGH THE POWELL RIVER PULP AND PAPER MILL WHERE IT WILL 


BE CONVERTED INTO PAPER IN 


vancing civilization from the new China 
and other countries of the Orient to the 
settlers of the Canadian West. Senti- 
ment, however, will play little part and 
the greatest regret of foresters and lum- 
bermen will be that the utilization can- 
not be more complete. It is inevitable, 
since the consumers demand only the 
best at the lowest price, that the pro- 
ducers can manufacture and market 
only the material on which there is a 
profit. On the British Columbia coast 
this means that the smaller and poorer 
timber is not used, and the lumbering 
methods are apparently wasteful while 
in reality that is only in keeping with 
economic conditions. 

The forested coast district of West- 
ern British Columbia presents condi- 
tions in the way of land ownership and 
lumbering methods which practically 
preclude any possibility of long time 
forest management by private owners. 
‘There are essentially three separate di- 
visions of the lumber business into 
stumpage ownership and logging, manu- 
facturing by sawmills, and the sale of 
lumber. In British Columbia the title 


ROLLS FIFTEEN FEET WIDE. 


to most of the forest land is vested in 
the Government, the exceptions being 
certain grants which include both land 
and timber. Since forestry practice is 
absolutely contingent on the ownership 
of the land, it follows that the responsi- 
bility for the future forest production 
in the region rests with the Government. 
The individual or corporation acquires 
title to stumpage through timber licenses 
and the payment of an annual license 
fee. The stumpage owner may or may 
not be the logger, although the two, ex- 
cept in case of stumpage investment, 
usually go together. The manufacturer 
or sawmill man may have no interest 
whatever in the stumpage or the log- 
ging, and, in turn, may shunt the sales 
end “of the business to separate organiza- 
tions, although naturally the larger saw- 
mill concerns have their own sales or- 
ganization, and in some cases own 
stumpage. The essential point, how- 
ever, is that the Government is the land 
owner, and, as such, has a tremendous 
responsibility in the development of a 
policy and practice which will eventu- 
ally devote these lands to their best use 


918 SASNOY asa], 9[QB}RISI 
aq} ul « YIP[VOd,, pIoM UL pi 


ISNOF HOWILOG V_NOATAWVAG 


340 AMERICAN 


—the production of successive forest 
crops. 

The temporary or permanent inhab- 
itants of these thousands of miles of 
forested shore line are almost ex- 
clusively interested in commercial de- 
velopments. The region, however, can- 
not fail to make a deep impression ; 
while the conditions are so varied, and 
the aspects so constantly changing, that 
even familiarity does not dull the at- 
tractions. The forest engineer, who 
was an entire stranger to the region 
less than ten years ago, has a variety of 
unique experiences entirely different 
from forest workers in any other sec- 
tion of the country. 

Since there are practically no means 
of transportation except by water, the 
forester depends on his cruising launch 
for transportation, and as a camp in 
much of the survey and exploration 
work on tidewater limits. As part of 
the day’s work, he may find himself in 
the long northern twilight cruising down 
an inside channel over quiet water 
which reflects the dark forested shore 
line in an endless variety of shades and 
colors, while in the far distance the 
snow-capped peaks may still reflect the 
full sunlight or the saffron tints of the 
Alpine glow. At night he may anchor 
in a sheltered cove, dark and silent, save 
for the many sounds of the sea and wil- 
derness, or cruise on under the decep- 
tive light of stars or moon which makes 
familiar landmarks like strange and un- 
known sights. Most wonderful of all 
is a night run in a heavy fog when the 
moon above the fog bank lights the re- 
stricted view of water with a weird and 
ghostly radiance, giving the constant 
impression that the boat is turning in a 
narrow circle. 

While these inside channels are 
usually calm and peaceful, the launch 
may run out of the sunshine into a 


FORESTRY 


driving squall or from some protected 
passage into a veritable maelstrom of 
‘white water,’ caused by a “tide rip” 
or the equalizing flow of the tides 
through some narrow channel. ‘The 
wind draws through some of the larger 
channels as through a chimney, and even 
moderate gales kick up a sea which 
means lashing everything fast and a 
round of pitching and rolling which is 
more spectacular than pleasant. On 
such occasions the quiet, protected cove 
may not be within reach, and as night 
shuts down, the launch is glad to creep 
into partial protection along the shore 
or behind a boom of logs where the back 
wash makes the anchor chain a creak- 
ing, grinding nightmare and the night 
a mystery of strange sounds through 
long hours of anxious watching. 

The forester’s launch on one particu- 
lar night, when a gale of rain was driv- 
ing up Clatham Channel, had found 
snug refuge in a little cove protected by 
a boom of logs. Sharing the same shel- 
ter was a small, low-powered launch 
owned by a couple of loggers, who came 
aboard late in the evening loaded with 
a strong nerve tonic in the form of 
“Canadian red rye.” Despite warning 
of the danger they started their engine, 
and after a half hour’s loud talking and 
maneuvering to get through the opening 
of the boom, put out into the driving 
gale and heavy sea of the main channel, 
with the brag that they would make 
their camp across Knight Inlet or 
drown. For a few minutes their light 
could be seen bobbing up and down, and 
then was gone in the rain and darkness. 
Whether they arrived or not the writer 
does not know, but probably they did, 
for something of their spirit, whether 
shown in wild recklessness or cool, 
sober judgment, has been a dominant 
factor in the development of this fron- 
tier coast. 


No More Barbed Wire 


_ Forest officers in Washington and Oregon plan to discontinue the use of barbed wire on 
their forests. This will affect their own pastures and public drift fences. They say barbed 
wire has no advantage over smooth wire, that it injures stock, and that it is more likely to 


be borne down by soft snow. 


never use barbed wire again. 


Stockmen on the Ochoco forest, in Oregon, recently con- 
structed drift fences of smooth wire, though with some misgivings ; 


now they say they will 


Pie 2 soOC A LION’S EXHIBIT 


EMBERS of the American 
Forestry Association, their 
friends, and all who are inter- 


ested in forestry, all who love 
trees whether in great forest areas, 
woodlands, country estates, the garden 
or the street, are invited to visit the 
exhibit of the Association at the Grand 
Central Palace, New York City, May 
20 to 30, during which period the For- 
est Products Exposition will be ‘held. 
This will be the same exhibit which 
the Association had at the Exposition in 
Chicago from May 1 to May 10 and 
which thousands of Chicagoans and 
others visited. Attendants will explain 
the work of the Association and dis- 
tribute literature as well as tell of the 
value of the great educational work the 
Association is doing. The chief feature 
is the display of photographs showing 


different phases of forestry, the cutting, 
logging, and marketing of mature frees, 
the protection of the forests from fire, 
insect and disease; the replanting of 
forest land; the iether of forest 
students, with examples of the losses 
due to lack of scientific forest manage- 
ment—in short, every condition in the 
use, the development, the protection and 
the growing of trees. 

A souvenir given to each visitor is a 
circular containing forest scenes in 
colors and this was eagerly sought and 
highly commended at Chicago. Copies 
of the magazine AMERICAN ForestTRY 
are also given away. It is especially 
desired that school teachers and children 
should visit the exhibit. It is to be on 
the second floor of the Grand Central 
Palace, near the middle of the hall. 


WHAT IS A SHADE TREE WORTH? 


OW many people know what a 
4 shade tree is worth? How 
many ever give a thought to its 
value? Its grateful shade is 
enjoyed, its beauty is appreciated, both 
in a general sense, but few perhaps ever 
stop to think of its actual cash value. 
Perhaps this is never brought home 
more forcibly to a man than when a 
shade tree in front of his residence, a 
tree of which he is proud, is damaged 
or destroyed. Then ask him its cash 
value. He is likely to measure it by 
his own sense of what the tree has 
meant to him. Not unnaturally he may 
declare the tree worth hundreds of dol- 
lars to him. He will tell you what is 
only too apparent, that it cannot be re- 
placed at once for thousands of dollars. 
It will take years to grow a similar tree 
on the same spot. 
It was somewhat startling to the peo- 
ple of Ann Arbor, Michigan, to learn 
from the recent report of their city en- 


only 18 years. 


gineer that the shade trees of the city 
are valued at $290,000. This is over 
a quarter of a million dollars’ worth of 
property which the average man might 
never consider in giving an estimate of 
the city’s wealth. 

Prof. Filibert Roth, of the Forestry 
Department of the University of Michi- 
gan, was asked to give the valuation, and 
his report names this modest sum. For 
the purpose of estimating the value of 
the trees and shrubs owned by the city, 
it was assumed that trees stand two rods 
apart throughout the residence sections 
of the city. According to Professor 
Roth, a tree is worth $10 when it is 
nicely established and is four inches in 
diameter at a point breast high. Figur- 
ing the compound interest at five per 
cent, this $10 has grown into $20 in 
All trees are figured on 
this basis, since hundreds of them might 
be rated at more than $100 apiece. It 
is estimated that there are in Ann Arbor 

341 


O42 


at the present time, about 12,000 shade 
trees which measure six inches in diam- 
eter, besides over 2,000 smaller trees set 
out in the last fifteen years. 

In discussing his report Professor 
Roth says: 

“Why, as a matter of business, it may 
be said that these trees could not be re- 
placed for this sum of money. A shade 
tree grows in value up to a certain time, 
then remains stationary in value for 
many years, and after that declines. But 
until it is a good tree and really does the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


service expected, it is fair to charge cost 
and interest to the tree. Generally a 
tree is over twenty-five years old bfore 
it is a serviceable shade tree and ‘pays 
its way. If it is worth $10 when it is 
five years old it is worth $20 at the 
end of twenty-five years. From the 
standpoint of city beautification and 
considering the enjoyment people get 
out of them, good shade trees are worth 
$100 apiece. This is the valuation placed 
on trees by the city of Springfield, 
Massachusetts.” 


SAVE THIS FOREST Lae 


GREAT deal of enthusiasm was 
manifested at the recent meet- 
ing of the Minnesota State For- 
estry Association at St. Paul in 

the plans for a campaign to be con- 
ducted all summer for an amendment 
which will come before the people next 
November at the general election. The 
State of Minnesota at the present time 
owns about three million acres of land 
and under the provisions of the Consti- 
tution this land is to be sold. The for- 
estry amendment provides that all such 
land which is better suited for tree 
growth than for farming shall be set 
aside to be used as State Forests. This 
would give the State perhaps one mil- 
lion acres of forest land, to be managed 
according to forestry principles, and this 
would be the beginning of a real for- 
estry policy for Minnesota. 

It is naturally of great interest to all 
concerned that this amendment pass. !t 
would really be a corner-stone, as it 
were, in the forestry development of 
Minnesota. If these one million acres 
will be retained as State Forests, the 
State Forest Service can go ahead and 
show lumber corporations that forestry 
really is practical, and if the State Serv- 
ice is given the opportunity to show 
what really can be done with reforesta- 
tion and forest management, the time 


will not be far off when the State will 
branch out on a large forest policy. 

The time has come when Minnesota 
has to recognize the necessity of the 
management of its forests. Although 
there are still approximately seventy- 
five billion feet of merchantable timber 
standing in the woods, the people at 
large appreciate the fact that the proper 
management of timber lands is of vital 
concern. The annual value of the tim- 
ber crop of Minnesota is fifty million 
dollars. It takes forty thousand horses 
to move this crop and three hundred 
thousand men to log, haul and manufac- 
ture it. The lumber industry is the sec- 
ond largest in the State, and one-third 
of the total output of Minnesota’s 
farm produce is consumed by those in 
the lumber industry. Minnesota is the 
largest lumber producing State east of 
the Rockies, and with proper forest 
management, could increase its timber 
production four times, which would 
mean millions of dollars to the State 
annually. 

The forestry amendment will be the 
entering wedge toward the proper man- 
agement of the forest soils of Minne- 
sota, and every endeavor will be made 
to make the people realize its impor- 
tance. : 


Loss By Mistletoe 


Mistletoe thrives on the western coasts to an extent not approached in the east. 


In many 


places this parasitic growth is responsible, directly or indirectly, for a considerable loss of 


timber. 


SLATE, FOREST 


AS GAME PRESERVE 343 


A PS 


ELk ARRIVING AT ITASCA STATE PARK. 


THIS CARLOAD OF ELK WAS SHIPPED FROM JACKSON HOLE, WYOMING, TO ITASCA PARK IN MINNESOTA AND 
WILL BE USED TO STOCK THE PARK. 


meer FOREST AS GAME PRESERVE 


By Ernest O. BUHLER 


HE arrival at Itasca Park, Min- 
nesota, of a carload of elk from 
Jackson Hole, Wyoming, marks 
the beginning of a plan under 

which, it is hoped, these magnificent ani- 
mals will be restored to the Minnesota 
forests in something like their former 
numbers. Once they roamed over Min- 
nesota’s wilds by thousands. But the 
hunter’s rifle reduced them year after 
year, until there was danger that they 
would soon be added to the list of ex- 
tinct animals, 

Then the Yellowstone Park came to 
the rescue. To it the remaining elk 
gathered from the mountain ranges 
around, and there—amid just such an 
environment of forest, lake, meadow, 
swamp and snow-capped mountains as 
Was most favorable for their multipli- 
cation—they have bred in such num- 
bers that the Government has recently 
deemed the time ripe for their distribu- 


tion among such States as would pro- 
vide for them the necessary protection 
in a forest refuge. 

State Forester W. T. Cox, of Minne- 
sota, saw the value of the opportunity, 
and Itasca Park offered an ideal spot 
for a refuge. It was only necessary to 
surround with an eight-foot wire fence 
an area about a mile square, timber 
land, meadow and lake, and the refuge 
was ready. 

The elk were very wild and difficult 
to catch, but a deep snow, while hinder- 
ing their rapid flight, made it possible 
to tire them out by a persistent pursuit 
on snowshoes, and capture them by the 
use of the lasso. From Jackson Hole, 
where Howard Eaton obtained them, 
they were hauled over the rugged Teton 
Mountains to Victor, Idaho; thence they 
were taken by rail to Butte, to Wadena, 
to Park Rapids and Itasca State Park. 
While being driven through Teton Pass, 


344 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


INSIDE THE PARK. 


THE ELK TOOK TO THEIR NEW SURROUNDINGS AS IF TO THE MANNER BORN AND ARE NOW THRIVING AND CONTENTED. 


one of the bulls became infuriated and, 
charging a helpless female, pushed her 
over a precipice into a canyon, hundreds 
of feet below. This was the only 
tragedy of the journey. 

As the herd at Itasca Park grows 
larger—and the Government’s experi- 
ence shows that the animals multiply 
very rapidly—the plan is to distribute 
them among different State Forests in 
various parts of Minnesota. “But 
where are those forests?’ the reader 


may ask. The answer is, ‘There are 
practically none as yet.’ Whether such 
forests shall be created, and whether the 
beautiful creatures of the wild shall in- 
habit them, depends on the action to be 
taken on the forestry amendment to the 
State Constitution, next November, the 
adoption of which amendment will per- 
mit the use of waste and non-agricul- 
tural land for the growing of timber 
and the harboring of game. 


EXAMPLE OF FIRE PROTECTION 


By JaAcK GuYTON 


HE actual saving of timber from 
destruction by fire which may 
be effected by a local organiza- 
tion is well illustrated by the 

work of the Coos County Fire Patrol 
Association of Oregon. ‘This was the 
first county fire-fighting body in the 
State and since its organization and 
successful operation timber owners of 
twelve or fifteen other counties in the 
State have copied the plan and formed 
county associations along the same 
lines. 


The Coos County Association was 
organized in 1910. W. J. Conrad is the 
secretary, and he devotes his time to 
arranging and carrying into execution 
plans for saving the timber. Before 
this organization existed sometimes as 
high as 10,000,000 feet of timber would 
be burned in the county ina season. In- 
dividual owners fought fires but in an 
unsystematic manner. Last year there 
was no loss of timber by fire, due to the 
work of the county association. This 
is on the theory of reducing the fire 


EXAMPLE OF FIRE PROTECTION 


hazard to the minimum and immediately 
fighting any fires that start. 

In 1912 the membership included 41 
big timber owners. Now the member- 
ship numbers 209 timber owners repre- 
senting 383,392 acres of timber land, 
making up the richest natural resource 
in the county. ‘Those owning small 
tracts of timber have found it to their 
advantage to join the association as 
well as the owners of the big tracts. 
The State law now provides that owners 
of timber must maintain a patrol during 
the danger season. If they do not, the 
State patrols the timber and charges 
five cents an acre, which 1s collected 
like any other tax. When a timber 
owner joins the association he meets 
the requirements of the law and the 
cost is much less than where he at- 
tempts a patrol himself, and the work 
is much more thorough when done by 
the association. Last season an assess- 
ment of one cent an acre was made and 
most of this money was used in pre- 
ventive steps. 

The association has built and main- 
tains about 90 miles of telephone lines 
which connect with the farmers’ com- 
panies and with the regular lines. Sec- 
retary Conrad has his headquarters in 
Marshfield and can keep in constant 
touch with the wardens located in dit- 
ferent parts of the county. Trails have 
been built to the isolated localities and 
make it easier to reach danger points 
when fires start. The telephones have 
done much to send warnings to head- 
quarters and allow prompt work in 
sending assistance to wardens when it 
is needed. 


Cr 


The field work is in charge of a chief 
warden and during the past season 
about twenty-five deputy wardens were 
kept in the field while extra men were 
in readiness to fight fires should they 
be needed. Slashing is done by the 
association and ‘fire traps burned out 
so that when the danger season comes 
each year there is not much chance for 
fires to get a start. 

The association has done much to 
educate the farmers as to fire danger. 
The farmers in the timber districts are 


allowed to use the association telephones 


for their own purposes and in consid- 
eration of this favor are asked to report 
promptly any forest fires they may see. 

Secretary Conrad has conducted edu- 
cational work in the country schools 
and has otherwise taught the people of 
the rural districts that it is to their 
interest to help the timber owners to 
protect against fire. 

The county organization works in 
conjunction with the State Forestry 
Board in the protection work. The cost 
of fire protection through membership 
in the county association has been at a 
lower cost than any of the timber own- 
ers could have individually done the 
same work, and, moreover, it has been 
more effective. Hundreds of thousands 
of dollars’ worth of timber has been 
saved from destruction by fire during 
the four years that the organization has 
existed. The work planned for the 
coming season will make the' danger of 
loss of timber by fire in Coos County 
still less. 


Large Sale of Alaskan Timber 


Arrangements have just been made for the sale of 40 million feet of timber on the 
Tongass national forest in Alaska. This forest is cut up by bays and inlets, some of which 
give an opportunity for taking the timber from the mill to the decks of ocean-going 
steamers. The Tongass forest is now self-supporting, its lumber product being used largely 
in local industries, much going into boxes for canned salmon. 


Chestnut Trees Again Affected 


California State inspectors at San Francisco have found a new canker disease on 
chestnut trees recently imported from Japan. According to Dr. Haven Metcalf, the Govern- 
ment’s expert on such diseases, this appears to be of the same type as the chestnut blight 
which is ravaging the forests of the eastern United States, and it is possible that the new 
disease would be equally as destructive if it became established in this country. 


THE GRAND COULEE 


By WintTHrop P. HayNegs 


which occupy a large part of the 

States of Washington, Idaho and 

Oregon,, lies the Grand Coulee, 
an unsurpassed natural feature of 
grandeur and wild beauty, which is well 
worthy of a place among the wonder 
sights of America, but which is practi- 
cally unknown and unvisited at the pres- 
ent time. 

The Grand Coulee is a great dry 
gorge or canyon cut by the Columbia 
river when it was diverted from its 
course ages ago in the glacial period, by 
an obstruction of ice, and made this 
channel across the lava plains in central 
Washington, in a general southwest di- 
rection. It extends nearly one hundred 
miles across a part of the so-called “Big 
3end’ region of the Columbia River, 
where the river turns west, then south 
and east, before making its final swing 
to the west which it holds to the sea. 
The Big Bend region is bounded on the 
north and west by mountainous areas. 

The name “Coulee” is frequently ap- 
plied all through this part of the coun- 
try to any dry gully or canyon where 
water may flow during a small part of 
the year. In the Big Bend district there 
are many coulees, but the largest and 
most interesting is the Grand Coulee. 

The northern .part of. the. Grand 
Coulee extends for about thirty miles 
from the Columbia River to just south 
of Coulee City. This portion may be 
called the Upper Coulee, since it lies at 
a higher level than any of the coulees 
farther south. This Upper Coulee is a 
flat-bottomed, vertical-walled canyon, 
with several small lakes, some alkaline, 
along the western margin, which is pre- 
vailingly low and marshy. The depth 
of the floor below the level of the plains 
is from 400 to 500 feet, and the average 
width is about one and a half miles, but 
the coulee is very much wider in the 
vicinity of Steamboat Rock, a flat- 
topped meca ten miles south of the Co- 
Jumbia River, which rises about 400 feet 


346 


[ N the heart of the vast lava plains 


above the floor of the Coulee. The east- 
ern wall dies out about five miles north 
of Coulee City, and the level floor rises 
and merges with the slightly undulating 
plain which extends eastward for many 
miles. The western wall, although 
somewhat broken and eroded back 
about three miles southwest of the town, 
continues for about twenty miles to the 
south in the Lower Coulee. 

There is a precipitous drop of about 
400 feet in the floor of the Coulee four 
miles southwest of the town, and the 
top of the east wall in the Lower Coulee 
is continuous with the floor of the Up- 
per Coulee. The ieor ot the Lower 
Coulee is uneven, and most of the de- 
pressions are occupied by lakes which 
are fresh un othe “aureaern, path | at 
strongly alkaline in the southern part 
of the Coulee. The walls of the Lower 
Coulee south of Moses Lake become 
less distinct, but the course of the 
former drainage channel is still clearly 
visible as it swings to the west and 
finally joins the Columbia River. The 
length of the Lower Coulee is about 
seventy miles. 


GEOLOGIC HISTORY OF THE REGION 


Many ages ago there was great vol- 
canic activity in this region, and ex- 
tensive flows of basaltic lava were 
poured forth and covered the rather 
subdued old land surface of the Big 
Bend to a varying depth. In the north- 
ern part the cover is relatively thin, and 
the granite of the old land surface is 
often exposed, but to the south it be- 
comes increasingly thicker. 

Following the volcanic activity the 
region was irregularly uplifted, caus- 
ing dislocations of the lava flows and a 
warping of the surface. After a long 
period of erosion in which the region 
was nearly reduced to a plain, the land 
was again uplifted and the main streams 
had cut deep channels before the Glacial 
Period commenced. In the Glacial 
Period an ice sheet advanced down the 


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“TIVTAALVM LINAIONY NY, JO ALIS 


348 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


valley of the Okanogan River and’ ex- 
tended across the gorge of the Columbia 
River. This ice dam caused the waters 
of the Columbia to flood the tributary 
valleys, and they rose until a low place 
in the divide was reached, south of the 
present site of Coulee City. Here they 
overflowed into the headwaters of a 
southwestward flowing tributary, and 
thus reached the channel of the Colum- 
bia River again. The divide was cut 
back and a great waterfall was devel- 
oped, which must have been the equal 
of our grandest waterfalls now in exist- 
ence. As the ice barrier melted away 
the waters of the Columbia were al- 
lowed to resume their former course, 
leaving the Grand Coulee, with its 
numerous lakes and springs as evidence 
of the temporary, pre-historic, cross- 
country water channel. 

This enormous dry canyon with its 
numerous beautiful lakes, and its site 
of a great prehistoric waterfall, which 
was as high as the Victoria Falls of the 
Zambesi River in Africa, and of much 
greater extent, may be easily visited by 
any tourists traveling over the Northern 
Pacific Railway, by leaving the main 
line at Spokane, and traveling over the 
branch line for 125 miles to Coulee City, 
which is a small town with good accom- 
modations for guests, situated on the 
level floor of the Upper Coulee at a 
most advantageous spot to take in most 
of the interesting and grand views. The 
trip westward from Spokane is interest- 
ing and gives one a chance to see how 
this section of the country is being de- 
veloped. 

Soon after leaving Spokane we passed 
through cuts in gravel terraces and 
crossed a deep, flat-floored valley in 
which a very small stream is now flow- 
ing. This is evidently a channel cut by 
a large river in the Glacial Period, but 
now abandoned. The flat floor of the 
valley is now covered with small farms. 
After passing through pine-covered, hilly 
country, and traversing a gorge in the 
basaltic lava.we reached the prosperous 
town of Cheney, situated in a farming 
district in low rolling country. Contin- 
uing westward we saw many fields of 
oats on the flats, while pine-covered hills 
interrupt the general level of the coun- 


try. We passed through a belt of pines 
between Medical Lake and Deep Creek, 
and then abruptly left them for a roll- 
ing, treeless country covered with 
wheat fields that stretch to the horizon 
on either side of the track. Most of the 
farms depend on windmills to pump 
their water, which is generally obtained 
from a slight depth by driven wells. We 
passed through Davenport and Rocklyn 
and were still in a rich wheat section. 
The country here began to flatten out, 
and we saw the lava outcropping, and 
forming small mesas, and entered a level 
region of sage brush and bunch grass, 
with a few nearly dry lakes, with little 
grazing for cattle and horses and no 
agricultural development. After a few 
miles of this we got into more hilly 
country with scattered pines, and an 
occasional granite knob projecting 
through the basalt. Then we entered 
rolling open country, another great 
wheat-raising section. Shortly beyond 
the town of Creston we got a view of 
the mountains north of the Columbia 
River. Near Wilbur we entered level 
country again and saw a small coulee, 
which runs parallel with the track for 
some distance. Near Govan a small 
stream flows in the coulee, and a fringe 
of trees grow along its banks, the first 
trees seen for some time. We passed 
through some more good wheat land 
about Almira and Hartline, and saw a 
combination harvester at work, drawn 
by about thirty horses. From Hartline 
we swung to the south and descended 
in a gentle grade ahout 350 feet to the 
town of Coulee City, situated at about 
1,600 feet above sea level. As we ap- 
proached the town we got a fine view 
of the great western wall, which 
stretches ‘far to the north and south, and 
also saw how the east wall, about five 
miles north of the town, bends down and 
merges with the plain. From Coulee 
City as a headquarters we traveled by 
automobile, carriage, horseback or foot 
to the various points of interest about 
the Grand Coulee. 

The first place we wanted to see was 
the site of the ancient cataract and wa- 
terfall, with its 400-440 foot wall which 
separates the Upper from the Lower 
Coulee. By driving or riding about 


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350 


four miles to the southwest of the town, 
over the nearly level floor of the Coulee, 
which is dotted with sage brush and 
basalt hummocks, past several farms 
with small orchards,. the brink was 
reached and its western margin fol- 
lowed until a wonderful panorama was 
disclosed. Stretching to the eastward 
for about three miles was the serrate 
headwall of the Lower Coulee, with a 
large and small plunge pool lake lying 
at its foot, occupying hollows in the 
rock carved out by the falling waters 
which gradually wore the cliff back sev- 
eral miles up the Lower Coulee to this 
point during the time in the Glacial 
Period that the waters of the Columbia 
River with water from the melting ice 
were flowing in this high level channel. 
Different parts of the cliff have receded 
at different rates, and the plunge lakes 
lie in the deepest embayments, separated 
by a flat-topped remnant of the cliffs, 
which is partly fallen to pieces. The 
larger of these lakes is called Castle 
Lake, and is a beautiful sight as viewed 
from the top of the cliff. The basalt 
rock of the cliffs turns a rusty brown 
under the effects of the weather, and its 
frequently covered with orange or 
greenish-yellow lichens in great patches, 
so that the cliffs are generally bright 
colored. 

We continued along the road for 
about two miles more to the southwest 
and obtained a fine view down the 
Lower Coulee for several miles, and 
saw nearly the whole floor occupied by 
a chain of lakes, which are nearly con- 
tinuous. The nearest lake was Blue 
Lake, and the next, partly hidden by a 
bend in the Coulee, is Alkali Lake. ‘The 
west wall here has a height of nearly 
900 feet, but the long talus slope which 
extends about half way up, makes the 
height seem less. ‘The east wall is about 
half the height of the west wall. The 
fringe of vegetation about the shore of 
Blue Lake, and the farm with a fine or- 
chard at the northern end of the lake 
added a touch of green, which made 
the scene one of great beauty and 
grandeur. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The road descends to the floor of the 
Lower Coulee from this lookout point, 
and if in a light wagon, or on horse- 
back, or foot, it is possible to make the 
descent. ‘The road is so very steep and 
has such sharp turns that it is not ad- 
visable to descend in an automobile. On 
reaching the bottom we went through 
the farm and fruit orchard to the shores 
of Blue Lake, and out on the lake in a 
boat and landed on some of the small 
islands. Later we went up to Castle 
Lake and the other small lakes near the 
foot of the fall, and traveled up a road 
to the east which leads past another 
small farm and into an eastern branch 
of the Lower Coulee. 

This eastern branch of the Lower 
Coulee is in many respects the most in- 
teresting and beautiful, because it is 
comparatively narrow, and a large part 
of it is occupied by a long, narrow lake, 
which is bordered by vertical cliffs. The 
lake is called Deep Lake, and from the 
vertical walls and the absence of any 
beaches it must be very deep, although 
no measurements of its depth have been 
made so far as could be ascertained. It 
is possible to get out of this east branch 
at one place only, and that is on the 
south side, where a road has been made 
which rises through a notch in the wail 
and reaches the upper level, and then 
swings to the north past the head of the 
east branch around to Coulee City. 

The Deep Lake branch of the Lower 
Coulee may be reached most easily by a 
walk or drive of about two miles to the 
south of Coulee City. This branch falls 
away gradually in a series of steps, with 
drops of from 15-50 feet, which must 
have caused beautiful cataracts when 
the water was flowing through here. A 
few small pools remain in the deeper 
hollows of the upper part of this chan- 
nel. We swung to the east past the 
head of this branch, and then fellowing 
along the southern brim soon came to a 
lookoff point from which we looked 
down upon Deep Lake, the surface of 
whose waters is about 425 feet below. 
The walls rise from the water in a ver- 
tical cliff for about 100 feet, and then 


ar a a 
ee 


DEEP LAKE. 


THE SURFACE OF THE WATER IS 425 FEET BELOW THE ROCK ON WHICH 
DEEP THAT SOUNDINGS COULD NOT BE 


THE MAN IS STANDING. 
TAKEN. 


THE LAKE 


IS SO 


ANOTHER VIEW OF DEEP LAKE. 


IN THE DISTANCE LOOMS THE GREAT WEST WALL BARRIER. THE COLORS OF THIS LAKE RANGE FROM A PECULIAR 
EMERALD GREEN TO A DEEP BLUISH GREEN. 


THE GRAND COULEE 353 


recede in a series of great platforms, 
formed by the successive lava flows, to 
the upper level which forms the floor of 
the Upper Coulee, upon which the town 
is situated. The walls of this east 
branch of the Lower Coulee show 
columnar jointing particularly well. 

Looking westward down the east 
branch we saw Deep Lake far below, 
like a winding river in a deep canyon. 
In the distance looms the great west 
wall barrier. The colors of Deep Lake 
vary greatly with the time of day, rang- 
ing from a peculiar emerald-green to a 
deep bluish-green, but the lake is always 
wonderful, and flanked by the vari- 
colored basalt rock it forms a scene that 
should be preserved in color by some 
artist. 

We decided to take a day trip north, 
in the Upper Coulee, to Steamboat 
Rock, a distance of about 20 miles. On 
starting north from the town we saw 
perched on the top of the west wall a 
short distance back from the edge a 
great basalt block as large as a house, 
which was evidently transported a short 
distance and left by the ice sheet which 
spread over the western part of the Big 
Bend region. This was Pilot Rock, a 
landmark easily seen for many miles to 
the east. Five miles to the north the 
inclined lava beds of the east wall rise 
out of the plain and flatten out, form- 
ing the eastern wall, which has an aver- 
age height of about 450 feet. We noted 
that the edges of the inclined lava beds 
are truncated by the present surface of 
the plain. This shows that after the 
warping and irregular uplift, the region 
was greatly eroded and worn down 
nearly to a plain before the final uplift 
to the present elevation. Going north 
on the flat floor of the Upper Coulee we 
passed a few long, narrow lakes lying 
in swampy depressions near the foot of 
the west wall. The lakes have a dense 
growth of rushes about their shores, 
and usually a fringe of white alkaline 
deposits, where the water has evap- 
orated and left the salts held in solution. 
About ten miles to the north of the 
town the Upper Coulee makes a bend 
and we got our first view of Steamboat 
Rock, which looks like the hull of a 
great battleship floating toward us. The 


Coulee narrows to a width of about a 
mile a short distance below the rock, 
and then widens out until in the vicinity 
of the rock it is between three and four 
miles across. Steamboat Rock is a mesa 
or table mountain of horizontal lava 
beds about 450 feet high and one and a 
half miles long by one mile wide. On 
the floor of the Coulee about a half 
mile north of the rock is a fine ranch, 
with an orchard and garden, where a 
stop for lunch was made. While rest- 
ing in the shade of the numerous trees 
about this ranch we enjoyed a splendid 
view of the great mass of Steamboat 
Rock.. Time permitting, we extended 
our trip ten miles, to the northern end 
of the Grand Coulee, where we looked 
down on the mighty Columbia River 
flowing in its deep gorge, which is now 
cut several hundred feet below the level 
of the floor of the Coulee. The Coulee 
north of Steamboat Rock narrows again 
and the floor becomes very uneven as 
the lava cover becomes thinner, and the 
old granite surface with its hollows and 
knobs is exposed. By ascending to the 
top of the east wall of the Coulee we 
had a very grand and comprehensive 
view of the northern part of the Coulee, 
and looked down over 1,000 feet to the 
waters of the Columbia River. To the 
northwest we saw through the blue haze 
the mouth of the Okanogan valley, bor- 
dered by low mountains on the west. To 
the north of the river rises a granite 
range of low mountains, and eastward 
the slightly rolling lava plains stretch 
to the horizon. 

The drainage of the Grand Coulee is 
for the most part underground. The 
chain of lakes occupying the western 
border of the Upper Coulee are of vary- 
ing degrees of salinity. In most cases 
there is no visible connection between 
the lakes, and they have no visible 
drainage outlet. The lakes of the Lower 
Coulee are fresh at the north and 
strongly saline at the south. Some of 
the northern lakes overflow in the rainy 
season and drain south into the more 
saline. Soap Lake is the most saline of 
the chain, and the waters have been 
analyzed and found to be rich in sodium 
salts, chiefly the carbonate and sulphate. 
Moses Lake, farther south, is compara- 


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‘AMWT] AILSVO 


SPRING SEEDING OPERATION 355 


tively fresh, and drains southward into 
Crab Creek which, after flowing for a 
while at the surface, sinks into the soil 
and disappears. 

In the Grand Coulee near Coulee City 
are several fruit farms of young trees 
which are doing nicely. Water for irri- 
gation is obtained either from springs, 
which are often tapped within a few 
feet of the surface, or pumped from 
some of the fresh lakes which are suit- 
ably situated. In the oldest orchard the 
trees are about six years old and are 
just beginning to bear. This orchard is 
situated about a mile and a half north 
of the town and is well worth a visit. 
Here apple and peach trees alternate in 
the rows, but the peach trees will 
eventually be cut down, when the apple 
trees become large enough. In between 
the trees the owner raises great quanti- 
ties of fine watermelons which are 
shared and greatly appreciated by the 
inhabitants of the Couiee. He is also 


raising corn-fed hogs fer market in 
Spokane and for shipment ferther east. 
All of the farms about the Cowlee have 
small vegetable gardens where  suffi- 
cient for home consumption is pro- 
duced. The interest of most of the peo- 
ple living near Coulee City is in wheat, 
and the future of this section seems to 
rest upon the successful cultivation of 
that staple product, which can be grown 
over most of the plains to the east of the 
Grand Coulee. The higher parts have a 
good soil cover of decomposed lava and 
more or less rain throughout the year, 
so that this region is now producing a 
considerable quantity of wheat raised 
by dry farming methods. A crop of 
20-25 bushels per acre is about the aver- 
age yield, but 40 bushels per acre is 
occasionally reached. The production of 
fruit and other special crops upon the 
small areas that are favorably situated 
for irrigation will undoubtedly increase, 
but will always be of minor importance. 


Se RING SEEDING OPERATION 


CTIVE preparations for further 
reseeding of the Roubaix burn in 
South Dakota are being made 
by Forest Supervisor Kelleter. 
Approximately 1,000 acres will be re- 
seeded this spring and to properly 
handle this work a Forest Service camp 
will be established on the ground. Dur- 
ing past seasons the work was handled 
from Roubaix and the laborers em- 
ployed were for the most part such as 
lived at Roubaix, but this season’s work 
will be a considerable distance east of 
Roubaix and the establishment of a 
camp therefore becomes necessary. 

A total of 6,000 acres have already 
been reseeded at Roubaix and a good 
stand of trees are to be found over the 
entire area. This work was inaugu- 
rated in 1905 and has been continued 
each year since. Except for the dry 
seasons of 1910 and 1911, the work has 
each year been successful. Native yel- 
low pine seed is used. Experiments 


have shown that the best results are ob- 
tained by using this species. An ex- 
tensive experiment was made with Aus- 
trian pine, but the results did not seem 
to justify further use. 

What is known as the “seed spot” 
method is used in all this work. This 
consists in the removal, by use of a mat- 
tock, of the top grass, or sod, for the 
space of about 12 inches square to ex- 
pose the mineral soil, and the dropping 
of a few seeds into the spot and then 
gently covering the seed with some of 
the loose soil. By clearing away the sod 
the young seedling, on sprouting, has a 
fair chance of pulling through as there 
is no competition for light and moisture 
with the grass, as would be the case 
were the same not removed. Under 
normal conditions a seed will germinate 
or sprout and show signs of life in about 
three weeks after being placed in the 
soil. 


PORES IRY-ON THE: COUNTRY 
Po lade 


By Warren H. MILLER 


V. THE PRIVATE NURSERY FOR RAISING STANDARD TREE SEEDLINGS AND HOW TO 
PREPARE AND MANAGE IT. 


HILE State transplants may 
be had at $4 a thousand or 
thereabouts, and nearly 
every species of tree used in 

forestry can be bought in either seedling 
or transplant from any of the big for- 
estry companies which make a specialty 
of planting wholesale, it is nevertheless 
a fact that many tree lovers would like 
to own and run a small nursery in which 
they not only can raise all the standard 
seedlings they need for forest improve- 
ment but also can experiment with 
species that have not so far received 
any attention except in ornamental tree 
nurseries, and which therefore would 
prove an exceedingly expensive pur- 
chase on a large scale. My good friend 
and tutor, Prof. Hickel, of V ersailles, 
has for his special hobby an experi- 
mental nursery which occupies the 
whole of what would be otherwise a 
French gentleman's garden, and, if you 
wish to win your way right to his heart, 
send him some fertile seeds of any 
species of tree in any part of the world 
outside of the tropic zone, and they will 
be received with purrs of thanksgivi ing, 
duly analyzed, weighed, measured and 
sketched ; after which all that are left 
will be planted and the forthcoming 
seedlings looked for with the intense 
interest of the true scientist and raised 
with all the loving care of the tree 
enthusiast. His book “Seeds and Seed- 
lings” is the standard French work on 
the subject. 

The writer has been fortunate in hav- 
ing seen in practical. operation the lar- 
gest and most advanced nurseries in 
France, Germany and our own country. 
I have watched the force under friend 
Pettis, State Forester of New York, 
planting beds of seedlings, digging up 
those that were ready for transplanting, 


356 


setting them out in the transplant beds 
with Prof. Toumey’s wonderful semi- 
automatic transplanting jig which sets 
out thousands of them in an hour; have 
watched the handling of the lattice-and- 
wire cages which Pettis devised to pro- 
tect the seedlings beds against sun and 
birds, and compared it with the primi- 
tive moss and brush nursery protection 
of Europe, with their mat screens and 
rustic frames; have seen plantings of all 
ages, spacings and forms, from the 
common hole method to the mound sys- 
tem of Baron Manteuffel; and I have 
planted and raised some thirty-seven 
varieties of forest trees myself. 

For the owner of a country estate 
who wants to do his own planting I 
would say, go ahead slowly at first and 
accumulate some experience in a small 
way, more with the idea of making an 
interesting experiment than anything 
else. If you need quantities of small 
transplants at once, you had far better 
buy them from a State nursery or a 
forestry company than wait four years 
to learn whether you have succeeded or 
failed with your nursery operations. 
But, while there are a lot of little prac- 
tical kinks which have to be learned to 
make a success of your plantings, there 
is no reason why one should not start 
right in on a small scale and learn the 
art, for there is nothing in it that any 
sensible man can not easily manage. 

To begin with location, there are two 
sites available, of which you can take 
your choice, depending upon labor and 
local’ conditions: (The “aarst sas /the 
pepimere volante or temporary forest 
nursery located out in the forest itself, 
a clearing in the forest soil with a 
northeasterly exposure, and the second 
is in the home vegetable garden, with 
artificial means for shading, etc. The 


| 
| 
| 


HOKE ST RY ONE, COUNTRYcESTATE 35% 


A FRENCH PEPINIERE VOLANTE OR TEMPORARY FOREST NURSERY. 


first is less expensive and does not re- 
quire as much personal care, but the 
growth is slower and damage from 
surrounding forest conditions quite ex- 
tensive; the second produces large 
quantities of seedlings and transplants 
in a small space, but requires a lot of 
looking after, and some expenditure 
for apparatus. 

The principal expense of the forest 
nursery is that of digging a two-foot 
trench with perpendicular walls clear 
around it, to keep out rodents, cut- 
worms and underground fungi; the 
principal expense of the home nursery 
is building the wire and lath cages which 
are put over the beds to keep out birds 
and produce artificial shade. Here is 
Baron Manteuffel’s own description of 
the formation of his forest nurseries 
at Colditz, Saxony, which produced and 
planted some 2% million trees: “It is 
a good idea to divide the pepiniere (nur- 
sery) into numerous small parcels scat- 
tered throughout the forest. In the gen- 
eral run of the soil we select the best 
obtainable, that is to say fresh, Joamy, 


permeable, presenting a thick couch of 
dead mould over a reasonably fertile 
mineral soil. It is not easy to fulfil 
these conditions, but we earnestly beg 
our brother foresters to give this selec- 
tion all the care possible ; otherwise they 
will never succeed in producing strong, 
healthy plants with the desired spread 
of roots. We have already said that 
we have no admiration for plants raised, 
so to speak, under hothouse conditions. 
In Saxony most of our plantations are 
in a mountainous country under a sky 
inclement and stormy, and for this rea- 
son we locate our pepinieres in similar 
weather conditions. The forester should 
select his location only reasonably pro- 
tected from weather damage, even 
though he may have to wait three years 
for the plants to acquire dimensions 
reached in two years in milder climates. 

“As regards the preparation of the 
soil in the pepiniere: The growth of 
weeds ceases habitually in the month 
of October, and it is then that we chose 
by preference to clear the spaces des- 
tined for our pepinieres. We scythe 


358 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A BiG GERMAN TRANSPLANT NURSERY. 


down over the space the weeds and 
brush and give it a light cultivation 
about the depth of a spade. Having 
carefully picked out stones and roots 
and knocked the rich earth from roots 
of weeds and grass, we then level off 
the spot as much as possible and collect 
in piles all the brush, weeds and roots, 
and burn them, here and there, over 
the plot. The ashes of these are scat- 
tered broadcast and raked into the soil. 
Finally we surround the plot with a 
trench two feet deep to keep out small 
rodents, mice, etc. At the return of 
spring, when the last frosts are no 
longer to be feared, we give the plot a 
light culture with the rake and then 
proceed with the layout of the beds and 
walks. 

“We lay out the plant beds in long, 
narrow five-foot ribbons, running east 
and west across the pepiniere. The 
seedings grooves are next creased in 
the soft earth by means of Bavarian 
planks, which are laid across the bed 
alternately, and one has only to walk on 


nt 


them to obtain two double grooves 4% 


centimeters (21% in.) wide spaced 19 
centimeters (about 8 in.). For large 
pepinieres we use a harrow of which 
the teeth are the proper width to cut 
suitable seeding grooves and run it 
lengthwise of the beds. 

“As to quantity of seeds required, we 
find that for spruce half a pound of 
good seed suffices for 19 square meters 
of pepiniere. For sylvester pine we use 
practically the same amount of seed as 
we find that to avoid the roussi, a fun- 
gus disease that attacks the young pines 
in their second year, it is necessary to 
mix the spruce and sylvester pines in 
the proportion seven-eighths spruce to 
one-eighth pine. We do not advise the 
culture of fir in temporary pepinieres at 
all, as to give the young plants the thick 
mat of roots they should have it is nec- 
essary to clip the pivot root and trans- 
plant, and this should only be done in 
large permanent pepinieres.” 

This, in brief, gives an outline of a 
tried method of raising seedlings that 
will make good forest growth without 
the usual transplanting. The seeds are 


FORESTRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


sown in rows instead of broadcast as 
in the garden nursery beds, and are so 
spaced as to allow the seedlings room 
enough to become vigorous plants on 
their original planting site. Moss 1s 
kept over the seed rows until the sprouts 
appear and then placed between the 
rows to keep down weeds. Owing to 
the northeast exposure, the growing 
conditions imitate Nature very closely, 
having only the morning sun direct, and 
the rest of the sunlight is filtered 
through the trees along the south wall 
of the nursery after noon. In this way 
the young plants make a hardy, if slow, 
growth, without the necessity for han- 


4 =e 


NOTE 


YounG OAK TRANSPLANT IN ITS FIRST YEAR. 
Root Spreap DUE To CuTTING Tap Root. 


dling shade crates daily, and, as they 
grow in the same soil they are trans- 
planted to in the main forest, they have 
no unaccustomed soil conditions to re- 
adjust themselves to later. It is a well- 
known fact that domestic vegetables and 
trees will not succeed at all in forest 
soil, because it is too sour and too lack- 
ing in the bacterial growth that these 
plants require to thrive, and the reverse 
is undoubtedly true as far as my own 
observation goes. Nursery forest trees 
raised in rich vegetable soil have been 
so modified in their root habits that they 
have a lot of adjusting to do and lose 
several years doing it before they take 
hold of raw forest soil. 

The matter of cutting the pivot root 


359 


is of such importance that the writer 
would be in favor of root pruning in 
the soil sooner than omit it entirely. 
Left to themselves all forest tree seed- 
lings follow their natural instincts and 
send down a deep tap root, not for food 
but for protection against being pulled 
up by the roots by the first rabbit that 
nibbles their tops. A young fir will 
send down a root twelve times as long 
as its trunk above ground, and all the 
other species from four to six times as 
long. These roots get a firm hold on 
the mineral soil but contribute little to 
the nutriment of the young tree, for all 
the feeder roots must seek their food in 


YounG Oak SEEDLING WITH Tap Root Cut, READY 
FOR TRANSPLANTING. 


vaporous form in the humus under the 
mat of dead leaves, where the warmth 
of the sun and air above can produce 
vapors suitable to enter the litttle root 
buds. Now we know well that our 
seedlings will never need their tap roots 
for protection, so, upon transplanting, 
we snip this root, thus forcing the plant 
to put out its feeder roots forthwith. 
The result upon the growth of the plant 
is inconceivable to one who has not 
actually seen it done. Our illustrations 
show the contrast between young oak, 
ash, fir, pine and spruce seedlings with 
and without their tap roots cut. Note 
the far greater growth and vigor of 
those with the tap root removed. In 
commercial nurseries this is done with- 
out digging up the tree by what is 
known as root pruning, 1. e., the spade 
is driven into the ground all about the 


360 


plant, cutting its long, rambling roots 
and forcing it to put out a set of thick 
feeders close around the stem. When 
transplanted it then has a large propor- 
tion of its roots already grown and in 
the ball of earth, and, when once in its 
final site, these form the nucleus of 
feeders which stretch far and wide 
through the humus. 


YounG OAK SEEDLING JuSsT OuT OF 
SEED BED 


American practice has tended towards 
raising large quantities of seedlings in 
as compact beds and as rich soil as 
possible, transplanting them to beds on 
larger spacing, and then settting them 
out in the field as four-year transplants, 


that is, plants which have had two 
years’ growth as seedlings and two 


years as transplants. Such specimens 
are husky little trees, standing about a 
foot high above the root collet, and tak- 
ing a hole a foot in diameter by nine 
inches. deep to accommodate the root 
spreads Ga heweettis, of the New York 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


State Forest Service, has gone about 
as far as any man in the public service 
towards the development of the system- 
atic raising of millions of young trees, 
and Prof. J. W. Toumey has made the 
greatest advances in developing the com- 
mercial raising of young trees for for- 
estry purposes. The methods of both 
are similar; the unit bed is 4’x12’, rais- 


slZ 


'‘ 
' 
’ 
' 
. 


eS owe 
teen et 
A 


\ 
TS 
fi 
| 
i 
\ 
‘ 


5 


YounGc Fir SEEDLING TAp Root TWELVE TIMES AS 
LONG AS STALK ABOVE GROUND 


ing about 7,500 seedlings, a rich, well- 
fertilized soil is selected and cultivated, 
the seeds are sown broadcast and very 
thickly, tamped in with a flat rammer, 
and over them is sprinkled a quarter 
inch of sand. ‘The wooden crate, which 
is used so much throughout the younger 
days of the seedling, now comes into use 
and is put over the freshly seeded bed 
and closed in with loose laths between 


the shade laths with paper tacked 
around the sides. After a period of 
some three weeks’ germination the 


paper and loose laths are removed, as 


FORESTRY" ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 361 


REFORESTING A DENUDED HILLSIDE, MERDARE, FRENCH ALPS. 


all the seedlings have sprouted and re- 
quire air and sunlight. On mild days 
the lath crate is also removed, leaving 
nothing but the wire cage over the bed, 
which keeps out birds and prevents 
them from picking off the tender young 
shoots of conifers, of which they are 
very fond. If the sun gets hot enough 
to wilt the young plants the lath crate 
goes on again, producing the artificial 
shade that is gotten by a north exposure 
in the forest nursery. The. principal 
enemy to be feared is, however, “damp- 
ing off,’ a fungus disease which attacks 
the young conifers when conditions of 
cold and dampness are maintained in 
the seed bed for any length of time. 
During the second year the seed bed 
requires not much attention beyond 
weeding, although, during the first 
year, the lath cage has to be on most 
of the time. At the third spring the 
Seedlings are dug up, put in a trans- 
planting jig, a sort of spring clip four 
feet long with grooves spaced four to 
six inches for the seedling stems. ‘The 
pivot roots are clipped with a single 
Sweep of the knife and the young seed- 
lings set out in the transplant beds to 


remain there two years more. The cost 
is about $3.90 a thousand to produce 
four-year transplants of pine or spruce 
by this method, and it is a practical way 
of handling large quantities—millions— 
of forest trees, with very few losses and 
not much area per tree of nursery space. 
It is particularly adapted to conifers, 
but by no means so handy for the broad- 
leaved species because of the much 
greater room that the latter require. 
We have now an outline of the two 
principal nursery methods in use today 
in Europe and at home; how do they 
apply to the owner of the country es- 
tate? In the first place, he will not be 
particularly interested in raising great 
quantities of any one species but will 
rather want a nursery that will have 
versatility enough to prepare quite a 
number of different species of tree seed- 
lings in batches of a thousand or so, 
with the idea of avoiding the expense of 
paying the commercial nursery prices 
for young trees, which run into a great 
deal of money that might just as well 
be saved. Our nursery should have a 
few crates of the 4’x6’ size, that can be 
handled by one man, for raising cont- 


362 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A SEED Bep NurSERY AT LAKE CLEAR JUNCTION, NEW YORK, CONTAINING THREE MILLION SEEDLINGS IN Two ACRES 


fers to reforest abandoned and stony 
pastures; and the beds for this crate 
work, with its intensive planting, should 
be enriched with well rotted leaf mold 
compost, but not with commercial fer- 
tilizers, as many of these are extremely 
unsuited to wild forest seedlings. The 
balance of the nursery space should be 
devoted to the broadleaved species, oaks, 
maples, ashes, tulips, hickories and any 
other specialties that you intend to 
raise. ‘This soil should be cleared forest 
loam with northeast exposure, a cleared 
forest meadow in the woodlot, and the 
seeding done much as in European 
practice with the seeds in rows, spaced 
some three inches in the row and trans- 
planted and clipped in their second 
spring. ‘They are ready to set out in 
the forest in the third year, that is the 
fourth spring, and should be set on 
about nine-inch spacing with this end 
in view. The ground in between is 
covered with a couch of dead leaves 
with the object of keeping in the 
moisture of the soil, keeping down the 
germination of weeds and adding to 
the nutriment of the young plants by 
the gradual decomposition of the dead 
leaves—in effect Nature’s own way of 
caring for her little ones in the forest. 
A reasonable amount of dead twigs and 
limbs should be scattered over this 


couch of dead leaves in between the 
rows, for the amount of leaves that the 
wind can steal in a single season is 
almost incredible to one who has be- 
lieved that his work ended with carting 
the leaves and spreading them over the 
bed. 

As to the depth to plant seeds and 
the time, an inch deep is plenty for 
acorns and nuts, much deeper for black 
walnut, half an inch for maple and 
ash. Almost all of the them are planted 
as early as possible in the fall and 
usually sprout and get to about four 
inches high before going into that win- 
ter. Red maple seeds in the spring, in 
May, and its young ones have all sum- 
mer to grow in. The conifers all sprout 
in the spring, and are best seeded in 
April and May after the frosts are well 
out. If put in earlier they are quite 
apt to rot, for Nature’s way of planting 
them consists in giving the seed blown 
from the cone in the fall a whole winter 
to work its way down to the quickening 
combination of humus and mineral soil, 
and if put in this soil without the heat 
to start germ growth the seed quickly 
rots. Ash seeds should be gathered in 
the fall as soon as ripe and piled with 
sand and leaf compost in beds not over 
ten inches deep. They are to be turned 
over several times during the winter 


FORESIRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 363 


STATE FoRESTERS VISITING THE NEW YORK STATE NURSERY AT LAKE CLEAR. STATE FORESTER PETTIS OF NEW 
YORK ON THE EXTREME LEFT. 


and sown in the nursery beds broad- 
cast on about inch spacing where they 
will do for the first season. The win- 
ter rotting clears them of the samara 
wings and prepares the seed for germi- 
nation. They are ready for transplant- 
ing in the second spring, and for the 
forest in the third spring. Sugar and 
silver maple samaras ripen in October 
and fall to the ground. The seeds can 
be kept through the winter in mod- 
erately damp sand, or else sown at 
once in their beds, in which case a 
larger percentage of them will fail to 
germinate. In either case, they will 
come up the first spring, are trans- 
planted the second spring and are ready 
for the forest in the third. For lirioden- 
dron, the seeds should be sown the 
autumn they ripen, being picked from 
the sheath and sown in beds of fine, rich 
sandy loam in a moist, shady location. 
They will come up the following spring, 
or, if sown in the spring, will come up 
the following year. With the acorns 
of the dozen species of oaks which you 
will have to deal with in your forest, an 


immediate fall planting is the best 
course. They are apt to either germi- 
nate or dry out if kept through the 
winter in sand, and once germinated 
your troubles come on apace. In my 
own neighborhood the white oaks suc- 
ceed in starting a number of seedlings 
in the same fall the acorns come down, 
while the red, blackjack, and chestnut 
oaks usually hold over until spring and 
we get a fine germination where there 
is the least sun on the forest floor. The 
first acorns down are always wormy, 
so be chary about gathering them, but 
the second big storm will fill the forest 
with large, heavy, meaty acorns which 
will sprout in a few weeks if planted 
at once, and by mid-October the seed- 
ling is three inches high and has two 
to four small leaves on it. In colder 
localities the acorns will not sprout 
at all until the folowing spring. 

In one part of your nursery there 
should be space reserved for saplings. 
While four-year conifers are about 
right for forest underplanting, a good 
many of the broadleaved species will 


364 


reach a tree six feet high in five years 
and are in better shape to set out than 
if put in the forest on their third spring. 
If at that time, instead of taking to 
the forest you make a second trans- 
planting to the sapling bed, you will 
add to the vigor of the succeeding root 
growth and push the young tree “along 
faster than if you had set it out. Speci- 
mens for particular localities where they 
are wanted for their scenic value as 
soon as possible had best be forced here 
in the sapling bed, being set out on 
eighteen-inch centers with the usual 
dead leaf couch in between rows. At 
their fifth spring they are ready for 
use and far ahead of the three-year 
tree already out in the forest two years. 
As a lot of the root system will neces- 
sarily be lost in digging them up, they 
should be pruned somewhat in _ the 
crown so that the tree can occupy itself 
exclusively with root growth during its 
first year in the forest. And this must 
not be done severely as with fruit trees ; 
neither oak, ash, maple or beech can be 
pruned to a whip, as is done with a 
young peach, and to cut it off short as 
is done with a one-year apple would 
be simply killing the tree with excess 
of sap, for the bark of an oak is so 
tough that it by no means can push 
forth new branch buds with the ease 
of the fruit trees, while a beech must 
have shade on its trunk when young or 
the bark will be scalded. The only 
pruning required while in the sapling 
nursery will be a clipping of the outer 
twigs to a pyramidal head and the re- 
moval of the second branch in case the 
fieemsceis inclined to fork. In‘ all 
planting of broadleaved species provide 
for a good many more than you propose 
to set out, so that you will have a chance 
to reject all crooked seedlings and re- 
turn all the spindly ones to the nursery. 
Having decided upon an area that will 
taise all the conifers, broadleaves and 
saplings you require on the above 
spacings, see that it has access to run- 
ning water for irrigation or sprinkling 
in time of drought, make its boundaries 
rectangular for’ economy in bed space, 
tench | around it to keep out rodents 
and put a two-foot chicken wire fence 
along the inside edge of the trench to 
keep out rabbits which would otherwise 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


kill off all your young broadleaves by 
nibbling the tender young buds. You 
will then have a practical working nur- 
sery that well repays its cost in saving 
seedling and sapling expense. 

The subject of underplanting the for- 
est, of planting abandoned pastures in 
conifers and of planting both conifers 
and broadleaves at advantageous points 
in the forest has been pretty well gone 
into in previous articles in this series. I 
show an example herewith of reclama- 
tion work in Merdare, French Alps, 
which applies to reforestation work on 
our own hillsides where the slope is 
very steep... In-the case shown’ the 
slopes had been entirely denuded and 
not even heather could get a foothold ; 
the brook in the ravine had gone dry, 
and scouring of the mineral sub-base 
had begun. ‘The first thing to do was 
to arrest this scouring, and this was 
done by digging shallow trenches, par- 
allel, six feet apart, with the mound of 
earth excavated always piled in a low 
rampart on the downhill face of the 
ledge. This formed a pocket, in which 
the rows of young transplants were 
planted forthwith. The scouring action 
of the rains immediately began to fill 
in the hollows behind the ramparts and 
reduce the slope to a sharp angle again, 
but long before this could be accom- 
plished the young trees had taken firm 
root in the soil of the ramparts and 
ledges and had made _ considerable 
growth. They at once stopped the 
scouring and soon formed a forest mold 
of their leaf-fall, and in a few years 
that hillside was covered with a dense 
forest and the springs began to flow 
once more. France spent over 260 mil- 
lion dollars in reclaiming such denuded 
slopes in :the French Alps and the 
Pyrenees, and brought over 10,000 tor- 
rential streams under control in this 
way. ‘The forests were cut down and 
sold by the extravagant and ignorant 
Directory of 1790; for fifty years the 
country endured the droughts and floods 
cecasioned by this denudation of the 
mountain slopes, and finally decided to 
restore the “forests: atvany (cost. ne 
resulting increase in land values alone 
has more than paid the Republic for 
its expenditures. 


PiIANY USshs OF PHE FORESTS 


LMOST every conceivable use to 
which land may be put is repre- 
sented in the permits reported by 
the Forest Service for special 

projects on the national forests. Some 
of the uses shown range, alphabetically, 
from apiary through brickyard, cannery, 
cemetery, church, cranberry marsh, fox 
ranch, marine railway, rifle range, and 
turpentine still, to wharf and whaling 
station. 

There are 15,000 permits in force for 
such special uses, which are distributed 
geographically from Alaska to the Mex- 
ican line, and east to Florida. ‘This fig- 
ure does not include any of the 27,000 
permits in force for grazing cattle and 
sheep on the forests; nor the 6,000 
transactions for the sale of timber, and 
the more than 38,000 permits issued last 
year for the free use of timber by set- 
tlers, miners, and others in developing 
their homesteads and claims; nor the 
nearly 300 permits for water-power de- 
velopment. 

California led all the national forest 
states in the number of these special 
use permits, followed by Arizona, Colo- 
rada, Montana, and New Mexico in the 
order named. ‘The largest single class 
of permits was for special pastures, or 
corrals, to be used for lambing grounds, 
shearing pens, and the like. Next came 


rights of way for conduits, ditches, and 
flumes, practically all of these being 
free. Various agricultural permits come 
third, telephone lines fourth, with more 
than a thousand permits for 6,500 miles 
of line, and drift fences for the control 
of grazing animals, fifth. In both of 
these latter classes, too, practically all 
of the permits are free. Reservoirs for 
which more than 600 free permits were 
issued for the occupation of more than 
100,000 acres, come sixth. The rest of 
the uses are not classified, though there 
are a large number of apiaries, camps, 
summer hotels, and schools. The use 
of the government’s lands for schools 
is given free; for hotels a charge is 
made. 

The principle which governs the 
charge is based, according to the Forest 
Service, on whether or not the use of 
land is sought by the permittee for a 
commercial purpose. If it is the intent 
of the user to make money from a re- 
source which belongs to the whole peo- 
ple, the Service holds that he should give 
a reasonable return for that use. If, on 
the other hand, farmers want to. tse 
government land for their own tele- 
phone lines, irrigation works, and 
schools, the government gives them that 
use without cost. 


Railroads and Forest Fires 


New Jersey is said to have the greatest proportion of railroad mileage of any State in 
the country, or one mile of railroad to every three square miles of territory. This makes 
an unusual risk of forest fires set by railroads. 


Building Forest Trails 


The heavy storms in southern California during the past rainy season wiped out many 


miles of trails in the national forests of that part of the State. 


They are now being rebuilt 


for the coming summer, for use in fire protection. They are also of great use to tourists, 


campers, and prospectors. 


Perhaps a Bad Fire Season 


In many parts of the West snow is leaving the mountains earlier than usual. Foresters 
Say that this may mean a bad fire season, and they are making plans for a hard campaign. 


365 


366 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


TULIP TREE - LEAVES UNFOLDING FROM THE BUD 


se ak Ce A es 


YELEOW POPLAR PROP TRABEITE 


EW LOW? poplar, yone, “or the 
finest and the largest of Amer- 


ican broadleaf trees, can be 

grown profitably in the timber 
tracts of the southern Appalachians. 
This conclusion is set forth in a report 
written by W. W. Ashe, of the Forest 
Service, and recently published by the 
Geological Survey of Tennessee. 

An investment in young yellow pop- 
lar stands will yield 4 per cent com- 
pound interest. In addition to this, 
there is a probable, though indetermi- 
nate, return due to the natural increase 
in stumpage prices. This increase, 
based on average-sized yellow poplar 
trees, has amounted during the past 20 
years to 13 per cent compounded 
annually. 

There is more lumber produced from 
yellow poplar than from any other 
southern hardwood except oak. The 
commercial range of the tree is re- 
stricted mainly to the southern Appa- 
lachian Mountains of the Virginias, 
Carolinas, Kentucky, and Tennessee, 


where it grows to be more than 100 
feet high and over 5 feet in diameter. 
Some specimens have been found in 
Virginia nearly 200 feet high and 10 
feet through. 

The wood itself has the same gen- 
eral characteristics as that of white pine, 
and its range of uses is about the same. 
Each is utilized for almost anything not 
requiring great strength or toughness. 

The qualities which favor the exten- 
sive use of poplar are its straight grain, 
its lack of odor, the readiness with 
which it takes paint, and the ease with 
which it can be worked. Doors, panel- 
ing, packing boxes, type cases, drawers, 
kitchen woodenware, and toys are made 
largely of yellow poplar. In Tennessee 
wooden mixing bowls are turned out in 
sizes up to 4 feet in diameter from one 
piece of wood. Yellow poplar stands 
well in situations exposed to the 
weather, as in pumps, outside steps, 
shingles, and fencing. It is not durable 
in contact with the soil, though it can 
be readily treated with preservatives. 


YELLOW POPLAR PROFITABLE 367 


From the earliest times poplar has 
been used in making dug-out canoes, 
for which it is specially suited since it is 
easily worked and is light. In this 
capacity the tree did yeoman service 
in the early Indian wars of the South. 
In 1779, an attack upon the Carolina 


THE TREE IN WINTER. 


A TULIP TREE IN ROCK CREEK PARK, WASHINGTON, 
D. C., SHOWING FLOWER CUPS. 


frontier was threatened by Indians who 
assembled near Chattanooga. Isaac 
Shelby, one of the pioneer leaders, had 
5-foot trunks of yellow poplar hewed 
into canoes, in which he took his 750 
men down the Holston River to attack 
the tribes. 

The wood lacks odor, and this quality 
permits of its extensive use for con- 
tainers for butter, cheese, and other 


food stuffs, and for refrigerators. Its 
straight grain adapts it to the making 
of matches, and the ease with which it 
takes glue makes it useful as a core 
wood upon which more expensive 
veneers can be placed. It makes a very 
good paper pulp. 


A TuLip TREE. 


THIS TREE IS IN PIKE COUNTY, OHIO. NOTE THE 
MANNER IN WHICH THE BRANCHES SPREAD. 


The tree grows best on a good, moist 
soil; when grown on dry soil the wood 
is likely to be harder and to consist 
largely of light-colored sapwood. It 
will not pay, however, to grow it on 
rich agricultural bottom lands, which 
will bring higher returns from the cul- 
tivation of farmcrops. For timber pro- 
duction, therefore, it should be grown 
upon the slopes and coves between the 
bottom lands and the dry heights. 

The days of the old trees are num- 
bered, and, for this reason, it is desira- 
ble to pay more attention to the second 
growth. The second growth, though 
not to be compared with the old giant 
trees, which are practically all heart- 


A MAGNIFICENT TREE. 


THIS TULIP POPLAR IS IN CENTRAL MARYLAND AND IS A SPLENDID SPECIMEN. NOTE THE EXTENT OF ITS BRANCHES 
AND ITS GREAT VALUE IN ITS PARTICULAR LOCATION AS A SHADE TREE. 


YELLOW: POPLAR 


YELLOW Poplar. 


THIS IS WHAT THE TREE IS CALLED IN MANY SEC- 
TIONS. THE PHOTOGRAPH WAS TAKEN 
IN LEE COUNTY, VIRGINIA. 


wood, still makes valuable lumber. So 
far as known, the tree is not subject to 
severe injury either from disease or 
misects. Its chief enemy is the one 


PROFITABLE 369 


Bic Tuite Poplar, 


NOTE THE STRAIGHTNESS OF THE TRUNK AND COM- 
PARE SIZE WITH FIGURE OF MAN AT THE 
BASE OF ADJOINING TREE. 


common to all forest growth in the 
Southeastern States—fire. 

One important point particularly ac- 
cented in the report is that poplar stands 
should be properly thinned. Such thin- 
nings should yield a money return and 
at the same time increase the value of 
the stand when it matures. In thin- 
ning the aim should be to give the tree 


370 AMERICAN 


plenty of room for light and growth, 
and this will mean fewer trees, each 
one with a large value, rather than many 
small trees of less value. This is shown 
strikingly in the report, which says that 
it will be far more profitable to have 70 
trees on an acre with average diameters 


FORESTRY 


of 20 inches than 160 trees with diam- 
eters of 15 inches. The 20-inch trees 
have a stumpage value of $3.61 each, 
while the 15-inch trees have a stumpage 
value of only 83 cents apiece. The acre 
of larger trees, therefore, will be worth 
about $120 more than the other. 


BETTER FOREST FIRE Va 


By Witu1aM R. FISHER 


WO supplementary acts were 

passed by the last General Assem- 

bly of Pennsylvania, which are 

expected to add materially to the 
efficiency of the forest fire protective 
service of the State. 

Act No. 432 provides for a system 
of fire patrols under the joint co-opera- 
tion of the Department of Forestry and 
private fire protective associations. The 
cost of maintenance is to be equally 
divided between the two parties to the 
agreement, and the private organiza- 
tions which avail themselves of the 
benefits of the law are required to make 
an annual report upon their activities 
to the Department. This official recog- 
nition of the private fire protective 
associations under the law will give them 
higher standing in the estimation of the 
public and increase their importance 
and their influence. 

Another Act (No. 414) tends in the 
same direction, and its effects will 
surely bring into closer relation the 
private associations and the State 
Department of Forestry. The act 
authorizes the Commissioner of Forestry 
to assign foresters to duty as district 
foresters in such counties as, in his 
judgment, ‘“‘the demands of forestry 
warrant.”’ It then becomes the busi- 
ness of the district forester to bring the 
uses and purposes of practical forestry 
to the attention of the people, to collect 
data and to assist owners of forests and 
woodlots; to conduct experiments, to 
assist in Arbor Day work, to inspect 
and report to the Forestry Department 
upon the work of the fire wardens, and 
“to promote and advance any other 


activity in local forestry that may be 
designated by the Department of Fores- 
try.’ This comprehensive phrase will 
enable the Department to give a wide 
range to the functions of the district 
forester. 

Under the act the Pocono Protective 
Fire Association asked for the ap- 
pointment of a district forester for 
Monroe County, and the Commissioner 
promptly responded to the request. The 
need of local State officials to look after 
the work of fire wardens has been 
plainly urgent for a long time, but 
hitherto there has been no provision 
under the law for supplying the want. 
This act furnishes an effective agency 
for the desired object. 

Before these important additions to 
the machinery of forest fire protection 
were brought about, the people of the 
State were, in some respects, not so 
well protected against forest fires, under 
the existing law of 1909, as they had 
been under the old law. In former 
times each county bore the expense of 
whatever forest fires broke out within 
its borders. The township constables 
were the fire wardens and the County 
Commissioners paid the bills. So in 
this way, the burden of the cost for 
fire-fighting fell upon the county which 
was immediately concerned in the fire 
losses. 

Under the present law, however, the 
State Commissioner of Forestry is the 
Chief Fire Warden and has charge of the 
suppression of forest fires all over the 
State. Every two years the General 
Assembly makes an appropriation to 
cover the estimated expenses of taking 


ew a Ree ee ee et 


WARINGS AGAINST FIRES 


care of forest fires until it meets again, 
guessing at the amount that will be 
needed. Here is one of the weak points 
in the system. No one can tell before- 
hand about the extent of forest fires. 
Sometimes the guess is too high, and 
sometimes it is too low; and when the 
appropriation is exhausted before the 
time arrives for which it was set apart, 
the whole State must needs go without 
fire protection until the Assembly meets 
again, and a new appropriation is made. 
And, again, if one part of the State 
suffers extensively from fires, the money 
appropriated for the benefit of the whole 
body politic may have to be spent in 
that particular section, to the detri- 
ment of the remainder. While there is 
no remedy at present for this awkward 
and dangerous situation, a condition 
which has actually existed and on one 
occasion has placed the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania without forest fire 
protection for a period of eleven months, 
yet we may take much comfort and satis- 
faction from these two supplementary 
acts which were passed by the last 
Legislature, and look forward with 
confidence to further improvement in 
the laws, later on. It is a gain for the 
private associations to have recognition 


ov] 


by the State and to be able to co-operate 
with State authorities in patrolling 
places of danger, but the great step in 
advance is the privilege which each 
county now has to provide itself with a 
competent State official to take charge 
of the fire wardens and to regulate their 
actions. Fire fighting, like everything 
else that is worth while, requires knowl- 
edge and experience. A trained man 
will do much more than ten greenhorns: 
a section gang from a railroad, who are 
used to working together and have been 
taught to obey the orders of the fore- 
man, will put out a fire much quicker 
than fifty farmers who turn out in 
response to an emergency call. Where 
there is no discipline a great many 
stand around and do little or nothing 
except to turn in their time of loafing 
and draw their pay. 

We really need trained fire fighters 
as well as trained fire wardens to direct 
them, but it is too much to expect 
such perfection at the present time. We 
are content with the good prospect of 
having competent men of intelligence 
and experience to act as wardens 
throughout the heavily wooded por- 
tions of the State. 


WARNINGS AGAINST FIRES 


OST cards cautioning forest users 

Pp in the Appalachian region against 

setting fires in the woods have 

recently been sent by the Federal 

Forest Service to residents in the vicinity 

of the forest areas which have been pur- 
chased by the government. 

These post cards state that burning 
of the woods does not improve the graz- 
ing, and does not exterminate poisonous 
insects or animals. On the other hand, 
the cards say such burning injures the 
grazing value of the land by killing off 
the better grasses, by decreasing the 
fertility of the soil and by increasing the 
possible damage to the ground, and its 
covering of vegetation, from frost, sun, 
wind and rain. Furthermore, they state 
that burning injures the timber, impairs 
its merchantability, and lowers its sell- 
ing price; that it increases insect damage 


by weakening the vitality of the trees 
and affording an entrance for insects 
through the fire scars, and, in addition, 
that it kills out the young trees which 
are just getting started. 

For the reasons enumerated, it is 
announced that no grazing will be 
allowed on the government lands which 
have been recently burnt; the rule 
being enforced in order to give the range 
a chance to recuperate from the effects 
of the burning. The effect of this pro- 
hibition will be to close certain areas 
against grazing; therefore fires set 
through a mistaken notion that they 
will improve grazing, will curtail the 
forage resources. 

The cards further ask cooperation of 
all forest users in the prevention and 
control of forest fires. 


HOW WOULD YOU DO IT? 


UPPOSING: you ‘were seventy- 
five miles from: the ‘base of sup- 
plies and having but four pieces 
OF wope, the tonsest 100 feet; 

two double and one single 6-inch sheave 
blocks, axes, two-man saws, hatchets, 
crowbars, lineman’s 


climbers and a’ brace 
and bit, it became nec- 
essary to imediately 
erect a tire loo k'o ut 
tower 100 feet high, 
what would you do? 

That is the problem 
which confronted some 
Forest Service men in 
the Sitgreaves National 
Forest of Arizona a 
short time ago. This 
forest, covered with tall 
timber, has no good nat- 
ural lookout points. It 
therefore is necessary to 
build towers tall enough 
to overtop the high trees. 

Mr. Bristow Adams, 
of the Forest Service, 
tells of how the problem 
outlined in the first 
paragraph was solved. 
Fle says: 

“A triangulation sta- 
tion was needed on the 
Chevalon District, and 
having in mind several 
points upon which the 
timber was only 35 to 
40 ft. in height, it was 
planned to build where 
ae eto.) 0) t= tower 
would be sufficient. Ac- 
cordingly, such tools 
and rigging as were at 
hand were thought to 
be adequate, and they 
would have been for the construction 
of a tower of the size we expected to 
build. 

“It was found, however, that there 
was only one point from which a satis- 
factory view over the forest in all direc- 
tions could be obtained. Unfortunately, 
the timber was so tall there that it was 

372 


FIGUREZ1. 


evident that a tower must be over 100 ft. 
tm height to be of any use. 

‘The dangerous fire season was near 
at hand, and we were 75 miles from any 
base of supplies, so it was decided to 
build the tower with what tools and rig- 


PROMONTORY ButTTE Lookout TOWER, SITGREAVES NATIONA 
Forest, ARIZONA. 


ging we had. We had only 300 ft. of 
34-1n. rope in four pieces, the longest 
being 100 ft. m length; two double 
blocks 6 in. long and one single-sheave 
block of the same size. 

“Our tools consisted of axes, two- 
man saws, hatchets, crowbars, two pairs 
of lineman’s climbers and belts, and a 


HOWseWOULD YOU: DO: IT? 373 


brace and bit. 
used for guys. 

“The crew was made up of tempo- 
rary employees and two rangers, under 
the direction of one of the forest 
rangers. At the start there were eight 
men, including one cook, one teamster, 
and the man in charge. By the time the 
tower was half built the crew was cut 
down to four men. 

“The first task was 
to cut and peel the tim- 
bers and skid them to 
tie spot where the 
tower was to be 
erected. Much care was 
necessary in selecting 
the main poles, some of 
which were skidded out 
of dense thickets. Al- 
together, over 2,600 lin. 
ft. of poles was used. 
The dimensions of the 
fower are as follows: 
Macc, 90 it. square; 
Peat t orm top, 6 it. 
square ; height, 115 ft. 

Sine main corner 
poles averaged 16 in. in 
diameter at the butts 
and 4 in. at the tops. 
Mfiey are spliced at 
heights of 45 ft. and 
100 ft. Each splice is 
bolted and then bound 
with bands of tele- 
phone wire (see Fig. 
3). The timbers are 
fastened together with 
Ya-in. lagscrews. ‘The 
floor is constructed of 
2x6-in. lumber and the 
rail is of 2x4-in. and 
Ix4-in. lumber. With 
these exceptions, no 
sawed lumber was used 
in the tower. 

“In raising the poles 

sing pole 

a tree nearly 100 ft. in 
height was used as a derrick mast; 
but since the top of this tree was not 
stout enough above a height of 75 to 80 
ft. to carry much weight, some diffh- 
culty was experienced in placing the 
55-ft. poles upon the tops of the 45-ft. 
ones below. 

“With an abundance of rigging, a 


Telephone wire was 


FIGURE 2. 


derrick boom could have been rigged, 
which would have simplified the work 
to a great extent; but it must be remem- 
bered that we had only three pulley 
blocks, and they had to be used in 
hoisting each pole or brace. We were 
so short of rope that when we raised 
the second length of the main poles, it 
was necessary to hoist until the blocks 
came together, lash the pole so that it 


Lookout TOWER SHOWING METHOD 
OF FRAMING. 


could not fall, and then stretch the 
tackle for another pull. 

“The men of the crew had no pre- 
vious experience in building towers and 
were byno means expert climbers at first, 
but they improved rapidly, so that before 
the tower was completed, several of 
them were excellent men for high work. 


374 


“The first poles were 
cut on May 21, and the 
tower was completed 
and in use on June 20. 
The time spent in cut- 
ting and peeling logs 
and constructing the 
tower amounted to less 
than 24 working days 
of 8 hours each, for a 
crew which averaged 
five in number. In ad- 
dition, atwo-horse 
team was used 9 days. 

“Four galvanized- 
wire cables 4 in. in 
diameter will be added 
ao cuysn. copper 
cable reaching up and 
over the center of the 
tower will follow one 
leg to the ground and 
serve as a_ lightning 
arrester.” 


Apache Forest News 


During 1913, 28,570 
head of cattle and 
horses were grazed on 
the Apache Forest 
under permit. The av- 
erage number for each 
stockman was only 138 
head. The Forest has 
a greater number of 
trout streams than any 
other National Forest 
in either Arizona or 
New Mexico. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Main poles are spliced .. Nat 


here by lapping them ~. |VON 
together fora distance *s=-3 
of 10 #. between the F0#.a| NY \ 
l00#t belt braces and || 7X \ e 
fastening them with VS Detail of 
lag screws! \ dee | Frame for 
| Floor 
| (Enlarged 
| .. Aa g 
Se Short 
a= Braces 
| NY \ BRU 
vy" \ y 
~! = NN “Ladder 
a) | SN 
i = If eee ¥--Brace across 
i Corner 
| | I I 
Bandof !2 _ Splice 
strands of a 
eas Ze 
== wire | La is 
5 , j ay ; 
L ‘Lag SS q fs aes 
SE gether with 4 lag 
Ser ew screws and drift 
~ bolts of 2 ironat 
all points of 74 


\\ contact with 7 
Hp each o Mans! 


SEQ ON ore Tite 


y 
CN | EGE INS Cece OS: 
“ EnG-NEWS 


STRUCTURAL ‘DETAILS OF THE PROMONTORY ButTE LOOKOUT 
TOWER AND TRIANGULATION STATION. 


FIGuRE 3. 


Pictures in this article by courtesy of the Engineering News, New York City. 


Reforestation for $7.50 An Acre 


Nearly 4,000 acres were reforested in Montana and northern Idaho during 1913, at an 


average cost of $7.50 an acre. 


The best forested area of China is in Manchuria. 


China’s Best Forest 
The principal tree varieties are 


pine, cedar, larch, fir, yew, oak, ash, elm, walnut, and birch. 


Valuable Instruction 


Two forest officers, in Washington and Oregon, are writing popular descriptions of the 
trees on the Crater and Mt. Rainier national parks, for the use of visitors to the parks. 


Wyoming’s Highest Mountain 


Gannett Peak, Wyoming, nearly 14,000 feet in elevation, and the highest mountain in 
the State, is on the divide between the Bonneville and Bridger national forests. 


THE POREST PRODUCTSEXPOSITION 


PENING on April 30 at the 
Coliseum, Chicago, the Forest 
Products Exposition is now 
well on its way to the success 

which the careful plans of the pro- 
moters and the enthusiasm of the ex- 
hibitors assured. There was to be seen 
not only every wood in commercial use 
inthe United States but exhibitsof every 


branch of the forest products industry, 


and in addition, and of particular 
importance, were the exhibits of the 
United States Forest Service, the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association, the American 
Wood Preservers’ Association and the 
Western Forestry and Conservation As- 
sociation, showing as they did the value 
of the best utilization of the forests, of 
the preservation of wood and of the 
conservation of forest lands and the 
protection of timber. The thousands 
of daily visitors not only had enter- 
tainment, for the exhibits were a delight 
to the eye, but they had brought home 
to them what perhaps many did not 
realize before, the great economic im- 
portance of the forests, the need of 
their care and development and the very 
many uses to which wood may be put. 

The educational and the industrial 
value of the Exposition, it soon became 
apparent, was even greater than had 
been anticipated. Teachers and school 
children from all the schools of Chicago 
flocked to the display; the general pub- 
lic found unusual interest in the various 
features, while the contractors, archi- 
tects, builders, and the men of numerous 
vocations directly or indirectly con- 
cerned in wood and its uses found much 
of practical benefit to them. It is early 
to speak of the business-getting value 
of the Exposition, but as advertising 
gets business, and as there could be no 
better advertising than the exhibits with 
their many very attractive features, it 
is apparent that the exhibitors will be 
amply repaid for their expenditure in 
cash and in effort. 


The Exposition will open at the 
Grand Central Palace, New York, on 
May 20 and continue there for ten days. 


Crow: SAY, DON’T YOU KNOW IF YOU 
CUT DOWN ALL THE TREES BY AND BY 
YOU WILL HAVE NO WATER FOR YOUR 
HOMES?” 


Published by courtesy of Life.T 


26,000,000 Trees Planted 


Norway has 144 tree-planting societies. 


The first was founded in 1900, and since then 


26 million trees have been planted, more than 2 million having been set out last year. 


CAME AND FISH INCREAS! 


By PRor. 


D: EANGCE 


Superintendent of Schools, St. Paul, Minn. 


HERE is no region in the world 
where the hunter or camper, or 
the general lover of outdoor life 
may find such absolute freedom 

as in our own North Woods, and if the 
resources of this great country, which 
equals about the w For of Great Britain, 
were better known, the people of St. 
Louis, Kansas City and Omaha, in fact 
all the inhabitants of the Mississippi 
Valley, would resort to our own North 
Woods, just as the people of Europe 
flock in hundreds and thousands to the 
Alps. 

I should like to call attention to the 
possibility, and, as I believe, to the ne- 
cessity of encouraging the domestica- 
tion or semi-domestication of game and 
fur-bearing animals. 

Although it is an axiom of game pro- 
tection that wild game cannot be sold 
on the market, it seems ridiculous that 
in this young country, where we still 
have such abundance of game, and such 
enormous areas of wild land, it 1s prac- 
tically impossible to buy game, while in 
such old countries as Germany and Eng- 
land venison can frequently be bought 
at least as cheap, if not cheaper than, 
beef. The answer is that in Germany 
and England a great deal of game is 
kept in a state of semi-domestication. 

It appears that the greatest lure to 
the North Woods are the fish, which 
still teem in the countless lakes. 

I believe the time has come when a 
careful study should be made of the 
fishery resources of Minnesota in In- 
ternational as well as in State waters. I 
believe that with scientific management 
the production of one of the most 
wholesome food supplies could easily be 


increased ten or a hundredfold in this 
State, but the thing that is most needed 
is a careful, scientific study of the con- 
ditions governing the fish life in the 
several large bodies of interstate and 
international waters. 

For instance, how could the fisheries 
in Red Lake and Mille Lacs be made 
most productive? What would be the 
best methods of utilizing the fish in the 
Minnesota River and in the interstate 
waters of Lake Pepin, the Mississippi 
and St. Croix Rivers, and in the inter- 
national waters of Lake Superior, Rainy 
River, Rainy Lake and Lake of the 
Woods? The sturgeon of Lake of the 
Woods have become comparatively 
scarce and small, and as yet no method 
is known for their successful propaga- 
tion. 

The same statement is true of the 
spoonbill found in the Mississippi and 
the Minnesota, and which once was ex- 
ceedingly common in Jake Pepin, but 
has now become rare. Of this fish no 
successful method of propagation is 
known. 

It may be news to some of my hearers 
that there is one fish inhabiting Minne- 
sota lakes and rivers which goes to the 
ocean to spawn. That is our common 
eel. When the eels are sexually mature 
they migrate out of the rivers to the 
ocean and spawn there. 

I believe that a systematic study of 
the fishery question would discover some 
way by which our fish resources can be 
commercially utilized without infring- 
ing in any way upon the rights of 
sportsman, which, of course, should be 
respected. 


In Charge of Field Work 


Mr. Kenneth M. Clark, 


two months’ leave of absence, 


of the James W. Sewall office of Old Town, 
during which time he will take charge of the field work in 


Me., has obtained 


timber estimating and surveying for the Harvard Forest School. 


376 


anne OOOO TE 


————— nl 


fie SOUTH SPFORESTRY AND WATER 
RESOURCES: 


By Henry S$. Graves, Chief Forester. 


HE South today is standing on 
| the threshold of a vast indus- 
trial development. The extent 
of this development and, con- 
sequently, the advancement and _ pros- 
perity of the South itself, depends very 
largely on two factors: the production 
of raw material from the farms, for- 
ests, and mines, and the protection and 
development of water resources. ‘The 
South is preeminently favored in both 
these respects. It is not merely the 
great amount of navigable waters 
stretching far back into the different 
States, available for cheap transporta- 
tion, but vast water powers which are 
rapidly transforming the South into a 
manufacturing as well as an agricul- 
tural section. 

The development of the greatest use- 
fulness of these water powers is most 
intimately bound up with the preserva- 
tion and protection of the forests at the 
headwaters of the streams. Of the 
total estimated potential water power 
in the United States (36,900,000 horse- 
power), 11 per cent is found in the 
Southern Appalachians. In North Car- 
olina, South Carolina, and Georgia 
alone there are about 1,321,000 poten- 
tial horse-power, of which so far only 
32 per cent, or 429,000, are actually 
developed and are being utilized. 

In the southern mountains there is 
one factor that far overshadows all 
others. The danger from erosion is 
peculiarly great in the Southern Appa- 
lachians, because the region has a very 
heavy rainfall, and as soon as the soil 
becomes exposed it erodes quickly and 
violently. Furthermore, the ground in 
this region is bare of snow during all 
of the year except a few weeks in 
winter, and is therefore subject to the 
action of water during practically the 
entire year. 

_ Still another condition which tends to 
crease erosion in the Southern Appa- 


lachians is the extreme frost action. 
The ground freezes at night to the 
depth of an inch or so, and a layer of 
soil from 1 to 1% inches is lifted from 
the surface by columns of ice. In the 
daytime the melting ice lets the surface 
earth back into place again. This 
process constantly at work allows the 
heavy rains to remove readily the 
loosened soil from the exposed slopes. 

Because of the lack in the South of 
natural storage in lakes and marshes, 
the washing away of the soil from the 
mountains removes the only natural 
storage reservoir for the flood waters 
and thereby decreases the amount of 
power that can be developed continu- 
ously throughout the year. Some of 
the Southern rivers, like the Roanoke, 
which rise in the mountain regions have, 
as it is, extremes of high and low 
waters. This condition is due to the 
lack of natural storage basins, and 
these rivers would become entirely un- 
controllable and practically useless for 
water-power development were the 
natural protective cover at the head- 
waters to be destroyed. 

Injudicious timber cutting in the 
mountains, forest fires which usually 
preceded, accompanied and _ followed 
lumbering, and above all the clearing of 
high mountain land for agriculture, fol- 
lowed by improper methods of cultiva- 
tion, all these things together have 
brought about erosion in the mountains 
which already has produced evil con- 
sequences. 


SOIL GOES INTO THE. STREAMS 


The soil washed from the mountain 
fields goes into the streams. The de- 
struction of farm land in the valleys is 
enormous, especially during wet years. 
In 1901, the estimated damage by floods 
in the valleys of the rivers flowing from 
these mountains was $10,000,000. The 
finer eroded material is carried down 


377 


34 


(o@) 


the stream and deposited where the cur- 
rent becomes checked ; and especially in 
the reservoirs constructed for water- 
power use where the water is quiet and 
therefore the silt most easily deposited. 
This fine silt is deposited also in the 
navigable portion of the stream. ‘This 
necessitates constant dredging to keep 
the stream open for navigation. 

The process of denudation of the 
mountain slopes already has seriously 
affected the capacity of the Southern 
streams for water-power development. 
One prominent Southern engineer has 
estimated this to be at least 40 per 
cert. Apart from the menace to the 
water powers, the washing away of the 
soil from the mountains and from the 
fields in the Piedmont region is a very 
real danger to the water supply of the 
cities and towns both from the stand- 
point of quantity and quality. Fifteen 
years ago the streams in this region 
carried far less sand, silt, detritus, and 
washings than now. ‘These have been 
filling up the channels and increasing 
enormously the expense and difficulty 
of purification so that many cities now 
face not only a shortage of water dur- 
ing the lengthy drought periods, but 
unknown dangers in the water which 
they do get. As an example, the city 
engineer of Augusta, Georgia, stated in 
1908 that their power canal had re- 
ceived more silt in the last 18 months 
than in all the 30 years previous. If 
this is the case with only a portion of 
the mountain slopes denuded, what will 
be the plight of Augusta and other 
cities similarly situated when the bulk 
of the forests is gone? 

In the Carolinas and in Georgia alone 
over $50,000,000 is now invested in cot- 
ton mills run by water power directly 
or by electric power generated there- 
from, and this is only the bare begin- 
ning in electrical development. The 
2,000,000, or, as some claim, 3,000,000 
horse-power available in the streams 
that flow from the Appalachians to the 
Atlantic, when developed, would mean 
an investment in hydro-electric plants of 
upwards of from $200,000,000 to $300,- 
000,000, earning annually from $40,- 
000,000 to $60,000,000 at a conserva- 
tive estimate, and saving the South on 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


its coal bill alone some $15,000,000 to 
$20,000,000. 


FORESTRY ONLY A PART 


Obviously, we do not advocate main- 
taining a forest cover on the entire 
watersheds of our rivers. Lands suit- 
able to agriculture must be devoted to 
that purpose, but there should be bet- 
ter methods of farming which will pre- 
vent erosion and will utilize a larger 
amount of water through increased ab- 
sorption of the soil and increased crop 
production. My plea for forestry is 
mainly in the mountain regions on those 
areas of no permanent value for farm- 
ing and situated most critically for 
watershed protection. 

The total forest area of the Carolinas 
and Georgia is estimated at present at 
75,000,000 acres. North and South 
Carolina have each 19,000,000 acres, 
and Georgia 37,000,000 acres. 

Not less than 30 per cent of this 
area, or about 25,000,000 acres, should 
be permanently kept in forest for the 
protection of the streams that rise in 
the Appalachians. Of this protective 
forest 9,000,000 acres should be in 
North Carolina, 6,000,000 acres in 
South Carolina, and 10,000,000 acres in 
Georgia. Within this area there are 
about 2,000,000 acres on critical water- 
sheds that will be in need of reforesta- 
tion. 

Serious injury to the industrial de- 
velopment of the South can be pre- 
vented by adopting right measures now. 
The National Government has recog- 
nized the public character of the prob- 
lem in an extensive purchase of forest 
lands on the headwaters of navigable 
rivers. The National Forest Reserva- 
tion Commisssion has approved the pur- 
chase of 120,706 acres in North Caro- 
lina, at a total cost of $924,589; of 2a 
286 acres in South Carolina at a cost 
of $128,157, and of 96,132 acres am 
Georgia at a cost of $622,654. These 
Government forests, however, as you 
can readily see, will form only a very 
small portion of the forest area which 
must be protected. The work of Gov- 
ernment purchase is confined to the 
protection of navigable rivers. A con- 
siderable number of States have made 


)a beginning to meet this problem. No 
State is doing its full duty in forestry. 
|The Federal Government is giving as- 
sistance to the different States in the 
/work of fire protection on the water- 
sheds of navigable streams. Approxi- 
mately $100,000 a year is expended in 
giving such assistance. It is a require- 
ment, however, that no money can be 
expended for this purpose unless the 
i State has established a system of fire 
protection and is appropriating for the 
actual work of protecting those lands 
‘an amount equal to what the Federal 
Government is prepared to allot. It has 
‘been the earnest wish of the Forest 
Service that more of the Southern 
{States could secure advantage of this 
Government aid. 


CONTROL OF WATER RESOURCES 


Without any question, the problem of 
‘control of our water resources is one 
of the most important problems of in- 
‘ternal development of the country. In 
-|many instances, streams are becoming 
more irregular every year. In nearly 
every part of the country the use of 
water resources is becoming more and 
more intensive. 

A good deal of work has already been 
done upon our rivers. One of the 
greatest needs today is that the different 
activities essential for permanent im- 
provement of rivers be brought into 
correlation and be conducted in accord- 
| ance with a comprehensive plan. There 

have been enthusiasts who have asserted 
that the protection of forests would be 
sufficient to control floods. In my opin- 
ion, those persons who assert that any 
one method will meet the situation are 
wrong. Conditions necessarily vary, 
the needs of the different streams neces- 


April 16, 


THE SOUTE’S FORESTRY AND WATER RESOURCES 379 


sarily vary; but in any case a real con- 
trol of stream flow can be secured only 
by a comprehensive plan which makes 
use of all the different influences which 
affect control of water, levees where 
these are necessary, reservoirs where 
these are necessary, the protection of 
forests at the headwaters of streams, etc. 

It is as ridiculous for a forester to 
claim that reforestation alone would 
prevent floods and bring about improve- 
ment of the rivers as it is for an engi- 
neer to claim that levees and drainage 
by themselves can work permanent im- 
provement in our rivers. The engineer 
and the forester must work hand in 
hand if our river system is to be con- 
verted from a source of danger and 
expense to one of the highest useful- 
ness. 

There are some engineers, and very 
prominent ones, in this country who 
claim that neither the construction of 
reservoirs nor forestation can have any 
effect whatever upon the navigation of 
the river. They claim that navigation 
can be effectively regulated by channel 
improvement only. Yet history all over 
the world and experience in our own 
country shows how futile this method 
is to bring about permanent improve- 
ment in our rivers. Regulation of flood 
waters by channel improvement has 
been so far the only method used in 
the attempt to control our rivers; and 
the results speak for themselves. In the 
older countries it was found out many 
years ago that improvement of naviga- 
tion near the mouth of the river is 
merely a temporary expedient. If per- 
manent improvement is to be accom- 
plished work must begin up the stream, 
not down. Regulation must begin at 
the source. Floods must be prevented, 
not cured. 


*From an address before the Tri-State Water and Light Association, at Atlanta, Ga., 


Importing Norfolk Island Pine 


Ghent, Belgium, furnishes practically all of the potted specimens of the symmetrical 
Araucaria, or Norfolk island pine, used as an ornamental foliage house plant, in Europe and 


America. 
each year. 


i 
i 
| 


The United States imports at least 250,000 of these plants in 5 or 6 inch pots 


WHITE MOUNTAIN WINTER WORK 


ORESTERS who have just re- 
A turned from winter work in 

the White Mountains of New 

Hampshire report that, while 
some hardship is entailed, as much can 
be accomplished in the dead of winter 
as in summer. 

In most of the Government’s field 
services it is usually thought best to 
work in the north during the summer 
months and in the south during the win- 
ter, the,idea being to do the work with 
the least difficulty. In appraising lands 
for purchase under the Weeks law for 
the eastern national forests, however, 
the Forest Service has had to disre- 
gard latitude and season because it was 
necessary to expedite the work in the 
north. During the past winter two 
camps of men have been estimating and 
valuing the forests which the Govern- 
ment contemplates purchasing on the 
slopes of the White Mountains. 

Because of the softness of the con- 
stantly falling snow, the work was 
done mainly on snow shoes. At times 
the temperature has been around 20 
degrees below zero for considerable 
periods, and the parties now in report 
some occasions when the thermometers 
registered nearly 40 degrees below. The 
crews were housed in winter camps like 
those of the lumberjacks, and in order 
to make full use of the short winter 
days they were out by daylight and did 
not return until dark. The work of 
the crews required continuous walking. 
Diameters of trees were measured and 
the number of logs estimated in all 
merchantable trees growing on parallel 
strips 4 yards wide and 40 rods apart. 


From these estimates the full amount 
of timber was calculated. 

One man, the crew leader, used a 
compass to keep the men in the desired 
direction, mapped the country traversed, 
kept account of the distances covered 
as determined by actual measurement, 
and recorded all the information re- 
garding timber. ‘The other members of 
the crew measured the timber and gave 
their figures to the leader, who tallied 
them. The actual work, however, did 
not end with all-day climbs through 
snow on the mountainsides, with fre- 
quent exposure to the sweep of winds 
on the higher ridges and divides; dur- 
ing the long winter evenings, or on days 
when the snow storms were so severe 
that outside work was impossible, the 
figures gathered were tabulated and the 
information grouped, so as to show the 
quantities of timber suitable for various 
products, such as saw timber, spruce 
for paper pulp, or birch for spool mak- 
ing. During the whole winter, how- 
ever, it was noted that stormy days 
caused no more loss of time than in 
summer, and the health of the men in 
the party was, as a rule, better than in 
hot weather. 

It is said that the men became quite 
inured to the cold and liked it, one of 
the principal advantages being the abso- 
lute freedom from insects, such as gnats 
and mosquitoes. While these same 
crews might appreciate an assignment to 
the same region for the following sum- 
mer, those who have the work in charge 
say it may be the lot of these same men 
to be assigned to the pine regions of 
the south during the hottest weather of 
August. 


Indian Fire Patrolman 


The Canadian government is using Indian fire patrolmen to protect the forests of 


northern Manitoba. 


Walnut For Gun Stocks 


A Pennsylvania gun company is using the waste pieces of black and Circassian walnut, 


left after veneer cutting, for gun stocks. 


380 


| 
| 
| 


BOOGEPOLE PINE FOR POLES 


abundant stands in both the 

Rocky Mountain and _ coast 

ranges, when treated with pre- 
servatives, ought to serve in the place of 
red cedar as a pole timber, says the 
Department of Agriculture ina bulletin 
just issued on Rocky Mountain woods 
for telephone poles. 

The rapid extension of telephone and 
power lines in the west is making the 
question of pole supply one of increasing 
importance. Western red cedar, for 
long the standard pole timber of the 
western States, grows only in Washing- 
ton, Oregon and northern Idaho, and 
in the States south of that region its 
cost is high, owing to the great distance 
over which it must be transported. In 
addition, the heavy drain on the supply 
promises to result in increasingly higher 
prices. 

The tendency of the lodgepole pine 
to decay rapidly when in contact with 
the ground, has so far kept it out of the 
field as a competitor of the cedar, 
according to the department, but the 
general adoption of preservative treat- 
ment by railroad and telephone com- 
panies changes the situation. At an 
additional cost for treatment that still 
leaves the pine pole the cheaper of the 
two in most markets outside the cedar 


| ODGEPOLE pine, of which there are 


region, states the department; the pine 
may be made to last longer than 
untreated cedar. Tests carried on at the 
forest service laboratory also showed 
lodgepole pine to be as strong as the 
cedar, if not actually stronger. 

Fire-killed lodgepole pine, of which 
there is a vast quantity in the Rocky 
Mountain region, showed a strength 
under test 80% that of live red cedar. 
In elastic values, the two were prac- 
tically equal, and in stiffness, fire-killed 
lodgepole pine is quite comparable to 
the cedar. The prejudice against the 
use of fire-killed material is a mistaken 
one, says the department, for there is 
no inherent difference in wood seasoned 
on the stump and wood cut when green 
and then seasoned. On many areas such 
material remains entirely sound for a 
number of years after the fire which 
killed it, and besides is thoroughly 
seasoned and thus ready for preservative 
treatment as soon as cut. 

Engelmann spruce is another Rocky 
Mountain tree which the department 
suggests might be used for poles. It 
is not as strong as lodgepole pine, nor 
does it take preservative treatment as 
well, but it grows farther south, and in 
many districts is the only local timber 
available for pole use. 


No Forest Fires In Ten Years 


The tenth successive year without a forest fire has just been passed by the Powell 


national forest in south central Utah. 


The Poplar’s Growth 


Yellow poplar, or tulip tree, the largest broadleaf tree in America, has been known to 
reach nearly 200 feet in height and 10 feet in diameter. 


Pennsylvania’s Timber Holdings 


Pennsylvania has about 7% million acres of timberland, one-eighth of which is owned 
by the State. The total value of the State’s timber is 139 million dollars. 


Montana’s Highest Mountain 


The highest mountain in Montana, Granite Peak, with an altitude of nearly 13,000 feet, 


is in the Beartooth National Forest. 


381 


EDIT kel age 


IFTEEN States are without laws 
providing for a State Forest 
administration. These fifteen 
States are lacking in one of the 

most important measures a State can 
take for the prosperity, the comfort, the 
health and the recreation of its citizens. 
Without the organized care and devel- 
opment of the forests and the woodlands 
of these States which an efficient State 
forest administration would assure, their 
forests and woodlands are deteriorating, 
there is wasteful use of their timber; 
lack of proper fire protection and an 
absence of the popular instruction im 
care of forests, woodlands and trees 
which it is part of the duty of State 
forest administrations to give to the 
people. 

A short time ago the American For- 
estry Association sent representatives 
into Virginia and urged the people there 
to demand, and the members of the 
legislature to pass, a forestry law. Such 
a law was passed. It will go into effect 
om june 1. It is not extravagant to 
claim that this law will result in saving 
to the State millions of dollars yearly 
as well as conserving the trees of the 


EMAND for forest conserva- 
tion in Texas is so great that 
the movement to secure a State 
forestry department and a 

State forester has been endorsed in vig- 

orous resolutions by the Houston Lum- 

bermen’s Club and the Lumbermen’s 

Association of Texas. Officials of these 

two powerful organizations are de- 
382 


State, in forest, woodland and commun- 
ity, and thereby adding greatly to the 
beauty of the land and the health and 
the pleasure of the people. 

The States in which there is no law 
providing for a State forest administra- 
tion are: South Carolina, Georgia, 
Florida, Mississippi, Texas, Arkansas, 
Missouri, Illinois, Nebraska, Wyoming, 
Utah, Nevada, Arizona, New Mexico, 
and Oklahoma. 

The American Forestry Association 
is about to commence in each of these 
States a campaign for securing for- 
estry laws. The people will be told 
what such forestry laws mean to them, 
and they will be asked to urge the mem- 
bers of their legislatures to give serious 
consideration to the advisability of pass- 
ing such laws. The Virginia Senate 
voted unanimously for the Virginia law, 
and the House passed it by a vote of 
86 to 3. No member of a legislature 
having at heart the interests of his con- 
stituents can ignore the necessity for a 
forestry law, whether his constituents 
live in a dense forest, on land from 
which timber has been cut, or on land 
where timber never grew. 


termined to use every energy to further 
the agitation for a forestry law. They 
will dwell particularly on the impor- 
tance of fire protection. Last year 
was one of the best seed years for long- 
leaf pine known in the State. As a 
result of Nature’s wide distribution of 
the seed and favorable weather condi- 
tions, thousands of acres of long-leaf 


EDITORIAL 383 


pine forests are now carpeted with these 
little seedlings, and it is most impor- 
tant that they be protected from fire. 
It is highly gratifying to know that 
the lumbermen of Texas are so wide- 
awake and progressive that they realize 
the advantage of forest conservation to 


EED of protection against for- 
est fires is impressively appar- 
ent upon reading in the New 
York City Globe of April 15 

that on the day before there were three 
forest fires in New York City. 

One fire licked up a 200 by 200 foot 
patch of trees and underbrush on the 
grounds of the House of Mercy at In- 
wood-on-the-Hudson. Another swept 
through 100 acres of woodland on the 


ITTING tribute was paid at 
Harrisburg, Pa., on May 4 to 

Dr. J. T. Rothrock, one of the 

most enthusiastic and able pro- 

moters of forestry in the United States, 
the occasion being his retirement from 
service in the Pennsylvania Forestry 
Commission, of which he had been an 
active member since its formation. His 
numerous friends and admirers, wish- 
ing to show their appreciation of his 
many years’ devotion to the cause of 
forestry and the highly important re- 
sults of his enthusiastic work, tendered 
him a luncheon and presented him with 
a testimonial cup. Dr. Rothrock in 1886 
became secretary of the Pennsylvania 


OR the next decade in this coun- 
try lumbering and wood utiliza- 
tion will be more important 
phases of forestry than reforest- 

ation or the reproduction of the forest. 
The forester must know how to get 
his products out of the forest and 
to the market not only in the cheapest 
way but in a way that will leave 
the forest in the best condition for 
the production of a future crop. After 


such a degree that they are willing to 
give carefully planned effort to achieve 
it. ‘Texas is one of the fifteen States 
which still are behind the times as far 
as the preservation and the protection 
of her forests is concerned. 


west side of Emerson Hill, Staten 
Island. The third threatened the village 
of Egbertville, Staten Island. 

If such fires can occur and do damage 
in the largest city in the United States, 
what may not be done by forest fires 
in the depths of forests hundreds of 
miles from any habitation? Who says 
that there is not need of forest fire pre- 
vention ? 


State Forestry Association, and from 
that day to this has given energy and his 
devotion to the cause of forestry. He 
was the first State Forest Commissioner 
for Pennsylvania, was for many years 
a member of the State Forestry Res- 
ervation Commission, and has also been 
for many years a vice-president and a 
most valued member of the American 
Forestry Association. Dr. Rothrock is 
esteemed not only in Pennsylvania but 
throughout the United States as a teach- 
er and a leader in the cause of forest 
conservation, and not only those who 
attended the dinner but thousands of 
others sent to him expression of their 
appreciation of his splendid work. 


the logs are out of the woods the 
forester must understand how to utilize 
the lumber produced so as to make 
the largest profit. Statistics show that 
today less than 50 per cent of the raw 
products of our forests are actually 
utilized, and the problem of more com- 
plete utilization is being taken up not 
only by the forester but by lumber- 
men and wood users’ throughout the 
country. 


FOREST. NO Res 


During March twenty-five forest fires 
burned on or near the land in the south- 
ern Appalachians, which the Govern- 
ment is securing under the Weeks law 
for the establishment of national for- 
ests. Seven of these fires reported by 
the Government’s forest officers covered 
more than 10 acres, but 11 were less 
than one-quarter of an acre in size. 

The most common cause was railroad 
sparks. On what are known as the 
Cherokee, Mt. Mitchell, Unaka, and 
White Top areas the railroads cross 
lands which the Government is acquir- 
ing, so that there is considerable risk, 
even though the rights of way are pa- 
trolled during very dry seasons. ‘The 
State laws, however, are so lax in re- 
gard to the maintenance of spark ar- 
resters and keeping the railroad rights 
of way clear of inflammable material 
that, the foresters estimate, more than 
half of the total number of fires occur- 
ring during March were probably set by 
railroad locomotives. 

Six out of the 14 areas in which the 
Government is purchasing lands _ re- 
ported fires during March. Except for 
the White Top area, which is on the 
border line between Virginia and Ten- 
nessee, all the areas from which fires 
were reported are in North Carolina, 
South Carolina, Tennessee, and Georgia. 


An investigation to determine the ad- 
visability of growing basket willows in 
the low-lying lands along the South 
Carolina coast has recently been started 

384 


through cooperation between Clemson 
Agricultural College, the office of Farm- 
ers’ Cooperative Demonstration Work, 
and the Forest Service of the United 
States Department of Agriculture. 
Much of the low-lying land in this 
region has previously been used for the 
production of rice, but several factors, 
including the development of new rice 
areas in the Gulf States, have made 
rice growing unprofitable and a new 
crop for the land is being sought. Bas- 
ket willows at once suggested them- 
selves as a possibility, and the present 
investigation is being conducted to de- 
termine to what extent they can be 
successfully grown on lands of this 
character, “The soil as aj rich, eblact 
muck, and the continuous production ot 
good crops of rice for years with little 
or no fertilizer indicates its richness. 


Wood is extensively used for fuel in 
the Black Hills region. During the 
past year the Forest Service at Dead- 
wood, S. D., issued 500 permits author- 


izing the removal by settlers and home- 


steaders of 6,000 cords of wood for fuel 
purposes. 


A reconnaissance survey of the plant 
life of New York State is being carried 
on by Dr. William L. Bray. Dr. Bray 
is in charge of the botanical instruction 
in both the University and the State 
College of Forestry, and as he has been 
granted a leave of absence for a year, 
he will spend this year in resuming a 


FOREST NOTES 


line of work which he pursued with 
distinction in the Southwest, namely, 
in his studies of the vegetation of Texas 
published in a series of bulletins by the 
United States Forest Service and the 
University of Texas. 


In the study of the wood-using indus- 
tries of New York which was carried 
on by the United States Forest Service 
and the New York State College of 
Forestry and which resulted in a com- 
prehensive report, it was seen on every 
hand that there is great need of a 
broader reconnaissance survey of the 
forests of the State. Such a survey of 
the plant life of the State will furnish 
a background and a basis upon which 
the progress of research will stand out 
in clear proportions. Such surveys of 
life conditions within a limited area or 
within a State have come to be re- 
garded as essential in the working out 
of any policy of conservation of natural 
resources. 


Striking features of the economic 
crisis which the lumbering interests of 
this country are now facing are brought 
to light in the announcement that at the 
request of prominent lumber interests 
a two years’ course in the business of 
lumbering is to be given next year by 
the Harvard Graduate School of Busi- 
ness Administration, in cooperation 
with the Harvard Forestry School. 

It has been discovered that forestry 
education, after the German pattern, 
does not meet the needs of the lumber- 
ing interests. It is good and necessary, 
the lumbermen admit, to know how to 
protect existing tree growth, and to 
start new growths. But the present 
and acute problem is how to manufac- 
ture the existing trees into lumber and 
to sell the lumber at a profit. The 
Federal Government itself is struggling 
with this problem in its attempts to dis- 
pose of lumber from the public reserves. 

John M. Gries, of the United States 
Bureau of Corporations, has been ap- 
pointed by the Harvard Corporation to 
give the new course so far as it deals 
directly with lumbering. 


The directors of the Pocono Pro- 
tective Fire Association recently gave 


d85 


a dinner to the fire wardens of Monroe 
County, Pa. It was the first affair of its 
kind in Pennsylvania, and was given by 
the directors of the Association to mark 
the inauguration of a new provision of 
the law which places fire wardens under 
the direct supervision of a State for- 
ester in counties where the Commis- 
sioner of Forestry thinks it advisable 
to make such appointments. The As- 
sociation asked for a district forester 
for Monroe County and John L. Stro- 
beck was selected. The forest fire pro- 
tective service there has been reorgan- 
ized and much higher efficiency in the 
work is expected this season. 


Representative Denver S. Church, of 
California, has introduced a bill by 
which the Secretary of the Interior is 
empowered, upon recommendation of 
the National Forest Reservation Com- 
mission, to exchange United States 
lands now a part of the Sierra Na- 
tional Forest for privately owned tim- 
ber lands lying within the boundaries 
of Sierra National Forest and the 
Yosemite National Park, lands thus ac- 
quired by the United States within the 
boundaries of the Sierra Forest and of 
the Yosemite National Park to become 
a part of each park respectively. 


Secretary George H. Rhodes, of the 
California Forest Protective Associa- 
tion, contributed to the California 
Arbor Day Manual for 1914 outlines 
for compositions, speeches, declama- 
tions, essays and orations for the pub- 
lic school children, which will be a 
great help in teaching them what all 
children should know about the forests 
and inspiring not only a love of trees 
but a realization of the needs of proper 
care of the forests. The Association 
followed this up at the suggestion of 
the State Superintendent of Public In- 
struction with a letter to school teachers 
in the timbered districts calling their 
attention to the outline in the Manual 
and offering to help them in every way. 


Congressman French, of Idaho, has 
introduced a bill in the House provid- 
ing for the appropriation of not more 
than $15,000 of the receipts from the 
national forests in any State, for the 


386 


forest schools of the same State. Many 
of the forest schools could increase con- 
siderably their facilities for educating 
forest students if they received each 
year the additional aid which such an 
appropriation would give, and the heads 
of a number of these schools have al- 
ready expressed the hope that the bill 
will pass. 


According to the third annual report 
of F. A. Elliott, State Forester of Ore- 
gon, the fire patrol law has proved a 
powerful help in advancing systematic 
forest fire protection. He said it was 
the chief factor in more than doubling 
the membership of the patrol associa- 
tions organized in 1911 and 1912, and 
besides six new associations were 
formed last spring. 

During the year 1913 there were 383 
forest fires on privately owned land and 
387 in the national forests in this State, 
but so effective were the organized for- 
est fire fighting associations that com- 
paratively small damage was done. 
More damage was caused by fires 
originating in slashings than from fires 
of all other classes, according to the 
report. 


SEA PE 


Georgia 


Head Forester Graves spent the 14th of 
April at Athens as the guest of the University 
of Georgia. He addressed the students at 
the Chapel in the morning. In the evening 
he attended a banquet given by the Forest 
Club, and talked in an informal way. 

Mr. Graves went to Atlanta from Athens, 
to attend the convention of the Tri-State 
Water and Light Association on the 16th 
and 17th. 

Representatives of the Morse Land and 
Lumber Company, the Byrd-Mathews Com- 
pany, and the Pfister & Vogel Company met 
at Helen the latter part of March and con- 
ferred as to the prevention of forest fires on 
their holdings. 


Maine 


That enormous damage has been wrought 
to the spruce, fir, larch, hemlock and white 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The sandy tip of Cape Cod, which is 
constantly shifting under the influence 
of wind and tide, is to be anchored by 
reforesting, according to an arrange- 
ment announced by the State Harbor 
and Land Commission and the State 
Forestry Department of Massachu- 
setts. The lands are known as the 
Province lands. 

Thousands of trees of a type that will 
not only give stability to the soil but 
defy the ravages of the gypsy and other 
moths will be planted this spring. 


Timberland owners of Harlan County, 
Kentucky, have organized the Harlan 
County Forest Protective Association 
and the members so far enrolled repre- 
sent about 200,000 acres. ‘The mem- 
bers are being assessed one-quarter of 
a cent an acre with provision for addi- 
tional assessments up to but not exceed- 
ing one cent an acre if needed. State 
Forester Barton will cooperate with the 
Association and will divide equally all 
fire fighting expenses. The forest fires 
have been a serious loss and yearly 
menace to the forests of Harlan County, 
and the Association was badly needed. 


NEWS 


pine trees of Maine forests during the past 
year is stated in the annual report of Albert 
K. Gardner, State horticulturist, filed with 
the Governor. Mr. Gardner says: 

“The increase in numbers of the spruce 
bud worm during the past three years has 
given just cause for alarm among owners of 
spruce, fir, larch, hemlock and white pine. 
We are constantly receiving letters from wild 
land owners, and owners of summer camps 
who are dependent upon the beauty of their 
trees for a large part of their summer busi- 
ness, telling of the enormous damage being 
done to the trees by this most serious pest. 
Many islands along the coast seem to offer 
particular inducements to the insect, and here 
we find them especially abundant. During the 
latter part of the past season, parasites in the 
form of spiders have accomplished a great 
deal in controlling them, and it is to be hoped 
that in another year we will find that they 
have been more or less exterminated.” 


SLADE, 


South Dakota 


The season of 1914 in South Dakota opens 
with a promise of a considerable activity on 
the State Forests. The fire season normally 
opens during the middle of April and con- 
tinues through October. The fire plan inau- 
gurated in 1913 will be continued with some 
improvement during the present season. The 
operation of this plan in conjunction with the 
plan of the adjoining Harney National For- 
est and in cooperation with Federal assist- 
ance under the Weeks’ Law should furnish 
effectual protection to the State’s forest lands. 

Owing to the burning of the plant of the 
Lanphere-Hinrichs Lumber Company at Rapid 
City in January, logging operations on the 
forest were at a standstill for some time, 
excepting for the operations of three or four 
small portable mills. However, it is ex- 
pected that the new mill of the company will 
be in operation again by June 1, when cutting 
will be resumed on the State tract on Rapid 
Creek. 


The Game-Fence, enclosing 61,000 acres of 
the Custer Forest as a game preserve, will be 
completed this season and ready for the game 
to be purchased by the Game Commission. 
The erection of this fence was “wished on” 
the Department of School and Public Lands 
by the last Legislature, and its construction 
has been in charge of the State Forest Serv- 
ice. Already a carload of elk from the Jack- 
son’s Hole country has been received at the 
preserve, and are confined in a special corral 
of one mile square constructed in February 
on Squaw Creek. A loss of three occurred 
in shipping, but the balance of the herd seem 
to be in good condition and perfectly at home 
on the forest. 

Owing to late rains last fall and some early 
spring moisture, grazing conditions appear to 
be normal for the spring months. 


Michigan 


In order to encourage private Owners in 
the reforestation of their waste lands, the 
Public Domain Commission has in the past 
offered planting stock from its forest nursery 
at Higgins Lake to the people of the State 
at very low figures. The same policy will be 
pursued this year. Among the species listed 
for sale are both seedlings and transplants of 
white pine, Western yellow pine, Scotch pine, 
Lodgepole pine, white spruce, blue spruce, 
Norway spruce, red spruce, and Douglas fir. 
The prices range from $2.00 per thousand for 
seedlings two years old to $8.00 per thousand 
for transplants of large size, which include 


packing, crating, and delivery to the railroad 
station. Plants are not sold in lots of less 
than 500. Many orders for spring delivery 


have already been received, and the indica- 
tions are that the demand for planting stock 
this season will show a marked increase over 
that of former vears. 

The area of State lands reforested each 
year is gradually increasing. More than half 


NEWS 


NOR 
IOs 


a million trees will be planted on the Higgins, 
Houghton, and Fife Lake Forests this spring. 
White and Norway pine are used almost alto- 
gether in this work, although experiments 
are being conducted on a small scale with 
such species as Austrian and Scotch pine, 
European larch, and Norway spruce. 


California 


California observed Fire Prevention Day 
on April 18 with gratifying success. State 
Forester Homans, for the State Board of 
Forestry, had 135,000 pamphlets distributed 
to the school children of the State. These 
told of the damage done by forest fires, gave 
instruction on how to prevent and how to 
fight them, and carried also valuable sug- 
gestions to teachers for continuing this 
course of instruction during the year. This 
sort of educational work is having a de- 
cidedly good effect. 


Minnesota 


State Forester Wm. T. Cox’s third annual 
report as State Forester of Minnesota is 
just out, and, as might be expected, goes into 
most interesting detail as to the work of his 
department during the year. He says that 
fire prevention was the chief task of the 
service during 1913 and that considerable at- 
tention was also given to obtaining more 
accurate information regarding the forest 
resources and of educating the public to a 
proper appreciation of the forest problem. 

Cox says he believes that as soon as 
the majority of the people of Minnesota 
realize the condition of the forests, the im- 
portance of the industries which they sus- 
tain, and the business necessity of properly 
caring for the woods that the tremendous 
handicap under which the forest service is 
laboring will be removed and sufficient funds 
provided to carry on the work. With this 
in view much effort was given in 1913 to- 
wards reaching the public both through meet- 
ings and through the press. 


New Hampshire 


The Connecticut Valley Lumber Company, 
under the joint management of Stone & Web- 
ster and Hornblower & Weeks, with ex- 
tensive timberland holdings in northern New 
Hampshire and Vermont, has closed a con- 
tract with the Berlin Mills Company, of 
Portland, Me., and Berlin, N. H., covering 
the sale of all softwood timber situated on 
the Androscoggin slope. It is estimated that 
about 500,000,000 feet of timber is affected. 

This is a tract of about 45,000 acres of 
virgin territory never before operated, the 
Connecticut Valley Lumber Company havy- 
ing confined its operations to the Connecti- 
cut slope, where it owns approximately 260,- 
000 acres with a softwood stumpage of about 
1,500,000,000 feet. 


Uk RENT LIT PAS aui 


MONTHLY LIST FOR APRIL, 1914 


(Books and periodicals indexed in the 
Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole 


Proceedings and reports of associations, 
forest officers, etc. 


British Columbia — Dept. of lands — Forest 
branch. Report for the year ending De- 
cember 31, 1913. 61 p. pl., maps. Vic- 
tonia, B.-C.,' 1914. 

Deutsche dendrologische gesellschaft. Mit- 
teilungen, no. 22. 427 p. il. Bonn- 
Poppelsdorf, 1913. 

India—Andaman Islands—Forest dept. Prog- 
ress report of forest administration for 
1912-13. 36 p. Delhi, 1913. 

India—Forest research institute. Progress 
report for the year 1912-13. 33 p. Cal- 
cuttay 1913. 

India—Northwest frontier province—-Forest 
dept. Progress report on forest admin- 
istration for 1912-13. 41 p. Peshawar, 
italy. 

Indiana—State board of forestry. Thirteenth 
annual report, 1913. 121 p. il. Indian- 
apolis, 1914. 

Kentucky—State forester. First biennial re- 
port, 1913. 104 p. pl. Frankfort, Ky., 
1914. 

Michigan—Public domain commission. Re- 
port, Jan. 1, 1911, to June 30, 1913. 67 p. 
pl. Lansing, Mich., 1914. 

Michigan—State game, fish and forestry de- 
partment. Forestry report, 1913. 16 p. 
Lansing, Mich., 1914. 

Minnesota—Forestry board. Third annual 
report of the state forester, 1913. 147 p. 
il, map. Duluth, Minn., 1913. 

Prussia — Ministerium ftir landwirtschaft, 
domiinen, und _ forsten-Abteilung  ftr 
forsten. Amtliche mitteilungen, 1912. 47 

Berlin, 1914. 

Rhode Island—Commission of forestry. 
Eighth annual report, 1913. 15 p. Provi- 
dence, R. I., 1914. 

Society for the Protection of New Hamp- 
shire forests. Forestry in New Hamp- 
shire; 12th report, 1913-14. 96 p. pl., 
maps. Concord, N. H., 1914. 


388 


Society of American foresters, v. 9, no. 1. 
IA Dy WE. Go, “Weigle; IDs (Cy, aah 


Forest Aesthetics 
Street and park trees 


Htibner, O. Der strassenbaum in der stadt 
und auf dem lande, seine pflanzung und 
pflege sowie die erforderlichen massnah- 
men zu seinem schutz. 137 p. il. Berlin, 
IP, leave, eae ; 


Forest Education 
Forest schools 


Massachusetts agricultural college. Second 
annual school for tree wardens and city 
foresters. 4 p. Ambherst, Mass., 1914. 


Forest Legislation 


Canada—Department of the interior. Regula- 
tions for Dominion forest reserves. 25 p. 
Ottawa, 1913. 

Canada—Parliament. An act respecting for- 
est reserves and parks, assented to 19th 
May, 1911; act to amend the Dominion 
forest reserves and parks act, assented to 
6th June, 1913. 67 p. Ottawa, 1913. 


Forest Botany 
Trees, classification and description 


Pittier, H. On the relationship of the genus 
Aulacocarpus, with description of a new 
Panamanian species. 4 p. il. Washing- 
ton, D. C., 1914. (Smithsonian institu- 
tion. Publication 2264.) 

Shirasawa, Homi. Icones of the forest trees 
of Japan; v. 1-2. pl. Tokio. 

Silva Tarouca, Ernst. Unsere freiland- 
laubgeholze; anzucht, pflege und ver- 
wendung aller bekannten in Mitteleuropa 
im freien kulturfiihigen laubgehdlze. 420 
p. il., pl. Wien, F. Tempsky, 1913. 


Silvics 
Studies of species 


Zon, Raphael. Balsam fir. 68 p. il. pl. 
Washington, D.'C., 1914. (U. S—Dept. 
of agriculture. Bulletin 55.) 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Ee Silviculture 


Morrill, W. J. Timber sales in selection for- 
ests. 13 p. map. Lincoln, Nebr., Univer- 
sity of Nebraska, 1913. 


Planting 

Briscoe, John M. and Eaton, Carleton W. 
Forest planting; Dept. of forestry. 12 p. 
il. Orono, Me., 1914. (Maine, Univer- 
sity of—College of agriculture—Exten- 
sion department. Timely hints for farm- 
CLS Ven lO. 1) 


Forest Protection 
Insects 


Escherich, Karl Leopold. Die forstinsekten 
Mitteleuropas. 432 p. il. Berlin, P. Parey, 
1914. 


Diseases 


Associated factory mutual fire insurance com- 
panies. Dry rot in factory timbers. 34 p. 
il. Boston, Mass., 1913. 


Fire 
California forest protective association. Ad- 
dresses at a banquet, held at the Palace 


hotel, San Francisco, Cal., Thursday, Jan. 
29, 1914. 9 p. San Francisco, Cal., 1914. 


Forest Management 


Kubelka, August. Die intensive bewirtschaf- 
tung der hochgebirgsforste. 86 p. Wien, 
W. Frick, 1912. 


Range management 


United States — Congress—House—Commit- 
tee on the public lands. Grazing home- 
steads and the regulation of grazing on 
the public lands; hearing on H. R. 9582 
and H. R. 10539, a bill to provide for 
the disposition of grazing lands under the 
homestead laws and for other purposes; 
Dis I, ROS oS WEIS, IDS (Cy, ie 


Forest Economics 


Taxation and tariff 
Maryland—Commission for the revision of 


the taxation system. Report. 445 p. 
diagrs. Baltimore, Md., 1913. 
Statistics. 
United States—Bureau of the Census. For- 


est products; lumber, lath and shingles, 
1912. 60 p. Washington, D. C., 1914. 


Forest Administration 


United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest 
service. List of standard articles of 
equipment, stationery and office supples 
to be procured upon requisition on the 
property clerk, Ogden, Utah; edition of 
January, 1914. 8 p. Washington, D. C., 
1914. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest 
service. List of standard forms to be 
obtained upon requisition on the supply 
depot, Ogden, Utah; issue of February, 
1914. 8 p. Washington, D. C., 1914. 


J89 


National and State Forests 
New York—Conservation commission. List 
of lands in the forest preserve, Jan., 1914. 
503 p. Albany, N. Y., 1914. 
Forest Engineering 


Road and trail building 


United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest 
service. Trail manual, 1913; preliminary 
draft. 68 p.il. Missoula, Mont., 1913. 


Forest Utilization 


McIntyre, A. G. The forest products labora- 
tories. 8 p. Ottawa, 1914. (Canada— 
Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. 
Circular 8.) 


Lumber industry 


Walker, John R. The lumber industry and 
the railroads. 15 p. Washington, D. C., 
1914. 


Wood technology 


Betts, Norman De W., and Heim, A. L. 
Tests of Rocky Mt. woods for telephone 
poles. 28 p.il. Washington, D. C., 1914. 
U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 67.) 

Newlin, J. A. Tests of wooden barrels. 12 p. 
pl. Washington, D. C., 1914. 


(U. S.— 
Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 86.) 


Auxiliary Subjects 
Botany 


Haas, Paul, and Hill, T. G. An introduction 
to the chemistry of plant products. 401 


p. il. London, Longmans, Green and co., 
1913. 

Silva Tarouca, Ernst. Unsere freilandstau- 
den; anzucht, pflege und verwendung 


aller bekannten in Mitteleuropa im freien 


kulturfahigen ausdauernden' krautigen 
gewachse. 382 p. il., pl. Wien, F. Temp- 
sey, 1913. 

Soils 

Sellards, E. H. Classification of the soils of 
Florida. 53 ‘p. il., map. Tallahassee, 


Fla., Commissioner of agriculture, 1913. 
Erosion 


Calhoun, F. H. H. Gullying and its preven- 
GOT Ses OF Dall ee ATIC ELS Ona en ©ammel Oilice 
(South Carolina—Agricultural experi- 
ment station. Circular 20.) 


Floods 


Frankenfield, H. C. The Ohio and Missis- 
sippi floods of 1912. 25 p. maps. Wash- 
ington, D. C., 1913. (U. S—Weather 
bureau. Bulletin Y.) 


Periodical Articles 
Miscellaneous periodicals 


American botanist, Feb., 1914.——Paper and 
paper stock, p. 19-21; Tricarpellary ash- 
fruits, by Charles E. Bessey, p. 21. 

Breeders’ gazette, April 2, 1914.—Growing 
catalpas for posts, by H. C. Rogers, p. 
766. 


390 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Bulletin of the Geographic society of Phila- 
delphia, Jan., 1914—-New England; her 
forests and her people, by G. D. Hubbard, 
p. 27-30. 

Country gentleman, March 21, 1914——Making 
over old trees; the science of top graft- 
ing reduced to its simplest terms, by 
H. E. Van Deman, p. 586, 622. 

Craftsman, Feb., 1914.—Saving the nation’s 
water supply through our national for- 
ests, by Bristow Adams, p. 430-6. 

Garden magazine, March, 1914.—Palms in 
California, by John Y. Beaty, P2763; 
Some trees and shrubs for trying sites, 
p. 98-9. 

Gardeners chronicle, March 14, 1914.—Arbu- 
tus menziesii at Bayfordbury, by A. 
Bruce Jackson, p. 182; A new source of 
oak timber, by John R. Jackson, p. 188. 

New Zealand—Dept. of agriculture, indus- 
tries and commerce. Journal of agricul- 
ture, Jan. 20, 1914——The Monterey pine, 
by A. H. Cockayne, p. 1-26. 

Outdoor world and recreation, April, 1914.— 
The story of the forester, by James Up- 
ham, p. 222-4. 

Phytopathology, Feb., 1914.—Notes on Peri- 
dermium from Pennsylvania, by C. R. 
Orton and J. F. Adams, p. 23-6. 


Scientific American, Feb. 28, 1914.—Prolong- 
ing the naval stores industry, by Samuel 
Je “Record, Ds dlrs aUeKa 

Scientific American supplement, Feb. 14, 
1914.—Coloring the wood of growing 
trees, p. 105. 

Scientific American supplement, Feb. 21, 
1914—The commercial uses of bamboo, 
p. 116-17. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Jour- 
nal of agricultural research, March, 
1914._Tyloses; their occurrence and 
practical significance in some American 
woods, by Eloise Gerry, p. 445-70; The 
cambium miner in river birch, by Charles 
T. Greene, p. 471-4. 


Trade journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, March 14, 1914.—In- 
come tax and timber, p. 32; Oregon for- 
est association annual, p. 43-6; Wood for 
silos, p. 53. 

American lumberman, March 21, 1914.—Lost 
opportunity in the utilization of waste, p. 
26-7; Conservation of wood by-products 
p. 47. 

American lumberman, March 28, 1914.—Fac- 
tory timber specification, by Arthur T. 
North, p. 38-9. 

Barrel and box, March, 1914.—Annual use of 
white pine box lumber, p. 46-7. 

Canada lumberman, March 15, 1914.—The 
commercial importance of beech, by 
R. G. Lewis, p. 34-5 

Engineering news, Jan. 15, 1914.—Drainage 
of the Everglades, p. 146-8. 

Engineering news, Jan. 29, 1914—A wood- 
block pavement failure, by Rodney C. 
Davis, p. 260. 


’ 


Engineering news, Feb. 5, 1914.—A teredo- 
proof wood, by Howard F. Weiss, p. 
314-15. 

Engineering record, Feb. 7, 1914.—Fireproof- 
ing wood, by Robert E. Prince, p. 172-3. 

Hardwood record, March 25, 1914.—Wood 
in relation to heat, by S. J. Record, p. 20; 
Correcting wood’s infirmities, p. 25-6; 
Utilization of sumach, p. 27; The lightest 
of native woods, p. 29; Woods used in 
turnery, p. 30-1; Northern Michigan 
hardwoods, p. 31; The uses of aspen or 
popple, p. 32; Bethabara an excellent 
timber tree, p. 32; Red gum as door 
material, p. 34-5. 


Lumber trade journal, March 15, 1914.—For- 
est service outlines plans for southern 
pine reforestation, by W. R. Mattoon, p. 
19-20. 

Lumber world review, March 25, 1914—Some 
plans for forest products exposition; 
wood preservers to exhibit to public de- 
tails of treating processes at big show, p. 
29-30. 

Mississippi Valley lumberman, March 27, 
1914.—Minnesota state forestry conven- 
tion; state organization starts campaign 
for the extension of forestry work, p. 
42-3. 

Paper, March 25, 1914.—Ancient and modern 
Chinese papers, p. 15-16; Woodpulp man- 
ufacture in Sweden, p. 16; The early 
English paper-makers, by F. Ashford 
White, p. 17-18. 

Paper mill and wood pulp news, Feb. 21, 
1914. Forest taxation, by Samuel H. 
Ordway, p. 76-80; The utilization of saw- 
mill waste in making paper, p. 86-94. 

Pioneer western lumberman, March 15, 1914. 
—Measuring timber in the Sierra forest, 
p. 13; British Columbia timber royalty 
act, p. 21-25. 

Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 15, 1914.—The 
utilization of wood pulp in textile manu- 
facture, by H. A. Carter, p. 102-5 

St. Louis lumberman, March 15, 1914.— 
Things known about logged-off pine tim- 
ber lands, by John E. Williams, p. 59-60. 

St. Louis lumberman, April 1, 1914.—Report 
on yellow pine for mill timbers, byaenle 
Hoxie, p. 70-1; Timber in Camaguay 
province, by E. V. Preston, p. 80; Wood 
block pavements in Berlin, by Robert Jee 
Skinner, p. 86 B; State forests urged, by 
James Girvin Peters, p. 87. 

Southern industrial and lumber review, 
March, 1914.—Wood block paving popu- 
larepeeG=ie 

Southern lumber journal, March 1, 1914.— 
American forestry today, by Herbert 
Welsh, p. 40. 

Southern lumber journal, March 15, 1914.— 
How to utilize wood waste around saw- 
mills; new device for removing bark 
from waste wood for pulp purposes, 
p. 41. 

Southern lumberman, April 4. 1914.—Doctor 
Schenck and graduates of Biltmore for- 
est school, by Overton W. Price, p. 21, 26. 


eR Oe ee 


Ei Pd 


x aaah pS 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Timberman, March, 1914.—Manufacture of 
Mexican hardwoods may become impor- 
tant industry, by J. H. Lindsey, p. 27. 

United States daily consular report, March 
19, 1914.—American woods at Hamburg, 
by Henry H. Morgan, p. 1050-1. 

United States daily consular report, March 
26, 1914—Willow peelings in Germany, 
by Robert P. Skinner, p. 1147. 

United States daily consular report, March 
30, 1914.—Cork dust used in Malaga fruit 
packing, by Robert Frazer, p. 1194. 

United States daily consular report, April 4, 
1914.—Hardwood timber of the Solomon 
Islands, p. 74. 

United States daily consular report, April 9, 
1914.—Maple sirup and sugar industry in 
North America, by Fred C. Slater, p. 
150-1. 

West coast Iumberman, March 15, 1914.— 
More about wood block paving, p. 46. 
West coast lumberman, April 1, 1914.—Pro- 
ducer gas made from sawmill waste gen- 
erally more preferable, cheaper and of 
better results than gas made from coal 
or other solid fuel, by Howard B. Oak- 
leaf, p. 34-5; Nature’s timber preserva- 
tive, p. 44; Hemlock makes good paving 

blocks, p. 45. 

Wood-worker, March, 1914.—The successful 
veneered door, by Richard Newbecker, 
p. 30-1; “Sugi” finish, by George S. John- 
son, p. 37. 


Forest journals 


Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung. Feb., 
1914.—Ertragsregelung in preussischen 
gemeindewaldungen, by Hemmann, p. 
66-8. 

Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiere de 
Belgique, March, 1914.—De la restaura- 
tion des taillis dégradés dans le cantonne- 
ment de Comblain-au-Pont, by F. Rouf- 
fignon, p. 145-59; Foréts algériennes, p. 
203; Chéne-liege, p. 204. 

Canadian forestry journal, Feb., 1914—St. 
Maurice forest protective association, p. 
28-9. 

Forestry quarterly, March, 1914.—A_ sug- 
gestion for securing better professional 
terminology, by P. S. Lovejoy, p. 1-4; 
Graded volume tables for Vermont hard- 
woods, by Irving W. Bailey and Philip 
C. Heald, p. 5-23; Red and white fir; 
xylometer cordwood test, by R. W. Tay- 
lor, p. 24-6; A comparison of the Doyle 
and Scribner rules with actual mill cut 
for second growth white pine in Penn- 
sylvania, by N. R. McNaughton, p. 27-30; 
Loss due to exposure in the transplanting 
of white pine seedlings, by E. A. Ziegler, 
p. 31-3; Effective fertilizers in nurseries, 
by George A. Retan, p. 34-6; The rela- 
tion of the surface cover and ground 
litter in a forest to erosion, by Maxi- 
milian Gleissner, p. 37-40; Forest taxa- 
tion activity in Massachusetts, by Her- 
bert J. Miles, p. 41-3; Cost accounts for 


a9] 


reconnaissance surveys, by A. B. Con- 
nell, p. 44-6; Forestry in America as re- 
flected in Proceedings of the Society of 
American Foresters, by Barrington 
Moore, p. 47-69. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift ftir forst- 
und landwirtschaft, Dec., 1913.—HEin 
beitrag zur samenproduktion der wald- 
baume im Grossherzogtum Baden, by 
Seeger, p. 529-54; Uber das vorkommen 
einer blattwespe in eichenpflanzungen, 
by J. C. Nielsen, p. 554-7; Hitzeschaden 
an waldpflanzen, by Munch, p. 557-62. 

North woods, March, 1914.—A revelation; 
some poplar facts, p. 7-11; The beaver in 
Itasca state park, by D. Lange, p. 13-23. 

Quarterly journal of forestry, April, 1914.— 
The visit of the Royal English arboricul- 
tural society to German forests, by Wm. 
Schlich, p. 75-81; Ray tracheids in Se- 
quoia sempervirens and their pathologi- 
cal character, by W. S. Jones, p. 81-94; 
Board-foot measure, by Wm. Somerville, 
p. 94-101; Protomorphic shoots in the 
genus Pinus, by A. G. Harper, p. 101-6; 
Note on Bulgaria inquinans growing on 
living beech trees, by W. E. Hiley, p. 
106-8; New Zealand royal commission on 
forestry, p. 116-24; Forest research at 
Cambridge, by A. M. Caccia, p. 127-38; 
Chermes on larch, by T. D. Strhatern, 
p. 139-40; Armillaria mellea on Salix 
coerulea, by E. R. Pratt, p. 141-2; Mari- 
time pine on peat-bog, by A. Henry, p. 
149-50; State afforestation, by John Stir- 
ling Maxwell, p. 150-61. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Feb. 15, 1914——Au 
sujet des défrichements en Sologne, by 
Pierre Buffault, p. 120-4; L’intervention 
de l’état dans la gestion des bois de par- 
ticuliers, n. 125-8. 

Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstwesen, 
Feb., 1914—Ueber die gehdlzformationen 
der Aareufer, by R. Siegrist, p. 33-6; 
Die vorarbeiten zur erneuerung der zol- 
tarife und handelsvertrage: Kategorie 
holz, by M. Decoppet, p. 36-47; Forst- 
liche streifztige durch Obersteiermark, p. 
47-52. 

Yale forest school news, April 1, 1914.—The 
theoretical vs. the practical; address at 
the closing exercises of the senior class at 
the Yale forest school, Feb. 25, 1914, by 
B. E. Fernow, p. 15-18; Forestry in South 
Africa, bv C. C. Robertson, p. 18-19; Na- 
tional forests in the east, by K. W. 
Woodward, p. 19. 

Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Dec., 
1913.—Temperatur und feuchtigkeit zu 
Eberswalde, im freien und in einer 
buchenschonung, by Johannes Schubert, 
p. 764-75; Forst- finanzielle zukunfts- 
traume, by Frey, p. 776-82; Einfluss hoher 
essen auf die verbreitung der rauch- 
schaden. by Reuss, p. 782-90; Der kien- 
zopf; seine tibertragung von kiefer zu 
kiefer ohne zwischenwirt, by Haack, p. 
3-46. 


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STuTIMANUULAINNUUNANAYOAUOUNUOUUUEOOUOUANUULUALU CEA LUAU 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


D. R. Woods, Engineer of the 
Twentieth Century Limited, New 
York Central Lines. He has carried 
a Hamilton Watch for years. 


“/\ The Fastest Trains 
in America Run 

on Hamilton Watch 
. Time 


& 


Over one-half of the men on 
American Railroads main- 
taining Official Time Inspec- 
tion carry 

The 


“‘The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ 


The Hamilton Watch is made in stand- 
ard sizes for men and women and is sold 
by leading jewelers everywhere at $38.50 
to $150.00 for complete watches, timed 
and adjusted in the cases at the factory. 
In some models, movements only may 
be purchased, so that you can own a 
Hamilton Watch (using your present 
watch case) at a cost of $12.25 and up- 
ward. Ask your jeweler. If he can not 
supply you, write us. 


Write for ‘‘The Timekeeper’’ 


A book about the Hamilton Watch 
HAMILTON WATCH CCMPANY 


Dept. S Lancaster, Pennsylvania 


NULL UULULLLU LULL 


PEE (OE SSA ae 
th 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


1 I I LT OS 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate forester, with three years of practical 
experience in Austria, wants position. Best of 
references. Address Grorce RacEK, 6th Avenue, 
2133, Seattle, Wash. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FoRESTRY. 


ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- 
tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. 
Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. 
Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN ForeEsTRY. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 


FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- 
ing and practical experience in different parts of the 
United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- 
ences from university and employers, and others. 
Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. 


FORESTER with technical training and with sev- 
eral years’ experience in administrative work and 
teaching, desires position along either of these lines. 
Address “B,’? Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
European training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, railroad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN ForESTRY. 


ee 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. Ss. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate of Penna. State College Forestry School, 
with experience in U. S. Forest Service and with a 
big paper company, desires position with tree 
surgery and landscape gardening firm. Address H., 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, etc., and also in_ park 
work, desires position. Best of references. Address 
U, Care AMERICAN ForESTRY. 


FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every 
way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


American Forestry 


VOL XX 


JUNE, 1914 


No. 6 


oe Ee hoOnvik OP NATIONAL 
RECLAMATION 


By C2. BLANCHARD, Sianstician; U.S: RK. S. 


INETEEN hundred and four- 

N teen promises to be an excep- 
tional year in the history of 
national reclamation. Secre- 

tary Lane has allotted every dollar of 
the Reclamation fund, amounting to 
$23,000,000, for the vigorous prosecu- 
tion of the work. ‘The field is so broad, 
however, that even with this generous 
outlay many urgent demands for the 
taking up of important work must be 


held in abeyance until additional funds: 


are available. A new and encouraging 
factor has developed in connection with 
this work which has heretofore been 
carrried on solely under Federal aus- 
pices. Several States, notably Oregon 
and Washington, have evinced a laud- 
able desire to cooperate in promoting 
the joint construction of irrigation 
projects. Oregon has appropriated a 
large sum of money, and the Secretary 
of the Interior in turn has set aside an 
equal amount for the investigation of 
possible projects on the Deschutes 
River and in central Oregon. 

A few years ago a number of 
projects were undertaken by private 
parties who encountered vicissitudes 
and difficulties and finally gave up the 
task. Meanwhile, settlers have gone 
upon the land, built their homes and 
prepared their lands for irrigation. 
Their condition is serious and the 
States, recognizing their duty to pro- 
tect the interest of these citizens, are 
formulating plans whereby the Serv- 
ice May join in completing the works. 
Investigations have been ordered by 


the Secretary and engineers are making 
plans to be presented to the Depart- 
ment at an early date. 

In Washington a small appropriation 
has been made for a joint investigation 
of a large project in that State. Citi- 
zens of California have subscribed ten 
thousand dollars for a similar investi- 
gation in cooperation with the Govern- 
ment. ‘This cooperative movement be- 
tween the States and the Nation is emi- 
nently proper and has been strongly 
encouraged by Secretary Lane. 

The failure of a number of large 
projects undertaken by private com- 
panies and under State supervision has 
given a setback to present development 
by private capital. From an engineer- 
ing standpoint many of these projects 
are entirely feasible, the water supply 
is ample and the lands are of excellent 
quality. In several instances the rock 
upon which they were shattered has 
been the excessive overhead and _ in- 
terest charges. Such projects offer 
attractive opportunities for cooperative 


construction by State and National 
forces. 
The Reclamation Service is now 


composed of a body of trained and 
efficient men, its machinery is highly 
organized, and it is prepared to do 
effective work at a minimum of cost. 
Eliminating exorbitant promotion 
charges, all questions of profits and the 
excessive expense of securing settlers, 
many of these projects become at once 
practicable and feasible and worthy of 
prompt completion. In each State as 
393 


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396 AMERICAN 
well as in the Service the machinery 1s 
available for the immediate placing of 
home-seekers upon the irrigable lands. 
The guarantee of a project by both 
State and Nation will inspire con- 
fidence, and will promote settlement by 
a high class of home-makers. The joint 
participation in the cost of the works 
doubles the field for the Government 
engineers. Whereas heretofore the at- 
titude of the Western States has been 
that of “Let Uncle Sam do it,” today 
there is a growing appreciation of the 
duty of the State to join forces with 
the Government. 


The get-together spirit so strongly 
advocated by Secretary Lane is bearing 
fruit, and we may confidently look for- 
ward to a long period of joint activity 
in developing the latent resources of 
the arid West. On many of the projects 
yet to be taken up State lines must be 
eliminated and questions of State’s 
rights must be disregarded in*working 
out broad plans to utilize drainage 
basins located in several States. The 
field is vast and full of enormous 
promise to the whole nation. 


Plans are being discussed today 
which a short time ago would have 
been regarded as chimerical and vision- 
ary. For example, engineers are en- 
gaged in a systematic study of available 
data relating to the entire drainage area 
of the Colorado River, our American 
Nile, which embraces 220,000 square 
miles in seven States. These plans in- 
clude irrigation, power and navigation 
and the project is both interstate and 
international in character. ‘To fructify 
and make available for hundreds of 
thousands of families a valley which in 
its reclaimed state would be like that 
of the Egyptian Nile in fruitfulness 
and productivity is a task well worthy 
of the most progressive nation on 
earth. 

For the present year the activities of 
the Reclamation Service are to be cen- 
tered largely upon the twenty-five 
great projects whereon construction has 
been proceeding for a number of years. 
It would be impossible in the space of 
one short article to make more than 
brief mention of these. A number, 


FORESTRY 


however, are of such magnitude and im- 
portance as to deserve special consid- 
eration. 


Ranking first in probable total cost 
and irrigable acreage is the great Boise 
project of Idaho. Approximately $14,- 
000,000 will be required to complete 
the work which will serve 243,000 acres 
of fertile land in the vicinity of Boise, 
Nampa and Caldwell. The engineering 
features of the project are exceedingly 
comprehensive, embracing two large 
storage reservoirs, three enormous 
storage dams, a diversion dam, power 
plant and transmission lines, standard- 
gauge railway 19 miles long, telephone 
lines 210 miles in length, canals 952 
miles, drains 50 miles, 871 bridges, 80 
buildings, 284 culverts, and 9,599 canal 
structures. 


The most important single feature 
of the project is the Arrowrock dam 
which when completed in 1916 will be 
the highest in the world. This im- 
posing structure blocks a narrow can- 
yon of the Boise River. It is of rubbie 
concrete, with a maximum height of 
350 feet, length of crest 1,075 feet, and 
contents 530,000 cubic yards. Its esti- 
mated cost is $5,000,000. It will store 
230,000 acre feet of water and will 
cover 2,780 acres about 250 feet deep. 
Additional storage of flood waters has 
been provided by the construction of 
two enormous earth fill dams, one of 
which is 70 feet high and 4,000 feet 
long, the other 40 feet high and 7,000 
feet long, creating a lake with a 
capacity of 177 600) acre eet.) tthe 
Boise diversion dam the Government 
power plant develops 2,000 horse power, 
a portion of which is now utilized to 
actuate all machinery at the Arrowrock 
camp, the balance being sold to a Boise 
corporation. 


The camp at Arrowrock, the princi- 
pal terminus of the Government rail- 
way, 1s a community of about 2,000 
souls and is entirely under the jurisdic- 
tion of the Service. It represents the 
most careful planning of engineers in 
its general layout, in the conveniences 
and appliances furnished for the labor- 
ers and their families. The Govern- 
ment runs a large mercantile store, a 


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big mess house feeding 600 at a meal, 
refrigerator and ice-making plant, hos- 
pital, dormitories, cottages, fire depart- 
ment, electric lighting plant, Y. M. 
C. A., and last but not least, a moving- 
picture theater. The care and provision 
made for the comfort and health of its 
men have resulted in solving in a large 
measure the problem of retaining com- 
petent and industrious workers, many 
of whom under the guidance of tact- 
ful superintendents are today deposit- 
ing their earnings each pay day in the 
banks of Boise. 

Of almost equal importance and mag- 
nitude is the Rio Grande project in 
New Mexico, Texas and Old Mexico. 
Its purpose is in a way to recreate a 
valley in which are found the oldest 
irrigation systems in the United States. 
Along the bloody ‘trail made by the 
lustful Conquistadores of Spain, who 
swept northward from Mexico in search 
of the fabled cities of Cibola, the Gov- 
ernment engineers are today engaged 
upon a work of conquest, but of a dif- 
ferent nature. ‘They are marking the 
lines of future canals which will re- 
claim 180,000 acres of desert. It is a 
region rich in historical incident, but 
richer in future promise of permanent 
and enduring prosperity. On this proj- 
ect the structure of absorbing interest 
is the great Elephant Butte dam and its 
huge reservoir. This dam is located 
about 120 miles north of El Paso and 
blocks the river just below the black 
mountain of basalt from which it takes 
its name. It is of rubble concrete grav- 
ity type, straight, with maximum height 
of 300 feet and 1,200 feet long on top. 
It will contain 500,000 cubic yards and 
will cost about $5,000,000. While not 
as high as the Arrowrock dam, its stor- 
age capacity is vastly greater. Behind 
the Elephant Butte dam is a valley con- 
taining about 40,000 acres which will 
become a lake more than 45 miles long. 
Its capacity will be 2,627,000 acre feet, 
making it one of the largest artificial 
bodies of water in the world. Its 
capacity will be a third greater than 
that of the celebrated Assuan dam in 
Egypt, at present the largest irrigation 
reservoir ever built. The Elephant 
Butte reservoir when full will contain 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


enough water to cover Connecticut ten 
inches deep. It would fill a stand pipe 
ten feet in diameter reaching to the 
moon. It would fill 100 canals stretch- 
ing from New York to San Francisco, 
each canal 20 feet wide and 4 feet 
deep. 


A FRIENDLY SWAPPING OF RIVERS. 


While Uncle Sam’s armed forces are 
engaged in patrolling our Southern 
borders momentarily awaiting the com- 
mand to cross the line to pacify the 
revolutionary Mexicans, on our North- 
western boundary his engineers are 
peacefully engaged in the pleasing 
pastime of swapping rivers. All is 
amity here and two nations are viewing 
the performance with every indication 
of friendly satisfaction. 

In northern Montana two streams 
rise, the St. Mary draining from the 
lofty peaks of Glacier Park and the 
Milk River, which has its source on the 
Great Plains. Both streams flow north- 
ward into Canada, the first named 
finally reaching Hudson Bay. Milk 
River, after a short course in the 
United States, flows for nearly 200 
miles in Canada and then returns to 
the United States to empty into the 
Missouri. Except during flood periods 
the Milk River is an _ insignificant 
stream. It flows through a broad and 
fertile valley, wanting only a depend- 
able water supply to become one of the 
garden spots of the Northwest. In its 
valley in this country the St. Mary 
River has no irrigable lands, but in 
Canada it traverses a beautiful valley 
which could be reclaimed by its waters. 

Our engineers conceived the idea of 
turning this stream by means of a canal 
cut through a low divide into Cutbank 
Creek, thence it would flow southward 
into Marias River and ultimately into 
the Missouri, irrigating en route a part 
of the Milk River Valley. While the 
scheme was feasible, it was expensive. 
A better plan was found, to wit, turn 
St. Mary River into Milk River by 
means of a canal 20 miles long, let the 
water flow through Canada and divert 
it later into Milk River Valley in Mon- 
tana. This plan while much less costly 
was not practicable unless the United 


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402 AMERICAN 
States could be assured that our Cana- 
dian brethren would not gobble up all 
of the flow of both streams. In view 
of the fact that we could keep the 
entire flow of the St. Mary River in 
our own country and that it was the 
more valuable of the two _ streams, 
Canada was obliging enough to enter 
into a treaty with the United States 
guaranteeing an equal division of the 
combined flow of both streams and giv- 
ing us the right to utilize the channel 
of Milk River in Canada as a carrying 
canal for the waters we shall use in 
Milk River Valley, Montana. Accord- 
ingly, active work was begun on St. 
Mary River to impound its floods, a 
great canal is being excavated across 
the divide to wed the waters of these 
streams and a comprehensive canal sys- 
tem with numerous diversion dams is 
being constructed in the Milk River 
Valley between Glasgow and Havre. 
When completed nearly 200,000 acres 
of excellent land will be served. 

The utilization of electricity devel- 
oped by the Reclamation Service has 
become an important adjunct to the 
irrigation work. On several of the 
projects a large amount of power has 
been developed principally for lifting 
water to lands above the gravity canals. 
A surplus, however, has been made 
available for the municipalities and has 
been an important factor in their prog- 
ress and growth. On the Minidoka 
project, Idaho, the power is so cheap 
that its use is general in the towns for 
lighting, heating and cooking. Recently 
a new school house at Rupert was fully 
equipped with electricity, heating, light- 
ing, power for machinery in manual 
training, and heat for the cooking 
stoves in the domestic economy class. 
It is the only school house in the world 
so equipped. Groups of farmers are 
now making plans to utilize this cheap 
and useful force on their farms and 
we may soon record the fact that farm 
houses are lighted and heated with 
electricity while the housewife utilizes 
the same force in preparing the family 


FORESTRY 


meals. This seems almost inconceiy- 
able to those of us who remember this 
region in 1904 as a barren waste, remote 
from transportation and absolutely un- 
inhabited. 

On the Williston project, North Da- 
kota, power developed from the Gov- 
ernment’s own coal mine is sold to the 
town of Williston. On the Strawberry 
Valley, Utah, and the Truckee-Carson, 
Nevada, projects power generated on 
the canals is leased to several munici- 
palities. On the Salt River project, 
Arizona, a very large power develop- 
ment has taken place at Roosevelt dam 
and all the surplus power when avail- 
able has been leased for a term of years 
to a large mining corporation at Globe. 
The valley towns and large manufac- 
turing plants are being furnished a 
steady supply from additional plants. 
These power plants will probably afford 
an opportunity at an early date to wit- . 
ness an interesting experiment in com- 
munal operation of valuable public 
utilities with the farmer as the active 
agent in charge of the property. 

Up to June 30, 1913, the Reclama- 
tion Service had constructed about 
8,000 miles of canals, several of which 
carry whole rivers. It had built four’ 
of the great dams of the world. Its 
wagon roads have a mileage of 700, 
telephones 2,331, transmission lines 
351, railroads 51. It has purchased 
1,533,544 barrels of cement and manu- 
factured in its own plant 433,887 bar- 
rels. The total excavation of rock and 
earth on that date amounted to 99,- 
245,768 cubic yards. It employed, on 
an average, 7,616 men during the year. 
In the past season its canal systems 
were prepared to irrigate 1,193,37 
acres and 641,397 acres were actually 
watered. The crop returns amounted 
to nearly $15,000,000 or an average of 
$25 per acre. The total net investment 
at the close of the fiscal year, June 30, 
1913, was $75,174,283. The total irri- 
gable area under present projects is 
slightly more than 3,000,000 acres. 


Fire Losses Small 


Last year the fire loss on the Canadian timber reserves was the smallest ever known, 
only one-fiftieth of one per cent of the area being burned over. 


Slit i- tne PLANTING IN A 
West i kN lOWN 


By W. W. Rossins 


SHADE-TREE survey of a town 
Ae the plains of eastern Colo- 

rado was recently made. ‘This 

town of some 8,500 inhabitants 
has 5,650 street trees. Of these, 35% 
are Carolina poplars, 26% are lance- 
leaf cottonwood, and 5% are western 
broadleaf cottonwood; boxelder, wil- 
lows, narrowleaf cottonwood and 
maple-leafed . cottonwood constitute 
another 10%, making a total of 76% 
undesirable, quick-growing street trees. 
Elms form 7% and green ash 11% of 
the street trees. These figures are sig- 
nificant; not that they indicate condi- 
tions in one western town only, but are 
representative of shade-tree planting 
throughout the plains States generally, 
and particularly illustrative of the wide- 
spread tendency to plant rapid-growing 
species. I will not say, however, that 
eastern and middle-western municipali- 
ties are free from censure in this re- 
gard; but it is true, perhaps, that they 
are taking more interest in their tree 
planting. 

Shade-tree planting in the west is not 
hopelessly bad ; too harsh criticism of it 
cannot rightly be made. It must be re- 
membered that the west is young; 

towns have sprung up like mushrooms. 

So many questions relative to the larger 
improvement of the country solicit the 
attention of western people, that it is 
not to be wondered at that they have 
not given serious attention to shade- 
tree planting. However, western mu- 
nicipalities will, without doubt, soon 
come to a thoughtful consideration of 
their trees. In fact, Denver and Colo- 
rado Springs have taken the lead in this 
movement and already have accom- 
plished much. 

An easterner in conversation with a 
western girl remarked upon the pros- 
perity and rapid material progress of 
the west, but added that “the west had 
not yet gotten the culture of the east.” 


“No,” was the reply, “but when we get 
it we will make it hum.” Whether or 
not this illustrates the way western peo- 
ple do things, it is well to remember 
that desirable, slow-growing trees will 
not “hum.” After the proper system of 
shade-tree planting is put into operation 
it is a long time before benefits are ap- 
parent. 

Shade-tree planting in the west is still 
in the experimental stage; it is attended 
with no little difficulty. From the trees’ 
standpoint, the variety of successful 
species is large; but the variety of suc- 
cessful and at the same time desirable 
trees for street planting is small. As 
has been indicated, the most conspic- 
uous shade tree in all parts of the west 
is the cottonwood and its near relative, 
the Carolina poplar. 

I consider that in this western coun- 
try it is entirely justifiable to alternate 
quick-growing trees with long-lived 
ones, much more freely than is usually 
practiced in the eastern States. There 
is an urgent need for protection from 
the hot sun and high winds. One who 
is familiar with climatic conditions in 
the west, and with the manner in which 
it has and is being settled up, can look 
upon a street planted with cottonwoods 
with a less critical attitude. 

The most general practice is to plant 
rapid-growers only. And again, if 
there is an alternation of these with 
longer-lived species, the former are al- 
lowed to crowd out and interfere with 
the normal growth of the more desira- 
ble species. It is remarkable with what 
tenacity an old cottonwood will be held 
on to! Overcrowding is practiced with 
a vengeance. This results from a de- 
mand for quick shade. It is not un- 
common to see a double row of thirty- 
year-old cottonwoods along the walk, 
placed not more than twelve feet apart. 
Just as much shade could be obtained 
with fewer trees. Proper spacing al- 

403 


404 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A STREET LINED WiTH FINE Oaks. 


lows the tree to assume its natural 
spread and maintain its individuality. 
By crowding, the individual tree be- 
comes unsymmetrical, and if one were 
to isolate such a tree from its neigh- 
bors, it would present a most unsightly 
appearance. It is unnecessary to sacri- 
fice beauty for shade; it is possible to 
have both beauty and shade. But it 
will be necessary to sacrifice temporary 
effects and speed, if we are to have 
beautiful streets. 

There is a large list of ornamental 
trees suitable for lawns and parks 
the west, but there are very few suit- 
able for the street. For example, ever- 
greens, weeping birches, and Bechtel’s 
flowering crab are well adapted to the 
lawn but are ridiculously out of place 
on the street parking. I bear in mind a 
row of Colorado Blue Spruce planted 


as a street tree. Trees for street plant- 
ing may be divided into two groups: 
those to be used for permanent effects 
—long-lived, slow-growing species ; and 
those which produce quick, temporary 
shade and are usually short-lived. The 
latter are valuable for use in alternating 
with those of the first group. 

For western planting, in the first 
group may be placed American elm, 
cork elm, American linden, Norway 
maple, hard or sugar maple, green ash, 
and hackberry. American elm is the 
most satisfactory. Here it will reach a 
diameter, breast high, of about eight 
inches in fifteen years. It is adapted to 
wide streets and should be planted not 
less than forty feet apart. American 
linden is rarely found on_ western 
streets, but it is a tree that can be rec- 
ommended for this region. It is a 


STREET-TREE PLANTING IN A WESTERN TOWN 


comparatively rapid grower, symmetri- 
cal, hardy and long-lived. Norway 
maple, as linden, is a rare tree on 
streets, although it has found a place on 
lawns and in parks. It is a beautiful 
tree, shapely, free from injury of high 
winds and heavy snows, so common in 
the west, and is a tree to be strongly 
recommended for western planting. 
Green ash is a tree for narrow streets. 
It is more hardy than the white ash; it 
has a bright, green foliage, is remark- 
ably free from insects and requires very 
little pruning. Hackberry is another 
satisfactory tree for street planting, but 
needs considerable attention to prevent 
a scraggly growth. 

In the second group of less desirable 
trees for western streets may be in- 
cluded silver maple, box elder, honey 
locust, black locust, Carolina poplar, 
willows and cottonwoods. Silver maple 
suffers from sunscald; its branches are 
slender and weak, being easily broken 
by wind or snow. It cannot be said to 
do well under western conditions ; 
everywhere one sees the pale colored 


405 


foliage of sickly silver maples. Box- 
elder is most illy-shaped; no tree ex- 
hibits such a strong tendency to de- 
velop weak crotches; its free use on 
streets is not advisable. The locusts 
have been quite extensively planted, but 
for permanent street effects, cannot be 
highly recommended. Of the willows 
and cottonwoods there are many species 
which do well; the western broadleafed 
cottonwood and the lanceleaf cotton- 
wood are most commonly planted. 
These two trees are native throughout 
the plains region of Colorado; the 
former is the most common shade tree. 
The “cottonless” form of the lanceleaf 
cottonwood is a very desirable tree, su- 
perior or at least equal to the Carolina 
poplar. Carolina poplar, however, is a 
most valuable tree to the west. It pro- 
duces abundant shade in from 6 to 8 
years. Because of its erect habit, it will 
stand crowding better than any other 
cottonwood, and is an ideal tree for 
alternating with long-lived species. The 
“cottonless” form is distributed by most 
western nurseries. 


Douglas Fir for Planting Successful 


A two-year-old plantation of Douglas fir on the Oregon national forest shows 94 per cent 
of the trees living. Extensive plantings of young trees in Washington and Oregon are costing 


only $8 an acre. 
the Arapaho national forest, Colorado. 
show from 5,000 to 10,000 seedlings per acre. 


Direct seeding of lodgepole pine has been successful without exception on 
Several of the areas sown two and three years ago 


OUR MOUNTAIN MEADOWS 


By Haroxip C. BRADLEY 


ONSERVATION of our for- 
ests has become so much a part 
of the ideals of the average 
thinking citizen of the United 

States today that arguments in favor 
of the idea need hardly be advanced. 
Almost every State that still -retains 
wooded areas of significant size 1s 
pledged to preserve and conserve those 
areas to the best of its abilities. Al- 
most every State where forests can 
grow and where land is available for 
the purpose is striving to develop for- 
ests where today none stand. The 
withdrawal of forest land by the Goy- 
ernment for protection and manage- 
ment is an enterprise which commends 
itself to every intelligent man. ‘The 
project as a whole has come to stay; 
it needs no comment. There are de- 
tails in the practical working out of 
the project which need consideration 
and discussion. It is with one such 
minor detail that this article has 
to do—the conservation of our moun- 
tain meadows. 

In the mountains with which the 
author is most familiar—the Sierra 
Nevada range of California and some 
portions of the Rocky Mountains—the 
forest-girt meadows with their grass 
and flowers and tinkling brooklets are 
a conspicuous part of the landscape. 
They vary in size from little pockets of 
grass just big enough to stake a horse 
on for the night to great verdant val- 
ley floors like the Tuolumne Meadows 
of the Yosemite National Park. They 
are always lovely, for even in the lower 
levels of the mountains they retain their 
verdure when all else is parched and 
brown with drought, and in the season 
of their prime are fragrant and bright 
as any garden. To the wanderer with 
his horse they are more than lovely— 
they are a necessity. Not only that, 
but, as will be shown later, they are 
one of the essentials in prolonging and 
equalizing streamflow. Wherever the 
conservation of water on our National 

406 


Forests is of importance, and wherever 
che maintenance of good camping ta- 
cilities 1s also of importance, as in the 
Yosemite National Park, these moun- 
tain meadows must be preserved. In 
the latter case they are of such great 
value to the public that their preserva- 
tion would seem to be the first thought 
of the administration. And yet it is 
perfectly evident to anyone who has 
traveled the trails of the Yosemite re- 
gion that these little meadows are fast 
vanishing. Exclusive of the three or 
four great valley meadows, I should 
estimate the loss of meadow area in the 
last ten or fifteen years as fully twenty- 
five per cent. And thus far, no step 
has been taken to check the loss. 

In what follows I shall speak espe- 
cially of the meadows of the Yosemite 
Park, though the ‘same condition pre- 
vails north and south throughout the 
National Forests of the Sierras, and to 
a less degree in the high plateau re- 
gions of the Bitterroot Forest Reserve 
of Idaho. I am assured that it is also 
to be found in the reserves of the 
Rocky Mountains proper. Indeed, 
wherever the mountain range has passed 
through such a history as to have pro- 
duced these meadows, they must de- 
velop, diminish, and eventually dis- 
appear if left to themselves. They rep- 
resent but a passing phase in the cycle, 
albeit a phase which may be retained 
indefinitely if properly cared for. 

In the first place these meadows have 
had a variety of origins. ‘The great 
majority of them are lake beds, glacial 
pockets scooped out and silted up, or 
valley bottoms dammed by a moraine. 
Along a little stream near its sources, a 
fallen tree may be the cause of hold- 
ing back the water, retaining its silt 
and eventually forming a little meadow 
patch. In this way, one finds along 
the upper few miles of brooks that 
spring in the parklike plateaus, count- 
less little garden spots, moist and rich 
with grass and herbage. In the Yo- 


LOWER TUOLUMNE MEADOWS. 


THE OUTPOSTS OF THE INVADING FOREST ARE TO BE SE 
MEADOW AND IT WILL NOT BE LONG BE 


N 


ESTABLISHING 


ORE ALL OF THIS 


THEMSELVES IN 


THE 


FLAT LAND WILL 


VERY MIDDLI 


BE FORESTED 


HE 


408 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A LaKxe BED MEADOw. 


THIS IS A TYPICAL MEADOW OF THE HIGHER LEVELS. 


semite Park there is scarcely a stream 
which near its source does not wander 
through a score or more of these little 
mountain gems—emeralds strung upon 
a thread of silver. And wherever there 
is a meadow there is a place to camp, 
with water and rich pickings for the 
horses. Late in the season, after months 
of cloudless skies, after the snow fields 
have shrunken to their smallest size and 
the forest stands parched and _ tinder 
dry, the little meadows still are green 
and cool and decked with flowers, and 
from their lower ends the precious 
trickle of water still flows away to 
keep the shrunken brooklets running, 
and the river farther down. 

Left to itself, this lake-bed meadow 
in time grows dry. The peat bog holds 
back more silt each year till a spongy 
soil is formed. For a period the grass 
and flowers flourish, as the ground 
erows slowly drier and firmer, but in 
the end the trees push in and claim the 


HERE WAS ONCE A SHALLOW LAKE. THE GROUND IS GRASS 
GROWN AND STREWN 


WITH FLOWERS. 


land, and the meadow exists no more. 
Even the lodgepole pine demands a cer- 
tain degree of dryness before it will 
grow, but as it gains a foothold round 
the edge of such a meadow its rootlets 
carry the water up out of the spongy 
soil and into the air currents. Its leaves 
aggregate a surface many times that of 
the meadow under it, and from this 
increased surface evaporation proceeds 
rapidly. Little by little, the tree as it 
grows apace pulls more and more of 
the water from the meadow reservoir, 
throws it higher and higher into the 
air where the scorching breezes blow, 
and from its tremendous leaf surface 
the water is quickly lost. About the 
feet of the first tree a host of seedlings 
springs and like a skirmish line advance 
into the meadow. A series of dry years 
may make a large zone about the edge 
of such a meadow habitable for the 
pines and in they crowd wherever a 
seed can sprout. Once in, they hold 


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410 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


RESISTING INVASION. 


THIS MEADOW 
COOL 


their own by their increased ae 
tion. Rarely indeed does one find < 

meadow so invaded, able to drown out 
its foes in succeeding wet seasons. 
Once the process gets “under way the 
fate OF athe meadow 1s, sealed>)) The 
young pines grow and multiply with 
amazing rapidity, and in the course ot 
a decade or two the meadow is no 
more. In its place there stands a 
thicket of spindling lodge poles reach- 
ing upward desperately in their fight 
for light and air, shading out the grass 
and flowers, robbing the soil of its 
moisture and converting the open glade 
into a jungle of slender sap lings. 
Comes a heavy storm of wind and 
down go the weakly lodgepoles a tan- 
gled mass of kindling for the first spark 
to set ablaze. The peaty soil, dried out, 
burns too and all that remains of the 
once lovely meadow is a charred patch 


of utter desolation that centuries may 
hardly heal. If the thicket is not de- 
stroyed by storm, but continues to 


ALTHOUGH SURROUNDED BY TREES HAS SO FAR RESISTED INVASION AND IS STILL GREEN AND 
AND DECKED WITH FLOWERS. 


grow, the resulting timber is of little 
use, and standing crowded together is 
ever menaced by fire, which in such a 
growth would burn with greatest fierce- 
ness. For our meadow we have worse 
than nothing in return, and the brooklet 
which trickled from the meadow runs 


less and less, and eventually stops 
entirely. 


It may be stated positively that the 
mountain meadows of the Sierras and 
elsewhere are as valuable for regulating 
streamflow as are the forests them- 
selves. On the ridges and valley slopes 
the trees shade the snow and allows the 
spring melting to go on slowly. The 
forest humus also holds back the rapid 
runoff to the valley bottom. But if 
that valley bottom is filled with lake- 
bed meadows another check is placed 
upon the freshets. The deep spongy 
soil fills itself to overflowing; it formsa 
reservoir underground with all the 
physical advantages of a sponge, tena- 
ciously retaining the water, preventing 


OUR MOUNTAIN MEADOWS 


the rapid flow from upper to lower 
levels. And when the spring melting 
is over and the surplus from the valley 
slopes has ceased to run, the meadow 
still retains within itself a mass of 
water which will slowly seep away to 
the brooklet and keep running through 
the summer months of drought. Nor 
does the meadow lose much to the air. 
The thick grass prevents rapid air cur- 
rents close to the ground, and the layer 
of air saturated with moisture lies like 
a blanket over the meadow preventing 
further evaporation. At night much of 
this moisture is again precipitated as a 
drenching dew. In contrast to this, the 
breezes are constantly moving through 
the trees, and they are always dry. 
They pick up from the leaves whatever 
moisture they will release. The more 
rapid and vigorous the growth of the 
trees, the more moisture will they carry 
up for evaporation. It would be difh- 
cult to estimate the difference in the 
amount evaporated from a meadow, and 
the amount lost from the same area 
grown up to trees. I believe the excess 
of the latter is easily a hundred-fold 
greater than the former. ‘The ideal con- 
ditions, then, for equalizing stream flow 
from mountain regions like the Sierra 
is to preserve the timber on the slopes 
and the meadows in the valley bottoms. 

Not only are the mountain meadows 
necesssary for the proper conservation 
of the streams, but in the National 
Park where the fundamental purpose 
of the reserve is for play-ground use, 
the value of the meadow can scarcely 
be estimated. A man can go where his 
horse can go, and where his horse can 
find feed a man must camp. The fact 
that the Yosemite Park is dotted with 
thousands of these verdant feed patches 
is one of the reasons why this park is 
the most ideal region in this country 
for the pack—and the saddle-horse type 
of camping. The climate is practically 
rainless for the three summer months. 
The litthe meadows prevent its becom- 
ing a desert. Eliminate the meadows 
and camping will cease absolutely. De- 
crease the number and area of the 
meadows and camping will correspond- 
ingly grow less easy and attractive. The 


411 


park will thus lose the real reason for 
iis existence as a park. 

To anyone who traversed the park a 
decade or more ago and returns to it 
today, the change which is taking place 
is perfectly apparent. Meadows which 
ten years ago were clear and open to 
grazing, are today pine jungles devoid 
of feed for the horses. Others which 
have not been blotted out completely 
have been considerably diminished. Ex- 
cluding a few of the great meadows, 
like the Tuolumne Meadows, which will 
long maintain themselves, I should say 
that the meadow area of our National 
Park has been reduced twenty-five per 
cent during the last ten or fifteen years. 
Within another decade the securing of 
feed and camping places along some of 
the trails will become a serious prob- 
lem, unless steps are taken to check the 
advance of the forest. For example, a 
favorite camping place along the Big 
Oak Flat Road, a few miles from the 
Valley, was Tammarak Flat. Fifteen 
years ago the lower end of the flat was 
a charming meadow through which ran 
a fine trout stream and about which on 
higher ground stood a well-grown for- 
est. ‘Today there is scarcely a vestige 
of the meadow at the lower end, the 
young trees crowding in so close that a 
pack horse can scarcely force his way 
through. There is no grass, where be- 
fore was fine feed. This is one of many 
instances of a lovely camp ground of a 
few years ago absolutely effaced. All 
over the Park the same forces are at 
work, nor is it surprising that the 
change should thus suddenly appear. 
Presumably the lakes of about the same 
size left as the glaciers receded, have 
silted up in approximately the same 
period ot tine. The resulting flats have 
grown to meadows, and now a large 
percentage of them are ready to un- 
dergo the final transformation. Fur- 
thermore, the early grazing of this 
whole region by the sheep, and the fires 
kindled by their herders at the end of 
each season burning off the dry grass 
and brush, destroyed each season’s crop 
of seedlings. From the ’sixties, there- 
fore, to the time when the Park was 
reserved from grazing, the forest ad- 
vance was artificially prevented. It has 


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OUR MOUNTAIN MEADOWS 413 


A STREAM*SIDE MEADOW. 


HERE THE INVASION IS WELL ADVANCED AND THE YOUNG GROWTH OF TREES THICK AND HARDY. 


only been within the last twenty years 
or less that sheep grazing on the Park 
has been effectively stopped. It is sig- 
nificant that the jungles now growing 
up in the meadows are all less than 
twenty years old. 

There can be no question as to the 
facts. They are patent to any observer. 
The remedy is less clear. The fact, 
however, that the sheep herders pre- 
vented the change that is now in prog- 
ress shows that the problem can be 
solved. ‘Their method was, however, 
a wasteful one. Not only were the 
seedlings in the meadows destroyed by 
their fires, but the young trees through- 
out the burned-over areas of the forests, 
and many a full-grown tree as well. 
The cost to the forest was far greater 
than the good to the meadows. ‘There 
is, however, one way that might prove 
feasible. Each year several hundred 
soldiers are stationed about the Park 
as a patrol. They register and control 


the movements of campers, and are 
expected to prevent cattle and sheep 
from being herded into the Park, as 
well as to prevent or extinguish forest 
fires. Now if this band of soldiers can 
be set to work with brush scythes and 
axes, trimming out the meadows, a 
great deal of good will result. ‘Two or 
three seasons of such attention will 
easily restore the meadows to their 
former state, and a little work each 
year will keep them in good condition. 
If we are not willing to have the sol- 
diers work, then a force of forest 
rangers should be given the task of 
keeping the meadows open. Whatever 
it costs in trouble or money, we should 
see to it that this Park of ours—the best 
and most wonderful camp ground in 
this country—is not allowed to lose its 
public usefulness and charm. The 
meadows, once gone completely, can 
never be restored. 


WILD LIFE IN MINNES@ ee 


By Pror. CHARLES JOHNSON, Umiversity of Minnesota 


HE mink population has greatly 
diminished in many parts of 
Northern Minnesota, where it 
was formerly quite common and 

where conditions are well suited to its 
habits. That it has been trapped out 
is the cause. 

The otter, the pine marten or sable, 
and the fisher are so few in Minnesota 
today that their total disappearance 
from the State seems but a matter of a 
few years. 

Unless protective measures are 
adopted, the end result is clear. 

The fisher and the marten are pri- 
marily deep-forest animals, and there- 
fore are doomed to pass with the 
forest. 

The lynx and wild-cat have become 
exceedingly) -scaree. ~The= lynx “has 
nearly vanished from our north woods 
and the wild-cat is too scarce to have 
any serious standing as a game de- 
stroyer. 

The black bear, once plentiful 
throughout all the northern regions of 
the State, has suffered relentless per- 
secution, and to this day is generally 
killed on sight whenever opportunity 


offers. Harmless alike to man and 
beast in our State, the black bear should 
have a closed season for a period of 
years, and when reopened, the killing 
season should be regulated by law. 

I believe our deer population at pres- 
ent is between, say, 30,000 and 40,000 
at most. 

Some of our wild life is near extine- 
tion, and the killing of it should be 
completely stopped for a period of 
years. Others are surely decreasing, 
perhaps more rapidly than we are 
aware, and still others are as yet hold- 
ing their own. 

Our big-game animals and many of 
cur choicest fur-bearers we have seen 
are essentially forest dwellers, and their 
fate is inseparably wrapped up with the 
fate of the forests. Minnesota has 
abundant natural resources for the per- 
manent preservation of all her wild 
forms and needs but the awakening of 
the people to a full realization of their 
worth, that they may insist upon the 
enactment of proper measures such as 
the proposed forestry amendment for 
State forests would provide for game 
refuges. 


China’s Match Wood Imports 


The imports of matches into China greatly exceed in value any other wood product. 


Most of the matches come in from Japan. 


Sawdust for Grape Packing 


Redwood sawdust is being used by vineyardists in California for packing fresh table 
grapes. It takes the place of the ground cork used for imported Spanish grapes. 


Idaho’s Highest Peak 


Hyndman Peak, Idaho, the highest named peak in the State, is more than 12,000 feet high. 


Several unnamed peaks near it are of about the same elevation. 


All are on the divide be- 


tween the Sawtooth and the Lemhi national forests. 


414 


ee eee ee 


REMOVING Ess 


MASSES OF THE TussocK Mori CATERPILLAR. 


Caron Ee aWwAGE WAR 


HE sad ravages of the Tussock 
moth caterpillar in New Eng- 
land were apparent to all those 
who lived or passed through 
that section of country last summer. 
Whole orchards of fruit trees as well 
as the trees and shrubs by the wayside 
were defoliated and left looking as if 
a fire had passed over them. Especially 
in the town of Stockbridge, Massa- 
chusetts, the havoc wrought by this pest 
Was most complete and destructive. 
This so stirred the hearts of the 
people there, that they determined to 
attempt some “preventive treatment” 
for this spring, and so they arranged to 
enlist the school children in the work. 
Accordingly, three organizations—the 
Laurel Hill Association, the ‘Town 
Club and the Grange—clubbed together 
and offered prizes to the schools which 
would bring in the largest number of 


“egg masses.” They were to be taken 
to the teachers, who would count and 
Hien. Dut. theme Only) the = erade 
schools could compete, and the price to 
be paid was fifty cents per thousand 
“masses.” This money, as well as the 
prizes, was given to the school as a body 
end not to the individual children. The 
first prize was $10.00, and the second 
prize was $5.00. Incidentally, it shows 
the public spirit of the children that 
they were so interested, worked so 
hard, and accomplished so much simply 
for the good of the town and not for 
their own pockets. The official report 
of the result of this enterprise has just 
beeches presented, and “the “first prize 
was won by the Interlaken Grammar 
School and the second prize by the In- 
terlaken Primary School. The total 
cost of the campaign was $98.00, and 
172,719 egg masses were destroyed 
415 


CHESTNUT BLIGHT CONTINUES 


By Outver D. ScHock 


HAT the chestnut bark-disease 
| has not abated its virulence in 
southern and eastern Pennsyl- 
vania forest areas this spring 
because of natural enemies, as some op- 
timists had predicted, has been con- 
firmed by recent investigations. The 
numerous observations just made have 
effectually dispelled the idea prevalent 
in some minds that Nature would soon 
come to our relief and supply some 
other parasite to remove or effectually 
control this fatal enemy of the native 
chestnut. In some unknown manner, 
the pest is still able to maintain its 
ascendancy in power, and those who 
are regarded as the most competent cri- 
terions as to the situation in its true 
aspect declare that there is as yet no 
foundation for the fulfillment of the 
hope that the equilibrium of Nature 
lost would be restored in the near 
future; in fact, chestnut owners are in 
despair, because they are compelled to 
battle. against the disease, so far as 
Pennsylvania interests are concerned, 
without receiving any assistance from 
the State authorities. 

Reports from western Pennsylvania 
counties are more favorable; for 
wherever the cutting-out process was 
practiced last season, the bark-disease is 
found but infrequently, and if the ef- 
fective work done by the State at that 
period is now maintained by the owners, 
they will be able to make a successful 
stand against the rapid and _ costly 
spread of the parasite. At the worst, 
only spot infections occur in the coun- 
ties west of the Allegheny Mountains, 
and it will be a matter of sincere regret 
if the contest inaugurated by the State 
should now be permitted to lapse, 
because the Chestnut Tree Blight Com- 
mission refused a proffered appropria- 
tion of $100 because the amount would 
prove insufficient to perform all of the 
work that had been mapped out for 
the coming two years, and because a 
larger amount had been asked for. In 

416 


this connection it might be explained 
that the Pennsylvania Chestnut Tree 
Blight Commission has closed its finan- 
cial accounts with the Commonwealth 
of Pennsylvania, and refunded to the 
State Treasurer a snug little balance 
which had remained unexpended. 
Friends of forest conservation are 


making the prediction that the next leg- 


islature will again make an appropria- 
tion for the renewal of the fight for 
the preservation of Pennsylvania’s im- 
mensely valuable chestnut timber. The 
amended law on the statutes continues 
the Governor’s authority to appoint the 
necessary members of a Chestnut Tree 
Blight Commission indefinitely, or just 
so long as their services may be re- 
garded as of value to the Common- 
wealth. ‘This amendment to the original 
Act of Assembly was passed and ap- 
proved during the closing days of the 
session of 1913. Under these condi- 
tions, it is only necessary that an appro- 
priation bill should be introduced and 
passed. There is hardly any doubt, 
whatever, as to the fact that either of 
the gubernatorial candidates now con- 
testing for the office being in thorough 
accord with all reasonable forestry 
questions or propositions. The Com- 
monwealth, with its own one million 
acres of forest land, could not be other- 
wise than in sympathy with the ques- 
tion of forest protection and develop- 
ment. 

Nurserymen report that there is a 
better demand for chestnut nursery 
stock than last season; that certain 
varieties are being ordered and planted 
more freely, and that there are expecta- 
tions that with proper watchfulness and 
cultivation, chestnut orchards may — 
again be established with success. 
Planters venture upon the expectation 
that the chestnut blight may be extermi- 
nated by the discovery of some simple 
remedial agency, such as was the case 
when the fruit tree owner learned that 
lime, sulphur and salt, properly com- 


ChB sr NE ie bielGHr CONTINUES 417 


AFFECTED CHESTNUT TREES 


THESE JTREES ARE BEING SPRAYED WITH BORDEAUX MIXTURE IN THE EFFORT TO SAVE THEM FROM THE BLIGHT. 


bined, was all that was needed to keep 
under control the pernicious San Jose 
scale, which at one time had threatened 
to exterminate every apple tree in Penn- 
sylvania. The United States Depart- 
ment of Agriculture, through the effi- 
Scot help of _ Dr: -.Haven » Metcalf, 
Pathologist of the Forestry Bureau, 
offers much encouragement through its 
research work upon the blight and a 
long line of experiments in several 
laboratories. 

The bibliography of the chestnut-tree 
bark disease shows the wonderful in- 
terest that this new enemy of the chest- 
nut has already aroused. Over 300 


publications are quoted, and the numer- 
ous writers all agree upon the general 
opinion that the blight is a most diffi- 
cult disease to control and eradicate. 
Those engaged in genuine field work 
formed the same belief at the very out- 
start of their task, although there was 
a material difference as to the methods 
of treatment, etc. Pennsylvania’s lit- 
erature relating to the blight will be 
the most complete and exhaustive that 
has been prepared by any State up to 
this period. Its practical field work 
attracted widespread attention, and 
there is ample occasion to express the 
regrets of the thousands of disappointed 


418 


friends of forestry who were anxious 
that the fight should be continued. 
Fully 200 trained men were engaged in 
the battle at one time, and every county 
and nook of the State had been thor- 
oughly scouted when the final orders 
to discontinue all further outdoor work 
were issued. His Excellency, Governor 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Tener, who is a staunch friend of for- 
estry, has at all times been in hearty 
accord to save the chestnut of Penn- 
sylvania, while the National State for- 
estry officials also were always strongly 
cooperating with the Chestnut Tree 
Blight Commission. 


CONSERVATION FOR LUMBERMEN 


1 -THE, recent meeting of the 
National Lumber Manufacturers 
Association in Chicago, Capt. 
jeeB White, of. Kansas “City, 

Mo., reporting as chairman of the con- 
servation committee, outlined in vigor- 
ous language just what conservation of 
the forests does mean now and may 
mean in the future for the lumbermen. 
He said in part on this subject: 

“T believe that conservation is good 
for about all the ills that lumbermen 
are heirs to. I believe it wall cure all 
the ills that afflict the lumber body. I 
believe that if we would conserve, if 
we could legally conserve our timber 
resources, that we would be doing some- 
thing of benefit to ourselves in this gen- 
eration, and to all succeeding genera- 
tions, and everyone says, “That is our 
duty.’ They say it is the duty of us 
individually to practice conservation, 
but it is a crime if we get together and 
agree upon a method of conservation ; 
and that is the position we are in. We 
are told that we should conserve; we 
are told that we should make no more 
lumber than the market requires; we 
are told that we should market and sell 
everything in that tree when we cut 
that tree down, and yet we are not 
permitted to get together and agree on 
how this can be done economically. 
And so I have said that I wish some 
one would do it for us 

“T wish it were possible for the Na- 
tion to pass a law, uniform in all the 
States, that would make it a crime to 
leave any part of the tree in the woods 
that would make lumber good enough 
for a hog pen, a sidewalk, or for sheath- 
ing on a house, for boxes or for any- 


thing else, and if it were made a crim- 
inal offense, and if the very fact of 
your finding the tops of trees in the 
woods, scattered throughout the forests, 
were regarded as prima facie evidence 
that you had violated the law by com- 
mitting waste, there should be some 
way of going to the penitentiary, or else 
making the price high enough so that 
you could afford to bring that log in. 

“Now, if we can not get together 
and agree upon a method that is prac- 
tical and economical and possible, some 
of our legislators and politicians ought 
to pass laws that would be so drastic 
that we could not escape saving our 
forests without going to the peniten- 
tiary. Now, that is not an overdrawn 
picture; it is an absolute fact. I think 
that we are committing a crime if we 
waste our trees and leave nothing for 
future generations. 


TREE-PLANTING LOGIC. 


“We have been told that we should 
plant trees. We have found by ob- 
servation, by examining the forests of 
foreign countries, that trees are planted 
and can be planted here at a profit, but 
not when we can buy trees already 
grown for half the amount that it will 
cost to grow them. Unless we can get 
for our stumpage something near what 
it will cost to grow a poor substitute in 
a second-growth tree, we are not going 
to practice conservation ; and as a wise 
old solon—he is not old—he may not 
be here; I do not see him; he was here 
this morning—I call him a wise old 
solon, but we used to call him the silver- 
tongued orator when he attended our 
conventions some years ago—he said 


CONSERVATION FOR LUMBERMEN 119 


once before a legislative committee that 
we never could conserve our forests 
until we made our forests worth con- 
serving, and that is the truth. No man 
will plant a tree nor can he afford to 
plant a tree unless the product that 
grows is sufficient to pay the cost of 
planting and taking care ot that product 
until it is ready for the market. 

“A number of years ago a commiitee 
on conservation was apopinted by the 
president of the National Lumber Man- 
fiacturers Association,’ and I was 
made chairman of that committee. The 
salary of $100 a month allowed fox 
that year I was authorized to turn over 
to the secretary of the conservation as- 
sociation, of which Hon. Gifford Pin- 
chot was president, and it was so dis- 
posed of. Much good was done in the 
way of publicity, which helped to give 
the people a better understanding as to 
the correct principles of lumbering and 
forestry. At that time we were cen 
sured for cutting down the trees. It 
was a hysteria that went over the coun- 
try, and nothing was left in that hys- 
teria’ except the sentiment of “Wood- 
man, spare that tree!’ It was wholly 
forgotten that it was necessary to cut 
commercial trees, to cut lumber for the 
marget, to build cities, towns and 


homes for the people, but the lumber- 
man was said to be a wasteful man; 
he was destroying, cutting down, burn- 
ing and destroying; yet when we want 
to get together and agree upon a policy 
there is no way of getting together 
and so agreeing. Of course that will 
some time come, because it is abso 
lutely necessary. 

“As this annual meeting is usually 
only attended by the officers and dele- 
gates of the respective affiliated asso- 
ciations of white pine, yellow pine, 
cypress, redwood, fir, hemlock and 
hardwood organizations it is difficult to 
secure a committee on conservation who 
can get together and prepare a plan of 
practical cooperation in the practice of 
forest conservation that would be ap- 
plicable to the various organizations 
representing the different woods under 
varying conditions. Therefore, your 
committee recommends that the subject 
of forest conservation be given free 
expression in discussion by all the dele- 
gates, and that at each annual meeting 
some recognized authority be invited to 
speak or to prepare a paper to be read 
in our meeting, and that. the American 
Forestry Association of the United 
States be asked to recommend such a 
speaker for our next annual meeting.”’ 


Successful Planting 


Results from western white pine plantations, three seasons or more old, show an aver- 


age of 97 per cent success. 
$5 to $6 per acre. 


On average white pine soil planting can be conducted for from 


Fotanists View of Cypress 


Forest botanists recognize only one cypress in the United States. Its range extends from 
Delaware southward around the coast into Texas and up the Mississippi valley to Illinois 
and Indiana. It is one of the few cone-bearing trees which drop their leaves in winter. The 
heartwood of cypress is noted for its decay-resistant properties. 


Chinese Reforestation 


The Chinese national censervation bureau is considering reforestation at the head- 


waters of the Yellow River. 


The government reports shows that this will ameliorate the 
torrents and cause a more regular flow from the now denuded uplands. 


It is acknowledged, 


however, that this reforestation may not have an appreciable effect within the lifetime of 


the present generation. 


110 Miles of Fire Lines 


In preparation for the coming fire season in California, 110 miles of fire lines have been 


built on the Sierra national forest. 


ON THE AUTOMOBILE Roap, WHICH MAKES PISGAH FOREST ONE OF THE Most ACCESSIBLE MOUNTAIN 
FORESTS IN AMERICA. 


GEO. W. VANDERBILT, PIONEER RUIN FORD o ana. 


By OvERTON WESTFELDT PRICE 


UR national problem in for- 
estry depends chiefly upon the 
care given to private forests. 
The men in the United States 
who first applied practical forestry to 
their holdings were in a very real sense 
public benefactors; for they created 
those object lessons in the methods and 
the results of forest conservation which 
were absolutely essential to its wider 
application to private forest lands. 
First among the pioneers in the prac- 
tice of forestry on a large scale in 
America was the late George W. Van- 
derbilt. It was he, who, nearly twenty- 
five years ago, purchased a great moun- 
tain forest tract on the headwaters of 
the French Broad River and its tribu- 
taries in Western North Carolina, and 
acting under the advice of Gifford Pin- 
chot, then a consulting forester, at once 
put his forest holdings under conserva- 
tive management. In those early davs 
420 


it called for a man of much vision and 
of strong convictions to adopt the prac- 
tice of forestry. Those were still the 
days in which forestry was looked upon 
with indifference by most Americans, 
and as a chimerical and fantastic theory 
by not a few. The practical possibili- 
ties of forest conservation as a sound 
business investment for the forest 
owner had gained little hold on the pub- 
lic mind and it is exceedingly probable 
that Mr. Vanderbilt acted in the face of 
the remonstrance of his business advis- 
ors, when he set out to demonstrate that 
forestry can be applied successfully to 
private lands, with benefit both to the 
community and to the man who owns 
them in fee simple. 

Two definite and resolute motives 
actuated Mr. Vanderbilt in adopting 
forestry and in continuing to practice it 
unflinchingly on his forest holdings of 
considerably over one hundred thou- 


ee ea 


ee 


GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, PIONEER IN 


FORESTRY 


THE LATE GEORGE W. VANDERBILT, PIONEER IN PRIVATE FORESTRY AND A VICE-PRESIDENT OF THE 
AMERICAN ForeEsTRY ASSOCIATION. 


sand acres, up to the time of his death. 
The one was the belief, which has been 
fully justified by the results which he 
attained, that Western North Carolina 
with its rich hardwood forests, and its 
remarkable possibilities for industrial 
growth, offered an exceptionally favor- 
able opportunity for good returns from 
timber growing. The other was the 
conviction that the ownership of forest 


lands entails certain definite responsi- 
bilities to the public; for Mr. Vander- 
bilt was one of those who held that the 
private ownership of any resource nec- 
essary to the general welfare carries 
with it the moral obligation of faithful 
stewardship to the public. 

I recall an occasion a few years ago 
on which I heard Mr. Vanderbilt, 
usually a man of much reserve, speak 


ARR 


out from the heart his admirable con- 
ception of his duty as the owner of 
Pisgah Forest. The question of the 
terms on which a pending timber sale 
should be made, was before him for de- 
cision. He faced the alternative of re- 
quiring that cutting under this sale 
should follow the methods of practical 
forestry, or of waiving all restrictions 
looking to-the protection of the forest. 
He was reminded that the latter method 
would naturally be more attractive to 
prospective purchasers, and that its 
adoption would probably result in a 
much higher price being paid for the 
timber. 

“T have stuck to forestry from the 
beginning,’ said Mr. Vanderbilt 
warmly, “and | shall not forsake it now. 
For me to impair the future usefulness 
of Pisgah Forest in order to somewhat 
increase present revenues, would be bad 
business policy. But apart from that, 
it would be bad citizenship. As I see 
it, no man is a good citizen who de- 
stroys for selfish ends a growing for- 
est 

Such was the sincerity and the deep 
sense of obligation to his fellow men 
which characterized Mr. Vanderbilt’s 
policy of forest conservation. Pisgah 
Forest, its mountain slopes clothed in 
an unbroken mantle of protective tree 
growth, is his monument. He trans- 
formed it by nearly a quarter of a cen- 
tury’s efficient fire protection, from a 
forest characterized by scanty young 
growth, thin humus covering, and im- 
poverished soil, as the result of injury 
it had suffered in former years from 
excessive grazing and recurrent fires, to 
one whose silvicultural condition is 
probably unequaled elsewhere in the 
Southern Appalachians. The forest 
mould has again accumulated, and a’ 
young growth of remarkable density 
has sprung up under the old trees; and 
in the. rich poplar coves of Pisgah For- 
est and on its slopes and ridges as well, 
has taken place with the unbroken years 
of fire protection, a remarkable restora- 
tion to primeval forest conditions. 

If a man wants to profit by probably 
the most forcible object lesson in the 
results of forest conservation which 
America contains, he needs only to visit 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


one of the many forest tracts of the 
Southern Mountains on which nature is 
struggling against the triple combina- 
tion of fire, unregulated grazing and de- 
structive lumbering, and then to feast 
his eyes on the dense and thrifty growth 
of Pisgah Forest, with its thickets of 
hardwood saplings, its deep humus 
layer, and its rare freedom from dis- 
ease. 

But Mr. Vanderbilt did not only pre- 
serve the productive capacity of Pisgah 
Forest. He made it, under a broad and 
careful plan of development, one of the 
most easily accessible mountain forests 
in the United States. In the old days, 
an excursion into its recesses entailed 
for its accomplishment an unfailing re- 
serve of enthusiasm, and the vigorous 
cooperation of a sure-footed mule. For 
when Mr. Vanderbilt acquired it, Pis- 
gah Forest was a wilderness, and the 
only means of penetrating it was over a 
few dim trails occasionally used by the 
mountaineers, who dug, “sang,” grazed 
cattle, hunted, fished, and _ possibly 
“stilled” now and then within its 
boundaries. ‘Today good roads run up 
each of the larger valleys, and a net- 
work of well graded trails leads from 
them to all parts of the property. The 
ageregate length of the roads and trails 
probably exceeds 200 miles. 

The crowning achievement of Mr. 
Vanderbilt's vigorous policy for giving 
Pisgah Forest so complete a system of 
transportation as to make it practically 
a park, was the construction of sixteen 
miles of automobile road, which make it 
possible to reach the heart of the tract 
in a couple of hours from Asheville, 
and to enjoy a superb panorama of 
mountain scenery on the way. At its 
highest point this road reaches an alti- 
tude of five thousand two hundred feet. 

Biltmore Forest, the second large di- 
vision of Mr. Vanderbilt’s forest hold- 
ings, lies on both sides of the French 
Broad River near Asheville. As the re- 
sult of its accessibility, it suffered far 
more severely from destructive logging 
than did Pisgah Forest at the hands of 
its former owners, most of them small 
farmers, who found a ready market in 
Asheville for firewood, and for saw 
logs at local mills. Cutting had been 


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424 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


As THE RESULT OF PROTECTION FOR NEARLY A QUARTER OF A CENTURY PISGAH FOREST IS WELL STOCKED 
Witu DEER AND OTHER NATIVE GAME AND THIS GAME WILL BE CAREFULLY PRESERVED. 


done with an eye single to immediate 
returns and wholly without regard for 
the safety of the forest, and fires had 
been permitted to burn unchecked. 
There had been much injudicious clear- 
ing of steep upper slopes, which, atter 
a few years of unprofitable cultivation, 
were generally abandoned to erosion, 
which in the loose soil and exceptionally 
heavy rainfall of the region, occurs 
with remarkable rapidity. But here 
again forest conservation for nearly a 
quarter of a century has worked a won- 
derful change. Stock have been wholly 
excluded from the forest, careful im- 
provement cuttings aimed primarily at 
the betterment of its silvicultural con- 
dition have been carried forward, and 
cleared lands unfit for agriculture on 
account of steepness and thin soil have 
been planted to trees. Biltmore Forest 
is today full stocked with a thrifty 
stand, and producing a steady and in- 
creasing yield of firewood and small 
timbers. The forest plantations set out 
on denuded lands, which cover in the 
aggregate about four thousand acres, 
are among the most successful in Amer- 
ica; and Mr. Vanderbilt had the well- 


earned gratification of seeing harvested 
as the product of careful thinnings, logs 
suitable for box boards, grown from 
seedlings planted as the result of his 
forethought over twenty years ago. 

I do not want to close this brief ac- 
count of the first great object lesson 
in forest conservation in the United 
States on private lands without a refer- 
ence to the personality of the man who 
created and enriched it with each year 
of his faithful stewardship. Mr. Van- 
derbilt possessed singular gentleness 
and nobility of spirit, and had an in- 
tense and abiding love for the world 
out-of-doors. As his life lengthened, 
he was drawn more and more to long 
sojourns at Buck Springs Lodge, a log 
structure within a mile of the top of 
Mount Pisgah; and probably no scene 
was so dear to his heart as the view 
from the Lodge of the green gorge of 
Big Creek, winding down among a 
jumble of mountains to the wide valley 
of the French Broad with the outlines 
of the Blue Ridge beyond. During the 
last years of his life, more and more of 
his pleasure was gained from landscape 
architecture, of which he was a faithful 


PISGAH FOREST PURCHASED £25 


student and for which he possessed rare 
power. He laid out in the vicinity of 
the Lodge, trails carefully designed to 
reveal exquisite glimpses of the moun- 
tains and these he developed still 
further, by skillful cuttings which he 
termed appropriately “painting with 
the axe.” It was a wholesome sight 
to see this man of great possessions 
supervising the development of vista 
cuttings for the disclosure of some view 
whose latent possibilities his skilled eye 
alone had detected; and it was char- 
acteristic of him, to judge no such 
achievement complete until it had con- 
tributed to the enjoyment of his friends. 

The range of Mr. Vanderbilt’s chari- 
ties in the mountain community which 
owes so much to him, he scrupulously 
withheld from common knowledge. But 
the largest of his many contributions to 


the general welfare lies in the great and 
wholesome lesson taught by the activi- 
ties of his vast estate. For not only did 
he demonstrate the methods and the 
practical advantages of forestry for pri- 
vate owners; he was also a pioneer in 
scientific agriculture, in horticulture 
and in model dairying. The stimulus 
afforded by his example towards im- 
proved agricultural methods in the 
South is beyond all estimate. 

George W. Vanderbilt earned, and 
no doubt he will receive, a high place 
in permanent public recognition of his 
distinguished public service. Were his 
admirable conception of the moral re- 
sponsibility which accompanies the pri- 
vate ownership of natural resources the 
rule instead of the exception, the con- 
servation problem in America would be 
already solved. 


Pied BORE S| PURCHASED 


N May 21 the National Forest 

Reservation Commission form- 

ally approved the purchase of 

Pisgah Forest of 86,700 acres 
for $433,500. This price is less per 
acre than the average of other tracts 
already acquired although Pisgah For- 
est has been developed into one of the 
finest forest properties in the country 
by the late George W. Vanderbilt. 

The purchase was made possible 
through the generosity of Mrs. Van- 
derbilt, who accepted a price over $200,- 
000 less than the one first asked be- 
cause she desired to perpetuate her hus- 
band’s pioneer work in forest conserva- 
tion, and to insure the use and enjoy- 
ment of the forest for the American 
people for all time. 

Mrs. Vanderbilt’s patriotic feeling in 
the matter is expressed in her letter to 
the Commission. She wrote in part: 

“Mr. Vanderbilt was the first of the 
large forest owners in America to adopt 
the practice of forestry. He has con- 
served Pisgah Forest from the time he 
bought it up to his death, a period of 


nearly twenty-five years, under the firm 
conviction that every forest owner owes 
it to those who follow him to hand down 
his forest property to them unimpaired 
by wasteful use. .I keenly sympathize 
with his belief that the private owner- 
ship of forest land is a public trust, 
and I probably realize more keenly than 
any one else can do how firm was his 
resolve never to permit injury to the 
permanent value and usefulness of Pis- 
gah Forest. I wish earnestly to make 
such disposition of Pisgah Forest as 
will maintain in the fullest and most 
permanent way its national value as an 
object lesson in forestry, as well as its 
wonderful beauty and charm; and I 
realize that its ownership by the Nation 
will alone make its preservation perma- 
nent and certain. 

“Accordingly I have decided to make 
as large a contribution as I can, in 
order to help bring this result about. [ 
offer Pisgah Forest at a total price over 
two hundred thousand dollars below 
that on the basis of which negotiations 
were entered into with the Government 


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Nic ATTRACTIONS. 


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LooKING GLAss FaLLs IN PisGAH ForeEST, ONE oF ITS MA 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LOGGING CABIN ON BIG CREEK ABOUT THREE MILES BELOW THE VANDERBILT LODGE ON ToP OF 
MrT. PIsGAH. 


before my husband’s death, my offer to 
the Government of Pisgah Forest now 
being at a price of five dollars per acre. 

“IT make this contribution towards 
the public ownership of Pisgah Forest 
with the earnest hope that in this way 
I may help to perpetuate my husband’s 
pioneer work in forest conservation, 
and to insure the protection and the use 
and enjoyment of Pisgah Forest as a 
National Forest by the American people 
for all time. 

“In the event that my offer is ac- 
cepted, I shall be glad for the Govern- 
ment to assume control of Pisgah For- 
est aS soon as it may desire. In the 
same event, it would be a source of very 
keen gratification to me if the tract re- 
tained, as a National Forest, the title 
of “Pisgah Forest,” which my late hus- 
band gave it.” 


GOVERNMENT WILL CONTINUE NAME 


In accordance with Mrs. Vanderbilt’s 
desire, the National Forest Reservation 
Commission will retain the name of 


“Pisgah Forest”; in fact, the general 
area, in which this forest is located and 
in which other purchases may be made, 
is already designated as the “Pisgah 
Area.” It is proposed also to make it 
a game refuge for the preservation of 
the fauna of the eastern mountains. It 
is particularly well suited to this pur- 
pose since it is already well stocked 
with game and fish, including deer, tur- 
key, and pheasant, and in the streams 
rainbow trout and brook trout, with 
which they have been systematically 
stocked from year to year. 

The tract includes portions of Tran- 
sylvania, Henderson, Buncombe, and 
Hayward Counties, in North Carolina. 
It covers the entire eastern slope and 
portions of the northern and western 
slopes of the Pisgah range, one of the 
most prominent of the southern Appa- 
lachians. Its forests influence for the 
most part tributaries of the French 
Broad river, which unites with the Hol- 
stein river at Knoxville, Tennessee, to 
form the Tennessee river. 


= ovat rears = 


PISGAH FOREST. PURCHASED 429 


Members of the commission look 
upon this as the best purchase which 
has yet been authorized, because the 
forest is in the finest possible condition 
and less than three-tenths of one per 
cent can be classed as burned-over land. 
The price, too, is lower than the aver- 
age paid for all lands which have been 
acquired heretofore. 

With this purchase, and with others 


approved today, the total area approved 
for purchase under the Weeks Law in 
the eastern mountains is 1,077,000 
acres. ‘The officers of the commission 
are the secretaries of war, agriculture, 
and the interior, Senators Gallinger of 
New Hampshire and Smith of Mary- 
land, and Congressmen Lee of Georgia 
and Hawley of Oregon. 


*(5499-A 


TRAIL CONSTRUCTED BY FOREST SERVICE AT A Cost OF $35 PER MILE IN VIRGINIA 
“THE ACTUAL SAVING FROM LOSS ON AREAS PROTECTED FROM FIRE DIRECTLY AS 
A RESULT OF THE WEEKS LAw, WOULD AMOUNT TO A VERY LARGE AGGREGATI 


Sum. 


o, 


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RI RM 
de RS 
> pe, Ch “s 
+ foresicy at Chautauqua + 
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Re () pearee of the American Forestry Association, their RA 
o> friends, and all others interested, are invited to attend oe 
RE the mid-summer meeting of the American Forestry Rx 
RA Association directors at Chautauqua, New York, on Thursday RX 
RX and Friday, July 9th and 10th. o 
o> At this meeting some seven or eight thousand teachers ae 
Re from every state in the Union will be present, and the RSs 
RX American Forestry Association has arranged a program of os 
& popular addresses on forestry subjects, several of them 2% 
ee illustrated with moving pictures and colored lantern slides, a 
oe by some of the leading forest conservationists of the country. 2, 
RA There are to be four hourly sessions each day in the ne 
om following order: se 
Se 11 a.m. In the Amphitheatre. $s 
“9 1:30 p.m. In the Hall of Philosophy. ey 
*s° 4:30 p.m. In the Hall of Philosophy. . 
“t 8 p.m. In the Amphitheatre. *S 
oo < 
see There are to be addresses showing the ways in wnich Re 
oo forest fires start, the great damage done by them, and how oe 
eo they may be prevented; how logging and milling operations oe 
Re are conducted in the forest; how reforestation takes place; ws 
Re how forest planting is done; the methods by which forestry 
3, education is provided; how the public can aid conservation ee 
oe of the forests; how necessary the forests are for the preser- Re 
RS vation of scenic beauty, for public recreation, for the preser- ee 
ne vation of streams and the perpetuation of hunting and ne 
oe fishing, and upon all phases of forest conditions. Re 
RS The meeting will be the greatest public gathering in the ee 
RI cause of forestry that has ever been held in this country eo 
ee and members of the Association are not only urged to attend oe 
#s but to prevail upon their friends to go also. $ 
ee All information regarding train service and hotel ac- yo 
o commodations may be secured from Secretary Arthur E. m<S 
Re Bestor at Chautauqua, N.Y., or from the American Forestry oe 
os Association at Washington, D. C. oe 
Re ee 
Re ee 
RS “eo 
Who afo-ofo-0f0-«f0-4$o-oe- 20-420 450-050-420 426 420-420- 426-420 420-956-056 400-000 400- 000-000 000-000- 000 400 40 


Peneolr Or PORBS? PRODUCTS 


OLLOWING an exhibit at Chi- 

cago which proved even a 

greater success than the most 

sanguine promoters had ex- 
pected, the Forest Producis Exposition 
for the last ten days of May duplicated 
its show at New york City in the 
Grand Central Palace, and here the 
Chicago success was actually eclipsed 
both in point of attendance and general 
public-amterest. It 15 gratifying. to 
state, following the many initial doubts 
as to whether such an exhibit could be 
made attractive, profitable and of prac- 
tical worth, that the response of the 
exhibitors, in space contracts and in 
appropriations for impressive, not to 
say elaborate, displays, were so liberal 
that success was assured before the 
doors were opened. 

Not only were the displays of the 
different kinds of woods and of their 
uses of great value to the contractor, 
engineer and builder and of artistic in- 
terest to the public, but they furnished 
to the prospective builder ideas and in- 
formation which will Le of great serv- 
ice. In addition, the whole exhibit was 
of marked educational value and noue 
were more impressed with this than 
were the teachers from the public and 
private schools, who, with thousands 
of their pupils, were present by the 
courtesy of the managers both at 
Chicago and in New York. 

Aside from the trade exhibits was 
one by the United States Forest Serv- 
ice which in itself was an education in 
forestry, lumbering, milling, building 
and land and water conservation, show- 
ing as it did not only how to preserve 


the forests but how to use them to the 
best possible advantage and illustrating 
with graphic models the amount of 
waste now contingent upon transfer- 
ing the tree into ultimate use and the 
methods by which most of this waste 
may be avoided. This exhibit attracted 
particular attention. There was also a 
most attractive exhibit by the American 
Wood Preservers Association, where 
the many samples of treated and un- 
treated woods for various uses indi- 
cated in a most impressive manner how 
greatly the life of woods for railroad 
ties, block pavements and other uses 
may be prolonged by the use of various 
preservatives. A model of a wood- 
preserving plant showing just how 
wood is best treated attracted large 
numbers. 

There were also displays by city park 
and shade tree commissions, by the 
VOOM AG. A Jot. its sbuildings and “its 
work in lumber communities and camps, 
and the American Forestry Association 
had an interesting exhibit showing the 
nature and the value of its work in the 
forestry cause. ‘The trade displays, of 
which space does not permit detailed 
mention, were of great variety, and on 
most of them many thousands of dol- 
lars were spent for what proved to be 
a very artistic and attractive display. 

The undisputed success of the two 
exhibits should convince the promoters 
and the exhibitors that it will be well 
worth their while to have other forest 
products exhibits in the future, and 
that other cities will find them as at- 
tractive as did Chicago and New York. 


Goats For Fire Prevention 
Angora goats have been used with profit to keep fire lines clear of inflammable vegetation 


on national forests in California. 


Seed Yield From Cones 


_Western yellow pine cones, to the amount of 6,377 bushels, obtained on the Bitterroot 
national forest, Montana, yielded 9,482 pounds of seed. The average cost of the extracted 


seed was 41 cents per pound. 


431 


CORNELL'S FORESERY BUILDING 


OMMODIOUS and thoroughly 
equipped for the work, the 
new forestry building of the 
New York State College of 

Agriculture at Cornell University was 
formally opened on May 15 and 16. 
There gathered for the ceremony for- 
esters from as far west as Missouri 
and Michigan and as far north as 
Canada, some seventy-five in all, who 
participated in the excellent program 
and enjoyed the opportunity of getting 
together for both formal and informal 
talks on forestry questions. The build- 
ing which was described in the April 
number of AMERICAN ForEsTrY is now 
completed and in use, much to the pride 
and satisfaction of the faculty and the 
students. 

Chief among the visitors was Dr. 
B. E. Fernow, who instituted the first 
forestry school at Cornell a number of 
years ago only to have it later discon- 
tinued by legislative action. The Amer- 
ican Forestry Association was repre- 
sented by its president, Dr. Henry S. 
Drinker, and by several directors. The 
Society of American Foresters held a 
special meeting during the period, and 
there were representatives of the for- 
estry societies, forest fire protective as- 
sociations, forest schools and conserva- 
tion organizations of several States. 

Acting director W. A. Stocking, Jr., 
of the New York State College of 
Agriculture, formally opened the cere- 
monies, and three sessions were held 
on May 15 and one on the following 
day. Chief Forester Henry S. Graves 
being absent, Assistant Forester W. B. 
Greeley spoke on national forestry from 
the viewpoint of the Forest Service; 
W. H. Vary, Master of the New York 


State Grange, made an address on for- 
estry on the farm, and Charles H. Dow, 
a director of the Letchworth Park and 
Arboretum, on forestry as an invest- 
ment, while C. R. Pettis spoke on the 
work of the New York State Conserva- 
tion Commission. 

At the afternoon session there were 
addresses by Prof. James W. Toumey, 
of the Yale Forest School, on training 
foresters during the next decade; by 
F. L. Moore, president of the Empire 
State Forest Products Association, on 
lumbering during the next decade; by 
Dr. Henry $. Drinker, president of 
the American Forestry Association, on 
making public opinion in forestry con- 
servation effective and by J. S. Whip- 
ple, president of the New York State 
Forestry Association, on what New 
York State needs in forestry. 

The same evening L. H. Bailey, a 
former director of the State College 
of Agriculture, gave a_ delightfully 
poetic talk on forestry, and Gifford 
Pinchot spoke of the national move- 
ment in conservation. 

The Saturday morning session was 
devoted to talks on State forestry in 
the East, by Alfred Gaskill, State For- 
ester of New Jersey; in the Middle 
West, by Prof. Filibert Roth, of the 
University of Michigan, and by Dr. 
Fernow, on the requirements of the 
Society of American Foresters of its 
members. ‘This concluded the formal 
meeting, but in the afternoon the 
visitors were entertained at the Cornell- 
Pennsylvania track meet, the Cornell- 
Princeton baseball game and by a trip 
up the lake to Crowbar Point, where 
they enjoyed a camp fire dinner. 


A Beautiful Lake 


Armstrong Lake, within the Beartooth national forest, Montana, is said to rival the 
famed Lake Louise of the Canadian Rockies. It lies at an elevation of 7,000 feet surrounded 


by towering mountains. 
connects it with the railroad at Billings. 


A good road which can be traveled in half a day by automobile 
A rustic hotel has recently been completed and 


many trails make the surrounding region accessible. 


432 


eee Te 


ed 


~ Se 
ee 


os 


ee 


SHEEP RAISED ON A NATIONAL FOREST. 


Ohi E PE NCESerOR-sTOCK 


of sheep and cattle grazed under 

permits on the national forests, the 

Government is constructing what 
are known as drift fences which facili- 
tate the counting and handling of the 
animals. These fences also help to reg- 
ulate the time when stock may enter 
the forests, so that sheep and cattle can 
be kept off in the early spring until the 
young grass and other forage plants 
have had a chance to get a start. In 
some cases, too, they restrict grazing to 
certain areas and serve either to protect 
some grazing grounds or to secure a 
complete utilization of the forage on 
others. 

The drift fences are not enclosures 
but generally extend for long distances 
across the country, much like the ‘‘drift 
fences,’’ or snow fences along railroad 
tights of way. The railroad fences, 
however, take their name from the fact 
that they serve to pile the wind-blown 
snow to the windward side of the track, 
so it will not settle in the cuts and im- 
pede traffic. The drift fences for stock 
keep the animals from going in certain 
directions, or ‘‘drifting,’’ to use a cattle- 


|: order to control the movements 


man’s expression, or restrict them to 
specified areas for the winter and to 
others for the summer. They may also 
prevent stock from grazing upon areas 
where poisonous plants are found; thus 
they lessen the cost of herding and pre- 
vent losses. 

Examples of the use of drift fences 
are furnished in several built on the 
Dixie forest of Utah, where stock graz- 
ing is important. Five miles of drift 
fences were built by the Government on 
this forest to protect the water supply 
of the city of St. George from contami- 
nation by forest range cattle. This, 
with other stretches of substantial wire 
fence in connection with rocky ledges, 
which are equally good barriers against 
stock, makes the southern boundary of 
one of the divisions of this forest stock 
proof, except at certain established 
gateways. During the coming year 
sixteen miles of fence is to be built 
across the northern part of this division. 
This will distinctly separate the north- 
ern range from that to the south, which 
is on an average some 3,000 feet higher 
and will be used exclusively as summer 
range. By keeping the stock on the 

433 


A SHEEP RANGE ON A COLORADO NATIONAL FOREST, 


“LSHUOWY IVWNOILVN' V NO ONIZVutL) ATLLVD 


436 AMERICAN 
separate areas until the forage on the 
other has had a chance to start, both 
winter and summer range will be greatly 
improved and their carrying capacity 
increased. 

Another interesting development is 
4% miles of drift fence on the Fishlake 
forest in the same state. It was built 
to keep cattle on the north side and 
horses on the south where larkspur 
grows in abundance. Larkspur is very 
poisonous to cattle, but is not eaten at 
all by horses. Before this fence was 
built, 60 cattle had died in one month, 
June; after it was built and the cattle 
were excluded from the larkspur areas 
there was a further loss of only 5, though 
July and August are considered by 
cattlemen in Utah the worst months for 
larkspur poisoning. Forest officers 
therefore have estimated that this 
fence, which cost $740, saved $2,500 
in the first year it was built, and should 
save $4,000, or five times its cost, each 
season. It is said, too, that it increases 
the carrying capacity of the grazing 
district about 15 per cent. 

Two other fences in the same state, 
costing $2,100, will, on a conservative 


FORESTRY 


estimate by the cattlemen, save ap- 
proximately $6,000 a year. 

In certain areas where the fences will 
greatly minimize the problems of the 
forest officers in handling cattle within 
the national forests, the cost is borne by 
the Government. In other areas where 
the benefits to stockmen have been 
shown they are built in cooperation 
with the cattle owners, who pay a large 
part of the expense or furnish the labor. 
Throughout the national forest states 
there are cattle and sheep owners’ as- 
sociations which represent individuals 
who graze their flocks and herds upon 
the national forests. All differences 
which arise between the forest officers 
and the individual owners are submitted 
to the advisory boards of these associa- 
tions, and they are therefore clearing 
houses for the settlement of any diffi- 
culties which may need adjustment. 
According to the officials of the service, 
these associations have practically elim- 
inated controversies, and the officers 
who administer them are in perfect 
accord with the policies of the Govern- 
ment. One of the evidences of this is 
shown in the drift fences which help 
both sides. 


GRAZING. FOR ELEVEN ITE re 


LIVESTOCK INCREASES 


IGURES showing the number of 
Fk livestock for which the Secre- 

tary of Agriculture has author- 

ized grazing permits for the 
ranges on the 160 National Forests 
during the year 1914 have just been 
made public. Nearly eleven million 
animals can be grazed, including nearly 
two million head of cattle and horses, 
nearly nine million head of sheep and 
goats, and about sixty-five thousand 
hogs. This means an increase for the 
current year of about thirty-eight thou- 
sand more cattle and horses, and three 
hundred and forty-seven thousand more 
sheep and goats, although the gross 
area of the National Forests at the 
beginning of 1914 is almost a million 


ON NATIONAL FORESTS 


acres less than at the beginning of 1913. 

During 1913, according to the reports 
just compiled, more than twenty-seven 
thousand stockmen paid the Govern- 
ment for grazing permits on the Na- 
tional Forests. 

For several years past the carrying 
capacity of the National Forest ranges 
has been slowly rising, which, forest 
officers say, indicates an improvement 
in general grazing conditions and a bet- 
ter utilization of the forage resources. 
They claim that this is due mainly to 
the enforcement of better methods of 
distributing and handling stock. 

On the lands recently acquired by the 
Federal Government within the Appa- 
lachian region of the east, regulated 


FIRES CAUSED 


grazing has been undertaken this year 
on six distinct areas. The local stock 
owners who had previously used the 
land under lease from the former own- 
ers have readily accepted the change 
of ownership and appear to be favor- 
ably impressed with the methods em- 
ployed by the Forest Service for graz- 
ing purposes. While the number of all 
animals authorized to graze upon these 


Pines CAUSED 


XHAUSTIVE . inquiry has es- 
ie tablished the fact that lightning 

ranks next to railroads as a 

source of forest fires. Forest 
officers say that the increasing care with 
fire on the part of the railroads and the 
public generally tends to make light- 
ning the largest single contributing 
cause. 

This statement represents a change 
of view from that held less than a 
decade ago in this country, when for- 
est journals gravely argued whether 
lightning caused forest fires, though it 
was known that trees were the objects 
most often struck. Trees are said to 
be oftenest struck simply because they 
are sO numerous, and extending up- 
ward, they shorten the distance between 
the ground and the clouds; further, 
their branches in the air and roots well 
into the earth invite electrical dis- 
charges. 

While certain trees are said to invite 
lightning, and others to be immune 
from stroke, it seems to be a fact that 
any kind of tree will be struck, and 
the most numerous tree species in any 
locality is the one most likely to suffer. 

Other things being equal, lightning 
seeks the tallest tree, or an isolated 
tree, or one on high ground. A deep- 


BY LIGHTNING 137 
southern Appalachian forests is not 
large, it is the belief of the forest offi- 
cers in charge of them that under care- 
ful supervision the lands will support 
more stock than they have in the past 
and that there will be considerable im- 
provement in the individual animals, 
with a constant increase in meat pro- 
duction. 


By Lich LNING 


rooted tree is a better conductor than 
a shallow-rooted one, and a tree full 
of sap, or wet with rain, is of course 
a better conductor than a dry one. 

Lightning sets fires by igniting the 
tree itself, particularly when it is dead, 
or partly decayed and punky, or by ig- 
niting the dry humus or duff at its 
base. ‘The forest soil, when dried out, 
ignites readily, because it 1s made of 
partly decayed twigs and leaves, and it 
can hold a smouldering fire for a con- 
siderable period. It is probable that 
most of the lightning-set fires start in 
the duff. 

In the mountains of southern Cali- 
fornia, Arizona, and New Mexico there 
are likely to be each year a number of 
electrical disturbances known as “dry 
thunder storms.” They come at the 
end of the long dry season, and being 
unaccompanied by rain, are very likely 
to start many serious fires. For this 
reason the Forest Service has to keep 
up its maximum fire-fighting strength 
in those regions until the rains are fully 
established. In the plans and organiza- 
tion for fire fighting the service aims 
particularly to catch these unprevent- 
able lightning-set fires at the time they 
Start. 


Planting 858,000 Trees 


More than 858,000 young trees are being set out this spring on national forests in Utah 
and southern Idaho, and the season is reported as particularly favorable to their successful 


growth. 


HALE OF EACH: Thin Osa 


ALF, or more than half, of 
a each tree is lost in the various 

stages of manufacture leading 

to the finished commodities 
made from it, is the conclusion reached 
in a report on the wood-using industries 
of New York State by John T. Harris, 
of the United States Forest Service, in 
cooperation with the New York State 
College of Forestry at Syracuse and 
published by that institution. This con- 
clusion emphasizes the finding that 
closer utilization of the forest products 
is today the greatest problem of the 
wood-using industries and is of vital 
importance. 

Fifty years ago, when New York led 
all States in the production of lumber, 
the report says the problem of waste 
was almost unknown. At that time the 
one aim of the superintendent of a 
plant was to increase the daily output. 
Today, New York has dropped to 
twenty-third place among the lumber 
producing States, and there is increas- 
ing need for more efficient consumption 
of wood material going through the 
factory. The rapid decline of New 
York as a leader in lumber production 
has been accompanied by a relative in- 
crease in the demand for forest prod- 
ucts. While her annual lumber pro- 
duction is at present over 25,000,000 
feet her own forests and woodlots con- 
tribute less than one-third of the raw 
material consumed by her factories. 

No problems before the State are 
more important than the study’ of 
closer utilization of forest products, 
care of the forests, forest fire protec- 
tion, and reforestation. Of the 34,- 
000,000 acres in the State, 22,000,000 
are included in farms and of this, only 
15,000,000 acres are actually in crops. 
This means that 7,000,000 acres of 
farms are idle; and it is estimated that 
less than half of the 12,000,000 acres 
outside of farms, contains merchant- 
able timber. To obtain the most use 
from all land whatsoever, it is reliably 
estimated that between 12,000,000 and 

438 


14,000,000 acres in the State must 
eventually be devoted entirely to for- 
ests. Such an area is greater than that 
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
Rhode Island combined, and is equal 
to all that part of New York north of 
the New York Central Line. 

Improved forest conditions in this 
large area would mean an enormous 
saving to the State. Transportation of 
raw material from the extreme South- 
ern States, from Canada, and from the 
West to supply factories in a forest 
State results of course in duplication 
and adds to the cost of forest products. 
Last year there were sent out through 
the ports of New York State over 
$15,000,000 for wood to be used in 
local New York industries. Practically 
all of the orders for this imported ma- 
terial should ultimately be cancelled. 
Twelve million acres or more of forest 
lands in this State should produce all 
of the 1,754,519,217 feet consumed by 
the home wood users. If New York 
will adopt a sound forest policy she can 
eventually take her former rank as one 
of the first States in the production of 
forest products and supply nearly all 
of the raw material needed by her fac- 
tories. 

The rapid increase in manufacturing 
in New York has made an abnormal 
demand for forest products and a con- 
sequent influx of timber from Canada, 
from the Lake States, and from the 
southern pine region. Douglas fir also 
has been shipped entirely across the 
continent for buildings, bridges, car 
construction and ship masts. Millions 
of feet of cypress are shipped all the 
way from the Gulf States to build tanks 
and silos; red gum from the lower 
Mississippi Valley is shipped in for in- 
terior finish, taking the places formerly 
occupied by home-grown oaks, maples 
and birches; practically all of the better 
grades of white pine used in the State 
comes from the Ottawa River District 
in Canada and from the Lake States. 
The Pacific Coast is called upon to 


Photo by Hugh P. Baker. 


Brest TypE OF VIRGIN FoREST IN THE CENTRAL APPALACHIAN REGION. 


MIXED EVERGREENS AND 


HARDWOODS. 


UNUSUALLY FINE SPECIMENS 
MIDDLE GROUND. 


OF 


CUCUMBER 


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TRAE. LT PRAY INS RT SPIRO MAGEE S ET STE Ae 


442 


supply millions of shingles for build- 
ings in New York. The western red 
cedar is so valuable for shingles that it 
has practically no competition from the 
home-grown woods. 

Many of the most important wood- 
using industries of the State, including 
the manufacturers of planing mill prod- 
ucts, boxes. and crates, sash, doors, 
blinds and general millwork, furniture, 
cars, ships, boats, pianos and organs, 
get most of their raw material from 
abroad. ‘The ten leading wood-using 
industries consume a total of 436,000,- 
000 feet of home-grown wood and pur- 
chase from other States the enormous 
amount of 1,038,000,000 feet. New 
York’s forests and woodlots still con- 
tribute to wood-using industries over 
half a billion feet of lumber annually. 
This condition can not continue long, 
however, unless the State takes a more 
active part in the restocking and preser- 
vation of her forest areas, and unless 
lumbermen and manufacturers utilize 
the forest products more economically. 
Two important problems confronting 
State foresters will be to obtain satis- 
factory reproduction of the more de- 
sirable species in the shortest possible 
time and to increase the growth to the 
maximum amount which the soil and 
situation are capable of producing. 

Substantial progress has already been 
made in the direction of conservation. 
Three and one-half million acres are 
enclosed within the so-called “blue line.” 
This line marks the outside boundary of 
the Adirondack State forest reserve. 
But of this area the State owns only 
1,600,000 acres. Much of the land, 
except that recently purchased, has 
been cut or burned over. Improved 
facilities for fire protection have been 
recently established. Additional ob- 
servation towers for locating fires have 
been built and telephone lines extended. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Excellent work has been done by the 
New York State Conservation Commis- 
sion in the matter of reforestation of 
burned and cut-over lands; and while 
the amount of planting to date is in the 
aggregate small, it is a splendid start 
in the right direction. From two to 
three cents only per acre are now being 
expended in the Adirondacks for fire 
protection. It would be good economy 
for the State to expend two to three 
times this amount. Large timber own- 
ers in the Northwest spend as high as 
four to five cents per acre and New 
York can not afford to spend less. 

New York is especially favored 
among the States climatically and other- 
wise for the production of forests. 
Favorable conditions of rainfall and 
soil for splendid forest development 
exist throughout the State. It is now 
known that every acre in the forest 
areas, where there is any soil whatever, 
will ultimately produce good forests. 
There is no reason why the Adiron- 
dacks should not eventually be covered 
with as fine a forest as can now be 
found anywhere in the Black Forest 
or other forest regions. in Europe. 
Again, market conditions are unexcelled. 
The forest sections of the State are well 
equipped with streams and are easily 
accessible by rail. 

Several suggestions have been made 
for the protection and proper use of 
the State’s natural resources. These 
are (1) the repeal of the Constitutional 
provision forbidding the cutting of 
trees upon State lands, (2) opening of 
State forests for recreation places for 
all the people, (3) an increase of the 
State’s holdings of forest lands, (4) ex- 
tension of the present system of pro- 
tection, and (5) the introduction of 
practical economic methods of repro- 
duction. 


Seeking Instruction Here 


Zentaro Kawase, professor of forestry at the Imperial University of Tokio, Japan, has 
been making a tour of the national forests of this country to learn the government’s 


methods of selling timber and of reforestation. 


RUSSIA'S FOREST FAMINE 


ANY people hold the popular 

MVM belief that Russia is a coun- 

try of limitless forests, and 

the fact that there is a wood 

famine there may shock them. Such a 

shock, however, is beneficial as it should 

awaken in them an appreciation of the 

efforts being made to perpetuate the 

forests of this country. The Russian 

wood famine is so severe that even Mos- 

cow suffered from it last winter and a 

number of public and charitable insti- 
tutions were insufficiently heated. 

Mr. Menshikov tells about the con- 
ditions in an article in the St. Peters- 
burg Novoye Vremya and the follow- 
ing portions have been translated by 
The Literary Digest: 

“For many years, for whole decades, 
we took no notice of the destruction of 
the forests. On the contrary, the rul- 
ing class, the nobility, hastened to sell 
out their wooded properties rather than 
be compelled to sell the land. Those 
who sold their forests usually did so 
for trifling sums, giving the brokers an 
opportunity of earning 300, 500, and 
even 1,000 per cent on their capital. 
Those who did not sell their own en- 
couraged the destruction of their neigh- 
bors’ forests, wisely supposing that the 
remaining ones would rise in price. In 
the end the deforestation of the coun- 
try assumed threatening proportions, 
and when the clamor raised by the 
press and learned bodies and chiefly 
by the landed proprietors themselves 
became unbearable, the Government in- 
troduced a _ forest-conservation law. 
But, like the majority of our laws, the 
conservation was left to the will of 
God. With the shrewdness of the 
brokers and the dishonesty of the com- 
mon citizen, for centuries trained in 
the art of circumventing the law, forest 
conservation has in many places been 
turned into an amusing comedy. The 
destruction of the forests, even now, 
goes on in full blast, and the most im- 
portant of elements which guard the 
very possibility of man’s existence in 


the North—the forests which yield 
fuel—are rapidly disappearing. What 
would you say if the English should be 
deprived of the sea, or Switzerland of 
her mountains? You would say that 
their end had come. And fire-wood 
must be considered just as vitally nec- 
essary to Russia as the sea is to the 
English and the mountains to Switzer- 
land. One may regret the disappear- 
ance of timber, but that can in a large 
degree be replaced by brick, iron, and 
other construction materials. But fuel 
in the north, in the form of fire-wood, 
cannot be replaced. 

“We take a paper view of the coun- 
try, and seeing on paper millions of 
acres of woodland, we feel quite at 
ease; we have been and still are the 
richest country in wood. This may be 
true, but then our forests have remained 
only in the north. The whole 
western Russia, recently covered with 
immense forests, the central provinces, 
are completely bared; and even such 
regions as Novgorod, Olonetzk, Volog- 
da, are being gradually affected. The 
forests which covered Russia were her 
natural cloak, serving to warm the peo- 
ple and rendering it possible for them 
to live in the North. Before our very 
eyes Russia’s cloak is being removed 
these last fifty years, and our nation 
remains naked in the midst of a frozen 
desert. There is a great demand for 
timber and fire-wood both in Russia and 
abroad. Speculation in forest 
land goes on wherever there has re- 
mained a shred of the past riches. The 
conservation laws are being evaded with 
thesereatest care.” 

Mr. Menshikov concludes with the 
tollowing burst of pessimistic but pa- 
triotic eloquence, whose bitterness seems 
completely justified by the condition he 
describes : 

“Devoid of its wooded cover, the soil 
is losing its moisture, the lakes and 
rivers are drying up; from under the 
surface barren sands appear, and man, 

443 


444 


deprived of fuel, deprived of the prod- 
ucts of the natural garden of God, must 
either degenerate, like the Siberian sav- 
ages, or flee from Russia. Our nation 
does both. It degenerates, or more 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


correctly, freezes like a southern plant 
brought to the north, and those who 
are more resolute flee from their father- 
land to Siberia; Turkestan, (Canadas 
Australia, Argentina.” 


WHITE: PINES: Vibes Gi 


HE white-pine blister rust has 
such dangerous possibilities for 
the native white-pine forests of 
the East that the United States 

Department of Agriculture recom- 
mends earnestly that all trees found af- 
fected by this disease be destroyed at 
once. The disease is most conspicuous 
during the month of May, and it is 
recommended that the owners of all 
white pines which are not definitely 
known to have grown from seed in 
their present location make a thorough 
search of their white pines for this dis- 
ease., The latter part of May is the 
best time to search for it in Northern 
New England and New York, while the 
first half of May is best for Southern 
New England and New ‘York and 
farther south. 

The disease appears upon white pines 
in most localities during the month of 
May in the form of yellow blisters 
breaking through the bark of the main 
stem near the ground. ‘These blisters, 
after a few days, break open and give 
forth great numbers of dusty, orange- 
yellow spores. In rare cases it occurs 
well up on the trunk of trees which are 
twenty to twenty-five years of age. A 
very similar disease occurs at about the 
same time upon the pitch pine, but it 
should not be confused with the white- 
pane blister rust, as it is a native disease 
which does not attack the five-needled 
pines. All owners of white pines, either 
in woodlots or in ornamental plantings, 
should make a special search for the 
blister rust of white pine on their prop- 
erty. Incase it is believed that this dis- 
ease 1s found, specimens should be for- 
warded to the Office of Investigations 


in Forest Pathology in the bureau of 
Plant Industry, where an examination 
will be made, free of charge, and the 
best possible advice given regarding the 
eradication of the disease. General, 
active cooperation of white-pine own- 
ers will do much to make effective the 
efforts of the Department to eradicate 
this serious enemy of the most impor- 
tant coniferous tree of the East. 

It is estimated that at the present 
time there are present in this country 
over two and one-half million young 
white pine trees which were infected by 
this disease before they left Europe, 
and which are now present in this coun- 
try. This disease has an alternate stage 
of development upon the leaves of vari- 
ous currants and gooseberries. It has 
been found a number of times in this 
country occurring upon currants. These 
occurrences of the disease upon cur- 
rants in this country are directly trace- 
able to neighboring diseased white 
pines, as the disease is quite definitely 
known now not to be carried upon dor- 
mant currant stock. 

Since the discovery of this disease in 
1909, a special effort has been made by 
various forestry officials and horticul- 
tural inspectors of the Eastern States, 
where the infected imported trees were 
mostly distributed, to eradicate the dis- 
ease everywhere that it might be found. 
It very often occurs in ornamental 
plantings of private estates, especially 
upon trees less than twenty-five years 
of age. The disease is one from which 
the tree never. recovers, so far as now 
known; hence it is of no advantage to 
the owner of diseased trees to refuse to 
remove and destroy the diseased trees. 


ee a ee ee ee 


WHITE PINES MENACED 145 


PLANTED WHITE PINE, SHOWING DOMINANT AND SUPPRESSED TREES. 


The disease has not yet attacked any of 
our forests, and if everyone who owns 
white pines which were brought from 
some other locality and planted would 


make a thorough search as above re- 
quested, a great step would be taken to- 
ward the eradication of this dangerous 
disease. 


BOY SCOUTS TRAIL BUILDING 


HE United States Government, 
| always desiring to educate the 
public on the subject of the 
proper use and protection of 
forests, has found a means to cooperate 
in a practical way with the Boy Scouts 
of America. ‘Through arrangements 
made by the United States Forestry 
Service, twenty-four Boy Scouts—eight 
from Washington, D. C., eight from 
Baltimore, and eight from Boston—are 
to build this coming summer a ten-mile 
trail in a remote part of the White 
Mountain National Forest. The plans 
for this work and the unusual oppor- 
tunity it provides for these boys to prac- 
tice their Scoutcraft and learn some- 
thing about forestry, and for the gov- 
ernment to make more intelligent and 
vital the interest of boys in practical 
conservation, are described by Forest 
Inspector K. W. Woodward, of the 
United States Forestry Service, in an 
article which appears, with illustrations, 
in the June number of Boys’ Life, the 
Boy Scouts Magazine. Mr. Woodward 
says: 

“Twenty-four Boy Scouts under the 
direction of three Scout Masters will 
build ten miles of trail for the United 
States Forest Service in the White 
Mountain National Forest this summer. 
In return for this work the Boy Scouts 
will be paid at a rate equivalent to that 
which the Government would have to 
pay for the construction of this trail 
were the work done by the regular 
fOLce. 


“TO CAMP IN THE VALLEY OF WILD RIVER. 


“The trail which the Boy Scouts will 
build is intended primarily as a means 
of protection against fire. However, it 
will also be useful in making the White 
Mountian National Forest more acces- 
sible to tourists and prospective timber 
purchasers, and parts of it may even 
be used later on in the logging of the 
timber through which it passes. 

“The boys will be working approxi- 
mately ten miles from the nearest town, 

446 


which is Gilead, Me. They will camp 
in the valley of Wild River, a tributary 
of the Androscoggin River, and will 
have two stretches of trail to build. 

“The first will be alongside of Wild 
River and the work will consist merely 
in the improvement of a rough trail, 
which needs to be put into condition so 
that horses can travel over it. 

“The second stretch of trail will be 
located in the timber, where no means 
of quick travel existed before. 


““A PICTURESQUE COUNTRY. 


“Tt is unnecessary to state that the 
region in which the boys will work, the 
White Mountains, possesses many 
scenic attractions. Immediately west 
of the Wild River Valley is the Carter 
Moriah Range, which rises abruptly to 
a height of 5,000 feet. Ten miles west 
of the boys’ camp, as the crow flies, is 
the summit of the Presidential Range, 
with Mt. Washington, the highest peak 
in the White Mountains, standing 6,300 
feet above sea level. 

“The main stream to which Wild 
River and the other minor streams in 
the vicinity are tributary is the Andro- 
scoggin, which heads in Maine, flows 
through New Hampshire and empties 
into the ocean in Maine. The elevation 
above sea level along the valley of the 
Androscoggin is approximately 1,000 
feet, so that the rise to three or four 
thousand feet from this stream to the 
heights of the high mountains produces 
very rugged topography. In fact, the 
greater part of this locality is so steep 
and rugged that agriculture is of minor 
importance. 

“The forest resources are the main 
assets. Lumbering is the principal in- 
dustry, with the business of providing 
for tourists who are attracted by the 
mountain scenery second in importance. 

“Since the region has been settled for 
more than 150 years and is one of con- 
siderable wealth, many good roads make 
nearly all parts accessible. Where the 
topography is so rugged that roads are 


: 


Ce ee ee 


BOY SCOUTS TRAIL BUILDING Aan 


too expensive to build, numerous trails 
make it possible to reach on foot even 
the steepest mountain peaks. 


“WILL SEE WILD ANIMALS. 


“As might be supposed from the 
large area of wild land, this is a region 
in which the hunting and fishing are 
very good. However, the Boy Scouts 
will not be able to do either because 
they will be at work during the closed 
season, when it is not legal to hunt or 
fish for the principal game and food 
animals. Nevertheless, they may be 
able to see in the course of their work 
deer, bear, porcupines, grouse and pos- 
sibly even wild cats and wolves. 

“About the only pest which will de- 
tract from the pleasure of life in the 


mountains will be the mosquitoes. 
However, mosquitoes are not very 
numerous. 


“TQ BEGIN IN JUNE. 


“The Boy Scouts will be expected to 
report to Gorham, N. H., as soon after 
June 18 as possible. Gorham is the 
headquarters of the White Mountain 
National Forest, and from there a train 
can be taken to Gilead, Me., whence the 
rest of the journey must be made either 
with a wagon or on foot. Last summer 
the Forest Service constructed on the 
old railroad right of way running up 
Wild River a road which makes it pos- 
sible to get about seven miles up into 
the woods from Gilead. However, this 
will not be far enough for the Boy Scout 
camp, so the further distance will have 
to be covered either by horses or the 
camp equipment will have to be packed 
on men’s backs. 

“Luckily, there is no lack of good 
drinking water in this locality, and it 
will not be difficult to find a good camp 
site close to the work. The sleeping 
tents and cooking tent can be set up ina 
circle as far back in the woods as it is 


feasible to bring in supplies. The near- 
est postoffice, Hastings, Me., is about 
six miles away. 

“The trail work itself will consist in 
clearing out the brush, grading the tread 
of the trail and building the necessary 
culverts and bridges. In cases where 
rock needs to be broken up the Forest 
Officer who will have charge of this 
project will use dynamite. The boys 
will not, of course, be allowed to handle 
any explosives. 


“TIME FOR PLAY AS WELL AS WORK. 


“Since there will be about twenty- 
four boys and it is planned to employ 
them about a month, there will be ample 
force so the boys will not have to work 
more than a part of the day unless they 
wish to earn extra leisure in order to go 
on excursions to nearby points of inter- 
est. In fact, it should be possible for 
the boys to see all the attractive bits 
of scenery in the central part of the 
White Mountain region. The top of 
Mt. Washington is about fifteen miles 
from the camp site and can easily be 
reached in a day. 


“THE VARIOUS ADVANTAGES. 


“It is unnecessary to spend much 
time setting forth the good results 
which the boys should get out of this 
trip. They can practice many forms of 
their Scoutcraft, and will learn how to 
handle tools, something about forestry 
and a large measure of self-control. On 
the part of the Forest Service this de- 
parture from the usual method of 
building trails should also be of advan- 
tage because it will bring a large num- 
ber of intelligent boys into direct con- 
tact with the work of the Service. This 
should help a great deal in educating 
the boys and their relatives and friends 
to the work which is being done in con- 
serving the timber resources of the 
country. 


PORESTRY ON THE COUNE. 
BST AE 


By Warren H. 


V. GETTING ACQUAINTED 


number of excellent tree books, 

some of them localized entirely to 

the trees found east of the Missis- 
sippi, it is a fact that there are so many 
species to be treated with in these 
geographical limits that the author has 
but little space to spare beyond giving 
identification specifics and a brief men- 
tion of the qualities of the wood and 
the geographical limitations of the 
species mentioned. Most of these iden- 
tification characteristics are excellent, 
and are backed up with superb photo- 
graphs showing leaves, buds, flowers, 
bark, trunk and fruit of the tree, or else 
equally splendid hand drawings; but 
after all has been said and done, you 
have but the identification of your tree, 
you know what he is beyond a doubt, 
and a few meager facts concerning 
him—and that is all. 

For the forest owner that is not 
enough. He wants to know something 
of its light and soil requirements, its 
rate of growth, when it comes in the 
spring and its autumn coloration in the 
fall, whether it has any especial charac- 
teristics to warrant saving it in case a 
clearing or thinning is decided upon, 
and finally its commercial value, either 
as lumber or as a source of other forest 
wealth. Obviously, all this information 
cannot be crowded within the covers 
of a volume identifying some three 
hundred species of trees growing east 
of the Mississippi in the United States, 
so it seemed to the writer that the only 
course in the series of papers would be 
to concentrate upon some forty-five 
species distributed fairly evenly over 
such an area as would contain most of 
the temperate zone United States 
species east of the Mississippi, as it is 
within these limits that most of the 

448 


| N SPITE of-the fact that we have a 


Mier, M. F. 


forest estates and country place wood- 
lots are found. 

Let us get a little better acquainted 
with our oaks, our maples, birches, 
hickories, our elms and our more com- 
mon evergreens, and let the rest go, 
assuming that the reader already has 
one or more good identification books 
in his library and is able from them to 
recognize any tree on his place. We 
will take ten oaks, three maples, two 
ashes, four birches, two elms, seven 
miscellaneous broadleaves, six pines, 
three spruces, two cedars, the balsam 
fir and the hemlock and see what facts 
of use to the forest estate owner can 
be assembled concerning them. 

As the oaks are the most numerous 
and interesting of the broadleaves, we 
will begin with the ten selected, although 
almost any forest in any section of the 
country can show more than ten 
species of oaks. The family seems to 
be divided into two groups of cousins, 
the bristly and pointed leaved ones 
headed by the Red Oak ; and the round- 
leaved, with the fine old White Oak as 
the eldest brother. 

The family difference seems further 
accentuated by the fact that all the 
white oak tribe ripen their acorns the 
first season and sprout them that same 
year if possible, while the red oak party 
ripen theirs the second season after 
flowering. Further, all the second sea- 
son oaks have coarse-grained compara- 
tively weak wood which rots quickly 
next the ground, and the first season 
oaks have a close-grained, strong, dur- 
able wood, some of them like the post 
oak being so immune from rot that 
they are named and chosen for fence- 
post work. As this differentiation is 
quite general throughout the oak fam- 
ily, it is almost a cast-iron rule that if 
you come upon one of the red oak 
group in your forest it cannot be 


CoRNER OF A COUNTRY ESTATE. 


UNTRY 


co 


A 


OAKS AND BIRCHES IN PROFUSION MAKE THIS ONE OF THE MOST CHARMING BITS OF FORESTED LAND ON 


ESTRY. 


TO FOR 


ATTENTICN 


ESTATE WHERE THE OWNER DEVOTES SANE 


450 


counted on for fence posts, underpin- 
ning, mudsills, dam timbers, and the 
like. 

I once knew a young electrical engi- 
neer who did not know or else disre- 
garded this rule. There was a fine 
stand of pin oaks and red oaks grow- 
ing on his company’s property, all 
straight columnar trees and all of a 
height. The land had to be cleared for 
buildings, why not utilize these trees 
for the electric light and telephone 
poles of the plant? The older linemen 


shook their heads, declaring that these 
trees would soon rot and would be hard 
to climb as poles, but it looked like a 


rede 


ih / Ge 


at 


Fig. 64.—Pin Oak. (Q. palistris, D. Roi.) 


bargain to find three or four hundred 
fine telegraph poles already growing on 
the company’s property, so they were all 
cut down and carefully trimmed, peeled, 
painted, and tarred for seven feet up 
from the butt. They then went up as 
the works electric light and power tele- 
phone poles, but within three years from 
that date every one of them had rotted 
through just above the base and they 
all had to come out. As the labor of 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


line work on heavy-power wiring far 
exceeds the pole cost expense, a little 
practical forestry knowledge would 
have saved that engineer a lot of need- 
less expenditure! 

In these two groups then, we would 
assemble, behind the white oak, the 
swamp white oak, post oak, burr oak, 
and chestnut oak, while behind the red 
oak would gather the pin oak, scarlet, 
black, scrub and black jack. Taking 
the white oak family first, the head of 
the clan, the white oak grows through- 
out the range limits described in our 
article and is almost universal in its soil 
tastes. It succeeds admirably in moist, 


Pig. 57.—Chestnut Oak. (Q. prinus, L.) 


sandy loams, even if swampy part of 
the year; it does equally well on clay 
base, limestone base and granite base 
soils and prefers, in any of these bases, 
rich, well-drained ravine banks or creek 
bottoms where the spring freshets bring 
down quantities of silt. It will not 
thrive in poor or dry soils of any kind, 
nor in northerly latitudes where its Sep- 
tember fall of acorns gets no chance to 
sprout due to the early winter. If the 


BORE SURRY ON THe COUNTRY ESTATE 


gray squirrel is in reasonable abun- 
dance, that is, has not been shot out, 
the white oak will manage even as 
far north as southern Maine, since 
the squirrel plants many an acorn 
which otherwise would get eaten if left 
on the forest floor over winter. In all 
the southerly part of its range where 
the fall comes late and mild winter 
keeps up until December, the white oak 
acorns sprout and make quite a growth 
during the Indian Summer days, and 
when it is time for its leaves to turn 


Fig. 55.—Burr Oak. (Q. macrocarpa, Michx.) 


copper and purple and finally a light 
yellow brown hanging on all winter, the 
little seedling has four leaves to show, 
all of which go through the same 
changes as the parent tree. In its light 
requirements the white oak is fairly 
tolerant at first, but by the tenth year it 
must have sun for at least part of the 
time, and after that it must not be over- 
topped or it will languish. It does not 
stand transplanting at all from one site 
in the forest to another, except during 
its first year, and a nursery specimen, 
well root-pruned, must be taken when it 
is 6 to 7 feet high if it is expected to 
live in its new place. 

In the writer’s forest Nature has 
been exceedingly generous with her 
white oaks, and it is our predominating 


451 


tree, reaching twelve inches in diameter 
before its fiftieth year, but in many lo- 
calities it occurs much less frequently 
and should be reinforced by nursery 
specimens at salient points, the cost be- 
ing about $1.25 per %-foot tree. If 
many are wanted it will pay to run a 
seed bed of them, transplanting the first 
year. It is a strikingly handsome tree. 
both as to bark and foliage, and its 
color phases are always pleasing. Along 
about the first of May appear the pretty 
pink leaf buds, and early in June out 


| 


Fig. 59.—Black Jack. (Q. nigra, L.) 


come the sap-green catkins which are 
its flowers. These turn brown in time 
and drop off and we have a tiny green 
acorn in being. By September these 
are in big clusters of large green acorns 
which turn light yellow and then brown 
as they fall to the forest floor. Mean- 
while the leaves have turned wonderful 
shades of pale copper and purple about 
the middle of October, changing to rus- 
set brown in November. This passes to 
a pale yellow-brown during the winter 
for the leaves hang on all through the 
snow season, that is a large part of 
them do, enough to give a fine note of 
color on a winter landscape, and they 
are finally pushed off by the oncoming 
spring buds. Such is the year’s calen- 
dar for the white oak, always a favorite, 


452 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


always a joy to the eye; and for my 
part I can not have too many of them! 

Its first cousin, the swamp white oak, 
is quite different in its habits. You will 
find it along stream and lake banks, in 
rich creek bottoms—anywhere where it 
is never really dry—occurring through- 
out the northern half of our area. | It 
is as much a characteristic of low- 
ground, water-inundated landscapes as 
the red and silver maples, the king nut 
hickory, the gums and ashes, and the 
pin oak. So far as I know, nurserymen 
have not attempted to grow it. but, as 


The post oak, second cousin of the 
white, is easily told from it by its deep- 
ly indented leaves, the leaf having a dis- 
tinct waist so to speak, and its acorn 
is smaller and rounder with the cup en- 
clesing half of the acorn, growing ses- 
sile in pairs on the twigs, while the 
swamp white oak acorns have a long 
stem, though its acorn closely resem- 
bles the white oak’s which has no stem. 
So there you have an easily remem- 
bered identification, even though cer- 
tain freaks among the leaves may be 
enough alike to deceive one. The burr 


Fig. 61.—Scarlet Oak. (Q. coccinea, Wang.) 


it will be an excellent sort to plant 
where one has cleared some bottom land 
of trash and thickets, it will be weit to 
grow some of its acorns in the seed 
bed, for it stands transplanting nicely 
and will yield you a fine timber classed 
rignt in with white oak. It is not a 
pretty tree, for its leaves turn direct 
‘o brown yellow in the autumn and its 
branchlets sweep downward in dense 
masses, giving the tree a shaggy appear- 
ance. The bark is dark, in deep, rough, 
regular seams. 


Fig. 63.—Red Oak. (Q. rubra, L.) 


oak, next in line among the white oak 
cousins, is the principal western repre- 
sentative in its favorite location of rich 
moist bottom lands. We do not see 
many of them here in the east, but in 
the Ohio and Wabash basins it is com- 
mon, a magnificent tree, of wood equal 
to the white oak in commercial quali- 
ties. Its leaf looks like a cross between 
the post oak and the white, having the 
deep indentations of the post and the 
numerous lobes of the white. They 
have a handsome, glossy-green appear- 


EE 


PORES TRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 


ance in summer and go direct to brown 
in autumn. ‘The acorns are large and 
three-quarters enclosed by a deep cut, 
with a fringe around the top. An inter- 
esting member of the family, and one 
or two of them at least should find a 
place in your ravines, grown from the 
acorn as they are difficult to trans- 
plant. 

On your high and dry ridges, prefer- 
ably sandy base soil, you have the star 
locality for the fifth of the white oak 
cousins, 


Fig. 56.—Swamp White Oak. (Q. bicolor, Willd.) 


removed as it verges closely on the 
chestnut itself in its characteristics, but 
is one of the first-year acorn group, 
with wood of the same characteristics 
as the rest of the family. There are 
two species, the rock chestnut, a rather 
small tree with huge glossy dark green 
leaves reaching fourteen inches in 
length and huge oval acorns and the 
scrub chestnut oak, of lighter bark and 


smaller leaf and acorn, though with us 


it grows to very large size on sand base, 
its preferred soil. The rock chestnut 
does best on a clay base, and very well 
on limestone and granite. It is not at 


455 


all tolerant of shade, and its big leaves 
enable it to fight vigorously for light 
suppressing anything else growing near 
it and making the most of its trim eco- 
nomical space. This tree only occurs 
in the eastern part of our area, seldom 
west of Ohio, probably due to its in- 
sistence on hill sides for growing room. 
[ do not see it offered in many nursery- 
men’s catalogues, yet it is one of the 
easiest transplanted of the oaks and 
should make a good summer feature 
for landscape work. It goes right to 
brown in the fall, and its leaves are 
soon down, so I should hardly care to 
spend money upon it when there are so 


Fig. 53.—White Oak. (Q. alba, L.) 


many more ornamental trees for year- 
round beauty that need room. 

As to the dressed appearance of the 
woods of these five oaks, it would al- 
most take an expert mill man to tell the 
species apart. Chestnut, burr, post, and 
white, all show a flower in the quarter- 
ing, the post oak flower being in narrow 
parallel lines while the others are wavy 
and irregular. Swamp white has no 
flower at all in the quarter grain. Look- 
ing at the end of the log, the colors vary 
from light heart wood in burr, post, and 
white, to dark in chestnut and swamp 
white. Planed lengthwise of the grain, 


454 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


the white shows the closest fibre lines, 
swamp white more open and broader, 
and post and burr oak smooth and light 
with the fibre patterns far apart and 
hardly distinguishable. In planing any 
such wood along the grain one is bound 
to cross the fibre ends on a long slant, 
leaving rows of what looks like pin- 
pricks but are the fibre ends crossing 
the cut at.a slant. The straighter the 
fibres the fewer of these patterns of 
fibre ends crossed by the plane from 
which we note that the oak sap fibres 
vary in straightness from post oak to 
white oak in a decreasing scale, 
through this series of five first-year 
oaks. 

We now take up the second branch 
of the oak clan, the second season 
oaks ripening their oaks the second 
year and have chosen five repre- 
sentatives out of the many—the red, 
black, pin, scarlet and black jack oaks. 
Except for the last, all of them. are 
characterized by a pointed-lobed leaf, 
often with the ribs extended like tiny 
umbrella points to form a bristle at the 
tip of each projection. Two of them, 
the scarlet and the pin oaks are favorite 
nurserymen’s oaks, for they color bril- 
liantly in the fall and their graceful 
feathery foliage is a pleasure to the eye 
all through the summer. Owing to the 
pin oak’s preference for low, swampy 
soils, it does not get to bud until late in 
the spring, usually about the fifth of 
May. 

The red and black oaks, while hand- 
some in summer because of their abun- 
dant, glossy dark-green leaves, are not 
to be relied upon in the autumn, as 
the red goes right to a dull brown and 
the leaves fall by the end of October, 
while the black turns to a deep, dull, 
reddish-purple and then vellow-brown, 
which persist all winter from some of 
the twigs, helping out the white oaks and 
the beeches to make the winter snow- 
scapes cheerful. As none of these 
oaks are particularly valuable for their 
wood, their ornamental considerations 
would weigh heavily when in doubt as 
to which to take out and which to leave. 
For instance, of a clump of. scarlet, 
black and red oaks that had to be 
would remain with the scarlet. As 


thinned, I should certainly take out the 
red and then the black because of the 
splendid note of red and orange that 
this would also be the case with the 
black and pin oaks, to a lesser degree, 
they would receive preference in the 
order named. All three are offered by 
nurserymen at about a dollar each for 
8-ft. trees, well root-pruned, and the 
pin oak is the easiest of them to trans- 
plant. Their soil preferences are, for 
rich uplands and ridges, red and black 
oaks; rich, moist river bottoms, red and 
pin oaks; low swampy soils and rich 
clay . base+ flat lands, inundated or 
swampy in the spring, pin oak; dry 
well-drained sand or limestone base 
soils, scarlet oak; also clay base 1f not 
too wet. For barren, sandy or rocky 
ridges and hills the black jack and 
scrub oaks are the principal repre- 
sentatives of the family, almost by pref- 
erence it would seem, for, while the 
black jack will do well in company 
with chestnut oaks and red oaks in rich, 
rather dry uplands and hills border- 
ing river banks, the scrub or bear oak 
must have a barren to grow in. Here 
they put out their stubby club-shaped 
leaves, scarlet and purple in the au- 
tumn, and drop myriads of tiny acorns, 
a small miniature or the white oak 
acorn, much prized by bears and wild 
hogs, red squirrels and wild turkeys. 
The blackjack goes right to a dull 
brown in the autumn and comes down 
soon after the first frosts. It has little 
value except for firewood, of which 
it makes one of the best, as its logs 
burn slowly with a small hot flame,— 
the campers delight. 

Commercially, pin oaks and red and 
black oaks are salable as second-grade 
oak, used for interior trim. The wood 
works much easier under the saw and 
plane and the chisel than the white oak 
grades, and is reddish in color with 
deep abundant fibre pits. The branch- 
lets of the pin oak are exceedingly hard 
and tough, and its wood,,was ‘used by 
the early settlers for treenailé in house 
building, whence its name pin oak, the 
nail or pin of the frontier dwelling 
when iron was scarce. Looking at 
the ends of the logs, there is a whole 
lot to be learnt in just studying the sec- 


: 
| 


HOES) RY ON Trish COUNTRY ESTATE 155 


THE W8HITE OAK. 


tional rings. Both the red and the pin 
oaks show immense thick rings, not less 
than a quarter inch from spring wood 
to spring wood, showing that they are 
both rapid growers and uniform up to 
at least forty years of age, when they 
become more sedate. The red oak is a 
trifle more reddish in tinge, and in the 
quarter grain the pin oak surface looks 
almost like an ash, so deep and pro- 
nounced are the dark fibre ends. Planed 
along the grain, the spacing between 
fibre patterns is huge, 1%4 to 2 inches 
being common. Except for hardness it 
would be difficult to tell the two woods 
apart in the lumber. With the black 
oak (Q. Tinctoria) sometimes called 


“yellow,” and the scarlet oak, the story 
of the log ends is very different. Multi- 
tudes of narrow rings, scarce a Six- 
teenth inch apart, tell of years of slow 
erowth; the quartering shows a close 
grain and a pretty flower; and, planing 
along the grain, we get a figure much 
resembling chestnut. In color a deep 
red predominates in the scarlet oak and 
a pink tinge is seen in both quartering 
and end sections of the black oak. 
Growing in forest stands the pin oak 
is not very impressive, being a col- 
umnar tree with quantities of small, 
tough hanging branchlets, but set out 
in a field or along a forest wall these 
same branches spread out until the tree 


456 AMERICAN 
is pyramidal in shape. With its bright, 
green, glossy feathery leaves in summer 
and its glowing colors in the fall the pin 
oak will always be a favorite. It begins 
to turn about October 10th and the 
show lasts until November. Its acorns 
are small, pretty, round and_ striped, 
much prized by birds and_ squirrels. 
They do not sprout until the following 
spring. The black oak is rather hard 
to tell off-hand from the scarlet, as its 
leaves and acorns are very much alike. 
If you dig into the bark, however, with 
your penknife the story 1s soon told, for 
the inner bark of the black or “golden” 
oak is bright yellow, the best yellow 
dye in the woods, while the inner bark 
of the scarlet oak turns red upon ex- 
posure to the air. There is some differ- 
ence in the acorns, too, those of the 
black oak being larger and more deeply 
covered by the cup, particularly when 
young, when it almost encloses the 
acorn completely. It is important to 
know which is which, for the scarlet is 
much the more ornamental tree though 
always small, while the black gives a 
good lumber and a reasonable fall col- 
oration. 

The red oak you cannot mistake the 
moment you pick up one of its acorns, 
for it will be large and blunt ended with 
a flat cup. The tree is a fast grower in 
its early years, and if located near a 
white oak will usually crowd it out and 
suppress it, but give both trees an equal 


teal 
ital 


PORE SRY 


chance at the sun, clearing the way 
ahead and around the white oak to 
make up for its less abundant leaf area 
and you will not find more than an inch 
difference in their diameters in the fif- 
tieth year: ithe red. oak *prefiessmea 
rather dry clay or limestone base soil; 
we have few of them in the rich moist 
sandy base soils of Interlaken, but they 
are abundant in the red Trenton lime- 
stones further west, in the clayey river 
bottoms of the Middle States, and on 
granite base in New York. Shade en- 
during when young, a good fighter for 
light as it grows up, easily transplanted 
and like most of the oaks free from in- 
sect attack, the red will always hold its 
own and it has the better acorns of all 
the bristle-leaved cousins, sprouting the 
spring after falling, so it has not much 
trouble reproducing itself. It has no 
autumn beauty and its wood is second 
grade, weak and bushy, so I would al- 
ways favor the white oak in preference 
to it when growing together, and never 
could see any reason for our State for- 
est services pushing it ahead of the 
white oak for plantations simply be- 
cause it grows much faster at first. 

In our next paper we will look over 
the maples, hickories, ashes, elms and 
miscellaneous broadleaves as seen from 
the point of view of the man who owns 
them and proposes to raise more of the 
same kind. 


(To be continued.) 


EDITOR EAL 


PEAKERS of’ the American 
Forestry Association will on 

July 9 and 10 at Chautauqua, 

New York, address some eight 

or nine thousand teachers from every 
State in the union, on the necessity for 
proper care of the forests, for promot- 
ing love of trees, for teaching the 
value of the woodlands for recreational 
purposes, and for widely diffusing the 


HIS is the time of year when 
careful precautions against for- 
est fires may be the means of 
saving millions of dollars. 

The general public can aid materially 
in this work by taking pains, when in 
the woods, to quench their camp fires, 
to avoid throwing lighted cigar and 
cigarette stubs or ~burning matches on 
the ground, and by putting out, if pos- 
sible, or reporting quickly, any fires 
which they may discover. 

It should be remembered that water 
is not always necessary to extinguish 
a fire. Fires may be beaten out with 
sacks, coats, etc., or may be covered 
with fresh earth and put out. 

Kivery boy and girl and every man 
and woman while in or near the woods 
should be a self-constituted fire war- 
den. Carelessness is responsible for a 
goodly percentage of the fires, and it 
proper care is exercised and ordinary 
precautions taken, it is not difficult to 
make the fire losses small. Losses by 
all causes except lightning are prac- 
tically preventable. While the railroads 


doctrine of forest conservation. ‘This 
is the kind of educational work which 
meets with a most valuable response, 
as each of the eight or nine thousand 
will, in turn, speak to scores; and in 
hundreds of thousands of youthful 
minds will be planted a seed of thought 
which will develop, it is hoped, into an 
appreciation of the value of trees for 
their value to mankind. 


are a chief cause of fires, the railroads 
are doing much in the work of fire pre- 
vention by equipping locomotives with 
spark arresters, by using in heavily 
wooded districts oil burning locomo- 
tives which do not eject sparks, by 
clearing their right of way for some 
distance on each side of the tracks, by 
patrolling sections where fires are 
likely and by educating train crews to 
look for, fight and report fires. 

In many sections farmers clear off 
brush grown lots by setting fire to the 
brush, and this should be done only 
when the wind is from a safe direction, 
and even then the fire should be care- 
fully watched and all the flames should 
be extinguished before night comes. 

Every country newspaper, in fact 
every publication, can be of service, in 
impressing people with the value of 
wise precautions against forest fires. Do 
not forget that forest fires cost an 
average of seventy human lives, thou- 
sands of animal lives and $25,000,000 
in financial loss every year. 

457 


458 


‘ARLY next year, nearly all in 
i January, the legislatures of 
Maiyeweotires swmect.° lf the 
American Forestry Association 
succeeds in its efforts, and there is every 
likelihood that it will, the legislatures 
in thirteen States, twelve meeting in 
January next and one in April next, 
will be asked to consider forestry laws 
providing for a State forestry admin- 
instration, which they now lack. 

In some of these States there is little 
forest growth but in several the forest 
products form a very considerable por- 
tion of the States’ wealth and forest 
departments are vitally necessary. 

The American Forestry Association 
is now proceeding with the campaign 


HE, annual report of the Forest 

| Branch, Department of Lands, 
British Columbia, for 1913, pre- 

pared by H. R. MacMillan, 

gives in a very brief summarized form 
a glimpse of the enormous progress 
being made in this province in forest 
organization. Upon the solid founda- 
tion of retention of ownership of all 
timber lands bearing stands over a cer- 
tain minimum per acre, which has 
always been the policy of Canadian 
provinces, MacMillan has systematized 
the business of administering these re- 
sources according to the best modern 
office methods, eliminating delays and 
effecting great economies. The most 
revolutionary change effected was the 
organization of eleven forest districts, 
whose district foresters assumed the 
immediate charge of all lines of field 
work in their respective districts, in- 
stead of having a number of separate 
bureaus all operating from one central 
office. ‘The main lines of work have 
been supervision of cutting and scaling 
and collection of royalties on timber 
leases, classification of lands, and pro- 
tection from fire, with the construction 
of permanent improvements which this 
necessitates. The income from all 
sources for the province, collected by 
this department, amounted in 1913 to 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


for arousing interest in forestry laws 
in these States and in showing the peo- 
ple just why they and the State will be 
benefited by the passage of such laws. 
If the people are interested the mem- 
bers of the legislatures have to be, and 
if the people demand forestry laws the 
legislators have to give such proposed 
laws their careful consideration. 

In four States—Delaware, Louisiana, 
Tennessee and Alabama —there are 
workable forest laws, but no appropria- 
tions for making these laws effective. 
The duty of the American Forestry 
Association in these States is plain, and 
the Association will continue urging 
the legislators to provide proper appro- 
priations until they do so. 


$2,832,788, on a total expenditure of 
$245,754. 

The effectiveness of this new field 
organization is manifesting itself in fire 
protection. The methods found so ef- 
fectual in the Northwestern States are 
already well advanced in British Co- 
lumbia. Last year 11,255 permits were 
issued for slash and brush burning, 
and but 17 fires escaped control. The 
department has assumed complete con- 
trol of fire patrol along lines of rail- 
way construction, the expense being 
borne by the railroads. Slash burning 
after lumbering is not compulsory, but 
the clearing of fire lines is made so, and 
loggers prefer to burn all the slash 
rather than build fire lines. 

The province shows the same far- 
sighted policy in land classification for 
agricultural use as marks the entire 
land policy of Canada. Touching this 
policy, the report states: “The policy 
of land classification is a most impor- 
tant part of land settlement. It pro- 
tects a permanent source of revenue for 
the province by ensuring that no bodies 
of merchantable timber will be acquired 
except by public sale at a price which 
guards the public interest, and at the 
same time it protects the uninformed 
bona fide settler by preventing him from 
locating in some timbered non-agricul- 


EDITORIAL 


tural tract where he could not be suc- 
cessful.” These land examinations are 
entirely in the hands of the agents of 
the Forestry Branch. 

In the midst of this reorganization 
the service has found time to send out 
reconnaissance crews covering 12,308,- 
000 acres in 1913, over little known 
watersheds. ‘The enormous and unde- 
veloped state of the timber resources 
of the province is shown by the fact 
that only 11 million acres of timber 
limits have been taken up, out of 245 
million acres of land. The average 
area patrolled by a forest guard is 
943,396 acres, while a ranger district 
averages 4,545,454 acres and in all 
cases exceeds one million acres, or an 
area as large as the average national 
forest in the United States. Since the 


HE Post Office Department has 
just repeated, in the current 


postal guide supplement, the 
instructions through which 
rural carriers are to report forest 


fires to the proper authorities during 
the coming season. These instructions 
were “eetiag in May, 1912, and during 
the past two years the cooperation has 
resulted in the detection and suppres- 
sion of many fires. 

State and federal forest officers will 
make a special effort this year to get 
even more value out of the service than 
has been obtained heretofore. The 
usual procedure has been for the State 
fire wardens or federal forest officers to 
send to the postmasters lists of local 
wardens and patrolmen, with their ad- 
dresses and telephone numbers. These 
lists are given to the carriers with in- 


$59 


government owns practically all the 
land and non-agricultural timber-bear- 
ing lands cannot be alienated without 
examination, it has been considered 
unnecessary at present to attempt to 
define and set aside forest reserves as 
has been done in the eastern provinces. 

It would appear from this showing 
that MacMillan’s high ideals in public 
service, abundant energy, and gift for 
organization have found a field large 
enough to satisfy his highest ambitions, 
and it may not be long before the more 
eastern provinces, where progress has 
been held in check by the iron grip of 
custom, and of politics, may have to 
look to British Columbia as a model 
for their own guidance in securing 
graft-free and progressive forest ad- 
ministration. 


structions to report forest fires to men 
whose names appear thereon, or to other 
responsible persons. This year a spe- 
cial effort will be made to follow up 
the sending out of the lists by having 
the patrolmen and wardens meet the 
carriers personally and to take the 
initiative in arranging such meetings, 
and also to map out a plan of action to 
be followed. 

Cooperation between the rural car- 
riers and the federal forest officers will 
be effective in the twenty States in 
which national forests exist and with 
State forest officers in the twenty States 
which have established. their own fire 
protective systems. It is expected that 


fire services of the carriers will be par- 
ticularly valuable in helping to protect 
the new national forest areas in the 
southern Appalachians. 


POREat 


The first reports of forest fires have 
begun to come in to Washington from 
the national forests, and they indicate 
to the federal officers an early start of 
the fire season, with unfavorable 
weather conditions from the very be- 
ginning. In the northwest there was 
less snow on the mountains at the end 
of the winter than for many years pasi. 
Railroad rights of way, which were last 
year deep in snow, are reported clear 
now and dry enough to burn readily. 

From the Canadian border to Mexico 
the reports are similar, and there have 
already been extensive fires in Cali- 
fornia and Arizona. 

The Chief Forester reports, however, 
that the fire-fighting forces of the serv- 
ice are organized better than ever be- 
fore, particularly in respect to the fire 
detection system of lookout stations. 
By means of these stations fires are re- 
ported quickly and accurately, so that 
the control forces may be on the ground 
at the earliest possible moment. 

In those States where the gravest 
danger threatens, special efforts are be- 
ing made by the government foresters 
and by cooperative fire protection asso- 
ciations organized among timberland 
owners, to secure care with fire on the 
part of campers, prospectors, loggers, 
and by railroads. ‘The Northwestern 
Forestry and Conservation Association, 
with headquarters at Portland, Oregon, 
is one of the leaders in this campaign. 


A definite relation between the 
amount of humus, or vegetable matter 
in the soil, and its crop-producing power 

460 


NOTES 


as shown by yields of corn, is given in 
figures just issued by the Department 
of Agriculture. The department there- 
fore advocates the use of various meth- 
ods to introduce the required humus 
into the soil. 

Experts, of the forest service ‘State 
that the soils of the whole country, and 
particularly of the South, have lost and 
are losing immense amounts of this 
source of soil fertility through forest 
fires which apparently do little imme- 
diate damage but rob the soil of accum- 
ulations of humus. In many parts of 
the South, land is being cleared for 
farming, and where such forest land 
has not been burned, there is a large 
percentage of vegetable matter, which 
provides considerable fertility, and a 
good texture. Moreover, this soil has 
a greater capacity to absorb and retain 
moisture, and thus is less likely to be 
washed and gullied under heavy rains. 
For these reasons, leaving out of ac- 
count the damage to standing timber, 
the department’s authorities are agreed 
that fire should be rigidly kept out of 
woodlands. 


The President, upon the recommenda- 
tion of Secretary Lane, has eliminated 
from the Toiyabe National Forest in 
the State of Nevada 38,306 acres of 
land, of which 38,079 acres is public 
land, the remainder having heretofore 
been disposed of under the public land 
laws. 

A similar restoration has been made 
of 32,740 acres from the Siskiyou Na- 
tional Forest in the State of Oregon, 


FOREST 


of which 15,115 acres is public land, 
the remainder having been heretofore 
disposed of under the public land laws. 

The President, upon Secretary Lane’s 
recommendation, has also signed a 
Proclamation enlarging the Fillmore 
National Forest in Utah to the extent 
of 91,630 acres additional. ‘This action 
was taken principally in order to secure 
a better administrative boundary for the 
forest and to protect the water shed in 
the vicinity of the town of Beaver. The 
additional withdrawn land is largely 
surveyed and unappropriated. 


The Canadian Parks Branch has just 
gotten out a new fire-warning notice for 
use in the National Parks throughout 
the Dominion of Canada. ‘These have 
been prepared in a very striking and 
attractive form. Formerly such notices 
were prepared on cloth and were easily 
destroyed by the weather and not in- 
frequently by porcupines. The new 
notices, however, are made of tin and 
the face with baked enamel. These 
metal notices will withstand any kind 
of weather and are far superior and 
much more durable than the old cloth 
notices. The initial cost is higher, but 
this is justified when the superior last- 
ing qualities of the tin over that of the 
cloth notices is taken into account. The 
lettering is in red and black, sufficiently 
large to be easily readable at a distance. 
At the top of the notice is a picture of 
a forest fire, depicting in a vivid man- 
ner the ravage and devastating influ- 
ence of fires to the timber resources of 
the country. 

These notices have been sent out to 
the various Park Superintendents and 
will be posted up in conspicuous places 
throughout the National Parks. 


During the month of April, 1914, a 
total of 206 acres of land within the 
Apache National Forest, Arizona, were 
listed with the Secretary of the Interior 
and will shortly be opened to entry un- 
der the Forest Homestead Act. The 
lands thus listed were applied for indi- 
vidually by two applicants, and each 
one of these tracts was examined by a 


NOTES 461 
Forest Officer and found to be more 
valuable for agriculture than for Forest 
purposes. Those whose applications 
within the Apache National Forest were 
favorably acted upon during the month 
of April are: H. R. Hynson, Clifton, 
Arizona; Amos Reamtsma, Eagar, Ari- 
zona. In addition to this, 1,329 acres 
were listed to applicants within other 
national forests in Arizona, and 1,728 
acres within national forests in New 
lexico. 


The annual meeting of the North 
Carolina Forestry Association, which 
was unavoidably postponed from April 
to June, has been called to meet in 
Asheville on Wednesday and Thurs- 
day, June 10 and 11, 1914. The Appa- 
lachian Park Association meets on the 
same day, and the night session of the 
Forestry Convention will be held under 
its auspices. 

The program as previously arranged 
will be carried out as closely as possi- 
ble. The afternoon drive through the 
planted forests of the Biltmore Estate 
and the day’s trip through Pisgah For- 
est to see lumbering under proper for- 
estry control as practiced by the Carr 
Lumber Company, are still prominent 
and attractive features of the conven- 
tion. 

The courteous invitation of the 
Champion Fiber Company to visit their 
pulp mill at Canton is still open, and 
no doubt many delegates will avail 
themselves of this opportunity to see 
one of the largest and most interesting 
factories of its kind in the country. 


The recently appointed members of 
the Forestry Committee of the National 
Wholesale Lumber Dealers Association 
are J. R. Williams, Jr., Chairman, care 
of J. Randall Williams & Co., Phila- 
delpina,tha-; JH) A.- Selfridge, Jr., 
Northwestern Redwood Co., Willits, 
Cal.; J. V. Stimson, Huntingburg, Ind. ; 
FE. N. Wheeler, Wheeler & Dusenbury, 
Endeavor, Pa.; W. R. Butler, W. R. 
Butler & Co., Boston, Mass.; J. S. Gil- 
lies, Gillies Brothers’ Lumber Co., Brae- 
side, Ont.; J. B. White, Riordon Paper 


462 


Co., Ltd., Montreal, Quebec; Horton 
Corwin, Jr., Branning Mfg. Co., Eden- 
COs Nene: , 

The Advisory Committee to repre- 
sent this Association to the American 
Forestry Association is composed of 
R. C. Lippincott, Chairman, Crozer 
Bide Philadelphia,’ Pa.;;: John‘. M- 
Woods, John M. Woods & Co., Boston, 
Mass.; R. L. Sisson, A. Sherman Lum- 
ber Company, Potsdam, N. Y. 


At the request of Senator Thomas 
and Representative Taylor, of Colorado, 
the President has withdrawn from entry 
numerous tracts of lands lying west 
of the City of Denver, pending’ the 
passage of two bills in Congress, whose 
passage has been recommended by Sec- 
retary Lane, to extend the park plan 
of Denver. ‘The purpose is to beautify 
these tracts for use as one of the scenic 
features of the city. A boulevard is to 
be constructed by the city to the land. 
The proposed legislation will add 9,000 
acres to the Pike National Forest and 
grant 7,000 acres to the city. 


Among the exhibits at the Forest 
Products Exposition in Chicago was 
one of a metal basket for the feeding 
of wild birds which attracted much at- 
tention from the many interested in 
the preservation of the birds. It was 
invented by Charles E. White and is 
intended particularly for feeding suet 
or other fats which are so tempting to 
wild birds. The basket is so arranged 
that it can readily be fastened to a tree 
and easily refilled, and it permits the 
birds to get their fill of the food with- 
out being able to carry away large 
pieces of it. It is proving most ef- 
fective in coaxing wild birds to remain 
in localities where they are desired. 


Students of the New York State Col- 
lege of Forestry at Syracuse during the 
past spring have planted as a part of 
their laboratory work over 100,000 for- 
est trees; 55,000 trees were planted at 
Richland and Kasoag in Oswego Coun- 
ty; 20,000 were put out on the Chitte- 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


nango Forest Station at North Chitte- 
nango ; 16,000 on the Salamanca Forest 
Station, and 12,000 were planted around 
the City Reservoir at Fayetteville. 
Thirty college boys planted 55,000 trees 
at Richland in a little less than three 
days. 


Theodore S$. Woolsey, Jr., one of the 
leading American foresters of the 
younger group, has a 37-page paper on 
‘Austrian Forestry” in the last number 
of the “Society of American Foresters’ 
Proceedings.” This paper is finely 
illustrated, very complete and full of 
value for Americans. 


Ground has just been broken for the 
State Forestry Building on the Campus 
of Syracuse University. In 1913 the 
State appropriated $250,000 for the 
State Forestry Building for the State 
College of Forestry, and it is expected 
that it will be ready for occupancy in 
the summer of 1915. The building 
when completed will be the finest For- 
estry building in the United States and 
the only building erected by any State 
east of the Mississippi as a State For- 
estry building. 


A special wood rule, known as a 
Biltmore or Cruiser stick, is now being 
used extensively in government forestry 
work. ‘There are four or five different 
styles of this stick in use, but in form 
most of them are similar to common 
flat wood rules, though some have one 
beveled face. They range in length 
from two to four feet and are made by 
the Lufkin Rule Co., of Saginaw, Mich. 
Some of them are simply adapted to 
determining the diameter of standing 
trees and some of them are so graduated 
that in addition to giving diameters, 
they can be used to estimate the height 
of standing trees and have also one 
tier of log rule figures on them, so that 
board contents of logs 16 feet or multi- 
ples thereof in length can be arrived at. 


North Carolina is issuing separate 
reports of the forest resources of each 


FOREST NOTES L63 


county in the State. So far, the State 
has already published those of the west- 
ern mountainous portion, and is now 
getting out bulletins on the counties in 
the Piedmont region. 

The work is being done by the for- 
estry division of the geological and 
economic survey of North Carolina, 
and each report is a concise statement 
occupying less than four printed pages. 
It is intended by the survey that these 
reports of individual counties may be 
reprinted by the local newspapers, 
because in that way the specific local 
information will be given to the people 
in the cheapest and most direct way. 


The Government has just offered for 
sale two tracts of timber on Lolo Creek 
within the Clearwater National Forest, 
Idaho, aggregating 600 million feet of 
saw timber and 350 thousand cedar 
poles, together with a _ considerable 
amount of material for piling, shin- 
gles, and posts. A large part of the 
timber is Idaho white pine, but the 
stands include yellow pine, lodgepole, 
spruce, western larch, Douglas fir, 
cedar, and white fir. The prices, which 
represent the lowest rates which will 
be considered for the saw timber, range 
from $3.50 for green white pine to 
50 cents a thousand for Douglas fir, 
western larch, and cedar. The prices 
of poles range from 5 cents to $2.40 
apiece, depending upon the size. 

_ Full particulars may be obtained 
from the District Forester, at Missoula, 


Montana, or from the Forest Super- 


visor at Orofino, Idaho. 


Nearly 17,000 acres have just been 
added by act of Congress to the Cari- 
bou National Forest, Idaho. ‘This is 
one of the first of such additions 
through congressional action, and is the 
largest so far made by direct legisla- 
tion. 

Those who have followed the Na- 
tional Forest movement in this country 
will recall that most of the forests have 
been created through presidential proc- 
lamation, which set aside, for timber 
growing or for water protection, certain 
areas of the public domain. In March, 
1907, however, Congress passed a law 
that no further additions should be 
made to the National Forest areas in 
the States of Colorado, Idaho, Mon- 
tana, Oregon, Washington, and Wyo- 
ming, except through congressional 
action. 

wince. July,, .1909;. residents -of the 
city of Montpelier, Idaho, have been 
petitioning to have this 17,000 acres 
added to the Caribou National Forest, 
because the area includes the watershed 
of the stream which furnishes the city’s 
water supply. Not being within a 
National Forest, the tract was given 
over to unregulated grazing and other 
usages which resulted in stream pollu- 
tion and became a serious menace to 
health. The citizens of Montpelier, at 
several times subsequent to their first 
efforts in 1909, renewed their petition ; 
and the act just passed represents the 
successful outcome of their efforts. 


Fire Rangers Use Steel Towers. 


The steel towers that support electric power transmission lines are being increasingly 


used by forest rangers as fire lookout stations on national forests. 


With the harnessing of 


the mountain streams a network of these lines is gradually being woven over the forests and 
in the absence of other convenient lookouts, the rangers find the steel towers helpful in their 


fire patrol work. 


New Fire Fighting Tool. 


‘ A tool used to fight fires on the California forests combines a rake, spade and hoe. It 
iS compact so that it can be carried on horseback, and weighs less than 5™% pounds. 


CURRENT Lite kyl eRe 


MONTHLY LIST FOR MAY, 1914. 


(Books and periodicals indexed in_ the 
Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole 


Bibhiographes 

Briscoe, John M. A classified list of Ameri- 
can literature on forestry subjects for 
general reading and reference. 8 p. 
Orono, Me., 1914. (University of Maine 
—College of agriculture—Extension de- 
partment. Timely hints for farmers, v. 
(5 10H ts) 


Proceedings and reports of associations, 
State forest officers, etc. 


Appalachian mountain club. Register for 
1914. 98 p. il. Boston, Mass., 1914. 
New South Wales—Forestry department. 
Report for the year ended 30th June, 

1913. 24 p. pl. Sydney, 1914. 

Sociedad forestal Argentina. Boletin, vol. 1, 
no. 4. 34 p. Buenos Aires, 1913. 

Société forestiere de Franche-Comté et Bel- 
fort. Bulletin trimestriel, vol. 12, no. 5. 
40 p. Besancon, 1914. 

South Africa—Forest department. Report of 
the chief conservator of forests for the 
fifteen months’ period ending 31st March, 
IOi3e40nps ply Cape Lown 93: 


Forest Education 


Pinchot, Gifford. The training of a forester. 
1490p) spl. Phila: J.B. Vippincett! co: 
1914. 


Forest schools 

Baker, Hugh P. A statement of the educa- 
tional situation in forestry in New York 
state. 9 p. Syracuse, N. Y., 1914. 

Colorado college—Dept. of forestry. An- 
nouncement, 1914. 20 p. pl. Colorado 
Springs, Colo. 


Forest Legislation 


Madagascar—Service de colonisation. Décret 
établissant le régime forestier applicable 
a la colonie. 26 p. Tananarive, 1913. 
464 


Washington—Legislature. Logged-off and 
arid land law passed by the thirteenth 
legislature. 24 p. Olympia, Wash., 1913. 


Forest Description 
Howe, C. D., & White, J. H. Trent water- 


shed survey; a reconnaissance, with an 
introductory discussion by B. E. Fernow. 
156 p. pl. maps. Toronto, Canada, The 
Bryant press, 1913. 

North Carolina—Geological survey. Timber 
resources of North Carolina by counties ; 
press bulletins 117-18. 120-26. Chapel 
Hill, N. C., 1914. 


Forest Botany 


Arnold arboretum. Bulletin of popular in- 
formation no. 52. 4 p. Jamaica Plain, 
Mass., 1914. 

Hole, R. S. Note on the preparation of 
Indian forest floras and descriptive lists. 
33 p. Calcutta, 1914. (India—Forest de- 
partment. Forest bulletin no. 23.) 


Trees, classification and description 

Schaffner, John Henry. Field manual of 
trees. 154 p. Columbus, O., R. G. Adams 
& co., 1914. 

Silva Tarouca, Ernst. 
holzer. 301 p. il., pl. 
1913. 


Unsere freilandnadel- 
Wien, F. Tempsky, 


Silviculture 
Planting 


Canada—Department of the interior—Fores- 
try branch. Planning a tree plantation 
for a prairie homestead. 8 p. il: Ot 
tawa, 1913. (Circular no. 5.) 

Clothier, George L. Forest windbreaks as a 
protection to the light soils of the Colum- 
bia river basin. 13 p.il. Pullman, Wash., 
State college of Washington, 1914. 

Fernow, B. E. A plan adequate to meet our 
needs for wood timber. 8 p. Boston, 
Mass., Society for the protection of New 
Hampshire forests, 1913. 

Ross, Norman M. ‘Tree planting on the 
prairies of Manitoba, Saskatchewan and 
Alberta. 5th ed. 105 p. il. Ottawa, 
1913. Canada—Department of the in- 
terior—Forestry branch. Bulletin no. 1.) 


ee 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Smith, Fred W. Tree planting for the state 
of North Dakota. 8 p. Bottineau, N. D., 
1914. (North Dakota school of forestry. 


Quarterly bulletin, v. 1, no. 1.) 
Forest Protection 


Die lehre vom wald- 
190 p. pl. Berlin, P. 


Furst, Hermann von. 
schutz. 7th ed. 
Parey, 1912. 

Northern forest protective association. Re- 
view of the work for the year ending 
March 4, 1913, together with the proceed- 
ings of the 2d annual meeting. 49 p. 
tables, maps. Munising, Mich., 1913. 


Insects 

Philbrook, E. E. The brown-tail and gypsy 
moths and parasites. 18 p. pl. Augusta, 
Me., 1913. (Maine—Department of agri- 
culture. Bulletin, v. 12, no. 4.) 


Diseases 


Johnson, James. The control of damping-off 
disease in plant beds. 33 p. il., pl. 
Madison, Wis.. 1914. (Wisconsin—Agri- 
cultural experiment station. Research 
bulletin 31.) 

West Virginia—State crop pest commission. 
Orchard inpection; apple rust; chestnut 
bark disease. 16 p. Morgantown, W. 
Va., 1913. (Bulletin no, 2.) 


Forest Economics 
Taxation and tariff 


California forest protective association. Be- 
ing a presentation of the principles of a 
yield tax on timber, by authorities on 
taxation and forestry. 8 p. San Fran- 
cisco, 1914. (Bulletin 4.) 

Statistics 

Baden—Forstverwaltung. Statistische nach- 
weisungen aus der forstverwaltung des 
grossherzogtums Baden fiir das jahr. 1912. 


vol. 35. 206 p. Karlsruhe, C. F. Miller, 
1914. 


Forest Administration 


National and state forests 


Hall, William L. The White mountain forest 
and how it is to be made useful. 6 p. 
Boston, Mass., Society for the protection 
of New Hampshire forests, 1913. 

Shepard, Harvey N. The reservations of the 
Appalachian mountain club. 14 p._ pl. 
Boston, Mass., Printed for the club, 1913. 

Toumey, J. W. Aquisition and management 
of state forests. 6p. Boston, Mass., So- 
ciety for the protection of New Hamp- 
shire forests, 1913. 

United States—Department of agriculture— 
Forest service. Prospectus; saw timber 
and pulp wood offered for sale on the 
Kootenai national forest in Montana. 17 
Deaton. | Wash wis. 193) 

United States—Department of agriculture— 


Forest service. Prospectus; timber 
offered for sale on Kaniksu national 
forest in Idaho. 21 p. il, map. Wash., 
IDLING kee 


L65 


United States—Department of agriculture— 

Forest service. Purchase of land under the 
Weeks law in the southern Appalachian 
and White Mountains. 14 p. Wash., 
IDG alee 

United States—Department of agriculture— 
Forest service. Sale prospectus of na- 
tional forest timber, Arizona, Kaibab ua- 
tional forest; opportunity for permanent 
railroad investment. 20 p. pl. map. 
Ogden, Utah, 1914. 

United States—Department of agriculture— 
Forest service. Sale prospectus of na- 
tional forest timber. Payette river, Idaho, 
Boise and Payette national forests. 15 p. 
map. Ogden, Utah, 1913. 


Forest Utilization 


Lumber industry 

Kellogg, Royal Shaw. The lumber industry. 
104 p. N. Y., Alexander Hamilton in- 
stitute, 1913. 


Wood-using industries 

Jinks, John H. White oak baskets. 12 p. il. 
Hampton, Va., 1914. (Hampton normal 
and agricultural institute. The Hampton 
leaflets, v. 7, no. 1.) 

Lake, E. F. Woods used in patternmaking. 
14 p. Phila, Pa., Thos. E. Coale lumber 
GOh, Ielsy 


Forest by-products 

Hawley, L. F. Efficiency studies in the hard- 
wood distillation industry. 7 p. Boston, 
NS ID, Ibias, Ibo, ale ale ; 

Singh, Puran. Note on turpentines of Pinus 
khasya. P. merkusii, and P. excelsa. 11 
p. Calcutta, 1913. (India—Forest de- 
partment. Forest bulletin no. 24.) 

Wood preservation 

Lewis, R. G. Preservative treatment of fence- 
posts. 11 p. il. Ottawa, 1913. (Canada 
—Dept. of the interior—Forestry branch. 
Circular no. 6.) 


Auxiliary Subjects 


Conservation of natural resources 


Carton, Augustus C. What the press can do 
to assist in the development of Michigan. 


21 p. Detroit, Mich., 1914. 

Soils 

Mitscherlich, Eilhard Alfred. Bodenkunde 
fiir land—und forstwirte. 2d ed. 317 p. 


il. Berlin, P. Parey, 1913. 


Drainage 

Oppokov, E. V. & Shreiber, G.  Sluzhat li 
bolota reghulyatorami stoka vod i slye- 
duet li ikh osushat. (Do swamps serve 
as regulators of run-off and should they 
be drained.) 51 p. S.-Peterburgh, 1904. 


Hydrology 

Switzer, J. A. The water powers of Tennes- 
see. 137 p. pl., maps. Nashville, Tenn., 
1914. (Tenn.—Geological survey. Bulle- 
tin 17.) 


466 


Periodical Articles 


Miscellaneous periodicals 


Botanical gazette, April, 1914.—A preliminary 
inquiry into the significance of tracheid- 
caliber in coniferae, by Percy Groom, p. 
287-307; Morphological instability, espe- 
cially in Pinus radiata, by Francis E. 
Lloyd, p. 314-19. 

Country gentleman, April 18, 1914—Picking 
out a good package, by James H. Collins, 

776-7. 

Fire prevention, April, 1914.—Senseless origin 
of some forest fires, p. 21-2. 

Garden magazine, May, 1914.—How to prune 
an elm! by ©. Meller, p. 25658: 

Gardeners’ chronicle, March 7, 1914.—The 
thirstiness of trees, p. 168; History of 
Irish woods, by Augustine Henry, p. 


171-2. 

Gardeners’ chronicle, April 11, 1914.—A 
stately tulip tree, by Willian Gardener, 
Pp. 2509. 


International institute of agriculture. Month- 
ly bulletin of agricultural intelligence and 
plant diseases, Dec., 1913.—The distribu- 
tion of forests in the natural regions of 
Switzerland, by Maurice Decoppet, p. 
1822-5. 

Journal of the Society of chemical industry, 
March 16, 1914.—Note on Australian pine 
barks, by F. A. Coombs and A. H. Dett- 
mann, p. 232-3. 

Scientific American supplement, Jan. 17, 1914. 
—Wooden water pipes, p. 35. An un- 
usual case of electrica] injury to street 
trees, by George A. Cromie, p. 36-7. 

Scientific American supplement, March 21, 
1914—The fossil forest of Arizona, by 
George P. Merrill, p. 184-5. 

Scientific American supplement, April 4, 1914. 
—Kapok, a buoyant stuffing which makes 
a mattress into a life-raft, p. 213. 

Technical world magazine, April, 1914.—Do 
forests hold the floods back, by Benjamin 
Brooks, p. 198-204. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Journal 
of agricultural research, April, 1914. 
Longevity of pycnospores of the chest- 
nut-blight fungus, by F. D. Heald and 
M. W. Gardner, p. 67-75. 


Trade journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, April 4, 1914—Munne- 
sota forestry association annual, p. 48. 

American lumberman, April 18, 1914.—The 
mesquite as a paving wood, p. 45. 

American lumberman, April 25, 1914.—Forest 
products exposition, Chicago, April 30- 
May 9, p. 29-32; Wood block paving, by 
A: W. Clark, p. 50; Lumbering in the 
Fiji Islands, p. 53. 

American lumberman, May 2, 1914——Develop- 
ment of cutover timberlands, p. 29. 

American lumberman, May 9, 1914.—Mexico ; 
its people and its resources, p. 33; Ad- 
dresses before Chicago association of 
commerce and national lumber manufac- 
turers’ association, by J. B. White, p. 37, 
51; Shingle evolution and uses, p. 38; 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Merchandising of lumber from the stand- 
point of the scientist, by Howard F. 
Weiss, p. 49-51. 

Barrel’ and box, April, 1914.—Annual use of 
yellow pine box lumber, p. 44-5. 

Canadian lumberman, April 15, 1914—-The 
commercial importance of spruce, by R. 
G. Lewis, p. 36-7; Black walnut. p. 50; 
Estimating and figuring mill waste, by 
Charles ‘Cloukey, p. 50-2. 

Engineering magazine, April, 1914—Wood 
paving in Europe; soft wood universally 
used and method of laying, by S. R. 
Church, p. 101-4. 

Hardwood record, April 10, 1914.—Value of 
careful lumber piling, p. 25-6. 

Hardwood record, April 25, 1914.—Investi- 
gating wood utilization, p. 26-8; Utilizing 
veneer waste, by J. C. T., p. 30-1; The 
largest timber seller, p. 33. 

Lumber trade journal, April 15, 1914.—A cy- 
press tree that refused to die even with 
all its roots removed, p. 15. 

Lumber world review, April 25, 1914.—Wood 
durability affected by time of cutting, by 
Samuel J. Record, p. 19-20. 

Manufacturers’ record, April 23, 1914—For- 
estry and water resources, by Henry S%. 
Graves, p. 49. 

Paper mill, March 14, 1914.—Utilizing waste; 
the invention of two Maine men which 
makes slabs, butts, edging, etc., available 
for pulp making, p. 14, 356. 

Paper trade journal, April 16, 1914—Manu- 
facture of sulfite pulp from resinous 
woods, p. 48. 

Pioneer western lumberman, April 15, 1914.— 
United States forester’s attitude on “light 
burning”; considers patrol essential for 
forest protection, by H. S. Graves, p. 
23-4. 

Pioneer western lumberman, May 1, 1914— 
Harvard forestry school, p. 9; California 
forests before and after the gringo came, 
by Guy A. Buell, p. 15, 19-25. 

Pulp and paper magazine, Feb. 1, 1914— 
Chemical utilization of southern pine 
waste, by John S. Bates, p. 64-72. 

Pulp and paper magazine, March 1, 1914.— 
Brazilian woods; their utilization for the 
manufacture of wood-pulp, p. 150-1. 

Pulp and paper magazine, March 15, 1914— 
Pulp and newspaper manufacture, by J. 
Stadler, p. 162-6. 


Pulp and paper magazine, April 1, 1914— 


Forest ownership and fire protection, by 
G. E. Bothwell, p. 198-200; New woods 
for paper, p. 206. ; 

St. Louis lumberman, April 15, 1914—The 
Chinese wood-oil tree, p. 33; Harvard is 
to have a forestry school, p. 82. 

St. Louis lumberman, May 1, 1914.—Progress 
of wood block paving abroad, p. 28. 
Savannah naval stores review, April 18, 1914. 

—The present status of the wood turpen- 
tine industry, by E. H. French, p. 15. 
Savannah naval stores review, May 2, 1914. 

—Wood turpentine and rosins, by C. A. 
Lunn, p. 3-4. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Southern lumberman, April 25, 1914.—Oak 
identification contest, p. 21-6. 

Southern lumberman, May 9, 1914.—Conser- 
vation and the lumber industry, by Henry 
S. Graves, p. 30-1; Merchandising of 
lumber from the standpoint of the engi- 
neer. by Hermann von Schrenk, p. 31; 
Merchandising of lumber from the stand- 
point of the wholesaler and retailer, by 
Julius Seidel, p. 32; Technical investiga- 
tions of lumber, especially yellow pine, by 
Hermann von Schrenk, p. 34. 

Timber trades journal, March 28, 1914.— 
Planting waste lands, by Wm. Dawson, p. 
XLV; Quality of gas made from waste 
wood, p. XLIX; The west African ma- 
hogany industry, p. 543-70; The preserva- 
tion of building and refrigerating tim- 
bers, p. 593; U. S. A. lumber statistics 
map, by Frank Tiffany, p. 595-7; Review 
of the timber trade of 1913, p. 599-701; 
The application of ball and roller bear- 
ings to woodworking machinery, by 
Anthony P. Bale, p. 705-9; The band 
saw, by N. W. C. McCreedy, p. 710-12; 
Good saws and other tools, by David 
Dominicus, p. 713; Advertisements of 
saw mill machinery firms, p. 714-46. 

Timber trade journal, May 2, 1914.—English 
and German forestry, by Hugh Beevor, 
p. 954. 

Timberman, April, 1914—-Green and _ kiln- 
dried shingle question brings out inter- 
esting discussion, p. 27-8; Forestry prob- 
lems discussed at Roseburg of national 
importance, p. 29-31; Montana forestry 
school, p. 33; United States timber in 
California, p. 33-4; Douglas fir distilla- 
tion, by George M. Hunt, p. 48 L. 

United States daily consular report, April 13, 
1914.—Electrocution of teredos, by R. F. 
Mansfield, p. 221. 

United States daily consular report, April 14, 
1914.—Sawdust briquets in British Colum- 
bia, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 249-51. 

United States daily consular report, April 18, 
1914.—Veneer machinery in Silesia, by 
Herman L,. Spahr, p. 328. 

United States daily consular report, April 21, 
1914.—Foreign lumber business, by Her- 
man I, Spahr and others, p. 369-78; 
Russian pastoral industries; timber, fur 
and fisheries, by John H. Snodgrass, p. 


386 

United States daily consular report, April 23, 
1914.—Pattern woods for German ma- 
chine shops, by Ralph C. Busser, p. 440. 

United States daily consular report, May 2, 
1914.—Lumbering activities in New 
Brunswick, by Theodosius Botkin, p. 
638-9; New ply woods from Germany, by 
Robert J. Thompson. p. 640; Plantation 
and wild rubber industry; Malay penin- 
sula and Amazon valley, by Casper L. 
Dreier, and George’ H. Pickerell, p. 
646-8. 


46% 


United States daily consular report, May 7, 
1914.—Leadpencil wood in Germany, by 
Robert P. Skinner, p. 713. 


Forest periodicals 


Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, March, 
1914.—Durchforstungsversuche in buc- 
hen- und kiefernbestiinden, by Wim- 
menauer, p. 84-90; Zur frage der misch- 
bestande, by Wimmenauer, p. 90-3. 

Canadian forestry journal, March, 1914,— 
Ontario co-operative work in forestry, by 
Be ye Zavitzy pe Sts 

Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, March, 
1914.—Zur frage der satzungsanderungen 
des Deutschen forstvereins, by M. von 
Furst, p. 135-40; Normalbestand und 
normalwald, by Thaler, p. 140-5; Zur 
verjungung von kiefernbestanden, by W. 
Schtillermann, p. 146-9; Zuwachsschit- 
zung verglichen mit dem _ tatsachlichen 
ertragsergebnis, by Kirchgessner, p. 149- 
50; Der sweite forstliche fortbildungs- 
kurs in Heidelberg, 21-25. Oktober, 1913, 
p. 150-9. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fiir forst- 
und landwirtschaft, Jan. 1914—Der 
stand der anbauversuche mit fremd- 
landischen holzarten in den staatswaldun- 
gen des Konigreichs Sachsen, by F. W. 
Neger, p. 1-11; Biologische bekampfung 
von pilzkrankheiten der pflanzen, by C. 
von Tubeuf, p. 11-19; Hitzetot und ein- 
schnirungskrankheiten der pflanzen, by 
C. von Tubeuf, p. 19-36; Ein hexenbesen 
auf Juniperus communis L. verursacht 
durch Arceuthobium oxycedri, by E. 
Heinricher, p. 36-39. 

North woods, April, 1914——The constitutional 
amendment, by Wm. T. Cox, p. 4-5; 
Utilization of non-agricultural lands, by 
A. F. Woods, p. 6-9; What the consti- 
tutional amendment means to the school 
fund, by EF. G. Cheney, p. 10-13, 25-8; 
The lumberman and the state forests, by 
J. E. Rhodes, p. 17-19. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, March 1, 1914.— 
Determination des accroissements en 
diamétre des arbres, by G. Vaulot, p. 
145-54; L/impot forestier, p. 176-70, 195-6; 
Le mouvement forestier a 1l’étranger; 
Roumanie, by G. Huffel, p. 171-3. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, April 1, 1914——Du 
reboisement par plantations de feuillus 
demi ou moyenne tige, by E. Moreau, p. 
209-16; Détermination des accroisements 
en diamétre des arbres, by Bizot de 
Fonteny, p. 217-21; A propos des deé- 
frichements de Sologne, by L. Leddet, p. 
222-5; L/institut supérieur forestier de 
Florence et le probléme du reboisement 
en Italie, by M. de Benedictis, p. 234-9. 

Schweizerische zeitschrift ftir forstwesen, 
March, 1914.—Ueber die gehdlzformation 
der Aareufer, by R. Siegrist, p. 66-71; 
Elektrotechniker und forstmann, p. 83-5. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


Hamilton § Thinnest 17,19 or 23 jewel 


watch made in 
America 


Thin Model 


The picture above shows Engineer Pritchard beside the mon- 
ster Chicago, Milwaukee and St. Paul locomotive which he runs 
by the time of the Hamilton Watch he has carried for years. 


Why not carry a watch like Pritch- 
ard’s—strong, reliable, trustworthy— 
accurate to the second— 


A amilton 
Piamilis 


‘The Railroad Timekeeper of America” 


On American Time Inspection Railroads over 
half the watches carried are Hamiltons. Only ac- 
curacy governs the railroad man’s selection of a 
watch. If you want a watch that tells the correct 
time all the time, ask your jeweler for the Hamilton. 


Write for ‘‘The Timekeeter’’ 


—a book which shows and describes the 
various models. 


The Hamilton Watch is made in standard sizes 
for men and women and sold by leading jewelers 
everywhere at $38.50 to $150.00 for complete 
watches, timed and adjusted in the cases at the 
factory. In some models, movements only may be 
purchased, so that, using your present watch case, 
you can own a Hamilton Watch at a cost of $12.25 
and upward. If your jeweler cannot supply you, 
write us. 


Hamilton Watch Company - - Lancaster, Pa. 


FN OR EO RE EATS TES NETS TE 


ib 


EE fF |) OF ff | 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


EO ef ff ee | HF fl | Fe Te oS HS 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on 
private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, 
laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts, 
ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and 
thorough knowledge of fencing and tree felling. Has 
had seven years experience on hest managed for- 
estry area in Scotland. Address, ‘‘Raith,”’ Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with 

city Park Commission. Understands fully nursery 
work, planting, trimming and .tree surgery. Best 
sere ece. and practical experience. Address, “L, 
M. E.,’’ Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. 
WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FoREsSTRY. 


Graduate forester, with three years of practical 
experience in Austria, wants position. Best of 
references. Address Grorce RACEK, 6th Avenue, 
21338, Seattle, Wash. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- 
tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. 
Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. 
Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address I. L., Care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 


FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- 
ing and practical experience in different parts of the 
United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- 
ences from university and employers, and others. 
Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN ForRESTRY. 


GRADUATE FORESTER—Practical experience in 
cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go anywhere. 
References furnished. Address R. L., care of AMERICAN 
FORESTRY, 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
European training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
tion, ciuising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, railroad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 

Gib had ee ee ee eee 

Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, etc., and also in ark 
work, desires position. Best of references. Address 
10: Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. 


FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every 
way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


American Forestry 


VOL XX 


JULY, 1914 


No. 7 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 7 


has belonged to the United States: 


I SPITE of the fact that Alaska 


since 1867, and in the face of the 

great advertisement which this im- 
mense territory got in a few years fol- 
lowing its gold exploitation some eigh- 
teen years ago, when treasure-seekers 
from every part of the United States 
visited it, the ordinary citizen is sur- 
prisingly deficient in knowledge of the 
country and its wonderful resources. 

To some it is a land of glaciers and 
ice; others picture it as a vast area of 
tundra and mosquitoes; others, more 
recently since the devastation of Kadiak 
Island, think it is blanketed with vol- 
canic ash. Still others, having read 
glowing accounts of the agricultural ex- 
periment station, have changed their 
point of view to allow for large possi- 
bilities of fruits, grains, and vegetables. 
Jack London has long since persuaded 
many that all is snow and ice, glacier 
and freezing streams, dog teams and 
abyssmal brutes of men, supernatural in 
height, breadth, strength, and tough- 
ness. 

In short, the individual conception of 
Alaska varies in direct ratio to what 
one has read. Yet only a few who visit 
it can have an adequate conception of 
all it means. The revenue cutter offi- 
cers who guess their way about from 
fog to fog in bleak Bering Sea know 
one side of it, which they have cele- 
brated in a Bering Sea Hymn. ‘This 
hymn has some sixty-nine odd verses— 
some more odd than others—to say 
nothing of the chorus religiously re- 
peated at the end of each. ‘The song is 
not complimentary, and the final verse 
goes as follows, with variations: 


“And when they sound my last farewell 
They'll say [ve had my share of— 
Well,— 
My welcome sure in heaven will be 
For I have sailed the Bering Sea!” 


Scientists of the Geological Survey 
perhaps know it best of all, because they 
have explored it from one end to the 
other, for everything from gold, copper, 
and coal to fossil mammoths and mas- 
todons. 

As a matter of fact, an individual has 
less chance of knowing much about 
Alaska than about the United States. 
In the first place, the transportation 
facilities are decidedly primitive. In 
the second place, Alaska is so large! 
Few realize that it is about as far from 
southeastern Alaska to the end of the 
Aleutian chain as it is from Jackson- 
ville, Florida, to Los Angeles; and from 
north to south is farther than from the 
Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. Its 
range of temperature is equally great— 
greater indeed than that from Florida 
to Maine! 

And now that Congress has fur- 
nished the key, by authorizing the build- 
ing of a Government railroad at a cost 
of $35,000,000, Alaska is to be un- 
locked and her immensely valuable 
natural resources are to be open for the 
uses of civilization. 

While it will take all of this year and 
probably longer to complete surveys and 
select the route for the railroad, and 
fully four or five more years to finish 
the road, the manner in which the great 
country’s resources are to be best man- 
aged and controlled for the benefit of 
all the people is already inspiring pro- 
posals for legislation. 


469 


470 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


““WoopING Up’ THE ENGINE ON THE TANANA VALLEY RAILROAD NEAR FAIRBANKS. 


REMNANT 


OF ORIGINAL Forest, MostLty Fire-KILLeD. 


Secretary of the Interior Franklin K. 
Lane, in a report on Alaskan conditions 
recently sent to Senator Key Pittman 
and Congressman William C. Houston, 
chairmen of the Senate and House 
committees on Territories, respectively, 
urges the creation of a Development 
Board to have complete control of the 
natural resources of Alaska, and makes 
a severe arraignment of the present red 
tape methods in the administration of 
Government affairs in that territory. 
Bills for the creation of boards or com- 
missions to administer the Government 
of Alaska, have been introduced in the 
Senate by Senator Chamberlain of Ore- 
gon, and in the House by Delegate 
Wickersham, of Alaska. These bills 
differ only in detail, and the general 
purpose and scope of both is in accord 
with the recommendations of Secretary 
Lane. 

The Development Board plan urged 
by the Secretary provides for a board 
of three members, appointed by the 
President and confirmed by the Senate, 
which is to have headquarters in Alaska, 
and is to be charged with the general 
conduct of all governmental affairs 
there connected with the natural re- 
sources and development of the coun- 
try. 

“Tt is proposed and urged,” says Mr. 


Lane, “that the board should take over 
such authority now exercised by vari- 
ous departments and bureaus as may 
be necessary to give it supervision over 
practically the entire public domain and 
all the natural resources of Alaska, and 
control of such activities as are closely 
related and essential to the development 
of the physical resources of the coun- 
try. The board would do the work now 
done in Alaska by the General Land 
Office, the Forest Service, the Road 
Commission, the Bureau of Mines, the 
Bureau of Education, and the Secretary 
of the Interior. It should take over a 
part of the work and authority of the 
Bureau of Fisheries. * * * Beginning 
at the shore line, the development board 
should have complete control of all gov- 
ernmental activities and interests con- 
nected with the development of indus- 
tries and transportation and the settling 
of the country. 

“This should include the control of 
water powers, building and mainte- 
nance of roads and trails, and operation 
and rates of the railroads and telegraph 
lines. It should include protection and 
control of game, fur-bearing animals, 
public lands, mineral deposits, coal, oil, 
gas, hot springs, timber lands and tim- 
ber.” Secretary Lane also urges that 
this board should take over the super- 


En Se Ne SEs of ES ee ee ee, 


Te ee a ae 2 


le 


_ 
re 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 71 


A REINDEER HARNESSED. 


THE MOST USEFUL DOMESTIC ANIMAL IN ALASKA, CAPABLE OF PULLING A GOOD SIZED LOAD AND ALSO 
PROVIDING THE MEAT SUPPLY OF THE GREAT COUNTRY. 


vision of educational work among the 
Indians and natives, the reindeer indus- 
try, control of the surveyor-general’s 
office, and the supervision, in coopera- 
tion with the Department of Agricul- 
ture, of agricultural experiments and 
demonstration work in the territory. 


FOREST SERVICE EFFICIENT 


While many are in favor of this plan 
of «Secretary Iane’s; there is also a 
great deal of opposition to it. For in- 
stance, it is generally recognized that 
the administration of the forested lands 
in Alaska under its control, by the For- 


ONE Way OF TRAVELING. 


THE REINDEER SLED IS NOT LIKELY TO BE SUPERSEDED BY ANY RAILROAD AS THE REINDEER IS TO 
ALASKA WHAT THE HORSE IS TO THE UNITED STATES. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Photograph by A. S. Hitchcook 
VIEW OF SITKA AND SURROUNDING FOREST COVERED SLOPES. 


est Service, has been particularly efh- 
cient and satisfactory. There have been 
none of the long delays in rendering de- 
cisions on matters in dispute that have 
caused criticism of other departments. 
Practically all questions relative to the 
forests have been settled on the ground 
by the officials in charge, and when it 
has been necessary to refer to headquar- 
ters in Washington, replies have been 
received in about the same time they 
could be sent to national forests in Ore- 
gon and Washington. 

Hence many people do not believe 
that it would be possible for such a De- 
velopment Board as Secretary Lane 
proposes, to manage the forests of 
Alaska in as able and as efficient a man- 
ner as they are being handled at the 
present time by the well-trained men of 
the Forest Service. Certain coopera- 
tion between the Forest Service, still in 
control of the administration of these 
Alaskan forests, and such a Develop- 
ment Board, if one is created, would 
undoubtedly be valuable and altogether 
satisfactory, but there is likely to be 
decided opposition in the Senate and 


House by the friends of forestry te 
any bills eliminating the Forest Serv- 
ice from administrative control of the 
forests of Alaska. 


TIED BY RED TAPE 


It is pointed out in Secretary Lane’s 
report‘ that” at present each ‘of jae 
least a score of government bureaus 
in Washington, divided among the vari- 
ous departments, have something to 
do with the government of Alaska, and 
that there is a vast amount of red tape 
and circumlocution in the administra- 
tion of public affairs under this system. 
Instances are given in the report of de- 
lays of several years in the handling of 
uncomplicated land and other matters 
which should have been promptly dis- 
posed of. 

“Practically all the lands and natural 
resources of Alaska,’ says the Secre- 
tary, “are still the ‘property of the 
United. States. Until now, we have 
only protected these riches against 
monopoly and waste, and the most cum- 
bersome departmental machinery has 
sufficed. Heretofore we have done lit- 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 173 


HERD OF REINDEER. 


IT IS PREDICTED THAT THESE ANIMALS WILL BE THE SOURCE OF MUCH OF THE WEALTH OF ALASKA. 


tle more in Alaska than keep a few po- 
licemen stationed at closed doors, to 
prevent breaking and entering. Now 
that we are to open the doors, we need 
more than a police force. Mineral and 
other resources must be opened to use; 
the lands must be opened to settlement. 
There must be such administration of 
the laws as will give prompt and ready 
assistance, unhampered by red tape and 
unnecessary delays, to honest settlers, 
while protecting fully the rights of the 
nation against monopoly, fraud and 
waste. 

“We are to encourage the building of 
industries and commerce, and the mak- 
ing of homes and farms, in the new 
territory. To do this, we must plan and 
build systems of roads and trails, to 
connect the railroads, the seaports, 
towns and farms. We must plan the 
location of towns and provide facilities 
for settlement. Fuel and power must 
be made available for domestic and in- 
dustrial uses. Revenues must be pro- 
vided without discouragement to settle- 
ment and industry, and there should be 
no bar to efforts for simplifying and 
bettering taxation methods. 

“There must be new and simple ma- 
chinery for the successful working out 
Bi this program.< * * * ©The new 
policy is not to invite a few men to ex- 


ploit the cream of Alaska’s riches, but 
to develop all the resources and possi- 
bilities of the territory harmoniously, 
for the best interests of both the people 
who go to Alaska, and the people of the 
United States who own this great public 
domain. 

“Alaska’s problems are largely pe- 
culiar to Alaska. Our present system 
of government there is heterologous. 
Instead of one government in Alaska 
we have a number, interlocked, over- 
lapped, cumbersome and confusing. 

“There is a government of the for- 
ests, a government of the fisheries, one 
of the reindeer and natives, another of 
the cables and telegraphs. There is a 
government for certain public lands and 
forests, another for other lands and for- 
ests. Each of these governments is in- 
tent upon its own particular business, 
jealous of its own success and preroga- 
tive, and all are more or less unrelated 
and independent in their operation. Ex- 
perience has demonstrated that efficient 
administration is best secured by cen- 
tralizing responsibility and authority in 
the hands of a few men, who can be 
held to strict accountability for the re- 
sults of their actions. The proposed 
Development Board for Alaska follows 
this modern and well-tested plan for 
securing efficient administration.” 


474 


SOME INSTANCES GIVEN 


Secretary Lane points out some of 
the red tape caused by the present di- 
vision and multiplication of authority 
in Alaska. 

In many instances it is apparent that 
the management of the forests by the 
Forest Service is noticeably free from 
red tape and is productive of the best 
possible results under the existing laws 
and conditions. 


se * ee iki ee 
ae 


Esguimo MOTHER AND BABE. 


Secretary Lane says: “There is one 
procedure for making homestead, min- 
eral and other land entries within the 
National Forests; another procedure 
for making such entries in lands out- 
side the forests reserves. Water power 
and power sites within the forest re- 
serves are leased and operated under 
permits from the Forest Service; there 
is question as to whether authority ex- 
ists for disposal or leasing of water 
powers elsewhere in Alaska. 

“A citizen who wanted to lease an 
island for fox farming, carried on a 
correspondence with three different de- 
partments, for several months, in an ef- 
fort to learn which had jurisdiction and 
authority to make the lease. It was 
finally decided that none of them pos- 
sessed this authority. Certain islands 
along the south coast of Alaska may be 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


leased by the Department of Commerce; 
adjoining unreserved islands may not 
be leased, but may be acquired under 
the general land laws, from the Depart- 
ment of the Interior. Still other isl- 
ands are reserved for special purposes, 
under the control of the Department of 
Agriculture. 

“Vast areas in the forest reserves are 
entirely untimbered, but are held under 
the regulations of the Forest Service, 


THE PRoupD FATHER. 


HIS CLOTHING IS MADE OF REINDEER SKIN WHICH 
WITH ITS LONG HAIR IS WARM AND COMFORTABLE. 


while timbered lands in other sections 
are unprotected. 

“Mineral claims within the forest re- 
serves must be investigated and ap- 
proved by the Forest Service before the 
General Land Office may grant patents. 
Homesteads within the forest reserves 
are surveyed by the Forest Service with- 
out cost to the entryman. Homestead- 
ers on unsurveyed land outside the for- 


i 
/ 
| 
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UNLOCKING ALASKA 


1 Er dta 


AN ALASKAN SCHOOL HOUSE. 


THIS IS THE UNITED STATES PUBLIC SCHOOL AT POINT BARRON, ALASKA. 


IT IS NEARER THE NORTH 


POLE THAN ANY SCHOOL HOUSE IN THE WORLD. 


est reserves must pay for their own 
surveys. 

“Timber in the National forests is 
sold at auction, under rules and regu- 
lations of the Department of Agricul- 
ture. ‘Timber on other public lands is 
sold under different rules and regula- 
tions, made by the Interior Department. 

“Roads and trails within the forest 
reserves are built by the Forest Serv- 
ice. Roads and trails outside these re- 
serves are built by a commission of 
army officers. 

“The general laws forbid the exporta- 
tion of timber cut off public lands in 
Alaska, but permit exportation of pulp 


made from such timber. ‘There is no 
prohibition against exportation of tim- 
ber cut in the forest reserves. 


THE GAME RESERVES 


“Many islands frequented by birds 
are set aside as game reserves, and are 
under the protection of the Biological 
Survey, which sends a keeper in the 
summer to guard some of the islands. 
Game animals throughout Alaska are 
protected by wardens hired by and un- 
der the direction of the Governor of 
Alaska, who enforce regulations made 
by the Department of Agriculture, and 
are paid from an appropriation made to 
and disbursed by the Department of the 


AN INDIAN CEMETERY. 


THIS IS ON THE HIGH ROCKY POINT AT UNLATO ALONG THE YUKON RIVER. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


SALMON DRYING. 


THIS FISHERY AND VILLAGE IS THAT OF HOUDEN ON THE SHORE OF THE YUKON RIVER AND FIFTY 
; MILES ABOVE KAYUKUK. 


Interior. Fur-bearing animals are un- 
der the protection of wardens appointed 
by the Secretary of Commerce and work 
under regulations made by the Depart- 
ment of Commerce. Game animals are 
deer, moose, caribou, mountain sheep, 
mountain goats, brown bears, sea lions 
and walruses. Fur-bearing animals 
comprise rabbits, squirrels, wolves, 
lynx, mink, otter, beaver, foxes and 
black bears. 


FISH PROTECTION 


“er 


The Bureau of Fisheries employs 
one warden and five deputy wardens 
for the protection of fur-bearing ani- 
mals in the territory. Game wardens 
are appointed by the governor, and 
rangers and other officers of the Forest 
Service are authorized by the governor 
to also act as game wardens. The gov- 
ernor’s game wardens have also been 
appointed by the Bureau of Fisheries to 
protect fur-bearing animals, but at 
present only one person is serving in 
this dual capacity. Forest rangers, 
however, are not charged with protec- 
tion of fur-bearing animals, and the 
wardens and deputies of the Bureau of 
Fisheries have no authority over the 
protection of game.” 

Secretary Lane refers to the incon- 


egruity of the laws which distinguish be- 
tween black and brown bears, although 
both may be born in the same litter, and 
to the protection of the giant brown 
bears on Kadiak Island, which are a 
menace to domestic animals and even 
human life. He also refers to the in- 
adequacy of the inspection of fisheries 
in the territory. He proposes that the 
salmon fisheries and hatcheries, and the 
seal industry on the Pribilof Islands, 
should continue to be under the con- 
trol of the Bureau of Fisheries, but 
that everything having to do with land 
and natural resources, beginning at the 
shore line, should be placed under the 
direction of the proposed Development 
Board. 

Mr. Lane points out that there are 
now only 862 miles of wagon roads, 
617 miles of sled roads, and 2,166 miles 
of trails in the whole of Alaska, for the 
construction and maintenance of which 
about $2,600,000 has been spent. He 
urges that roads and trails are as essen- 
tial to the opening of Alaska to settle- 
ment, as railroads, and that these roads 
for several years to come must be built 
by the government. 

The reindeer industry, now monopo- 
lized by the natives, Mr. Lane looks 
upon as the beginning of a great indus- 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 7% 


try which may have something to do 
with solving the meat supply problem of 
the United States. 


CABLE AND TELEGRAPH 


The Secretary discusses at consider- 
able length the cable and telegraph sys- 
tem in Alaska, now operated by the Sig- 
nal Corps of the War Department, and 
proposes that this should probably be 
managed by the Development Board. 
This system comprises the ocean cable 
from Seattle to Sitka, which the Secre- 
tary says must soon be replaced with a 
new cable to cost about a million dol- 
lars, unless a way can be found for sub- 
stituting wireless service for this cable. 
The present military telegraph system 
includes, besides the cable, 1,064 miles 
of land lines and ten wireless stations. 
These latter do not include the seven 
wireless stations in Alaska maintained 
by the Navy Department. The Secre- 
tary quotes figures to show that it costs 
about $400,000 a year now to maintain 
and operate the cable and telegraph 
system, and that this service is about 
self-supporting, if the government busi- 
ness transacted is charged up at com- 
mercial rates. Referring to a demand 
in Alaska for lower telegraph rates, he 
says: “This demand should, of course, 
be considered seriously, as the experi- 
ence of the Post Office is to the effect 


that reduction in rates makes for larger 
business and bigger revenues.”’ 

It is pointed out in the report that 
under present conditions it is difficult to 


ON THE SCHOOL Farm. 
This field of oats was sowed as late as June 11, 
on the school farm at Klukwan, Alaska. Agri- 


culture is taught in those parts of Alaska where 
climatic conditions permit. 


secure accurate information as to Alas- 
kan revenues and disbursements, be- 
cause they are handled by so many 
agencies. He advocates an Alaskan 


ae 


St. MICHAELS, ALASKA. 


THIS IS A FAMOUS SHIPPING POINT FOR YUKON RIVER TRAFFIC. THE PICTURE IS MADE FROM A PRINT 
LOANED BY THE NORTHERN NAVIGATION CO. OF SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. 


478 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


TYPICAL MINING OPERATION ON ENGINEER CREEK NEAR FAIRBANKS. 


SMALL BLACK SPRUCE IN THE 


FOREGROUND; PARTIALLY FIRE-KILLED BIRCH AND ASPEN ON SLOPE IN THE BACKGROUND, 


budget, in which all Alaska funds can 
be reported and accounted for on a 
single page. A detailed statement of 
Alaskan receipts and expenditures for 
1913, not including those of the terri- 
torial government, is contained in the 
report, which shows that the receipts 


Naa vA 


were $802,613.65 and the expenditures 
$5,029,980.37. The expenditures in- 
clude $314,051.49 for the Treasury De- 
partment, $54,224.37 of the Navy De- 
partment, $2,247,494.13 by the War De- 
partment, $552,898.82 by the Post Of- 


TYPICAL FLUME AND SLUICE BOXES USED IN PLACER MINING FOR GOLD IN THE FAIRBANKS DISTRICT 
Mucu LUMBER AND MANY POLES ARE REQUIRED FOR THESE PURPOSES. 


ee 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 179 


ny 


ty J 


sj 
x 
4 


W, 
* 


WESTERN HEMLOCK FOREST NEAR KETCHIKAN. 


TREES RANGE IN DIAMETER FROM 12 TO 24 


INCHES, AND IN HEIGHT From 75 TO 100 FEET. 


fice Department, and $732,643.28 spent 
by the Department of Justice. 
“Although a statement of the receipts 
and expenditures,” says the Secretary, 
“show a large discrepancy on the debit 
side of the ledger, this is by no means 
discouraging. There are many items 
of governmental expenditure in the ter- 
ritory that are not fairly chargeable to 
Alaska. Probably one-half or more of 
the present and past expenditures come 
under this head. The deficiency remain- 
ing is one that may easily be overcome. 
Alaska can be made self-supporting 
within a very few years, as soon as con- 
ditions are created which will enable 
settlement and development, and pro- 
duce revenues. So far, the government 
has done little, aside from the care of 
the seal herd, to bring returns. It is un- 
reasonable to expect revenue from an 
undeveloped and unsettled country.” 


ALASKA’S FORESTS 


Having quoted Secretary Lane to 
some extent, it is now interesting to 
consider what the timber lands of 
Alaska, which are to be made available 
by the building of the government rail- 
road and two or three privately owned 
lines, offer to the prospective settler, or 


to the lumberman looking for an invest- 
ment. 

In such a great area as that of Alaska 
it is natural there should be a consid- 
erable forest wealth, particularly since 
the Alaskan panhandle contains an ex- 
tension of those forests which have 
given to our northwest and to British 
Columbia the deserved reputation of 
having the densest timber stands ever 
known. In comparative areas, however, 
the forests are rather restricted. West 
of Cook’s Inlet and the eastern end of 
Kadiak Island there is no forest growth 
whatever, if one excepts a little group 
of spruce planted by priests of the Rus- 
sian Greek Church near Unalaska—a 
group that has not thrived and stands 
very lonesome and forlorn, all of 600 
miles away from its nearest relatives. 

The two principal forest regions are, 
first, the south and southeast coast; and 
second, the broad valleys of the interior, 
where the only forests of any great 
density are pretty close to the rivers— 
the upper reaches of the Yukon and its 
branches, and the Kuskokwim. The 
coast forests, as already stated, are sim- 
ply northern extensions of those of Brit- 
ish Columbia. They do not go far in- 
land, being barred by glaciers and peaks 
above timber line. The inland forests 


480 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Corp Woop CutTTING IN WHITE BIRCH FOREST NEAR FAIRBANKS. CLUMP OF UNCUT ASPEN IN 
THE BACKGROUND. 


are extensions of the interior Canadian 
forests, containing much the same spe- 
cies. In the Susitna and Copper river 
basins there is a sort of intermediate 
type between coast and interior, because 
these rivers have their rise well inland 
and break through the mountain bar- 
rier to the coast. The Yukon, of course, 


flowing through tundra for its last hun- 
dred miles or so, has no valley forests 
near its mouth. 

All in all, not much more than one- 
fourth of the total land area bears 
woodland or forest of any sort, and not 
more than one-twentieth has sizable 
saw timber, the rest of the wooded area 


UpPeER LIMIT OF FOREST ON NORTH SLOPE AT THE HEAD OF CLEARY CREEK. SMALL BLACK SPRUCE 
WITH A MAXIMUM HEIGHT OF 20 FEET. ELEVATION 2,300 FEET. 


} 
j 
| 
\ 
} 
} 
} 
| 


UNLOCKING ALASKA LS] 


TyPicAL FOREST ON THE YUKON FLATS ABOUT 20 MILES BELOW FortT YUKON ON THE ARCT.C 


CIRCLE. 


TIMBER CHIEFLY WHITE SPRUCE, 2 TO 8 INCHES IN DIAMETER AND UP TO 50 


FEET IN HEIGHT; SOME BALSAM PopPpLAR AND LARGE WILLOW. 


bearing small and scattered stuff, usable 
chiefly as fuel. 

Nearly all of the coast forests are in- 
cluded in the Chugach and Tongass Na- 
tional Forests. On these two forests 
the most common species is western 
hemlock, followed by Sitka spruce. 
Western red cedar and yellow cedar are 


important and valuable though not 
nearly as abundant as the hemlock and 
spruce. There are a number of other 
species, but they have no commercial 
value or significance at this time. All 
of this coast timber hugs the shore line, 


and since the mountain rises abruptly 


COMPLETE DESTRUCTION 


OF FOREST BY CUTTING AND FIRE NEAR FAIRBANKS. 


482 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


FisH AND Woop Camp ON THE TANANA RIVER NEAR TOLOVANA. WHITE SPRUCE AND WHITE 
Brrcw Corp Woop For RIvER STEAMERS HAS BEEN CUT FROM THIS FOREST; BALSAM POPLAR AND 
ASPEN LEFT STANDING. FISH WHEEL FOR CATCHING SALMON AT THE RIGHT. 


from tide water, the timber belt is in 
many places quite narrow. 

The forests of the interior are not 
nearly so dense or so productive as those 
of the coast, and produce comparatively 
little saw timber. ‘The principal spe- 
cies are white spruce, white birch, bal- 
sam poplar, or balm of Gilead, various 
other poplars, such as black cottonwood 
and aspen, and black spruce and tama- 
rack. In these interior stands the hard- 
woods are much more in evidence and 
relatively more important than in the 
coast forests where the broadleafs play 
a very small part. 

A very striking difference between 
the two regions is in their relative for- 
est fire damage. ‘The damp coastal re- 
gion, with fogs and an annual rainfall 
in the neighborhood of one hundred 
inches, has little to fear from forest 
fires; the interior, on the other hand, 
has suffered severely and will continue 
to do so unless effective measures are 
taken to stop conflagrations which are 
all too common. 

Most of the timber cut in the interior 
is used for fuel, and the best of the lum- 
ber would not grade very high in the 
States. Wood here is the one source 
of light, heat, and power. Transporta- 


tion, both by rail and river, depends 
upon it for steam. Fairbanks uses for 
firewood about 7 cords per person a 
year, and its population is in the neigh- 
borhood of 3,000. 

The foregoing facts present, in brief, 
a few broad generalizations about 
Alaska’s forest resources. As with all 
of the Alaskan natural wealth there are 
many problems connected with proper 
development. A large part of the prob- 
lem is to retain the timber resources in 
the hands of those who will not wanton- 
ly misuse them. 

Not so very long ago it seemed that 
the timber on the Alaska forests could 
not readily be used. Without railroad 
facilities the coast forests were of little 
value to the interior regions, and they 
seemed entirely too far away from the 
market of the outside world, but the 
whole situation is changed now that a 
government-owned railroad is an as- 
sured fact and its possible courses are 
already mapped out. Also with the 
opening of the Panama Canal and con- 
sequent cheaper rates of transportation 
to the east coast, there is created a de- 
mand for Alaskan pulp to augment the 
decreasing supply from the spruce for- 
ests of our northeastern and Lake 
States. 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 


483 


RAFT OF SITKA SPRUCE LOGS ON BEACH NEAR WRANGELL. AVERAGE DIAMETER AT THE BUTI 
INCHES, AT THE Top 21 INCHES. AVERAGE LENGTH, 78 FEET. 


37 
CONTENTS OF RAFT 


APPROXIMATELY 190,000 Boarp FEET, SCRIBNER SCALE. 


CONSERVATIONISTS AROUSED. 


Coincident with these two great de- 
velopments there came a plan to abolish 
the Chugach National Forest, and a bill 
to bring about that result was favor- 
ably reported to the Senate in May. 
Friends of conservation see in this the 


first attack in a campaign to secure for 
private exploitation the great wealth of 
the coast timber, practically all of which 
is in the two National Forests. The 
Chugach was aimed at first because it 
seemed the most vulnerable, and the 
statement was made, in Congress and 


Rart or SirKa SPRUCE LoGS wiTH GENERAL VIEW OF SHORE FOREST AFTER CuTTING OF RarFt, 
STANDING TIMBER CONSISTS OF SITKA SPRUCE, WESTERN RED CEDAR, AND WESTERN HEMLOCK 


484 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Mixep WHITE BIRCH AND ASPEN FOREST ON SANDY SLOPE SOUTH OF EAGLE. 
INCHES IN DIAMETER, 20 TO 35 FEET IN HEIGHT. 


out, that it had no timber whatsoever, 
whereas it actually contains at least 
eight billion board feet of choice hem- 
lock and spruce. There was some color 
to the charge that areas in the Chugach 
were timberless, because there is a con- 
siderable portion above timber line. The 
Secretary of Agriculture long since de- 
cided to have this non-timbered area 
eliminated from the Forest. It is said 
that the Department of the Interior 
would have these treeless tracts back in 
the public domain before this except 
that it did not wish to act on the recom- 
mendations of the Department of Agri- 
culture until after the route of the pro- 
posed Alaska railroad had been settled. 
It is understood that the eliminations of 
non-forested areas will be made soon. 

It is evident also that the conserva- 
tion forces of the country are now 
pretty well satisfied that the attack will 
fail, gaining their assurance from a sig- 
nificant vote in the Senate while the 
agricultural appropriation bill was un- 
der debate. An amendment to this bill 
was proposed, which would cut out the 
appropriation for the maintenance of 
the Chugach. For a time the debate 
seemed all one way, led by the same 
Senator who had introduced the special 


TIMBER 2 TO 6 
BUILDINGS AT Fort EGBERT, 
AND EAGLE MOUNTAIN IN THE BACKGROUND. 


bill to abolish the forest. Friends of 
conservation in the Senate came to the 
rescue, however, and the amendment 
was overwhelmingly defeated when it 
came to the test of a vote. On the 
basis of that vote, it now seems unlikely 
that the bill to abolish the Chugach has 
much chance to pass. 


USES FOR THE TIMBER 


The Government’s Alaskan railroad 
will in itself use much timber in con- 
struction work, and there will follow a 
permanent demand for lumber in build- 
ing up the country as its development 
follows railroad facilities. | Mining 
operators will require large quantities 
of material both for timbers and for 
fuel. As the interior of the country is 
developed and railroad connection is 
made with the coast, that section will 
look to tidewater for all of its wood 
except that needed for fuel, which can 
be supplied locally. 

At the present time there are now 
within or near these two National For- 
ests, the Tongass and the Chugach, 35 
sawmills of various capacities ranging 
from 4,000 to 40,000 board feet a day, 
and with a total annual capacity of 
something like 40 million feet. The cut 


UNLOCKING ALASKA 185 


View Across YUKON VALLEY TO TOWN OF RAMPART AND HILLS BEYOND, FROM U. S. AGRICULTURAL 


EXPERIMENT STATION. 


TIMBER MostTLy CLEARED AND CDT. 


BLACK SPRUCE AT THE 


EDGE OF RIVER, WITH OCCASIONAL VETERAN WHITE SPRUCE. 


is used largely for local demands, with 
a good share going into boxes to carry 
the salmon pack. It is, however, not 
more than one-twentieth of what can be 
cut from the forests for an indefinite 
period, since they are largely over-ma- 
ture and will readily stand a yearly 
drain of 800 million feet. 

Within the past year the first full 
cargo of timber from the Alaskan For- 
ests went to the States, when the 
steamer Melville Dollar cleared for San 
Francisco with 1,200,000 feet aboard. 
She was loaded at the mill, and this il- 
lustrates a phase of Alaskan lumbering 
which is bound to have a potent effect 
on the development of the industry. 
Many of the trees can be actually felled 
into the fiord-like waters of the coast: 
few trees are any considerable distance 
away and the ground slopes rapidly 
down to the sea. Mills on tidewater 
can have their logs rafted right up to 
the saw, and can load from their lum- 
ber piles to the decks of ocean-going 
vessels. 

When it comes to a question of pulp, 
for which much of the spruce is partic- 
ularly suited, there is, moreover, the 
added advantage of the many streams 
which will furnish abundant and cheap 


power. It is true that they are com- 
paratively short and have little or no 
natural storage basins; but they are 
swift, and, because of the heavy and 
well-distributed rainfall, constant in 
their flow. 

The Tongass Forest, with its 70 bil- 
lion feet of timber, or about one-eighth 
of the total stand of all National Forest 
timber, is already more than self-sup- 
porting, and also more than takes care 
of the expense of the Chugach, which 
thus far has not been as fully developed 
as the more accessible Tongass. 

Any prediction as to the possibilities 
of the future are reasonably sure to 
fall short of what is likely to happen 
within a few decades. Five years ago 
it was recognized that trunk lines of 
railroad would accelerate development 
and bring about permanent population 
and institutions. Now the railroad is 
assured under the best sort of owner- 
ship. 

Heretofore the idea has been to take 
out of Alaska what wealth might be had 
quickly and cheaply. That day has al- 
ready passed. Placer mining under the 
old methods is already over. The new 
way is with giant dredges working care- 
fully over the low-grade ground on long- 


486 AMERICAN 
time operations. Agriculture is al- 
ready successful in the Tanana Valley, 
and in the long run there will be a per- 
manent farming population there, possi- 
bly within two decades. 

Everything points to the need of 
holding on to the Federal Forests, and 
to the further need of securing such 
forests in the interior, though the task 
of administration is difficult and ex- 
pensive because of the great fire danger. 
Now the development of Alaska is to be 
assured on right lines. The coal leas- 
ing bill now being considered will mean 
further development of the territory in 
the right way. 


FORESIR © 


Those who have the best interests of 
the territory at heart will wish to see 
the Government program go through, 
as to railroads, forests, coal, and other 
resources. It already begins to look 
as 1f in our newest land we will put into 
effect a wise system of public owner- 
ship or control, and that the nation has 
learned a lesson from the profligacy 
which marked the disposal of most of 
the resources of our great West. Who 
can say that Alaska’s development will 
not mark the wisest use the nation has 
yet made of the people’s resources. 


THE WORLD'S 


HAT is, with good reason, 
claimed to be the oldest tree 
in the world may now be 


seen at Los Angeles, Cal., 
having recently been unearthed from 
the fossil beds at Rancho La Brea, Cali- 
fornia, together with bones of the sabre 
toothed tiger, the giant ground sloth, 
the dirus wolf, and other animals of the 
distant Tertiary period. How old the 
tree is scientists can but estimate, but 
there is little doubt that it is fully one 
hundred thousand years since it was 
buried and preserved in so wondrous a 
fashion that it is in existence today. 

The tree was found by men working 
in the pits under the direction of Prof. 
Frank S. Daggett, director of the Mu- 
seum of History, Science and Art, at 
Exposition Park, Los Angeles. Prof. 
Daggett in the California Outlook de- 
scribes the excavations and the discov- 
ely Obtme tree: Ele Says: 

“As the different pits were opened 
and bones exposed to view, interest left 
the field asa whole and centered on these 
little spots. As unusual finds began to 
show up these pits began to be desig- 
nated by some descriptive name. For 
instance, Pit 3 soon became known as 
the “Tree Pit’ owing to the discovery of 
a fine specimen of tree in it. This find 


OL DES Twa It 


soon became well known and _ was 
watched by scores of local scientists 
with great interest. It was an educa- 
tion, or otherwise, to listen to the 
learned discussions carried on as the 
men slowly exposed the tree from day 
to day by the removal of the surround- 
ing asphalt packed bones. 

About three feet from the surface a 
strata of fossil bones was encountered. 
Owing to several gas vents water had 
been admitted to the mass and the bones 
were too soft to be saved. Beneath this 
layer, after passing through a couple of 
feet of clay, the men came upon a more 
or less worm-eaten stub. As the bones 
were removed from the bottom of the 
pit more of the tree was constantly ex- 
posed. One day a magnificent skull of 
a mastodon was taken out, followed by 
that of a camel. Sabre-toothed tigers 
and wolves came with such frequency 
as to cause no comment. Not so, how- 
ever, when a skull of a lion of the Afri- 
can type, of monstrous size, came to 
view. This was found crowded closely 
beneath a big fork of the tree. 

“Now we began to feel sure that this 
‘tree’ was no drifting log end up in a 
vent. Great caution was taken to save 
and note every detail which might have 
a beaging on its occurrence. Fragments 


oe 


“da NdOAdaA HLIMAAAH ‘MOOTLONO VINYOAITVD FHL JO ASALUNOD A SI LI AO 
ANALIId AHL ANV ‘VINNOAITVO ‘Vaud VI OHONVA LY SGA TISSOA SNOWVA MON AHL NI ‘GOIMad ANVILUAL AHL AO SIVWINV YAHLO ANY ‘AIOM SONIC AHL 
YAOIL GAHLOOL AYAVS AHL AO_STISSOT HLIM ‘GAANASAAd TIAM GNNOA SVM LI ‘d1O SYVAA 000‘00T AHAO SI SISILNAIOS AM GALVIWILSA SI LI TAUL SIHL 


‘AUT, LSHATO S,dTIOM AH 


ie De ay Wo 
‘ in 


488 AMERICAN 


of bark were saved; masses of leaves 
and twigs matted in the asphalt were 
examined with microscopic eyes to see 
if they were mere drift, or the stomach 
contents of herbivorous animals. Bush- 
els of loose material were washed in 
gasoline through sieves for seeds, in- 
sects and the thousand and one minute 
forms otherwise lost. This work is 
usually delegated to one man, who for 
the time being does nothing else, for it 
is found that after working on a skull 
(the mastodon, for instance), that takes 
four men to lift, one was apt to over- 
look a specimen as small as the scapula, 
for instance, of a shrew, the size of a 
pin head, especially if hidden in a clod 
of la brea the size of one’s fist. 

“At fifteen feet a network of large 
roots was encountered intermingled 
with skulls and bones of bison, camel, 
tiger, wolf and sloth. Working around 
to the north, the roots were found firm- 
ly imbedded in a bank of oil-soaked 
clay, proving that the tree had grown 
where found. All sorts of conjectures 
have been made, some wise and some 
otherwise. Out of it all we may con- 
clude that the tree once grew on the 
bank of a small run or depression, the 
roots on one side ‘firmly imbedded in 
the bank. On the other side they ex- 
tended into a soft, perhaps muddy basin. 
The ever shifting gas, under heavy 
pressure, in its effort to reach the sur- 
face, probably followed the root of the 
tree as the point of least resistance. 
Once at the surface the asphalt deposit 
commenced and the trap began its work, 
slowly, over hundreds of years of time, 
until the tree was completely covered as 
the surrounding country gradually 
filled. 


“One wonders why the tree did not 


FORESTRY 


decay and fall before these long years 
elapsed. We know that all its smaller 
branches and limbs did decay, as the 
worm-drilled ends attest, leaving only 
the ponderous trunk, 18 inches in diam- 
eter, and one main fork. ‘There seems 
to be only one probable solution of the 
question. Certainly the tree must have 
been killed soon after the oil penetrated 
its root area, and it seems almost as 
certain that as the sap left the tree it 
was replaced by the penetrating asphalt- 
laden oil, the wonderful preservative of 
Rancho La Brea. That it did its work 
well is certain for the wood is sound 
enough to make into furniture today. 
An authenticated sample of the tree 
was sent to the Biological Survey at 
Washington for analysis, and micro- 
scopic slides were made of transverse 
and cross sections, showing that the 
tree was a cypress (Cupressus macnabi- 
ana). Many fragments of wood have 
been thrown out of the pits and visitors 
have carried pieces away. In some in- 
stances these have been sent out as 
fragments from the tree, with the result 
that the tree has already had three 
scientific names attached to it. The 
name Cupressus macnabiana, however, 
must stand for the present, as it is based 
on a true sample of the tree.” 

(The specimen of wood from the 
tree was sent to H. W. Henshaw, chief 
of the Biological Survey at Washing- 
ton, D. C.,. to determine. 1ts-identing 
Dr. Albert Mann, of the Bureau of 
Plant Industry, made a few slides, and 
the tree was determined by Mr. C. D. 
Mell, of the Forest Service, to be a cy- 
press, technically, Cupressus Macnabi- 
ana, Murr., a species which is still pres- 
ent in California.—Eprror. ) 


Pennsylvania’s Two Arbor Days. 


The State of Pennsylvania celebrates two arbor days each year—one for spring planting 
and one for the fall—in April and October, respectively. 


Pee lhy > TREE WORK 


HAT a city or a town may 
do in caring for its shade 
trees, in fighting such de- 
structive pests as the brown 

tail moth and the gypsy moth and the 
elm leaf beetle in developing municipal 
forests in its parks and wood lots is 
indicated by the successful efforts of 
Fitchburg, ‘Mass., where the work of 
the Board of Park Commissioners, in 
these efforts, has been particularly suc- 
cessful. The report of the work done 
by the commission during last year has 
been issued and it tells in detail what 
was done. 

Wm. W. Colton, who had charge of 
the fight against the gypsy and the 
brown tail moth, tells how the cam- 
paign was waged and his plan of 
operations may be found of service by 
a number of other New England mu- 
nicipalities afflicted with the pests. Re- 
garding the attack on the gypsy moth, 
he says 


THE GYPSY MOTE 


“In the annual fall cleaning of egg 
clusters, no attempt was made to keep 
track of the number of nests found, 
there being such an increase over 
previous years. The infestation has 
spread to such an extent that nearly 
every property in the city has more or 
less of them. Very few are exempt. 
While last winter’s scout showed an 
increase in the number of nests, the 
work done up to December 1 shows 
that, while the general distribution has 
not decreased any, in fact has increased 
in woodlands, the number of nests 
found has decreased by at least one- 
third. This is due in part to the work 
carried on during the spring and sum- 
mer in cleaning all badly infested places, 
of old trees, closing cavities in the re- 
maining ones, and removing other 
hiding ‘places, Another reason for the 
decrease is due to the increasing amount 
of spraying carried on during the 
spring and summer, both by this de- 
partment and private parties. 


-““One more item enters into this 
cause of the decrease also, that is, the 
introduction of several parasites. Sev- 
eral colonies of one species were in- 
troduced and others have made their 
appearance here from colonies intro- 
duced east of us. These little fellows 
have made themselves apparent in 
numerous places, so much so that, in 
one or two cases the Gypsies have been 


OL_p METHOD OF SPRAYING FOR GYPSY AND BROWN- 
Tart, Morus AT FITCHBURG,’ MAss. 


almost entirely wiped out. Let us hope 
that the good work will continue as in 
these friends we have our greatest 
hopes of controlling the Gypsies of the 
forests. 

“Tt would seem from results the past 
year and from reports from the State 
Office, of work in various sections of 
the State, that the problem of con- 
trolling the gypsy moth was solved, in 
so far as it applies to the residential 
sections of towns and cities. This has 
been effected by cleaning out superflu- 
ous and useless trees and caring for 
the remaining good ones by spraying 
and treating the nests. 

“The woodland problem is yet to be 


489 


490 AMERICAN 
solved. While we have a decrease in 
the number of nests found in residen- 
tial sections, we find they have spread 
to the forests in nearly every section 
of the city. This can best be combated 
by applying modern forestry methods 
to the care of woodlands. By judicious 
thinnings, 1. e., removing such trees as 
are food for moths and leaving only 
the most resistant species the 
moths will soon be removed 
from the list of dangerous pests 
if not exterminated altogether. 

“A list of trees that should be 
removed and one of those that 
should be retained is appended. 
This list applies only to forests 
and not to orchards or shade 
trees. In both lists first choice 
iss ctven, at) the top Jot «the 
column. The bottom of both 
columns are interchangeable ac- 
cording to conditions of wood- 
land. 

“To be Removed—Old Fruit 
Trees, Red and Choke Cher- 
ries, White Oaks, Thorn Ap- 


ples, Grey Birch, Willows, 
Witch Hazel, Alder, Hack- 
berry, Shadbush, Hornbeam, 


Hop Hornbeam, Black Cherry, 
Poplars, Elm, Mountain Maple, 
Striped Maple. 

“To be Left—Pines, Spruces, 
Hemlocks, Firs, Cedar—Juni- 
per and Larch, Ash, Hickory, 
Basswood, Sugar Maple, Red 
Maple, Black and Yellow Birch, 
Tupelo and Sassafras, Beech, 
Witte: Birch,’ Blacks Oaks, 
Chestnut, Locust. 

“This list is only for the guidance of 
those owning woodland and wishing to 
do some thinning. It does not mean 
that all those trees in column headed 
‘To be left’ will not be attacked by the 
gypsy moth, as practically all of them 
are food for the full-grown caterpillar. 
It has been found from experiment, 
however, that the young, newly hatched 
caterpillar cannot eat the leaves of most 
of these trees and will therefore starve 
to death if its ‘infant food’ (the leaves 
of the trees in other column) is re- 
moved. 


FORE Siphay 


“A new method of combating the 
brown-tail was tried. During the win- 
ter the nests were removed from the 
trees as usual. This has been cus- 
tomary for years and will probably 
have to be resorted to, in some in- 
stances, for some years to come. For 
the past two years we have been con- 
ducting an experiment on a small scale 


ImproveD METHOD OF SPRAYING FOR Gypsy AND Brown-TAIL 
Motu at Fircusurc, Mass. 


with spraying in the fall for brown- 
tails. We have become so well con- 
vinced that this method is both suc- 
cessful and cheaper, that this summer 
all ‘street and roadside trees were 
sprayed. At the present time I am sat- 
isfied that it has been successful and 
will save the city much money the com- 
ing season. 

“The brown-tail caterpillar or larva 
hatches out about the first week in 
August. An illustration of the life his- 
tory of the brown-tail moth is here in- 
serted and referred to by numbers. For 
the first two or three weeks the young 


ABC YS GREE WORK. 491 


larve feed in groups usually on the 
leaf or leaves adjacent to the one on 
which the eggs are laid (1). At the 
end of this period it begins to curl 
these leaves up, spinning a fine web 
about them which forms their winter 
nest (2). In this nest it then molts, or 
changes its skin, and grows to a larger 
caterpillar (3). From this time on 
until the leaves begin to turn and drop 
off it emerges during the day, 
feeds on nearby leaves, and re- 
turns at night to the nest which 
has been firmly attached to the 
twig or branch. When the cold 
weather comes they pass into a 
dormant state and remain so 
until the first warm days of 
spring when they wake up, 
come out of the nests and seek 
mgd | As there are: a sreat 
many days in early spring 
warm enough to bring them 
out, before the leaves are out, 
the young larve burrow into 
the buds for food, thus destroy- 
ing many of them before they 
open. As soon as the buds 
have really started to open our 
young pupz have molted again 
and pass into their third stage 
of growth. From this time on 
until early June they continue 
to feed and grow, usually keep- 
ing the tree from leaving out. 
During the last stage of growth 
they become logy and do not 
feed much but crawl about 
looking for a place upon which 
to form their cocoon. This 
occurs about the middle or last 
of June and is known as_pupating. 
From this time until early in July they 
remain in the pupz or cocoon stage (4 
and 5). You will see from this that 
from early in June very little feeding is 
done and the trees therefore have a 
chance to leaf out again. During the 
first week in July the cocoons open and 
the adult moth (6 and 7), a small white 
fellow with a tuft of brown hair at the 
extremity of its abdomen, emerges, and 
after a few hours, flies away. ‘These 
white moths live from three to five days. 
At the end of the first day or two they 


mate, after which the female lays its 
eggs (1) and very soon dies. ‘These 
little moths fly only by night and are 
attracted by the lights of a town or 
city. This accounts for the large num- 
bers seen just after the Fourth of July 
covering the electric light poles. After 
the moth dies the eggs remain on the 
leaves for a period of ten days or two 
weeks, when they hatch out and the 


CONTROL OF ELM LEAF BEETLE ON STREET TREES. POWER SPRAYER 
IN OPERATION AT FITCHBURG, MAss. 


young larve begin their work again. 
“There has been much comment on 
the flight of the moths during July and 
many people believe this is the time to 
kill them. A number of methods have 
been devised and tried for doing this. 
Bonfires are built and thousands of 
moths destroyed. Men are employed to 
go around every morning sweeping the 
moths from the electric light poles and 
burning them. Some have turned a 
hose on the poles, washing them off and 
probably drowning many of them. A 
huge suction fan was constructed and 


492 


Winter Nest 


6 


Male Moth 


Full Grown 
Caterpillar 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


4 5 
Male Pupa Female Pupa 


Egg Mass and 
Moth laying eggs 


THe Lire History OF THE BROWN-TAIL McrTH. 


set up near a powerful light. The light 
attracting the moths, they were drawn 
into the fan and chewed to pieces. 
Another light was constructed with a 
mesh of fine copper wire around it 
highly charged with electricity, and 
when the moths flew against it they 


were electrocuted. Another scheme 
tried was to construct large pans, fill 
them with water and place them under 
a powerful light. The water acting as 
a reflector attracted the moths by the 
millions, and they were drowned. All 
these schemes worked to some extent, 


PCr ro dl REE WORK 493 


TRAINING YOUNG SHADE TREES IN THE NURSERY, COGGSHALL PARK, FITCHBURG, Mass. 


but the question is, “Do they pay?’ “Do 
they really do as much good as would 
appear on the surface? Let us con- 
sider the question for a moment. As 
has been explained above, the moth 
lives only for a few days. One-half 
of these at least are males and are 


harmless. The other half lay their eggs, 
usually within 36 hours after hatching. 
Most of them mate and lay their eggs 
very close to the place where they pass 
the pupe stage. There are exceptions 
to this, of course, as, for instance, 
where a strong wind is prevailing, then 


UNDER THE PROTECTION OF THE FOREST WARDEN NEAR FITCHBURG, MaAss. 


494 


they may be carried many miles away 
before mating or laying their eggs. 
However, even supposing this does hap- 
pen, of the moths caught and killed 
under any method only one-half are 
females bearing eggs. Of this one-half, 
it is easily seen that the majority have 
already laid their eggs. Therefore, we 
have expended a lot of money to kill a 
few thousand moths, more than 75 per 
cent of whom are perfectly 
harmless, anyway, as they have 
already done their damage and 
would die a natural death in a 
few days if not in a few hours. 
Does it pay? I do not think so. 

“Now on the other hand, if 
the trees which you wish to pre- 
serve from them are thoroughly 
sprayed any time within a 
month or six weeks after the 
eggs are laid, it stands to reason 
that the young, tender larve 
who have got to feed for the 
next two or three months will 
easily succumb to the poison. 
Here you have done a maxi- 
mum of damage at a minimum 
of cost, which, it seems to us, 
is the ideal way of handling this 
pest: 

Mr. Colton makes the fol- 
lowing recommendations: 

Spraying during the summer 
all roadside and street trees, 
and also: 

To do more spraying in the 
spring for gypsy moths; 

o continue cleaning up or- 
chard properties ; 

To clean up many of our 
back roads, removing superfluous -trees 
and shrubs and those most likely to at- 
tract the moths ; 

To obtain mounted specimens of 
gypsy, brown-tail moths, and_ their 
parasites for educational purposes ; 

To put in an educational exhibition 
at the next Agricultural Fair and main- 
tain the information bureau at the City 
Hall office. 

Members of the Commission empha- 
size the importance of forestry work in 
park development as well as in the care 
of shade trees in the streets, as they 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


not only make the city more attractive 
but make for a healthy and more con- 
tented citizenship. ‘The commissioners 
state: 

“In regard to trees and shrubs—we 
have set out a good many at the various 
parks and playgrounds, and it is the in- 
tention to follow out the order adopted 
to plant about 500 trees on our streets 
and avenues the coming year. 


PRODUCTS OF THE_.NURSERY. 


“Our nursery has been and is an im- 
portant addition to our department. We 
have a large and flourishing lot of 
young trees growing, and we shall be 
able to supply trees for the city at about 
one-third of the cost that we have been 
obliged to pay for them from time to 
time, as we have needed them in the 
past. If we are to make our city streets 
and avenues attractive and beautiful 
this work must be continued from year 
to year, and we hope that we shall, by 
you, be enabled to do so. 


“In Coggshall Park we have planted 


, 
| 


een eae 


ACCEL N AS 


over 52,000 young trees, and during the 
coming season we shall reforest another 
section of the burned-over area. 

“Farly in the spring twenty thousand 
white pine seedings, 6,000 red pine, 
3,000 Norway spruce, and 3,000 Doug- 
las fir were set out. ‘The cost of this 
work, including the trees themselves, 
was $200.45, or $6.26 per M. The 
white pine were purchased this year by 
the bed, we doing our own sorting and 
grading. Only the best plants were 
used for planting in permanent loca- 
tions. All the culls, 
amounting to some- 
thing over 18,000, 
were lined-out in our 
nursery. Most of 
these came through 
the summer in good 
shape and can be used 
in the futtre to fill in 
Mmebes inthe old 
plantations or for 
more planting. 

eats). soom as the 
planting was com- 
pleted a twenty-foot 
fire line was cut on 
the south boundary 
Of the patk. ‘This, 
together with a num- 
ber of paths and 
aes  wimdin¢ 
through the planta- 
tions, are expected to 
effectually stop any ™ 
fires that may .be P&% 
started here, from de- | 
stroying all the plant- 
ings. It will be nec- 
essary, however, each 
year, to clean up these 
lines and keep them in 
good working condi- 
tion. 

“The nursery has been enlarged by 
taking over two of the cultivated fields 
south of the old site. One was used 
for planting seedling evergreens, the 
other for large transplant trees and 
Shrubs: Ihe trees in the old nurs- 
ery have been cultivated and cared 
for and show a very good growth. 
Many of these will have to be trans- 


TREE WORK 495 


planted next spring in order to give 
them more room to develop. Sev- 
eral hundred more trees, of various 
sizes, have been contracted for and will 
be set out here next spring. No attempt 
was made to inventory the stock this 
fall, but next year a careful count will 
be taken of the stock, and the market 
value placed on them. In this way we 


will be enabled to see whether the en- 

terprise has proven a success or not.” 
What Fitchburg has done and is doing 

in caring for its trees and encouraging 


NATURE MIRROR COGGSHALL PARK, FITCHBURG, Mass. 


in its citizens an appreciation of their 
value may readily enough be done by 
other cities. The first essential is the 
appointment of a shade tree or a park 
commission composed of men _ with 
knowledge of trees and having execu- 
tive ability, and the second essential is 
to provide the commission with a suffi- 
cient appropriation. 


RANGER YOUNG WILD, ON THE” FIRE? Eine 
OR ECARTIAT LAURAGS PATAL PORN 


By E. T. ALLEN 


Epirortar, Nore—The human interest features in the life of the Forest Ranger on the 
National Forests have been presented at various times in AMERICAN Forestry, but always 
in serious vein. The men who guard the nation’s forest resources, however, lighten their 
responsibilities at times with a humor appropriate to their duties and environment. It is in 
order to present this spirit of burlesque that this fanciful story written six years ago is 
published. It does not apply now if it ever did, but represents the general conception of 
government bureau requirements of paper reports, which fortunately in the Forest Service 


are now less important than results. 


Esta Noty a, leat (stirred) Nor ca 

couger howled. No sound broke 

the stillness but the regular breath- 
ing of Young Wild, the Forest Ranger, 
who lay beside the dead embers of the 
fire over which he had cooked his fru- 
gal evening meal of chili and beans. 

Suddenly the telephone bell rang! 

Young Wild always carried a port- 
able wireless telephone and, before 
turning in on this historic evening, had 
fixed the coherer to the top-bud of a 
noble sugar pine some eight hundred 
and fifty feet high, under which he had 
pitched his simple camp. 

“Hello! Is this the Ranger, District 
Ten?” 

“I am‘here; fear not,’ replied Wild. 

“Death and destruction are advanc- 
ing northward up the canyon of the 
Mokelumne in the shape of a wall of 
flame three miles wide,” said the voice 
im the receiver. 

“Leave all to me,” said Young Wild. 
For Wild was a noble Ranger. He had 
read his Use Book and passed a search- 
ing examination along thoroughly prac- 
tical lines. What had he to fear? 

Just then a loud report was heard. 

Wild ran for his horse. 

It was gone! 

“Black Heart, the Nester!” cried 
Wild. “I expected no less from such a 
miscreant.” 

He had no other horse. Only yester- 
day he had weighed the latest consign- 
ment of blank forms received from 
Washington for his daily reports and, 
finding them to weigh eleven hundred 
and one (1,101) pounds, he had traded 


496 


| T was night, black night, in the for- 


his peerless Perjured Bride, the famous 
pinto filly whose pink nostrils had nuz- 
zled the posts of every saloon in his dis- 
trict, for a large traction engine. 

The report he had just heard was the 
engine blowing up. 

Only for a moment did Young Wild 
hesitate. Ina bound, or less, he reached 
the telephone and in secret code called 
up the mountain lair of Lariat Laura, 
the Dare Devil Queen of the Sierras. 
Our dashing young hero and this beau- 
tiful girl had been great chums along 
the Sausalito water front (read “Bleed- 
ing Hearts and Order Twelve, or How 
Lariat Laura Broke the Gin Famine,” 
10 cents at all newsstands) and always 
stood together. 

vis, that: you, Laura she, imquiced 
breathlessly. 

“No, I’m asleep,” the crafty girl re- 
plied. She did not recognize him with- 
out his breath and feared some diaboli- 
cal trap. 

Wild made a noise like an alarm 
clock. Laura woke up. 

“Hasten to my assistance!” Wild 
cried. “I am about to be devoured 
by * * *.” 

At that instant the line melted in two. 

Wild entered this fact in nineteen 
card records and signed six duplicates 
of each for transmission to the Office of 
Operation. 

But this delay saved his life. 

Lariat lost no time. 

Knowing the intrepid character of 
her dashing young lover, she was cer- 
tain no ordinary danger could have 
caused him to appeal to a tender young 
female for protection. She immediate- 


RANGER YOUNG WILD, ON THE FIRE LINE 


ly decided it was probably thirst which 
threatened to devour him. 

Quickly completing her toilet by fil- 
ing her spurs and brushing the alkali 
from her red velvet breeches, in these 
brief seconds she reviewed the situation 
with lightning activity of her strong 
and passionate mind. Although Young 
Wild had not told her where to look 
for him, she was certain he was below 
her in the valley. 

This deduction was simple. 

It was only the twenty-ninth of the 
month. He would barely have finished 
filling in his report forms for the pre- 
vious month, without time to get more 
than one day’s travel from headquar- 
ters. ‘Throwing her keen young eye 
down the valley, therefore, she heard 
at once the crackling of the cruel 
flames twenty miles below. It was 
already too smoky to see their extent. 

She realized at once that her trusty 
mustang would for once be useless. 

For a moment this stalled her. 

Then, bang! bang! bang! ‘Twelve 
reports startled the echoes in the sur- 
rounding crags. 

Lariat Laura had cut off a leaning 
sequoia by the river bank with a volley 
from her six-shooters. 

In another moment she was balancing 
her graceful form on its whirling trunk 
as it plunged down seventeen miles of 
foaming rapids. 

Keeping a keen lookout for log jams. 
which she avoided by lightly leaping 
over them as her precarious craft 
passed beneath, she soon spied Young 
Wild on the right hand bank reading 
the Use Book. As she approached, 
Wild threw himself on his face and 
sobbed bitterly. 

Lariat whirled her obedient rope and 
noosed a stump on the bank. Then she 
plunged into the icy torrent and hauled 
herself ashore. 

Wild, dear, do not despair,” she 
cried. “All cannot be lost!’ 

“Tt is too late, Lariat!’ Wild wept. 
“T should have made eight more copies 
for Silviculture.” 

The golden hearted girl was on her 
job. 


497 


She handed Wild her jewel-mounted 
flask. 

He returned it empty. 

Dawn was breaking. 

The flames were about 
around the devoted pair. 

Suddenly they heard a fiendish yell 
of triumph from a nearby mountain 
top. 

It was Black Heart, the Nester, ex- 
ulting over his victims. 

Black Heart had set the fire to insure 
getting his homestead claim and stolen 
Wild’s horse so he could not go and 
report it. 

Wild fired, but the intense heat 
melted the bullet and the caitiff jeered 
unharmed. 

Wild noted this fact in his card 
record. 

It was this simple and natural act 
that gave Lariat a brilliant idea. 

“Wild,” she cried excitedly, as she 
stamped her cigarette butt out with 
care, “where is the rest of your equip- 
ment ?” 

“Stacked in a big meadow just above 
here,’ he replied, “where I left it till 
my traction engine should arrive.” 

“Tf we spread it clear across the can- 
yon,” she urged, “in a pile 10 feet high 
and 12 feet wide, it will surely stay 
the flames until help arrives.” 

But at this crucial moment a tele- 
gram was handed to Young Wild, or- 
dering him to report to Washington to 
become acquainted with routine. 

Of course he could not delay to put 
out a fire, so, leaving his darling 
Lariat to be consumed, he started at 
once. 

There is little more to tell. Such 
prompt obedience of orders from 
Washington, in spite of local affairs, 
could not fail of reward. The Assist- 
ant Chief of Operation having married 
an heiress and quit work, Young Wild 
was promoted to the place. 

Unaided, her white skin scorched to 
a cinder, Lariat wearily piled the 
equipment across the canyon. When 
the last Form 944 was placed on the 
top she fell dead. As the last flame 
reached the pile and gave up dis- 


to close 


498 


couraged, a South African water bottle 
blew up and a fragment killed Black 
Heart in his cowardly tracks. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


(Next in this series will be Young 
Wild’s Spirit Pay-Roll, or Lariat Laura 
‘iue ingDeaths) 


DESTROY DISEASED PEN: 


URTHER investigations by spe- 
L cialists of the U. S. Department 
of Agriculture into the white- 
pine blister rust have convinced 
the Department that if this disease be- 
comes generally distributed in our for- 
ests it will be the worst enemy that the 
white-pine has to encounter. Drastic 
action is therefore urged again by the 
authorities in order to eradicate the dis- 
ease before it becomes as firmly planted 
here as it is already in Europe. Own- 
ers of infected areas are strongly ad- 
vised to destroy their diseased trees 
without delay. There is no chance that 
the tree can recover, and it is merely a 
menace to its neighbors. 

To indicate the seriousness of the 
disease it is known about 10 years ago 
infected trees were found in the pines 
planted for ornamental purposes in a 
large private estate in Vermont. About 
50 of the 150 trees on this estate or 
33 1-3 per cent are now visibly affected 
by this disease. Probably 5 or 10 per 
cent more will develop it, for it takes a 
long time for the maximum of damage 
to be done. 

In studying this menace the Depart- 
ment of Agriculture has had something 
like 200 lots of white-pines carefully in- 
spected. Results of this inspection show 
conclusively that a single tree with 
fruiting bodies of the fungus and in 
proximity to a currant bush which acts 


as a carrier for the disease may start 
an epidemic which may continue for 
years and may spread over an area of 
several square miles. Moreover, it was 
found that the inspection and removal 
of trees actually founc to be infected 
was quite inefficient to prevent the 
spread of the plague. Despite the pres- 
ent loss that it would cause, therefore, 
the Department feels that the only safe 
method is the total destruction of in- 
tected lots. 

The white-pine blister rust is a native 
of Europe, and was first discovered in 
this country in 1909. It has not as yet 
attacked any of our forests, and if 
owners of white pines which have not 
been grown from seeds would make a 
conscientious search for evidence of the 
disease, it is hoped that it can yet be 
kept under control. Ordinarily the rust 
makes its presence known through yel- 
low blisters which break out through 
the bark on the main stem near the 
ground. After a few days these blis- 
ters break open and give forth large 
numbers of dusty orange-colored pine 
spores. 

Owners who have reason to suspect 
this disease on their trees are urged to 
forward specimens for investigation to 
the Office of Forest Pathology, Bureau 
of Plant Industry, where examination 
of them will be made free of charge. 


Tacoma’s Water Supply. 


The city of Tacoma, Washington, has entered into a cooperative agreement with the 
Forest Service for the protection of the source of its water supply, the watershed of the 
Green River, which lies within the Rainier National Forest. The two agencies working 
together will protect this stream from the results of forest destruction by fire or by other 
agencies. 


: 
| 
| 
t 
| 


A LUMBER CARRIER. 
ONE OF THE FAMOUS FLEET OF THE DOLLAR COMPANY OF SAN FRANCISCO, CALIFORNIA. 


meth. ERADE AND THE CANAL 


By Ropert DOLLAR 


[In order to ascertain what may be the effect of the opening of the Panama 
Canal on the lumber trade of the Pacific Coast, AMERICAN Forestry asked 
Robert Dollar, of San Francisco, one of the biggest shippers of lumber, his 


Opinion. 


Mr. Dollar’s answer is here given. 


He tersely defines the attitude of 


the lumbermen, as he sees it, on the question of tolls, and on competition with 


British Columbia.—Ep17Tor. | 


HE, results of the opening of the 

| Canal are not generally under- 

stood by the American public. 

In fact, some prominent men 

even say that free tolls will only benefit 

the shipping trust. This trust that is 

going to use the canal is a myth and 

does not exist. In fact, we look for a 

rate-war on the start. The American 

public is going to pay the tolls and not 
the shipowner. 

The cost of operating American ves- 
sels is so great there is barely a fair 
percentage of profit, in fact at this writ- 
ing 33 per cent of all the lumber steam- 
ers on this coast are laid up, unable to 
run at the present low rate of freight, 
and no steamer engaged in the coast- 
wise lumber trade has paid a cent in 
dividends to the owners during the past 
nine months. Inasmuch as lumber ves- 
sels are running and barely able to pay 
expenses, is it reasonable to expect that 
they can pay the canal tolls and add this 
to the loss of operation? I think not; 


and one thing that our learned men and 
theorists will find out, is that the dear 
American public will pay the tolls. 

To illustrate: Suppose a ship is 
willing and able to carry freight through 
the canal on free tolls at, say, $3.00 a 
ton, and Congress in its wisdom im- 
poses a toll of $3.00 a ton, no sane man 
would think that the shipowner would 
continue to carry at that rate, when the 
Government would make him pay $3.00 
which thereby causes the service to be 
performed for nothing. Strange as it 
may seem to some, a steamship is not 
operated on wind, so the inevitable re- 
sult would be $3.00 for canal tolls, $3.00 
to the shipowner and $6.00 to the 
owner of the cargo instead of $3.00. 

But what is interesting the American 
lumberman more than anything else is 
this: That the British Columbia mills 
are permitted to use the ships of all 
nations to carry their lumber from 
British Columbia to all American ports, 


499 


500 AMERICAN 
whereas the American mills must em- 
ploy American vessels only. 

To the uninitiated, this would look all 
right, but it is not, for the following 
reasons : 

First, that an American steamer 
costs just about double as much as a 
vessel built, say, in Great Britain. Then 
our laws and regulations compel us to 
carry more men than any foreign ship 
carries. More wages to our men, high- 
er cost of feeding them, greater ton- 
nage measurement and many _ other 
charges that the American vessel must 
pay, which are too numerous to ex- 
plain in this article. 

Suffice to say, that if the American 


FORESTRY 


ship has to pay tolls of $1.20, then for 


‘deck load say 40 cents per M extra, it 


will add about $1.60 per M of lumber. 

The foreign ship will carry lumber 
from British Columbia to, say, New 
York, for $3.85 less than the American 
vessel, thereby putting our American 
mills completely out of the running. All 
this comes immediately after having put 
lumber on the free list. 

It is a stunning blow to the lumber 
industry of this coast. The lumbermen 
demand relief of Congress by allowing 
them to use the same vessels as their 
competitors in British Columbia, there- 
by putting them on an equality. 


PACIFIC COAST CONDITIONS 


~ AMERICAN FORESTRY has ar- 
iN for a series of articles on 

western lumber conditions and 

problems, with the idea of pre- 
senting the practical inside viewpoint of 
some of the big men in the business 
there. These. articles will include a 
commercial sketch of the merchantable 
western species of lumber, the little 
known ones also, and will tell of the 
many uses of this lumber, some new 
ones having been recently discovered. 
There will also be articles on the world’s 
markets and the trend of trade, the pos- 
sibilities of extending the trade, on the 
transportation from mill to market, the 
various features of production and the 
problems connected with it, the closer 
utilization and the uses of special prod- 
ucts and by-products, and an analysis of 
the situation of private timber holders 
covering investment, fire protection, in- 
terest and taxes. 


All these articles will be designed to 
give to the general public a knowledge 
of western forest conditions which the 
public does not now possess, and they 
will be found of decided value and much 
interest. 

As the American Forestry Association 
and its magazine AMERICAN Forestry, 
in its now rapid development, finds it 
necessary to keep in close touch with 
the forestry and lumbering conditions 
in the chief forested regions, plans are 
being rapidly perfected to have its in- 
formation from these various regions, 
of the most reliable and accurate char- 
acter. 

The Pacific coast region has the 
largest and most valuable forests in the 
country and Mr. E. T. Allen, of Port- 
land, Ore., the forester of the Western 
Forestry and Conservation Association, 
has agreed to assist AMERICAN For- 
ESTRY in presenting the articles in refer- 
ence to conditions there. 


Ranchers Fight Fires. 


Ranchers within and adjacent to the Sierra National Forest, California, have formed 
a cooperative association for the prevention of forest fires. They need to use fire in clearing 
land for farming, and will do it on a community basis, with all members present to prevent 


the fires’ spread. 


MORES TRY 


Chel > COUNTRY 


Bsa ti 


By Warren H. Miner, M. F. 


VI. GETTING ACQUAINTED; THE MAPLES AND BIRCHES 


VERY forest owner should know 
=i at sight his four maple and birch 

species. It may have been a 

surprise to some that so many 
species of oaks were to be found in 
almost any forest of twenty acres and 
over, located anywhere in the area 
under consideration in these articles, 
viz., north to the Canadian line, west 
to the Mississippi, south to the Gulf 
States and east to the Atlantic. It is no 
less true that at least four species of 
maples are common in this area with 
two others rather more infrequent; that 
one may look for at least four species 
of birches and the same number of 
hickories and ash trees, and the forest 
owner should not only be able to tell 
these trees at sight but also know their 
soil preferences, insect and fungus dis- 
eases, their light requirements, and uses 
in the arts commercially. Also one 
should never forget their aesthetic value 
as to spring and autumn coloration, and 
their fruit and flower display in sum- 
mer. In fact, a whole chapter could be 
written on the tree flowers alone—and 
let us hope will be before this series is 
concluded ! 


THE SUGAR MAPLE. 


Beginning with the four maples with 
an exotic fifth which cannot pass un- 
mentioned, undoubtedly the head of the 
family in our country is the rock or 
sugar maple, easily distinguished from 
the others by its five-lobed pointed leaf, 
characteristic and not easily forgotten 
when once seen and identified. No other 
maple has it except the exotic Norway 
maple which has the five lobes but 
broadly notched and not at all like the 
sugar maple. The Norway has found 
great vogue among us as a shade and 
street tree, but it is in no way to be 
compared to our own glorious sugar 


maple, as its leaves turn a dull brown 
in autumn (which at once lets it out of 
the beauty class to which all our maples 
belong), and its juice is acrid and 
worthless for “sugaring off.” Its prin- 
cipal value in city planting is this same 
juice, which is exceedingly distasteful 


ae 


—j 


a 


< Vii, 
“| Y 


THE SUGAR MAPLE. 


to the chewers and crawlers which in- 
fest city trees, leaving the Norway 
maple immune from their attacks. 

The sugar maple, to the writer’s 
mind, is best in forest stands forming a 
veritable “sugar bush” or at salient 
points or else featured on your land- 
scape along the edge of the forest; also 
as a shade tree in pasturage. At all 
these points its gorgeous autumn color- 
ation is a pure joy to look at, and it 


501 


502 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Rock MAPLE AND BEECH. 


thrives even with considerable tapping 
each »yeat,, do snot’ fancy it for “a 
lawn tree principally because of the 
hard, strong leaf, which, after passing 
through the yellows and reds of the 
frost moon, drops to the lawn and will 
remain there all winter without disinte- 
grating and must be zaked off at con- 
siderable expense on a large sward. 


There is a better maple for that pur- 
pose, which we will come to later. 
The sugar maple is a fall seeder, the 
keys being set at about 90 degrees, 
whereas those of the Norway maple, 
also a fall seeder, are set in a straight 
line. To raise seedlings the keys should 
be collected in the fall and worked into 
a bed of rich loam, leaving them all 


yh 1 ok a 


A VERMONT SUGAR MAPLE. 


| 
| 


PORES Livy ON HE COUNTRY ESTATE 503 


= oe 


WHERE THE RED MAPLE EXCELS. 


winter, when a good germination the 
following spring will be secured. Un- 
less you are raising a lot of them to 
underplant a thicket, with the eventual 
formation of a sugar bush in mind, it ts 
better to get young nursery saplings, the 
8 to 10 foot size costing about 80 cents. 
Young maple seedling will endure any 
quantity of shade and can be under- 
planted with just a clearance of the 
bush about the site. In its soil require- 
ments the sugar maple is_ peculiar. 
Almost any rich, clayey soil will grow it, 
if not too dry, within certain tempera- 
ture limits. While its natural limits ex- 
tend south to the Gulf, it thrives best 
in the northerly range. It is very rare 
in the coastal plains of the Atlantic 
States and cannot be grown there with 
much success. As in most tree-planting 
operations one must let Nature be the 
principal guide, and if a species is con- 
spicuous by its absence in your locality, 
there is usually some good reason why 
it is missing, and attempts to introduce 
it artificially are not apt to end in suc- 
cess. We have no sugar maples in the 
forest of Interlaken, though red maples 
are abundant, and the planted silver 
and Norway maples do well. Our soil 


is sandy and sour though no weiter than 
any rich, moist loam in the clay and 
lime base soils to the west of us where 
the sugar maple thrives. It is not the 
sand which keeps it out, as sugar 
maples are famous for their growth and 
abundance in the Champlain sands and 
gravels of southern Michigan. In the 
writer’s opinion, the absence of any 
lime base in our soil accounts for the 
non-appearance ot this tree. 

As to growing it in forests, as both 
the lumber and sugar are valuable, and 
neither one interferes with the quality 
of the other, it should be grown in 
standard forest of pure stand, as its 
European cousin is grown, so as to get 
tall, straight lumber, for side sunlight 
will surely cause low branching and 
ruin the lumber. A tree can be tapped 
for about three gallons of sap per year 
without injury, and the tapping should 
not be begun until the tree reaches 
twelve inches in diameter. 


FAVORITE, RED MAPLE. 

Next to the sugar maple stands that 
old favorite, the red maple, with its 
habit of bending caressingly over the 
streamside, its scarlet and purple glories 


504 


reflected in the placid water. The wind 
blows, and instantly there is a flutter 
and a flash of upward-turning red 
leaves, and a sheen of silver white 
glances over the whole tree as the lower 
faces of the leaves become exposed to 


view. Poets have loved this tree since 
the world began. The first to tinge the 
woods with red in late March, the 


spring zephyrs waft breaths of its 


THE RED MAPLE. 


heavenly perfume in the warm sun- 
light—the odor of red maple blossoms, 
as sure a sign that spring has really 
come as the first bluebird. Along in 
May while the tender leaves are yet 
unfolded, come the great clusters of red 
samaras (keys) which flutter down in 
June and immediately sprout, giving us 
a thrifty forest of young seedlings 
wherever there is sunlight. Through 
the summer the red maple is a shade 
tree of the first class, and then in the 
fall, when the Great Show begins, it is 
in the thick of the fray, flaunting its 
great plumes of red along lakeside and 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


barren ridge and reds and yellows, and 
even pure yellows in more kindly soil. 

It is almost as hard as the rock or 
sugar maple, has a remarkable wavy 
grain in old specimens and is the gun- 
maker’s choice for a maple gunstock. 
Like the sugar maple, it has the pe- 
culiarity of growing knobs of sapwood 
over old suppressed branch scars, and 
to own a woodsman’s drinking cup all 


CHESTNUT OAKS AND RED MAPLES ON THE 
LAKE BANK. 


one has to do is to saw off one of these 
knobs, and, while the sapwood is still 
green, gouge out the interior following 
the contour of the sap layers and getting 
them out, all but the last two. 

Unlike the sugar maple, which is an 
almost perfect firewood, the red maple 
makes one of those logs which can 
hardly be burnt. It gives a fine back- 
log for your fire, nevertheless, and will 
stand a lot of burning in front before 
it takes fire itself. Dry and seasoned, it 
burns fairly easily. It is instantly and 
easily distinguished from the sugar 
maple because its leaf is virtually 


FORESTRY ON THE 


three-lobed, the two lower lobes, so 
prominent in the sugar maple, being 
aborted and absorbed into the contour 
of the leaf base, and in addition the 
entire periphery of the leaf is notched 
while that of the sugar maple is smooth. 

The red maple grows all over the 
area considered in these articles, and 
while it will do well in swampy locali- 
ties where the other maples cannot 


THE MOOSEWOOD OR STRIPED MAPLE. 


exist, it is glad to get a moist, not too 
swampy, soil to grow on. In such loca- 
tions its autumn leaves will be yellow 
and the trunk yield a good lumber, 
while in wet or extra-dry soils its leaves 
turn a uniform deep red and the trunk 
persists in growing crooked and branch- 
ing, the phenomenon of the red leaves 
seeming to be due to the insufficient 
root nourishment of both swampy and 
barren soils. The seedlings endure 
shade well but later the tree must have 
sumight, which it usually manages to 
get by running up a ridiculously slender 
sapling twenty feet high and two 
inches in diameter! Seedlings trans- 
plant easily, and 8-foot nursery saplings 


COUNTRYSES TATE 505 
cost about 75 cents each. As its lumber 
is poor, cordwood value low, and syrup 
thin and scanty, the red maple should 
not be encouraged except for aesthetic 
considerations and in swampy spots 
where it is the only maple that will 
grow. 


THE SILVER MAPLE. 


The silver or soft maple is familiar 


A VerRY FEw oF THEM WILL 


THE GRAY BrirRcH. 
ToNE up ANY THICKET. 


to us all because it has long been a 
favorite street tree owing to the fact 
that its foliage crisps up and disap- 
pears very soon after falling. You 
will recognize it by its feathery, five- 
lobed leaf, silvery underneath and 
turning yellow in autumn before fall- 
ing. Its yellow flowers are out as 
soon as those of the red maple and 


506 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A FavoriItE HAUNT OF THE BLACK BIRCH. 


the keys ripen and come down in 
early June—the streets are covered 
with them along about Commencement 
time. In the West this tree is exten- 
sively cut and sold for the same grade 
lumber work for which we use hem- 
lock and “Carolina” pine in the East— 
sheathing, underflooring, scaffolding, 
etc., but in the Middle Atlantic States 
the silver maple is not at all common, 
growing wild, and you may not en- 
counter more than one or two specimens 
in your forest. It is preeminently the 
maple for lawns and the border of 
driveways, as its leaves are very easily 
handled, burning easily or else disin- 
tegrating on the “sod during the winter. 
Except for such purposes and for an 
occasional touch of yellow on a forest 
hillside, this maple is hardly to be en- 
couraged. It will grow on almost any 
soil not too swampy but cannot endure 
shade, and should be planted where it 
can get at least 10 to 4 o’clock sun. 


THE BEACK MAPLE. 


Setting aside the mountain maple and 
the black variety of the sugar maple, 


the most plentiful member of the fam- 
ily growing wild is the moosewood or 
striped maple. A large, coarse leaf with 
rounded base, somewhat resembling the 
red maple but never to be taken for it, 
for the moosewood is usually a large 
bush, and all its smaller branches are 
dark-green with characteristic white 
stripes. Any New England country 
boy can tell you all about it, for he 
makes his whistles of it. The keys are 
pretty, hanging in long, drooping pen- 
dants in pairs, ripening in August. 
The tree prefers the moist hillsides and 
banks of lakes, and if Nature grows it 
at all it will occur in such profusion as 
to require discouragement rather than 
encouragement. Although it occurs in 
cool, mountain brook ravines as far 
south as Georgia, I doubt if it would 
thrive if grown in hardwood forests 
much south of northern Connecticut. 
On the whole, a rather handsome little 
maple with its immense sap-green 
leaves, turning bright yellow in Autumn, 
but hardly important enough to require 
especial effort in its introduction. Use- 
ful to eampers becatise a tea ot ats 


HORES TRY ON THE COUNTRY ESTATE 507 


“5 el 
| 
q 


ADIRONDACK YELLOW BIRCHES GROWING IN COMPANY WITH RED SpRUCE AND BALSAM FIR. 


leaves makes a good physic when no 
standard medicines are available. 


THE BLACK BIRCH 


The family of the birches is one so 
important and its members occur so 
abundantly in all forest estates that 
more than a bowing acquaintance with 
the different species is advisable. Prob- 
ably the most universal of all of them 
is the black birch, a handsome, feathery 
tree that becomes a plume of pure 
orange yellow in Autumn. Sand, clay, 
granite and limestone soil bases seem to 
suit it equally well, so long as the soil is 
reasonably moist, and its range is the 
whole of our area. ‘To my mind ad- 
vantage should be taken of this tree’s 
tendency to form a perfect crown under 
fair sunlight conditions, as no more 
handsome or graceful forest citizen 
grows than this same black birch. This 
is due to the almost mathematically reg- 
ular forking of the end twigs of the 
year’s growth so that its age can be 
told with reasonable accuracy by count- 
‘ig the forks on a large branch back 
from the tip with due correction for 


the time of its appearance on the trunk 
(usually, in a large branch, early in the 
ineersy life)..) Wheretotre,.clear away 
conflicting trees when making a thin- 
ning and give it a chance. It is always 
at its best when framed in a brook 
vista or festooning lovingly over the 
quiet shores of your lake. 

Its fruit is a small catkin and flower 
insignificant, best collected when ripe 
in the fall and sifted for seeds, as the 
forest seedlings of birch are almost 
impossible to transplant and the nur- 
sery saplings difficult to make succeed. 
Sow in spots where wanted and snip all 
but the most successful seedling when 
they come up. 


THE YELLOW BIRCH 


The yellow birch is one of the great 
hardwoods of the North, being lum- 
bered extensively in the Adirondacks. 
It is apt to make rather a crooked, ugly 
tree, and its ragged bark adds not at 
all to its beauty. It does not get on in 
the Middle States, where the winters 
are comparatively mild. It transplants 
rather more easily than the black birch 


508 


and is said to make a handsome tree 
when grown in good sunlight without 
much competition. As it never can 
have the handsome, glossy cherry-like 
bark of the black birch, there is little 
reason for preferring it to the latter, 
more especially as it requires a quite 
wet soil and cannot stand long, hot 
summers. 


CANOE OR WHITE BIRCH 


Undoubtedly the most historic of our 
birches is the canoe or white birch, the 
tree which opened up this continent to 
civilization, for the canoes of its bark 
gave the voyageur and frontiersmen 
their only means of wilderness travel 
until the ice formed on the waterways. 
It is an exceedingly handsome tree, pure 
white in its bark, not to be confounded 
with the eastern gray birch, which has 
black triangles on the bark under each 
branch joint with the main trunk. 
Grows in gravelly or granite base soils 
not too wet; cannot stand the hot sum- 
mers of localities south of the Massa- 
chusetts line except in mountainous 
districts such as eastern Pennsylvania, 
where the altitude gives needful cool- 
ness. 


THE GRAY BIRCH 


The gray birch is perhaps the most 
popular of our native birches for forest 
estate landscape gardening. Nearly as 
white as the canoe birch, when young it 
will deceive you mightily as it hardly 
shows a sign of white anywhere and is 
only identified by its characteristic 
notched birch leaf with a very long 
point on the leaf. Easily confounded 
with the poplar when young, but the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


greenish bark of the latter is its sure 
identification whereas the young gray 
birch twigs are brown. The bark will 
not peel easily nor separate into layers 
like its cousin the canoe birch, and un- 
derneath the inner bark is dark green. 
Will grow anywhere, wet or dry soils; 
sand, clay, limestone or granite base, 
and can be introduced anywhere in our 
area, in spite of the fact that its dis- 
tribution is entirely along our Atlantic 
seaboard. ‘This fact is, I believe, due 
to the gray birch being a wing seeder 
so that the prevailing westerly breezes 
in the fall when its seeds come ripe 
have made its westward progress ex- 
ceedingly difficult. That and the fact 
that it cannot endure shade and is easily 
suppressed by trees with larger and 
heavier leaves. If properly managed 
both as to planting and clearing out 
thickets with the axe, a great deal. can 
be done in an ornamental way with the 
gray birch. Leaves turn yellow in the 
fall. 

All the birches are excellent fire- 
woods, furnishing their own gas from 
the birch oil, and there is no prettier 
sight than a log of yellow or black 
birch in an open fire, its tiny, yellow 
jets of flame blowing out at every pore. 
As the timber has a big commercial 
value in furniture work, a northern 
owner with a big hardwood stand of 
yellow birch has a valuable asset. 
Where the soil is favorable and black 
birch is already abundant, it would be 
well for a Middle-State owner to 
encourage a stand of black birch by 
natural seeding and judicious clearance 
with the axe. 


(TO BE CONTINUED. ) 


Pls Vik Pixel Olk “PULP 


ALSAM fir, a tree which a few 


years ago was considered of 
little value, is now in demand 
for pulp wood. ‘This demand 


about, says the 
Agriculture, by the 


has been brought 
Department of 


CoNE LOADER BALSAM FIR. 


NOTE THE NUMBER OF CONES ON THIS TREE. _ IT 
IS AT SANTA CLARA, FRANKLIN COUNTY, NEW 
YORK. 


enormous expansion of the pulp indus- 
try during the past two decades, with 
its present consumption of three and a 
quarter million cords of coniferous 
wood and the consequent rise in the 
price of spruce, the wood most in de- 
mand for paper making. In addition, 
the department goes on to say, balsam 
has begun to take the place of spruce 
for rough lumber, laths, and the like, as 
the price of the latter wood has risen. 
The chief objection to the use of 
large amounts of balsam fir in the 
ground- pulp process of paper making 
is said to be due to the so-called pitch 
in the wood, which injures the felts and 


to twenty-five per cent, 
more, 


cylinder faces upon which the pulp is 
rolled out. Balsam fir does not have 
a resinous wood, and the material which 
gums up the cylinder probably comes 
from grinding balsam under conditions 


adapted to spruce wood. Yet from ten 


Photo. by the 
History and Mr. Ernest Keller. 


A BALSAM Frr. 


American Museum of Natural 


THIS IS A FINE SAMPLE OF THE BALSAM FIR, THE 
TREE IS IN THE OPEN NEAR GOLDEN BEACH, 
ADIRONDACK MOUNTAINS, N. Y 


and possibly 
of balsam can be used in ground 


509 


510 AMERICAN 
pulp without lowering the grade of the 
paper produced. It is known that with 
balsam logs left lying in water over a 


BaAtsaM Fir. 


ABOUT THIRTY YEARS OLD, 30 FEET HIGH, 7 
INCHES DIAMETER 


FORESTRY 


season this drawback practically dis- 
appears. 

In chemical pulp, produced through 
the action of acids, these acids are 
known to dissolve the pitch, and any 
amount of balsam can be used, though 
some claim that too much balsam in the 
pulp gives a paper that lacks strength, 
snap, and character. 

At the present time, balsam fir fur- 
nishes about six or seven per cent of 
the domestic coniferous wood used by 
the country’s pulp industry. The tree 
itself constitutes, numerically, about 
twenty per cent of the coniferous forest 
in northern New York and Maine, and 
is abundant in many parts of New 
Hampshire, Vermont, and in _ the 
swamps of northern Michigan, northern 
Wisconsin, and Minnesota. It readily 
reforests cut-over areas, and attains a 
size suitable for pulp wood in a short 
time. 

Under present methods of cutting, 
balsam fir is said to be increasing in 
our second-growth forests at the ex- 
pense of red spruce, and with the grad- 
ual decline in the supply of the latter 
wood the fir will become more and 
more important commercially. 


AN ACKNOWLEDGMENT 


DITOR AMERICAN FORESTRY: 
Dear Sir: 
On page 382, AMERICAN For- 
EstTRY for May, you most kindly 
gave editorial notice of a meeting at 
Harrisburg club rooms on May 4, when 
a loving cup and other evidences of 
most friendly interest were presented 
to me. 

May I place myself further in your 
debt by making in AMERICAN ForistRy 
acknowledgment to the friends who 
were present at that meeting, and to 
those who could not be there, of my 


profound gratitude for their apprecia- 
tion of what I have tried for thirty- 
seven years to do for the forests and 
associated interests of the country. 

It is not given to every public servant 
to receive such recognition, nor has any 
one a right to expect it; but when it is 
given, it should be thankfully received 
and kept perpetually in memory as “a 
crown of rejoicing” and as a stimulus 
to renewed and more productive effort. 

Gratefully yours, 
J. T. Rorwrock. 


Controlling Sand Dunes. 


The forest service has been requested to cooperate with the port authorities of Coos 
Bay, Washington, in planting to control shifting sand dunes. 


| 
t 
A 


A Home ON THE NATIONAL ForEsT. 
THIS IS THE RESIDENCE, WHICH HE OWNS, OF A SMALL USER OF THE SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST. 


POIwots oe ivy lem AND: PUBELE 


By Paut, G. REDINGTON 
Supervisor Sierra National Forest, California 


T stands to reason that the adminis- 
tration of the Forest Service will be 
judged with favor by the users of 
the National Forests and the public 

cenerally, if fairmindedness, tact and a 
desire to meet the users more than half 
way preponderate in the make-up of the 
Byeraze Forest officer. That these 
qualities have in the main governed the 
attitude of Forest officers in the past 
nine years is patent from the changed 
reception which the policies of the For- 
€st Service are now accorded by the 
vast majority of people who do busi- 
Mess on the National Forests. At 
first there was distrust and a feeling 
that unnecessary paternalism was being 
foisted upon a people who heretofore 
had been perfectly well able to handle 
their affairs without advice from any 
official. ‘There were men, also, who ap- 
preciated that regulation and_ super- 
vision of the timber cutting and grazing 
and the disposal of lands meant to them 
a decreased revenue, at least for a few 
years. The antagonistic attitude of such 
men could with difficulty be changed to 


a friendly one, even by the exercise of 
fair play. This class of opponents to 
the Forest policy was, however, in the 
minority, and it was up to the Forest 
officers to concentrate rather on the dis- 
eruntled majority or those people who 
were suspicious of the intent of the 
Government and skeptical of the suc- 
cess of any administration of the for- 
ested areas. 

It has been most interesting to note 
the various transition stages of senti- 
ment of the users toward the Service 
and its men. The originally hostile po- 
sition was changed slowly to one of 
more or less indifferent acquiescence, as 
it became apparent that the Forest ad- 
ministration had come to stay. As one 
user was heard to say, years ago, 
“These rangers think they can run 
things—let ’em go to it.” This attitude 
of aloofness was presently superseded 
by one of hope when it developed that 
the local users and the small men were 
constantly getting the square deal 
which had been promised; and when, 
for instance, it was brought home to the 


al 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE CRANE VALLEY RESERVOIR OF THE SAN JOAQUIN LIGHT AND POWER CORPORATION, A LARGE 
USER OF THE SIERRA NATIONAL FOREST. 


cattlemen that supervised grazing did 
not necessarily mean decreased returns. 
The feeling of hope was displaced, 
finally, with one which had as its chief 
element the desire to cooperate with 
Forest officers, and this feeling is the 
one which is now so widespread as to 
cause the knocker and the backbiter to 
stand out as a distinct exception. 

This remarkable change on the part 
of thousands of people of the West 
could never have taken place had not 
the Forest officer been honest, unwaver- 
ingly faithful to the cause of which he 
was the representative, friendly with 
his neighbors and filled with a desire to 
win out against big odds by a tactful, 
industrious and common-sense cam- 
paign. That the great body of Forest 
officers has been imbued with ideals of 
courtesy, honor and industry is due 
very largely to the remarkable character 
of its leaders. A Forest officer’s busi- 
ness is everybody’s business, to a far 
greater degree than is true of an em- 
ploye of a private corporation. ‘This is 
truer now than at the inception of For- 
est administration, because the people 
ave tinallya: come * to), believe’ (and 
rightly) that they really have a great 
deal to do with the running of the Na- 
tional Forests. It follows that extraor- 


dinary care must be used by the For- 
est officer to treat all impartially, to 
hide his personal grievances under a 
cloak of official friendliness, to be pa- 
tient in his dealings with people who are 
not as well versed in Forest affairs as 
he is, and to avoid promises where 
there is any doubt of fulfillment. 

There is no regular eight-hour day of 
labor for any permanent Forest officer, 
for two reasons: (1) The work varies 
from season to season, and during the 
busy period of the year (which now, in- 
cidentally, on a well-organized National 
Forest extends well through the year) 
the officer must generally be engaged 
from daylight to dark to finish his du- 
ties, and (2) criticism would arise if an 
officer refused to do business out of 
hours with a user who could not con- 
veniently transact the business at an- 
other time. A Forest officer must bear 
this point constantly in mind, in order to 
close any possible opening through 
which criticism of lack of industry and 
attention to duty might creep. 

A Forest officer should keep thor- 
oughly posted on the sentiment of the 
people in his locality, and where adverse 
beliefs exist, should make it a point to 
get on a friendly personal basis with 
men who would have things otherwise, 


SCENIC FOREST PRESERVED 51 


gain their confidence, get their point of 
view, show them where they are iis- 
taken, if possible, and follow up their 
suggestions as to change or improve- 
ment in lines of work. The frank ac- 
ceptance of your opponent’s idea, where 
it seems to be a good one, goes a long 
way toward convincing him that there 
may be some good in you after ail. 

The Forest officer should not fail to 
study out methods which, if adopted, 
are going to officially elevate or improve 
local conditions. The regulations of 
the Forest Service are so drawn as to 
be highly elastic and therefore can gen- 
erally be made to fit varying local needs. 
However, new problems are constantly 
cropping up which demand another 
method of settlement than any specifi- 
cally authorized in the manual, and it is 
because of this that a Forest officer 
should be diligent in observation and 
painstaking in the proper kind of in- 
quiry. 

The Forest Service has gotten close 
to the people of the West because it 
would not tolerate officiousness, impa- 
tience or incompetence in its officers and 
because its organization was free from 
that tincture of bureaucracy which is 


OO 


unpalatable to any American citizen. 

Now that the confidence of the people 
has been obtained, and the relation be- 
tween officer and user worked out, and 
understood to a satisfactory degree, the 
men in the Service must make doubly 
sure that there shall be no retrogression. 
Any Forest officer has a whole lot of 
authority, and can work it for good or 
ill, depending on his viewpoint and his 
appreciation of the results of a move 
in either direction. It seems to me de- 
cidedly essential to hold what has been 
gained in the esteem and confidence of 
the people.. We should not take the at- 
titude now that we have done well and 
the people are satisfied, and if we do as- 
sert a little undue authority, our su- 
perior grasp of the situation and the 
fact that we are government officials 
and in control will down the still small 
voice of the man we hit by such tactics. 
Only by holding to the ideals which 
have been steadfastly maintained dur- 
ing the last decade can we hope to 
continue and make stronger the ami- 
cable and satisfactory relation now ex- 
isting between the public and the Forest 
Service. 


Semnie. POREST PRESERVED 


RESIDENT WILSON has 
Pp signed a bill authorizing the ex- 
change of certain private lands 
in the Sierra National Forest 
and the Yosemite Park for National 
Forest lands of approximately equal 
value. 
This is the outcome of negotiations 
between the Forest Service and the 
Madera Sugar Pine Company started 
“in August, 1913. The objects to be 
effected were, from the viewpoint of 
the public, twofold: to preserve a strip 
of uncut timber along the road from 
Wawona to the summit of Signal Peak 
and by so doing maintain this popular 
side trip as a scenic forest drive, and 
to secure clear title to the United 
States of the timber in the watersheds 


of the upper Chowchilla River, Devil’s 
Gulch. andthe “South! SForkeof< the 
Merced. This timber is needed to round 
out several small logging units which 
eventually will be utilized in connection 
with the agricultural development of 
the foothill region adjoining. 

In appraising the values of the tim- 
ber, the Forest Service, after a thorough 
cruise and study of the logging condi- 
tions on the ground, figured the total 
cost per thousand feet board measure 
of manufacturing lumber from the 
standing timber in each tract. To this 
cost was added an equal margin for 
profit for each and the sum of these 
two, subtracted from the estimated 
mill-run lumber value, was taken to be 
the market value of the standing tim- 


514 


ber. Approximately 2,453 acres of 
company land will be traded for 2,468 
acres of Government land. The com- 
pany’s land carries 119,875,000 board 
feet of timber worth $433,187; the 
Government’s, 121,757,000 board feet 
worth $433,172, or an average appraised 


AMERICAN: FORES DRY 


stumpage value of $3.62 per thousand 
for company timber and $3.56 per thou- 
sand for Government timber. The val- 
uation is affected both by the propor- 
tion of sugar and yellow pine in the 
stand and by the relative accessibility 
ot the two tracts. 


A LUMBERMAN'’S VIEWS 


OHN M. WOODS, of East Cam- 
bridge, Mass., chairman of the 
Forestry Committee of the Na- 
tional Hardwood Manufacturers’ 

Association, in his report at the annual 
convention held at Buffalo in June 
makes the statement that: 

“A careful scrutiny of the words and acts 
of the executive and legislative departments 
of the nation reveal but little to commend, 
and apparently less to encourage those who 
believe the forest interests of the country 
should be entirely divorced from partisan 
politics.” 


He then voiced the emphatic declara- 
tion that 


“We believe the experiences of the past 
and present conditions and the needs of the 
future demand that this great and vital asset 
of the nation (the forests) shall be placed 
under the control and management of men 
of wide forest experience, absolute honesty 
and demonstrated business ability.” 


Of the improvements to be made in 
the cause of forestry, such improve- 
ments as the American Forestry Asso- 
ciation is endeavoring to bring about, 


Mr. Woods said: 


“Intelligent leadership and the diffusion of 
facts and all available information will 
formulate and crystallize public opinion so 
that it will be easier to place on the State 
books legislation in relation to the prevention 
of forest fires, equitable taxation of forest 
lands, establishment of State, city and town 
forestry reservations and reasonable regula- 
tions and appropriations.” 


Mr. Woods sees danger of the timber 
supply being so rapidly depleted that 
the forests of the country may disap- 
Peatprileisays: 


“Tt needs no prophet to foretell the future 
of our forest supply of merchantable timber 
of all kinds. Therefore it seems to be a 
wise thing to begin in State and nation a sys- 
tem of reforestation of land unsuitable for 
agriculture or any other purpose except the 
growing of timber.” 


Mr. Woods does not believe that pres- 
ent lumber trade business is due to any 
“psychological depression.” Says he: 


“Applied to the lumber business we should 
say that it (psychology) means’a man who 
would see rot, knots, shakes and worms when 
buying lumber, but which fade away when 
selling it—The end of psychological lumber 
dealers is in the bankruptcy court.” 


Ten Year Pines for Posts. 


Jack pine trees planted ten years ago in the sand hills of Nebraska are now large 


enough to produce fence posts. 


Last year the first seed was gathered from this plantation. 


Arboretum at Pullman. 


The agricultural experiment station at Pullman, Washington, is establishing an arboretum 
in which it is proposed to grow a group of each of the important timber trees of the 


temperate zone. 


$50,000.00 Bond Issue 


of the 
American Forestry Association 


To Members of the American Forestry Association: 


It has-been decided by the Board of Directors to issue 
bonds of the American Forestry Association to the amount 
of $50,000, paying six per cent interest and redeemable 
within twenty years. 

The money will be used to improve the magazine AMERICAN 
FoRESTRY, put it on a more influential and better paying 
basis, increase the membership of the Association and 
extend its very important educational work. 


The Association has no debts, it is sound and strong 
financially; the magazine, AMERICAN Forestry, returns a 
substantial profit, which is used in educational work, but 
the Directors realize that with money to spend for develop- 
ment work, the Association’s value to the general public 
can be greatly advanced, and its membership largely 
increased, and at a profit to the Association. 

Therefore subscriptions to the bond issue are requested 
from members who are interested in the development of 
the Association and the extension of its work. The bonds 
are to consist of $45,000 (forty-five thousand dollars) in 
$100 bonds and $5,000 (five thousand dollars) in $10 bonds. 
Subscriptions of only $100 or less are desired, although 
larger subscriptions will of course be accepted. 

Subscriptions may be made direct to the American 
Forestry Association, or further details will be sent upon 
request. 


SUBSCRIPTION BLANK 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Washington, D. C. 
MRCTEDN  SHMOSCKEDENTOL Bun. oo acc vs ve ak ee ets of the $50,000 bond tissue oj the 
American Forestry Association. 


No Patrot—A DAMAGING FIRE. 


THIS FIRE WAS IN A REGION WHERE THERE ARE NO LOOKOUT STATIONS AND IT WAS NOT DISCOVERED 
UNTIL IT HAD REACHED A WIDE EXTENT AND CAUSED GREAT DAMAGE. 


NUMEROUS FPORESE Panes 


URING June the newspapers 

had reports in almost every 

issue of forest fires in one sec- 

tion of the country or the 

other, and a list of these reports would 
fill several pages of AMERICAN For- 
ESTRY. It promises.to be a’ bad fire 
season, the weather conditions being 
such that the fires start readily and 
spread rapidly. 
Fortunately 
that no very 


the reports to date are 
great’ losses have been 
caused by any single fire, although the 
aggregate loss will reach a large sum. 
Also, the newspaper reports in many 
cases have, doubtless without any in- 
tention of doing so, exaggerated the 
importance of the fires, for advices have 
been received by the American For- 
estry Association that a number of 
them have been on brush land and 
through slash and that the actual dam- 
age to standing timber was compara- 
tively small in these cases. 
Nevertheless, the damage will reach 
a considerable figure, and these fires 
again emphasize the necessity for in- 
creased fire preventive measures, con- 
tinual education of the public as to the 
need of taking infinite precautions to 
prevent fires, and the value of leaving 


516 


forests in which timber has been cut in 
such a condition that the danger of fire 
is reduced to a minimum. All of this is 
part of the work which the American 
Forestry Association is doing. 

The losses so far this fire season 
would have been very much greater had 
it not been for the effective work of 
the various fire protective associations, 
of the Forest Service and the State 
Forestry departments. These with their 
well-organized patrol and lookout work 
have been able to detect numerous fires 
before they managed to get a good 
start and to fight them with forces of 
trained fire fighters. 

So numerous have been the fires and 
so difficult is it to obtain accurate esti- 
mates of the losses that definite an- 
nouncement of all of the damage done, 
the extent of the fires, and the causes 
cannot be made until the fire season is 
ended. 

More than one hundred forest fires 
occurred during May in the national 
forest areas of the southern Appa- 
lachians, coincident with one of the 
severest spring droughts ever known in 
the southeast. The statements are 
based on reports of the weather bureau 
and the forest service. 


. 


NUMEROUS FOREST FIRES 517 


A Frre DISCOVERED. 


THIS IS A VIEW OF A FIRE JUST DISCOVERED BY A PATROL STATIONED AT A LOOKOUT STATION. 


AS A 


RESULT OF THE ALARM SENT OUT BY HIM IT WAS FOUGHT AND QUENCHED BEFORE MUCH DAM- 


AGE WAS DONE. 


The rainfall throughout the greater 
part of the southeast during most of 
March, April, and May was below 
normal, and in certain sections of the 
Carolinas in May the rainfall dropped 
as low as two per cent of the normal. 
The number of fires reported in the 
southeastern forest areas increased dur- 
ing the spring months, while the 
drought increased. Only 26 fires were 
reported for March, 89 for April, and 
104 for May. The latter month is 
usually a safe one as regards forest 
fires. Most of the fires occurred on 
the White Top, Unaka, and Smoky 
Mountain areas on the Carolina high- 
land, which are crossed by railroads. 
Railroads are given as the cause of 
three-quarters of the April fires re- 
ported. Only those fires which were 
burning or near government land were 
reported by the forest service ; they are, 
therefore, only a small portion of all 
the fires. 

The month of June started in with 
the drought continuing at full blast in 
the southeast. A few local rains and 
showers have occurred, but these have 
not been sufficient to reduce the fire 
hazard. 

In the far west the two bureaus of 
the department are cooperating to the 
fullest extent, the weather bureau fur- 


mishing special warnings of drying 
winds and the forest service taking 
extra precautions when such warnings 
are received. 


SPORTSMEN SHOULD HELP. 


Because of the fact that many forest 
fires are set through the carelessness 
of hunters, campers, and others who go 
into the woods for recreation, the For- 
est Service has taken up with manu- 
facturers of firearms and ammunition 
the question of a cooperative arrange- 
ment through which purchasers and 
users of guns and cartridges shall be 
reminded of the fire danger. 

It has been pointed out that in the 
lumber regions of the Northwest, for 
example, manufacturers and other busi- 
ness men have been having printed or 
stamped on their stationery and pzy 
checks various crisp, catchy statements 
about the loss which the public suffers 
through the decreased demand for 
labor and decreased money in circula- 
tion if timber, which is the source of 
many of the Northwest’s industries, is 
burned up. 

It has also been pointed out that in 
the east particularly many forest fires 
are started by the carelessness of hunt- 
ers, who,drop burning matches, cigar or 
cigarette stumps, or pipe coals in the 
woods, or perhaps build a fire which is 


518 AMERICAN 


FORE OERY, 


A Common SIGHT. 


SUCH A VIEW OF MOUNTAIN SCENERY AS THIS IS OF NOT INFREQUENT OCCURRENCE DURING THE MUCH 
DREADED FIRE SEASON. 


left burning when the hunter goes on. 
Forest fires of course greatly injure 
the interests of sportsmen by robbing 
the birds of their proper cover. ‘They 
also impair the food supply of both 
birds and big game, through the de- 
struction of the undergrowth which 
furnishes browse, berries, and other 
food. 

The Eastern woods are exposed to 
the danger from fires principally in the 
spring and fall, when most of the trees 
are bare and the leaves on the ground 
are dry. The spring fires, many of 
which are due to trout fishermen, may 
destroy the eggs of game birds and even 
the young birds themselves. Since 
trout fishermen are likely to hunt in the 
fall, the same individuals, if careless, 
may be a source of danger at both 
seasons. 

‘It is suggested that the manufactur- 
ers of arms and ammunition ought to 
be sufficiently interested in the matter 
of perpetuation of game to be willing to 
help in the campaign against forest 
fires. This help may come through the 
printing of some brief fire warning on 
cartridge boxes or some slip to go with 
any hunting or camping supplies which 
are furnished. Several manufacturers 
have already expressed their interest 


in the matter and their willingness to 
help. , 
A REPORT FROM THE WEST. 
While the early forest fires reported 
in May were mostly in slashings 
and without loss, June opened the 
commonly recognized fire season with 
indications of a dangerous year that 
demands more than usual precaution, 
according to bulletins received by the 
Western Forestry and Conservation 
Association from all States in the 
Pacific Northwest. Much less than the 
usual amount of snow remains in the 
mountains and in some regions there 
have already been several weeks of 
dry weather broken only by one short 
rain. Atmospheric conditions seem to 
be conducive to frequent dry interior 
winds, requiring extraordinary precau- 
tion in firing slashings. Patrols are 
already in the field and being rapidly 
recruited to their full strength. Unless 
there is rain trouble is expected, but 
the protective organization to meet it 
will be better than in any past year. 
Washington had fully 100 fires in 
May, some of them receiving much pub- 
licity, but practically all were slashing 
fires more useful than otherwise. The 
State has county wardens on duty and 
is very active in educational work. The 
Washington Forest Fire Association 


NUMEROUS: FOREST FIRES 


Road 


has eighty men in the field. 
the 


builders’ débris now constitutes 
worst hazard. 

Idaho reports an early spring, and 
dense vegetation make dry weather 
more to be feared than usual. Con- 
trary to Washington, rights of 
way are in better condition 
than slashings, especially those 
of settlers and small loggers. 
Patrol forces are cleaning up 
fire-traps and working on trail 
and telephone systems. 

Montana conditions are 
much like those of Idaho. 
There have been no important 
fires. 

Oregon has had some small 


slash fires. The State for- 
ester urges continuation of 
purposeful slash _ burning, 


under permit and with full 


precaution. He has about 26 
men in the field. Private pa- 
trol associations also began 


work in May and will have 
350 men on duty by July 1. 

Throughout the Northwest, 
cooperation between private, 
State and Federal forces is 
more complete than in past 
years. The Weeks law fund 
granted by Congress to States 
with efficient systems has 
again given Oregon, Wash- 
ington, Idaho and Montana 
important financial assistance. 
Much attention is being given 
by all agencies to lookout sta- 
tions and telephone extension. 
In short, all report excellent 
preparation to meet a_ bad 
year, but urge earnest cooper- 
ation by those who use fire in 
the woods. Careful handling 
of slashings by settlers, road 
crews and loggers is agreed to 
be the most urgent need at this stage of 
the season. 


PUBLICITY WORK. 


It may perhaps be of interest to the 
readers of AMERICAN Forestry to 
know what one National Forest is 
doing in the way of reaching the forest 
users in order to secure their coopera- 


519 


tion and good-will in fire-prevention 
work. 

The Apache National Forest, em- 
bracing 1,276,400 acres, probably con- 
tains the best and the greatest number 
of trout streams of any Forest in Ari- 


THIS PICTURE NEEDS NO TITLE. 


SUCH FOREST FIRES AS THIS DO UNTOLD DAMAGE YEAR AFTER YEAR 


IN OUR FORESTS. 


zona and New Mexico, and although 
located at a great distance from rail- 
roads, is visited annually by a large 
number of fishing and camping parties, 
hunters and trappers as well as trans- 
continental tourists over the Ocean to 
Ocean Highway, which crosses the for- 
est. A considerable number of our fires 
are attributable to this class of users, 


520 AMERICAN FORESTRY 

user and settler on the Forest, and also 
to all local newspapers. The papers 
invariably printed the entire letter, 
without being asked to. Wherever the 
words “fire” or “fires” occurred in the 
letter the printing was in bright red, 


and it is necessary to reach this class 
especially, as well as local forest settlers 
and stockmen. 

This year a personal letter was sent 
to storekeepers in towns on the border 
of the forest where campers and fish- 


Going Fishing? 


The finest trout streams, the best hunting grounds and the most beautiful 


camping places in America are to be found within the National Forests 


90,000,000 PEOPLE 
YOU 


are joint owners of 
the National Forests 


are one of 
this number 


Fielp Prevent Forest Fires 


LIGHTED MATCHES, CIGARS AND CIGARETTES ARE DANGEROUS 
Put out your camp fires before leaving 


Don’t build bonfires 


ITE TS ip eres 


Keep the Forests: Gregs= 


U.S. Department of Agriculture 


ing parties outfit, as well as hotels 
within and near the forest, enclosing a 
“Going Fishing” card and a supply of 
the “Six Rules,’ samples of which are 
shown. ‘These persons were asked to 
post the “Going Fishing’ card in their 
places of business in a conspicuous 
place and to give out the “Six Rules” 
cards to sportsmen, tourists and others. 

In addition to these, a fire letter was 
printed and a copy mailed to every 


Forest Service 


and in heavier type, and the letter was 
signed in red ink. 

The printed fire letter idea: as fol 
lowed very extensively by forest su- 
pervisors as the most effective and prac- 
tical means of reaching all the users of 
a forest. It is only a part of a cam- 
paign that is being carried on to bring 
before the public the reasonableness of 
forest protection through fire preven- 
tion. 


A EEE 
pee eee = 


NUMEROUS FOREST FIRES Bi 


The Six Rules 


For Care with FIRE in the Mountains 


If Every Member of the Public Strictly 
Observed These Simple Rules, the 
Great Annual Loss by Forest 
Fires Would Be Reduced 
to a Minimum 


1. Be sure your match is out before 
you throw it away. 


2. Knock out your pipe ashes or throw 
your cigar or cigarette stump where 
there is nothing to catch fire. 


3. Don’t build a camp fire any larger 
than is absolutely necessary. Never 
leave it even for a short time without 
putting it OUT with water or earth. 


4. Don’t build a camp fire against a 
tree or a log. Build a small one where 
you can scrape away the needles, leaves 
or grass from all sides of it. 


5. Don’t build bonfires. The wind 
may come up at any time and start a 
fire you cannot control. 

6. If you discover a fire, put it out if 
possible; if you can’t, get word of it to 


the nearest U. S. Forest Ranger or State 
Fire Warden just as quickly as you 
possibly can. 


CALIFORNIA’S SITUATION. 


Alexander W. Dodge, deputy state 
forester of California, writes as follows 
about the situation there. He says: 

Although the citizens of California 
recognize the magnitude of their forest 
wealth and its bearing upon the indus- 
trial activities in every community, 
there has been an evident unwillingness 
on the part of many to realize the im- 
portance of adequately protecting our 
forest areas from fire. California ranks 
third in her timber supply. There are 
within the State vast areas of hill and 
and valley land dependent directly upon 
an already limited water supply. Thou- 
sands of acres of brush and timber land 
throughout the State serve as indis- 
pensable regulators of stream flow and 
each year our watersheds suffer serious 
damage from the ravages of fire. The 
total money damage due to forest fires 
in California during 1913 was $51] - 
077.00, an amount sufficient to maintain 


Oo 
—_ 


the State forestry 
present annual appropriation, for 
twenty-three years. This destruction 
will continue until measures are adopt- 

ed to prevent it. The citizens of Cali- 
ony and of other States which have 
similar problems to solve, must tace the 
issue squarely and admit as positive the 
following facts: 


1. That forest fires do occasion a 
very great annual loss in dollars and 
coats: 

That all of their industries depend 
ee or indirectly upon the forests 
ia streams. 

That they cannot afford to permit 
file annual loss to continue. 

4. That they have not given this great 
problem a fair degree of attention. 

5. That there are measures and 
means of preventing the frequent oc- 
currence of forest fires. 

6. That what is lost in one year is 
sufficient to establish and maintain a 
protective force for several years. 

7. That they should make generous 
legislative provision for the adoption of 
measures and means of protection. 

8. That sooner or later they, like 
other countries, will be forced to pro- 
tect their forests and perhaps grow 
them again and, that the longer the wait 
the greater will be the cost of protec- 
tion and reforestation. 

9. That forest protection is a func- 
tion of the State. 

10. That (in California especially ) 
there is a long dry season during which 
fires start readily. 

11. That a bad example of conserva- 
tive use has been given the present gen- 
eration by the former one in this coun- 
try; that it is a dangerous example to 
follow ; and, 

12. That forest fires will 
themselves out. 


department, at its 


not put 


PROTECTIVE LEGISLATION 


Whatever agencies effect the value of 
land and other public commodities are 
of public interest. There is a gradual 
change in public sentiment as indicated 
by attempts made to secure forest leg- 
islation in the State. With a forest 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A Forest Fire at NIGHT 


THERE ARE FEW MORE IMPRESSIVE SIGHTS THAN A FIERCE FOREST FIRE BY NIGHT, WHEN THE GLARE 


LIGHTS THE HEAVENS AND MAY BE 


wealth far greater than that in many 
other States, California still fails to oc- 
cupy the place she should in forestry. 
We realize that some other States are 
developing effective protective policies 
to prevent the indiscriminate exploita- 
tion of their forests. However, we can- 
not extensively accomplish forest pro- 
tection until the lumbermen become 
more thoroughly awakened to the prac- 
tical necessity of the work. Unfor- 
tunately, some of the lumbermen are 
mistrustful of any agency directed to- 
ward forest regulation, He aigie eest 
seems, that unfavorable and impracti- 
cable restrictions will be subsequently 
imposed; and the general public is in 
some degree influenced by this attitude 
on the part of the lumbermen. 

California is a great playground, her 
forest wilds attract thousands of pleas- 
ure seekers every summer. ‘There must 
be provision for fire patrols, summer 
guards, paid fire wardens, effective co- 
operation between Federal, State and 
private agencies, and the operation of 
all necessary protective measures. 

Such forest legislation will make it 
possible for California to enjoy: 

State fire patrols, whose duty it shall 
be to lessen the danger of fire by keep- 
ing vigilant watch during the dry sea: 


SEEN SCORES OF MILES AWAY. 


sons. At present we have only a sys- 
tem of non-compensated voluntary fire 
wardens; the plan is very inefficient. 
Full appreciation is expressed of the 
effective work done by the Federal For- 
est Service on the nineteen national for- 
ests within the State. 

State forest reserves, which are cer- 
tain tracts of land within the State 
owned and managed by the State. These 
reserves will prove as valuable in Cali- 
fornia as they have and are proving 
in other States. 

State experimental stations, for as 
forestry advances in California we will 
need demonstration areas where the 
relative merits of various indigenous 
and introduced trees can be determined. 
Highway planting is already popular 
and trees for this purpose will always 
be in demand. 

State nurseries where forest and 
highway trees can be propagated for 
distribution throughout the State. 

State timber tax reforms as the old, 
and generally abandoned in other coun- 
tries, system of forest taxation still 
operates in California—the general 
property tax. The farmer is taxed on 
his Crop, NOE by an increasing tase wall 
periods during its growth, but upon the 
commodity when harvested. The pres- 


33,000 ACRES MORE 523 


ent timber tax is levied annually, ever 
increasing, and forces the owner to cut 
some trees before they are actually 
ready to cut. The future will demand 
that a nominal tax be levied, annually, 
upon the land, and a fair revenue paid 
by the owner upon the timber when it is 
logged. 

Cooperation with Federal, private, 
county and other agencies will enable 
the State to realize to the fullest extent 
the enjoyment of her natural resources. 

We do not believe that the people of 
California, nor of any other State of 


this great Union, citizens alive to the 
right sort of government, are going to 
remain quiet and fail to take a stand 
for the conservation and wholesome de- 
velopment of their natural wealth. The 
future will demand of us a reckoning; 
let us make the future monuments to 
our industrial success productive for- 
ests instead of devastated areas of 
charred stumps noted only for their 
forests of the past. The possible floods 
and dry river beds of the future can be 
largely prevented by protecting our for- 
ests now. 


a7 HOO e RES MORE 


LITTLE more than 33,000 acres 
in the White Mountains have 
just been approved for purchase 
by the Government at a meet- 

ing of the national forest reservation 
commission. 

These areas are in two separate 
tracts, both in Grafton County, New 
Hampshire, the larger containing 31,100 
acres on the watershed of the Pemige- 
wasset River, a tributary to the Merri- 
mac. ‘The tract comes within a mile of 
North Woodstock on the Boston and 
Maine Railroad, and several good 
roads lead through it. The land is 
between 700 and 4,300 feet in eleva- 
tion, and in the lower valleys are a 
number of abandoned farms now grown 
up to trees. Most of the conifers have 
been cut to make paper pulp, but there 
are good stands of beech, birch, and 
maple of considerable value. With fire 
kept out there is said to be excellent 


promise of a new stand of spruce. The 
price agreed upon by the Goverment is 
$4.62 an acre, including both land and 
timber. 

The smaller purchase consists of sev- 
eral areas lying on the watersheds of 
Little River and Gale River, both trib- 
ufaries. of - the Connecticut these 
lands cover 2,000 acres and are con- 
tiguous to lands already approved for 
purchase ; hence they go far toward giv- 
ing the Government a solid body of 
land in this locality. The price for the 
2,000 acres, land and timber, is $4.00 
an acre. The tract is in the locality of 
the noted Franconia Range and is read- 
ily accessible from two railroad _ sta- 
tions, Bethlehem and Twin Mountain. 
The forest has been cut over and con- 
sists chiefly of the northern hardwoods, 
though some spruce remains from the 
original stand. 


Apache Forest Notes. 


The altitudes of the Apache Forest vary from 3,800 feet to 11,463 feet above sea level. 


A total of 2,692 acres was burned over by forest fires in 1913. 


There are six sawmills and two shingle mills located within the Apache Forest. 


There are approximately 20,000 acres of land within the Forest in patented homesteads 


or in homestead claims. 


PHILIPPINE: FOREST CONGESsIOine 


HILE there are two. hun- 
dred billion board feet of 
merchantable lumber stand- 
ing on the 60,000 square 

miles of Philippine public forests, in 
1913 there were milled the small total 
of 80,000,000 feet, of which less than 
one-eighth was exported. Major Ahern, 
the insular director of forestry, believes 
there is an export market awaiting the 
establishment of milling enterprises, 
which would take three hundred mill- 
ion feet yearly, mainly of four woods— 
lauan, apitong, guijo and yacal. These 
trees grow to a very large size, a large 
number are found on a limited area and 
their extraction affords an attractive en- 
terprise for a modern logging and mill- 
ing operation. 

These public forest lands in the Phil- 
ippines are not sold but are developed 
under a license system. Yearly licenses 
are ordinarily given small operators for 
limited areas. The larger tracts are of- 
fered in the form of twenty-year ex- 
clusive licenses, which provide for the 
removal of timber and minor forest 
products without affecting the title to 
the land. 

At present eleven such exclusive li- 
censes, popularly called concessions, are 
in operation, representing American, 
British, Chinese, German, Spanish and 
Filipino capital. A recent timber con- 
cession was granted to a Chinese com- 
pany that will find no difficulty in dis- 
posing of its products through its con- 
nections in China, while the British and 
German interests find their markets for 
Philippine woods in India and Europe 
as well as in China. 

The forestry bureau now has avail- 
able a number of tracts ranging in size 
from 35 to 300 square miles, with one 
or two of much larger size, awaiting 
applications. 

A person considering such an invest- 
ment is afforded every opportunity for 
investigation. ‘The bureau of forestry 
desires each applicant or his authorized 
representative to visit the tract per- 


524 


sonally in company with one of the for- 
esters, or that he have an experienced 
lumberman do so, in order that he may 
see the stand of timber, the facilities 
for haulage and transportation, the lo- 
cation of mill sites and ascertain for 
himself the local labor supply. 

The concessions themselves cost 
nothing ; the charges being in the form 
of stumpage fees, payable upon re- 
moval of the product and running from 
$1.00 to $5.00 per thousand feet. When 
an application, complying at least with 
the minimum requirements as to the 
size of the mill and the annual output, 
has been received, the tract is adver- 
tised for a period of four months. In 
awarding the concession preference is 
given to the bidder offering to install 
the most complete and effective plant 
and giving the best security for per- 
formance. 

The concessions are given for tracts 
large in proportion to the capacity of 
the mills installed in order that the fu- 
ture condition of the forest will not 
suffer. The amount of the annual pro- 
duction stipulated takes into considera- 
tion both the present amount of over- 
mature timber and the amount annually 
maturing, and in other ways the regula- 
tions seek to conserve the forest wealth 
while rendering available the mature 
timber with the fewest possible restric- 
tions. 

One of the important elements 1s suf- 
ficient capital to install machinery capa- 
ble of handling the large hardwood logs, 
for which some of the earlier plants 
proved hardly adequate, and to permit 
a proper seasoning of the product. The 
security the Philippine Government re- 
quires that the concessionaire give 1s 
very modest in proportion to the amount 
of raw material placed at his disposi- 
tion—when a bid is submitted a de- 
posit of a certified check, usually for 
$5,000, is required, and then after the 
award is made, the equipment on the 
ground and the concessionaire about to 
begin operations, the certified check 


WHITE MOUNTAIN CONFERENCE 525 


may be replaced by a satisfactory form 
of bond. 


One of the important functions of 
the insular bureau of forestry is that of 
making available to investors the fullest 
information, and lumbermen visiting 
the islands will not only secure general 
data from its headquarters at Manila 
but will supplement this in the various 


localities by the cooperation of the for- 
estry men in the field. 

The Bureau of Insular Affairs at 
Washington has general descriptions 
and maps showing the location of a 
number of the tracts available, which 
will furnish preliminary data to those 
who may be in a position to be inter- 
ested in developing this most promising 
field for hardwood lumber. 


WHITE MOUNTAIN CONFERENCE 


HE sixth annual forestry con- 
ference in the White Moun- 
tains, under the auspices of the 
Society for Protection of New 

Hampshire Forests, with the coopera- 
tion of the State Forestry Commission, 
will occur at Gorham, N. H., July 21- 
23, 1914. This charming mountain 
town, in the heart of the White Moun- 
tains, is headquarters for the White 
Mountain National Forest, that now 
comprises 138,000 acres. It may be 
reached by the Boston and Maine Rail- 
way with through connections from 
New York and Boston, or by the Grand 
Trunk Railway with through trains 
from Portland. 

Gorham is twelve miles from Berlin, 
N. H., famous for its paper and pulp 
mills. A cordial invitation has been 
received for members of the confer- 
ence to visit the works of the Berlin 
Mills Company and see the processes 
of making paper. Excursions will be 
made also over the Presidential Range 
through the National Forest on the 
north, and into the Great Gulf and 
Tuckerman’s Ravine on the south. 


Those who desire can take the carriage 
road up Mount Washington. 

Taxation of Forests, State and Town 
Forests, Planting Forests, Forestry In- 
vestments, and the National Forest in 
the White Mountains are among the 
topics that will be considered. Dr. B. E. 
Fernow, President of the Society of 
American Foresters ; Professor Chas. J. 
Bullock, of Harvard University; Mr. 
Clyde Leavitt, of the Canadian Forest 
Semvice, sand, Wir. Js ot: eete@icr 
Supervisor of the White Mountain 
National Forest, are among those who 
have been invited to take part. Invest- 
ments in forest lands will be discussed 
by Mr. Charles M. Dow, Director of 
the Letchworth Park and Arboretum. 
Mr. Montgomery Rollins, of the Finan- 
cial Publishing Company, has been 
asked to speak upon Security in the 
Rurchase..-of “limber | sandsien Vics 
Charles Lathrop Pack, President of the 
National Conservation Congress, has 
indicated that he will attend. Dr. E. T. 


Fairchild, President of the New Hamp- 
shire State College, will speak upon 
Cooperation in Forestry Work. 


NEW STYLE SHEER ERD. 


5S a result of experiments during 

the past few years, the Depart- 

ment of Agriculture is now ad- 

vocating the use of the bedding- 

out system of herding sheep on open 

ranges, instead of the old close-herding 

system which has heretofore been in 
use. 

This system gets its name from the 
fact that the herder who attends the 
band camps and _ beds his _ flocks 
wherever the sheep find themselves at 
nightfall. Under the old plan he estab- 
lished a fixed camp and _ bed-ground 
and drove the sheep back to the same 
place each night. 

Through experience on the national 
forest ranges last year the Department 
states that lambs from bedded-out bands 
were five pounds heavier on an average 
at the end of the season than those 
which were trailed to and from estab- 
lished bed-grounds, and that the range 
can carry from 10 to 25 per cent more 
sheep than when so much is trampled 
out in traveling back and forth. ‘The 
disadvantages of the old system, ac- 
cording to the Department, were two- 
fold, those to the forage and those to 
the sheep. The forage suffered by 
being trampled badly, and being actu- 
ally destroyed at and near the bed- 
grounds; the sheep lost weight in 


going to and from the camps, and in 


dry weather suffered not a little from 
dust and from crowding. 

Moreover, under the old system the 
sheep were kept pretty well bunched; 
under the new plan they graze at will 
in scattered, open flocks. During the 
day the herder moves about in a wide 
circuit around his charges, looking for 
tracks to see that none of the sheep has 
strayed beyond his circle. The sheep 
are constantly moving through new 
feed instead of traveling over areas 
already fed over. 

Sheepmen have maintained that the 
close-herding system so long in use was 
necessary to prevent losses from stray- 
ing, and from the ravages of animals, 
such as wolves, coyotes, and mountain 
lions. The experiments of the Service 
show that straying can be prevented, 
and one band on the Payette forest, 
Idaho, which never bedded two nights 
in the same place, and which grazed in 
timber and brush practically the entire 
summer, lost only four head; in this, as 
in the majority of cases, the loss under 
the new system was less than under 
the old one of close herding. 

The forest rangers and trained hunt- 
ers of the service cooperate with the 
herdsmen to rid the ranges of preda- 
tory animals, and to render the danger 
of loss from this source less than it was 
formerly. 


Tae WRADH,; OF THE 
RIVER 
RacHe, L. Ditrurince. 


The River-god comes raging 

Where stately cities stand; 

And when his fury faints and falls 
All desolate the land! 


“Away, where my streamlets started 
Ye have robbed me of my trees! 

I yearn for a grace departed, 

For the voice of birds on the breeze. 


“I have given you faithful service 

As I crept thro’ valley and plain, 

Though my quiet waters quivered 

At the shriek of your thundering 
train. 


“But ye have despoiled my birth-right 
To build you the homes of men; 
And now I descend upon you 
To ransom my own again. 


“I will wreck the homes ye have 
builded 

With the forests hewn from my shore; 

I will take as toll your children 

As ye took my wealth of yore! 


“And at last when my rage is silent 
And the sullen flood is o’er, 

Forget not the wrath of the river 
Lest I should return once more.” 


The River-god comes raging 

Where stately cities stand; 

And when his fury faints and falls, 
All desolate the land! 


~~ 


On 
ii) 


INJURY TO: THE LARCH BY SAny lisa 
LAKY ed 


By Maup DEWITT PEARL 


of Oxford, England, has re- 

cently published the results of 

a most thorough investigation 
of the harm which Sawfly larvae do to 
the larch. This pest first made its on- 
slaught upon larches in England in 
1904, attacking not only the Kuropean 
larch but also species of the Japanese 
larch, which had recently been intro- 
duced into England. Most of the trees 
investigated had suffered defoliation 
during several successive years. 

In order to study very accurately the 
extent of injury wrought by defoliation, 
a cross section from each tree was taken 
regularly, every four or five feet apart, 
depending upon the tree, from the base 
to the top. <A rectangular piece, from 
8 to 12 mm. broad, was cut out of the 
circumference at the four points of the 
compass, the north side of the tree 
having been marked previous to cutting. 
A thin layer was cut from each one of 
these blocks for microscopical examina- 
tion and measurement. ‘Three separate 
sets of measurements were made for 
ring growth and development of the 
autumn wood on each layer, so that, in 
all, twelve measurements were taken 
for every cross section. The average 
of these measurements was taken as an 
indication of the mean radial enlarge- 
ment of the tree at a particular height. 

The investigation showed that de- 
foliation and consequent starvation re- 


[Ober Osis ACG HARRIE ie 


sulted in a lessening in the amount of 
growth of the annual ring and in a de- 
crease in the thickness of the walls of 
the cells forming the so-called autumn 
wood. ‘The decrease in ring growth 
was more noticeable at the base of the 
tree than at the tip, as would be ex- 
pected. In cases of severe attacks ot 
the larvae it was found that cambium 
growth ceased entirely in certain parts 
of the tree, particularly near the base. 
The width of the ring of autumn wood 
was not always lessened, but the outer 
cell walls of this ring failed to thicken 
while the inner walls presented a normal 
appearance. The cause of this differ- 
ence between the walls of the outer and 
inner cells is not perfectly clear. Pos- 
sibly the starvation which the tree suf- 
fers through defoliation causes an ar- 
rest of the development of the cells. 
On the other hand there is an indication 
that in some cases the second growth 
of leaves which the tree very often 
puts out after being attacked by the 
larvae might possibly be the cause of 
the thin walls. The growing leaves 
draw heavily upon the water supply 
and conditions at this time are similar 
to those in early summer when the 
regular leaf growth occurs and the so- 
called spring wood, whose cells have 
thin walls, is formed. 

Another condition which results 
through defoliation is the formation of 
abnormal resin ducts. 


Red Alder for Clothes Pins. 


Manufacturers have found that red alder from the Pacific coast is a suitable material for 


clothes pins. 


Alder makes a white, smooth, springy pin. 


As a result of this fact, a clothes 


pin factory, said to be the first on the Pacific coast, may be established at Portland, Oregon. 


Best Sight of Forest Fires. 


It is said that the best times of day to see forest fires from lookout stations are just 


after daylight and just before sunset. 
528 


fate OANADEAN DEPARTMENT 


By Extwoop WILSON. 


[With this issue AMERICAN ForEsTRy inaugurates a Canadian forestry news 


department for the particular benefit of its many Canadian subscribers. 


The 


matter will be furnished by Mr. Elwood Wilson, one of the best known Canadian 
foresters, and will consist of news and comment on forest and timber conditions 
and forestry and lumbering work.—Ep1ror. | 


HE forestry situation in Canada 
| is a very promising one and is 
gaining strength slowly but 
surely, quietly but effectively. 
From the standpoint of Government the 
situation is a most excellent one, as 
practically all the forest land in Canada 
is owned by either the Dominion or 
Provincial Governments and is not 
being sold but only leased, the leases 
being subject to frequent renewals and 
the rentals to readjustment. The reg- 
ulations under which these lands are 
administered are on the whole wise 
ones, and politics, while not yet wholly 
eliminated, still do not play a very seri- 
ous part. 


The fire situation has been very bad 
up to a few years ago, but with the 
advent of Cooperative Protective As- 
sociations this has been much improved. 
The Quebec and Dominion Govern- 
ments have given their earnest support 
to these associations and are urging 
their formation all over Canada. 
British Columbia has also instituted an 
efficient fire-fighting system. Ontario 
and New Brunswick are still worrying 
along in the good old way. Under the 
Dominion Railway Commission the 
railroads have been compelled to clean 
up and patrol their rights-of-way, and 
the burden of proof in case of fire has 
been placed on them. In the Rocky 
Mountain section they are required to 
use oil-burning engines. ‘The Govern- 
ment has not yet applied its regulations 
to the Government-owned roads, but it 
is hoped that this anomaly will soon be 
done away with. 


The Dominion Forest Service is well 
organized and is doing good work in 


establishing reserves, making recon- 
naisance surveys and helping the prairie 
Provinces to plant trees. It is still 
troubled with the patronage system in 
the outside service. 


The Province of British Columbia 
has the best organized and most efficient 
Forest Service of all the Provinces and 
is doing excellent work along the line. 


Ontario has no forest service worthy 
of the name. Although a trained for- 
ester has been appointed, his hands are 
tied and he is hardly allowed to even 
suggest anything. 


Quebec has a Forest Service with 
two Yale graduates at its head, and 
they are slowly paving the way for bet- 
ter administration of the Goyernment’s 
timber holdings. Some reconnaisance 
work has been done, a Forestry School 
and a tree nursery established and some 
planting on sand dunes commenced. A 
classification of lands has also been 
begun, and it is hoped that future sales 
of settlers’ lands will be made on the 
basis of their fitness for agriculture. 
The Minister of Crown Lands has taken 
the keenest interest in proper fire pro- 
tection and has aided the Cooperative 
Association in every possible way. 


New Brunswick and the Maritime 
Provinces have as yet no Forest Service. 


The Forestry Department of the Uni- 
versity of Toronto has done most ex- 
cellent work and has a strong faculty 
headed by Dr. Fernow. The graduates 
have mostly gone to fill the services of 
the Dominion and British Columbia 
Governments and have done good work. 


529 


530 


The Forestry Department of Laval 
University, conducted by the Quebec 
Government, has so far only turned out 
men for the Government’s own work, 
which for sometime is likely to absorb 
its graduates. 


The Forestry Department of the 
University of New Brunswick is doing 
good work, and its graduates are mostly 
taking private positions. 


The Canadian Forestry Association 
has been the most important agency in 
the introduction and propaganda of for- 
estry and has done most excellent work. 
It receives a subsidy from both the 
Dominion and Provincial Governments 
and has been successful in obtaining 
important legislation. It conducts the 
Canadian Forestry Journal, published 
monthly. 


The Canadian Society of Forest En- 
gineers was organized in 1908 and has 
now about fifty-five members. Its aim 
is to foster closer relationship between 
foresters, to keep up the standard of 
the profession to the highest possible 
plane sand) “to; help “1s =members to 
mutually benefit one another. 


The Society of British Columbia For- 
esters has the same aims for the men 
in the British Columbia Service. 


The Ottawa Foresters’ Club does the 
same thing for Dominion and other 
foresters residing in Ottawa. 


The Commission of Conservation has 
its forestry side and has done much 
work already. Its publications on the 
Forest Resources of Nova Scotia and 
its report on the Trent Watershed are 
of high character and importance and 
are an earnest of what may be expected. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


The Dominion Railway Commission 
through its Fire Protection Service has 
done more to eliminate the greatest 
source of fire danger, the railways, than 
anyone would have believed possible. 
The railroads have been responsible 
for the burning of enormous tracts of 
valuable timber lands, and until the 
Railway Commission took up the mat- 
ter the railways could not be compelled 
to take any preventive measures. 


The St. Maurice Forest Protective 
Association, formed in the spring of 
1912, has been a revelation as to what 
could be done toward fire-protection. 
Formed by all the holders of freehold 
and licensed lands in the St. Maurice 
Valley of Quebec with 11,373 square 
miles it has now grown to cover 12,535 
square miles and really protects a much 
larger area than this. 


The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective 
Association was formed this spring by 
the large lumber industries in the lower 
Ottawa Valley and has already done 
good work. 


The Canadian Pacific Railway has a 
well-organized Forestry Department 
and has done good work in tree plant- 
ing for snow protection along its right- 
of-way in the prairie Provinces and has 
made a beginning in reconnaisance sur- 
veys of its lands. 


The New Brunswick Railway Com- 
pany is developing a system of fire pro- 
tection along its right-of-way, beginning 
by clearing up for fifty feet on each side 
of the track. 


The Algoma Central and Hudson Bay 
Railway has just engaged a Forester. 


Long Distance Fire Reporting. 


On the Deerlodge National Forest in Montana one lookout station has the record of 
reporting accurately, by distance and direction, a fire that was sixty miles away. 


EPO: 


RCRETARY LANE’S proposal 
for the control and management 
of Alaska’s natural resources by 
a Development Board consisting 

of three members, instead of by vari- 
ous departments of the Government 
to do away with the red tape which he 
believes complicates the development of 
Alaska and discourages efforts to es- 
tablish claims and open up the country. 
There is no doubt that the control of 
various resources by various depart- 
ments results in confusion, delay and 
discouragement; that the profusion of 
laws governing the development of 
these resources causes unnecessary 
complications ; and that improvement in 
conditions are necessary if Alaska is to 
be unlocked and her resources used. 
But we do not approve of Secretary 
Lane’s plan to include the control of 
the national forests of Alaska in the 
hands of such a Board as he proposes. 
We believe this would be a mistake. 
The Forest Service has shown its busi- 
ness capacity in the management of 
the Alaskan national forests as well as 
those in the United States, and this 
Management is year by year becoming 
more and more efficient. What is being 
so well done now could not be im- 


proved upon by a Board which would 
have to attend to other important re- 
sources as well. Delay, red tape and 
confusion are not apparent in the man- 
agement of the forests under control of 
the Forest Service; in fact, quick de- 
cision and speedy action has been no- 
ticeable in practically every case apply- 
ing to the National Forests in Alaska 
since the Forest Service had control. 

Secretary Lane suggests that the For- 
est Service act in an advisory capacity 
with the Board, if it is created, but 
this would not do, because the For- 
est Service would not have control of 
the men employed on the forests nor 
of their work. 

The proposed law should be amended 
to provide that the Forest Service re- 
tain the administration of the national 
forests of Alaska and act in conjunc- 
tion with a Board, or the necessity for 
such a Board might be entirely re- 
moved by a revision and a correla- 
tion of the existing laws by means of 
which control and direction of the 
country’s resources could be concen- 
trated in a few departments, and the 
whole operation of administering the 
resources of the country thoroughly 


simplified. 


S THIS number of AMERICAN 
Forestry is being read, officials 
and members of the American 
Forestry Association will be ad- 

dressing some sever or eight thousand 
teachers, representing every State in 
the Union, at Chautauqua, N. Y. These 
teachers will be told why the conserva- 


tion of the forests is one of the most 
important problems of the day, and 
of what vital necessity it is to “future 
generations. The ablest experts and 
speakers in the cause of forestry will 
be there, and the teachers will not only 
hear about forestry but will see moving 
pictures and stereopticon views which 


531 


532 


will speak for themselves. They will 
be shown the destruction wrought by 
forest fires and how such fires may be 
prevented; they will be told how the 
trees of the forest have to battle for 
existence and how they may be aided 
in the fight; they will be shown how 
rapid deterioration of the human race 
follows the loss of the forests; they will 
be told about the problems of the lum- 
bermen, and they will have explained 
to them just what they may do to aid 
in the work of teaching every man, 
woman, and child to appreciate a tree 
whether: on the street, lawn, woodlot 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


or forest and to value it for the value 
it is to mankind. 

It is not expecting too much to 
believe that these seven or eight thou- 
sand teachers will return to their homes 
with the determination to do some serv- 
ice in the cause of forest conservation, 
nor is it at all doubtful that each and 
every one will succeed in imparting to 
others some of the knowledge they will 
gain. Hence it may be said, without 
exaggeration, that what the American 
Forestry Association will say to the 
teachers at Chautauqua will, in part, 
be repeated to fully half a million 
others. 


ESPITE the facts that Georgia 
i) annually places on the market 
forest products valued at $18,- 
000,000 and that the wages 
paid to produce this output amount to 
$2,500,000, the State has no law pro- 
viding for a forestry department, and 
it is the only State in the South which 
does not cooperate with the United 
States Forest Service under the liberal 
provisions of the Weeks law, in pro- 
tecting its forests from fire. 

The State Legislature is now in ses- 
sion and the members of the legislature 
could do no greater good to the business 
interests of the State, and more or less 
directly to every one of their constit- 
uents, than to take up for consideration 
such a forestry law as exists in Mary- 
land, or Kentucky, or in any one of a 
score of other States. A Forestry De- 
partment, with an appropriation of 
$15,000 or $20,000 a year, could do a 


+ 


wonderful work in conserving the lum- 
ber industry of the State. There is at 
present much wasteful cutting, there is 
unnecessary loss from forest fires, there 
is absence of knowledge on the part of 
timber land owners, and lumbermen, of 
the best means of caring for the forests 
and of cutting the timber to the best 
advantage. A State Forestry Depart- 
ment, with competent officials in charge, 
could do much to overcome conditions 
which do not make for the best results. 

Thousands of acres of land are 
owned by the State and much of this 
land could be made to produce forests 
providing there was in existence a State 
Forestry Department and good working 
laws for its operation. 

All of this is well worth considering, 
and it is to be hoped that some member 
of the legislature will be sufficiently in- 
terested to lead the way. 


Conservation Commission of Louisi- 
ana made the following hopeful 
statement : 

“The Commission hopes to establish 
later on a separate department of for- 
estry which will give to this branch of 
the work the special attention demanded 
by so important a division of the State’s 
natural resources.” 

In the same report the Conservation 


| N CONCLUDING its last report the 


Commission estimates that at the pres- 
ent rate of cutting, it will be safe to 
estimate that the pine timber of the 
State will be exhausted in thirty years, 
the cypress in twenty years and the 
hardwoods in thirty-five years. 

This means that in practically thirty 
years the enormous revenue derived 
from the forest products of the State 
will not only be ended but that the for- 
ested land of the State will be so bare 


EDITORIAL 533 


that damage by floods and erosion will 
likely cost the State hundreds of thou- 
sands of dollars a year. 

With these facts before them and 
with the knowledge that the protection 
of its vast extent of timber is undoubt- 
edly one of the foremost concerns of the 
State, the Commissioners are cheered 
by the knowledge that the appropriation 
available for the general purposes of 
the Commission is much greater for 
the present fiscal year than it has been 
before. This being the case, it appears 
that one of the first duties of the Com- 


of forest conservation to know of 

such a broad-minded expression of 

opinion by W. B. Townsend, of 
Townsend, Tenn., a lumberman, who in 
a paper written for the meeting of the 
North Carolina Forestry Association at 
Asheville, N. C., on June 10, said: 

“T am mightily interested in what | 
call an ‘Imperial Domain’—the Great 
Appalachians and their timber, compris- 
ing, I am told, more than 235 million 
acres, extending. from Maryland to 
Texas, including Arkansas, Oklahoma 
and Missouri. This domain is consid- 
erably larger than all of the New Eng- 
land States, combined with New York, 
Pennsylvania, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana 
and Wisconsin, comprising not only 
nearly half of the remaining timber sup- 
ply of the United States, but by far the 
most valuable kind. This means that 
through a spirit of conservation this 
immense supply of timber and the 
proper marketing of it is brought more 
and more to the attention of those 
directly and financially interested, and 
that by proper management and wise 
use this source of wealth to the South 
can be made to yield perpetually an 
income, which, in importance and size, 
is second only to the South’s cotton 
crop. This feature is especially perti- 


3 IS gratifying to every supporter 


mission should be to establish a State 
department of forestry so that special 
attention may be given to the State’s 
timbered land. Fortunately, the mem- 
bers of the commission—M. L,. Alexan- 
der, J. A. Dayries and E. T. Leche—are 
broad-minded, wide-awake men who 
see the necessity for forest conservation 
and who will doubtless do all that they 
can to protect the forests of the State. 
It is to be hoped that soon will come the 
announcement that the forests have 
been placed under the management of a 
special forestry department. 


nent for the reason that practically half 
of all the timber cut in the United 
States in 1913 was-cut in these southern 
States. 

“A very necessary item that should 
not be overlooked is that of eliminating 


“politics from the true conservation of 


this timber crop. With an appropria- 
tion of sufficient funds for fire protec- 
tion and these funds properly adminis- 
tered the perpetuity of this great indus- 
try will be insured. 

“T am, as stated, mightily interested 
and it seems to me that all of us should 
be interested in seeing this timber con- 
served, manufactured and marketed in 
an intelligent manner; not in a manner 
attempted by one of our northern 
States, where not even the mature and 
ripe timber is permitted to be cut, but 
allowed to go to waste. What we man- 
ufacture should be manufactured and 
marketed in a manner whereby it will 
be profitable to the community and of 
advantage to the consumer and with a 
reasonable and proper compensation for 
the poor fellow who has the hard 
knocks to contend with. Let us not lose 
sight of the fact that the,logger and the 
lumberman are, as a rule, in the strictest 
sense of the term, the real pioneers of 
the community in which they operate.” 


Peeling Pulp Wood. 


James W. Sewall, of Old Town, Maine, has a crew of men employed in peeling pulp 


wood at Lowell, Maine. 


FORMS. 


Cornell’s forestry school has a girl 


student. 
ley, and she is the second girl student 
the school has had in the past ten years. 
Miss Beckley is devoted to the subject 
and is doing admirable work, not only 
in the schoolroom but in the field work 
as well. 


Hubert Somers, of the Somers Brick 
Co., of Bakersville, N. J., reports find- 
ing some well preserved logs under the 
clay deposit in the company’s brickyard 
there, and has sent a piece of one to the 
American Forestry Association’s office. 
The logs were found about 24 feet un- 
der ground, the surface there being 
some forty feet above sea level. State 
Geologist, Henry B. Kummel, of New 
Jersey, estimates that the log is probably 
50,000 years old. At a comparatively 
recent period, geologically speaking, the 
southern portion of the State stood 
forty or fifty feet lower than at present. 
Previous to this submergence the land 
stood about as high as at the present 
time. Then grew the trees of which 
the logs found are a part. Followed 
the submergence and then the forma- 
tion of the clay beds and thousands of 
years later the rising of the land again 
to its present level. 


The seventh congress of the Interna- 
tional Union of Experimental Forest 
Institutes will be held in Hungary from 
Sept. 7 to 17 with the start of the ex- 
cursions and the meetings at Budapest. 
The delegates will visit, by train and au- 


534 


She is Miss Mabel G. Beck-. 


NODS 


tomobile, a number of the forest schools 
throughout the country and hold a num- 
ber of meetings and discussions during 
the period they are together. 


The cruising and engineering depart- 
ment of the L. E. Campbell: Lumber 
Company of Detroit, in charge of 
Charles A. Barnum, has just issued a 
very attractive pamphlet on the value 
of skilful cruising of timberland and 
the necessity of consulting forest en- 
gineers when in search of accurate 
knowledge of timber holdings. 


The Ames Forester, published an- 
nually by the Forestry Club of the Iowa 
State College, made its appearance in 
June and contains excellent articles by 
Prof. Nelson C. Brown, of Syracuse; 
H. H. Richmond, W. G. Baxter, A. F. 
Hottman, L. P. Wygle, Profs. aee 
Pammel, and Prof. G. B. MacDonald. 
It is well illustrated and is a publication 
of which the school may well be proud. 


The Department of Agriculture has 
just issued a pamphlet on Systematic 
Fire Protection in the California For- 
ests, by Coert DuBois, district forester 
of District 5, with headquarters in San 
Francisco. It is for the district officers 
and not for public distribution, and is 
designed to show how the forest fire 
problem must be worked out, the best 
methods and the most suitable ap- 
paratus employed in fighting it and in 
protecting the forests and how the high- 


FOREST 


est standard of efficiency in the work 
may be secured and maintained. For- 
ester DuBois has had particular success 
in forest fire work, and whatever con- 
clusions he draws as a result of his wide 
experience are of marked value. 


There has been much in the news- 
papers of late about the volcanic activ- 
ity of Mt. Lassen, in California. For- 
est Service officials, however, who are 
on the ground, are reported by news- 
papers as saying that the disturbance 
is due to a geyser and is not volcanic. 
No smoke is ascending, but the steam 
forces upwards a large quantity of 
light-blue ashes and these have been 
scattered over portions of the country to 
a distance of twenty miles. 


This season’s reforestation work on 
the Black Hills National Forest in 
South Dakota covered an area of 867 
acres by direct seeding of yellow pine. 
This is the tenth consecutive year that 
work of this character has been done 
and a total area of over 6,000 acres has 
now been covered. ‘The results have 
been uniformly successful ‘and pros- 
pects for the establishment of a good 
forest cover on the Roubaix burn are 
very good. 

In addition to the direct seeding 15,- 
000 two-year-old yellow pine and 5,000 
Douglas fir seedlings were planted. 


Ralph M. Hosmer, who for several 
years has been director of forestry in 
Hawaii, has accepted the offer made to 
him by Cornell University to take 
charge of the forestry department there 
in place of Prof. Walter L. Mulford, 
who becomes the head of the depart- 
ment of forestry at the University of 
California at Berkeley, Cal. 


At this writing a State forester for 
Virginia has not yet been selected. The 
new law went into effect on June 1. 
Several well-known foresters have been 
mentioned for the place and Dr. Alder- 
man, dean of the University of Vir- 
ginia at Charlottesville, where the State 
forestry department will be located, as 


NOTES 535 
the University is to pay the expenses of 
the work until the neeting of the next 
Assembly, in 1916, is expected to make 
an announcement of the appointment at 
almost any time. ‘Ihe man who takes 
the place will find the majority of the 
people of the State eager to learn how 
to care for their woodlots and forested 
lands, and it is generally expected that 
he will make such a good showing, 
for there is the opportunity to do so, 
that the citizens will insist upon their 
legislators, two years hence, providing 
a substantial appropriation for carrying 
on the work. 


During the spring of this year 867 
acres of the area known as the Roubaix 
Burn, in the Black Hills National For- 
est, were reforested by direct seeding. 
In addition, 15,000 yellow pine and 5,000 
Douglas fir seedlings were planted. 

This year’s work marks the tenth 
consecutive year this reforestation work 
has been done on the Black Hills Na- 
tional Forest. According to Forest 
Supervisor Kelleter, some of the earliest 
successful work done by the Forest 
Service was done on the Black Hills 
National Forest, and at the present time 
a very good stand of thrifty trees of 
good size is to be found on the oldest 
areas. Up to the present time a little 
over 6,000 acres have been reforested 
by direct seeding. 


Members of the North Carolina State 
Forestry Association and the Appa- 
lachian Park Association held a joint 
meeting at Asheville, N. C., on June 10 
and enthusiastically discussed forest 
conditions in North Carolina, and also 
the progress being made in securing an 
Appalachian Park. Dr. Joseph Hyde 
Pratt, State geologist, presided and 
there were several excellent addresses. 
Mrs. William J. Cocke, of Asheville, 
told how interested the women of the 
city are in the effort to conserve the 
forests of the State; State Forester 
Barton of Kentucky spoke about con- 
ditions in his State, and a very sound 
and practical address on the relation of 
the lumbermen to forestry was made 
by W. B. Townsend, of Townsend. 


536 AMERICAN 
Tenn. At the meeting of the Appa- 
Jachian Park Association Assistant 
United States Forester W. L. Hall told 
about the acquiring of national forests 
in the Appalachians. 

Hugh McRae, of Wilmington, N. C., 
was elected president of the State For- 
estry Association and State Forester 
J. S. Holmes was reelected secretary 
and treasurer. Resolutions deploring 
the death of George W. Vanderbilt and 
the departure of Dr. C. A. Schenck 
from this country, and also requesting 
a State appropriation of $10,000 for 
forest fire fighting were passed. 

The day following the business ses- 
sion the delegates and visitors spent in 
Pisgah forest, where they inspected the 
forest planting and viewed the tract of 
86,700 acres recently purchased by the 
Government. 


Foresters and conservationists all 
over the country were shocked by the 
untimely death, on June 11, of Overton 
W. Price, vice-president of the National 
Conservation Association of Washing- 
ton, D. C., and former Assistant United 
States Forester under Gifford Pinchot. 
Mr. Price was one of the best known 
foresters in America, starting active 
work in his profession in 1899 after 
thorough preparation, and attaining 
credit and distinction in all he did. He 
served with Gifford Pinchot during the 
latter’s term in the Forest Service, 
doing such excellent work that Mr. 
Pinchot dedicates his latest book, “The 
Training of a Forester,” to him in these 
words: “To Overton W. Price, friend 
and fellow-worker, to whom is due, 
more than to any other man, the high 
efficiency of the United States Forest 
Service,” 

After leaving the Service Mr. Price 
devoted himself to his duties with the 
National Conservation Association and 
to private forestry work which included 
representation of the forestry interests 
of the late George W. Vanderbilt and 
work for the Canadian Government in 
British Columbia, and other details. He 
also made many valuable contributions 
to forestry and conservation literature, 
his last work of this kind being his 


FORESTRY 


article in the June issue of AMERICAN 
Forestry. Mr. Price was in the prime 
of life, and his passing has occasioned 
widespread and heartfelt regret. His 
mother, his wife and four children 
survive him. 


A comprehensive circular giving de- 
tailed information regarding the hotels, 
camps, transportation lines, and points 
of interest in the Yellowstone National 
Park has just been issued by direction 
of Secretary Lane. Travel to the Yel- 
lowstone has been developed to such a 
degree that there are listed two lines 
for the transportation of tourists, a 
hotel company operating five hotels, two 
camping companies operating stage 
lines and permanent camps, and _ five 
firms or individuals catering to special 
camping parties. There are descrip- 
tions of the formations of the terraces 
at Mammoth Hot Springs, the geyser 
basins along Gibbon and_ Firehole 
Rivers, and the Grand Canyon of the 
Yellowstone. The circular contains in- 
teresting notes on the varying action of 
the geysers, the colored pools, and the 
hot springs. 


In New York’s railways of over 8,000 
miles practically all of the ties used in 
the tracks come from other States. 
Longleaf pine and oak are brought 
from the South and chestnut from 
the southern Appalachian Mountains. 
These ties now cost the railroads from 
65 to 80 cents apiece, whereas 15 years 
ago they could be purchased for from 
35 to 50 cents apiece. Many railroads 
are planting trees to supply ties for the 
future. Metal and concrete ties have 
proven to be unsatisfactory, as they 
lack the essential elasticity. In Ger- 
many and France more wooden ties are 
used annually in spite of the gradually 
increasing cost. 


With the acquisition by the Federal 
Government of Pisgah Forest, the 
property extending through the for- 
ested part of three counties of western 
North Carolina, there comes to lum- 
bermen and other owners of woodland 


FOREST NOTES 


in that region the unexampled oppor- 
tunity to secure adequate protection of 
their land from fire. The administra- 
tion of the National Forests believes 
that fire protection to be effective must 
be general. They, therefore, not only 
protect their own lands by every possi- 
ble means, but they endeavor to cooper- 
ate with all surrounding owners, as 
well as with the State, the railroads, and 
other agencies, in order to secure the 
best results. 


The State College of Forestry at 
Syracuse warns owners of farms and 
country estates of the very serious dan- 
ger which threatens the Hickory trees 
in the various parts of New York State. 
In some regions a large percentage 
(sometimes as high as 80 per cent) of 
the hickories have been killed by the 
hickory bark beetle, a small insect which 
lives between the inner bark and sap 
wood of the trees and by means of its 
tunnels cuts off the flow of sap to the 
upper part of the tree. The hickory 
tree in this State is doomed both as a 
shade tree and from a commercial 
standpoint unless active work is done 
to check this insect. This can be done 
only by cutting the trees killed the pre- 
vious season and so disposing of the 
bark and branches as to destroy the 
young living insects within. The best 
way is to burn the entire tree or sub- 
merge it in water for two weeks. Ordi- 
narily these measures should be taken 
before May 1, but this year, owing to 
the backward spring, the larve are still 
in the bark, and if the work is done 
thoroughly many trees which will 
otherwise be killed this summer may 
still be saved. 


The Sophomore Summer Camp of 
the New York State College of Forestry 
opened on the Catskill Forest Station. 
near Tannersville in the Catskills, on 
June 1. Fifty-four Sophomores from 
the college will be in camp for eight 
weeks. As one part of the practical 
training at the camp the amount of 
standing timber on 2,000 acres of moun- 
tain land typical to that section of the 


537 


Catskills will be estimated. In addition, 
the boys will be required to study the 
growth of the various trees in order to 
determine how much timber can be re- 
moved annually without endangering 
the condition of the forest. 


Interest in reforestation in south 
Ohio is increasing. By far the biggest 
project of this nature is that of the 
Carbondale Coal Company, the tract of 
which is located in the northern part 
of Athens County. Initial steps have 
been taken in reforesting the waste 
lands of the tract, which contains about 
2,500 acres. The company has planted 
to date over 100,000 trees, mostly tulip 
poplar, pine and red oak, and it is their 
intention to extend the planting each 
year. The Carbondale tract is typical 
of the hill region of southeastern Ohio. 
Much of the area now idle is of the old 
field type, and is non-agricultural. ‘The 
coves are well adapted to tulip poplar 
and the slopes to pine and red oak. 
Test plantations of white, red, pon- 
derosa, Austrian and Jack pines, were 
made in the spring of 1914. While the 
native timber of this section is hard- 
wood, some of the pines appear well 
adapted to old, worn-out fields, and it 
is quite likely they will be of service in 
the reforestation of much of the region 
occupied by the coal measures. A 
white pine planting, made four or five 
years ago by the Carbondale Company, 
while not successful, due to inferior 
planting stock, indicates that the species 
is well adapted to the conditions at 
hand. 

The company has also undertaken the 
conservative management of over a 
thousand acres of second growth tim- 
ber land. Cutting is being done accord- 
ing to forestry principles. The com- 
pany maintains its own sawmill, and all 
mine timbers are supplied from the 
tract. 

The Carbondale system is ideal and 
should be adopted by every coal com- 
pany in Ohio, where conditions are 
similar. The President of the com- 
pany, Colonel Richard Enderlin, is not 
only an enthusiast on forestry, but he 
has a remarkable insight in practical 


538 AMERICAN 


forestry methods. He not only wants 
to improve his own forest property but 
wants others to do the same. No other 
man in Ohio manifests more public 
spirit or genuine unselfish interest in 
forest conservation, and he will be a 
power in advancing forestry in this 
State. His efficient Superintendent, 
Mr. M. H. Doolittle, is in active charge 
of the forest. With these two men at 
the helm great things can be expected 
at Carbondale. 


Secretary Lane has appointed Mark 
Daniels as Landscape Engineer and 
General Superintendent of National 
Parks. The Secretary’s appreciation of 
the necessity of a fixed plan as an es- 
sential in the economic administration 
and proper development of the parks 
resulted in this appointment. Mr. 
Daniels is from San Francisco and has 
recently completed an advanced inves- 
tigation in the post-graduate depart- 
ments at Harvard University upon the 
subject of the economic value of art, 
the results of which investigations it is 
hoped will be off the press early in the 
ensuing year. If his duties in connec- 
tion with his present appointment will 
permit, Mr. Daniels will act as a mem- 


FORESTRY 


ber of a commission to report to their 
respective governments upon the needs 
of several parks in Europe. Mr. Dan- 
iels will bend his energies toward the 
completion of a set of plans for each 
of the parks to the end that not only 
shall the inharmonious be eliminated, 
but that there shall be a definite plan 
for the park administrators to work to. 


The Eucalyptus Hardwood Associa- 
tion of California held its first annual 
meeting recently and elected the follow- 
ing Directors to serve for the ensuing 
year: Mr. Wm. H. Brintnall, formerly 
President of Drovers’ Bank, Chicago ; 
Mr. L. M. Pratt, President of Pratt 
Eucalyptus Investment Company; Mr. 
F. S. Churchill, President of Los Ber- 
ros Forest Company; Mr. C. F. Cook, 
associated with the Eucalyptus Culture 
Company, and Mr. C. H. McWilliams, 
President of the Southern California 
Eucalyptus Growers’ Association. The 
Directors met and elected L. M. Pratt, 
President; F. S. Churchill, First Vice- 
President; C. F. Cook, Second Vice- 
President: C. H. McWilliams, Secre- 
tary, and ‘Theodore B. Comstock, 
Treasurer. 


NEW BOOKS RECEIVED 


“THE Farm Lot,” by E. G. Cheyney and J. 
B. Wentling. Price, $1.50 (The Macmil- 
ibia, (Coys 


Is an addition to the Rural Science Series 
which have for some time been a feature of 
the special publications issued by the Mac- 
millans. The book, which is exceptionally 
well printed and illustrated, is designed to 
aid the farmer in the establishment, care and 
utilization of small patches of timberland 
on his farm and will be found of great prac- 
tical benefit, as the authors have told in 
simple, precise English, and in popular style, 
just what to do with all kinds of woodlots 
and the best varieties of timber to encourage. 


“THE TRAINING OF A ForESTER,’ by Gifford 
Pinchot. Price, $1.00 (Lippincott’s). 
Certainly no man is better equipped than 

Mr. Pinchot to write of what is necessary in 

the training of a forester, and of what the 

aspirant for entrance into the profession 
needs. He very frankly says “I urge nu man 


to make forestry his profession, but rather 
to keep away from it if he can. In forestry 
a man is either altogether at home or very 
much out of place. Unless he has a compell- 
ing love for the Forester’s life and the For- 
ester’s work, let him keep out of it.” The 
book tells in succinct style what the forest 
is, what the forester’s knowledge should be 
and of all the various steps in the develop- 
ment of a forester. 


“TUMBER AND Its Usss,” by R. S. Kellogg. 
Price, $1.00 (The Radford Architectural 
Company ). 

Contractors, architects, builders, and even 
the lumbermen themselves have long felt the 
need of such a book as this, for it tells what 
lumber is, what the various kinds are best 
suited for and, in fact, as much in detail 
about lumber and its uses as any intelligent 
man, wishing the information, could ask. It 
is a book which should have a large sale 
and should be well worn by constant usage 
for reference by any possessing it. 


CUNT CVE Rea Oi 


MONTHLY LIST FOR JUNE, 1914. 


(Books and periodical articles indexed in the 
Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole 


Hudson, W. F. A. A handbook of forestry. 
82 p. il. Watford, Eng., The Cooper 
laboratory for economic research, 1913. 


Proceedings and reports of associations, 
State forest officers, etc. 


Connecticut—State forester. Seventh report. 
30 p. maps. New Haven, Conn., 1914. 

Hongkong, China—Botanical and _ forestry 
dept. Report for the year 1912. 14 p. 
Hongkong, 1912. 

India—Baluchistan—Forest dept. Progress 
report of forest administration for 1912- 
13. 31 p. Calcutta, 1914. 

India—Bihar and Orissa—Forest dept. An- 
nual progress report on forest adminis- 
tration, 1912-13. 60 p. Patna, 1913. 

India—Punjab—Forest dept. Progress report 
on forest administration for 1912-13. 71 
p. Lahore, 1913. 

Maryland—State board of forestry. 
for 1912 and 1913. 56 p. pl. 
1914. 

New Jersey—Forest park reservation com- 
mission. Ninth annual report, 1913. 82 
p. pl. Trenton, 1914. 

St. Petersburg—Lyesnoi institut (Forest in- 
stitute). Izvyestiya (‘Contributions ), vol. 
26. 63 p. St. Petersburg, 1913. 


Report 
Baltimore, 


Forest History 


Fabricius, L. Geschichte der naturwissen- 
schaften in der forstwissenschaft bis zum 
jahre 1830. 137 p. Stuttgart, E. Ulmer, 
1906. 


Forest Education 


Forest schools 


Harvard university—Schoo] of forestry. 
Prospectus, 1914-15. 34 p. il. Cam- 
bridge, Mass., 1914. 

Forest Legislation 

Maryland—State board of forestry. Forest 


laws of Maryland. 8 p.. Baltimore, Md., 
1914. (Forestry leaflet no. 15.) 
New Hampshire—Forestry commission. The 
fire wardens’ manual; laws relating to 
forest protection and instruction to for- 
est fire wardens, lookout watchmen, and 
patrolmen. 72 p. Concord, 1914. (Bul- 

letin 5.) 


Forest Description 


Montana—Dept. of agriculture and publicity. 
The resources and opportunities of 
Montana, 1914 edition. 304 p. il, maps. 
Helena, Mont., 1914. 


Forest Botany 


Trees, classification and description 


Maiden, J. H. A critical revision of the 
genus Eucalyptus, pts. 20-21. pl. Sydney, 
N. S. W., 1914. 
Silvics 


Silvical characteristics of trees 


Hay, R. D. Rate of growth of indigenous 
commercial trees. 2 p. Sydney, 1914. 
(New South Wales—Dept. of forestry. 
Bulletin no. 8.) 


Studies of species 


Jackson, A. G. and Knapp, J. B. Western 
red cedar in the Pacific northwest. 24 p. 
il. Seattle and Tacoma, Wash., West 
Coast lumberman, 1914. 


Forest soils 


Parrozzani, A. L/azote nei terreni di bosco 
(Nitrogen in forest soils). 22 p. Acireale, 
Tip. Orario delle Ferrovie, 1913. 

Parrozzani, A. Condizioni fisiche e chimiche 
nei terreni silvani e coltivati del bosco 
Santo Pietro in Caltagirone (Physical 
and chemical conditions in the sterile and 
cultivated soils of the forest of Santo 
Pietro in Caltagirone). 46 p. Acireale, 
Tip. Orario delle Ferrovie, 1913. 


Silviculture 

Planting 

New Hampshire—Forestry commission. Re- 
foresting waste and cut-over land. 27 p. 
Concord, 1914. (Bulletin 4.) 

Forest Protection 

Insects 

Britton, W. E. The brown-tail moth. 26 p. 
il. New Haven Conn., 1914. (Connecti- 
cut—Agricultural experiment station. 


Bulletin 182.) 


Diseases 


Anderson, P. J. The morphology and life 
history of the chestnut blight fungus. 44 
p. pl. Harrisburg, 1914. (Pa. chestnut 
tree blight commission. Bulletin 7.) 

Long, W. H. ‘The death of chestnuts and 
oaks due to Armillaria mellea. 9 p. pl. 
Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. S—Dept of 
agriculture. Bulletin 89.) 

Nellis, J. C. Uses for chestnut timber killed 
by the bark disease. 24 p. il. Wash., 


539 


540 AMERICAN 


D. C., 1914. (U. §—Dept of agriculture. 
Farmers’ bulletin 582.) 

New Hampshire—Forestry commission. The 
chestnut bark disease; control, utilization. 
40 p. Concord, 1914. (Bulletin 6.) 


Fire 
California—State board of forestry. Annual 


fire report, 1913. 94 p. il., maps. Sacra- 
mento, 1914. 
California—State board of forestry. The 


forest protection problem in California. 
7 p. Sacramento, 1914. (Bulletin no. 5.) 
California—State board of forestry. The 
governor has proclaimed Apr. 18, 1914, 


fire prevention day. 12 p. il. Sacra- 
mento, 1914. 
United States—Forest service. Systematic 


fire protection in the California forests, 
DVRC He DUbOISHm Opals saVashe. Daa C= 
1914. ; 

Howard, W. G. Forest fires. 52 p. il., pl. 
Albany, 1914. (New York—Conservation 
commission. Bulletin 10.) 


Forest Mensuration 


Bentley, J. Methods of determining the 
value of timber in the farm woodlot. 36 
py alk Iiieven, ING we aig | CCovanelll 


university—New York state college of 
agriculture. Cornell reading courses, vol. 
3, no. 62; Farm forestry series no. 4.) 


Forest Economics 


Taxation and tariff 

Massachusetts—Commission on the taxation 
of wild or forest lands. Report, Jan., 
1914. 98 p. Boston, Wright and Potter 
printing co., 1914. 


Statistics 


United States—Forest service. The country’s 
forests, 14 p. Wash., D: C., 1914: 

United States—Forest service. Our timber 
supply. 8 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. 


Forest Utilization 


Lumber industry 

Bruce, E. S. Flumes and fluming. 36 p. il.. 
Diem Vash DC Ota a (UinS Dent 
of agriculture Bulletin 87.) 


Wood using industries 

Betts, N. de W. Rocky mountain mine tim- 
bersy) 3450p al. Wash. Dac. 19040) (CU: 
S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 77.) 

Surface, H. E. Suitability of longleaf pine 
for paper pulp. 26 p. Wash., D. C.. 1914. 
(U. S.—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 


Wood preservation 


American wood preservers’ association. Pro- 
ceedings of the 10th annual meeting, Jan. 


20-22, 1914. 501 p. il. Baltimore, Md.. 
1914. 4 
Great Britain—Board of agriculture and 


fisheries. Preservation of outdoor tim- 
ber. 4 p. London, 1914. 


PORE STRY 


Auxiliary Subjects 


Conservation of natural resources 


Louisiana—Conservation commission.  Re- 
port, 1912-14. 136 p. il, maps. New 
Orleans, 1914. 

National parks 

Canada—Dept. of the interior—Dominion 


parks branch. Report of the Commis- 
sioner of dominion parks for the year 
ending Mar. 31, 1913. 96 p. il. Ottawa, 
1914. 


Drought 

Rotmistrov, V. G. The nature of drought 
according to the evidence of the Odessa 
experiment field. 48 p. pl. Odessa, 
Russia, Dept. of agriculture, 1913. 


Periodical Articles 
Miscellaneous periodicals 


American city, Apr., 1914.—Tree planting on 
city and suburban streets, p. 343-4. 
Bulletin of the American geographic so- 
ciety, May, 1914—-A method of esti- 
mating rainfall by the growth of trees, 

by A. E. Douglass, p. 321-35. 

Canadian magazine, May, 1914.—Warning 
against deforestation, by N. S. Rankin, 
p. 57-62. 

Country gentleman, May 9, 1914.—Is the 
cedar chest moth proof, by S. J. Record, 
p. 944. 

Fire prevention, May, 1914.—How the beau- 
tiful forests of New York state are 
protected from fire, by G. E. Van Ken- 
nen, p. 8-9. 

Gardeners’ chronicle, Apr. 18, 1914—Aus- 
tralian acacias, p. 262. 

Gardeners’ chronicle, May 23, 1914.—New 
Chinese species, by E. Beckett, p. 344-5. 

National wool grower, May, 1914.—Sheep 
do not injure forests, p. 16-20. 

Overland monthly, May, 1914.—California’s 
great lumber industry, by J. Davis, p. 
436-41. 

Philippine agricultural review, Apr., 1914.— 
Bureau of forestry exhibit, Philippine 
exposition, by E. E. Schneider, p. 185-8. 

Popular science monthly, June, 1914——-The 
future of the chestnut tree in North 
America, by A. H. Graves, p. 551-66. 

Scientific American, May 2, 1914.—French 
artificial wood, p. 366; The forests of 
Switzerland, p. 387. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Journal 
of agricultural research, May, 1914.— 
Two new wood destroying fungi, by J. R. 
Wier, p. 163-5. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Year- 
book, 1913.—Practical tree surgery, by 
J. F. Collins, p. 163-90; Economic waste 
from soil erosion, by R. O. E. Davis, 
p. 207-20. 

United States—War dept. Professional 
memoirs, Corps of engineers, U. S. army, 
May-June, 1914.—Flood prevention, by 
J. C. Oakes, p. 423-38. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


United States—Weather bureau. Monthly 
weather review, Feb., 1914—The value 
of weather forecasts in the problem of 
protecting forests from fire, by E. A. 
Beals, p. 111-19. 


Trade journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, May 16, 1914.—Piling 
and drying lumber, by M. C. Berne, p. 
45-6; uses for holly, p. 47; Commercial 
uses of magnolia, p. 47. 

American lumberman, May 30, 1914._New 
York forest products exposition, p. 
31-4. 

Barrel and box, May, 1914.—Waste in manu- 
facture of tight cooperage, p. 37; Annual 
use of hemlock box lumber, p. 48-9. 

Engineering news, Mar. 19, 1914.—Tests of 
some joints used in heavy framing, by 
H. D. Dewell, p. 593-8. 

Hardwood record, May 10, 1914.—The forest 
products exposition, p. 21-37. 

Hardwood record, May 25, 1914.—Crushing 
strength of wood, p. 27; No substitute 
for wooden shuttles, p. 29; Utilization 
of basswood, by N. C. Brown, p. 30-1; 
Influence of source of seed upon forest 
growth, p. 31. 

Lumber trade journal, June 1, 1914.—Annual 
meeting of Louisiana forestry associa- 
tion, p. 25-27; Yale forest students 
study lumbering on lands of Grest 
southern lumber co., p. 33. 

Lumber world review, May 25, 1914.—The 
grading of timber on the strength basis, 
by A. T. North, p. 27-9; Western larch; 
its distribution, qualities, uses, by N. C. 
Brown, p. 30-2. 

Mississippi valley lumberman, May 29, 1914. 
—The wood silo, by G. E. Townsend, 
p., 35. 

Paper, May 13, 1914—Course of study in 
pulp and paper science, by R. H. Me- 
Kee, p. 16-19. 

Paper, May 20, 1914—Technology of the 
sulphite pulp process, by G. P. Steffen- 
son, p. 16-21; Forests and storage reser- 
voirs vs. floods, p. 36. 


Paper, May 27, 1914.—Woodpulp from tree 
waste, p. 21. 

Paper trade journal, May 21, 1914.—Manu- 
facture of sulphite pulp, by G. B. Steffen- 
son, p. 42-50. 

Pioneer western lumberman, May 15, 1914.— 
Logging, past and present, by G. A. 
Buell, p. 15, 23-6. 

Pioneer western lumberman, June 1, 1914.— 
Laurel, a California hardwood, p. 11. 

St. Louis lumberman, May 15, 1914.—Report 
of the Conservation committee of the 
National lumber manufacturers’ associa- 
tion, p. 75-6; Forest products eXposi- 
tion, p. 88-101. 


St. Louis lumberman, June 1; 1914—Pro- 


posed grading of yellow pine timber for 
structural purposes, p. 81; Laying wood 
paving in London, p. 87. 
Timber trade journal, May 16, 
Japanese oak, p. 1034-5, 
Timberman, May, 1914.—Lumber declared 
most valuable and adaptive building ma- 
terial, p. 27-9; Timberman correspond- 
ents advocate the air dried shingles, p. 
36-7; Forest protection in Oregon and 
Washington makes marked progress, p. 
49; Aerial logging system, p. 51-2. 
. ». daily consular report, May 15, 1914.— 
Pacific coast timber for Indian railways, 
by H. D. Baker, p. 893; Chinese studying 
forestry in the Philippines, by G. E. 
Anderson, p. 893. 
U. S. daily consular report, May 21, 1914.— 
French market for American staves, by 
J. B. Osborne, p. 1012; The cultiva- 
tion of lac in India, by J. A. Smith, p. 
1016-17. 

U. S. daily consular report, May 23, 1914.— 
Basel market for imported lumber, by 
P. Holland, p. 1067. 


U. S. daily consular report, June 5, 1914.— 
Shooks and packing material in Canary 
islands, by H. Brett, p. 1326-7. 


U. S$. daily consular report, June 9, 1914,— 
Hardwood forests of South America, by 
I. A. Manning and others, p. 1406-7; 


Lumber and timber products abroad, by 
B. F. Yost and others, p. 1408-9. 


West Coast lumberman, June 1, 1914.—The 
structural properties of Douglas fir and 
long leaf yellow pine, by O. P. M. Goss, 
p. 20-1; Utilization of fir by distillation, 
by G. M. Hunt, p. 24-6. 


1914.— 


Sy 


Forest journals. 


Allgemeine forst- und jagdzeitung, Apr., 1914. 
—Wissenschaft und erfahrung, p. 117- 
26; Chemie des holzes, by F. Moll, p. 
126-32. 

Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de 
Belgique, Apr., 1914—-Le domaine de 
Hodinfosse, by G. Crahay, p. 215-29. 

Indian forester, Apr., 1914——The concentra- 
tion of regeneration operations, by M. R. 
K. Jerram, p. 141-7; Sal regeneration 
in the Duars forests, by E. O. Sheb- 
beare and others, p. 147-54; Wood dis- 
tillation in Indiana and America, p. 158- 
60; The forest of Dean, p. 160-4. 

North woods, May, 1914—Minnesota club 
women and conservation, by Mrs. C. L. 
Atwood, p. 21-7. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fiir forst- 
und landwirtschaft, Feb., 1914—Pflan- 
zenpathologische bilder und notizen aus 
den nordamerikanischen waldern, by C. 
von Tubeuf, p. 89-91. 

Revue des eaux et forets, Apr. 15, 1914.—La 
situation des forets de la Réunion au 
premier janvier, 1914, by A. J. Bonnet, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


p. 249-53; Du calcul de la possibilité des 
sapiniéres jardinées, p. 254-7. 

Revue des eaux et forets, May 1, 1914.—Les 
statistiques forestieres au commence- 
ment du XIXe siécle, by H. de Coincy, 
p. 281-8; Bulletin forestier étranger ; le 
Mexique, by G. Gainet, p. 289-302. 

Schweizerische zeitschrift ftr fortswesen, 
Apr., 1914.—Die schiffbarmacher des 
Oberrheins und die interressen des 
Schweizerischen holzhandels, by G. 
Brugger, p. 108-10; Beschadigung durch 
den erlenrusselkafer, p. 115-16. 

Tree talk, May, 1914.—Pruning street trees, 
by R. W. Curtis, p. 9-11; Two on-coming 
insect pests, by W. E. Britton, p. 12-13; 
The elm leaf miner and its control, by 
C. W. Herrick, p. 15-17; A hardy Eng- 
lish walnut, p. 19-21. 

Zeitschrift fiir forst- und jagdwesen, Mar., 
1914.—Die dtirreschaden von 1911 in den 
anhaltischen staatsforsten, by Reuss, p. 
70-82; Die waldarbeiterfrage, by Lie- 
beneiner, p. 90-8; Die eichenwalder des 
europaischen Russlands, by G. Wysotzki, 
p. 98-101; Die alte forstakademie und 
das neue forstliche museum zu Ebers- 
walde, by Moller und Ortmann, p. 129- 
42; Beitrage zur forstgeschichte der 
Churmark wahrend der 2. halfte des 18. 
jahrhunderts, by A. Schwappach, p. 142- 
58; Die durch steinkohlenverbrennung 
am walde entstehenden und vermuteten 


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American Forestry 


VOL XX 


AUGUST, 1914 No. 8 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 


By Hon. J. Caries LINTHICUM. 


NE of the many stories attrib- 
uted to Abraham Lincoln is 
that of a shrewd Yankee who 
entered a country store, took 

up a dried herring, and inquired its 
price. Told that the fish was a nickel 
he hesitated and asked the cost of a 
mug of cider. On being informed that 
it was the same price, he returned the 
herring and drank the cider. As he 
was leaving, the storekeeper halted him 
with the reminder that he had forgotten 
to pay for the cider. 


“Why,” exclaimed the Yankee, “I ex- 
changed the herring for it.” 

“Well, then, pay for the herring,” 
demanded the storekeeper. 

“But, L didnt’ set at, protested the 
Yankee, “I took the cider.” 

As the Yankee disappeared down the 
road, the puzzled storekeeper scratched 
his head and observed: 

“Well, consarn it, I’ve been done out 
of a nickel somewhere!” 

This story was current when Lincoln 
was making his campaigns for public 


A FISHING SCHOONER. 


AN IDEAL TYPE OF THE SWIFT SAFE VESSEL FOR FISHERMEN. 


IT IS THE GRAMPUS, BUILT BY 


THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT. 


543 


544 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CoLLECTING Cop Eccs on A FISHING VESSEL. 


ONE SOURCE OF COD EGGS HATCHED AT THE NEW ENGLAND STATIONS IS THE CATCH OF THE MARKET FISHERMEN. 
SPAWNTAKERS BOARD THE FISHING BOATS, OVERHAUL THE FISH, AND SAVE THE EGGS OF SUCH AS ARE RIPE. 


recognition, for in those days a part of 
the stock of every country store was 
a barrel of cider and a supply of dried 
herring; hence the story is typical of 
conditions a half-century ago. Though 
cider is yet a part of the stock of every 
green grocery, but comparatively few of 
them now sell dried herring The her- 
ring that were disposed of by millions 
to ‘the small storekeepers throughout 
the land are no longer handled as ex- 
tensively for food purposes, and that 
statement raises a most interesting 
query: 
“What is becoming of the herring?” 


WHERE THE HERRING GO. 


If you visit the upper-waters of the 
Chesapeake during the Spring run of 
the herring you will witness scow load 
after scow load of that fish being sold 
to boats representing the fish fertilizer 
factories of Virginia. There is no at- 
tempt to conceal the traffic, no effort at 


secrecy—the business is all conducted 
in the open light of day. You will see 
boatload after boatload, consisting 
principally of herring, but in which “are 
quantities of small white and yellow 
perch and other food fish” being carted 
off down the bay to be dumped into the 
capacious, ever hungry maws of the 
fish fertilizer factories of Virginia. 
This, then, explains what becomes of 
the herring which were at one time sold 
by nearly every grocery store in the 
land. 

If you will continue your investiga- 
tion you will find that throughout the 
Chesapeake basin boats from the fish 
fertilizer factories of Virginia visit the 
fishing fleets and purchase their her- 
ring. According to testimony given at 
a Congressional hearing, the fertilizer 
factory boats so dominate the fisher- 
men that the latter decline to sell to 
others, as a result of which, in some 
sections the fertilizer boats enjoy a com- 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 545 


THE FRESH-FisH FLEET at T WuHuarr, Boston. 


Larger quantities of fresh sea fish are landed at Boston than at any other port in the United States. 
The principal species are cod, cusk, haddock, hake, pollock, halibut, swordfish, and mackerel, together 


with lobsters, oysters, and clams. 


A day’s receipts of fresh fish 


from the grounds off the New 


England coast have sometimes exceeded 2,000,000 pounds. 


plete monopoly of the market. They 
purchase herring for less than others, 
and indeed so completely do they con- 
trol the market, that the fishermen re- 
fuse to sell to individual consumers or 
to boats sent out by the packing houses 
who wish to purchase and pack for 
food purposes. Representatives of a 
fish-packing house were refused fish 
although they offered 50 cents more per 
thousand than the fertilizer boats. 
Their offer was declined owing to the 
fact that the fertilizer boats are always 
willing purchasers at their fixed prices, 
regardless of the condition of the mar- 
ket. The boats representing the fish 
packers, however, purchase only a cer- 
tain quantity and desire no more. The 
result is, that the fisherman preters to 
deal with the steady customer to whom 
he can at all times deliver his catch 
rather than with one whose purchases 
are limited. 


More than 5,000,000 food fish caught 
in 1912 in the nets at the head of the 
Chesapeake Bay went into the ma- 
chines of the fertilizer factories of Vir- 
ginia. Three pound nets alone deliv- 
ered 147,000 fish to the fertilizer boats 
in a single day. 

The result of the use of herring for 
fertilizer has been a studious effort to 
increase the catch of that fish. With a 
market available under conditions which 
allow of no surplus or waste, the fish- 
erman is able to regulate his day’s earn- 
ings by the size of his catch. The 
profits are measured only by the quan- 
tity of apparatus the fisherman is 
equipped to operate and the number of 
fish taken. 

What has been the effect? Intense 
fishing, the multiplication and extension 
of nets and traps of varied character, 
all for the purpose of increasing the 
catch regardless of the consequences. 


546 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LARGEST SEINE IN THE WORLD. 


This seine, operated for shad and alewives at 
longest -net of the kind. 
were. 22,400 feet long, giving : 3 
in the illustration. 
twice daily, at ebb tide, throughout the season. 


126,000 in one season, and 250,000 


Stony 
Pag" HEE proper was 9,600 feet in length, and the hauling ropes at the ends 
2.000 feet as the total sweep of the seine, only one end of which shows 
The seine was hauled by steam power and the labor of 80 men, 
As many 
alewives were caught at one time. 


Point, Virginia, on the Potomac River, was the 


and was drawn 
as 3,600 shad were taken at one haul, and 
Recently the. season’s "yield 


of shad fell to 3,000, and the fishery was consequently discontinued in 1905 after having been carried 


on for a century. 
this river. 


The effect of this ruthless harvesting 
of the waters is shown in the decreased 
catch of herring at Ferry Landing, Vir- 
ginia, where was located the largest 
seine on the Potomac River, twelve 
hundred fathoms long. It discontinued 
operation owing to the scarcity of fish. 
In former years, this celebrated fisb- 
ing shore, with even a smaller seine, 
sometimes yielded 200,000 or more her- 
ring at a haul, and even up to ten or 
fifteen years ago took probably 15,000 
to 30,000 at a haul. In 1913, the largest 
haul was 3,000 herring. 

Virginia has laws forbidding the tak- 
ing of herring in its waters for ferti- 
lizer purposes. Boats of the fertilizer 
companies of the Old Dominion, there- 
fore, sail into Maryland waters, .pur- 
chase herring and carry them to the fac- 
tories in Virginia. Maryland has but 


This seine was a source of eggs for the Bureau of Fisheries shad hatchery on 


one small fish fertilizer factory and no 
laws against the taking of herring for 
use for fertilizer. 

That many fishermen realize the 
moral wrong involved in thus diverting 
the herring ‘from channels of the high- 
est utility is evidenced by their state- 
ments. A representative of the Mary- 
land State Game and Fish Protective 
Association says: 

“Fishermen who have sold these 
fish for fertilizer have come to me 
and told me they believed it wrong 
and wished it could be stopped by 
law in this State, knowing that they 
were injuring themselves. by. think- 
ing only of the present, with no 
thought of the future, but while it 
was ‘lawful and others did it they 
would continue to do it also.” 


In justice to the fishermen it should 


ee eE——EeE—eE——— SC 


a I ne 


OUR. VANISHING 


be stated that they point to the steady 
decline in the demand for herring for 
food and contend that more herring are 
not being sold for fertilizer than were 
heretofore sold for food, and ask what 
effect upon the supply of that fish has 
the use of the herring for one purpose 
than another? I do not positively affirm 
that the ease with which the fisherman 
may dispose of their catch to the fertil- 
izer factories has contributed to the 
decline in the use of that fish for food 
purposes, but the situation certainly 
begets that suspicion. Conceding, how- 


BOOD FISH 047 
coast, in Long Island Sound, on the 
Pacific, and in the waters of Alaska, 
a flourishing traffic in this fish for fer- 
tilizer purposes is conducted. 

The meat of the herring is delicious 
and it would be one of our most popu- 
lar food fish were it not for its ex- 
ceedingly numerous bones. The fish- 
leving world awaits the coming of the 
genius who shall do for the herring 
what Eli Whitney did for the cotton 
boll. That Dame Necessity, who is the 
Mother of Invention, will produce this 
individual in good time, is not to be 


FisH1ING For LopstErs. 


BERRIED LOBSTERS, TAKEN FROM POUND AT BOOTHBAY 


HARBOR STATION (MAINE), IN COURSE OF TRANSFER TO 


WELLS OF THE STEAMER WHICH IS TO CONVEY THEM TO THE BUREAU OF FISHERIES HATCHERY FOR STRIPING. 


ever, that the herring is an inferior food 
fish, is it economically wise to permit 
its unrestricted destruction for non-food 
purposes? Will not, within a compara- 
tively short period, the increasing ex- 
igencies of our meat-food problem force 
this inferior fish into a place of impor- 
tance in the diet of many of our people? 
The use of herring for fertilizer is 
not confined to the waters of the Ches- 
apeake. - Along the New England 


doubted, and even now there ought to 
be aspirants in the field for that honor. 
The present year’s catch of herring in 
the Chesapeake Basin is the smallest in 
the history of those fisheries. Nearly 
all the commercial fisheries failed to 
earn a profit and hundreds of the fish- 
ermen have been plunged into excessive 
debt. Indications point to next season 
being worse than the present, and the 
future prospects are discouraging. 


548 AMERICAN 


THE DISAPPEARING SHAD 
While I believe it will be generally 
agreed that it is economically unwise to 
permit fish as good as herring to be 
ground into fertilizer, it is not more 
wrong than those practices by which our 
waters are being robbed of that splendid 


delicious food fish, the shad. The 
Chesapeake basin affords such a strik- 
ing example of the impending tf fate of 


this valuable fish when frequenting wa- 
ters flowing through two or more 
States, that I shall confine my observa- 
tions to those waters. 

3efore pointing out the pound-fool- 
ish policy of the fisherman toward this 
excellent market fish, let me explain 


that not many years ago so populous 
were the waters of the Chesapeake with 
portions of this 


the shad that large 


PORES TRY 


toothsome fish were to be had in season, 
at even the cheapest eating houses in 
Baltimore. Families purchased _ the 
male and female shad at prices ranging 
from twenty to forty cents apiece. So 
excessively has its price increased that 
many of the cheaper eating houses do 
not now sell shad, while families pur- 
chasing the fish are compelled to pay 
from forty cents to one dollar and 
twenty-five cents per fish. 

What is the explanation? 

If you enter the waters of the Ches- 
apeake from the Atlantic Ocean and 
proceed up the Bay, you will find run- 
ning out eat the Virginia shores for 
male after mile, a vast maze of nets, 
some extending as far as eight or ten 
miles toward the center of the Bay. 
These nets completely honeycomb the 
favorite path of the shad as they come 


A Quick CatcH. 


HIS EXPERIMENTAL CATCH OF COD AND HALIBUT WAS TAKEN IN TWENTY MINUTES ON A NEW 


“BANK” OFF THE COAST OF ALASKA. 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 


CONSERVATION OF SALMON. 
THE SPAWN OF THE LANDLOOCKED SALMON 
MAINE, FOR THE HATCHERIES. 


in from the ocean and attempt to pro- 
ceed up the Bay to spawn. In addi- 
tion to this maze of line nets, there are 
thousands of gill and pound nets at fre- 
quent intervals in the path of the shad, 
conveniently placed for his capture and 
destruction. A few years ago the State 
of Virginia was licensing only fifteen 
hundred of these pound nets; two years 
ago they had increased to about twenty- 
five hundred; and last year Virginia 
was licensing four thousand of them. 


IS TAKEN FROM 


THE FISH AT GRAND LAKE STREAM, 


These nets work twenty-four hours 
every day in the week, and are the 
most relentless agency of destruction 
it has so far been within the ingenuity 
of man to invent. 

It is obvious that if the shad cannot 
reach the spawning grounds they do 
not reproduce, hence, must continue to 
diminish. 

The effect of this unrestricted net- 
ting is eloquently attested by the de- 
creases in the catches of the fishermen 


5A9 


550 AMERICAN 


Tor instance, Neitzey Brothers, whose 
seine at Ferry Landing was referred to 
heretofore, report that in 1909 they 
caught 9,000 shad, that in 1912 it was 
S00 Mandeiatot3nit was. 700: = Herry 
landing, where this seine was operated, 
is on the Potomac River but a few miles 
from Mt. Vernon. 

The enormous decline in the total 
catch of shad in Virginia and Maryland 
is shown by the following tables: 

Virginia.*—1897, 11,529,474 pounds; 
1909, 7,421,864 pounds; 1913, 2,752,321 
pounds. 

Maryland.*—1890, 7,127, 
1900, 3,111,181 pounds ; 1912 
pounds. 

In vain has the United States Bureau 
of Fisheries sounded repeated warnings 
of the rapidly disappearing shad. In 
the annual report of the Secretary of 
Commerce for 1913 appears the follow- 
ing significant statement : 

“The immediate cause of the failure 
of the shad and herring fisheries in 1913 
is the diminished run of spawning fish 
into Chesapeake Bay from the sea and 
the enormous quantity of apparatus 
among which a limited catch had to be 
div ided. Inasmuch as the great bulk of 
the yield is taken in salt water, the rem- 
nant that was able to reach the spawn- 
ing grounds in the streams was insig- 
nificant and wholly inadequate to main- 
tain the supply. 

“The remote cause of the present 
condition is excessive fishing in former 
years and the lack of even the minimum 
amount of protection that is demanded 
by regard for the most elementary prin- 
ciples of fishery conservation. Fish en- 
tering Chesapeake Bay have to run 
through such a maze of nets that the 
wonder is that any are able to reach 
their spawning grounds and deposit 
their eggs. The mouth of every impor- 
tant shad and herring stream in the 
Chesapeake Basin is literally clogged 
with nets that are set for the special 
purpose of intercepting every fish, 
whereas a proper regard for the future 
welfare of the fisheries and for the 
needs of the migrating schools would 
cause the nets to be set so as to insure 
the escape of a certain proportion of 
the spawning fish. 


486 fore ina 
, 1,912,240 


* From United States Government Report. 


FORESTRY 


“Adequate protection of the fishes is 
compatible with great freedom of fish- 
ery and with a large and increasing 
yield. A very slight curtailment of the 
catch, perhaps as little as 10 per cent 
in any given year, may be sufficient to 
perpetuate the species and result in in- 
creased production in a few years. To 
disregard a requirement so small and to 
permit the continuance of an evil so 
serious simply invites and encourages 
the destruction of a most valuable food 


supply.” 


A FEMALE SALMON. 


The present has been a disastrous sea- 
son to the shad fishery. Hardly a com- 
mercial fisherman reports — sufficient 
catch to show a profit, and as a result 
never as before attention has been di- 
rected to the necessity for laws and reg- 
ulations that will prevent the complete 
destruction of the shad. The constantly 
ebbing supply of this fish is reflected in 
the take of shad eggs at the two prin- 
cipal propagating stations of the Bureau 
of Fisheries, one located on the Potomac 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 


and the other on the Susquehanna 
River. 

The figures of these stations for the 
past three seasons are as follows: 

Potomac Fishery.*—1912, 88,727,000; 
1913, 30,913,000; 1914, 29,808,000. 

Susquehanna Fishery.t;—1912, 12,- 
io,0005 1913, 65861,000;. 1914, .2,- 
367,000. 

OTHER EVIDENCE. 

The same record of unreasoning de- 
struction is reported from nearly every 
coast State. 

The New England States lament the 
disappearance of their salmon, once 
taken in abundance on the south side of 
Cape Cod. In the. Connecticut and 
Merrimac rivers that fish is practically 
destroyed. 

The striped bass has almost entirely 
disappeared from the rivers of New 
England, although they were taken in 
great numbers by the early colonists in 
that country. 

The smelt has become commercially 
extinct. 

Only a few of the shad remain, 
although that fish was once in such 
abundance that the Puritans spread 
them upon their land as fertilizer. 

Approximately, the same record is 
duplicated in the southern coast States. 

From the Gulf coast comes a repeti- 
tion of the same story, the unbridled 
destruction by man having almost de- 
populated the waters of their most val- 
uable food fish. 

On the Pacific coast we hear the echo 
of like complaint. 

About ten years ago the leaping tuna 
or horse mackerel, which is one of the 
most important fishes in Europe in the 
Mediterranean Sea, was so common 
during the summer months off Santa 
Catalina Island, California, that they 
would be taken by the ton, not only in 
nets, but on hand lines. ‘The favorite 
spawning grounds of these fish, as well 
as those of many other valuable game 
fishes, was in the kelp in the smooth 
waters which surround the Santa Cata- 
lina and San Clements Islands. As a 
result of unrestricted netting, they be- 
came less year after year, until they 
were almost destroyed. 


By) 


The fisheries along the Santa Cata- 
lina Islands decreased more than 75 
per cent in twenty years, and conditions 
for a time were seriously menacing to 
the fish food supply of southern Cali- 
fornia. 


| 


Marte SALMon. 


The State of Ohio had from early 
times permitted net fishing without reg- 
ulations. A result of the lack of reg- 
ulations was the placing of nets in Lake 
Erie for almost interminable distances. 
One line of nets at Sandusky extended 
a distance of ten miles from the shore. 
As a consequence of this indiscriminate 
net fishing the whitefish, the most 
valuable fish in Lake Erie, decreased 
over 80 per cent between 1885 and 1903. 


EXTERMINATION OF THE STURGEONS. 


No more striking illustration of the 
profligacy of American fishermen can 
be found than that of the history of the 
sturgeons. For many years these large, 


* The Potomac Fishery is at Bryan Point, Maryland. 
y+ The Susquehanna Fishery is at Battery Island, below Havre de Grace, Maryland. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


OprENn-AIR 


THESE TROUGHS ARE USED AT THE CRAIG BROOK 


SALMON-REARING TROUGHS, 


(MAINE) HATCHERY FOR REARING ATLANTIC 


AND LANDLOCKED SALMON. 


inoffensive fishes of our seaboards, 
coast rivers, and interior waters, 
were considered not only valueless, but 
nuisances, and whenever they became 
entangled in the fishermen’s nets were 
mortally injured and thrown back into 
the water. According to the statements 
of Dr. Hugh M. Smith, United States 
Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries, 
the shore of the Potomac River in the 
vicinity of Mt. Vernon was often 
strewn with their decomposing car- 
casses, and the same object lesson was 
witnessed generally everywhere in the 
country. Finally the fishermen awak- 
ened to the fact that the eggs of the 
sturgeons had value as caviar and that 
their flesh had value as food. Accord- 
ing to Dr. Smith’s story, then followed 
the most reckless, senseless fishing im- 
aginable, and in a comparatively few 
years the best and most productive 
waters were depleted, and what should 
have been made a permanent fishery of 
great profit was destroyed. Even after 
the great value of the sturgeons was 


appreciated, no adequate steps were 
taken by the responsible authorities or 
insisted on by the fishermen, and the 
fish-eating public remained callous. 

For a long time after the failure in 
the fishery was apparent the immature 
and unmarketable fish caught in seines, 
gill nets, and pound nets received no 
protection whatever in most waters, and 
were ruthlessly destroyed as nuisances, 
the decline thus being doubly accel- 
erated. 

On the Atlantic Coast the catch of 
the sturgeon fell from 7,000,000 pounds 
to less than 1,000,000 pounds in fifteen 
years; on the Pacific the same meteoric 
history was enacted, a catch of over 
3,000,000 pounds anuually in the early 
nineties being followed by a few hun- 
dred thousand pounds in later years of 
the same decade, with no improvement 
since that time; while on the Great 
Lakes the yield declined more than 90 
per cent in eighteen years. In the 
American waters of the Lake of the 
Woods, one of the most recent grounds 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 553 


A Penosscot RIvER SALMON WEIR. 


ye 1 ers O aese traps are set in the Penobscot durin he short season, and they intercep 
Lar qumbers of these traps a set the P bscot d g the sl! 1 they inte t 


practically the entire run of salmon. 
hatchery on Craig Brook, a small tributary 


for the exploitation of the sturgeon, the 
catch decreased over 96 per cent in ten 
years, notwithstanding a more active 
prosecution of the fishing. 


FAILURE OF STATE REGULATIONS 

The inability of the several States to 
agree between themselves upon legisla- 
tion protecting the fish in interstate 
waters is so well known as to be his- 
toric. For public men seeking office 
through the suffrage of a fishing con- 
stituency to lend support to reforms in- 
volving the curtailment of any substan- 
tial right of the fishermen, has been 
ever tantamount to their effacement 
from politics. This unrelenting opposi- 
tion of the fishermen has caused State 
Legislatures to ignore the problem en- 
tirely or apply only half-way remedies 
productive of little good. 


The fish thus caught are the sole source of eggs for the 
of the Penobscot. 


Should a legislature pass restrictive 
measures, at the succeeding election it is 
certain to be vigorously assailed for 
having “surrendered” the “inalienable 
rights” of its citizens, or with having 
confiscated, bartered, or disposed of 
privileges immemorially enjoyed. It is 
this deplorable condition, accompanied 
with petty jealousies, that have rendered 
it practically impossible for States with 
jurisdictions covering different sections 
of the same bodies of water to mutually 

agree upon constructive legislation. The 
Ss of Maryland “and Virginia 
in the Chesapeake is a notable ilustra- 
tion. ‘This same ignoble and disastrous 
history has been duplicated with more 
or less serious results in other States 
along the Atlantic seaboard, the Gulf of 
Mexico, and those bordering the Pacific 
Ocean. _As a result, no other great in- 


554 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


SPAWNTAKING OPERATIONS, Batrp, CAL. 


The fish (chinook salmon) are dipped from the pen, killed by a blow on the head, and passed to the 


spawntakers. 


The eggs are taken by opening the abdomen, and the stream of eggs may be seen in 


the picture following the hand making the incision. 


dustry of the nation has suffered more 
from such: baneful: effects. It is the 
irony of fate that this important busi- 
ness, with its tremendous wealth, of 
steadily increasing economic value to 
our people, should be doomed to de- 
struction through the fatal indulgence 
Ore its eriends. 

Those States nearer the seaboard in- 
variably get the lion’s share of our 
marine fishes. For this reason we find 
the people of New Hampshire com- 
plaining against those of Massachu- 
setts ; those of Massachusetts inveighing 
against Connecticut ; those of New York 
muttering against New Jersey; Penn- 
sylvania protesting against Maryland; 
and Maryland declaiming against Vir- 
ginia. And the illustration could be 
extended. 

Too often it happens that where rea- 
son and common sense have prevailed 
over opposition to remedial legislation, 
some invisible influence has intervened 


to paralyze the efforts of the officials 
charged with the enforcement of the 
laws. Again, when effort has been hon- 
estly made to carry out the laws, too 
frequently their administration has 
been entrusted by some States to a Fish 
and Game Department under the con- 
trol of officials experienced only in pro- 
tecting inland fish and game—a sports- 
men’s proposition—but possessing rela- 
tively as much knowledge of “marine 
fisheries” as do the natives of Patagonia 
of the nebular theory. 

It is plain that adequate legislation 
can never come from legislative bodies 
thus deterred from fearlessly enacting 
into law their honest convictions. Ob- 
viously, what is required for intelligent 
solution of the situation is the strong, 
guiding hand of the Federal Govern- 
ment—for legislation springing from 
sources freed from all personal influ- 
ences, personal friendships and exterior 
considerations. 


i aa ee Se ee 


_— 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 555 


Other countries have been forced, by 
like conditions, to meet the same issue. 
Cannot we profit by their experience of 
centuries? England, France, Holland, 
Germany, Norway, Denmark and 
Sweden, in each of which countries 
every small principality, every county 
and shire, having its ancient special fish- 
eries rights, grants and charters, were 
forced to reach a mutual understand- 
ing in order to save the fisheries of the 
North Sea and the Channel from abso- 
lute destruction. In the Mediterranean, 
like conditions forced joint action and 
control. 


RIVER POLLUTION. 


Another cause of the diminution of 
our marine fisheries is the practice 
prevalent in this country of permitting 
our cities to dump their sewage and 
seepage into the waters of our bays and 
rivers. Not alone do we expose the 
health and lives of millions of our citi- 
zens to the ravages of disease and con- 
tagion through scattering broadcast the 
germs which such refuse often contains, 
but in numerous instances this refuse 
has contaminated the waters to such an 
extent as to deprive them of their nor- 
mal proportion of oxygen, rendering it 
impossible for the fish to ascend them 
to their spawning beds, except under 
conditions rarely present. 

A few of our cities already have 
partly established sewage disposal 
plants, and others now have them under 
construction. Our Federal Government 
should be foremost in setting a com- 
mendable example in this respect. Even 
at this late day, the boasted capital of 
our nation possesses no sewage plant 
but floods its sewage into the Potomac, 
whence it is carried down stream to the 
infection, distress, and injury, of the 
marine life inhabiting those waters. 
Plans for a sewage disposal plant for 
Washington are now under considera- 
tion and more active steps in that direc- 
tion will be taken in the near future. 
At Annapolis, the United States Naval 
Academy dumps its sewage into the 
Severn. It is to be hoped that the 
Naval Academy will be provided with a 


* Testimony of Hon. Wm. 
Merchant Marine and Fisheries. 


sewage disposal plant of its own at an 
early “day, and that some means may be 
found by which every city in our coun- 
try that now casts its waste upon 
flowing streams may be influenced as 
speedily as possible to adopt those hy- 
gienic methods of disposition evolved by 
modern engineering science and skill. 


WHERE KinG SauMon Hit THE TROLL. 


In the New England States many 
streams flowing adjacent to villages, 
towns, and cities engaged in manufac- 
turing, become the depositories of the 
seepage of the manufacturing plants. 
The aggregate result of this inflow is 
the contamination of the stream, de- 
nuding it of its life-giving properties 
and rendering it uninhabitable by the 
fish. So filthy have some of these 
streams become as a result of this 
practice that their waters are unfit to 
bathe in.* 

The practice of dumping the sewage 
of our cities into our bays and rivers 
has not alone resulted in loss through 
the damage done the marine life inhab- 
iting the waters thus defiled, but at the 
same time we have wasted a tremendous 


S. Greene, of Massachusetts, before House Committee on 


556 AMERICAN 


quantity of nitrogenous material that 
should go back on the land. In the older 
countries—Germany, for instance—this 
problem has been handled much more 
intelligently. In Germany they turn the 
sewage back on the land and lease the 
land, charging about thirty dollars an 
acre to the farmers for it. Should we 
adopt some similar method, we would 
be checking a loss on the one hand and 
at the same time converting waste ma- 
tetial into.a profit. The loudest-de- 
mands of our agricultural population is 
for good fertilizer procurable at a rea- 
sonable price, and yet we have-been 
sacrificing the very best fertilizer 
through the stupidity which has charac- 
terized our handling of this one phase 
of a most important municipal problem. 


THE ECONOMIC EFFECT 


What is the economic effect of our 
shortsighted, wasteful and ertravagant 
policy ? 

Market fish are decreasing in quan- 
tity and quality in an inverse ratio to 
the increase of our population, and their 
prices steadily increasing. The fish in- 
dustry in the majority of the coast 
States is being forced to headlong de- 
struction.* In but a few years, if pres- 
ent conditions continue, the price of 
many of our market fish will be beyond 
the reach of that class of people on 


FORESTRY 


whose table they are now most fre- 
quently seen. 

The accompanying schedule shows 
the increase or decline in the catch, the 
increase or decline in the wholesale 
price, and the approximate increase or 
decline in the retail price covering the 
period between 1880 and 1908, of our 
most popular market fish: 


Some idea may be gained of the ag- | 


gregate cost to the American people of 
our improvident policy toward this val- 
uable national asset when one pauses to 


reflect that the total Catholic population - 


of the United States is in the neighbor- 
hood of twenty million, and that the 
practice of the great majority of these 
people in confining their meat diet on 


Friday to fish has caused marine food 


to become the favorite dish on that day 
of a large Protestant population. What 
this increase in the price of fish means 
to these millions of consumers is merely 
a matter of mathematical calculation. 
If this cost is estimated, the figures in 
dollars and cents will prove such as will 
be apt to startle even the most lethargic. 

And let us not overlook that the 
penalty we are now paying is but in- 
significant in comparison with that 
which will confront us in the future 
unless some radical change is inaugu- 
rated. 


Wholesaie 


Catch pias Retail Price 

| 
TEU ROVELG1S) a leet an een PIG ee ee a ade eee — 56% | + 35% + 40to 65% 
(Chorale inate meee ange sree (Piece acest biel) Beale — 8% + 5% + 60 to 100% 
Biloumdersese ta, ah iy os ee erie +360% — 15% + 10to 25% 
He Aidock ioe Seta rats 2 | ara Sea a er | + 32% + 52% \ + 55 to 65% 

alibutecAtlantic/Ocean) rae as eee eee — 65% + 25% | = 

Dee (Paciic Ocean). foe a ee 930% |) 4 Som, lf ot 25k eae 
IMI velkaa iS LL ae ean een amet Satie y ras hs ete | — 25% | + 10% | +100 to 150% 
Mienitra dem ui isc oc 3 of eal ieee ets — 30% | + 20% + 30to 45% 
Poll tkeetee eae atc ok! Poe ee eat gem eere +380% 30% | + 35 to 50% 
Salmone(New England): 20.2 6 eee eee —900% | +900% | +300 to 500% 
He Paci cx@cean) sia ree ae eee | + 85% — 15% + 20to 30% 
SIUC enc ah yn nen ME aRnale cap cae Oe — 80% | +120% +175 to 300% 
Sturgeon (Atlantic Ocean—1891 to 1908)..... | —660% +360% +500 to 600% 
VACATE CRA EL OA cea +280% + 5% + 50 to 100% 

| | 


+ Indicates increase. 
— Indicates decrease. 


* While writing this article I am in receipt of a letter from Mr. Joseph Crawford, of the 


Newark Star, Newark, N. J., who says: 


“Thousands of tons of fish have been destroyed along our coast this summer because they 
were too small for market and great quantities of ling and whiting have been destroyed to 
keep them out of the market. The fish that hold best in cold storage, that is, blue fish and 
weakfish, are so scarce the net men are even becoming worried.” 


ES ee 


ALASKAN FisH Traps AND Runs Usep By Natives oN _CHILKOOT 
SUPPLY OF SALMON. 


SALMON TRAP IN AN ALASKAN 


STREAM FOR 


i 
| 


RIVER. 


OBTAINING 


This form of trap is extensively used in the Bristol Bay region, and takes immense 
more than half a mile 


h 
salmon for the canneries. The largest traps have leaders 
upward of $15,000. 


THEIR 


WINTER 


quantities of 


long, 


and cost 


558 AMERICAN 


NATIONAL PROTECTION 


We have been witnesses to the ne- 
cessity for national legislation protect- 
‘ing our forests, our coal fields, our 
waterfalls, and our migratory birds. 
These valuable assets of the nation were 
being rapidly acquired by a fortunate 
few who were turning them to their 
own personal profit at the expense of 
those who had lagged in their protec- 
tion. It has ever been true that what is 
every man’s property belongs to him 
who gets it. And when those acquisi- 
tively inclined are struggling for their 
own personal advantage, we have found 


FORESTRY 


and are not the property of any one 
State. Nor should the people of any 
one commonwealth enjoy the unre- 
stricted privilege to destroy them. 
Much less should a few people on our 
seaboard, near the mouth of those 
bodies of water which these fish enter, 
who by reason of their location are in 
places convenient to wage a warfare of 
destruction, have the right to selfishly 
and inequitably preempt this wealth of 
the sea to the deprivation and loss of 
those situated inland on these same 


bodies of water. 
3ut this is identically what the fish- 


CATCHING SALMON BY THE THOUSAND. 


SEINING SPAWNING SALMON ON THE M’CLOUD RIVER, CALIFORNIA, AT THE BAIRD STATION. 


STEAM POWER HAS 


NOW REPLACED THE HAND WINDLASS. 


that the rights of the majority are 
usually overlooked. 

Our marine fishes such as the herring, 
the shad, the tuna, the sturgeon, the 
salmon, etc., are migratory fishes. They 
enter our bays, rivers and_ interior 
waters for the purpose of spawning, 
and after having performed that impor- 
tant function, return to the ocean. They 
do not remain permanently in one State 


ing population of many of our coast 
States is doing! 

We have ever crowned the heights 
of infamy with the figure of him who 
filches from the poor. Our food fish 
are the food par excellence of the poor. 
What expression then shall we use to 
characterize the laxity which is result- 
ing in the dissipation of this immensely 
valuable food resource? 


eee TE ICTS SSAA AA 


OUR VANISHING FOOD FISH 


The experience we have had in ob- 
taining that fish-protection legislation 
we have been fortunate enough to se- 
cure from the legislatures of the several 
coast States, plainly indicates that long 
before these States have agreed upon 
uniform laws, the fish will be no more. 
The situation is one which, in the opin- 
ion of many, is critical, and imperatively 
requires the attention of our National 
Government. ‘To delay longer in treat- 
ing it as a national problem, and to fail 
to apply a remedy from a national view- 
point, presages the sacrifice of what is 
left of our fisheries. 

Acting from this viewpoint, during 
the first session of the 63d Congress, I 


DOD 


eries, whose Bureau is a portion of the 
Department of Commerce, regulations 
governing netting, seining, and the sea- 
sons for taking, framed to suit the par- 
ticular requirements of each body of 
water, can be formulated. The judicious 
application of conservative methods will 
cause the fish to multiply, and restore 
to a flourishing condition the fishery 
business, whose present chaotic condi- 
tion, due to lack of sane regulation, is 
forcing it to inevitable destruction, to 
the injury of the whole fish-consuming 
public. 

Then, too, let us not overlook that we 
of the present generation are the trus- 
tees of the wealth of the waters which 


Kinc SALMON 


introduced in the House of Representa- 
tives two measures: 

The first, H. R. 7774, is designed to 
_ restrict the Bemcne in interstate com- 
merce of fertilizer or oil composed in 
whole or in part of food fish. 

The second, H. R. 7775, places all fish 
that do not remain the entire year 
within the waters of any State or terri- 
tory under the protection of the Gov- 
ernment of the United States and au- 
thorizes the Department of Commerce 
to define the seasons and regulate the 
manner and conditions under which 
they may be taken or destroyed. 

If these measures are enacted into 
law the use of food fish in the manufac- 
ture of oil or fertilizer will be effectually 
discouraged. Under the direction of 
the Commissioner of Fish and Fish- 


Goinc UPpsTREAM To SPAWNING GROUNDS. 


Nature has so bountifully given. It is 
our privilege to use what we require 
for our own sustenance and comfort, 
but when we dissipate this gift through 
profligacy and extravagance we_ rob 
those yet unborn of their birthright. 
Our holding may be likened to that of 
the cestui que trust. If our use be- 
comes an abuse, resulting in the wasting 
of this estate, our wrongdoing will 
serve only to cast upon our memory that 
reproach which we deserve. In our 
present treatment of our food fish we 
are not only squandering a valuable 
national asset, the part destruction of 
which has already entailed financial loss 
upon ourselves, but we are destroying a 
food supply the effects of which upon 
the living problem of the future it is 
impossible to estimate. 


Photos by courtesy of the United States Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries. 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


West 130TH STREET LooKING FrRoM FIFTH AVENUE. 


There are many trees in poor condition among this planting, but the improvement brought about by 
the presence of the trees is something that should be duplicated on streets wherever it is possible 


to plant and maintain trees. 


NEW YORK -CUEY S 7 REES 


REES planted on city streets 

are surrounded by unnatural 
conditions and the struggle for 
existence is therefore intense, 

while in most cities it is made worse by 
improper care, lack of systematic and 
skillful management and by too small 
an appropriation for the department 
which should have control of the tree 
work. New York City, like many other 
cities, is in need of a bureau of tree 
culture, and as a result of a recent 
cooperative study of tree and street 
conditions there by the Tree Planting 
Association of New York City and the 
New York State College of Forestry, at 
Syracuse, which assigned Prof. H. R. 
Francis to the work, a plan has been 
suggested which may be adopted by 
New York, and which will furnish to 
other cities an idea of how such a 
bureau should be established and con- 
ducted and what it will mean to a city. 
Up to the year 1902 in New York 
City, when for the first time the trees 
were placed under the exclusive con- 

560 


trol of the Park Department, trees 
were planted by private property own- 
ers, real estate promoters, civic im- 
provement associations, etc., without 
consideration of the future beauty of 
the city as a unit. This is invariably 
the case where public improvement of 
any kind is made in a haphazard man- 
ner without the intelligence and fore- 
sight of expert supervision. Conse- 
quently, there were many causes for 
tree planting, all varying in motive and 
therefore in attainment. The result is 
that the city has thousands of trees 
that were planted without regard to 
uniformity and were not adapted to 
local conditions. Many of them also 
were of short-lived varieties, bringing 
about conditions that were altogether 
unsatisfactory and unnecessarily ex- 
pensive to maintain. Furthermore, 
these unsystematic and irregular efforts 
have resulted in the complete denuda- 
tion of large areas since trees have been 
removed continually and none planted 
in replacement. 


NEW. YORK’ CITY’S TREES 561 


About all the city can boast of now DUTIES OF A FORESTER 
is the possession of thousands of trees 
unsightly in appearance, some of which 
are dangerous to the public on account 
of their weakened condition and are an 
expensive instead of a valuable asset. 
Had there been established a bureau to 
control tree planting and preservation, 
the work would have been done sys- 
tematically, scientifically, and, above all, 
economically. The city today would 
possess an asset the value of which it is 
impossible to estimate, as it is an ever- 
increasing one. 

sie beauty and sanitary value of the 
trees rightly planted would have been 
universally noticeable, and the present 
expensive care of the trees would have 
been eliminated. The fact that the 
trees planted on the streets since 1902 
present no better features than the con- 
ditions of those planted before shows 
that a continuation of present methods 
is but a guarantee to the city of the 
same burden of expense in the future 
The economy of a bureau for the con- 
trol of tree culture is therefore one of 
the greatest reasons for its existence. 


A forester should begin the collec- 
tion of data for a tree census of his 
borough. This would be a complete 
inventory of the state of work regard- 
ing the trees and the opportunities for 
future work. As soon as any work is 


BUREAU OF TREE CULTURE 

A bureau of tree culture should be 
established under the Department of 
Parks and should, in the case of New 
Mork City, consist,of a forester for 
each borough, so says the recent report 
to the Park Commission. The’ super- 
vision and direction of all features con- 
nected with tree and plant culture of 
each borough should be under the con- 
trol of the forester for that borough, 
who should work under the direction 
and approval of the Park Commis- 
sioner. The work of each forester 
_ should generally be independent of the 
' work of the other foresters. The yearly 
_ salary of the foresters should be $1,800 
| minimum and $4,000 maximum. The 
| position should be filled by civil service 
examinations of the applicants. Each — pyo, by H.R. Francis. 


| forester should be a man of scientific EW ke eae EEN GES t EIR Thee 

| training along lines of tree culture, M- Probably 90 per cent of the fine old Elms along 
cluding Forestry, Horticulture, Den- Seventh Avenue on Manhattan have wounds 
similar to the one here illustrated. This con- 
| drology, Plant Pathology, Entomology dition could have been prevented by protecting 
f the trees at the opportune time. It is far more 
b| and Landscape Gardening. He should economical to prevent such wounds which invite 
have had at least three years of prac- disease arid decay than to resort to methods of 


tree repair which in most cases proves wholly; 


‘| tical: exerience in city forestry. unsatisfactory. 


562 AMERICAN 


done upon trees or plants it should be 
noted on the census. In other words, 
the tree census would be a condensed 
statement of all the information re- 
garding the trees. 

He should specify the material for a 
municipal nursery. ‘This is very im- 
portant since the training and experi- 
ence of the forester would enable him 
to specify the varieties of trees that 
would be best adapted for the work 
which he has in mind. ‘The selection of 
trees adapted to city conditions is a very 
important question since the expense of 
future care depends to a great extent 
on this. 

The forester should also outline gen- 
eral culture methods for trees already 
established, methods which would tend 
toward a permanent development in a 
systematic manner at a minimum ex- 
pense. On account of his direct con- 
tact with the details of his work, he 
would know the physical condition of 
the trees and would, therefore, be the 
one to pass judgment on all trees as to 
their health, safety and variety. He 
should be in touch with the workings 
of the engineering department of his 
borough in so far as the matter of 
future streets is concerned; he should 
consult with this department so that 
provisions will be made at the outset 
for the planting and future develop- 
ment of trees. This is a very impor- 
tant feature and one that would tend 
not only to lower expense of future 
care and maintenance of trees but 
would also bring about the greatest op- 
portunity for planting trees in a sys- 
tematic way. It would also mean the 
requirements of trees which, given the 
proper consideration, would be much 
more economical and satisfactory than 
the adapting of trees to severe existing 
conditions. 

The forester should select equipment 
and materials for his department. On 
account of his experience he would 
know the equipment of tools with 
which his men could work to the best 
advantage and which would be the most 
economical for the city. The matter of 
materials is important. 

The forester should act in an ad- 
visory capacity in regard to damages to 


FORESTRY 


trees. Some trees are cared for by 
private organizations or associations, 
and the forester should have super- 
vision of such work. 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 
BUTCHERED TREES. 


Throughout all the boroughs of New York City 
there are many trees that have been butchered. 
Trees that have been pruned in this character 
are so unsightly as to dsfigure rather than 
beautify the street on which they are planted. 
While this method of treatment may have been 
applied in anticipation of saving the trees they 
should not have been neglected so long as to 
make this severe action necessary. 


When trees are planted by contract 
the forester should act in a professional 
capacity. That is, he should handle the 
specifications and keep in close touch 
with the details of the work being done 
by contract. In brief, the duties of a 
forester should be advisory as well as 
having general supervision over the 
city’s vegetation. 

The Superintendent of Parks should 
hire the workmen that do the actual 


NEW ORK CITY'S “TREES* 


work in the Forestry Department. By 
keeping in close touch with the Super- 
intendent of Parks the Forester could 
lay out his work in advance and ar- 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


BasE oF AMERICAN ELM TREE BapLy DAMAGED 
BY TRAFFIC. 


The root system of this tree requires a consider- 
able area immediately around the base of the 
tree to send out undisturbed its spreading roots 
near the surface of the soil. This protection 
may be furn:shed by surrounding the base of 
the tree with an iron grating. 

range with the Superintendent for the 

required number of men. This is rather 

important since the political phases 
that enter into all city work would be 


removed from the Forester. He, of 


~p9 
205 


course, would work in harmony with 
the Superintendent of Parks. 

see that the 
rees specified by 


The Forester should 
proper soil for the 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


A Goop Stanp oF Fine Oxtp Exms Looxinc Up 
SEVENTH Ave., FROM NEAR WEsT 117TH STREET, 
NEw York Cirry. 

It is impossible to estimate the beneficial effect 
created by the presence of these trees in a part 
of the city where the amount of vegetation is 
extremely small. This is in addition to the 
sightly appearance of the street. Many of the 
trees are surrounded at the present time with 
pavements leaving a small opening only directly 
around the base of the tree. It would be much 
more advantageous to the growth of the trees to 
have an open grass space for every tree simliar 
to the space enclosed by the iron railing shown 
in the foreground of the photograph. 


the Landscape Architect is furnished 
and that all conditions are made most 
satisfactory for the development of the 
trees and plant specified by the Land- 
scape Architect for the formation of 
his composition. ‘The Forester should 
also be able to prepare planting plan 
details to supplement the Landscape 
Architect’s plan. 

The office force should be as limited 
as possible so that the money appropri- 


AMERICAN 


4 
+ 
s 


en et 


. 


Ma 


7 
i 


wht 


re) 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


A CEMENTED Cavity IN AN EM TREE. 


A considerable amount of tree repair work similar 
to this shown in the photograph has been done 
on the trees along Seventh Avenue on Man- 
hattan. A careful examination of the work 
shows that it has not been properly done and a 
large amount of money has been exrended with- 
out bringing about the desired results. 


FORESTRY 


ated shall go into actual care and main- 
tenance of trees and not to the creation 
of office positions. In the field there 
should be working under the Forester’s 
direction a sufficient number of ar- 
boriculturists to handle the different 
branches of the work of this depart- 
ment. For instance, in Brooklyn, there 
is at the present time an arboriculturist 
for the parks and two for the streets of 
the city. These three arboriculturists 
in this case should be under the direc- 
tion of the Forester, who could coordi- 
nate and direct their work to bring 
about the maximum results of their 
efforts. ‘The arboriculturist should be 
a man filling his position through civil 
service examination, and while his 
knowledge and experience are not nec- 
essarily as broad as that of the For- 
ester, it should, however, be along sim- 
ilar lines so that the arboriculturist may 
work in harmony with the Forester and 
intelligently execute the details of his 
position. Under the arboriculturist 
would be the foreman and the work- 
men. It is a general custom to differ- 
entiate the work of the laborers. For 
instance, those who do pruning which 


requires a considerable amount of 
climbing and those who carry on spray- 


ing which requires some knowledge of 
spray materials and mixing. 

The Forester should be able to give 
effectively instructional lectures  re- 
garding the work. One very important 
feature in connection with tree work in 
our cities is the education of the people 
not only as to the beauty but as to 
benefits from planting of trees in a 
city. 

The functions of the Bureau of Tree 
Culture in the Park Commission would 
be to serve as a connecting link between 
the Foresters of each borough, who 
should come together for periodical 
meetings where broad questions that 
affect the general welfare of the trees 
of the city as a whole should be dis- 
cussed. Features connected with the 
work of each man’s borough could be 
discussed profitably, and the experience 
of all the Foresters coud be brought to 
bear on the problems that come up in 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


ORIENTAL SYCAMORES ON VANDERBILT AVE., STATEN ISLAND. 


These trees have been planted about twenty years. They require very little attention either in the 
matter of pruning or the attacks of the serious pests that prey on many shade trees. Aside from 
the well distributed foliage displayed during the summer months which makes the tree desirable for 
shade purposes is the striking appearance presented by the tree during the winter with its white 
bark and its pendulous ball-shaped fruit. 


ey 


i) 
uy 
\ SReRRARRAWEr?: 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


Broap STREET, STAPLETON, STATEN ISLAND. 


An example of a semi-business street_where few trees have been planted, but where there is a great 
opportunity for planting trees. Streets with such a width as illustrated in this photograph offer 
opportunities for planting trees at a small expenditure of money or labor. 


566 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Photo by H. R. Francis. 


A STREET PLANTED WITH TREES OF UNDESIRABLE VARIETIES WHICH ARE NOT UNIFORM IN SIZE, IN 
DISTANCE OF SPACING AND IN DIFFERENT Hasits oF GROWTH. 


This is the result accompanying individual effort in street tree planting where each property owner 
plants a tree without due consideration as to the value of a tree as a unit in the planting scheme 


of the street as a whole. 


connection with the work in each For- 
ester’s department. 


A MUNICIPAL NURSERY 


A municipal nursery, which should 
be established where soil and location 
would be most advantageous, should be 
under the control of the bureau as a 
whole. One municipal nursery could 
easily serve all the boroughs. ‘This 
municipal nursery could be put in the 
charge of a trained arboriculturist with 
special experience in nursery work. A 
nursery of about 100 acres would serve 
the purpose of supplying trees for the 
forestry work of the entire city. 


THE QUESTION OF COST 


The initial cost of planting trees on 
city streets should be borne by the own- 
ers of property along that street, which 
is the same method used for other 
street improvements. ‘The care and 
maintenance of trees should be borne 


by the general tax. Trees planted after 
the Bureau of Tree Culture has been 
formed should be guaranteed for life 
as long as the street remains in condi- 
tion to warrant growth of trees. Trees 
other than those planted after the 
Bureau has been established and those 
that are in condition necessitating re- 
moval should be taken out at the ex- 
pense of the property owner. Property 
owners should be responsible for in- 
juries due to falling of trees, etc. When 
trees are removed for other reasons 
than their dangerous condition, for in- 
stance, killing of trees by gas, the tree 
being in a firm and safe condition for 
several years thereafter, a permit 
should be granted for its removal upon 
the deposit of a sum sufficient to plant 
a new tree at or near the old location. 
This would mean that the gas com- 
pany, for instance, would be responsi- 
ble for the replacement of a new, live 
{ree. 


COMBINE AGAINST FIRES. 


OOPERATIVE, agreements in- 

volving the Forest Service, the 

State of Montana, and the 

Northern Pacific Railroad have 

just been renewed so that they will ex- 

tend through the fiscal year ending June 
BOP 191d. 

The agreement with the State of 
Montana provides that Federal and 
State patrolment shall cooperate to 
form one single force for handling for- 
est fires. This force,-in any locality, 
acts under the direction of the forest 
supervisor in charge of the nearest na- 
tional forest. This arrangement is en- 
tered into, according to the agreement, 
so as “to secure the greatest efficiency 
and avoid duplication of patrol.” The 
agreement applies to all Government 
and State lands lying within the ex- 
terior boundaries of the national forests 
in Montana. 

The number of patrolmen supplied 
by the State is in proportion to the 
acreage of State land within each na- 
tional forest. No patrolman receives 
less than a certain minimum wage and 
appointments by the State must be ap- 
proved by the district forester. State 
patrolmen are made Federal “forest 
guards,” and are employed particularly 


during the four months deemed by the 
district forester to be the ones most 
likely to have forest fires. 


All lands within the various forests 
are thus patrolled against fire. The 
agreement provides that each patrol- 
man, Federal and State, “shall keep 
vigilant lookout for forest fires and 
shall make every possible effort to ex- 
tinguish them whether on lands belong- 
ing to the State or to the Government 
or on lands adjacent thereto where the 
fire threatens such lands.” 

Besides the State and other lands, 
there are scattered through the national 
forests in Montana many tracts, usually 
in alternate sections, owned or claimed 
by the Northern Pacific Railroad. The 
agreement between this railroad and the 
Forest Service provides for the same 
kind of cooperative patrol that exists 
between the Government and the State 
of Montana. 

A third agreement, a continuing one, 
provides for cooperation between the 
Forest Service and the State under the 
so-called Weeks Law for protecting 
State and private lands on the water- 
sheds of navigable streams. The Gov- 
ernment allots the State the sum of 
$3,500 a year, which is expended for 
the salaries of Federal patrolmen, and 
the State agrees to expend at least an 
equal amount for fire protection pur- 
poses of any character. 


wn 
fo.) 
~I 


Mr. Lassen 


ERUPTION. 


A FOREST FIRE LOOKOUT STATION ON TOP OF THIS MOUNTAIN IN CALIFORNIA WAS DESTROYED DURING THE 


RECENT ACTIVITY 


OF THE VOLCANO. 


THE LOOKOUT ON MOUNT LAssus® 


By Witiiam C. Hopcer 


HE forest fire lookout house on 
Mount Lassen was destroyed 
by the eruption of June 12th. 
After the first eruption, which 
occurred May 30th, the summit was 
pick scaled by Ranger Harvey Abbey 
of the Lassen National Forest, who left 
Mineral at 4 p. m. May 31, and arrived 
Omtop Next morning at 9 al ne wee 
found the house unharmed. The crater 
from which the explosions were issuing 
was situated about a quarter mile from 
the lookout house; but the crater at 


568 


this time was small, measuring only 
25 x 40 feet and the eruptions, although 
spectacular,. were not yet considered 
dangerous, 

On June 12th, after eruptions had 
occurred on June Ist, 2nd, 8th and 9th, 
Abbey made another ascent with a 
party which included a moving picture 
outfit. 

One of. the party suffered from 
fatigue, being unused to mountain 
climbing, and in consequence they took 
considerable time. At 3.45 p. m., while 


SVM SAV UO; h 
4 . oi LY ONIME 


—- 


> - 


nie 2 ee 


Ah 
LMA A A hat oe 


J 


| ah 


Tue Lookout SrTarion. 


There was not a single part of this station which could not be carried by a man, and all of it was 
transported to the peak by men. Instead of windows it had a ribbon of glass around it, affording 
an uninterrupted view to the man inside. 


BEFORE THE ERUPTION. 


A VIEW OF THE PEAK FROM CLOSE QUARTERS A FEW WEEKS BEFORE THE INTERNAL ACTIVITIES 
MADE THIS GROUND HAZARDOUS. 


ARREST FIRE LAW VIOLATORS 571 


they were still half a mile from the 
peak, a terrific explosion occurred and 
they had to run to escape the shower 
of stones. 

This eruption was brief and Abbey 
resolved to take another chance, which 
he did. He found the crater greatly 
enlarged and the roof of the lookout 
house punctured with rocks. One had 
fallen upon a rafter but instead of 
smashing things it had merely sliced its 
way through the timber. 

The explosion of June 14th seriously 
injured two sightseers who were caught 
in the rain of rocks. 

Eruptions still continued at intervals 
and the peak is regarded as unsafe for 
visitors and untenable as a lookout. 

The lookout cabin on Mount Lassen 
was one of the most interesting in Cali- 
fornia even before its destruction. 

It was carefully designed by former 
Supervisor Kling. No one part was 
larger or heavier than could be packed 
on a man’s back and by an ingenious 


method of joints the house when set 
up in the shop in Red Bluff was as 
stable and rigid as a fort and the house 
was then taken apart and the pieces 
transported as far as possible up the 
mountain by wagon. ‘The pack horses 
were used as far as they could go; 
finally giving way to the most primitive 
means of transportation—men’s backs. 

The house was 14’ x 14’ and was pro- 
vided with every appliance needed by 
the lookout man in the performance of 
his duties. Instead of one or few 
windows, it had a ribbon of glass ex- 
tending clear around the building, af- 
fording a practically uninterrupted view 
for the man inside. 

Forest Supervisor Rushing has taken 
steps to equip for lookout purposes 
another peak in lieu of Lassen. The 
point is Brokeoff Mountain, a few miles 
distant. | 

At last accounts the crater measured 
600 feet by 150. No flames or lava 
have been seen at any time. 


iow ot Pike LAW VIOLATORS 


WO conyictions in Washington 
for burning slash without per- 
mit from a fire warden, damage 
amounting to perhaps $5,000 to 

logs and logging equipment in the same 
State through fires in slashings, but no 
loss of green timber, is the Pacific 
Northwest record for June, the first 
month of the 1914 forest fire season, 
according to bulletins received from 
several States by the Western Forestry 
and Conservation Association. 

All protective agencies were placed 
on the alert at the close of June by the 
prospect of a drying interior wind, but 
the new forecast service especially for 
forest fire conditions which is supplied 
by the United States Weather Bureau 
soon reassured them that the threaten- 
ing high pressure in western Canada 
aad split into two areas and the danger 
was for a time averted. Nevertheless, 
all patrol forces are being rapidly re- 
cruited for the season and about 2,000 


men will be on duty in a few days in 
Oregon, Washington, Idaho and Mon- 
tana. About 500 patrolmen are em- 
ployed in these States by the timber 
owners’ protective associations, nearly 
200 by the States and the Government 
jointly outside the national forests, and 
the others by the Forest Service within 
the national forests. The British Co- 
lumbia Government also has 225 men 
on duty. 

July hazard to be guarded against, 
other than from camp fires, was chiefly 
in slash burning to clear land and rights 
of way and in leaving fires thus started 
to smoulder in logs and stumps to break 
out later when the inevitable hot and 
windy weather arrives. Forest officers 
announce that State laws regarding 
burning without permit and precaution 
will be enforced rigidly and also warn 
summer camping parties to be ex- 
tremely careful with camp fires. 


Sucar CANE SIXTEEN FEET HicuH. 


THE WRITER AND HIS HORSE 


CRUISING 


1B) dled im 


RECENTLY spent some time in 

examining a tract of timber in 

Camaguay Province, Cuba. To 

reach this tract we were obliged 
to leave the railroad and travel by 
horseback for a distance of forty miles. 
This part of the trip led us over a level 
country which for the first five miles 
was largely planted in cane fields and 
grapefruit groves. After that the coun- 
try became wild, with settlements miles 
apart and no roads except cart trails 
through the woods. The timber was all 
small and of little value except for rail- 
road ties and fence posts. The under- 
brush and vines were so thick that we 


572 


ON LAND BUT RECENTLY PLANTED TO SUGAR CANE 


IN CAMAGUAY PROVINCE, CUBA, 


IN Cui 


PRESTON 


could not go through without cutting a 
way with a machette. 

The royal palm also grows plentifully 
on these lands. The natives use this 
tree for building their houses, the leaves 
for roof and sides, and the woody shell 
of the trunk split up into strips for the 
frame. These trees bear bunches. of 
seed every month, and hogs are fond 
of them. A native Cuban told me that 
four or five trees would supply seed 
enough to raise and fatten one hog. 
The natives also find the tree service- 
able for making bee hives, using a sec- 
tion of the outside shell about 30” long. 
The inside of the trunks of the palms 


CRUISING IN CUBA 


un 
ba | 
Ww 


FAMILY OF NATIVE CUBANS. 


WITH THIS FAMILY THE WRITER AND HIS TWO GUIDES STAYED ONE NIGHT WHILE 
TRACT IN CAMAQUAY 


are pithy and soft and easily removed, 
leaving the hard, woody shell. The 
honey “business is very large among the 
natives, many having several hundred 
swarms. 

Arriving at the tract of timber we 
sought, w hich contained 640 Caballarias 
(a caballaria i is 33 1/3 acres), we found 
a much better class and stand of timber 
than any we saw on the journey. The 
royal palms grew thickly and the un- 
derbrush and vines had to be cut away 
before we could leave the cart trails to 
go into the timber. 

The different species of 
timber found on these lands 
Spanish Cedar, Ocuije 
O-coo-he), Mahogany. 
Guaymaro, Jucaro ( 


hardwood 
are Acano, 
(pronounced 
Jique (He-kev), 
(Hoo- cay-ro), Saba- 


LOOKING OVER A TIMBER 
PROVINCE, CUBA. 


cu, Majagua (Mah-hah-gwa), Morura, 
Cuban Oak and a species of Rosewood 
and Ebony. 

The Acano trees grow to a large size, 
the wood is hard and very beautiful, 
resembling Rosewood. The Morura is 
used for cart hubs. Jique is durable 


and never decays. Jucaro is dark col- 
ored wood used for cart spokes. 
Sabacu is used for cart felloes and 


counter tops. Ocuje is used for furni- 
ture. Majagua is used for furniture, 
cart tongues, etc. All of these species 
run from 16 inches in diameter at the 
stump to 48 inches and from 20 feet 
to 48 feet to the limbs. The Mahogany 
and Cedar run from 18 inches in diam- 


eter up, but are mostly short bodies 
from 20 to 30 feet long. The Ebony 


574 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ANOTHER CUBAN FAMILy. 


One of the guides of the writer was the proud father of this representative Cuban family of nneteen 


children. 
Province, Cuba. 


is small, from 8 to 12 inches in diam- 
eter and short bodied. 

These lands will cut from 2,500 feet 
to 5,000 feet per acre of good saw logs 
of the different varieties. ‘There is also 
quite a quantity of tie timber and fence 
post. timber. At least. 60" per cents of 
the standing timber is Ocuje, the bal- 
ance about equally divided among the 
other varieties. 

[ saw where large Mahogany and 
Cedar had been cut and hewn on these 
lands, | should judge more than 100 
years ago. ‘This timber must have been 
hauled to the seashore, which is twelve 
or fifteen miles to the north. Most of 
this tract of land is level and fertile, 
part ofthe tract;“however, 1S ronea 
mountain side probably 2,000 feet high. 

The Jaguay and Coupey trees first 
grow like a thin vine clinging to some 


large tree. This vine grows to the top 


The family home is thirty miles from the railroad in the northern part of Camaguay 


of the tree, then proceeds to put out 
laterals around the tree it clings to and 
finally kills it. By this time it has grown 
all around the dead tree and has formed 
itself into a perfect forest tree, some- 
times four feet in diameter. The wood 
is soft and useless. 

Three varieties of trees are used 
largely for fence posts—the Almasaca. 
Cienella and Jobo. All of these posts 
when stuck in the ground as fence posts 
take root and branch out into trees. 
And it is a common sight to see wire 
fences with growing posts. 

Taking them as a whole, the woods 
of Cuba are wonderful. ‘Their lasting 
qualities are remarkable. Some _ va- 
rieties seemingly never decay. I saw 
Jucaro and Jique wood in an exposed 
place in Moro Castle, Havana, said to 
have been there over 300 years, that 
was sound, apparently, as ever. 


A SMALLER FAMILy. 


CAMAGUAY 


IN 


HOME 


AT THEIR 


THEM 


OF ONE OF 


CUBA, 


FAMILY 
PROVINCE, 


AND THE 


THE WRITER 


TWO GUIDES OF 


THE 


yA AES 
: * 


Jigu1 Woop FENCE. 


IS OVER ONE HUNDRED YEARS OLD AND S 


CUBA, 


IN CAMAGUAY PROVINCE, 


THIS FENCE 


576 AMERICAN 

We found the native Cuban very ac- 
commodating and hospitable. They live 
easily in quite a primitive way. All of 
them raise large families, some houses 
where we stayed at night having from 
fifteen to twenty-four children. I don’t 
know where they put them all at night ; 
for they always gave us room to hang 
up our hammocks. 

I found many Americans in Cama- 
guay Province, near the railroad, rais- 
ing grapefruit and sugar cane. Sugar 
cane grows here from 15 to 20 years 
from one planting, requiring no cultiva- 
tion during that time. The land is first 
cleared by cutting down all brush and 
timber and then dry burned. The cane 
is planted among stumps and logs by 
using a bar to. punch a hole in the 
ground and sticking in a piece of cane. 
After fifteen or twenty years it is 
plowed and new cane planted. 

I saw a small circular-saw mill at 
Moron, Cuba. They were cutting all 
kinds of native woods. Most of the 
logs came from a distance of twenty 
miles and were hauled in cane carts, in 
a most awkward manner. The capacity 
of this mill, I should think, was about 


FORESTRY 


3,000 feet per day, and most of the lum- 
ber, after being sawed, was cut up into 
cart material. 

I also saw a small band mill in Ha- 
vana. It sawed logs that were shipped 
in on cars from the lower end of the 
island. All of the lumber cut in this 
mill was worked up into carts, furni- 
ture, interior finishes, etc., in a factory 
connected with the mill. 

There are few mills on the island 
and very little timber. What timber 
there is, I was told, is in Oriente Proy- 
ince and Camaguay Province. The 
tracts that I looked at are said to be the 
best timbered tracts on the island. 

A railroad has been surveyed near 
these lands and will probably be built 
this year. This would give this part of 
the island an outlet which is greatly 
needed. ‘The timber could then be han- 
dled and the lands, which are the very 
best cane lands, could be put into cane 
cultivation, tobacco or fruit. 

I took a great many views of the tim- 
ber, but owing to the thick brush and 
heavy overhead foliage and shadows 
few of them were good. 


MY HEROES 


By J. R. SIMMONS. 


I stood, today, beneath a mighty tree, 

And gazed upon its lofty trunk and crown, 

Scarred body, branches gnarled and leaves of brown; 
In silence looking upward wonderingly. 

Full oft have I thus pondered on the sea, 

Or on the mountains, when the sun was down, 

Upon their age and grandeur, or the sound 

Of rushing waters and the whispering breeze, 

To waken and inspire the best in me. 

Comes then the thought of those strong men I’ve known 
Who've stood and fought their battles, like this tree. 
They know it not, but when each deed is done 

Of theirs, I marvel e’en as silently, 

And owe them each small victory J have won. 


Pitre oF HEMLock Bark. 


TONS OF THE BARK PILED IN THE WOODS OF GARRETT COUNTY, MARYLAND, READY FOR SHIPMENT TO A TANNERY. 


Pee Stone OF TE MLOCK 


By Hu MaxweE tt. 


OT so long ago, when some of 
us were grown men, and 
others were only boys, the 
well-known hemlock tree was 

valued only for its bark, and after this 
had been stripped off the logs were left 
to rot or to burn in the woods. Now 
the logs are more valuable than the 
bark. Also, due to the early reckless 
cutting of the trees for their bark alone, 
and to the fact that hemlock finds it 
difficult to reproduce itself the supply 
of the wood is rapidly diminishing, and 
it will not be many years before hem- 
lock will practically disappear from the 
forest lands east of the Rockies. 

At present it serves many useful pur- 
poses, quantities of it are used in paper 
making, it makes an excellent railroad 
cross-tie, it is fine for box making be- 
cause of its clear whiteness, it is good 
for staves, many use it for siloes, and it 


is claimed to be equal to white pine for 
building barns and fences, while it 1s in 
demand for making caskets, furniture 
and even musical instruments. 

Hemlock was one of the earliest tan- 
ning materials in the country, and it 1s 
still used to a greater extent than any 
other, though the production 1s declin- 
ing. The number of trees felled for 
their bark alone in past years almost 
surpasses belief. The fact is, hemlock 
has been the victim of the worst forest 
wastes of all the many that have oc- 
curred in this country. The mistaken 
notion of early times that the wood pos- 
sessed little value was responsible for 
part of the destruction. The bark was 
bought by tanneries, but there was no 
bid for the wood; consequently, no one 
was disposed to protect it. 

Years before lumbermen would look 
at the tree, bark peelers were felling the 


578 AMERICAN 


PORES TRY 


BaRK PEELFRS AT WORK. 
THE PEFLERS HAVE STRIPPED THE LOGS IN THE BACKGROUND AND ARE READY TO ATTACK THE B 1G IN THE 
FOREGROUND. IN THE EARLY DAYS OF THE INDUSTRY THESE LOGS AND SLASH WERE LEFT IN THE WOODS TO ROT. 


finest trunks by thousands. It was not 
unusual for extensive. tracts: to. ‘be 
stripped of hemlock timber without a 
single log going to sawmills, a cord to 
pulp mills, or even a railroad tie saved 
from the wreck. The peeled trunks lay 
criss-crossed upon hundreds of acres, 
after the bark was sledded down the 
tote roads to the railway spur to be 
loaded on gondolas for the tannery. 
Fire always followed and completed the 
desolation; for the immense tangle of 
tops and trunks furnished so much fuel 
to the flames that any trees which may 
have been left standing were killed, root 
and branch. 

Fortunately, that destructive system 
is practiced no longer; for the logs are 
more valuable than the bark, and are 
removed before the fire season arrives. 
The value of the annual harvest of hem- 
lock bark is between six and seven mil- 
lion dollars. It weighs about 700,000 
The production in the leading 
States is: Pennsylvania, 254,434 tons ; 
Wisconsin, 123,763 tons; Michigan, 88,- 


tons. 


061 tons; West Virginia, 77,661 tons; 
New York, 76,447 tons; Massachusetts, 
26,889 tons. 

It should be explained that the fore- 
going figures represent the quantity of 
bark used in the States named, which is 
not necessarily the amount actually 
peeled in those States ; but tanneries are 
usually located in the regions of chief 
supply, because it is more economical to 
build tanneries near the bark than to 
ship the bark to distant tanneries. 

REGROWTH IS SLOW 
forests rate low in their 
ability to reproduce. The woodsman’s 
axe can destroy the hemlock forest 
more speedily and more completely than 
in the case of any other important tim- 
ber. It is because seedlings must have 
abundant shade, or they will perish. 
When the sunlight is let in, by the fell- 
ing of the trees, the seedlings dry up 
and die.. That. is: one of the reasoms 
why young stands of this timber are 
not coming on where the old have been 


Hemlock 


PEE SOR 
removed; and the result is being felt. 
There is no second growth, and the 
pulpwood cutter is the first person to 
feel this loss, because he takes trees 
which are smaller than the lumberman 
can use. 

Two and a half million cross-ties are 
hemlock’s annual contribution to the 
country’s railroad con- 
struction. Like pulp- 
wood, these areusually 


cut from timber of 
medium size. 

Stock coopers use 
ten million hemlock 
staves yearly in their 
products. Most of 
these are for cheap 


kegs or small berries, 
but a higher class of 
cooperage demands 
some of this wood for 
pails, buckets, and 
tubs. 

Hemlock timber has 
a reasonable share of 


shortcomings. Many 
trunks are  wind- 
Shaken; ice cracks 
are numerous in old 


specimens; and multi- 
tudes of hard knots 
are characteristic of 
the lumber. Yet large 
trunks contain a fair 
proportion of clear 
wood suitable for 
high-class work, such 
as doors, window 
frames, and flooring. 
It has low rating as a 
figured wood, nor is 
it praised on account 
of pleasing color: yet 
select shows 
agreeable grain form- 
ed by the arrangement of the annual 
rings of growth; and the slightly pinkish 
tint 1s delicate and pleasing. 


This hemlock bark 


1 
STOCK Carolina. 


ITS SHARE OF PRODUCTION. 


Though hemlock supplies about six 
per cent of all the lumber production of 
the United. States, it fills other impor- 
tant places in the list of the country’s 
resources. More than half a million 


has been brought 
the loading platform on the 


Of HE MEOCK av9 


tons of paper pulp are made of this 
wood yearly. It is next to the largest 
in production, spruce alone rating above 
it. The pulp made from hemlock is 
fourteen per cent of the total output. 
The yield, however, is not increasing. 
As in the case of lumber, the maximum 
seems to have been reached, and for the 


RAILROAD. 


FroM CUTTING TO 


down the mountain on sleds 
railroad spur, the scene being in Nort 


same reason—diminishing resources of 
raw material. 

The markets opened their doors to 
hemlock only gradually. The wood’s 
early uses were few and small. Build- 
ers of ships and boats seem to have been 
the first to give it a place. That was at 
a time when white pine was plentiful 
in the North and East. No general de- 
mand for hemlock was found until 


580 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


FinE HEMLOCK AND TyPICAL ForREST SURROUNDINGS. 


This splendid specimen grew in a deep ravine among the high mountains of West Virginia. 
The great laurel or rhododendron is seen in all its vigor ready to engage in rivalry with 
the hemlock seedlings to possess what little vacant ground may remain in the deep shade. 


A beech near by has held its own in competition with the hemlock. The largest 
414 feet in diameter. Few hemlocks attain 


white pine’s increasing cost invited sub- 
stitutes for that wood. One of the first 
places filled by hemlock was on the 
farm, where fences and barns were 
built of it. In most respects it was 
equal to white pine for those purposes. 
It did not work quite as easily, but not 
much cutting and fitting were required 
in building a plank fence or in framing 
and siding a barn or granary. Barns 
and other buildings are still standing, 


tree 1S 
greater size or smoother trunk. 


and are in good condition, which were 
constructed of this wood from thirty 
to fifty years ago, and an extreme per- 
iod of service exceeding one hundred 
years is on record. Such instances are 
valuable as matters of history, showing 
along what lines hemlock was first util- 
ized in this country. 

The lines then established have been 
maintained ever since, with many addi- 
tions and enlargements. 


REE Ow ORY 


WHERE HEMLOCK GROWS 


The commercial stands of Eastern 
hemlock are found principally in Wis- 
consin, Michigan, West Virginia, Penn- 
sylvania, New York, and New Eng- 
land. Timber of excellent quality but 
not in large amounts grows in the west- 
ern parts of Virginia and North Caro- 
lina and the eastern portions of Ken- 
tucky and Tennessee. It is now more 
abundant in Wisconsin and Michigan 
than in any other States, the remaining 
stand there having been estimated at 
25,000,000,000 feet. That is sufficient 
to supply the whole hemlock lumber 
output, at the present rate of cut, for 
about ten years. It is believed that 
not more than half of the hemlock is 
in Michigan and Wisconsin, and if that 
shall prove correct, there is supply in 
sight for twenty years of lumbering. 
This takes no account of the Western 
hemlock, which does not occur east of 
the Rocky Mountains, and which has 
not yet entered the markets in large 
amounts. 

The output of hemlock has been de- 
clining for several years. The cut of 
lumber in 1912 was 29 per cent less 
than in 1899. ‘This decline is due solely 
to the lessening supply of timber. Mills 
have been cutting out other hemlock 
and have not gone to new stands where 
more could be had. This has been oc- 
curring throughout the whole range of 
the tree, from Maine to Minnesota, and 
from Canada to the southern Appa- 
lachian States. 

In 1909 a cut of hemlock was re- 
ported by 8,572 mills in the United 
States, and in 1912 the number of mills 
fell to 5,614. The decrease in the num- 
ber of mills, however, was not as great 
as these figures imply, because in 1912 
many small mills were omitted from the 
census returns of lumber. 

The total hemlock lumber production 
in 1912 was 2.426,554,000 feet, which 
is 200.000.000 in excess of the total 
of the above table. This difference rep- 
resents Western hemlock milled on the 
Pacific coast. 

Statistics which have been compiled 
represent fairly well, but not with entire 
accuracy, the extent of the hemlock 


OF HEMLOCK 


581 


lumber operations in the several States. 
Hemlock logs frequently cross State 
lines, and what is logged in one State 
may be sawed into lumber in another. 
That doubtless occurs in New Jersey, 
Ohio, and Indiana, which have little 
standing hemlock timber, yet some mil- 
lions of feet of logs pass through their 
mills in the course of a year. Logs are 
even brought across the line from 
Canada, and boats on the Great Lakes 
and ships on the Atlantic Ocean may 
land in regions where hemlock does not 


grow. 


SFM 


HeEMLock CoNES AND SEEDS, Natura SIZE. 


The closed cone is the summer form which retains 
the seed; the open cone represents it late in 
winter after the seeds have escaped. 


The trees usually occur in thick 
stands, often not associated with any 
other commercial timber; but at other 
times they are mixed with hardwoods. 
In the former case, a logging operation 
may handle hemlock only, and cut the 
tracts clean, leaving no young trees for 
the future. If the timber is associated 
with hardwoods, it is customary to 
lumber all at one operation. When that 
is done, hemlock and birch usually 
reach the mills together, also with some 
maple and _ birch. 


RAILS INSTEAD OF WATER. 


The spectacular log drives of former 
years on rivers from Maine to Minne- 
sota were made up principally of white 


oe 


AMERICAN 


OQ 
CG 


pine, with not much hemlock in evi- 
dence; but in recent years the river 
drives, though in most instances not so 
large as formerly, contain more hem- 
lock. No one cared to cut much of it 
while white pine was plentiful, but hem- 
lock’s turn came later, and the spring 
floods in northern rivers carried 
millions of logs to the mills be- 
low. 

The log drive still holds a 
prominent place in logging oper- 
ations, but it is not what it once 
The timber is too far back 


was. 
from floatable streams.  KRail- 
roads must be constructed to 


land it on the banks, and it is 
becoming more and more the 
custom to build the railroads all 
the way to the mills, and not end 
the tracks at the river bank. The 
operation of floating logs is not 
always as economical as it looks. 
There are jams to be broken, 
logs to be rolled or hauled back 
to the channel after lodging high 
on shore; and now and then dis- 
appointment in expected floods is 
experienced, while logs are left 
on the dumps during the summer 
to become sap-stained, or bored 
by beetles. Sometimes too much 
water comes, booms break, and 
logs scatter to the seven seas. 

These and other drawbacks to 
the drive have stimulated rail- 
road building all the way from 
forest to mill. Instead of coming 
in once a year, at flood season, 
and all in a bunch, the logs now 
arrive regularly, year in and year 
out. Floods do not hasten or 
droughts retard. Twenty-four 
hours after the tree is felled in 
the forest, the logs may be on 
the mill carriage fifty miles away. Sap- 
stain has had no time to strike, or bugs 
to burrow. 

The popular notion that log railroads 
are crude, temporary, and of short 
length, needs revision. Some may be of 
that kind, but those built for business 
are not. They compare favorably with 
trunk lines in the matter of grades, 
bridges, and tracks. The log train is 
quite a respectable affair, with from ten 


This is the generally accepted method of piling 
lock bark for use when it is needed. .These 
Ridgeway, Pa., are the property of the United 
Leather Company. 


FORESTRY 


to forty cars, piled high with logs, and 
moving with a speed which does not in 
the least suggest lack of locomotive 
power. The length of some typical log 
roads exceeds 100 miles. Many mills 


receive no logs from a less distance than 
This is a radical departure 


fifty miles. 


Bark PILED FoR FUTURE USE. 


from methods prevailing some years 
ago when hemlock was just beginning 
to edge its way into some of the most 
convenient mills. 


THE USES OF THE WOOD 


Perhaps the best general view of the 
range of hemlock’s uses can be obtained 
by examining somewhat minutely 1ts 
uses in a typical region. It is true that 
the utilization of wood in one locality 1s 


ETE SU Olay. 


OF HEMLOCK 583 


nnn 


| 


— 


Aw OrpERLY HeMiock LumsBer YAarp. 


The boards are well piled, assuring that they will air season without warp, curve, split or twist. 


Care 


in manufacturing and handling has been largely responsible for the popularity of hemlock lumber. 


The user gets it in good shape. 
not always a criterion, or even an index, 
of its uses everywhere; but when the 
region so selected is large and repre- 
sentative, it should serve as a reliable 
guide. If Ohio is chosen it makes a good 
showing. It is not a hemlock State, but 
lies near enough to the regions where 
this timber grows to draw freely from 
it, and to provide a good market. The 
following table outlines the market for 
hemlock in Ohio: 

Feet Used 


Industry. Annually. 
Planing mill products..... 13,675,000 
emees and Crates... 2... 267 TS 
Machine construction...... 260,000 
acikers and cofims.......: 250,000 
Agricultural implements... 207,000 
MMII ek ca Dek 202,000 
Bee UMGIiNe 2-6... ee 100,000 
Car building and repairs... 65,789 
Musical instruments....... 48,000 
Patterns and flasks for foun- 

eS ARERR en eae Sara 30,000 
Minors and blinds:........ 30,000 
Bemis and silos. :....2.... 30,000 


16,164,964 


Fach of the foregoing items repre- 
sents many uses for hemlock. Planing 
mill products, for example, include 
ceiling, siding, flooring, and many kinds 
of interior and exterior finish. ‘his 
class of articles consist of lumber 
which has passed through a planer and 
is ready for use without further work, 
except such cutting and fitting as car- 
peniters give. It is stuff that is made 
for the general market, and not for 
some particular job, and is not made 
according to some contractor’s specifica- 
tions. The planing mill which turns out 
flooring, ceiling, and siding is often 
operated in connection with the saw- 
mill which cuts the rough lumber; in 
fact, the two mills are not infrequently 
under the same roof. The planing is 
done primarily to fit the stock for mar- 
ket, but the matter of lessening freight 
on the shipments is also duly consid- 
ered. The shavings removed from such 
stock decreases the shipping weight sev- 
eral hundred pounds on a thousand feet. 
That item is worth saving; for the stock 
must be dressed before it can be used. 


084 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


An Up-to-Date BARN AND 


THIS MODERN BUILDING IS AT HEMLOCK HILL FARM, ONTONAGON COUNTY, MICH. 


Siro Burtt ENTIRELY OF 


HEMLOCK IN 1912. 


THE BARN IS 36 FEET WIDE, 


105 FEET LONG; THE SILO IS 12 FEET ACROSS AND 34 FEET HIGH, AIR-SPACED AND FROST PROOF. 


and it is economy to dress it near the 
beginning of its journey to market, 
rather than at the other end. It is poor 
policy to pay freight on shavings when 
nothing is gained by doing so. This ac- 
counts for the great development of 
what is known as the planing mill prod- 
ucts industry, which means that, before 
lumber is sent to market, it is manufac- 
tured one step further than the rough 
lumber stage. 

The box maker is a large buyer of 
rough hemlock lumber. It is usually 
the low grades which go to this factory. 
The box maker is in a position to get 
most out of lumber of that class, be- 
cause he cuts it into small sizes and can 
use everything except what is actually 
worthless. Some other industries are 
not so fortunate. If they work low- 
grade lumber they must often throw 
away good material because they can- 
not make use of adjacent defects. 


Hemlock is excellent box material 
where much strength and moderate 


weight are wanted. It possesses ex- 
traordinary nail-holding power, which 


is due to the presence of a large amount 
of tannin in the wood. ‘That substance 
combines with the iron and favors a 
ecment which grips the nail so firmly 
that it can be withdrawn only with dith- 
culty. This property is of special value 
in crate material, and large amounts of 
hemlock are used for that purpose. In 
quantity it ranks near the top of the 
list of all woods of the United States 
for this use. The following States are 
among the most important users of 
hemlock for boxes and crates, and the 
figures give the annual demand and the 


average prices paid. 


Ave. Cost 

at Factory 

Feet Used. Per M. 

TMs @isgeS arcs ca: 34,472,000 . Sis4e 
Which nis 2a ey: 27,523,000 12.08 
Massachusetts ... 27,394,000 ai) 
New Hampshire.. 20,035,000 15.00 
Wasconsiniis 2ace 17,657,000 11.08 
NewneWorkine 25%. 10,448,000 19.50 
Whelan eer es 4,704,000 141g 


These prices are for box lumber de- 


| 
| 
| 
| 


Ene SLORY. 


OF. HEMLOCK 585 


“ANCIENT OF Days,’ A HEMLocK Barn 104 YEARS OLD. 


It was built on the Ernest Mathews Farm, Wolcott, N. Y., in 1810. } 
The present roof is ot hemlock shingles laid 20 years ago. 


and siding hemlock. 


The frame is beech, the roof boards 
The building has 


never been painted, and its state of preservation is apparent in the picture. 


livered at the factories after all freight 
and handling charges have been paid. 

The woods whiteness is one of its 
chief recommendations to box makers, 
for painting, printing, and_ stenciling 
show finely on the finished box. This 
property is desired by shippers who 
place their advertisements on the ship- 
ping containers which carry their prod- 
ucts to market. 

The builders of machines find this 
wood well fitted for the sills, frames, 
foundations and other wooden parts. 
Beams of considerable size are in de- 
mand when heavy machines are being 
built and installed in flour mills, saw- 
mills, shingle mills, mining operations 
and in similar places. Hemlock is stiff, 
strong, and is sufficiently resistant to 
decay. 

It is not customary to think of hem- 
lock as having much of a place in the 
business of manufacturing coffins and 
caskets, yet statistics prove that it 1s 
regularly employed in a number of 
States. It has two principal places to 
fill. The largest quantity is worked 
into the outer boxes in which the cas- 


kets are placed. It is a fact that more 
wood is needed for the rough burial 
box than for the casket itself. This 
was one of the first places, after farm 
uses, where hemlock began to displace 
white pine. In some localities hemlock 
is the leading wood in the manufacture 
of burial boxes. 

It is coming into considerable use in 
hes making ot-.them casket mtselivas Tt is 
cut with veneer for cross-banding, and 
when employed in that capacity it is not 
visible in the finished article, but is con- 
cealed by the veneers of cabinet woods, 
like oak, walnut, and mahogany, which 
are glued upon it to form the outer and 
visible part. More frequently, perhaps, 
hemlock casket stock is seasoned ium- 
ber upon which the veneers are glued. 
It holds the glue well, and warping and 
shrinking give little trouble. 

The use of this wood on the farm, 
for buildings, fences, and the like, has 
been mentioned; and while that is 
doubtless the largest place filled by it in 
connection with agricultural operations, 
it is in demand by the manufacturers of 
farm implements. It is so reported in 


586 AMERICAN 


a number of States. The call for it is 
increasing for tanks, particularly the 
frames, and for silos where it is some- 
times the principal material. New 
York’s annual use of hemlock for silos 
is 1,190,000 feet, for which manufac- 
turers pay an average price of $24.39. 
This indicates that good stock is used, 
and the rapid increase in the demand 
for hemlock by silo makers shows that 
the wood is chosen for its qualities. 
The silo is a trying place for any build- 
ing material, and hemlock has there 
proved its durability. 

A categorical list of the uses to which 
hemlock is put by manufacturers would 
show a remarkable range. It would in- 
clude commodities of high class as well 
as many which are ordinary. The total 
annual demand for this wood in the 
United States, for manufacturing pur- 
poses, is 708,752,769 feet. That does 
not include what is used as rough lum- 
ber without further manufacture, nor 
does it include pulp, cooperage stock, 
cross-ties, or mine timbers. In the 
State of New York alone the follow- 
ing uses of hemlock are listed : 


Agricultural Im- Flooring, 
plements, Furniture, 
Baskets, Gates, 
Blinds, Instruments 
Boxes, (Musical), 
Cars, Machines, 
Crates, Machinery (Elec- 
Dairymen’s sup- trical), 
plies, Patterns, 
Doors, Sash, 
Fencing (Pickets) Ships, | 
Flasks, Sporting goods, 
Vehicles. 


About 32 per cent of all the hemlock 
lumber cut in the United States is fur- 
ther manufactured before it reaches its 
final use. In round numbers, two- 
thirds of the lumber is used in its rough 
form, and one-third passes through fac- 
tories or shops to be converted into 
commodities. 


THE PRICE OF THE WOOD 


It is medium-priced among the soft- 
woods with which it comes in competi- 


FORESTRY 


tion. More of them are above than 
below it in mill-yard value. In a list of 
the commercial softwoods reported by 
the Bureau of the Census for 1998 
where fourteen species are named, the 
rating accorded hemlock is shown in the 
following table: 


ve. Mill- 
yard 

Wood. Per M. 
Cypress as (elie eae clas $20.54 
NVDIEs CPIM eke sana 18.54 
SUS AL PINE. he we are eee nel ene 
PEUCES crs cra iain nner 16.14 
ECS GINO Ciceeirt atta ees 13199 
Western (plies ari se 13.88 
Mellow spine sets ts cere 13.87 
Cedar ire Rea ene 13.86 
Plemilocheyaios esters cere 13.59 
Balsam sitet eee eens 13.42 
oadgvepoles pine sere eae 12.41 
Weir dae anche a eee te 11.87 
Doticlas: ire. ee ee 11.05 
WV nite) tik ho eee eter ee crc 10.64 


These figures represent lumber in the 
yards at the mills and ready to ship. 
There is some change in values from 
year to year, but no more than changes 
in the values of wheat, cattle, coal, and 
other staple articles. 

The mill-yard value is the average 
for all grades, that is, the lumber as it 
comes from the logs without sorting. 
This value is not the same in all parts 
of the country, but the differences are 
usually small. The value is made up 
of cost of stumpage, cost of logging, 
cost of conversion, and other necessary 
charges. Fifteen States produce hem- 
lock in commercial quantities, and a 
little is sawed in other States. 

When the prices paid for hemlock 
by manufacturers in certain States is 
compared with the value at the mill- 
yards in those States, apparent incon- 
sistencies are seen. In several instances 
the material is delivered at the factories 
at an average cost below its mill-yard 
value in those States. This would seem 
to imply that the mills deliver hemlock 
at the factories for less than its value 
in the mill’s own yard. Below is a 
table which gives hemlock’s value at the 


ES lw Y. 
mills and likewise its cost delivered at 
factories in the same States: 


Cost De- 


Valuein lvered at 


State. Millyard. Factories. 
PMenbUCKy tees. : $12.36 $11.65 
North. Carolina. °11.08 12.00 
New Hampshire 14.89 14.98 
Mllaraece eee. <0 14.64 14%2 
Maryland ..... 14.33 24.04 
New Yorkies s.. 115)./510) 19.82 
WenmtOnt \2s-4 <<. 14.65 14.28 
Michigan 3.4... 12.44 11.83 
Massachusetts 1G6s5il 17.34 
Wisconsin. 2... 13-03 12.04 


Only in New York and Maryland is 
the difference between value at the yard 
and cost at the factory as great as would 
be expected, and Maryland neither pro- 
duces nor uses much hemlock. 

In some instances, factories buy their 
hemlock for less than its value in the 
millyard, because much that they buy 
was never at a sawmill. It comes to 
the factory as logs, and at a cost so 
low that the general average of all pur- 
chases of hemlock is cut down. In this 
Way some of the apparent inconsisten- 
cies may be explained. The further 
fact 


is brought out also, by inference, 


OF HEMLOCK 587 


that the country’s sawmill cut of hem- 
lock does not show the whole produc- 
tion of this wood. 

The general market buys hemlock in 
grades, not on mill run. An equitable 
comparison of prices of this wood with 
others should be made grade by grade, 
or as nearly as may be. When the 
wholesale prices of hemlock are consid- 
ered on the basis of grades, they are 
found to be wholly consistent. Differ- 
ences in prices in different regions are 
largely accounted for by differences in 
freight charges. The markets recog- 
nize Lake States hemlock and Eastern 
States hemlock. The two may go to 
the same markets, but usually they do 
not. Lake States hemlock, two-inch 
piece Stu Sl SiH. 2 4716) im 1912. 
was worth $19.39 in New York State, 
$16.84 in Wisconsin, and $16.52 in 
Michigan. Rough timbers, 4”’x4” to 
8”x8”—16', were worth in New York 
the same year $18.75, in Wisconsin 
$17.79, and in Michigan $16.85. 

Fastern States hemlock in 1912, of 
the grade 8/4 merchantable, 4” to 12”, 10 
to 20’, was worth $18 in Pennsylvania, 
$19 in New Hampshire, $16.75 in Ver- 
mont, and $16.75 in Maine. These ex- 
amples suffice to show regional varia- 
tion in prices. 


Conrs ATTACKED BY THE CONE BEETLE. 


These sugar pine cones show effects of the cone beetle attack at different stages of the 


growth of the cone. 
while the others were killed. 


The longer cone, 


about 14 inches in length, resisted attack, 


PESTS EN; FOREST Seems 


OLLECTORS of forest seeds, 
particularly on the Pacific 
Coast, are recommended by the 
United States Department of 
Agriculture to make certain that the 
areas in which they work are not 1i1- 
fested by insects which damage the 
cones and seeds of cone-bearing trees. 
This damage may readily be sufficient 
to interfere seriously with the profits of 
seed-collecting. It has been found, for 
instance, that much of the white fir 
seed gathered recently for use in the 
Western national forests is worthless 
In order to avoid, therefore, the waste 
of time and money involved in collect- 
ing diseased seeds, the Department ad- 
vises the careful inspection of sample 
cones. If cones of the past season are 
examined during the winter and spring, 
they will indicate whether or not their 
particular area is infested, and in July 
and August, before the seed matures, 
infested cones will usually reveal imma- 
ture stages of the insects. 
The insects, which feed upon the 
seeds, may be found in almost any part 


588 


of the cone or seen but, with the excep- 
tion of cone beetles, adult insects are 
rarely seen in the immature cone. In 
their immature stages, however, these 
insects depend for their food chiefly 
upon the cone scales and seeds, doing 
great damage before the seed ripens. 

In the case of the pine, cone beetles 
and some of the cone worms kill the 
cones when small and immature and 
before the seeds are filled. Damage of 
this type is easily recognized and can be 
estimated after the middle of July. 
Cones affected in this way are called 
blighted. In other forms of injury, the 
cone is not killed but the seeds are 
ruined by the feeding of larvae. Dam- 
age of this kind occurs in every species 
of conifer and is frequently caused by 
caterpillars. In California and southern 
Oregon in 1912, from 50 to 90 per cent 
of the seed crop of Western yellow pine 
and Jeffrey pine was damaged in this 
way, although sometimes there was 
nothing on the surface of the cone to 
indicate that it was affected. 


This is also true of wormy seed, 


Work oF A CHALCIDID IN SEEDS OF PacriFic Coast CONIFERS. 


a Cross section of sound, mature white fir cone with unaffected seed; 


b, yellow pine seed, enlarged, infested by larve and newly trans- 
fomed adults of a seed chalcidid; two unopened seeds show exit 
holes made by these insects; c, cross sections of two maggoty 
white fir cones; d, male and female adults of seed chalcidid, larva 
in opened seed of red fir and exit holes in two other seeds of 
same. (Original.) 


590 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


How Contes ARE AFFECTED. 


THESE LONGITUDINAI, AND TRANSVERSE SECTIONS OF THE SUGAR PINE CONES, NATURAL 
SIZE, SHOW THE PRIMARY EGG GALLERIES, B-1 MADE BY THE CONE BEETLE. 


caused by the larvae of tiny wasps, 
known as seed cholcidids. These feed 
entirely within the inner lining of the 
seed, which outwardly presents a nor- 
mal appearance. Ordinarily the only 
way to detect the damage is to cut the 
seed open, when it will be found hollow 
with the small, headless maggot-like 
larvae. lying “init. ir suffers -espe- 
cially from these insects. The maggots 
of flies and midges also cause consid- 
erable damage to fir cones. 

In looking for evidence of the pres- 
ence, of these various’ pests, beetles, 
worms, cholcidids and maggots, it is 


SZ aRe 
ayy 
Ss > yy} Ex 
: Ns : 


frequently necessary to cut open the 
cone. The beetle, it is true, betrays it- 
self by a small entrance hole at the base 
of the cone, with castings or small pitch 
tubes, during the early summer. Later 
the cones assume a brown, withered 
appearance. On the other hand, as has 
already been said, there is no external 
evidence whatsoever of the presence of 
the seed cholcidid. ‘The fir-cone mag- 
got and the cone moth can best be dis- 
covered by opening the cone, sectioning 
it in several different ways and then 
searching for the caterpillars or the 
active larvae. 


DY) wh 
We 
1 


~~ 


PO@indocl RY “ASE 


HE largest audiences that ever 
| listened to addresses on for- 
estry heard with pleasure and 
profit, the--speakers .of* ‘the 
American Forestry Association at Chau- 
tauqua, N. Y., on July 9 and 10, when 
the Board of Directors of the Associa- 
tion, holding their midsummer meet- 
ing, agreed, upon request of the Chau- 
tauqua Institution, to have speakers 
give a number of public addresses. 
These addresses embraced many 
phases of forest conservation, and as 
the audiences were composed largely of 
teachers from various sections of the 
country, and as they will carry to their 
class-rooms the instruction and _for- 
estry knowledge they received, the edu- 
cational advantages of the meeting are 
evident. Dr. Henry S. Drinker, Presi- 
dent of Lehigh University and Presi- 
dent of the American Forestry Associa- 
tion, opened the first meeting with a 
general outline of the forestry move- 
ment and of the work of the Associa- 
tion; Prof. J. S. Toumey, head of the 
Yale Forestry School, followed with an 
address on the teaching of forestry in 
the public schools. C. R. Pettis, Super- 
intendent of New York State Forests, 
spoke on State work in forestry and 
what may be accomplished by it; Mr. 


CHAUTAUQUA 


J. S. Whipple, President of the New 
York State Forestry Association, told 
of what forestry has done and could do 
for New York State, and Harris A. 
Reynolds, Secretary of the Massachu- 
setts Forestry Association, spoke of the 
progress made in his State. 

In the evening there were illustrated 
addresses by Dr. B. E. Fernow, dean 
of forestry at the University of Toron- 
to, on the battle of the forests, and by 
Don Carlos Ellis, of the Forest Serv- 
ice, on forest fires. 

On the second day E. T. Allen, for- 
ester of the Western Forestry and Con- 
servation Association, made a deep 1m- 
pression in his talk on the forests, 
lumber and the consumer; Capt. J. B. 
White, a native of Chautauqua County 
and widely known as a leading lumber- 
man, talked in a most interesting man- 
ner about forest conservation for lum- 
bermen, and Dr.*jJ. -l.° Rothrock, a 
famous forester and first forestry com- 
missioner of Pennsylvania, spoke of the 
relation of forests to the human prod- 
uct of timberlands. In the evening Dr. 
Rothrock gave an illustrated lecture on 
the close relation of soil, water and for- 
ests, and J. EF. Rhodes, Secretary of the 
National Lumber Manufacturers’ Asso- 
ciation, told how lumber is made. 


PEO IN FOREST STREAMS 


LANS to completely restock all 
J trout streams and lakes through- 

out the national forests of Colo- 

rado, Wyoming, and South Da- 
kota, within a period of nine years, are 
well under way, as the result of the 
approval by the Federal Bureau of 
Fisheries of a plan of operation pre- 
Mated “by the Forest Service. The 
Bureau of Fisheries has promised to 
furnish the necessary fish fry for dis- 
tribution to the various forests, the 


shipments of fry to be directed to rail- 
road stations nearest the waters to be 
stocked so that as many streams as pos- 
sible may be supplied from a central 
point. The planting of all fry will be 
performed by forest officers, who will 
keep close check on the results of the 
work. 

According to the estimates of the 
forest officers, approximately 20 million 
trout fry of the brook, rainbow, and 
black-spotted varieties will be needed 


591 


592 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


to meet the requirements of all the 
waters adaptable to the production of 
trout. Of this great number the Bureau 
of Fisheries is prepared to supply some- 
thing over four and a half million this 
year and a gradually decreasing number 
each successive year for a total of nine, 
at the end of which time it 1s expected 
that the complete restocking will have 
been accomplished. The estimates are 
said to cover 273 streams and lakes in 
the three States. 

The restocking of National Forest 
streams in all States where such forests 
are situated, including those now being 
acquired in the White Mountains and 


the Southern Appalachians, will be 
given attention as rapidly as supplies of 
fish fry become available for planting 
purposes: The Forest: Service is) ade 
mirably organized to carry on work of 
this kind and does so with practically 
no interference with regular activities 
since the fish must be handled with the 
utmost haste and frequently during the 
late evening or early morning hours. 
The production of the existing Federal 
and State fish hatcheries is hardly ade- 
quate to meet all demands, however, 
and therefore the work has to be done 
in installments. 


PRIVATE TREE PLAN PiNG 


NE hundred thouSand pine 
trees are now being planted in 
the Adirondacks at the ex- 
pense of Richard J. Donovan, 

of New York City, who has in the past 
four years had some 265,000 others 
planted in the same district, and who is 
doing much to inspire and encourage 
other land owners to pay attention to 
similar work on their own land. “I per- 
sonally investigated tree planting in the 
Black Forest in Germany, in Switzer- 
land and throughout the country before 
planting the forest in the Adirondacks,” 
said Mr. Donovan in describing the 
planting. “The restoration of the for- 
ests in the Adirondacks and in fact 
throughout the country is the most im- 
portant economic question before the 
people. 

“Interests in the restoration of the 
forests of the Adirondacks should be 
enhanced. It improves the scenic beau- 
ty of that charming region. It pre- 
vents floods by holding back the water 
by the leaf mold and little reservoirs 
that are created by the roots of the 
trees. It affords places for the melting 
snow and keeps back the water. 

“Conditions in the Adirondacks are 
ideal for tree planting, especially for 
pine and spruce, and other conifers. 


The cost per acre will vary from $2 to 
$7, depending upon the age of the trees, 
how far apart they are to be planted, 
soil conditions, and the efficiency of the 
tree planters. Small trees can be pur- 
chased from the State conservation 
commission for $1.50 to $4 per thou- 
sand, depending upon the age of the 
tree: 

“The danger of fire in the Adiron- 
dacks is no longer an excuse for hesi- 
tating to preserve the forests and re- 
store the forests by tree planting, for 
the reason that the railroads that here- 
tofore caused the fires are today the 
greatest protectors that the forests have, 
because oil is used as a fuel, and a pa- 
trol follows each train in the summer 
time from station to station, prepared 
not only to put out fires that may be 
caused from a train, but also to report 
other fires. 

“T should like to see a tree-planting 
association in the Adirondack moun- 
tains that would have enrolled in it 
every man and woman who owns a foot 
of land in that delightful region. A 
beautiful forest can be developed in 
from 10 to 15 years, which may be 
seen by the developments where the 
State conservation commission planted 
about a dozen years ago.” 


i 


$50,000.00 Bond Issue 


of the 
American Forestry Association 


To Members of the American Forestry Association: 


It has been decided by the Board of Directors to issue 
bonds of the American Forestry Association to the amount 
of $50,000, paying six per cent interest and redeemable 
within twenty years. 


The money will be used to improve the magazine AMERICAN 
FORESTRY, put it on a more influential and better paying 
basis, increase the membership of the Association and 
extend its very important educational work. 


The Association has no debts, it is sound and strong 
financially; the magazine, AMERICAN FORESTRY, returns a 
substantial profit, which is used in educational work, but 
the Directors realize that with money to spend for develop- 
ment work, the Association’s value to the general public 
can be greatly advanced, and its membership largely 
increased, and at a profit to the Association. 


Therefore subscriptions to the bond issue are requested 
from members who are interested in the development of 
the Association and the extension of its work. The bonds 
are to consist of $45,000 (forty-five thousand dollars) in 
$100 bonds and $5,000 (five thousand dollars) in $10 bonds. 
Subscriptions of only $100 or less are desired, although 
larger subscriptions will of course be accepted. 


Subscriptions may..be made direct to the American 


Forestry Association, or further details will be sent upon 


LEC UESL. 


SUBSCRIPTION BLANK 


AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION, 
Washington, D. C. 
I” AGIOS. SLOTS LUG SHOR 0, Ba Se ote SA Be ae of the $50,000 bond tissue of the 
American Forestry Assostation. 


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A TYPICAL 


GAME REFUGE 


Stock is being kept out of this area so that it may be turned into_a game refuge. The view is 
looking across Boulder Basin from the South Fork Divide in the Shoshone National Forest. The 


timber is Lodgepole pine and Douglas fir. 


A CHANCE POR tiie G at 


By SMITH 


HERE, are 180 million acres of 

National Forests in the United 

States and Alaska, within the 

borders of which practically 
every type of forest land is to be found 
Excellent forage conditions are every- 
where available, and an enormous 
amount of domestic stock is annually 
developed and fattened upon the for- 
est ranges. As meat values continue to 
advance, other ranges, now inaccessi- 
ble, will receive domestic stock and the 
number carried yearly by National 
Forest ranges will be increased. ‘The 
question is asked: What is to become 
of the big game that in the past was 
so. plentiful throughout our~ moun- 


594 


RILEY. 


tainous country? Must it all go as have 
some of the species that once occupied 
the great plains country? eee peo- 


ple h have decried the current belief that 
the game must perish as settlement ad- 
vances, and that the mountain ranges 


are needed to summer stock which can 
he wintered at a profit upon forage 
crops produced upon the settlers’ tilla- 
ble lands. It would appear from the 
location of game refuges in different 
parts of the country that there is senti- 
ment in favor of preserving at least 
certain species of big game animals. 
This movement is looked upon by many 
as founded largely upon sentiment and 
not-as a practical -matter. 


YON ‘IVN 
MTVIIANOOD WIL St WI “IONANU AWVD LNA’TISOXA NV SV HAUS WINOM HOIHM IN 


WN 


THHS WO WIAVLINS LON SI HOINM AULNNOD IN IT-UTa WL VIGISSHDOVNT 
“WWYOdS dOOr) AAVET AVI, SUNLNO GT AYA AA 


596 AMERICAN FORESTRY . 


EXCELLENT FOR MOUNTAIN SHEEP. 


This area is in the vicinity of the Chicago lakes at the head of Chicago Creek in 
the Pike National Forest and an effort is being made to have it set aside for 
the mountain sheep which are plentiful in this region. 


The placing of domestic stock upon 
the range is purely a matter of dollars 
and cents, and the question arises as to 
whether we can not consider the game 
question upon this same basis. ‘There 
is no mountainous range region in the 
National Forests but what from one- 
fifth to one-third of the area is con- 
sidered unsuitable for ranging domes- 


tic stock of any sort, and in many 
cases, were the matter carefully looked 
into, it would be found that these so- 
called unadaptable mountain ranges are 
well suited for the propagation of 
game animals. Then again, the proper 
stocking of mountain ranges with do- 
mestic animals does not necessarily pre- 
clude the possibility of affording pro- 


A CHANCE FOR THE GAME 597 


tection for a reasonable amount of 
game that would thrive upon such 
browse or classes of growth which the 
domestic animals do not use. There 
are also many areas closed to domestic 
stock—such as the watersheds from 
which cities and towns derive their 
water supplies—where such game ani- 
mals as the mountain sheep and deer 
of different kinds would not only thrive 


eliminating entirely the sentimental 
reasons for such protection, is also 
worthy of consideration. Within the 
last two years the State of Wyoming 


has received from $20,000 to $25,000 
from the sale of game licenses, and the 
cost of administering the game depart- 
ment has been about half that amount. 
The purchase of licenses at $2.50 each 
fOLuderesident Munter 1s, of. course, .a 


[8516 


Two YeAaR Op ELK. 


THIS IS THE FINE HEALTHY TYPE 


OF ANIMAL WHICH CAN 


BE BOUGHT FROM SEVERAL DEALERS AND WHICH 


TURNED LOOSE IN COUNTRY SUITED TO THEM WILL THRIVE AND MAKE EXCELLENT GAME HUNTING. 


to advantage, but would offer no diffi- 
culty in the use of the area for water 
development. In many of the National 
Forests there are areas that are be- 
coming valuable for summer resorts 
and recreative purposes. It is not ad- 
visable to allow ranging stock in the 
vicinity of such localities, and yet game 
developed in such regions would add 
greatly to their general attractiveness. 

So there is ample range for game. 
The question as to whether it is worth 
while upon a dollar and cents basis, 


small portion of the amount he actually 
spends in the hunting region. In the 
little town of Sundance in eastern Wy- 
oming, it was found after a careful 
check of over two years, that the aver- 
age expenditure of hunters in that sec- 
tion was $36.00. In the Cody country 
of Wyoming, where many non-resi- 
dent hunters outfit for the region south 
and east of Yellowstone Park, it was 
found that such parties spent from $400 
to $600 each. These non-resident hunt- 
ers number from 100 to 200 yearly, so 


598 


A NEw 


THESE TWO-YEAR-OLD ELK, HARDY AND STRONG, 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


f 


SHIPMENT. 


HAVE JUST REACHED THE DENVER STOCKYARDS AFTER A LONG 


JOURNEY. 


the value of the game to that section 
can well be realized. During the hunt- 
ing season of 1912 it was estimated that 
600 elk were brought out of the Cody 
couatry by hunters. A fair weight for 
these carcasses dressed would be 300 
pounds, ana at a rate of but 12 cents a 
pound, the actual meat value of these 
animals killed would net the sum of 
$21,600. Add to this, then, the value of 
hides, antlers, teeth, and by-products. 
One of the most attractive mountain 
summer resorts in the United States is 
Estes Park in the Colorado National 
Forest. ‘Thousands of people from all 
over the country visit this park annual- 
ly, and the number of visitors is in- 
creasing every year. There is an ex- 
cellent game region in the vicinity of 
Estes Park, where there is ev ery in- 
dication that elk, mountain sheep, and 
deer were at one time plentiful. Asa 
straight money investment upon the part 
of the State and the hotel owners of 
this region, the protection of existing 
game for increase, and the introduc- 
tion of species adaptable to this region, 
as a means of bringing in more visitors, 


game upon the slopes of Pike's 


The development of 
Peak 
would also be a sound investment to 
the State of Colorado, and the towns 
in that vicinity, from a viewpoint of 
increasing attractions for visitors. The 
biggest business of Colorado Springs, 
Colorado City, Manitou, and Cascade 
is that created by the tourists that visit 
these towns each year. The existence 
of sheep, deer and elk, could they be 
seen in their wild state by campers, 
burro parties, or from the trains mak- 
ing the trip up Pike’s Peak, would be 
an additional feature there and would 
attract more visitors. 

The people want to see the game pro- 
tected and will assist any honest and 
sincere move upon the part of the au- 
thorities to this end. It is true that 
at present there is a wholesale disre- 
gard of the game laws in the game 
States ; however, it must be realized 
that the States are largely responsible 
for this because of the odium which 
has grown up around the position of 
game warden through the class of men 
appointed to that office. Many of these 


is all important. 


“SGUVAMOOLS OdyvNO'IOD SMHANAC 
“SH NT GHquaIT NMOHS AaXH WAV AHH “AOIANMAS LSTAOM AWL ANY AAAUNS ‘IVOIOO'IOIA SALVIS GNLINA NUL Ad “ONIWOAM ‘VIO S.NOSNOVL WOU Atadiis 


M1 ONITAVAA 


@ 88S ee Bw F @ SOS SERSeRTeTe @ ERIN — os GED Oe Oe OD ERS! 908 
; B i | a ' 


600 


men in the past have had no knowl- 
edge of the regions in which they were 
appointed and were unable to take care 
of themselves when traveling in the 
mountain countries. Other appointees 
drew the salary attached to their posi- 
tions, winked at the violations of the 
law by their friends, and attempted to 
make arrests or secure convictions for 


ELK 


WHEN THESE ANIMALS ARRIVE AT THE 


WHICH IS FILLED WITH 


game violations only against strangers 
or against those to whom they were un- 
friendly. 

Of course the violation of the game 
law enforced by such agents was bound 
to be considered a trivial matter, and to 
be arrested by such officers of the law 
resulted in much bitterness. As the 
farcical enforcement of the game laws 
grew up, it became almost impossible 
to secure convictions before local peace 
officers, even where the evidence was 


CoMING OUT OF 


DENVER STOCKYARDS THEY ARE 
A STRONG DISINFECTANT. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


absolute, and, of course, this served to 
discourage those who honestly endeav- 
ored to enforce the laws. When the 
Federal Government, through — the 


rangers of the Forest Service, began 
to cooperate with the States in the en- 
forcement of the game laws on the 
National Forests, it was an up hill busi- 
Forest officers who, during the 


TieSs. 


THE Dip. 


AT ONCE RUN THROUGH THE DIP, 


early years of federal administration, 
were in a more or less difficult posi- 
tion trying to enforce the Forest regu- 
lations, did not relish the disagreeable 
task of assisting the State in this work. 
There were so many glaring examples 
of difficulties to be overcome that they 
realized it would be years before the 
work could be brought to such a stand- 
ard that the people of the communities 
would respect and assist in the enforce- 
ment of the law. Where this coopera- 


A CHANCE 


FOR 


THE GAME 


A Typical Mountain SHEEP RANGE. 
Mt. Evans in the Pike National Forest from the head of Chicago Creek showing more of the area 
that is far too rough for domestic sheep and should therefore be designated as a mountain sheep 
range. 


tion has been in effect, happier condi- 
tions have been brought about and the 
people are now showing an inclination 
to back the officers in prosecutions un- 
der the law. 

Increased interest and cooperation on 
the part of stock associations, gun clubs, 
organizations of sportsmen, and the 
Order of Elks will eventually force all 
game States to oust the inactive spoils 
politician who uses his position only 
for political ends, and to fill the office 
of game commissioner with strong men, 
conversant with game conditions and 
men who will devote their entire time 
to game protection. There must be keen 
cooperation between the State Game 
Departments and the Federal Govern- 
ment; and the Federal Government, 
through the Biological Survey and the 
Forest Service, must take the initiative 
in studying conditions for placing game 


upon suitable ranges now unoccupied - 


by game. No large amount of money 
will be necessary. As has already been 
demonstrated, the people of the com- 
munities near such ranges are keenly 
enthusiastic about this work and will 
subscribe liberally towards carrying it 


out. The railroads are also interested 
and have shown a willingness to co- 
operate in hauling shipments of live 
game animals within the States free of 
charge. ‘The great problem at present 
is to locate specimens for planting, and 
to figure out feasible methods ot cap- 
turing and shipping. There is a big 
field for this work, and the States will 


fall in with it, provided the Federal 
Government will show what can be 
done in this line. For example, there is 
ample suitable mountain sheep range 
in the vicinity of Harney Peak in the 
Harney National Forest of South Da- 
kota. There are several places in Colo- 


rado where specimens for such a plant 
could be captured and the people of 
South Dakota are ready to furnish 
funds for the work, provided the Bio- 
logical Survey will take it up. There is 
excellent range for white-tail deer in 
the foothills of the Pike National For- 
est just west of Denver, Colorado, and 
such specimens as are needed for intro- 
duction there could be captured in the 
Black Hills National Forest of South 
Dakota. 


THE MISSOURI 


HE famous Missouri Ouster 

cases against twenty lumber 

companies under anti-trust pro- 

ceedings, have been finally set- 
fled:- ‘On. July 2nd, the Supreme 
Court of Missouri denied the applica- 
tion for a modification of judgment 
under the decision of December 24, 
1913, reduced the fine imposed on four 
of the companies and withheld the 
ouster issued against all of the com- 
panies, if they pay the fines imposed, 
so long as they obey ten conditions out- 
lined in the decision, and withdraw 
from direct or indirect membership in 
the Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Asso- 
ciation, and all associations of like 
character. 

The influence of this decision is far- 
reaching, not only in 1tsetrect on the 
existence and function of lumber trade 
organizations, but on the rights and 
privileges of individual companies to 
cooperate to the mutual benefit of both 
the producer and consumer. The lum- 
ber industry, which is now suffering 
from economic vicissitudes, is likely to 
be further handicapped by this court 
decision so lumbermen say. 

Some of the companies concerned 
are understood to be in honor bound 
motto cainry the casecto the United 
States Supreme Court, and by their 
agreement to accept the present de- 
cision there is implied an acknowledg- 
ment of guilt, which is not in anywise 
borne out by the actual facts. Lumber- 
men say the court was not sufficiently 
cognizant of the cenditions in the lum- 
ber business, to consider fully and 
fairly the economic situation which 
prevailed in 1907, at the time the lum- 
ber output of the State fell off abruptly, 
owing to the panic which reached a 
climax in October of that year. The 
lumbermen acting individually would, 
no doubt, have saved money if they had 
shut down their mills completely at the 
time when the demand for lumber fell 
off so abruptly; but since instead of 
that they preferred to take the broader 

602 


OUSTER CAsBe 


view of producing enough to keep their 
mills operating and their employees out 
of the bread line, they consider it an 
injustice that they are now fined and 
prevented from organizing for helpful 
cooperation, through some legal inter- 
pretation which they declare ignores 
common sense fundamentals. 

The lumber trade papers are bitter 
in their denunciation of the decision. 

The Lumber World Review of July 
10th, says regarding it: 


“Tt is true that the Supreme Court of the 
State of Missouri has done what we believe 
to be an unjust and monstrous thing in this 
alleged land of liberty by fining the lumber- 
men of that State nearly four hundred thou- 
sand dollars and ruling that they will be 
ousted from the State unless they cancel 
their membership in the Yellow Pine Manu- 
facturers’ Association.” 


The same hard-hitting trade paper 
says apropos of the alleged lumber 
trust agitation in general that: 


“There NEVER WAS and NEVER 
WILL BE and NEVER CAN BE a lumber 
trust any more than there could be a bread 
trust or a potato trust or a rain-water trust. 

“The Bureau of Corporations and Con- 
gress and all the other sections, divisions and 
bureaus of the United States government 
might just as well try to dissolve the Bap- 
tist, Presbyterian, Catholic or Methodist 
churches, the National Historical Society, 
the Society of Physical Research and all the 
fraternal bodies, as to prorogue, dismantle, 
annul and kill the business organizations of 
the country. They might try their hands at 
knocking out the Chamber of Commerce of 
the United States and each business institu- 
tion in turn, but if they did the whole fabric 
of government would fall asunder.” 


The American Lumberman of July 
11th connects the decision with the atti- 
tude of politicians towards business 1n- 
terests, by saying: 


“This decision goes with pending 
legislation, with other court decisions and 


_with a manifested attitude displayed in Con- 


gress, and exploited by politicians who wish 
to profit by the arousing of prejudices of a 
certain class of the voters against a!l who 
are apparently successful in business life.” 


TE MISSOURL OUSTER CASES 


The same paper goes farther and 
touches on a social aspect of the matter 
in pointing out that: 


“The manufacturer, the merchant and the 
banker have been the trinity that has led the 
progress of the world; but now the educator, 
the legislator, the lawyer, are reasserting 
themselves and are seeking to relegate to 
their once despised position the forces back 
of real progress.” 


This paper also discusses the funda- 
mental idea in lumber organization, 
namely, that of cooperation: 


“The country thought that it had discov- 
ered something worth while in the idea of 
cooperation as a substitute for competition. 
Competition was the mother of trusts, the 
chief means by which the rich were made 
richer and the poor poorer. It separated 
classes and was essentially undemocratic in 
a great democracy like ours. On the other 
hand, cooperation backed by sound intelli- 
gence and good will promised, in spite of 
possible abuses, to solve many of our modern 
difficulties. Now it seems, because coopera- 
tion may be abused, that we are going back 
to the unlimited evils of unlimited competi- 
tion. 

“And all this means that the modern busi- 
ness man and modern business are to be 
pushed back fifty or a hundred years. He 
is to be told by the dreamer, the idealistic 
do-nothing, the demagogic politician, that he 
—the creator of modern civilization—must 
step into the background and let them to 
the front. This situation is not one that af- 
fects lumbermen only, but business men of 
all sorts.” 


As to what should be done, it says: 


“Lumbermen, representing one of the 
greatest industries of this country, one of 
the greatest sources of its wealth, must 
stand for their rights as citizens, and not 
only must so stand with each other but with 
business men of all classes. Honest business 
should assume the proud position that of 
right it should occupy, and no longer cower 
and apologize.” 


The Lumber Trade Journal of New 
Orleans, commenting upon the effect of 


603 


the decision on the Yellow Pine Manu- 
facturers’ Association, says: 


“Although the association was not a party 
to the suit, the judgment of the court scores 
it without justice or mercy. * * * The 
association never made prices. It is strange 
that the supreme court justices could not 
understand the evidence that was brought 
to their attention on this point. There was 
no evidence that the association did make 
prices, yet the court jumped to the conclusion 
that a price list means price making. The 
books of the defendant companies offered in 
evidence showed there were as many differ- 
ent prices as there were companies. 

“It is useless to criticize the opinion of the 
court, as it will serve no purpose. The most 
charitable way to put it is to say that the 
court erred. Every lumberman knows that 
it did not get the perspective of the case.” 


Of the effect of the decision on the 
Yellow Pine Manufacturers’ Associa- 
tion, the Southern Lumberman, of 
Nashville, says: 


“It would seem that the court could keep 
the acts and practices of the lumbermen un- 
der even better surveillance if they are oper- 
ating through the Yellow Pine Manufactur- 
ers’ Association than if a new organization 
under a different name should be formed. 
The court has certainly had opportunity to 
become thoroughly familiar with all the in- 
side workings of the present yellow pine 
organization. 

“It must be that the court has not as fully 
considered this particular part of its final 
decree as it should have done and that upon 
proper showing it will vacate the prohibition 
as to membership in the association. The 
court must recognize that there is a legiti- 
mate field for organization in the yellow pine 
industry. It must recognize also by this time 
that there were many members of the asso- 
ciation who were all the time in little sym- 
pathy with efforts at price-fixing and curtail- 
ment, and that there are many yellow pine 
lumbermen who have for years refused to 
have anything to do with the association o: 
account of its activities along these lines: 
and, finally, that with all effort along these 
lines abandoned and discontinued the asso- 
ciation is in position to render more useful 
service than ever before.” 


USING BLIGHTED CHEStNGs 


OW chestnut timber that has 

been killed by the bark disease 

can be utilized to bring the 

most profit is told by the De- 
partment of Agriculture in a bulletin 
just issued for the benefit of farmers 
and other timberland owners in the 
States where the blight has appeared. 
Most of the chestnut timber north of the 
Potomac River has been attacked and 
much of it killed by the disease, which 
is now spreading to Virginia and West 
Virginia. 

Sound wood from dead chestnut 
trees is fully as strong as wood from 
healthy trees, and is suitable for poles, 
lumber, ties, slack cooperage, mine tim- 
bers, tannin extract wood, shingles, 
fence posts and rails, piles, veneer, and 
fuel. It can not be used profitably for 
tight cooperage, for wood distillation, 
or for excelsior. 

Disease-killed chestnut does not be- 
gin to deteriorate until two years after 
death, and in most cases it has been 
found that trees up to 10 inches in di- 
ameter can be sawed into merchantable 
products after they have been dead four 
years, trees from 10 to 18 inches in di- 
ameter after they have been dead five 


years, while trees above 18 inches in di- 
ameter are merchantable six years after 
death. It is best, however, to cut and 
utilize infected trees as soon as possible 
after they are attacked. Diseased tim- 
ber is still live timber, and can be sold 
as such, while dead timber, even 
though sound, always presents difficul- 
ties in felling, manufacturing, and mar- 
keting. 

In deciding what product to manu- 
facture from his stand the farmer, or 
other timberland owner, should first 
consider his own needs for fuel, fence 
posts and rails, split shingles, construc- 
tion material for barns and sheds, or 
even interior finish for a new house. If 
a woodlot owner has more dead timber 
than he can use himself or dispose of to 
his neighbors, he should consider mak- 
ing one or more of the following prod- 


ucts to be sold to dealers, railroads, or 


manufacturing plants: Poles, sawlogs, 
hewn ties, slack cooperage bolts, tannin 
extract cordwood, mine timbers, and 
cordwood for brickyards, lime kilns, 
brass factories, iron foundries, etc. Any 
of these products can be made with the 
tools kept on every farm. 


Planting Three Million. 


Nearly three million young trees are being set out this spring on the national forests of 


northern Idaho and Montana. 
acres will be planted. 


On the St. Joe National Forest in Idaho three thousand 


Students at the Forest Nursery. 


Students of the Oregon Agricultural College are working at the forest nursery on the 
Siuslaw forest. The arrangement is said to be mutually satisfactory, since the students gain 
experience in forest nursery practice and their assistance lowers the cost of nursery work. 


604 


eb ean ADI AN DEPARTMENT 


By Exwoop WILson 


Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director of the 
Dominion Forest Service, has gone 
abroad for a trip and will visit the dif- 
ferent European countries, making a 
study of administrative questions and 
forestry methods. 


Mr. G. C. Piche, head of the Quebec 
Forest School, is on his annual field 
tip with the students. The place 
chosen this year is Mr. Piche’s own 
estate of about 1,500 acres at Burrill’s 
siding, about thirty miles north of 
Three Rivers. 


The reorganization of the Fire Pro- 
tection work of the Canadian Pacific 
Railway by which this work will be 
handled by the Forestry Department, is 
a most important change and will in- 
crease the efficiency of the work. 


The coming convention of the Cana- 
dian Forestry Association to be held in 
Halifax, N. S., from the Ist to the 14th 
of September, will be a very important 
one. It is the first one ever held in 
Nova Scotia, and the attendance prom- 
ises to be large. Halifax is a beautiful 
city and contains much of historic in- 
terest. 


Mr. J. E. Rothery, of the firm of 
Vitale & Rothery, of New York, has 
just been elected to active membership 
in the Canadian Society of Forest En- 
gineers. This election is the first of a 
non-resident of Canada, the restriction 
of the membership to Canadian resi- 
dents having been removed at the last 
- meeting following the lead of the So- 
ciety of American Foresters. It is de- 
sirable that the relations between these 
two professional societies should be as 
close as possible. 


The long drought and cold weather 
which continued into June this spring 
made the fire-protection situation one of 


great difficulty. In the territory cov- 
ered by the St. Maurice Forest Pro- 
tective Association there were more 
fires than during the previous season, 
but all but two were extinguished by 
the rangers. Settler’s fires, which have 
usually been nearly half of the total 
number, were reduced by over fifty per 
cent, owing to the action taken by the 
Government in conjunction with the 
Protective Association last season, 
namely, warning the settlers at the be- 
ginning of the season and then arrest- 
ing promptly and fining all offenders 
against the regulations. This spring the 
settlers and their parish priests are join- 
ing the Association in a petition to the 
Government to make a law forbidding 
the setting of fires for clearing land at 
any season without a written permit 
from the fire-ranger of the district. 
Most of the fires this spring were set 
by river drivers employed by the com- 
panies forming the Association, and 
stringent measures are to be taken to 
prevent this next season. The Quebec 
& St. Maurice Industrial Company have 
not allowed their drivers to smoke this 
spring, and this has proved a great 
preventive. One of the two fires men- 
tioned above was set by the section men 
of one of the railway contractors burn- 
ing ties and spread over twenty-five 
square miles. The section men were 
warned not to set fires, but their fore- 
man was ordered by their engineer to 
go ahead, and this was done although 
the weather was extremely dry. Such 
gross carelessness on the part of men 
who are well educated enough to know 
better is inexcusable and shows the need 
for education about fires for the gen- 
eral public. 


The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective 
Association was formed too late this 
spring to allow for getting their field 
work in proper shape, but in spite of 
this they did excellent work and demon- 
strated the value of cooperative effort. 

605 


606 


The owners of summer homes and 
camps to the north of Montreal in the 
laurentian Mountains had a meeting 
and took steps to form an Association 
to protect their holdings. ‘The leader 
of this movement is Mr. R. A. Outhet, 
landscape architect of Montreal, and the 
members are prominent Montrealers. 
One of the most enthusiastic members 
is Mr. Guy Tombs, general passenger 
agent of the Canadian Northern Rail- 
way, which has also improved its sys- 
tem of fire protection along its lines this 
season. 


Snow fell to the depth of five inches 
about one hundred miles north of Mont- 
real on the nineteenth of June. 


The Laurentide Co., Ltd., has en- 
tered upon a tree-planting program 
which allows for planting of 500,000 
trees per year. A beginning on a com- 
mercial scale was made this spring by 
planting 110,000 Norway spruce, which, 
up to present writing, have done re- 
markably well. In 1908 this company 
began planting, about 20 acres being 
planted to white Scotch and jack pine. 
These trees are now from four to eight 
feet high. In 1912, 10,000 Scotch pine 
were planted, and in 1913 about 12,000 
Norway and white spruce; 10,000 Nor- 
way pine and 50,000 Norway spruce 
will be planted in September. There 
are now in the company’s nursery some- 
thing over 500,000 seedlings which will 
be ready for next fall, and the capacity 
will be kept at about 600,000 per annum. 
This company has also added to its 
telephone lines for fire protection and 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


other uses something over fourteen 
miles of line this season. 


The St. Maurice Forest Protective 
Association, with the cooperation and 
financial assistance of the Department 
of Lands and Forests and the Depart- 
ment of Public Instruction of the Prov- 
ince of Quebec, is issuing in French and 
English a folder, printed in red and 
black with cuts, for distribution among 
school children. These folders are, 
with few changes in the text, the same 
as those already used in Pennsylvania 
and Masachusetts. 


The Premier of the Province of Que- 
bec, Sir Lomer Gouin, with Mr. Ga@ 
Piche, Chief of the Forest Service, have 
just returned from a trip to the Abitibi 
region, which is being opened for set- 
tlement. The report of their trip from 
the standpoint of the forest resources 
of this district is awaited with interest. 


Mr. Roy L. Campbell has succeeded 
Mr. R. G. McIntyre as editor of the 
Pulp and Paper Magazine of Canada. 
Mr. Campbell is a forestry graduate 
from the University, of Toronto. 


The Forest Products Laboratory, in 
connection with McGill University, will 
begin active work in the fall. A com- 
plete experimental outfit for the grind- 
ing of pulp, making of sulphite pulp 
and of paper is being installed. The 
work will be in charge of Mr. Bates, 
who has had much experience along 
these lines. 


iM BEOURST 


HE, will of the late Miss Eliza- 
beth Shippen, of Philadelphia, 
bequeaths to the American For- 
estry Association the sum of 
$5,000. This money is given to 

aid in carrying on the general work of 
the Association in spreading the doc- 
trine of sane anl practical forest con- 


OF $5,000.00 


servation throughout the country, and 
the bequest was made by Miss Shippen, 
for many years a member of the Asso- 
ciation, in recognition of the excellent 
work it is doing, and the great need of 
expanding the influence and extending 
the activities of the association. 


POR Ad. 


N excellent plan for inspiring for- 
est planting by cities and towns 
of a State is oulined in the pro- 


visions of the Town Forest Con- 
test instituted by the Massachusetts 
State Forestry Association, which of- 
fers as a prize, to plant to white pine 
fifty acres of forest land belonging to 
the winning city or town. The fifty 
acres thus “planted will contain 1,200 
three-year-old white pine transplants to 
ENE acre: 
The city or town entering the contest 
must have acquired at least 100 acres 
of land and set it aside officially as a 


“Town Forest,” and fifty acres of this 
land must be planted to three-year-old 
white pine. This planting must be 
done not later than June 1, 1915, and 
at least ten cities or towns must enter 
the contest. 

Interest in forestry has been growing 
so steadily throughout Massachusetts, 
where, by the way, the American For- 
estry Association has its largest State 
membership, that it should not be diffi- 
cult tosget ten or more entrants for 
this contest, and such a substantial prize 
as 60,000 young white pine trees 
planted is worth striving for. 


ANY thousands of teachers 
from every State in the Union 
will turn to their class-rooms 
this fall with well-defined 

ideas of the value of trees and of the 
forests, the need of protecting the for- 
ests from fire, the part the lumberman 
has played in the progress and develop- 
ment of the country, and the need of 
teaching forestry to their pupils. These 
ideas were implanted in their minds by 
the officers and members of the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association, who spoke to 
them at Chautauqua, New York, on 
July 9 and 10. There, at large public 
meetings, addresses, several of them 
illustrated, were given by some of the 
most able foresters in the country, men 
who told of the birth, the battle for life 
and the growth of the forests; of their 
dread enemy, fire; of what part they 
take in the mental and physical develop- 
ment of a nation; of the attitude of the 


lumbermen towards forest conserva- 
tion; of how lumber is made; of what 
the forests do in the preservation of 
water supply and water power; and of 
how forestry should be taught in the 


schools. 
There has never been in all the his- 
tory of the forestry movement an 


occasion when so many people, repre- 
senting so many sections of the coun- 
try and bearing the close relation they 
do in the development of public thought 
and activity, received so much informa- 
tion and instruction in conservation of 
any kind, as did the evening audiences 
in the great amphitheatre at Chau- 
tauqua during these two days. It was 
an accomplishment in forestry educa- 
tion which will bear fruit within the 
next year in thousands of places, and in 
the minds of thousands of 
students. 


tens of 


607 


608 


bers of the American Forestry 
Association that the late Miss Eliza- 
beth Shippen, of Philadelphia, has 
bequeathed to the Association the sum 
of $5,000. ‘This was one of many be- 
quests made by Miss Shippen to or- 
ganizations which in one way or the 
other are working for the public good. 
Miss Shippen was for many years 


[ IS gratifying to inform the mem- 


which has not in the last few 

years awakened to the need of 
having a skilled forester, or else a park 
superintendent with sufficient knowl- 
edge, to take charge of the planting and 
the care of its shade trees. In many 
cities this work is by no means easy; 
note, for instance, the conditions in New 
York City as outlined in an article in 
this number, and one of the chief diff- 
culties to be overcome is the ignorance 
of the average citizen regarding trees. 
These citizens must not only be taught 
to give some measure of care to the 
shade trees in front of their residences 
and in their yards, but they must be 
educated to a realization that much of 
the beauty of a city depends upon the 
trees in its streets and that liberal ap- 
propriations are necessary if the city is 
to have trees which spur the pride of 
the citizens. 

That Columbia, South Carolina, has 
difficulties to contend with in this re- 
spect 1s apparent from reports of an 
address made to the city council by 
Richard D. Sullivan; a citizen, who 
voiced an eloquent protest against the 
damage done to trees by the telegraph 
and telephone companies of the city. 
Said Mr. Sullivan; 

“Tt is more than passing strange in 
the ordinary justice of things in this 
day and generation when a citizen finds 
it necessary to stand before an assem- 
bled body of men and plead for the 
lives of common shade trees. But, gen- 
tlemen, such is the case, and here I am. 

“There never was and never can be 
presented a bona fide argument against 


HERE is hardly a progressive 
city in the entire United States 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


deeply interested in forestry and in the 


need of educating the people of this — 


country to a realization of all that trees 
and the forests mean to them and to 
the country, and she was in hearty sym- 
pathy with the work of this associa- 
tion. Her money will be used to aid 
in spreading the doctrine of forest con- 
servation and inspiring a love of trees 
and forests as she wished. 


the growth of trees and their proper 
care. ‘True, the commercial interests of 
a great social body like this city may 
necessitate a few treeless thorough- 
fares; we can and do undersand such a 
condition. But the time will never 
come when there will be justification 
for cutting the vitals of city shade trees 
that have required years to develop, 
simply because men who do not under- 
stand and care nothing for the beauties 
of horticulture have authority from the 
city to cut and destroy them at will. 

“The best brains of America, of 
Europe and of the Orient,’ said Mr. 
Sullivan, “have proven that trees can 
be made to perform service for man- 
kind in shade, in decoration, in fuel 
and in building material without injury 
to the basic growth. In the Nether- 
lands, where trees are grown for fuel, 
these treasures are jealously protected. 
The beauty of the public highways and 
woodlands of England, France, Ger- 
many and other countries is enhanced 
by the scrupulous attention given the 
forests and shrubbery. The broad ave- 
nues and boulevards of many of our 
own cities have been praised by foreign 
and domestic visitors alike. 

“T wish to contravene the rights of 
no man. My only hope in thus coming 
before your honorable body, is for the 
general betterment of our city to the 
end that it may be a more beautiful spot 
for strangers and our friends to visit— 
in short, the best and most desired place 
in the world to live.” 

Mr. Sullivan’s eloquence won, and 
the council took vigorous action to 
insure proper cave of the trees in the 
future. 


PORES. NOTES 


The National Conservation Congress 
has decided to hold its sixth annual ses- 
sion at New Orleans, La., on Novem- 
ber 10, 11, 12 and 13, and during this 
same period a meeting of the Board 
of Directors of the American Forestry 
Association will also be held at New 
Orleans. 


Members of the Canadian Forestry 
Association will hold their sixteenth 
annual convention at Halifax, Nova 
Scotia, September 1 to 4. It will be 
the first forestry conservation conven- 
tion ever held there, and the forest 
owners in that section of Canada are 
expected to attend in large numbers. 
An excellent program has been pre- 
pared. The American Forestry Asso- 
ciation will be represented by a number 
of its members. 


Massachusetts has secured a law 
beneficial to forestry in the act which 
Was approved on June 29 and which 
provides for the appointment of a State 
forest commission of three men, includ- 
ing the State forester, and gives them 
power to spend $10,000 the first year, 
and $20,000 each succeeding vear, in 
the purchase and reforesting of land 
throughout the State at a price not to 
exceed five dollars an acre. Land thus 
acquired shall be exempt from taxation, 
but the Commonwealth shall reimburse 
cities and towns in which these lands 
are situated for the taxes lost by reason 
of their acquisition by the State. 


All hope that Louis S. Margolin, the 
forest examiner of the Forest Service, 
who disappeared in the Sierra National 
Forest in June, is alive, has been aban- 
doned. It is now believed that he lost 
his life during a heavy thunderstorm 
which prevailed a short time after he 
left his headquarters, probably by 
drowning while attempting to cross a 
swollen stream. <A search for his body 
has so far been unsuccessful. Exam- 
iner Margolin was one of the best 
known men in the Forest Service with 
a record of many years of first-class 
work. 


The annual forestry conference in 
the White Mountains, at Gorham, 
N. H., on July 21, 22 and 23, brought 
together members of the Society for the 
Protection of New Hampshire Forests, 
the Association of Northeastern For- 
esters, members of various fire pro- 
tective and timberland associations, and 
members of the American Forestry As- 
sociation and of the National Conserva- 
tion Congress. There were several 
conferences and meetings during the 
three-day gathering at which some 
highly instructive addresses were heard, 
and considerable impetus was given to 
the demand that the National Govern- 
ment acquire more land for national 
forests in New England. A feature of 
the occasion was a visit to the paper 
mills of the Bertin Mills Company at 
Berlin, N. H., and a trip into the forest 
on the Presidential range. 


609 


610 


Two accredited delegates from the 
North Carolina Forestry Association 
attended the mid*ummer meeting of the 
American Forestry Association at 
Chautauqua, N. Y. Both delegates are 
very prominent members of the Wom- 
ens, Clubs amethe state; Mrs. DoW. 
Lingle, of Davidson, being Chairman 
of the Social Service Department of the 
State Federation, and Miss Elizabeth 
Schwarberg, of Southern Pines, is late 
Chairman of the Department of Library 
Extension and President of the South- 
ern Pines Civic Club. The latter writes 
that they greatly enjoyed what they 
heard at the Forestry meetings. She 
says: “The importance of doing things 
in the interest of forestry was more and 
more impressed upon us. If North 
Carolina is to hold her own, she must 
maintain her forests; and, if people 
only knew more about the cause, more 
would be done to further it. After all, 
it is what we do that counts, and I am 
going to talk forestry and do what I 
can in our town to plant trees and pre- 
vent forest fires. The leaders in this 
line of work are a capable set of men 
and the cause is bound to succeed.” 


The Department of Commerce has 
announced the completion of plans by 
the secretaries of commerce and agri- 
culture whereby these two departments 
will combine in-a constructive study of 
the supply and exploitation of timber of 
the United States, which they declare 
has now become one of the big con- 
servation and industrial problems. In 
the opinion of the secretaries one of 
the conditions which make this study of 
immediate importance to the public at 
large is the fact that the United States is 
now reducing its stock of stumpage, 
estimated at 3,000,000,000,000 feet, at 
the rate of more than 60,000,000,000 
feet annually. 


The Biltmorean, an attractive quar- 
terly magazine devoted to news about 
eraduates of the Biltmore Forest 
School, appeared during June and will 
doubtless serve as a tie to bind the 
friendships formed in school days and 
to keep the graduates informed of the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


movements and the activities of their 
friends. 
tor, Harry P. Howes the manager, and 
Dr. H. D. House the general repre=m 
sentative. ‘The magazine is published | 

at Albany. 


The Forest Service has issued to 
automobilists of Arizona and New 
Mexico-a letter calling their attention 
to the fact that last year Amzener 
share of the National forest revenues 
was $140,749.94 and New 
share was $53,109.84, the fund being 
used for the maintenance of roads and — 
schools. ‘These receipts come from the — 
sale of mature timber and the grazing 
of stock. Obviously as the automobil- 
ists benefit by the improvement in the 


roads, and as forest fires annually de- 
stroy stock range and both young and | 
mature timber, it is of direct interest to 
the automobilists to see that the forests — 


are protected against fires. As sixty ~ 
per cent of these fires are attributed to 
carelessness, the automobilists can do 
much to guard against them. a 


The well-known firm of Conrad Ap- — | 
pel, which deals at Darmstadt, Ger- 
many, in wholesale forest and agricul-_ 


tural seeds, celebrated the 125th anni- — 


versary of its establishment in June. — 
Since the day the firm started it has — 


always been in the hands of the same = | 
family, Mr. Ludwig Heyn, the presenug 


sole proprietor, being the great-grand- 
son of Mr. Johann Conrad Appel, the 
founder of the house. The business was 
started in 1789 and has enjoyed a long — 
and prosperous career, being at the 
present time known all over the world. 
The firm claims to have the largest 
coning establishments in the world. 


The summer practice terms have be- — 
gun at the Georgia forest school. One@g 
man is putting in his practice term at — 
his father’s sawmill. One is working — 
at a sawmill in Cob County. Four are — 
preparing a topographic map, estimate — 
of stand, and working plan report for 
a tract in Habersham County. These — 
men are camping in a cabin in the 
woods, and they report that they are — 


Harrison H. Morse is the edi- _ 


Mexico’s © 


FOREST 


having the time of their lives in spite 
of a good deal of rough work. ‘They 
are able to help out their supply depart- 
ment by fresh fish from the Catta- 
hoochee. 

That at least one-twentieth of all the 
stock bred on the open range of the 
West dies before it reaches market age 
and that much of this loss can be 
stopped is shown by results reported 
from the national forests. This waste 
is said to add millions of dollars to the 
people’s meat bill and gives one more 
cause of the high cost of living. Win- 
ter storms and summer droughts strew 
the ranges with the bones of cattle and 
sheep; predatory animals take a heavy 
toll; poisonous plants sometimes kill 
half the animals in a herd almost over 
night. Cattle contract anthrax, black- 
log and other diseases, get stuck in bog 
holes, slip off icy hillsides; and sheep 
pile up and die of suffocation. Insects 
which madden and kill swell the total 
losses as do a multitude of other minor 
causes of death and injury. 


The most notable progress yet re- 
corded in the chemical treatment of 
timber to prevent decay was made in 
1913, according to a report recently 
issued by the American Wood Pre- 
servers’ Association in cooperation with 
the Forest Service of the Department 
of Agriculture. The report states that 
93 wood-preserving plants in 1913 con- 
sumed over 108 million gallons of creo- 
sote oil, 26 million pounds of dry zinc 
chloride, and nearly 4 million gallons 
of other liquid preservatives. With 
these the plants treated over 153 million 
cubic feet of timber, or about 23 per 
cent more than in 1912. The output 
from additional plants unrecorded 
would increase the totals given. Im- 
pregnation of wood with oils and chem- 
icals to increase its resistance to decay 
and insect attack, the report goes on to 
say, is an industry which has become 
important in the United States only in 
recent years. In Great Britain and 
most of the European countries practi- 
cally every wooden cross-tie and tele- 
phone or telegraph pole receives pre- 
servative treatment. In the United 
States less than 30 per cent of the 135 


NOTES 611 
million cross-ties annually consumed 
are treated, and the proper treatment 
of an annual consumption of 4 million 
poles may be said to have scarcely com- 
menced. 


Lands just approved by the National 
Forest Reservation Commission for 
purchase by the Government include 
6,083 acres in West Virginia, of which 
one tract comprising 6 000 acres is sit- 
uated in Tucker and Randolph counties 
in the Monongahela purchase area. The 
remaining 83 acres are on the Potomac 
watershed in Hardy County in the Po- 
tomac purchase area. These lands are 
to be acquired in accordance with the 
general policy under which national for- 
ests of good size are being built up in 
the Eastern mountains, both north and 
south through successive purchases. 
jl GACkS aire bought within certain desig- 
nated areas, of which West Virginia 
has three. The lands just approv ed by 
the commission bring the acreage of 
the Monongahela purchase area up to 
42,887 acres and the acreage of that 
part of the Potomac area lying in West 
Virginia to 36,405 acres, while the total 
acreage in the State aproved for pur- 
chase amounts to 105,480 acres. 


The State legislature of 1913 desig- 
nated the North Dakota State School 
of Forestry as a State nursery and pro- 
vided that the president of the school 
should be the State Forester, and he 
should have general supervision of the 
raising and distributing of seeds and 
forest tree seedlings, promote practical 
forestry; compile and disseminate in- 
formation relative thereto, and publish 
the results of such work by issuing and 
distributing bulletins, lecturing before 
farmers, institutes, associations, and 
other ways as would most practically 
reach the public. 

A cooperative fire agreement which 
has been entered into between the 
United States Department of Agricul- 
ture and the State of Michigan pro- 
vides for an expenditure by the Gov- 
ernment of not to exceed $5,000 a year, 
under provisions of the Weeks law, 
toward meeting the expenses of forest 
fire protection in Michigan. 


CURRENT Lith» POR 


MONTHLY LIST FOR JULY, 1914 


(Books and periodicals indexed in the 
Library of the United States 


Forest Service. ) 
Forestry as a Whole 


Bibliographies 

Rehder, Alfred. The Bradley bibliography ; 
a guide to the literature of the woody 
plants of the world, published before the 
beginning of the 20th century, vol. 4: 


Forestry. 589 p. Cambridge, Mass., 
1914. (Arnold arborteum. Publication 
no. 3.) 

Proceedings and reports of associations, 


forest officers, etc. 


Annuaire des eaux et foréts, v. 53. 355 p. 
Paris, L. Laveur, 1914. 

Denmark—Forsogs-Kommission. Det forst- 
lige forsgsvaesen i Danmark, vol. 4, no. 
3. 60 p. il. Kbenhavn, 1914. 

India—Ajmer-Merwara—Forest dept. An- 
nual report on the forest administration 
in Ajmer-Merwara for 1912-13. Mt. 
Abu. 1913. 

India—Assam—Forest dept. Progress re- 
port on forest administration in the 
province of Assam, 1912-13. 92 p. Shil- 
long, 1913. 

India—Coorg—Forest dept. Progress report 
of forest administration in Coorg, 1912- 
13. 26 p. Bangalore, 1914. 

India—Madras—Forest dept. Annual admin- 
istration report, 1912-13. 70 p. Madras, 
1914. 

Iowa state college—Forestry club. The Ames 
forester, v. 2. 68 p. il. Ames, Ia., 1914. 

Massachusetts—State forester. Tenth annual 
report, 1913. 114 p. pl. Boston, 1914. 

Moore, Barrington. Forestry in America as 
reflected in proceedings of the Society 
of American foresters. 23 p. Belle- 


fonte, Pa., Watchman printing house, 
1914. 

Société dendrologique de France. Bulletin 
no. 32. 18 p. Paris, 1914. 


612 


Society of American foresters. Proceedings, 
vol 9), no: \2) 445) pal Wash, ss @emsnones 

Sweden—Forstliche versuchsanstalt. Mitteil- 
ungen, heft 10. 227 p. il. Stockholm, 
1913. 

Switzerland—Dept. fédéral de l’interior—In- 
spection des foréts, chasse et péche. 
Rapport sur sa gestion en 1913. 16 p. 
tables. Bern, 1914. 

Washington, Univ. of—Forest club. Annual, 
vol. 2. 74 p. il. Seattle, Wash., 1914. 


Forest Legislation 


Maryland—Forestry, State board of. Forest 
laws of Maryland; roadside tree law. 3 
p. Baltimore, Md., 1914. (Forestry 
leaflet no. 16.) 


Forest Botany 


Maiden, J. H. The forest flora of New South 
Wales, pt. 53. 22 p. pl. Sydney, N. 8. 
W., 1914. 

Rogers, Julia Ellen. Tree guide; trees east 
of the Rockies. 265 p. il. Garden City, 
N. Y., Doubleday, Page & Co., 1914. 


Silvics 


Studies of species 
Toronto, University of—Foresters’ club. 
Silvical characteristics of Canadian trees. 


63 p. Toronto, 1914. 
Silviculture 
Jacquot, André. Silviculture; manual pra- 


tique a l’usage des propriétaires fonciers, 
des régisseurs de domaines forestiers, 
des reboiseurs et des éléves des écoles 
d’agriculture. 243 p. Paris, Berger= 
Levrault, 1913. 


Forest Protection 


Insects 

Wolff, Max. Der. kiefernspanner, Bupalus 
piniarius. 290 p. pl. Berlin, J. Springer, 
1913. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Diseases 

Spaulding, Perley. 
white-pine blister rust. 
DSC n914: 
Bulletin 116.) 

Stewart, F. C. & Rankin, W. H. Do dormant 
currant plants carry pine rust? . 4 p. 
Geneva, N. Y., 1914. (N. Y. —Agricul- 
ture experiment station. Bulletin 374, 
popular edition.) 

Fire 

Coeur d’Alene timber protective association. 
Eights annual report, 1913. 16 p. Spokane, 
Wash., 1913. 

Connecticut—State forester. Connecticut 
forest fire manual, 1914-1915. 39 p. New 
Haven, Conn., 1914. 

Kennebec valley protective association. First 
and second annual reports, 1913-1914. 
Bingham, Me., 1913-14. 

Kennebec valley protective association. Con- 
stitution and by-laws. 8p. Bingham, 
Me. n.d: 

New Hampshire timberland owners associa- 
tion. I1st-3d annual reports, 1911-1913. 
Berlin, N. H., 1911-13. 

Washington forest fire association. Sixth 
annual report, 1913. 23 p. il. Seattle, 
Wash., 1913. 


Forest Management 


Cheyney, E. G. and Wentling, J. P. The 
farm wood-lot; a handbook of forestry 
for the farmer and the student in agri- 
culture. 343 p. il. N. Y., Macmillian 
Co 1914. 

Maryland—State board of forestry. Forest 
management and tree planting. 2 p. 
Baltimore, Md., 1914. (Forestry leafle 
no. 17.) 

Forest Mansuration 

Lacy, James D., & Co. Pointers on timber 

valuation. 23 p. il. Chicago, 1914. 
Range Management 

Barnes, Will C. Stock-watering places on 
western grazing lands. 27 p. il. Wash., 
D. C., 1914. (U. S—Dept. of agriculture. 
Farmer’s bulletin 592.) 

Forest Administration 

National and state forests 


United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest 
service. Prospectus; six hundred million 
feet of timber for sale on the Clearwater 


New facts concerning the 
Sippy WViasiie, 
(U. S. Dept of agriculture. 


national forest, Idaho. 24 p. map. 
Wash Die 1914 
Forest Utilization 
Northern pine manufacturers’ association. 


White pine: the wood pre-eminent to-day 
as always in home building. 33 p. il. 
Minneapolis, Minn., 1914. 

Wood preservation 

Gould, Clark W. Quantity of wood preserva- 
tives consumed and amount of wood 
treated in the United States in 1913. 20 
p. Baltimore, Md., 1914. 


613 
Auxiliary Subjects 
Conservation of natural resources 
New York—Conservation commission. Third 
annual report, 1913. 366 p. pl., maps. 
Albany, N. Y., 1914. 
Climatology 
Huntington, Ellsworth. The climatic factor 
as illustrated in arid America. 341 p. 


pl., maps. Wash., D. C., 1914. 


Water power 

United States—Congress—House committee 
on the public lands. water power bill; 
hearings on H. R. 14896, to provide for 
the development of water power and the 
use of public lands in relation thereto, 
and for other purposes, April 30-May 8, 
1914. 772 p. map, diagr., tab. Wash., 
IDE (Gs ies 


Periodical Articles 


Miscellaneous periodicals 


Botanical gazette, May, 1914.—The spur shoot 
of the pines, by Robert Boyd Thomson, 
p. 362-85. 

Bulletin agricole du Congo Belge, March, 
1914.Sommaire d’un rapport général 
sur une mission forestiére au district du 
Bas-Congo, by R. Verschueren, p. 47-72. 

Municipal journal, June 4, 1914——Milwaukee 
creosoted block pavements, by Frank W. 
Blodgett, p. 815-16; Legal rights in trees, 
by C. O. Ormsbee, p. 818-19; Wood block 
paving in Louisville, by D. R. Lyman, p. 
820. 

Recreation and outdoor world, July, 1914— 
Rally to save the redwoods, by C. L. 
Grayson, p. 5-8. 

Report of Iowa state horticultural society, 
1913.—Some returns from forest planta- 
tions in Iowa, by T. R. Truax, p. 115-20; 
Trees, their growth and care, by T. C. 
Tanner, p. 120-1; Commercial plantations 
in Iowa, by G. B. Macdonald, p. 295-302 ; 
Catalpa speciosa, by E. M. Reeves, p. 
302-3; Evergreens for windbreaks, by 
Earl Ferris, p. 303-4; Windbreaks and 
their value in protecting orchards, by 
George C. Morbeck, p. 329-34. 

Review of reviews, July, 1914——New forest 
reserves in the east, by Philip W. Ayres, 
p. 46-52. 

Science, June 12, 1914.—Soil erosion and its 
remedy by terracing and tree planting, by 
J. Russell Smith, p. 858-62. 

Scientific American, May 30, 1914——Basket 
willow culture in the United States, p. 
439, 453. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Journal 
of agricultural research, June, 1914.— 
Identity of Peridermium fusiforme with 
Peridermium cerebrum, by George 
Hedgcock, and W. H. Long, p. 247-50. 

World’s work, July, 1914—To remake the 
Appalachians, by Wm. L. Hall, p. 321-38. 


614 AMERICAN 


Trade journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, June 13, 1914.—Salt 
as a preservative of wood, p. 24; Georgia- 
greatest operating timber partnership, by 
Roger E. Simmons, p. 39-40; Wood the 
best silo material, p. 51. 

American lumberman, June 20, 1914.—An- 
nual consumption of wood, p. 27. 

Barrel and box, June, 1914.—Spruce as a 
material for boxes, p. 44-5; Utilizing 
waste in rotary mills, by Stanley L. 
Wolfe, p. 53. 

Canada lumberman, June 15, 1914.—Com- 
mercial importance of white pine, by R. 
G. Lewis, p. 34-5. 

Canada lumberman, July 1, 1914.—Hemlock 
logging across the boundary, by H. P. 
Welch, p. 28-9; Grading timber on the 
strength basis, by A. T. North, p. 34-6. 

Engineering and mining journal, June 6, 1914. 
—Cylindrical ore chutes of wood staves, 
p. 1139-43. 

Fngineering record, March 14, 1914.—Ex- 
periences with wood-stave pipes, by 
Elbert M. Chandler, p. 299; Repairing a 
teredo-eaten bridge pier foundation, p. 
Sale 

Engineering record, May 23, 1914.—New 
grading rules for yellow-pine timber, p. 
579. 

Handle trade. July, 1914.—Wooden shuttles 
without rivals. p. 5-6. 

Hardwood record, June 10, 1914.—What 
veneer users are learning, p. 21; Jack 
fruit tree, p. 25; The drying of veneers, 
by Albert Kraetzer, p. 31-2. 

Hardwood record, June 25, 1914—New use 
for hardwood; fibre plaster, by Nelson 
C. Brown, p. 23; Woods used in manu- 
facturing, p. 45. 

Lumber trade journal, June 15, 1914.—North- 
ern man writes of turpentine processes in 
the south, by Lafayette Young, p. 46. 

Lumber world review, May 10, 1914—The 
Florida association adopts ring rule, by 
H. R. Mar Aillian, p. 53; Forest products 
exposition history, by Wesley T. Chris- 
tine, p. 55-86. 

Lumber world reviewed, June 25, 1914.—Ef- 
fective scientific forest utilization, by 
©. T. Swan, p. 20-1. 

Manufacturers’ record, June 25, 1914.—South- 
ern Appalachian forest reserve, by Al- 
bert Phenis, p. 41-3. 

Paper, June 24, 1914.—The microscopical 
structure of bamboo, p. 16-19. 

Paper, July 1, 1914—The chemical evaluation 
of wood for pulp. by Martin L. Griffin, 
p. 17-18; Longleaf pine as a paper-mak- 
ing material, by Henry E. Surface and 
Robt. E. Cooper, p. 19-20. 

Paper trade journal, June 4, 1914—Solving 
the flood problem, p. 26. 

Paper trade journal, June 18, 1914—The 
pulping of bamboo, p. 42-8. 

St. Louis lumberman, June 15, 1914.—Fcua- 
dorian trees useful for lumber, by Fred- 
eric W. Goding, p. 53; American lumber- 


PORESERY 


ing now and in retrospect, by John E, 
Williams, p. 60-1. 

Southern industrial and lumber review, June 
1914.—Conservation and the lumber in- 
dustry, by Henry S. Graves, p. 30-1, 

Southern lumberman, June 20, 1914.—Report 
of forestry committee of National hard- 
wood lumber association, p. 28; New 
Orleans now leading mahogany port, p. 
34. B-C. 

Southern lumberman, June 27, 1914.—Time 
of cutting and properties of wood, by 
Samuel J. Record, p. 35-6. 

Southern lumberman, July 4, 1914.—Tree 
diseases; their detection and control; 
synopsis of Dr. E. P. Meinecke’s Manual 
of tree diseases, by Louis S. Margolin, 
p. 29. 

Timber trade journal, June 6, 1914.—Is the 


yew poisonous? p. 1183. 
Timberman, June, 1914.—Forest taxation 
system in Washington discussed at 


Seattle conference, p. 25-7; Logging in 
Burma, by C. G. Rogers, p. 49. 

United States daily consular report, June 11, 
1914.—Tree planting in Uruguay, by 
Ralph J. Totten, p. 1479. 

United States daily consular report, June 15, 
1914.—British Columbia red cedar, by 
R. E. Mansfield, p. 1583. 

United States daily consular report, June 18, 
1914.—Sandalwood in India, by John 
Stuart Hunt, p. 1669-71. 

United States daily consular report, June 27, 
1914.—New Philippine forest concessions 
open, p. 1928-9. 

United States daily consular report, July 3, 
1914.—Cabinetmaking woods of Australia, 
by Wm. C. Magelssen, p. 75. 

West Coast lumberman, June 15, 1914.— 
Largest wood pipe in the world in use in 
southern Washington project, p. 25; 
Paper on forest taxation, by Frank G. 
Miller, p. 32-4. 


Forest journals 


Boletin de bosques, pesca i caza, Jan., 1914.— 
El pimiento de Bolivia, Shinus molle, by 
F, Albert, p. “381-6; El nogal negro 
Juglans nigra, by F. Albert, p. 386-90. 

Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiére de 
Belgique, May, 1914.—Bouilties fungi- 
cides; emploi en pépinieres, by C. J. Q., 
p. 322-4; La question forestiere en 
Angleterre, p. 324-7; Les foréts et les 
gelées tardives, p. 327-8; Emploi du bois 
du pin Weymouth, p. 328-30; Excursion 
foresti¢re en 1913; premiere journée, le 
littoral, by G. Delevoy, p. 281-99. 

Bulletin de la Société centrale forestiere de 
Belgique, June, 1914.—Maladies crypto- 
gamiques, p. 358-61; Animaux nuisibles, 
p. 361-5. 

3ulletin of the New York State forestry as- 
sociation, June, 1914—The forest and the 
nation, by G.: Pinchot, p. 7-8; Forest 
management, by Frank L. Moore, p. 9- 
11; The administration of state forests, 


a 
a 


CURRENT LITERATURE, 615 


by Clifford R. Pettis, p. 14-15; Progress 
of forestry in New York, by Hugh P. 
Baker, p. 16-18; Forestry in the United 
States, by Henry Sturgis Drinker, p. 23- 
5; Commercial forest plantating in New 
York state, by Samuel N. Spring, p. 26-9; 
Forest arboreta, by Chas. M. Dow, p. 
32-6; Future of the forestry movement 
in New York state, by James S. Whipple, 
p. 38-40. 

Centralblatt fur das gesamte forstwesen, 
Noy., 1913.—Studien uber die anwendung 
der stereophotogrammetrie zu forstlich- 
geodatischen zwecken, by Hans Dock, p. 
529-47; Ueber die pflanzenschadliche, 
wirkung des teers, by Franz von Gabnay, 
p. 497-504; Ueber die lange des vorfeldes 
bei querwerken in wildbachen, by Franz 
Angerholzer, p. 504-9; Bericht tuber die 
studienreise des ungarischen landes- 
forstvereines in Osterreich als gast des 
osterreichischen reichsforstvereines, p. 
565-70; Die impragnierung der _ bau- 
holzer zum schutz gegen schwammfaule, 
by F. W. Petersen, p. 520-1. 

Centralblatt ftir das gesamte forstwesen, 
Dec., 1913.—Die Schicel-Glasersche forst- 
liche rentabilitatslehre in ihre anwen- 


dung auf den  jahrlich-nachhaltigen 
betrieb, by Th. Glaser, p. 548-58; Die 
bucheneisenbahnscwelle, by Eberts, p. 


559-61. 

Forestry quarterly, June, 1914.—Design of a 
range finder, by Lincoln Crowell, p. 137- 
8; A mechanical tree planter, by For- 
man T. McLean, p. 139-40; A new meas- 
uring instrument, by H. W. Siggins, p. 
141-4; A proposed method of prepar- 
ing working plans for national forests, 
by Joseph C. Kircher, p. 145-57; Stem 
analysis, by John Bentley, Jr., p. 158-66; 
Errors in estimating timber, by Louis 
Margolin, p. 167-76; Exploitation of 
crossties in northern New Mexico, by 
Clarence F. Korstian, p. 177-92; The Cis- 
pus burn; discussion of present condition 
of the burn and plans for its improve- 
ment, by E. J. Fenby, p. 193-200; Bark 
disease of the chestnut in British Co- 
lumbia, by J. H. Faull and G. H. Gra- 
ham, p. 201-3; Reforesting cut-over 
chestnut lands, by E. C. M. Richards, p. 
204-10: The administration of a forest 
experiment station, by G. A. Pearson, p. 
211-22; The probable origin of the for- 
ests of the Black Hills of South Dakota, 
by ©) LL. Buttrick, -p. 223-7; The scope 
of dendrology in forest botany, by H. de 


Forest, p. 228-37. 


Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, May, 
1914.—Abschwachung der nachteile des 
kahlschlags, by Rebel, p. 245-9; Zur ver- 
jung der weisstanne, by Guse, p. 249-52; 
Kritische gedanken tiber die neue 
badische forsteinrichtungsordnung und 
ihre wirkung auf die organisation des 
forstdienstes, by K6nige, p. 252-70; 
Zur berechnung des durch waldbrande 
verursachten schadens, by Theodor 
Glaser, p. 270-3; Ueber zuwachsnutzung 
nach normalertragen, by Hemmann, p. 
273-7. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fiir forst- 
und landwirtschaft, March, 1914.—Gibt 
es naturliche schutzmittel der rinden un- 
serer holzgewachse gegen tierfrasse, by 
Franz Heikertinger, p. 97-113; Ueber 
fruchtbildung und cauliflorie bei einem 
larchenhexenbesen, by Paul Jaccard, p. 
122-8; Kultur der kokospalme in 
Deutschostafrika, by Harrer, p. 128-32; 
Bekampfung der Ribesbewohnenden gen- 
eration des Weymouthskiefernblasen- 
rostes, by Carl von Tubeuf, p. 137-9. 

Naturwissenschaftliches zeitschrift fur forst- 
und landwirtschaft, April, 1914.—Die 
bergwalder Korsikas, by F. W. Neger, p. 
153-61; Erkrankungen durch  luftab- 
schluss und uberhitzung, by Carl von 
Tubeuf, p. 161-9; Zur  polygraphus- 
fuhlerfrage, by A. Rohrl. p. 169-93. 

Naturwissenschaftliches zeitschrift fur forst- 
und landwirtschaft, May, 1914.—Beitrage 
zur rauchschadenforschung, by S. Eicke, 
p. 201-7; Forstbotanische bilder, by 
Miinich, p. 215-17; Aus dem Miunchener 
exkursionsgebiet, by Carl von Tubeuf, 


p. 217-58. 
Schweizerische zeitschrift fur forstweseti, 
May, 1914.——Zum artikel “Beforderung 


des plenterwaldes,” p. 133-7; Die witte- 
rung des jahres 1913 in der Schweiz, by 
Billwiller, p. 139-50. 

Zeitschrift fiir forst und jagdwesen, April, 
1914.—Aus den zoologischen sammlungen 
der Forstakademie Eberswalde, by Kk. 
Eckstein, p. 209-21; Naherungsformeln 
fur die waldbodenwertsberechnung, by 
Theodor Glaser, p. 222-9; Gewinnung 
von holzkohle, by Hass, p. 230-5; Einern- 
tung ein heimsicher nadelholzzapfen, by 
Pelissier, p. 239-44; Zur rauchschaden- 
frage, by Albert, p. 247-9; Der Bron- 
sartsche reisshaken, by Semper, p. 258. 

Zeitschrift fiir forst und jagdwesen, May, 
1914.—Die traubeneiche als tberhalter, by 
Krause, p. 259-67; Parasitare spezialisie- 
rung, by Frank Keske, p. 281-9. 


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1b 


American Forestry 


VOL. XX 


SEPTEMBER, 1914 


No. 9 


THE WAR AND THE LUMBER 
INDUS TRY 


By Bristow ADAMS. 


URING the Balkan war, which 
ie) is now looked upon as a minor 
affair in the light of the pres- 
ent European conflict, it was 
reported from Germany that the price 
-of certain kinds of lumber had risen 
as the result of the demands for ma- 
terial for ammunition cases. With 
many times the demand at present, it 
is a fair conjecture that some lumber 
prices, in common with prices for other 
commodities, will rise, not only in war- 
ring countries but everywhere. At the 
same time, the activities of peace, now 
at a standstill over a large portion of 
Europe, have ceased their demands, 
and in addition, war imposes difficulties 
on commerce, which will hamper or 
even actually prevent the passage of 
goods from those who produce to those 
who want. 

These, then, are the main fields of 
conjecture as to the war’s effect on 
lumber: What depression is going to 
follow in the train of war, and where? 
Also, to look on the hopeful side, what 
are the possible increased demands due 
to war, and where may they be expect- 
ed to arise? 


THE DEPRESSING EFFECTS. 


There may be, in countries at war, 
an increased demand, as with the Balkan 
ammunition boxes. But it is scarcely 
likely that the lumbermen of the United 
States can profit through these de- 
mands, because all such lumber would 
be contraband. Ship timbers have al- 
ways been regarded as contrabaid by 


Great Britain, and Germany is not 
going to be far behind in taking a sim- 
ilar view. In the contraband lists al- 
ready made public it has been shown 
that all lumber which might even re- 
motely be utilized in war or in dis- 
tantly related projects is seizable. For 
example, railroad ties which might be 
used in repairing torn-up tracks, or in 
extending trackage for troop trains, 
would be seizable even in neutral ships. 
Any such material will be presump- 
tively contraband if consigned to a port 
where military or naval equipment 
might be used. Even neutral goods in 
neutral bottoms may not enter block- 
aded ports, so, on the whole, little can 
be looked for except losses when it 
comes to questions of exports to na- 
tions at war. 


LOSSES THROUGH COMMERCE. 


There is no conjecture about this 
part of the situation. Already the 
shipment of lumber from the southern 
ports is entirely paralyzed. Great 
losses have already been sustained 
through the seizure of vessels which 
were on the high seas when war was 
declared, or through cargoes diverted 
to points at which the timber cannot 
readily be sold, because lumber intend- 
ed for export to one country is very 
seldom in such shape as to be readily 
salable in another. Thus hewed tim- 
bers generally demanded by Great Brit- 
ain find little market in a country 
which habitually takes sawed lumber. 

This diversion of freight is going to 


617 


618 


cause all sorts of trouble, and will be 
one of the big problems of the lumber 
exporter as long as the war lasts. Nor 
will there be any money returns from 
the diverted cargoes, and no settle- 
ment of claims until peace is again es- 
tablished. It will be understood. of 
course, that the present situation is 
temporary, but no one can tell how long 
it will last. Certainly it will continue 
as long as the nations are set agairst 
one another. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


at the time this is wnitten, it is indirect- 
ly in the toils. 

In actual figures, the countries di- 
rectly or indirectly involved in war 
take, in round numbers, 700,000,000 
board feet of our timber, of which 
about 650,000,000 is southern yellow 
pine. Already, most of the firms cut- 
ting yellow pine for export have either 
closed down or have greatly curtailed 
their product. With Japan carrying 
belligerency into Asia and the Pacific, 


EXPORTING SPANISH CEDAR LOGS FROM CosTA RICA. 


THESE LOGS ARE FLOATED TO THE LUMBER FREIGHTERS BY OXEN, AND BY MOTOR BOAT. 


CABINET WOODS, EXCEPT 


THOSE FROM CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA, HAVE COME MAINLY THROUGH GREAT BRITAIN, WHICH SHIPPED 
TO US LAST YEAR MORE THAN ONE-AND-A-HALF MILLION DOLLARS WORTH. 


The southern timber regions of our 
country most keenly feel the effects of 
war, even though only about 10 per 
cent of the annual cut of yellow pine 
lumber is exported. One who has seen 
the square-rigged ships in Pensacola 
harbor, hailing from European ports, 
and going out laden, deck and hold, 
with southern pine, can readily imagine 
what a difference war is making in that 
busy port, and in others along our 
southeast coast. True, many of these 
vessels were Italian, manned by swart 
Mediterranean sailors, their papers 
made out in Leghorn, Genoa, or Venice. 
Yet, while Italy is not directly involved 


the 50,000,000 board feet exported 
from the northwest coast is likely to 
be temporarily cut off from market. 

During the twelve months ending 
June 30 our exports of timber to 
France, Germany, Italy, and the United 
Kingdom amounted to $6,164,371; and 
sawed lumber exports were worth $17,- 
507,011. By far the larger part of this 
yearly income, which takes no count 
of furniture and other materials made 
chiefly of wood, amounting to $23,- 
671,382, or nearly two millions of dol- 
lars a month, is going to be lost to 
American producers while war con- 
tinues. 


‘WHHL OL DNIOD NAAM SVH GHONGOUd SANOLS TVAVN HO NOILNOdOAd 
NALVAUD AHL YUVA AWM LVHL SMOHS UVM NI AASV MON SHIMINNOD AHL OL SLYO HO ASOHL HLIM NOILINGOUd TVWLOI 
YVdWOO WV ‘AVM AHL OL Af SLINAWdIHS HO LNAYNTIVIUNSD At ATIAVAH_SASOT HLNOS AHL SHAOLS ‘TVAWN NI 


10 SHUANSIA fF 


620 AMERICAN 


In naval stores again the south loses 
heavily. Austria, Belgium, Germany, 
Italy, Russia, and the United Kingdom 
take rosin worth $7,598,233, and tur- 
pentine valued at $4,719,781, a total of 
$12,318,014. Most of this will be cut 
off from market, for Germany alone 
takes $4,823,815 worth, and commerce 
with Germany does not now exist. 
France, being a producer and exporter 
of naval stores, does not take our south- 
ern product. The latest figures (1909) 
on the total production of rosin give 
3,263,857 barrels, valued at $12,576,- 
721. In that year the total production 
of turpentine was 28,988,954 gallons, 
valued at $12,654,228. There can be 
no doubt that since these Census fig- 
ures were gathered the quantity of 
rosin and turpentine produced has fal- 
len off and the value has increased. A 
comparison of the figures of total pro- 
duction with those of exports to the 
countries now engaged in war shows 
that by far the greater proportion of 
all naval stores produced has been 
going to them. 

Nearly all our hardwood exports go 
to Europe, and principally to those 
countries now engaged in war. In this 
connection it is interesting that a large 
part of our walnut—and the very 
choicest—has been going to the present 
belligerents, and mainly to Germany, to 
be made into gun stocks. Here again 
the South suffers, in commerce if not 
in production, because New Orleans is 
the principal source of hardwood ex- 
ports. Proportionately, the hardwood 
industry is the hardest hit of all south- 
ern lumber, because such a large part 
of the product depended on the export 
market. A single example, that of the 
vast export of oak barrel staves to hold 
French wine and German beer, is suf- 
ficient to indicate what war is doing. 

The conditions arising out of difficul- 
ties in transportation are only indicated 
in the foregoing paragraphs, which 
are intended to be merely suggestive. 


PEACK DEMANDS CUT OFF 


In countries at war the arts of peace 
are at a standstill. The building of 
homes will cease, large projects of con- 


FORESTRY 


struction will be abandoned, and the 
demands for timber will naturally fall 
off. England has been experiencing 
great activity in the building trades. 
‘The: Tamper Trades Journal, of Lon- 
don, says, “Of course, the “boom’ in 
the housebuilding trade will receive a 
severe check; first, because few will 
continue to spend money on speculative 
enterprises of this sort, and secondly 

3 the stocks in this country 
will be insufficient to meet any large 
demand for building timber. ‘The Gov- 
ernment also will scarcely be able to 
press on with its social programme, and 
the Housing Bill will either be post- 
poned or abandoned.” 

Continental business is paralyzed 
and all sorts of public works have been 
abandoned. 

So, even aside from crippled com- 
merce, the normal demands of peace 
are at a standstill. Even though all the 
timber required for military operations 
might be transported without risk, the 
quantities used would not begin to com- 
pensate for the vast decrease in build- 
ing and manufacturing in those coun- 
tries actively at war. 


DEPRESSING EFFECTS AT HOME. 


All this curtailment of foreign mar- 
kets, the greatly augmented risks of 
foreign shipments, and increases in 
costs of transportation and insurance, 
mean over-production at home, or an 
entire cessation of activity such as has 
already taken place in parts of the 
south which have been supplying the 
export trade. The Southern Lumber- 
man, while granting that one-tenth of 
the southern pine cut is exported, says 
Sit 1s, no- killing matter weven-if the 
whole of these exports be wholly 
stopped for a few months.” But the 
mills which supply this tenth will take 
little comfort from the statement, par- 
ticularly in connection with that “if.” 
All except the most sanguine authori- 
ties think the war is quite as likely to 
be an affair of a year or more, as of a 
few months. The Southern Lumber- 
man journal takes a fairly hopeful 
view, but much of its hopefulness de- 
pends on certain “‘ifs,’ which are ever 


‘AMLSOGNI SIHL 4O 


NOILYNIWITA ALAIdMWOS AHL NI GALINSAY SVH UVM AHL GNV SULVIS GALINN AHL OL ANVWUAD WOUA GALUOdXA AWV SONIIGAYS LSAAXOA ASAHL AO SHILILNVNO ADAVIT 


‘LUOdXY AOA SONIIGIAG NVWUES 


622 AMERICAN 


the hinges on which the gate of destiny 
swings. However, it says that “the 
best possible thing for the lumber 
manufacturer to do in every branch of 
the trade is to reduce production as 
much as possible without disruption to 
the business, or the causing of real suf- 
fering to their employes.” 

But the biggest depressing effect at 
home comes through the general un- 
certainty, and through the difficulty in 


SRS 


{| ot 


. “= 
— A EE 


“i 


eas 


FORESTRY 


us at the end of a sprint, but at the end 
of a waiting race, with lots of head- 
work in it—a veritable Marathon. We 
have got to plan ahead and to look at 
all sorts of solutions. 

America’s neutrality is going to help 
mightily in the final adjustment. Great 
Britain’s neutrality during the Franco- 
Prussian war helped her trade increase 
by leaps and bounds at the expense of 
the belligerent powers. The countries 


aoa 


l 


Sa 


BLacK WALNUT GUN STOCKS FOR GERMANY. 


IT IS INTERESTING TO NOTE THAT A LARGE PART OF THE BLACK WALNUT CUT IN THE UNITED STATES HAS BEEN GOING 
TO GERMANY WHERE IT IS USED AS GUN STOCKS. 


getting money. ‘This, of course, is a 
world-wide condition, and affects us no 
more than it affects other nations. But 
that does not make the influence on 
our domestic business any less pro- 
found; and any immediate increase in 
lumber consumption at home is not to 
be expected. 
STIMULATING EFFECTS OF WAR. 

With characteristic optimism, how- 
ever, Americans are looking for the 
stimulus which the European war will 
bring about. Immediate good effects 
are not visible; nor are they likely to 
come soon. The prize is not coming to 


pow in conflict cannot engage in man- 
ufacture and commerce except to sup- 
ply means of their own subsistence and 
carrying on their warfare. The United 
States is having no such devastating ef- 
fect upon its machinery of production 
and supply. We are not in the posi- 
tion of keeping hands off simply to ben- 
efit our commercial interests, but that 
fact should not keep us from looking 
forward to securing such benefits. 


NEW OUTLETS FOR TIMBER. 


There is little to hope for in the way 
of war demands for timber from coun- 
tries now involved in the European 


‘AAIT MIAHL SATANUAVNO ANV SATdIYL LNAWLVAUL “daLVAAL ONIAG LNOHLIM GaSn AX OL AAVH AYW AGHI LAO SI ANVWAASD 
WONT IO ALOSOANAD AO ATddAS AHL SV GNV LNAWLVAUL AAILVAUNTSAUd ONILIVMY SAULVLS GULINN AHL NI SGUVA GVOUTIVA NI GATId MON AUXV SAIL ASHHL AO SNOITIIN 


‘dUVK GVOUTIVY V NI ONINOSVAS SAIL ssoug 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


SCENE IN A GERMAN FOREST. 


AMERICAN FOREST STUDENTS WHO ANNUALLY GO TO GERMANY IN LARGE NUMBERS TO STUDY MODEL FOREST CONDITIONS 
MAY FIND THE WAR HAS RESULTED IN GREAT DESTRUCTION OF THE FORESTS. 


struggle, or indeed in all Europe. It 
behooves us, then, to look for new out- 
lets. Heretofore Germany has had a 
large share of the South American 
trade, particularly with Argentina and 
Brazil. These countries are still going 
to need material, and the United States 
now has an opportunity not only to en- 
ter the field, but to cover it. 

This subject is worthy of the closest 
study by all the agencies that can be 
brought to bear on it, and the lumber 
industry should take a large share in 
the study. 

The possibility of developing an ex- 
port trade in mine timbers is indicated 
by Consul Lorin A. Lathrop, of Car- 
diff, Wales, who says: 

“The coal mines in the South Wales 
field are timbered with the trunks of 
20-year-old fir trees, imported prin- 
cipally from France. So many wood- 
cutters have been withdrawn by French 
mobilization that there is danger of 
shortage of the supply. Prices have 
risen from $5 to $7.50 per measured 
ton, ex-ship, within a week.” Consul 
Lathrop also says that efforts are being 
made to secure, through official chan- 


nels, a release by the French Govern- 
ment of sufficient woodcutters from 
military and naval service to maintain 
supplies, but as France is rushing every 
available man to the front this effort is 
not at all likely to be successful. This 
being the case the market is apparently 
open to the United States. 

The war should boom the pulp and 
paper trade in the United States and 
Canada and the Paper Trade Journal, 
of New York, in a letter to AMERICAN 
Forestry under date of August 27, 1s 
most optimistic, saying: 

“There has developed an extraordi- 
nary demand for paper of all kinds in 
the domestic market, and from Europe 
and South America. Our mills will be 
taxed to their utmost capacity, and yet 
will not be able to meet it without fur- 
ther equipment. Every old mill in the 
country will be requisitioned and fancy 
prices will prevail. The position of the 
world’s market is indicated by the fol- 
lowing cable received by the Trade and 
Commerce Department of Ottawa, On- 
tario. 

“Large Bordeaux newspaper with 
daily circulation of 150,000 willing to 


——SE ee 


THE WAR AND THE LUMBER INDUSTRY 


purchase $20,000 print paper, payment 
conditions determined later. Please ob- 
tain quotations, Havre or British port.” 

“This is a sample of many appeals 
reaching this market daily. In London 
it is a case of paper at any cost. The 
United States and Canada are the only 
available sources of supply, and paper 
is not contraband. Our mills will be 
obliged to enlarge their equipment to 
meet the situation.” 

What seems to be one of the best op- 
portunities for enlarging American out- 
puts is that of supplying the products 
usually imported. Germany, for ex- 
ample, in the twelve months before July 
1, supplied some 150,000,000 pounds of 
wood pulp, valued at more than two 
and one-half millions of dollars. This 
was of kinds we could just as well pro- 
duce in this country, according to in- 
vestigations of the Forest Service 
laboratory at Madison. Norway and 
Sweden furnished about forty-five mil- 
lion pounds, valued at more than eight 
millions. Our own mills will have to 
make up for this, because little of it is 
likely to come here. 

Cabinet woods, except those directly 
from Central and South America, have 
come mainly through Great Britain, 
which shipped to us last year more than 
one and a half million dollars’ worth. 
We don’t grow Circassian walnut, it is 
true, but we do grow many handsome 
finishing woods; of these we should 


625 


and could use more. Some, of which 
red gum is a notable example, are grow- 
ing in popularity and use. Possibly a 
dearth in the supply of some foreign 
woods will lead us to consider more 
carefully the possibilities of our own. 

Newspapers have pointed out that 
Germany normally supplies some 
twelve million dollars’ worth of potash, 
used as fertilizer, and in the arts, and 
that this supply will cease, at least for 
the present. It is mainly a mineral 
product, but chemists are suggesting 
that where large quantities of wood 
ashes are available, as at the waste 
burners of big sawmill plants, the de- 
mand for such a product may make a 
source of profit from the leached ashes. 

Here again, these examples are held 
out as a few suggestions. Many others, 
not within the space or scope of this 
article are possibilities. 

On the whole, however, immediate 
benefits will not accrue to the lumber 
industry in America as a result of the 
stupendous and regrettable struggle in 
Europe. During the continuation of 
the war there is likely to be marked de- 
pression, and the war will not soon 
cease. But the longer it lasts, the more 


chance will the lumber business of the 
country have to make adjustments inde- 
pendent of the European states, and 
when the peace comes the United States 
will be in the best position to profit 
by it. 


GERMAN FORESTRY STUDENTS. 


A GROUP AT THE UNIVERSITY OF MUNICH, TOGETHER WITH PROF. SCHUPFER, DR. EADRES, AND PROF, FABRICIUS. THE 
FORSTMEISTER HAPPACK OF THE KRAMSACH FOREST, STANDS IN THE FRONT ROW, WEARING THE TYPICAL 
MOUNTAIN COSTUME, 


THE BAY ARAN POR Stik 


By G. H. CoLtincwoon. 


[This article was written in Munich, Germany, by Mr. Collingwood, just before the 


outbreak of the war. 


in the hard fighting in Alsace-Lorraine. 


Since that time a number of the Bavarian forest employes have joined 
their commands and have seen some brisk campaigning. 


Several Bavarian regiments were 


The higher forest officials are exempt from military 


service, except in cases of extreme need. Whether any of them have been called to the 
front or are now under arms is not known.—EDIror. | 


N GERMANY the possibility of a 
Ranger raising through the vari- 
ous stages of the Forest Service to 
that of Supervisor or District 

Officer is quite out of the question, for 
from the very beginning of their edu- 
cation the two officers follow along 
different courses. To be sure, they 
may both start in the public school 
together, but after four years in 
the Volksschule, as it is known, the fu- 
ture Forstmeister leaves to go into the 
gymnasium, while the future Ranger, or 
Forster as he is known in Bavaria, re- 
mains three years longer in the Volks- 
schule. He who hopes to be a Forst- 
meister must first choose parents who 


626 


can afford to give him the required 
education, and help support him for 
several years after he has secured a po- 
sition in the government Forest Serv- 
ice. In fact in Prussia there is a law 
which makes it necessary for a young 
forest man to have a sufficient income 
to make him financially independent 
during the first twelve years after leav- 
ing the Academy or University. 

The boy who leaves the Volksschule 
at the end of his fourth year to enter 
the gymnasium must remain there nine 
years before finishing. Forestry work, 
even in Germany, does not require any 
deep knowledge of Latin and Greek, so 


THE BAVARIAN FORESTER 627 


he usually enters the Oberreal gymna- Naturally; the ideal Forstmeister in a 
sium which corresponds to a rather prac- case like this, is something between a 
tical grammar school. Here he receives tutor and an advisor. During the last 
his mathematics, German literature, two years he is given much work to do. 
botany, drawing, and perhaps 
English and French. He is 
then ready to enter the For- 
estry Hochschule of the Uni- j 
versity. This word “Hoch- at 
schule” is rather confusing to i 
the average American, but it ri 
corresponds most nearly to a 
college of a university. But 
here is the great difference be- 
tween the German system and 
ours of America, for in Ger- 
many the student is allowed 
to take one semister’s work 
in One university or academy 
and one in another, and re- 
ceive credit for all at the par- 
ticular place where he wishes 
to finish. Only in the Uni- 
versity of Munich it is requir- 
ed that at least half of the 
time be spent there. Thus a 
man who is particularly inter- 
ested in some special phase of 
Forestry is able to study un- 
der several different profes- 
sors in as many different in- 
stitutions, and to receive credit 
for all of his work 

A middle examination cov- 
ering chemistry, botany, geol- 
ogy, mathematics and element- 
ary forestry is held at the end 
of the first two years, and a 
final at the end of the full 
course of four years. Upon 
passing the final examination 
he is capable of entering the 
Forest Service as a Prakti- 
kant. In Bavaria the Herr 
Praktikant serves for three 
years, and during the first 4% 3 
year he receives no salary. He pees Feces tee 
is directly under the Forst-- — Fe 
meister and is about the for- 
est with him at all times. He 
becomes thoroughly acquainted with either in the office on the various reports, 
the whole forest,—the trees and plants or in the field surveying. During this 
upon it, and the various systems of es 
managing the different areas. He is 
often questioned by the Forstmeister ; ae 
‘as to what he would do with this or he is again subject to an examination, 
that area under certain given conditions. this one continuing for two weeks, and 


i 


THE HERR FORSTER AT VALEPP 
A TYPE OF THE BAVARIAN RANGER. 


work he receives about $1.00 per day. 
After his three years as Praktikant 


628 AMERICAN 
upon which passing allows him to en- 
ter into active work as a Geprtfter 
Praktikant, beginning at a salary of 
$450.00 per year. He occupies this po- 
sition for two or three years, during 
which time he does much the same work 
as he did during the year be- 
fore taking the examination. 
He is then raised to the po- 
sition of Assessor, beginning 
at $750.00 per year, and with 
a possible increase to as high 
as $1,500.00. The position of 
Assessor seems to have a va- 
riety of duties. He may be an 
Assessor in active work, and 
perhaps be given complete 
charge of a small area of a 
thousand or more acres, or he 
may be an office Assessor 
where he is more in the nature 
of an especially trained tech- 
nical stenographer. 

The position of Forstmeis- 
ter, which corresponds to that 
of a Supervisor is the next 
round on the ladder of pro- 
motion, and for many it is the 
highest. It is seldom that a 
man reaches this position be- 
fore the age of 35 or 40 years; 
he starts in; sat-a salary ok 
$1,200.00 and progresses to as 
high as $1,800.00. A Forst- 
meitser in Bavaria has control 
of from 10,000 to 50,600 acres, 
with a force of two or three 
technical men, and four to ten 
Forsters, depending upon the 
size of the forest, besides the 
wood choppers and ordinary 
laborers who are seldom on 
for more than six months at 
atime. Naturally with a force 
like this upon a comparatively 
small area, they are able to 
carry on a very intensive sys- 
tem of Forestry, which at the present 
time is quite out of the question in 
America, especially in our big western 
torests, 

About the Forstmeister there are the 
men in the Ministerium, or Central Of- 
fice. In Bavaria the Ministerium is in 
Munich, and each man is known as a 
Forstund Regierungsrat. They are 


FORESTRY 


chosen from among the most capable of 
the Forstmeisters, and their work keeps 
them for the most part in the city, 
where they receive a salary of from 
$1,500.00 to $2,100.00 per year. 

Now, to go back to the time of sep- 


UNTRAINED- Woops’ WORKERS ON ONE OF THE HIGH MOUNTAIN 
FORESTS. 
THESE MEN WORK ONLY DURING THE SUMMER. 


aration and segregation at the end of 
the fourth year in the Volksschule, the 
young, future Forster follows along a 
different course of study, and is capa- 
ble of earning his living at a much ear- 
lier age. To be sure, he has no hopes 
of ever being a Forstund Regierungsrat 
with a possible salary of $2,100.00 per 
year, or even a Forstmeister. The young 


2 ——————eeVvVOvVvV3XnOeL ee a ae i ee 


THE BAVARIAN 


FORESTER 


: ij iP 


I 4 
' 


A Forest NURSERY NEAR FREISING, BAVARIA. 


BESIDES FURNISHING MOST OF THE MATERIAL NECESSARY FOR PLANTING THE FREISING FOREST, THIS NURSERY CONTAINS 
A CONDISERABLE COLLECTION OF AMERICAN SPECIES, WHICH ARE BEING EXPERIMENTED WITH IN GERMANY. 


Forster continues in the Volksschule 
for three years longer, completing his 
course there. He is then ready to en- 
ter the Waldbauschule where he spends 
four years. In Bavaria there are five of 
these schools, where the student learns 
all that is considered necessary for a 
German Forster. Naturally, in a land 
where so much planting is done the 
chief stress is laid upon the sylvicultural 
side, and the preparation and care of 
nurseries and nursery stock is taught 
thoroughly. There are, of course, other 
subjects taught besides Silviculture, 
and this includes botany, mathematics, 
and a certain amount of German neces- 
sary in the preparation of reports. 
Somewhere in this period he must serve 
his two or three years in the army, the 
length of time depending upon what 
branch of th service he enters. Those 
who receive the gymnasium training are 
partially exempted from military serv- 
ice, and are only required to serve one 
year. 


At the end of his four years in the 
Waldbauschule he is ready to take an 
examination which upon passing allows 
him to enter the State Forest Service 
as a “Forstschutz-dienstasperantin.’”’ 
This compares most nearly with a 
guard upon an American forest, only 
the German is willing to serve under 
this title for three years at an uncer- 
tain salary of little or nothing which 
varies according to the work in hand. 
After serving these three years there is 
another examination waiting for him 
which makes him eligible to serve as a 
Forstassistent at $25.00 per month, and 
with a possible increase to $37.50 per 
month. This. position corresponds to 
that of our Assistant Ranger, and the 
promotion to Forster or Ranger is based 
upon merit. The Forster has the work 
on a District much the same as a 
Ranger, only with very much less re- 
sponsibility, and on a much smaller 
area, for on a forest of 20,000 to 30,000 
acres there are usually at least four or 


630 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


THE Forsters’ HOUSE aT VALEPP, BEI TEGERN SEE. 


THIS IS NOT ONLY A HEADQUARTERS FOR THE RANGER, BUT A WELL MANAGED HOTEL, OR 


TAVERN AS WELL. 


THE ORDINARY WORKERS ARE HOUSED IN THE SMALL HOUSE 


IN THE RIGHT-HAND FOREGROUND. 


five Forsters. Their work is naturally 
of a far more intensive nature, but re- 
quiring much less physical endurance 
and judgment than that of the Ranger. 
It consists chiefly of overseeing a few 
women in a woods nursery, or out in 
the forest in some planting operation. 
To the American who meets a Forster 
for the first time he is usually a source 
of considerable surprise. For he often 
appears as quite dapper in his green 
suit and white collar, and with usually 
a feather in his hat. In the high moun- 
tain forests he usually wears the pic- 
turesque and very practical light jacket, 
short leather breeches, and woolen 
quarter socks. Over his shoulder may 
be slung a shotgun, or combination shot- 
gun and small caliber rifle, and very 
often he leads a little squatty dachshund 
which hurries along at his side. But 
in no case are his hands too full, or his 
shoulders to heavily laden, for him to 
take off his hat to the Forstmeister 
when they meet, and to carry his rain- 
coat and any bundles which he may 
have. His is a job of supervising others 
not as fortunate as himself, and of 
being supervised by the Forstmeister. 
At the end of several years of faithful 
service this man may receive the sum 


of $900 per year, and of course if he 
lives long enough he will receive a pen- 
sion. 

Those who work under the Forster, 
or the Arbeiters, are not supposed to 
be educated. They seldom have work 
for more than six months in the year, 
although there is usually an agreement 
of some kind by which they are insured 
work from year to year. The wood 
choppers are the best paid, their wages 
being usually based upon piece work, 
and at times they earn as high as $1.50 
to $2.00 per day. They are usually big 
broad-shouldered peasant boys, who 
look especially strong and picturesque 
in their short leather breeches and 
woolen quarter socks, which leave the 
heavily muscled knees and ankles tan- 
ned and exposed to the weather. Then 
there are the ordinary workers who are 
often older men who do the roadwork 
and lighter work in the woods. These 
men get from 75 cents to $1.00 per day. 
On nearly every forest there are women 
who do the planting and nursery work, 
and in the fall go through the forest 
smearing the tips of the young trans- 
plants with a black composition made 
partially of beef blood, which helps to 


THE 


BAVARIAN 


FORESTER 631 


How ALL OF A TREE IS USED. 


A SMALL CUTTING AREA, WHICH HAS OPENED UP A SMALL PART OF THE FOREST, SHOWS THE DISPOSAL OF THE ENTIRE 


TREE. 


THIS IS COMPARATIVELY HIGH MOUNTAIN FOREST, CHIEFLY SPRUCE, AT AN ELEVATION OF 2,600 


FEET ABOVE SEA LEVEL. 


keep the deer from nibbling the tips. 
In wood’s work as in nearly all other 
work the women must content them- 
selves with less pay, so here it ranges 
from 60 cents to 75 cents per day. Out 
of this there are the inevitable German 
insurance fees to pay. "The worker who 
receives 75 cents to $1.00 per day must 


pay 10 cents per week into a sickness 
fund, and 2 per cent of his daily wage 
into an old age and disabled pension 
fund. If at the end of fifteen years he 
is disabled he receives $20.00 per year, 
at the end of twenty years it is $40.00, 
and at the end of thirty years it 1s 
$50.00. 


THE WORLD’S GREATEST WOODLOT 


By Grorce S. Lone. 


HERE are native to the Pacific 
| slope states about one hun- 
dred species of true forest 
trees, not counting low shrub 
forms, and of these nearly forty spe- 
cies, or over a third, have established 
commercial value. From the ordinary 
lumbering standpoint, about fifteen spe- 
cies are of high importance because of 
both quantity and quality and perhaps 
five more are cut when found in mix- 
ture with them. The other kinds classed 
above as commercial are rarer, or used 
only for special purposes, and do not 
enter into ordinary lumber stocks. 

While a few important species are 
confined to particular localities, like the 
redwood of the California coast coun- 
Hes; and: the .Port Ortord. cedarior 
southwestern Oregon, others occur 
wherever climatic conditions suit their 
peculiar requirements and a third still 
more adaptable class, like Douglas fir 
and western yellow pine, range through- 
out the entire West except upon deserts 
and mountain tops, although finding 
certain conditions more _ favorable 
to their highest development. For 
these reasons, and particularly because 
there are few extensive areas maintain- 
ing uniform conditions particularly 
suited to one, pure stands of any one 
spectes are rare. The forests of the 
west present a succession of varying 
mixture-types, perhaps dominated in 
certain regions by one or more species 
but often shading into another type al- 
most imperceptibly with changing alti- 
tude or climate. 

The western slope of the Rockies is 
typically a western yellow pine and 
Engelman spruce forest, the spruce suc- 
ceeding the pine at higher, moister alti- 
tudes. The same red or Douglas fir 
that grows to immense size on the coast 
is scattered through it, but of small size 
or value. Alpine members of the white 
pine family occur but are not commer- 
cial. At the foot of the mountains, 


632 


making a transition into sage brush, are 
areas of juniper trees toojsmall to saw 
but valuable for fuel and posts. Under 
certain mountain conditions, especially 
where fire has discouraged the yellow 
pine, lodgepole pine is abundant, and 
although little used for lumber, affords 
ties and mining timbers. 

Just as in the southern part of the 
Rocky Mountain region, in Arizona and 


New Mexico, western yellow pine pre- 


dominates (the Flagstaff region in Ari- 
zona is said to have the largest abse- — 
lutely unbroken pine forest now extant 


in the world), to the northward through — 4 
Wyoming and into Montana lodgepole __ 


pine becomes a more important compo- — 
nent of the whole. Utah and southern 


Idaho are also in this Rocky Mountain _ 
type of varying pine and spruce forest 


of which but one species, western yel- 
low pine, is a thoroughly excellent tree — 
for universal purposes, but which 1s all — 
valuable for local and special use and — 
as a protector of a great watershed. 
Northern Montana and Idaho are — 
unique in being the meeting ground of — 
Rocky Mountain and Pacific coast for-— 


est conditions, for wide arid areas pre- 


vent such a meeting in the states far- — 
ther south. Here all. the species de“ 
scribed above are found, while cedar 
and hemlock testify approach to the 
moister climate of the coast. From the 
lumberman’s standpoint, however, it 1s — 
none of these outposts from either side 
that make the region interesting but 
the dominance of the two species that 
find here their, highest development— 
western white pine and larch, or tam- 
arack. The latter grows on dryer soils, 
mixed with red fir or yellow pine. The 
fresher situations bear magnificent 
stands of white pine, sometimes mixed 
with valuable pole cedar, and this pine, 
although a “different species to botan- 
ists, serves every purpose for which the 
disappearing eastern white pine is a fa- 
vorite. Its rapid growth as well as its 


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FOUND ON THE PACIFIC COAST, 


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A PRIMEVAL 


* TIE NOBLE FIR, HEMLOCK 


YELLOW PINE. 


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THIS IS PART OF 


occurs in some numbers. 


THE WORLD’S GREATEST WOODLOT 


value gives the forester a particular 
interest in this region. The white fir 
of the coast, much like the eastern 
balsam, makes its appearance here, also 
hemlock, and occasionally a paper birch. 
The highest mountains have several al- 
pine conifers of no commercial value. 

Northeastern Washington and the 
east slope of the Cascades as far south 
as northern California, being sheltered 
from the Pacific rain-winds, return 
somewhat to Rocky Mountain condi- 
tions and bear chiefly forests of high 
quality western yellow pine, invaded 
more or less by lodgepole where recur- 
ring fires prevent yellow pine reproduc- 
tion and shading into tamarack and fir 
at higher altitudes. Occasionally the 
same Engelman spruce of the Rockies 
Broad leaved 
trees, except the ever-present cotton- 


- wood and aspen, are lacking as else- 


where in the interior west. 

The next distinct type is the famous 
one associated with the Pacific north- 
west in the minds of all lumbermen and 
foresters—the famous fir forests of the 
rainy region between the Cascade range 
and the sea. In nearly pure stands or 
mixed with cedar, hemlock, Sitka 
spruce, white fir and the other commer- 
cial trees in which this region is so 
rich, fir here reaches what foresters call 
the optimism of a species—its most per- 
fect development—and this most wide- 
ly useful of American trees often at- 
tains a height of 200 feet, a diameter 
of 8 to 12 feet, and in favored locations 
yields more than 75,000 feet, board 
measure, to the acre. Its frequent com- 
panion, western hemlock, is scarcely less 
magnificent in size or less valuable, 
being quite different from its eastern 
namesake. In the mountains these spe- 
cies mix with white pine and with the 


- noble and amabilis firs (sometimes er- 


roneously called larch), both woods of 
high value although comparatively little 
known, and in the highest situations is 
found the handsome cabinet wood, 
Alaska cedar. 

Through this region, the moister lo- 
calities produce the giant red cedar, 
two-thirds the nation’s cedar supply 
coming from western Washington and 
Oregon. Along the coast Sitka or tide- 


635 


land spruce the largest and finest of 
the world’s spruces, extends southward 
till its predominance as a special coast 
tree is usurped by Port Orford cedar, 
which in turn gives way to redwood. 
The Pacific northwest forest also in- 
cludes, although much more sparingly 
in quantity and inferior in quality than 
the eastern hardwood regions, maple, 
ash,: alder, laurel: and~oak, and the 
world’s supply of the medicinal cascara. 
Paper mills use its spruce, hemlock, fir 
and cottonwood for pulp. Its oak is 
not of the highest value, but useful. 

About midway southward through 
Oregon, the Cascade type changes 
again, the red fir and western yellow 
pine persisting but the peculiarly north- 
ern trees giving way gradually to sugar 
pine, incense cedar, Shasta fir, and other 
less important species, all making up 
the representative forest of Northern 
California. Sugar pine, the largest of 
the American pines and much like white 
pine in quality—a truly noble tree— is 
the most valuable. The California foot- 
hills also have several local pines of 
small importance. 

The famous California redwood oc- 
cupies a strip of perhaps thirty miles 
wide from the Oregon line to Santa 
Cruz, California, sometimes pure and 
sometimes containing red and white fir 
in mixture. The Bigtree, a close cousin, 
occurs only in a few groves in the 
southern Sierras. California is rich in 
oak species, including many beautiful 
live oaks, but few are of high lumber 
value. On the other hand the Cal- 
ifornia tan oak, abundant on the coast 
of southern Oregon and northern Cal- 
ifornia, produces high-grade bark for 
tanning and often is worth as much 
per acre as fairly good timber land. 

Owing to the infinitely varying mix- 
ture of species and the lack of any 
widespread and uniform attempt to ar- 
rive at their proportion through per- 
centage systems, it would be a rash 
guess even to approximate the available 
quantity of each of the important com- 
mercial species. Even the total is est1- 
mated differently by different authori- 
ties, not only because of varying infor- 
mation sources, but also because the 
standard of what is merchantable 


THe FAMOUS REDWOOD. 


VIEW IN A:LARGE FOREST OF RED WOOD NEAR CRESCENT CITY, CALIFORNIA, 


A SAW IS 


AWAY 


ND THE BARK CUT 


A 


ReEDWooD LOGGING. 
AFTER THIS HAS BEEN DONE 


THIS FOREST IS NEAR CASPAR, MENDOCINO COUNTY, CALIFORNIA. 


=D. 


USE 


MAKING THE UNDER CUT. 


” 


FALLERS 


at 


638 


changes yearly and its future can be 
only a matter of judgment. We know 
that before a large part of our forests 
can be cut it will pay to use smaller 
and less desirable trees than can be 
used profitably now, but no one knows 
how much smaller and less desirable 
they can be used at the exact time they 
are reached by the logger of the fu- 
ture. 

The most recent estimates 
of western timber are those 
of the Department of Com- 
merce and Labor,. which 
place the entire supply. in 
Montana, Idaho, Washing- 
ton, Oregon and California 
at 1,512,900,000,000 ~ feet, 
board measure, or nearly 54 
per cent of all the timber in 
the United States. Of. this, 
1,013,000,000,000 feet is in 
private ownership, 440,800,- 
000,000 in National Forests, 
and 59,100,000,000 in state 
ownership, military and In- 
dian reservations, unreserv- 
ed public lands, etc. Less is 
known of the other western 
states, but the National For- 
ests alone in Arizona, Colo- 
rado, Nevada, New Mexico, 
Utah and Wyoming are said 
to contain ninety billion feet. 
Certainly the entire west has 
well over one and a half 
trillion, a figure hard to grasp 
by the layman unless by re- 
flecting that the present cut 
of lumber in the entire Uni- 
ted States is only about forty 
billion a year. ‘This means 
that the five great forest 
states first mentioned could, 
without assistance and with- 
out any new growth, equal 
the entire nation’s present lumber pro- 
duction for nearly forty years. 

Fully one-third of this stand of tim- 
ber is owned and controlled by the Fed- 
eral Government and the states west 
of the Rocky Mountains, and in this, 
the World’s Greatest Wood Lot, there 
is an united, harmonious and effective 
effort on the part of the Federal For- 
est Service, the Forestry Department of 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


the states and private owners to safe- 
guard and protect this timber from its 
greatest enemy—forest fire. 

Here also is a public sentiment alert, 
advanced and willing to put in prac- 
tice all intelligent conservation de- 
mands, that is possible under present 
economic conditions. 

Aside from the hardwoods, the tim- 


Rep FIR AND WESTERN HEMLOCK. 
THIS IS A TYPICAL MIXTURE OF THESE FINE TREES IN THE BLACK HILLS, 
WASHINGTON. 


ber suitable for lumber in the Pacific 
Northwest, is unsurpassed in variety, 
quality and adaptability for the ordi- 
nary uses to which wood products are 
used. The predominating wood—Fir 
—being undoubtedly without a rival for 
structural purposes, and boldly chal- 
lenging all other soft woods for the 
beauty of its higher grades in finish. 

Supplementing the Fir, are the Cedar 


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2 


WITH SUCH TREES AS THESE, 


IN WASHINGTON. 


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OCENE 


FOREST 


THOUSANDS UPON THOUSANDS OF 


640 


and Redwood, almost impervious to de- 
cay, and while lacking in structural 
strength, supply in shingles, beveled 
siding and exterior finish, a wood un- 
equaled for length of life. The Spruce 
of the Coast region, unlike its type on 
the Atlantic Coast, is a giant tree, yield- 
ing a large percentage of clear lumber 
of great merit. 

The White Pine of Idaho, in its qual- 
ity, easily maintains the dignity and 
merit of the White Pine of Michigan, 
‘Wisconsin and Minnesota, while the 
so-called Western Yellow Pine; ain 
‘'sreater abundance, is a worthy substi- 
tute for White Pine, for interior finish, 
‘box material and for ordinary struc- 
tural work, while Sugar Pine, less 
abundant than any of the leading spe- 
cies, has all the merit of White Pine. 

The forests of the Pacific North- 
west, therefore, are notable not only 
because they contain more than 50 per 
cent of the standing timber in the Uni- 
ted States, but also because this timber 
will yield a better quality of building 
material than has heretofore been sup- 
plied by the forests east of the Rocky 
Mountains. 


CLASSIFICATION OF THE 100 TREES. 


The most important of the trees in 
this world’s greatest woodlot are: 

Western White Pine, Sugar Pine, 
Western Yellow Pine, Lodgepole Pine, 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Western Larch (Tamarack), Engel- 
mann Spruce, Sitka Spruce, White 
Spruce, Western Hemlock, Red or 
Douglas Fir, Noble Fir, Redwood, In- 
cense Cedar, Red Cedar, Port Orford 
Cedar. 

The trees cut in mixture with the 
most important ones are: 

Tamarack, White Fir (two species), 
Amabillis Fir, Shasta or Red Fir. 

The trees of minor, local or special 
importance, and their particular uses 
Ares 

Bigtree, lumber; Alaska Cedar, fin- 
ishing: Juniper (four species), posts; 
Alder (two species), furniture and fin- 
ishing; California Laurel, cabinet and 
finishing; Aspen, fruit boxes: Cotton- 
wood, boxing, pulp, etc.; Balm of 
Gilead, boxing, pulp, etc.; Broadleaf 
Maple, furniture and flooring ; Cascara, 
medicinal; Oregon Ash, general hard- 
wood uses; Yew, bows, paddles, etc.; 
Dogwood, turney; Oak (several spe- 
cies), tanning and general hardwood 
purposes. 

The non-commercial trees are: Over 
a dozen pines, small Alpine larches, 
spruces, hemlocks, firs, rare or small 
birches, alders, cottonwoods, maples, 
etc., numerous inferior oaks, sycamores, 
walnuts, etc. Probably sixty or more 
in all, some valuable in quality but too 
rare to consider, others common but 


useful only for fuel. 


Men ONAL PORTSIS AS RECRE- 
ATION GROUNDS 


By Pror. W. J. Morrit, 


Forestry Department, 

SCORE of Switzerlands in 

western America are inviting 

lise tO... See. America. first.’ 

The National Forests of the 

West offer scenery equally as varied 

and attractive as the Alps, though dif- 

ferent, a more delightful climate, min- 

eral and hot springs of as much efficacy 

as the most celebrated ones abroad, and 
greater opportunities for sport. 

These Forests are within a country 
populous with mountains. ‘Tier rises 
above tier, buttressed with mighty lat- 
eral spurs, dominated by splendid peaks, 


University 


of Nebraska. 


cut by beautiful, cliff-walled valleys, 
divided by broad plateaus. Hundreds 
of towering, snow-clad shafts pierce 
the azure sky to elevations far exceed- 
ing the highest mountains of Eastern 
United States. 

Thousands of mountain streams well 
stocked with speckled trout rise within 
these mountain fastnesses, where the 
sig Horn stands sentinel on command- 
ing pinacles, and where the mountain 
lion, wary of man, still takes his toll 
of deer, as for ages past. The spruce 
forests even yet hold within their shady 


Camp MAartTIN, ANGELES NATIONAL ForREST, CALIFORNIA. 


AN IDEAL SPOT HIGH IN THE MOUNTAINS WHICH IS A FAVORITE RESORT FOR MANY CALIFORNIANS. 


641 


642 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


A SUMMER COTTAGE. 


THIS IS ONE OF SEVERAL SUCH COTTAGES BUILT IN 1911, ALONG THE WATER FRONT OF PELUAN BAY, SOUTH OF ROCKY 
POINT ON THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, UNDER THE SPECIAL USE PERMIT. 


and silent depths the alluring sense of 
mystery and adventure, and the open, 
grass-floored groves of pine seem to 
say “tarry here.’’ In the alpine pas- 
tures the tinkle of the bell on the “bell 
wether” floats dreamily across the 
mountain encircled basin, or the sharp, 
eager bark of the herder’s collie is 
heard punctuating the protesting bleat- 
ing of the sheep as this faithful guar- 
dian intelligently and undirected forces 
straying lambs back to the flock. 

In the lower valleys or in some grassy 
park surrounded by forest, perhaps a 
herd of cattle may be seen grazing con- 
tentedly or filing solemnly away, im- 
pelled by a contagious impulse, to a 
watering place well known to them 
alone. Every turn in the winding road, 


or, may be, trail presents a panorama of 
new and absorbing interest; in the fore- 
ground the dancing stream, boulder 
strewn, and marked at intervals with 
deep- edying pools, seems to challenge 
ones piscatorial skill, or else arouses 
more esthetic thoughts. In the distant 
background a fleeting glimpse through 
a vista of mighty fire presents in a set- 
ting of great beauty some snow-clad 
peak tinted with cloud reflections. In 
the mountain valleys the days are mild 
and sunny ; the nights, delightfully cool, 
and the bracing air fortifies the visitor. 

These wild regions are being used 
for recreation grounds to an increasing 
extent. It is estimated that a few 
years ago, when a count was attempted, 
half a million people paid homage to 


NATIONAL FORESTS 


AS RECREATION GROUNDS 


643 


.e 


ed hee 


es ‘ % 
ils 


y 
‘ 


A SUMMER CAMP. 


AN IDEALLY SITUATED CAMP AMONG THE FINE TREES ON THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, NEAR BROWN’S CABIN. 
THE CAMPING EQUIPMENT WAS TAKEN ON THE WAGON. 


the attractions so lavishly afforded. Of 
this number no less than 100,000 visit- 
ed points of interest within the Pike 
National Forest, in Colorado; 21,000, it 
is said, entered the Coconino Forest in 
Arizona, mostly to see the Grand Can- 
yon within the boundaries of that For- 
est; 50,000 people visited the Angeles 
Forest; and 20,000 enjoyed the fishing, 
boating, camping and scenery within 
the Tahoe Forest, the latter two being 
in California, while lesser numbers 
found varied recreation in each of more 
than 40 other Forests. 

It is the purpose of the National For- 
ests to place all their resources to their 
highest use. Scenery is a resource, and 
often one that can be marred. A moun- 
tain side swept by fire leaves only the 
unsightly skeleton of its former glory 
and becomes a distressing spectacle. 
The streams, moreover, arising on a 
fire denuded water shed become erratic; 


devasting floods carve away their banks 
and strew the narrow valley bottoms 
with sand and boulders, only to be 
quickly followed by periods of unusu- 
ally low flow ; good fishing declines, and 
the attractiveness of the country affect- 
ed is impaired in every way. 

While summer hotels with accom- 
modations for the most fastidious may 
be found at rare intervals throughout 
this vast, mountainous region, the 
whole country is open to those who en- 
joy genuine camping in a country brim- 
ful of interest, grand scenery, and good 
Spore: lt appeals especially to the ted- 
blooded American who delights in 
pitching his tent under the trees on 
the bank of some swift, clear trout 
stream lined with picturesque crags 
amid wild mountains, where the swirl 
of the racing waters lull him to sleep 
after a day crowded with interest and 
activity. 


SKUNK CREEK CAMP. 


THIS IS ON THE KANIKSU NATIONAL FOREST IDAHO, AND POSITIVELY THE ONLY THING UNPLEASANT ABOUT IT IS IfS NAME, 


A FAVORITE SUMMER RESORT. 


THIS IS A VACATION SPOT AT ROCKY POINT, ON RECREATION CREEK NEAR PELICAN BAY ON THE CRATER. NATIONAL 
FOREST, OREGON, AND IS CPERATED UNDER THE SPECIAL USE PROVISION. 


NATIONAL FORESTS 


AS RECREATION 


GROUNDS 645 


LAUNCH ON KLAMATH LAKE. 


THE CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON, FRONTS FOR A CONSIDERABLE DISTANCE ON THIS LAKE WHICH 
IS A DELIGHTFUL PLACE FOR SUMMER PLEASURE. 


Over all this enchanted isolation and 
remoteness the strong protective arm 
of the Government is thrown, quietly 
and unobstrusively. The trails one 
uses have been, quite likely, built at 
government expense, primarily to en. 
able the Forest Ranger to patrol the 
extensive forests for fire protection. 
To him you are indebted for the guide 
signs at forks for trails and for the 
posted information concerning  dis- 
ices and directions to choice camping 
sites. Perhaps he rides to your camp. 
If so, you will find him thoroughly 
competent and willing to direct you to 
the chief points of interest in the vicin- 
ity. He wars against the predatory 
animals in order to protect the deer, 
elk, and mountain sheep, as well as the 
domestic stock, and he keeps: the 
streams stocked with trout. Incidently, 
ne is also a game warden. 

Many roads and bridges are built or 


repaired by him and miles of telephone 
lines are strung to further protect the 
great stands of timber which clothe the 
mountain sides and add to the charms 
of the region. The. Forest officer is 
proud of his district ; he welcomes visit- 
ors, but courteously insists on the 
proper use of the resourses. Without 
him deterioration of much that is at- 
tractive to the tourist would occur. In 
reality this tendency appeared before 
his advent. While the primary pur- 
pose of the National Forests is the con- 
servation of the timber and water re- 
sources within them, in conjunction 
with his duties, and often directly at- 
tributable to them, the Forest officer be- 
comes the guardian or custodian of the 
greatest national playgrounds. The at- 
tractions are here; they may be fully 
enjoyed; and the popularity of the Na- 
tional Forests as recreation grounds ts 
rapidly increasing. 


THE. GLACIERS OF MT. RATNVENs 


By F. E. Matrues, United States Geological Survey. 


r | ‘HE impression still prevails in 
many quarters that true glaciers, 
such as are found in the Swiss 
Alps, do not exist within the 

confines of the Unites States, and that 

to behold one of these rare scenic fea- 
tures one must go to Switzerland, or 
else to the less accessible Canadian 

Rockies or the inhospitable Alaskan 

coast. As a matter of fact, permanent 

bodies of snow and ice, large enough to 
deserve the name of glaciers, occur on 
many of our western mountain chains, 
notably in the Rocky Mountains, where 
only recently a national reservation— 

Glacier National Park—was named for 

its ice fields; in the Sierra Nevada of 

California, and farther north, in the 

Cascade Range. It is on the last- 

named mountain chain that glaciers 

especially abound, clustering as a rule 
in groups about the higher summits of 
the crest. But this range also supports 

a series of huge, extinct volcanoes that 

tower high above its sky line in the form 

of isolated cones. On these the snows 
lie deepest and the glaciers reach their 
grandest development. Ice clad from 
head to foot the year round, these giant 
peaks have become known the country 
over as the noblest landmarks of the 

Pacific Northwest. Foremost among 

them are Mount Shasta, in California 

(14,162 feet); Mount Hood, in Oregon 

(11,225 feet); Mount St. Helens (9,697 

feet), Mount Adams (12,307 feet), 

Mount Rainier (14,408 feet), and Mount 

Baker (10,730 feet), in the State of 

Washington. 

Easily king of all is Mount Rainier. 
Almost 250 feet higher than Mount 
Shasta, its nearest rival in grandeur and 
in mass, it is overwhelmingly impressive, 
both the vastness of its glacial mantle 
and by the striking sculpture of its cliffs. 
The total area of its glaciers amounts to 
no less than 45 square miles, an ex- 
panse of ice far exceeding that of any 
other single peak in the United States. 
Many of its individual ice streams are 


646 


between 4 and 6 miles long and vie in 
magnitude and in splendor with the 
most boasted glaciers of the Alps. 
Cascading from the summit in all 
directions, they radiate like the arms of a 
great starfish. All reach down to the 
foot of the mountain and some advance 
considerably beyond. 

As for the plea that these glaciers lie 
in a scarcely opened, out-of-the-way 
region, a forbidding wilderness as com- 
pared with maturely civilized Switzer- 
land, it no longer has the force it once 
possessed. Rainier’s ice fields can now 
be reached from Seattle or Tacoma, the 
two principal cities of western Washing- 
ton, in a comfortable day’s journeying, 
either by rail or by automobile. The 
cooling sight of crevassed glaciers and 
the exhilarating flower-scented air of 
alpine meadows need no longer be 
exclusive pleasures, to be gained only by 
a trip abroad. 

Mount Rainier stands on the west 
edge of the Cascade Range, overlooking 
the lowlands that stretch to Puget 
Sound. Seen from Seattle or Tacoma, 
60 and 50 miles distant, respectively, it 
appears to rise directly from sea level, 
so insignificant seem the ridges about its 
base. Yet these ridges themselves are 
of no mean height. They rise 3,000 to 
4,000 feet above the valleys that cut 
through them, and their crests average 
6,000 feet in altitude. From the top of 
the volcano one fairly looks down upon 
the Tatoosh Range, to the south; upon 
Mount Wow, to the southwest; upon the 
Mother Mountains, to the northwest, 
indeed, upon all the ridges of the Cas- 
cade Range. Only Mount Adams, 
Mount St. Helens, and Mount Hood 
loom like solitary peaks above the even 
sky line, while the ridges below this line 
seem to melt together in one vast, con- 
tinuous mountain platform. And such 
a platform, indeed, one should conceive 
the Cascade Range once to have been. 
Only it is now thoroughly dissected by’ 
profound, ramifying valleys, and has» 


LACIER,. 


THE Kautz 


THIS IS A SNAKE-LIKE ICE STREAM ABOUT 1,000 FEET WIDE BUT ATTAINING A LENGTH OF 


FOUR MILES. 


648 AMERICAN 


been resolved into a sea of wavelike 
crests and peaks. 

Mount Rainier stands, in round 
numbers, 10,000 feet high above its im- 
mediate base, and covers 100 square 
miles of territory, or one-third of the 
area of Mount Rainier National Park. 
In shape it is not a simple cone tapering 
to a slender, pointed summit like Fuji 
Yama, the great volcano of Japan. It 
is, rather, a broadly truncated mass 
resembling an enormous tree stump with 
spreading base and irregularly broken 
top. Its life history has been a varied 
one. Like all volcanoes, Ranier has 
built up its cone with materials ejected 


FORESTRY 


cinder cones. Successive feeble erup- 
tions added to their height until at last 
they formed together a low, rounded 
dome—the eminence that now consti- 
tutes the mountain’s summit. It rises 
only about 400 feet above the rim of the 
old crater, and is an inconspicuous 
feature, not readily identifiable from all 
sides as the highest point. In fact, so 
broad is the mountain’s crown that from 
no point at its base can one see the top. 
The higher portions of the old crater 
rim, moreover, rise to elevations within 
a few hundred feet of the summit, and, 
especially when viewed from_ below, 
stand out boldly as separate peaks that 


Photo by Matthes. 


THE TATOOSH RANGE, FROM PARADISE GLACIER. 


by its own eruptions—with cinders and 
bombs (steam-shredded particles and 
lumps of lava), and with occasional 
flows of liquid lava that have solified 
into layers of hard, basaltic rock. At 
one time it attained an altitude of not 
less than 16,000 feet, if one may judge 
by the steep inclination of the lava and 
cinder layers visible in its flanks. 
Then a great explosion followed that 
destroyed the top part of the mountain, 
and reduced its height by some 2,000 
feet. The volcano was left beheaded, 
and with a capacious hollow crater, 
surrounded by a jagged rim. 

Later on this great cavity, which 
measured nearly 3 miles across, from 
south to north, was filled by two small 


mask and seem to overshadow the 
central dome. Especially prominent are 
Peak Success (14,150 feet) on the 
southwest side, and Liberty Cap (14,- 
112 feet) on the northwest side. 

The altitude of the main summit has 
for many years been in doubt. Several 
figures have been announced from time 
to time, no two of them in agreement 
with each other; but all of these, it 1s to 
be observed, were obtained by more or 
less approximate methods. In 1913 the 
United States Geological Survey, in 
connection with its topographic surveys 
of the Mount Rainier National Park, 
was able to make a new series of meas- 
urements by triangulation methods at 
close ragne. These give the peak an 


THE GLACIERS 


Photo by Curtis. 


OF 


THE NISQUALLY GLACIER. 


A GENERAL VIEW FROM THE HEIGHTS OF PARADISE PARK. 


OF THE SUMMIT IS GIBRALTAR ROCK, THE CHIEF OBSTACLE IN THE ASCENT OF THE PEAK. 


elevation of 14,408 feet, thus placing it 
near the top of the list of high summits 
of the United States. Greater exactness 
of determination is scarcely practicable 
in the case of Mount Rainier, as its 
highest summit consists. actually of a 
mound of snow the height of which 
naturally. varies somewhat with the 
seasons and from year to year. 

This crowning snow mound, which 
was once supposed to be the highest 
point in the United States, still bears the 


MT.' RAINIER 649 
THE SQUARE CUT ROCK MASS TO THE RIGHT 
proud name of Columbia Crest. It is 


essentially a huge snowdrift or snow 
dune heaped up by the westerly winds. 
Driving furiously up through the great 
breach in the west flank of the moun- 
tain, between Peak Success and Liberty 
Cap,. they eddy lightly as they shoot 
over the summit and there deposit their 
load of snow. 

The drift is situated at the point 
where the rims of the two summit 
craters touch, and represents the only 


650 AMERICAN 


permanent snow mass on these rims, for 
some of the internal heat of the volcano 
still remains and suffices to keep these 
rock-crowned curving ridges bare of 
snow the better part of the year. It is 
intense enough, even, to produce numer- 
ous steam jets along the inner face of the 
rim of the east crater, which appears to 
be the most recently formed of the two. 
The center of this depression, however, 
is filled with snow, so that it has the 
appearance of a shallow, white-floored 
bowl some 1,200 feet in diameter. 
Great caverns are melted out by the 
steam jets under the edges of the snow 
mass, and these caverns afford shelters 
which, though uninviting, are not to be 
despised. They have proved a blessing 
to more than one party that has found 
itself compelled to remain overnight, 
on the summit, saving them from death 
in the icy gales. 

That Mount Rainier should still 
retain so much of its internal heat is not 
surprising in view of the recency of its 


eruptions. It is known to have been 
active at intervals during the last 
century, and actual record exists of 


slight eruptions in 1843, 1854, 1858, 
and 1870. Indian legends mention a 
great cataclysmal outburst at an earlier 
period. 

At present the volcano may be re- 
garded as dormant and no apprehension 
need be felt as to the possibility of an 
early renewal of its activity. 

In spite of Mount Rainier’s continued 
activity until within the memory of 
man, its sides appear to have been snow 
clad for a considerable length of time. 
Indeed, so intense and so long-con- 
tinued has been the eroding action of the 
ice that the cone is now deeply ice- 
scarred and furrowed. Most of its 
outer Jayers, in fact, appear already to 
have been stripped away. 

From the rim points downward the 
ice cover of the cone divides into a 
number of distinct stream-like tongues 
or glaciers, each sunk in a great hollow 
pathway of its own. Between these 
ice-worn trenches the uneroded portions 
of the cone stand out in high relief, 
forming as a rule huge triangular 
““wedges,” heading at the sharp rim 
points and spreading thence downward 


FORESTRY 


to the mountain’s base. There they 
assume the aspect of more gently slop- 
ing, grassy table-lands, the charming 
alpine meadows of which Paradise Park 
and Spray Park are the most famous. 
Separating these upland parks are the 
profound ice-cut canyons which, be- 
yond the glacier ends, widen out into 
densely forested valleys, each contain- 
ing a swift-flowing river. No less than a 
dozen of these ice-fed torrents radiate 
from the volcano in all directions, while 
numerous lesser streams course from 
the snow fields between the glaciers. 

Thus the cone of Mount Rainier is 
seen to be dissected from its summit to 
its foot. Sculptured by its own glacier 
mantle, its slopes have become diversi- 
fied with a fretwork of ridges, peaks 
and canyons. 


NISQUALLY GLACIER. 


The first ice one meets on approaching 
the mountain from Longmire Springs 
lies in the upper end of the Nisqually 
Valley. The wagon road, which up to 
this point follows the west side of the 
valley, winding in loops and curves 
along the heavily wooded mountain 
flank, here ventures out upon the rough 
bowlder bed of the Nisqually River and 
crosses the foaming torrent on a pic- 
turesque wooden bridge. A_ scant 
thousand feet above this structure, 
blocking the valley to a height of some 
400 feet, looms a huge shapeless pile of 
what seems at first sight only rock 
débris, gray and chocolate in color. It 
is the dirt-stained end of one of the 
largest glaciers—the Nisqually. Froma 
yawning cave in its front issues the 
Nisqually stream, a river full fledged 
from the start. 

The altitude here, it should be noted, 
is a trifle under 4,000 feet; hence the 
ice in view lies more than 10,000 feet 
below the summit of the mountain, the 
place of its origin. And in this state- 
ment is strikingly summed up _ the 
whole nature and economy of a glacier 
such as the Nisqually. 

A glacier is not a mere stationary 
blanket of snow and ice clinging inert 
to the mountain flank. It is a slowly 
moving streamlike body that descends 
by virtue of its own weight. The upper 


Photo by G. K. Gilbert. 


SNow Cups AnD ‘‘ HONEYCOMBS.” 


THESE ARE PRODUCED IN A HIGH NEVE FIELD BY THE HOT RAYS OF THE SUN. THE AIR AT THESE 
HEIGHTS REMAINS ALMOST CONSTANTLY BELOW THE FREEZING POINT. 


652 AMERICAN 


parts are continually being replenished 
by fresh snowfalls, which at those high 
altitudes do not entirely melt away in 
summer; while the lower end, projecting 
as it does below the snow line, loses 
annually more by melting than it re- 
ceived by precipitation, and is main- 
tained only by the continued accession 
of masses from above. The rate at 
which the ice advances has been deter- 
mined by Prof. J. N. Le Conte, of the 
University of California. In 1903 he 
placed a row of stakes across the glacier, 
and with the aid of surveying instru- 
ments obtained accurate measurements 
of the distances through which they 
moved from day to day. He found that 
in summer, when the movement is 
greatest, it averages 16 inches per day. 
This figure, however, applies only to the 
central portion of the glacier—the main 
current, so to speak—for the margins 
necessarily move more slowly, being 
retarded by friction against the channel 
sides. 

As one continues the ascent by the 
wagon road a partial view of the glacier’s 
lower course is obtained, and there is 
gained some idea of its stream-like 
character. More satisfying are ‘the 
views from Paradise Park. Here several 
miles of the ice stream (its total length 
is nearly 5 miles) lie stretched out at 
one’s feet, while looking up toward the 
mountain one beholds the tributary ice 
fields and ice streams, -pouring, as it 
were, from above, from right and left, 
rent by innumerable crevasses and re- 
sembling foaming cascades suddenly 
crystallized in place. The turmoil of 
these upper branches may be_ too 
confusing to be studied with profit, but 
the more placid lower course presents 
a favorable field for observation, and a 
readily accessible one at that. 

A veritable frozen river it seems, 
flowing between smooth, parallel banks, 
half a mile apart. Its surface, in con- 
trast to the glistening ice cascades above, 
has the prevailingly somber tint of old 
ice, relieved here and there by bright 
patches of last winter’s snow. These 
lie for the most part in gaping fissures 
or crevasses that run athwart the 
glacier at short intervals and divide its 
body into narrow slices. In the upper 


FORESTRY 


course, where the glacier overrides 
obstacles in its bed, the crevasses are 
particularly numerous and_ irregularly 
spaced, sometimes occurring in two sets 
intersecting at right angles, and pro- 
ducing square-cut prisms. Farther down 
the ice stream’s current is more sluggish 
and the crevasses heal up by degrees, 
providing a united surface, over which 
one may travel freely. 


SNOWCUPS AND HONEYCOMBS. 


At the high altitudes the sun heat is 
astonishingly intense, as more than one 
uninitiated mountain climber has learned 
to his sorrow by neglecting to take the 
customary precaution of blacking his 
face before making the ascent. Ina few 
hours the skin is literally scorched and 
begins to blister painfully. 

At the foot of the mountain the sun 
heat is relatively feeble, for much of it is 
absorbed by the dust and vapor in the 
lower layers of the atmosphere, but on 
the summit, which projects 2 miles 
higher, the air is thin and pure, and lets 
the rays pass through but little dimin- 
ished in strength. 

The manner in which the sun affects 
the snow is peculiar and distinctive. 
Instead of reducing the surface evenly, 
it melts out many close-set cups and 
hollows, a foot or more in diameter and 
separated by sharp spires and crests. 
No water is visible anywhere, either in 
rills or in pools, evaporation keeping 
pace with the reduction. Ifthe sun’s 
action is permitted to continue un- 
interrupted for many days, as. may 
happen in a hot, dry summer, these 
snow cups deepen by degrees, until at 
length they assume the aspect of gigan- 
tic bee cells, several feet in depth. Snow 
fields thus honeycombed may be met 
with on the slopes above Gibraltar 
Rock. They are wearisome to traverse, 
for the ridges and spines are fairly 
resistant, so that one must laboriously 
clamber over them. Most exasperating 
however, is the going after a snowstorm 
has filled the honeycombs. Then the 
traveler, waist deep in mealy snow, 1s 
left to flounder haphazard through a 
hidden labyrinth. 

Of interest in this connection is the 
great snow cliff immediately west of 


TGE GEACTERS. OF. MT. 


Gibraltar Rock. Viewed from the foot 
of that promontory, the sky line of the 
snow castle fairly bristles with honey- 
comb spines; while below, in the face 
of the snow cliff, dark, wavy lines, 
roughly parallel to the upper surface, 
repeat its pattern in subdued form. 
They represent the honeycombs of 
previous seasons, now buried under 
many feet of snow, but still traceable by 
the dust that was imprisoned with them. 


Photo by Curtis. 


RAINIER 653 
tribution of the glaciers on the cone. 
By far the greater number originate in 
the vicinity of the 10,000-foot level, while 
those ice streams which cascade from the 
summit, such as the Nisqually are in a 
sense reborn some 4,000 feet lower down. 


PARADISE GLACIER. 


A striking example of an ice body 
nourished wholly by the snows falling 
on the lower slope of Mount Rainier is 


PARK WANS. SatINe 


GENERAL VIEW OF PARADISE GLACIER. 


THE ICE BODY ORIGINATES ENTIRELY BELOW THE 9,000-FOOT LINE. 


MORE SNOW FALLS AT THESE RELATIVELY LOW 


LEVELS THAN ON THE SUMMIT OF THE PEAK. 


It is between the 8,000 and 10,000 
foot levels, that one meets with the 
conditions most favorable for the de- 
velopment of glaciers. Below this zone 
the summer heat largely offsets the 
heavy precipitation, while above it the 
snowfall itself is relatively scant. With- 
in the belt the annual addition of snow 
to the ice fields is greater than anywhere 
else on Mount Rainier. The result is 
manifest in the arrangement and dis- 


the Paradise Glacier. In no wise con- 
nected with the summit névés, it makes 
its start at an elevation of less tha 9,000 
feet. Situated on the spreading slope 
between the diverging canyons of the 
Nisqually on the west and of the Cowlitz 
on the northeast, it constitutes a typical 
“ainterglacier,’’ as intermediate ice bodies 
of this kind are termed. 

Its appearance is that of a gently un- 
dulating ice field, crevassed only toward 


654 AMERICAN 
its lower edge and remarkably clean 
throughout. No débris-shedding cliffs 
rise anywhere along its borders, and 
this fact, no doubt, largely explains its 
freedom from morainal accumulations. 

The absence of cliffs also implies a lack 
of protecting shade. Practi- 

cally the entire expanse of 

the glacier lies exposed to 
the full glare of the sun. 
As a consequence its losses 
by melting are very heavy, 
and a single hot summer 
may visibly diminish the 
glacier’s bulk. Nevertheless 
it seems to hold its own as 
well as any other glacier on 
Mount Rainier, and this 
ability to recuperate finds its 
explanation in the exceed- 
ing abundance of fresh 
snows that replenish it every 
winter. 

The Paradise Glacier, 
however, is not the product 
wholly of direct precipita- 
tion from the clouds. Much 
of its mass is supplied by 
the wind, and accumulates 
in the lee of the high ridge 
to the west, over which the 
route to Camp Muir and 
Gibraltar Rockis laid. The 
westerly gales keep this ridge 
almost bare of snow, permit- 
ting only a few drifts tolodge 
in sheltered depressions. But 
east of the ridge there are 
great eddies in which the 
snow forms long, smooth 
slopes that descend several 
hundred feet to the main 
body of the glacier. These 
slopes are particularly i invit- 
ing to tourists for the de- 
lightful “slissades’? which 
they afford. Sitting down 
on the hard snow at the 
head of such a slope, one 
may indulge in an exhilarating glide of 
amazing swiftness, landing at last safely 
on the level snows beneath. : 

In the early part of summer the 
Paradise Glacier has the appearance 
of a vast, unbroken snow field, blazing, 
immaculate; in the!sun. But later, as 


Pholo by Matthes. 


GIBRALTAR ROCK IS SEEN ENDWISE, 


FORESTRY 


the fresh snows melt away from its 
surface, grayish patches of old crystal- 
line ice develop in places, more especially 
toward the glacier’s lower margin. 
Day by day these patches expand until, 
by the end of August, most of the lower 


Cow itz GLACIER. 
AT THE APEX OF THE TWO ROCK 
““CLEAVERS.”’ 


HEAD OF 


ice field has been stripped of its brilliant 
mantle. Its countenance, once bright 
and serene, now assumes a grim e€X- 
pression and becomes crisscrossed by a 
thousand seams, like the visage of an 
aged man. 

Over this roughened surface trickle 


THE GLACIERS OF 


countless tiny rills which, uniting, form 
swift rivulets and torrents, indeed 
veritable river systems on a minature 
scale that testify with eloquence to the 
rapidity with which the sun consumes 
the snow. 


COWLITZ GLACIER. 


Immediately adjoining the 
the Paradise Glacier on the 
northeast, and not separated 
from it by any definite bar- 
rier, lies the Cowlitz Glacier, 
one of the stateliest ice 
streams of Mount Rainier. 
It flows in a southeasterly 
direction, and burrows its 
nose deeply into the forest- 
covered hills at the mount- 
ain’s foot. Its upper course 
consists of two parallel-flow- 
ing ice streams, intrenched 
in profound troughs, which 
they have en larged laterally 
until now only a narrow, 
ragged crest of rock remains 
between them, resembling a 
partition a thousand feet in 
height. At the upper end of 
this crest stands Gibraltar 
Rock. 

At the point of confluence 
of the two branches there 
begins along medial moraine 
that stretches like a black 
tape the whole length of the 
lower course. To judge by 
its position midway on the 
glacier’s back, the two tribu- 
taries must be very nearly 
equal in strength, yet, when 
traced to their sources they 
are found to originate in 
widely different ways. The 
north branch, named In- 
graham Glacier (after Maj. 
E. S. Ingraham, one of 
Rainier’s foremost pioneers), 
comes from the névés on the 
summit; while the south branch heads 
in a pocket immediately under Gibraltar. 
No snow comes to it from the summit; 
hence we can not escape the conclusion 
that it receives through direct precipi- 
tation and through wind drifting about 
as much snow as its sister branch re- 


Photo by Matthes. 


MT. RAINIER 655 
ceives from the summit regions. Like 
the glacier troughs below, the pocket 


appears to have widened laterally under 
the influence of the ice, and is now 
separated from the Nisqually ice fields 
to the west by only a narrow rock 


CASCADES OF INGRAHAM GLACIER. 


IN THE BACKGROUND LITTLE TAHOMA (11,117 FEET), A REMNANT OF THE OUTER 
LAYERS OF THE VOLCANO, NOW MOSTLY STRIPPED AWAY BY THE ICE. 


partition, the Cowlitz Cleaver, as it is 
locally ‘called. Up this narrow crest 
the route to Gibraltar Rock ascends. 
The name ‘‘cleaver,’”’ it may be said in 
passing, is most apt for the designation 
of a narrow rock crest of this sort, and 
well deserves to be more generally used 


656 AMERICAN 


in the place of awkward foreign terms, 
such as arrete and grat. 

Both branches of the Cowlitz Glacier 
cascade steeply immediately above their 
confluence, but the lower glacier has a 
gentle gradient and a fairly uneventful 
course. Like the lower Nisqually, it is 
bordered by long morainal ridges, and 
toward its end acquires broad marginal 
dirt bands. For nearly a mile these 
continue, leaving a gradually narrowing 
lane of clear ice between them. ‘Then 
they coalesce and the whole ice body 
becomes strewn with rock débris. 

The Cowlitz Glacier, including its 
north branch, the Ingraham Glacier, 
measures slightly over 6 miles in length. 
Throughout that distance the ice stream 
lies sunk in a steep-walled canyon of its 
own carving. Imposing cliffs of colum- 
nar basalt, ribbed as if draped in cordu- 
roy, overlook its lower course. Slender 
waterfalls glide down their precipitous 
fronts, like silver threads, guided by the 
basalt flutings. 


OHANAPECOSH AND FRYINGPAN GLACIERS 


High above the Ingraham Glacier 
towers that sharp, residual mass of lava 
strata known as Little Tahoma (11,117 
feet), the highest outstanding eminence 
on the flank of Mount Rainier. It 
forms a gigantic ‘“‘wedge’’ that divides 
the Ingraham from the Emmons Glacier 
to the north. So extensive is this wedge 
that it carries on its back several large 
ice fields and interglaciers, some of 
which, lying far from the beaten path of 
the tourist, are as yet unnamed. Sep- 
arating them from each other are 
various attenuated, pinnacled crests, all 
of them subordinate to a main backbone 
that runs eastward some 6 miles and 
terminates in the Cowlitz Chimneys 
(7,607 feet), a group of tall, rock towers 
that dominate the landscape on the 
east side of Mount Rainier. 

Most of the ice fields, naturally, le 
on the shady north slope of the main 
backbone; in fact, a series of them 
extends as far east as the Cowlitz 
Chimneys.. One of the lesser crests, 
however, that running southeastward 
to the upland region known as Cowlitz 
Park, also gives protection to an ice 


FORESTRY 


body of some magnitude, the Ohana- 
pecosh Glacier. Condiserably broader 
than it is long in the direction of its flow, 
this glacier lies on a high shelf a mile and 
a half across, whence it cascades down 
into the head of a walled-in canyon. 
Formerly, no doubt, it more than filled 
this canyon, but now it sends down only 
a shrunken lobe.- ‘The stream hag 
issues from it, the Ohanapecosh River, 
is really the main prong and head of the 
Cowlitz River. 

The largest and most elevated of the 
ice fields east of Little Tahoma is known 
for its peculiar shape as Fryingpan 
Glacier. It covers fully 3 square miles 
of ground and constitutes the most 
extensive and most beautiful inter- 
glacier on Mount Rainier. It originates 
in the hollow east side of Little Tahoma 


itself and descends rapidly northward, » 


overlooking the great Emmons Glacier 
and finally reaching down almost to is 
level. It is not a long time since the 
two ice bodies were confluent. 

Below the Fryingpan Glacier there lies 
a region of charming flower-dotted 
meadows named Summerland, a most 
attractive spot for camping. 


EMMONS GLACIER.! 


Cloaking almost the entire east side 
of Mount Rainier is the Emmons 
Glacier, the most extensive ice stream 
on the peak (named after Samuel F. 
Emmons, the geologist and mountaineer 
who was the second to conquer the peak 
in 1870.) About 514 miles long and 134 
miles wide in its upper half, it covers 
almost 8 square miles of territory. It 
makes a continuous descent from the 
summit to the base, the rim of the old 
crater having almost completely broken 
down under its heavy névé cascades. 
But two small remnants of the rim still 
protrude through the ice and divide it 
into three cascades. From each of these 
dark rock. islands trails a long medial 
moraine that extends in an _ ever- 
broadening band down to the foot of the 
glacier. 

The Emmons Glacier, like the Nis- 
qually and the Cowlitz, becomes densely 
littered with morainal débris at its lower 
end, maintaining, however, for a con- 


1 This glacier is also known locally as White Glacier. 


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658 AMERICAN 


siderable distance a central lane of clear 
ice. The stream which it sends forth, 
White River, is the largest of all the ice- 
fed streams radiating from the peak. 
It flows northward and then turns in a 
northwesterly direction, emptying finally 
in Puget Sound at the city of Seattle. 


WINTHROP GLACIER.” 


On the northeast side of the mountain, 
descending from the same high névés as 
the Emmons Glacier, is the Winthrop 
Glacier. Not until halfway down, at an 
elevation of about 10,000 feet, does it 
detach itself as a separate ice stream. 


FORESTRY 


the domes require a word of interpre- 
tation. They are underlain by rounded 
bosses of especially resistant rock. Over 
these the ice is lifted, much as is the 
water of a swift mountain torrent over 
submerged _ bowlders. Immediately 
above each obstruction the ice appears 
compact and free from crevasses, but as 
it reaches the top and begins to pour 
over it breaks, and a network of inter- 
secting cracks divides it into erect, 
angular blocks and fantastic obelisks. 
Below each dome there is, as a rule, a 
deep hollow partly inclosed by trailing 
ice ridges, analogous to the whirling 


Photo by Geo. V. Caesar. 


A CREVASSED DOME ON THE LOWER WINTHROP GLACIER. 


The division takes place at the apex of 
that great triangular interspace so aptly 
named ‘‘the Wedge.’ Upon its sharp 
cliff edge, Steamboat Prow, the de- 
scending névés part, it has been said, 
like swiftflowing waters upon the divid- 
ing bow of a ship at anchor. The simile 
is an excellent one; even the long foam 
crest, rising along the ship’s side, is 
represented by a wave of ice. 

Of greatest. interest on the Winthrop 
Glacier are the ice cascades and domes. 
Evidently the glacier’s bed is a very 
uneven one, giving rise to falls and 
pools, such as one observes in a turbu- 
lent, trout stream. The cascades. ex- 
plain themselves readily enough, but 


eddy that occurs normally below a 
bowlder in a brook. Thus does a glacier 
simulate a stream of water even in its 
minor details. 

The domes of the Winthrop Glacier 
measure 50 to 60 feet in height. A 
sample of the kind of obstruction that 
produces them appears, as if specially 
provided to satisfy human curiosity, 
near the terminus of the glacier. There 
one may see, close to the west wall of the 
troughlike bed, a projecting rock mass, 
rounded and smoothly polished over 
which the glacier rode but a short time 
ago. 

Another feature of interest some- 
times met with on the Winthrop Glacier, 


2 On some earlier Government maps this glacier is called White Glacier. 


THE GLACIERS OF. MT. 


and for that matter also on the other ice 
streams of Mount Rainier, are the 
“glacier tables.’’ These consist of slabs 
of rock mounted each on a pedestal of 
snow and producing the effect of huge 
toadstools. The slabs are always of 
large size, while the pedestals vary from 
a few inches to several feet in height. 


CARBON GLACIER. 


In many ways the most interesting of 
all the ice streams on Mount Rainier is 
the Carbon Glacier, the great ice river 
on the north side, which flows between 
those two charming natural gardens, 


RAINIER 659 
the great hollow, however, and so simple 
are its outlines that the eye finds 
difficulty in correctly estimating the 
dimensions. Not until an avalanche 
breaks from the 300-foot névé cliff 
above and hurls itself over the precipice 
with crashing thunder, does one begin 
to realize the depth of the colossal 
recess. The falling snow mass is several 
seconds in descending, and though 


weighing hundreds of tons, seemingly 
floats down with the leisureliness of a 
feather. 

These avalanches were once believed 
to be the authors of the cirque. 


They 


Photo by Geo. V. Caesar. 


THE GREAT AMPHITHEATER OF CARBON GLACIER 


THE HEADWALL MEASURES 3,600 FEET IN HEIGHT. 


GREAT AVALANCHES FALL PERIODICALLY FROM THE 


SNOW CLIFFS ABOVE, WHICH THEMSELVES ARE 200 TO 300 FEET HIGH. 


Moraine Park and Spray Park. The 
third glacier in point of length, it heads, 
curiously, not on the summit, but in a 
profound, walled-in amphitheater, inset 
low into the mountain’s flank. This 
amphitheater is what is_ technically 
known as a glacial cirque, a horseshoe- 
shaped basin elaborated by the ice from 
a deep gash that existed originally in 
the volcano’s side. It has the distinc- 
tion of being the largest of all the 
ice-sculptured cirques on Mount Rainier, 
and one of the grandest in the world. It 
measures more than a mile and a half in 
diameter, while its head wall towers a 
sheer 3,600 feet. So well proportioned is 


were thought to have worn back the 
heag wall tittle by, little, even .as a 
waterfall causes the cliff under it to 
recede. But the real manner in which 
glacial cirques evolve is better under- 
stood today. It is now known that 
cirques are produced primarily by the 
eroding action of the ice masses em- 
bedded in them. Slowly creeping for- 
ward, these ice masses, shod as they are 
with débris derived from the encircling 
cliffs, scour and scoop out their hollow 
sites, and enlarge and deepen them by 
degrees. Seconding this work is the 
rock-splitting action of water freezing 
in the interstices of the rock walls. This 


660 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


Photo by Geo. V. Ceasar. 


LOWER COURSE OF CARBON GLACIER. 
THIS SHOWS THE MEDIAL MORAINES. IN THE BACKGROUND ARE THE MOTHER MOUNTAINS. 


process is particularly effective in the 
great cleft at the glacier’s head, be- 
tween ice and cliff. This abyss is 
periodically filled with fresh snows, 
which freeze to the rock; then, as the 
glacier moves away, it tears or plucks 
out the frost-split fragments from the 
wall. Thus the latter is continually 
being undercut. The overhanging por- 
tions fall down, as decomposition les- 
sens their cohesion, and so the entire 
cliff recedes. 

West of the profound canyon of the 
Carbon River, there rises a craggy range 
which the Indians have named the 
Mother Mountains. From its narrow 
backbone one looks down on either side 
into broadly open, semicircular valley 
heads. Some drain northward to the 
Carbon River, some southward to the 
Mowich River. Encircling them run 
attenuated rock partitions, surmounted 
by low, angular peaks; while cutting 
across their stairwise descending floors 
are precipitous steps of rock, a hundred 
feet in height. On the treads. lie 
scattered shallow lakelets, strung to- 


gether by little silvery brooks trickling 
in capricious courses. 

Most impressive is the basin that lies 
immediately under the west end of the 
range. Smoothly rounded like a bowl, 
it holds in its center an almost circular 
lake of vivid emerald hue—that mysteri- 
ous body of water known as Crater 
Lake. Let it be said at once that this 
appellation is an unfortunate misnomer. 
The basin is not of volcanic origin. It 
lies in lava and other volcanic rocks, to 
be sure, but these are merely spreading 
layers of the cone of Mount Rainier. Ice 
is the agent responsible for the carving 
of the hollow. It was once the cradle 
of a glacier, and that ice mass, gnawing 
headward and deploying even as the 
Carbon Glacier does today, enlarged its 
site into a horseshoe basin, a typical 
glacial cirque. The lake in the center 1s 
a strictly normal feature; many glacial 
cirques possess such bowls, scooped out 
by the eroding ice masses from the 
weaker portions of the rock floor; only 
it is seldom that such features acquire 
the symmetry of form exhibited by 


THE GLACIERS OF 


Crater Lake. The lakelets observed in 
the neighboring valley heads—all of 
which are abandoned cirques—are of 
similar origin. 

It is a significant fact that the empty 
cirques about the Mother Mountains lie 
at elevations ranging between 4,500 and 
6,00 feet; that is, on an average 5,000 
feet lower than the cirques on Mount 
Rainier which now produce glaciers. 
Evidently the snow line in glacial times 
lay at a much lower level than it does 
today, and the ice mantle of Mount 
Rainier expanded not merely by the 
forward lengthening of its ice tongues 
but by the birth of numerous new 
glaciers about the mountain’s foot. The 
large size of the empty cirques and can- 
yons, moreover, leads one to infer that 
many of these new glaciers far exceeded in 
volume the ice streams descending the 
volcano’s sides. The latter, it is true, 
increased considerably in thickness dur- 
ing glacial times, but not in proportion 
to the growth of the low-level glaciers. 
Nor is this surprising in view of the 
heavy snowfalls occuring on the moun- 
tain’s lower slopes. There is good 
reason to believe, moreover, that the 
cool glacial climate resulted in a general 
lowering of the zone of heaviest snowfall. 
It probably was depressed to levels be- 
tween 4,000 and 6,000 feet. Not only 
the cirque glaciers about the Mother 
Mountains, but all the neighboring ice 
streams of the glacial epoch originated 
within this zone, as is indicated by the 
altitudes of the cirques throughout the 
adjoining portions of the Cascade Range. 
By their confluence these ice bodies pro- 
duced a great system of glaciers that 
filled all the valleys of this mountain belt 
and even protruded beyond its western 
front. 

To these extensive valley glaciers the 
ice flows of Mount Rainier stood in the 
relation of mere tributaries. They 
descended from regions of rather scant 
snowfall, for the peak in those days of 
frigid climate rose some 10,000 feet 
above the zone of heaviest snowfall, into 
atmospheric strata of relative dryness. 
It may well be, indeed, that it carried 
then but little more snow upon its 
summit than it does today. 


MT. RAINIER 


661 


THE NortH MowicH GLACIER AND THE ICEFIELDS TO THE SOUTH OF IT. 


Copyrighted Pholo by Curtis. 


662 AMERICAN 


Copyrighted photo by Curtis. 


FORESTRY 


Mount RAINIER AND SPRAY PARK. 


THIS IS THE NORTHWEST SIDE AS VIEWED FROM THE MOTHER MOUNTAINS. THE SHARP WHITE SUMMIT IS LIBERTY CAP 
(14,112 FEET). 


NORTH MOWICH GLACIER.® 


The North Mowich Glacier is the 
northernmost of the series of ice bodies 
on the west flank ot Mount Rainier. 
Like the Carbon Glacier, it heads in a 
cirque at the base of the Liberty Cap 
massif, fed by direct snow precipitation, 
by wind drifting, and by avalanches. 
The cirque is small and shallow, not as 
capacious even as either of the twin 
recesses in the Carbon Glacier’s amphi- 
theater. As a consequence the ice 
stream issuing from it is of only moderate 
volume; nevertheless it attains a length 
of 334 miles. This is due in part to the 
heavy snows that reenforce it through- 
out its middle course and in part to over- 
flows from the ice fields bordering it on 
the- south. These ice fields, almost 
extensive enough to be considered a 
distinct glacier, are separated from the 


North Mowich Glacier only by a row 
of pinnacles, the remnants evidently of 
a narrow rock partition of “cleaver,” 
now demolished by the ice. The lowest 
and most prominent of the rock spires 
bears the appropriate name of ‘The 
Needle”’ (7,587 feet). 

The débris-covered lower end of the 
glacier splits into two short lobes on a 
rounded boss in the middle of the 
channel. This boss, but a short time 
ago, was overridden by the glacier and 
then undoubtedly gave rise to an ice 
dome of the kind so numerous farther up 
on the North Mowich Glacier and also 
characteristic of the Winthrop Glacier. 


SOUTH MOWICH GLACIER.' 


Separated from the ice fields of the 
North Mowich Glacier by a great tri- 
angular ice field (named Edmunds 


3 On some earlier Government maps this glacier is called Willis Glacier. 
4 On some earlier Government maps this glacier is called Edmunds Glacier. 


THE GLACIERS 


Photo by Curtis. 


WEST SIDE OF 


OF MT. 


RAINIER 663 


Mount RAINIER. 


A telephoto view taken from Electron, at a distance of 20 miles. The main summit, composed of two new cinder cones 
(14,408 feet) is seen in the center. To the left is Liberty Cap (14,112 feet), and to the right is Peak Success (14,150 
feet), both remnants of the old crater rim. The glaciers in view are 1, North Mowich; 2, Edmunds; 3, South 


Mowich; 4, Puyallup; 5, Tahoma. 


Glacier) lies the South Mowich Glacier, 
also a cirque-born ice stream, heading 
against the base of the Liberty Cap 
massif. It is the shortest of the western 
glaciers, measuring only a scant 3 miles. 
Aside from the snows accumulating in 
its ill-shaped cirque it receives strong 
reenforcements from its neighbor to the 
south—the Puyallup Glacier. 


PUYALLUP GLACIER. 


What especially distinguishes the 
Puyallup Glacier from its neighbors to 
the north is the great elevation of its 
cirque. The Carbon, North Mowich, 
and South Mowich Glaciers all head at 
levels of about 10,000 feet. The amphi- 
theatre of the Puyallup Glacier, on the 
contrary, opens a full 2,000 feet higher 
up. Encircled by a great vertical wall 
that cuts into the Liberty Cap platform 
from the south, it has evidently de- 
veloped through glacial sapping from a 
hollow of volcanic origin. From this 


great reservoir the Puyallup Glacier 
descends by a rather narrow chute. 
Then it expands again to a width of 
three-fourths of a mile and sends a 
portion of its volume to the South 
Mowich Glacier. In spite of this loss 
it continues to expand, reaching a 
maximum width of a mile and a total 
length of 4 miles. No doubt this is 
accounted for by the heavy snowfalls 
that replenish it throughout its course. 


TAHOMA GLACIER. 


Immediately south of the elevated 
amphitheater of the Puyallup Glacier the 
crater rim of the volcano is breached 
for a distance of half a mile. Through 
this gap tumbles a voluminous cascade 
from the névé fields about the summit, 
and this cascade, reenforced by-a flow 
from the Puyallup cirque, forms the 
great Tahoma Glacier, the most im- 
pressive ice stream on the southwest 
side. Separated from its northern 


PEARL FALLS. 


HERE THE WATER PLUNGES 300 FEET OVER A VERTICAL CLIFF OF COLUMNAR BASALT UNDER PYRAMID GLACIER. 
COLUMNS ARE SOLID AND UNBROKEN FOR 200 FEET. 


THE GLACIERS 


OF MT. 


RAINIER 665 


Photo by Curtis. 


THE LOWER END. 


The Kautz Glacier in its box canyon, seen from the heights of Van Trump Park. 


Note the strong 


medial moraine that gradually develops into a ridge 100 feet high above the ice; also the rivulets 


on the surface of the glacier. — 


neighbor by a rock cleaver of remarkable 
length and straightness, it flows in a 
direct course for a distance of 5 miles. 
Its surface, more than a mile broad in 
places, is diversified by countless ice 
falls and cataratcs. 


SOUTH TAHOMA GLACIER. 


The partner of the Tahoma Glacier, 
known as the South Tahoma Glacier, 
heads in a profound cirque sculptured in 
the flanks of the great buttress that 
culminates in Peak Success (14,150 


feet). It is interesting chiefly as an 
example of a cirque-born glacier, nour- 
ished almost exclusively by direct snow- 
falls from the clouds and by eddying 
winds. In spite of its position, exposed 
to the midday sun, it attains a length of 
nearly 4 miles, a fact which impressively 
attests the ampleness of its ice supply. 
KAUTZ GLACIER. 

East of the South Tahoma Glacier, 

heading against a great cleaver that 


descends from Peak Success, lies a 


666 AMERICAN 


triangular ice field, or interglacier, 
named Pyramid Glacier. It covers a 
fairly smooth, gently sloping platform 
underlain by a heavy lava bed, and 
breaking off at its lower edge in precipi- 
tous, columnar cliffs. Into this platform 
a profound but narrow box canyon has 
been incised by an ice stream descending 
from the summit névés east of Peak 
Success. This is the Kautz Glacier, an 
ice stream peculiar for its exceeding 
slenderness. On the map it presents 
almost a worm-like appearance, height- 
ened perhaps by its strongly sinuous 
course. In spite of its meager width, 


FORESTRY 


locality that the ice has been unable 
to hew out a wider passage. Not its 
entire volume, however, was squeezed 
through the narrow portal; there is 
abundant evidence showing that in 
glacial times when the ice stream was 
more voluminous it overrode the rock 
buttresses on the west side of the gorge. 


VAN TRUMP GLACIER. 


The name of P. B. Van Trump, the 
hardy pioneer climber of Mount Rainier, 
has been attached to the interglacier 
situated between the Kautz and the 
Nisqually Glaciers. This ice body lies 


Photo by Geo. V. Caesar. 


Ice Cave AT LOWER END oF CARBON GLACIER FROM WHICH CARBON RIVER ISSUES. 


which averages about 1,000 feet, the ice 
stream attains a length of almost 4 
miles and descends to an altitude of 
4,800 feet. This no doubt is to be 
attributed in large measure to the 
protecting influence of the box canyon. 

A singularly fascinating spectacle is 
that which the moraine-covered lower 
end of the glacier presents from the 
height of Van Trump Park. A full 
1,000 feet down one looks upon the ice 
stream as it curves around a sharp bend 
in its canyon. 

A short distance below the glacier’s 
terminus, the canyon contracts abruptly 
to a gorge only 300 feet in width. So 
resistant is the columnar basalt in this 


on the uneven surface of an extensive 
wedge that tapers upward to a sharp 
point—one of the remnants of the old 
crater rim. A number of small ice 
fields are distributed on this wedge, 
each ensconced in a hollow inclosed 
more or less completely by low ridges. 
By gradually deploying each of these ice 
bodies has enlarged its site, and thus the 
dividing ridges have been converted 
into slender rock walls or cleavers. In 
many places they have even been com- 
pletely consumed and the ice fields coal- 
esoe. The Van Trump Glacier is the 
most extensive of these composite ice 
fields. The rapid melting which it has 
suffered in the last decades, however, has 


FIRE DANGER SERIOUS 667 


gone far toward dismembering it; al- 
ready several small ice strips are threat- 
ening to become separated from the 
main body. 

In glacial times the Van Trump 
Glacier sent forth at least six lobes, 
most of which converged farther down in 
the narrow valleys traversing the at- 
tractive alpine region now known as 
Van Trump Park. This upland park 
owes its scenic charm largely to its 
manifold glacial features and is diversi- 
fied by cirques, canyons, lakelets, mo- 
raines, and waterfalls. 

In the foregoing descriptions the 
endeavor has been to make clear how 
widely the glaciers of Mount Rainier 
differ in character, in situation, and in 
size. They-are not to be conceived as 
mere ice tongues radiating down the 
slopes of the volcano from an ice cap on 


its crown. There is no ice cap, properly 
speaking and there has perhaps never 
been one at any time in the mountain’s 
history, not even during the glacial 
epochs. 

Several of the main ice streams head 
in the névés gathering about the sum- 
mit craters, but a larger number 
originate in profound amphitheaters 
carved in the mountain’s flanks, at levels 
fully 4,000 feet below the summit. In 
the general distribution of the glaciers 
the low temperatures prevailing at high 
altitudes have, of course, been a con- 
trolling factor; nevertheless in many 
instances their influence has been out- 
balanced by topographic features favor- 
ing local snow accumulation and by the 
heavy snowfalls occurring on the lower 
slopes. 

From a bulletin by F. E. Matthes. 


Pimb IANGER SERIOUS 


HE fire situation in the North- 
| west is the most serious since 
1910, which went down in his- 
tory as the worst year since 
organized patrol had been in effect. So 
far, however, no serious damage to 
standing timber has resulted. This can 
be attributed entirely to the organized 
protection forces, which are giving con- 
clusive proof of their ability to cope 
with a bad situation. 

No rain has fallen for nearly two 
months and the woods are extremely 
dry. 

The worst fire of record on private 
lands-6o, far ‘this year 1s= in? Lotah 
County, Idaho. The Potlatch Timber 
Protective Association during the first 
part of August had a crew of from 250 
to 800 men fighting the fire and prac- 
tically prevented the loss of any green 
timber. ‘There was, however, of neces- 
sity some loss of logging equipment. 

Up to early August most fires have 
been in old slashings, and in the lower 
and more thickly settled country. With 
the opening of the hunting season, how- 
ever, fires started in the higher areas. 


While no predictions can be made, it 
is felt by protection agencies generally, 
that in the absence of unusually high 
winds or excessive temperatures during 
August, losses can be kept dewn to a 
low figure. Although a large number 
of fires have occurred in Oregon this 
season, there has been no material loss 
of green timber, and slight loss of log- 
ging equipment, according to reports 
received by the Oregon Forest Fire As- 
sociation. Fire fighting expenses will, 
however, be heavy in some sections. 

A considerable crew of men have 
been constantly engaged in this work 
since early in July. Only in two or 
three instances have fires gotten such 
a start as to allow of their going into 
the tops. Great apprehension is felt 
because of the fact that many deer 
hunters are in the mountains. The 
country is extremely smoky, rendering 
many lookout points valueless. The 
private owners of timber have some 300 
wardens in the field and the state 
ninety. This number is in addition to 
the force of the Forest Service. 

An appropriation of $25,000.00 was 


668 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


made available by the passage of the 
Federal Sundry Civil Bill with which 
to furnish protection for some twe mil- 
lion acres within the Oregon & Califor- 
nia Railroad Company’s grant, title to 
which is in question. The Govern- 
ment brought action to cancel title to 
this grant over a year ago and decision 
is now pending before the United 
States Supreme Court. About ninety 
patrolmen went on duty in Western 
Oregon to protect the grant early in 
August. The Forest Service which 
has been given charge of conducting the 
work of protection is acting in close 
cooperation with existing protection 
agencies. 

Washington had seventy fires during 
July, nearly all of them being slashing 
fires. A few logs were burned as well 
as some camp equipment, and the im- 
provement of one settler. Accurate 
figures on losses are not available, but 
the amount is small, taking into account 
the number of fires occurring. Donkey 
engines, locomotives, berry pickers, 
and lightning are given as the causes 
of the fires. Abott: 100) meno are on 
patrol duty for the Washington Forest 
Fire Association, while the State Fire 
Warden has on some seventy men. 

Idaho in common with other states 
has experienced high temperatures and 
practically no rain during July. A num- 
ber of fires have started, but prompt 
discovery has practically prevented 
loss. A small amount of green timber 
has been fire-killed. Campers, light- 


ning and brush-burning are responsible 
for nearly all fires which have occur- 


red in the state. The full patrol force 
is on duty. 

Montana has experienced no severe 
fires. The State and Forest Service are 
cooperating in an effort to properly 
cover the timbered sections adjacent to 
the National Forests. 

Oregon reports about 100 fires for 
the month, the most severe ones being 
in old slashings. An _ inconsiderable 
amount of green timber has been fire- 
killed. The State Forester has ninety 
men on patrol paid by State and Weeks 
law funds and private owners are em- 
ploying 300 wardens. ‘Telephone serv- 
ice which has been greatly improved the 
past year is proving a marked factor in 
protection work. High winds, hot 
weather and practically no precipitation 
have put the woods in dangerous condi- 
tion. 

Reports from portions of California 
indicate more favorable conditions than 
last season, while the contrary is true 
elsewhere in the northwest. 

Throughout the northwest the prep- 
arations made early in the season to 
meet a bad year are proving extremely 
helpful. Never before has such close 
working cooperation existed between 
the Government, States, and private 
patrols, and to this can be largely at- 
tributed the success of the work up to 
the present time. From now on hunt- 
ers and campers will be going into the 
mountains, and their cooperation is 
needed to prevent fires. Loggers, road 
builders and ranchers should be doubly 
careful with fire. Only through such 
care will serious fires be averted. 


LOGGING A RIVER BOTTOM 


By Epwarp F. BicELow. 


JR some two decades, begin- 
ning a half century ago and 
ending thirty years ago, Big 
Rapids, Michigan, was one of 

the famous lumber centers of the 
United States. Here was the finest, 
tallest, biggest trees. Here existed the 
typical methods of lumber cutting of 
that period. Lumber was so plentiful 
that it was gathered recklessly. ‘The 
methods:of taking a claim were such 
as to attract large numbers of lumber- 
men, and for a hundred miles up the 
river, the sound of saws and axes was 
heard on every side, and far back into 
the country. Logs in a profusion seem- 
ingly endless filled the river. They 
filled it not only on the surface, but 
they filled the entire river to the bot- 
tom of the deepest places in the chan- 
nel. They were piled in the river in 
such numbers that logs on top pushed 
other logs to the bottom, and still others 
came on top of these, till the river for 
many miles was, in places, a solid mass 
of logs. 

A year ago last summer, the dam at 
Big Rapids, Michigan, was carried 
away. In some eastern places the 
breaking of such a dam would be fol- 
lowed by an abnormal supply of fish. 
Old settlers tell of their experience in 


carrying off fish by the wagonload and 
the cartload; but here was revealed to 
the present generation the amazing fact 
that the entire bottom of the river was a 
matted mass of logs. When the dam 
broke, great was the astonishment at 
the sight of that thick floor of logs. The 
Muskegon Lumber Company bought 
from the original owners their rights, 
and began the removal. The work of 
taking the logs from the river bottom 
has been done until logs line the banks 
to a width of many rods and for long 
distances, a lumbering scene that must 
rival the busiest scenes of the lumber 
camps that existed more than thirty 
years ago. The logs were water-soaked, 
but in fairly good condition. The ac- 
companying photographs show one sec- 
tion after the lumber company had 
been at work for several months. Un- 
fortunately no local photographer 
seemed to appreciate the picturesque- 
ness and the novelty of such an aston- 
ishing sight. No photographs of the 
scene at its best are obtainable. 
Old-timers of Big Rapids become lo- 
quacious and tell of the interesting 
scenes of the time when the “river 
hogs,” as the waders were called, made 
things lively in that town of mushroom 
growth. It was a mecca for all kinds 


Tue RIVER BANK IS LINED WITH Loss. 


669 


Tue Locs LINE THE RAILROAD TRACKS 


of workers in logging, but especially 
for those who were skilled in setting 
loose huge piles of logs to float down 
the stream. These logs would often be- 
come wedged together, when a skilful 
“river hog’ could, with a cant hook, 
remove the keystone log and let the 
immense heap go tumbling free with 
thundering noise and swirling currents, 
only perhaps to become again blocked 
in another place. 

These old-time residents are inter- 
ested in deciphering the various marks 
on the ends of the logs, and in pleasant 
reminiscence they talk of the “good 
old times” when such men as “Doc” 
Blodgett and others were active. It is 
probable that in all the United States 
there has never been such novel lumber- 
ing scenes, nor such deeds as have been 
done in this last year in Big Rapids. 

Mr. James Gow, of Muskegon, 
Michigan, is the prime mover in this 
work. He is and for a long time has 
been the president of the Muskegon 
Log Owners’ Booming Company. He 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ee | 19 om m7 
CH bath 


Ses al -L: | 


+ cam 


AS WELL AS THE RIVER BANK FOR MILES. 


has been personally able to purchase 
ninety-six per cent. of all the marks 
that were used by the old-time loggers 
on the Muskegon Lake and Muskegon 
tributaries. At the present time Mr. 
Gow owns nine hundred and _thirty- 
four marks and controls others. 

He and his company have been se- 
curing and will continue to secure an 


almost incredible amount of lumber 
from the bottom of the river. In the 
last two years alone he has secured 


50,000 logs. Of this astonishing num- 
ber, 24,000 were raised in the vicinity 
of Big Rapids.. The rest. have been 
taken at different points between Maple 
Island and Muskegon, where his mill 
is located. At these points, aside from 
Big Rapids, the logs are raised by a 
machine known as a log lifter, which 
is practically a scow fitted up with the 
proper machinery. When the dam was 
removed at Big Rapids the water ran 
off. It was then a simple matter to haul 
the logs out of the muddy river bed 
to the bank, where they are left to 


LOGGING A 


dry. A section of these drying logs 
is shown in the accompanying photo- 
graphs. An enormous number has al- 
ready been removed. It is almost im- 
possible to ascertain what can yet be 
done. A capable and conservative man 
who has investigated the matter does 
not hesitate to say that there are more 
than 600,000,000 feet of logs in this 


RIVER BOTTOM 


671 


age, but they seem to have been satis- 
fied if they secured 75 per cent and left 
25 per cent to vanish. Such reckless- 
ness is suggestive of the wholesale 
slaughtering of the wild pigeons. At 
one time flocks of pigeons were so 
numerous and so crowded that they 
consumed a whole day in passing over 
a given point, and darkened the land- 


ALL THE RIVER LoGs BEAR THEIR OWNERS IDENTIFYING NUMBERS OR MARKS. 


stream and its tributaries. No one 
knows what may yet be obtained from 
the small river Manistee. Some state 
that more than 40,000,000 feet have al- 
ready been raised. It is said that some 
of the islands are founded on a mass 
of logs that extend to an unknown 
depth. 

What careless accounting there must 
have been, to allow 600,000,000 feet of 
lumber to become stranded in the river 
with nobody even to attempt to recover 
it, or perhaps even to know of it. The 
owners of these thousands of logs must 
in those days have known of the short- 


scape. Such great flocks were caught 
in nets and slaughtered by the thousand 
as food for hogs. ‘The pigeons have 
been exterminated; and a shortage in 
lumber is beginning to be felt. 
Old-time lumbermen tell of charac- 
ters once famous among them. One 
particularly is cited in a cordial way as 
Dr. Blodgett, commonly known as the 
“Doc,” a nickname given to him when a 
young man. Long ago he was laid away 
to rest with other prominent lumber- 
men, such as Ryerson, Hill and Charles 
H. Hackley, who accumulated upwards 
of $9,000,000. Few people have done 


672 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


From RIvER BANK TO SAWMILL. 


HUNDREDS AND HUNDREDS OF CAR LOADS HAVE BEEN TAKEN FROM THE BOTTOM OF THE RIVER AND SHIPPED_BY RAIL 
TO THE SAWMILLS. 


more for a city than Mr. Hackley has 
done. He did philanthropic work for 
Muskegon on a grand scale, and left by 
his will more than $2,000,000 for the 
establishment of libraries, hospitals, art 
gallery, training schools and_ other 
things of public benefit. 

Mr. Hackley was the first man to 
erect a monument to President McKin- 
ley. 

Probably the credit for the first sug- 
gestion of this novel method of rais- 
ey logs from the river bed belongs 
to Mr. John Torrent, who is yet living 
at the age of eighty-two years and is 
still an active man. He interested Mr. 
James Gow, of Muskegon, Mich., in 
the proposition, after he had been in 
the lumbering business for more than 
thirty years in partnership with Mr. 
John Campbell. Ini the year loa. Mic. 
Gow bought out Mr. Campbell’s in- 
terest with this proposition in view and 
says that he feels well pleased with the 
plan. 

The old lumberman, with possibly a 
few exceptions, came to Muskegon 
when they were young, and having 
plenty of energy and brains, lifted 


themselves from poverty into financial 
prominence. A story of those exciting 
lumbering days would not be complete 
without mention of Jonathan Boyce. 
He, with others, overcame many ob- 
stacles in those pioneer times. One 
that Mr. Gow had to contend against 
was the claim that, because these logs 
have lain for so long a time in the 
river with apparently no ownership, 
any person had the right to salvage and 
keep them, One sawmill started in to 
cut up some of these logs without se- 
cluring any right or title, but Mr. Gow 
got ahead of them by buying up the 
marks from the heirs and then fought 
the matter in the courts. In 1908 Mr. 
Gow was successful in the supreme 
court of Michigan, winning a suit that 
firmly established his claim to iogs bear- 
ing marks that he owned, and he now 
has the entire right of way in this novel 
lumbering from “the bed of the rivers. 

The astonishing fact is that the lum- 
ber produced fom these logs is of 
pretty nearly as good quality as when 
they were first cut and for some pur- 
poses equally good. 


HANDLING MANUFACTURED LUMBER. 
THE FIRST CABLEWAY FOR THIS PURPOSE IS INSTALLED BY THE PORT BLAKELY MILL COMPANY OF SEATTLE, WASHINGTON. 


HANDLING LUMBER BY CABLEWAY 


HE economy, facility and ra- 
pidity with which logs can be 
handled by overhead cable- 
ways has been demonstrated 

in many places. Such cableways, in 
their varjeties, are in use in many parts 
of the world for taking logs out of the 
woods, loading them on cars and ves- 
sels, transporting them across gullies 
and streams, unloading vessels and cars 
or picking the logs up from the water 
and storing them in piles and sorting 
and feeding them to the mills. 

The Port Blakely Mill Company is, 
however, the first concern in the coun- 
try to install a cableway solely for the 
purpose of handling manufactured lum- 
ber. The great success of this cableway 
and the satisfaction which it has given 
to the purchaser make a description of 
this cableway and its uses interesting. 

The Port Blakely Mill Company is 


one of the best known concerns in the 
Northwest. They have been operating 
since 1858 and built up a business which 
required one of the largest mills in the 
country. The mill site is on an inlet 
opening into Puget Sound directly op- 
posite Seattle and about seven or eight 
miles from that city. The mill was 
built on the North shore of the inlet, 
where an extensive dock frontage was 
developed. The yards for lumber are 
on the South side of the inlet. These 
yards are close to three-quarters of 

mile long and are separated from the 
North shore, where the mill stands, by 
something like 400 or 500 feet of open 
water. ‘As originally arranged, there 
was a bridge across the inlet and the 
fenneehi red lumber, which was to be 
held in stock, or shipped by rail, was 
taken across the bridge. <A fire de- 

673 


674 


stroyed the mill-in 1907. Part of the 
dock and the bridge were also burned. 

When the new mill was built the 
matter of transporting the manufac- 
tured lumber across the inlet to the 
yards and railroad was taken up with 
the Lidgerwood Mfg. Co. and it was 
determined to substitute a cableway for 
the bridge. The mill has a capacity of 
305 Mitéet per day. Part of this out- 
put is shipped by water and the vessels 
lie at the north, or mill side, of the inlet 
to receive this. A large portion of the 
lumber is, however, brought across the 
inlet, either to be temporarily stored, or 
to be shipped by rail. Railroad tracks 
run through the yards, as can be seen 
in the cut. 

The logs come to the mill in rafts and 
are taken in by means of the usual 
haul-up chains at the far end of the 
mill, as it is seen in the illustration. The 
finished lumber comes out at the end 
of the mill seen in the center of the 
illustration. Boards and similar ma- 
terial, go to sorting tables on the north 
side of this wing and are loaded by 
hand on trucks. The trucks each carry 
a load of 1,000 board feet. Large di- 
mension lumber is delivered from the 
end of the wing and is loaded on the 
trucks in the same sized loads as the 
boards. The trucks are four feet wide 
and nine feet long, built of timber, and 
run on two wheels and an axle under 
the center of each truck. The trucks 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


are run out to where they are under the 
cableway, the cableway picks them up, 
lumber and all, carries them across the 
inlet and lowers them down to any of 
the many run-aways or tracks provided 
in the yards. In the illustration a truck 
loaded with lumber is seen suspended in 
the center of the picture ready to be 
landed wherever it may be wanted for 
distributing the lumber. 

The cableway may be used also for 
loading lumber directly from the yards 
into scows or upon cars. 

The cableway was designed for a ca- 
pacity of 15,000 feet per hour, but it 
has many times exceeded this in actual 
practice, especially when handling lum- 
ber both ways. The cableway was de- 
signed and built by the Lidgerwood 
Mfg. Co., of New York. Its total span 
between towers is 1,176 feet. The tow- 
ers are of wood. The head tower is 
100 feet high and the tail tower is 90 
feet in height. It is nominally a five- 
ton cableway, intended to carry loads 
of from four to six tons. The usual 
load is about 4,000 pounds of lumber 
and the weight of the truck, which is 
about 900 pounds. The loads are 
hoisted at a speed of 250 feet per min- 
ute, and the carriage, or conveying 
speed, along the cable is 1,200 feet per 
minute. A fair average speed of opera- 
tion is twenty trips per hour, but as 
many as twenty-five trips may be made 
under favorable conditions. 


A ROADSIDE TREE EA: 


By CHAPIN JONES 
Assistant State Forester 


HE growing sentiment in Mary- 

| land in favor of the planting, 
care and protection of road 

side trees has crystallized in the 
passage by the Legislature of 1914 
of a roadside tree law, which has 
placed Maryland in the front rank of 
the states making provision for beau- 
tifying its roadsides. Before the pass- 
age of this law the situation in Mary- 
land was the same as in other states 


where there is no definit provision by 
law for their protection. While public 
opinion is practically unanimous in de- 
siring their protection and deploring 
their mutilation, yet no one is legally au- 
thorized to defend them, and since what 
is everybody’s business is nobody’s busi- 
ness the roadside trees, some of them 
cherished, old landmarks, have been 
mutilated and destroyed ruthlessly, 
principally by telephone and _ electric 


A ROADSIDE TREE 


light companies which have wanted to 
save a little expense in erecting and 
maintaining their lines. 

Planting of trees has also been done 
only in a very spasmodic way and on a 
small scale because there was no as- 
surance that the trees would be protect- 
ed and because everyone feels that 
the expense of such work should 
be borne by the public and not by pri- 
vate individuals. It is also recognized 
that in addition to the beauty of shade 
trees along a road or street and the 
great contribution to the comfort of 
traveling which is afforded by their 
shade and the lessening of the force of 
the winds, trees along an improved road 
are of decided advantage from the 
standpoint of maintaining in good con- 
dition the surface of the road itself, 
and should therefore be considered 
part of the improvements of the road. 
The heavy traffic on modern improved 
roads grinds the stone surface, and if 
the surface is dry the suction from the 
swiftly moving automobiles lifts this 
binder in clouds of dust which is then 
blown away; but the binder remains in 
place if moist, as it is when well shaded 
by trees on the side. In view of these 
conditions public opinion was very 
strongly in favor of the movement to 
put the control of roadside and _street 
trees under the State Board of Fores- 
try, and the passage of the roadside 
tree law has met with almost unanimous 
approval. 

The law stipulates that the term 
roadside trees means all trees planted 
by the Forest Wardens, or existing 
trees three inches or more in diameter, 
measured two feet from the ground, 
that may be growing within the right- 
of-way of any public road or between 
the curb lines and property lines of any 
streets in an incorporated town in the 
State. The trees on the streets of the 
City of Baltimore come under the pro- 
visions of the law, but since the City 
presents a peculiar problem and since 
before the passage of the State law it 
had a City Forester and an appropria- 
tion for this particular work, the ad- 
ministration of the trees on the streets 
in the City is being left to the City 
Forester as before. 


LAW 675 


It is made a misdemeanor punish- 
able by a fine for any person to cut 
down, trim, mutilate or in any manner 
injure any roadside tree without a per- 
mit from the State Board of Forestry, 
except in an emergency where trees 
have been uprooted or branches broken 
in such a way as to endanger persons 
or property ; and it is made the duty of 
the Forest Wardens and others having 
police power in the State to arrest all 
offenders. Under this provision wanton 
mutilation of trees will in all cases be 
prosecuted by the State Board of For- 
estry, and where trimming is desired 
by pole line companies in order to free 
their wires from contact with trees 
which are growing into them, permis- 
sion will be given where such work 
can be done without any great damage 
to the trees and where the value of the 
service by the electric light or telephone 
company justifies it, but always under 
the direct supervision of a Forest War- 
den of the State of Maryland, who has 
been instructed in the correct principles 
and methods by the experts of the State 
Board of Forestry. In many instances 
if the work is done right, considerable 
trimming can be done in a tree without 
any appreciable damage being done, 
provided it is done by people who un- 
derstand it and have the welfare of the 
tree at heart. 

The leaving of stubs is not permitted. 
All cuts must be properly made and all 
large ones covered with an antiseptic, 
and the use of climbing irons on trees 
is forbidden. 

It is provided that the planting of 
trees along roadsides shall be done only 
according to plans approved by the 
State Forester. ‘This provision is made 
in order that the trees planted may be 
of good stock, of the right species and 
suitably spaced, ete., and in order that 
the street or road may be developed 
systematically and uniformly. The 
average person has little knowledge of 
such matters and as a result planting 
has often been done of inferior species 
and shade trees have usually been placed 
too close together, and in the matter of 
caring for trees by spraying, it is very 
necessary that it should be under the 
control of the State Forester since un- 


676 AMERICAN 
less just the right methods are pursued 
the results are of little value and since 
spraying by one person of the trees in 
his neighborhood would not accomplish 
sufficient results unless his neighbors 
also adopted such measures. The neces- 
sity of having such work controlled by 
the State is perfectly evident in the case 
of . Massachusetts and other states 
where the damage by caterpillars and 
leaf-eating insects is much more severe 
than it is at present in Maryland. The 
initiative in applying for the planting 
and care of trees can be taken by the 
County Commissioners, the Road Sup- 
ervisor of any County, the State Roads 
Commission, the Town Council of any 
incorporated town, or by any organiza- 
tion or person, but the plan of pro- 
ceedure cannot go into effect without 
the approval of the State Forester or 
his agent. The organization desiring 
the work done must then guarantee the 
cost of the original planting and also of 
stich subsequent care as may be neces- 
sary. 

It is provided that the State Forester 
may at his discretion without being re- 
quested as above, plant, care for and 
protect roadside trees with the consent 
of the adjoining property owner, and 
pay for such work out of any unex- 
pended balance to the credit of the 
Board, but since the Roadside Tree 
Law itself carries no appropriation it 
would be out of the question for the 
State Forester to do such planting ex- 
cept on a very small scale as a demon- 
stration of what can be done. An ap- 
propriation to carry on this work is 
urgently needed and will presumably be 
provided by the next Legislature. 

It is made a misdemeanor punishable 
by fine for any person in any manner 
to post any advertising signs or bill- 
boards other than such notices which 
are posted in pursuance of law on any 
stone, tree, etc., which is upon a public 
highway or which is on the property 
of another without first obtaining the 
written consent of the owner. This is 
a much needed reform and as a means 
of beautifying the roads goes hand in 
hand with the planting and care of 
roadside trees. 


FORESTRY 


ACTIVITIES UNDER THE NEW LAW. 


The State Board of Forestry believed 
that the most good could be accom- 
plished at once by instituting an or- 
ganized campaign against the sign 
board nuisance and designated June 
20th as Sign Board Day, the day on 
which an organized cleaning up of un- 
authorized advertising signs, billboards, 
etc., should be made along all the roads 
in the State. The State Forester mailed 
opies of the law and letters asking for 
the names of people who would be apt 
to assist in this work to a long list of 
people who would presumably be in- 
terested, such as Presidents of Banks, 
County Commissioners, States Attor- 
neys, members of the State Roads Com- 
mission, School Superintendents and 
School ‘Teachers. ‘The support accord- 
ed the movement was very general, and 
the names of a great many responsible 
and interested people were sent in, and 
to these people the State Forester sent 
a Sign-Board Day badge, copies of the 
law and printed instructions as to how 
to proceed in tearing down unauthor- 
ized signs, together with a warning not 
to molest signs on private property 
which had been erected with the per- 
mission of the owner of the land. 

The Boy Scouts were also enlisted in 
the work and did valuable service, for 
which a number of medals are to be 
distributed to them. 

After this general cleaning up, any 
such notices that may be posted here- 
after will be more conspicuous and 
very likely to be torn down as soon as 
they are put up. 

In order to enforce the law against 
trimming of trees without a permit, 
without any unnecessary friction, the 
State Forester called at his office a con- 
ference of representatives of the vari- 

‘1s companies operating pole lines in 
the State. The conference was well at- 
tended, and great interest was mani- 
fested, and a disposition to co-operate 
with the State Forester for the benefit 
of all concerned. ‘The pole line com- 
panies, since they are obliged to bear 
the expenses of the supervision of any 
trimming by the Forest Wardens, read- 
ily agreed to concentrate the work as 
much as possible and to send in applica- 


FIRE PROTECTIVE WORK 


tions for permits some time in advance 
of the time when they considered trim- 
ming necessary. The State Forester 
furnished to the companies blank appli- 
cations for permits, which the com- 
panies are now filling in and sending to 
the State Forester. 

While all the details of administra- 
tion have not as yet been worked out 
there does not seem to be any insuper- 
able difficulty in working the problem 


677 


out along these lines. In each county 
an inspector, trained and instructed in 
this work by the State Forester, will 
personally supervise the more impor- 
tant jobs and in turn instruct the local 
Forest Wardens in the counties in the 
principles and methods of procedure. 
A considerable improvement in the 
appearance of the roadside trees in 
Maryland is confidently expected as a 
result of the operation of this law. 


FIRE: PROTECTIVE WORK 


ONROE County, Pennsyl- 
MI vania, has been the first to try 
out the new supplementary 
acts, passed by the last legis- 
lature, which provide for the appoint- 
ment of State Foresters to act as Dis- 
trict Foresters in designated counties, 
and also for a system of fire patrol. Dis- 
trict Forester John L. Strobeck has 
made two interesting reports upon the 
practical working of the new laws. 
The spring fire season of 1914 was 
unusually favorable to outbreaks of 
forest fires. There were thirty-six in 
all; but some were detected so quickly 
and put out so promtly that they were 
not considered important enough to be 
included in the official reports of the 
wardens. Mr. Strobeck considers this 
an error and advises that every fire 
should hereafter be included in the re- 
ports sent to the Commissioner of 
Forestry. Four thousand eight hun- 
dred and forty-two acres were burned 
over, in different parts of the county. 
The causes of the fires, according to 
the reports of the wardens, were as 
follows: 


Unknown, 6; railroads, 15; lighted 
tobacco, 6; incendary, 5; brush burning, 
3, and lightning, 1. 

The Pocono Protective Fire Associa- 
tion of Monroe County, took advantage 
of the recent Act of Legislature, No. 
432, to inaugurate a fire patrol in con- 
junction with the Department of For- 
estry. ‘wo patrolmen were appointed 
to try out the new system, and the 
results of the trial have been so satis- 
factory that the District Forester is urg- 
ing an increase in the number of patro!- 
men before the autumn fire season 
comes around. He also recommends 
the establishment of telephone connec- 
tion with the lookout stations, the dis- 
tribution of posters, and improvements 
in apparatus for extinguishing fires. 

The cost to the State for fighting 
these fires amounted to $282.13. To 
this sum must be added the cost of 
maintaining two patrolmen for two 
months, $101.00 on the part of the State, 
and $100.00 on the part of the Pocono 
Protective Fire Association. 


WANTED—BACK NUMBERS 


Members of American Forestry As- 
sociation who have back numbers of 
AMERICAN Forestry, will confer a 
great favor upon the Association if 

they will sell to it any of the follow- 


ing copies: November, 1908. 
October, 1911. 
February, 1912. 
April, 1912. 
May, 1912. 


A Gtant TuLe Tree, Miita, Mexico. 


THE CIRCUMFERENCE 1s}145 FEET TWO INCHES AND THE TREE HAS BEEN A SILENT,WITNESS OF 
THE PASSAGE OF SEVERAL CIVILIZATIONS. 


WORLD'S: CARGES! TREE aint 


HE giant tule tree which stands 
in| the little “churchyard at 
Mitla, Mexico, is an object 
of interest to many tour- 
ists. It is said to have the largest trunk 
of any tree in the world. Its circum- 
ference at its largest point measures 
145 feet and 2 inches. So large is this 
trunk that a full grown man when 
standing by it appears to be of insig- 
nificant size. The ancient tree is great- 
ly reverenced by the native of that part 
of Mexico. In passing beneath its 
overspreading branches these simple- 
minded people never fail to tarry a 
moment and pay quiet devotion to the 
great monument of nature. 
The age of this tree is a matter of 
conjecture. It is said to be no larger 
now than when it was first discovered 


by the Spanish hosts which followed 
Hernando Cortez to the shore of Mex- 
ico nearly four centuries ago, says the 
American Lumberman, According to 
the theory of some scientists the tree 
has been silent witness to several dif- 
ferent civilizations. Within its shadow, 
almost, are the prehistoric ruins of 
Mitla, which are of never-failing inter- 
est to all archeologists. To the roman- 
tic mind may be pictured the scene of 
this giant tree looking down upon the 
prehistoric people as they builded the 
great structures which now stand in 
ruins at its very feet. ‘The tree bids 
fair to stand through coming centuries 
and, perhaps, witness other changes in 
the human progress of events of as 
great moment as those which it has al- 
ready passed through. 


HEADQUARTERS OF THE CO-OPERATIVE PATROLMAN. 


PIRE PROTECIION IN CALIFORNIA 


By KNow.ton Mitus, Forest Examiner, Tahoe National Forest. 


N WORKING towards the ideal of 
efficient fire protection it is essential 
to take advantage of every possi- 
ble chance for cooperation between 

interested bodies. The possibilities of 
cooperation have undoubtedly been most 
fully realized in the Pacific Northwest 
where the work of private, federal and 
State apencies is now so well coordi- 
nated that the efficiency of all three is 
thereby greatly increased. Cooperation 
in protection, however, will necessarily 
take various forms in meeting various 
conditions. For the last five years a 
cooperative agreement has been in force 
between a pulp and paper company in 
California and the Forest -Service, 
which has resulted in keeping fire dam- 
age on the company’s lands down to a 
minimum and has given complete satis- 
faction both to the company and to the 
Service. 

The Crown Columbia Paper Com- 
pany of San Francisco controls approx- 
imately 40,000 acres of timberland in 


eastern California and western Nevada, 
in the region north and northeast of 
Lake Tahoe and south of the Southern 
Pacific Railroad. The land is at an 
elevation of 6,000 to 9,000 feet on the 
eastern: slope’ of the Sierras: and). is 
rough in topography. About 20,000 
cords of red fir and white fir pulpwood 
are cut annually on this tract, for use 
at the company’s pulp and paper mill at 
Floriston, California. 

Although the fire danger in the fir 
type is not generally excessive, some 
special factors here contribute to in- 
crease the risk. As the tract is located 
within the lightning belt a number of 
fires have started from this cause. Dur- 
ing the summer a large number of 
tourists visiting Lake ‘Tahoe frequent 
the area, causing considerable danger 
from camp fires. As an_ additional 
source of danger wood-cutting for the 
Lake ‘Tahoe resorts has left a large 
slash area in the southern part of the 
tract. With this serious fire risk exist- 

679 


680 AMERICAN 


‘ing for six months of the year and with 
its heavy investment in machinery at 
the Floriston plant it became evident 
to the company in the winter of 1908 
that it would be a wise policy to insure, 
as far as possible, the permanence of 
its supply of raw material by means of 
a system of organized protection. As 
the company cuts fir only for pulpwood, 
leaving the remaining timber, which 
consists largely of pine, valuable for 
saw timber, they became convinced that 
fire protection would eventually pay for 
itself by protecting the cut-over land 


FORESTRY 


This agreement provides that the 
district forester and the company estab- 
lish a system of fire protection on the 
company’s lands, that the supervisor of 
the Tahoe National Forest shall have 
full control of all work of patrolmen 
and fire fighters on the land, that the 
company pays for protection and patrol 
during the fire season a maximum of 
$250 a month, including the services of 
not less than three men. The company 
also agrees to pay towards the cost of 
fire fighting on its land such amounts as 
shall be agreed upon with the Super- 


FOREST SERVICE FIRE PATROL LAUNCH ‘‘ RANGER" ON LAKE TAHOE. 


as well as the virgin timber. Since the 
company’s lands are either within or 
closely adjoining the Tahoe National 
Forest, they were afforded a consider- 
able amount of protection from the 
Forest Service patrol and lookout sys- 
tem. Feeling the need of more inten- 
sive protection, the Secretary of the 
company, Mr. Frank Schwabacher, 
whose energy and enthusiasm have been 
largely responsible for the success of 
the plan, took up with the District For- 
ester, at the beginning of the fire sea- 
son in 1909, the proposition of a cooper- 
ative agreement. An informal arrange- 
ment was then made which was fol- 
lowed continuously until 1913, when a 
new agreement was made. 


visor, and to pay these bills promptly, 
while the District Forester agrees at 
the end of the fire season to report to 
the company on the work done under 
the agreement, with a detailed state- 
ment of expenditures and also show the 
location, area, total cost and damage of 
each’ ‘fire: / The contract) remanicaan 
force year after year until terminated 
by either party. 

An apparent objection to the agree- 
ment is that it does not seem to be suf- 
ficiently detailed and definite, leaving 
too much room for misunderstanding. 
The successful results of the plan, how 
ever, have proved that this objection 
does not hold. Since it was difficult to 
foresee, for any length of time ahead, 


EEE 


FIRE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA 


681 


Mr. FRANK SCHWABACHER ON INSPECTION TRIP. 
SHOWING CALIFORNIA RED FIR PULPWOOD LUMBER IN BACKGROUND. 


the exact form which the cooperative 
work should take and to forecast the 
methods which would give the greatest 
protection for the least cost, it seemed 
best to put the spirit and main essen- 
tials of the cooperation into the adopted 
form, leaving the details to be settled 
as they come up, by mutual understand- 
ing between the company and the Servy- 
ice. This has worked out most satis- 
factorily, for not the slightest hitch nor 
misunderstanding has occurred since 
the beginning of the cooperation, and 
the work throughout has been followed 
with keen interest on both sides. 

After the informal agreement had 
been in force for one season the value 
of having a fire plan for the organiza- 
tion of the cooperative protection work 
became evident. In 1910 Forest Assis- 
tant J. A. Mitchell was detailed for 
this and constructed a plan which, with 
some later revisions, has been closely 


followed. Its cost was borne by the 
Company but since its value extends 
over a long period the cost has not 
been noticeable from year to year. 
Fach winter the protection work ac- 
complished during the past season is 
reviewed by Supervisor Bigelow of the 
Tahoe National Forest and Mr. Schwa- 
bacher of the Company, and details of 
the work for the coming season are 
discussed and determined. ‘Two patrol- 
men and a lookout working in coordi- 
nation with the regular Forest Service 
organization for the district form an 
adequate force for present needs. The 
Service maintains a launch patrol on 
Lake Tahoe and has a ranger and 
a fire guard throughout the fire season 
on that part of the Tahoe Forest which 
is adjacent to the Company’s holdings. 
A lookout is established on a centrally 
located peak at an elevation of 8,600 
feet, overlooking at least 90 per cent of 


682 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


TELEPHONE STATION ON PATROL ROUTE. 


A NUMBER OF THESE TELEPHONE STATIONS ARE DISTRIBUTED OVER THE DISTRICT SO THAT ALARMS OF FIRE MAY BE 
SENT QUICKLY TO HEADQUARTERS. 


the cooperative tract and covering a 
range of vision of about 300,000 acres, 
one-third of which is National Forest 
land and the remainder alienated land 
closely adjacent to the Forest bounda- 
ries. The cost of the lookout man’s 
salary is divided between the Company 
and the Service. Constant telephone 
communication is maintained between 
the cooperative guards, lookout, launch 
patrolman and forest rangers. In case 
of fire the patrolmen get in touch with 
central stations which send out neces- 
sary men and supplies. Several owners 
and operators in the locality are also 
prepared to give assistance in emergen- 
cies: 

The patrolmen are placed in the field 
before the fire season commences and 
retained after the danger is over for a 
short period each year for the purpose 
of maintaining existing improvements 
and doing new construction. Since the 
agreement has been in force five patrol- 
men’s cabins and three pastures have 


been built and approximately 50 miles 
of telephone line and 36 miles of trail 
have been constructed by the company 
and Forest Service in cooperation. In 
the tract north of Lake Tahoe trails 
and telephones are so arranged that it 
is not necessary for a patrolman to ride 
more than two miles from any point to 
reach a telephone. ‘Trails have been 
carefully blazed so that men unfamihar 
with the country may find their way to 
any point without guides, in cases of 
emergency, AN fire dime, about, acmile 
long has been made, protecting a valu- 
able stand of timber from a dangerous 
slash area. ‘Tools necessary for con- 
struction work and fire fighting are 
stored in adequate amounts at suitable 
points. An inventory is taken by the 
district ranger at the end of the season 
and any losses noted are filled at the 
opening of the next season so that all 
tool caches will be fully equipped in 
case of need. 


a 


FIRE PROTECTION IN CALIFORNIA 683 


Only one fire of threatening propor- 
tions has occurred on the Company’s 
holdings since 1909. This fire, which 
burned over an area of about 160 acres, 
was placed under control before much 
damage was done. A large number of 
fires have started but they have all been 


smothered in infancy and confined to a 
fraction of an acre. 

The total cost of protection to the 
Company for the season of 1913 was 
$906.86. This amount prorated over 


the total acreage gives a protection cost 
of $0.023 per acre. 


Wuart Is Ir? 


A FLORIDA MONSTER 


Although the palmetto swamps of 
Florida harbor moccassins, rattlesnakes 
and other reptiles, a sight such as 1s 
shown in the accompanying photograph 
is very unusual, and was quite a shock 
to the hunter who suddenly came upon 


this scene. However, investigation 
proved that the enormous reptile was 
quite harmless, being a magnolia tree 
that has grown into this very unusual 
shape. 


THe CANADIAN DEPARMENA 


By ELwoop WILSON 


Virgo Camppell, (Chief of the 
Dominion Forest Service, has been 
made an honorary member of the Royal 
Scottish Arboricultural Society and has 
gone to Scotland to receive this honor. 


On account of the war, the Canadian 
Forestry Association has postponed the 
convention, which was to have been 
held in Halifax in September. 


The following executive committees 
have been elected by the Canadian So- 
ciety of Forest Engineers. Maritime 
Provinces and Quebec, GC. Piche WA. 
hedard=and. R.. B: Miller’. Ontario; 
Clyde Leavitt, T. W. Dwight and J. H. 
White. Prairie Provinces, Norman M. 
Ross, W. Alden and L. M. Ellis. 


A very curious incident happened to 
one of the fire-rangers of the St. 
Maurice Forest Protective Association 
last week. He was proceeding down 
the Mattawin River in a canoe and was 
just about to land at a portage around 
a rapid when a large cow moose with 
two calves came out on the bank and 
started into the water to attack the 
canoe. The men shouted and tried to 
drive her away, but she kept on coming 
into the water and in trying to avoid 
her the canoe was caught and swept 
down the rapids, swamping it, and the 
men barely escaped with their lives, los- 
ing part of their baggage. 


The Forest Products Laboratory of 
Canada, located at McGill University, 
in Montreal, will be in charge of Dr. 
J. S. Bates, assisted by Mr. O. F. Bry- 
ant, B. S. . There will be a complete 
outfit of paper making machinery and 
every effort will be made to help 
Canadian Manufacturers in the solving 
of their problems. 


The town of Hearst, in Northern 
Ontario, was wiped out by a forest fire 
on June ninth. The loss was about 

684 


$50,000. There had been small fires in 
the neighborhood for some time, but 
no attention was paid to them. The 
fire protection system in Ontario leaves 
much to be desired. 


The Forestry Division of the Lauren- 
tide Co., Ltd., has just finished a survey 
and map of 2350 square miles showing 
all drianage, roads, portages and trails, 
lookout stations, telephone lines and 
timber conditions. This is the first com- 
plete map ever made of this section and 
in order to be of use about 500 square 
miles of contiguous territory has been 
mapped. The average error of closure 
of. traverses is one in 300 and the scale 
of the finished map is two miles to 
the inch. Maps of each section of 50 
square miles on a scale of three-quart- 
ers of a mile to one inch have also been 
completed showing the location and 
amount of green timber, the burnt and 
cut over areas, ete. This Company is 
also importing reindeer from Dr. Gren- 
fell’s herd in Newfoundland to take the 
place of slad dogs which are very 
troublesome to keep in summer and are 
not very efficient in winter. This ex- 
periment is being watched with much 
interest. If successful some of these 
deer will be supplied to the Indians who 
are finding the game supply getting 
pretty short. 


Dr. B. E. Fernow and Messrs. Lea- 
vitt and Wilson were the guests of Mr. 
W. R. Brown and the Eastern Forest- 
ers’ Society, at Berlin and Gorham, N. 
H., and had a most enjoyable time. 


The Quebec Government will sell at 
auction during these months some large 
timber tracts and some valuable water 
powers. 


The area of British Columbia 1s 243,- 
000,000 acres, of which approximately 
125,000,000 acres is capable of produc- 
ing merchantable timber. Actually the 


THE CANADIAN 


virgin forest on all but 30,000,000 acres 
has been destroyed by fire in the last 
60 years. Had no fires occurred the 
stand of timber would amount to over 
1,000,000,000,000 feet B. M. ‘The 
actual amount is 350,000,000,000. 

Timber lands, bearing over 8,000 feet 
B. M. per acre west of the Cascades, 
and 5,000 feet B. M. per acre Fast of 
the Cascades are reserved by law from 
alienation from Government ownership. 
Prior to 1911 timber lands were dis- 
posed of by lease or license, by the 
terms of which the Government re- 
tains a royalty interest and the right to 
regulate cutting. When cutting 1s com- 
pleted the land reverts to the Govern- 
ment. About 10,000,000 acres were 
disposed of in this way. At the present 
time timber is disposed of only by sale; 
the conditions being almost identical to 
those in effect on the U. S. National 
Forests. 

British Columbia obtains an annual 
revenue of $2,500,000 from its forests. 
It expends for forest administration 
over $200,000 and for forest protection 
over $300,000 annually. 

The present annual cut from Provin- 
cial Forests is 1,200,000,000 feet B. M. 
per annum of logs, shingle bolts, cord: 
wood and pulpwood. 

ihe: Forests: are waiewistered 
through 11 District Foresters, whose 
districts, occupy 15,000,000 acres gross, 
covering all the settled portion of Brit- 
ish Columbia outside the Dominion 
Railway Belt. The District Foresters 
are assisted by 36 Rangers and 6 Forest 
Assistants. 

The Protection Force consists of 
about 200 Forest Guards employed for 
the whole of the fire season from May 


DEPARTMENT 685 
Ist to October Ist; 100 patrolmen in 
the dangerous months of July and Au- 
gust and 40 patrolmen on railway con- 
struction. 

The Dominion Railway Belt, an 
area of about 11,000,000 acres, extend- 
ing across the province 20 miles on 
each side of the C. P. Ry., is under the 
administration of the Dominion Fores- 
try Branch (forest reserves) and the 
Dominion Crown Timber Branch (tim- 
ber leases and licenses), They employ 
a total protection force of about 100 
men. 

The railways under operation in 
British Columbia, as the Canadian Pa- 
cific Railroad, Grand Trunk Pacific, 
Great Northern Railroad, make fire 
protection a part of the work of all 
their outside force, and the sole work 
of a special force of railway patrol- 
men, totalling about 50 men. 


An important measure of co-opera- 
tion has been secured through the ap- 
pointment by the B. C. Forest Branch 
of various men such as Fire Chiefs of 
Municipalities, Public Road Superin- 
tendents, etc., as Acting Forest Guards, 
to a total number of about 40. 


A few of the larger timber owners 
employ private guards on their hold- 
ings. 

Altogether there are in the Province 
over 500 men whose duties are chiefly 
fire protection and another 500 men 
whose duties are in part fire protection. 

The British Columbia Fire Protection 


Service has issued small pocket whet- 
stones in attractive form to Bov Scouts 
and others with a warning about set- 
ting fires on the back. This is a very 
good move. 


EDITORIAL 


ESPITE, the financial stress 
and the business uncertainty 
due to the European war the 
responses to the request of 

the American Forestry Association for 
subscriptions to its $50,000.00 bond 1s- 
sue have been highly satisfactory. A 
number of members have already sub- 
scribed from $10 to $100 and several 
subscriptions for larger amounts have 
been received. The total is steadily 
growing, but it has a long distance to 
go before it reaches the $50,000.00 
mark. Members who have not done so 
already are asked to give the project 
their careful consideration. Letters 
describing the bonds and for what 
the money derived from their sale will 
be used, will be received by every mem- 
ber, and it is hoped that the subscrip- 
tions will come in steadily. 

It is far from a good time to sell 
this class of bonds, but it is believed 
that the members of the Association 
are so interested in the importance of 


its work and the need of extending it, 
that the entire issue will be taken. 

Members of the Association and all 
persons interested in forestry who sub- 
scribe for these bonds should do so pri- 
marily for the purpose of helping and 
forwarding the cause of forestry. 
While the present excellent financial 
showing of the Association, and the 
results that are being attained by its 
magazine, AMERICAN Forestry, have 
encouraged the directors to make this 
bond issue, and there is good business 
prospect that the bonds will pay inter- 
est and principal, they should be taken 
rather as a means of aiding the cause 
with a fair prospect of recoupment, 
than as an assured investment based 
on real estate security, for the security 
depends upon the continued growth of 
the forestry movement and the finan- 
cial success of the magazine—and this 
bond issue is made specifically to raise 
funds to better and popularize the mag- 
azine and to enlarge its field of teach- 
ing and usefulness. 


oe A RESULT: 20f- the swan ein 
Furope there is almost cer- 
tain to be an exceptionally 
large demand for forest prod- 
ucts from both the United States and 
Canada. While some lumbermen and 
lumber manufacturers may until peace 
is restored find business dull, they 
should take advantage of this dullness 
to prepare for full capacity production 
when the war is over. If the European 
market is for the present largely cut 
off, the South American market is wide 
open and there should be and there are 
many ways in which forest products 
hitherto exported to Europe in large 
quantities can be diverted now to the 
markets to the south of us. When the 
war is over an enormous boom in trade 
of all kinds is expected and the better 
prepared the dealers in forest products 
are. the greater will be their gain. 


686 


The exceptional demand, when it 
does come, should, among other things, 
serve to impress upon timberland own- 
ers the necessity for protecting the for- 
ests against fire, providing where it is 
practicable; for new forest growth, 
greater utilization of timber and gen- 
eral conservation of our forests. 

One effect of the war which will not 
be felt for some years will be the need, 
ultimately, of replacing timber of vari- 
ous kinds which has now to be used 
without being treated with preserva- 
tives, becaues the supply of creosote 
from Cermany has been cut off. Rail- 
roads which have millions of ties on 
hand awaiting treatment: wiil doubtless 
be compelled to use quantities of them 
untreated, as it may be some months 
before they can secure a new supply of 
preservatives. 


EDITORIAL 


ETTENTION: is called to the 
ak article on another page about 
the new roadside tree law in 
Maryland, a law which should 

be adopted by every other state in the 
Union. Nothing adds to the beauty of 
our roads as much as fine shade trees 
and as there are hundreds of thousands 
of roads along which there are few if 
any trees and where trees could readily 
be grown, the opportunities for the 
adoption and enforcement of a road 
tree law in other states, should not be 
overlooked. While it would take years 


687 


to accomplish it is not beyond the 
bounds of possibility that many who 
are now alive will live to see every 
main road and every road cross country 
lined with fine trees which are either 
the property of state, county or munic- 
ipality. Already the women of the 
country are interested in a project to 
plant trees along the proposed Lincoln 
Highway from ocean to ocean, and if 
the women remain interested the suc- 
cess of the movement is practically as- 
sured. 


LABAMA needs a state forestry 
department, and if the efforts 
of, Johny at, \ Wallace: «irs tae 
State Game and Fish Com- 

missioner, and the American © For- 
estry Association are successful, one 
will be created. Mr. Wallace will 
embody in his annual report to the 
Governor and the Legislature, which is 
now being prepared, an earnest recom- 
mendation for the passage of a bill 
providing for a forestry department, 
the appointment of a state forester and 
a liberal appropriation for the work to 
be done. The American Forestry As- 
sociation has furnished the draft of a 
bill suited to Alabama’s needs to Mr. 
Wallace, and this will be included in 
the report. 

These, of course, are but the prelim- 
inary steps. Before the bill can pass 
the people of the state must be told 
why the state needs a forestry depart- 
ment and how it will directly or indi- 
rectly benefit every resident; and the 
members of the legislature must be 
convinced that there is immediate need 
of the bill being passed. 

It is in this work that the American 
Forestry Association can best partici- 
pate. The success of any forestry bill 
depends upon educating the citizens and 
the legislators, and there are so many 
and convincing arguments why Ala- 
bama should have a forestry depart- 


ment, and in fact why every state 
should have one, that it will not be 
difficult to show the people how they 
and the state will benefit. With the 
management of the state timber lands 
under the control of an efficient state 
forester and with a forestry depart- 
ment which will teach the owners of 
timberlands, wood lots, and single trees 
how to take the best care of them; 
how to derive the best financial returns 
from timberlands; how to make wood- 
lots useful and remunerative and how 
to grow shade trees and foster them: 
the citizens of the state wili derive 
practical benefits from the department 
which will make them sorry they were 
not wide awake enough to create such 
a department many years ago. 

Commissioner Wallace has recom- 
mended forestry bills in previous re- 
ports, but nothing has come of the rec- 
ommendations. Now, however, when 
the state legislature meets in January 
it is expected there will be such an in- 
sistent demand for a forestry law that 
the members of the law creating body 
cannot possibly ignore it. 

In Virginia last spring, following a 
campaign of education conducted by 
the American Forestry Association a 
forestry bill passed the Senate unani- 
mously and the House by a vote of 86 
to 3, and if this can be done in Vir- 
ginia it can also be done in Alabama. 


688 AMERICAN 


N aggressive campaign is now un- 
der way in Minnesota to secure 
the passage of an amendment to 
the State Constitution which will 

enable the state to retain state lands 
suited only for forests, instead of selling 
all such land as now provided by the 
Constitution. If this amendment pass- 
es it will be the inauguration of a true 
forest policy for the state. The Muin- 
nesota State Forestry Association is di- 
recting the campaign and has enlisted 
most of the newspapers and most of 
the progressive oganizations of the state 
in the fight. 

The campaign is directed chiefly to 
arousing the voters, impressing them 
with the need of this forestry amend- 
ment as it is called, and urging them 
to vote for it. So well has the cam- 
paign been planned and so ably is it 
being conducted that its success is 
practically assured. 

Summed up, the situation is this: 
The State of Minnesota originally 
owned eight and a half million acres of 
land. Under the State Constitution, 
all of these lands were to be sold on 
the assumption that all were fit for 
farming. When the big pineries were 
removed, much of that land was found 


FORESTRY 


to be so rocky and gravelly as to be 
entirely unfit for farming, and that 
land having now been cut over and 
burned over, will become a_ barren 


waste, unproductive, paying no taxes, 


a burden to the community and a bad 
advertisement to the state. 

The issue now is this: Shall the state 
go ahead and follow the old policy 
which is now known to be partly 
wrong or shall it adopt another method 
of managing the state lands? The 
legislature has seen the urgent neces- 
sity of departing from the old mistaken 
ways and has proposed a remedy, which 
is embodied in No. 9, the State Forests 
Amendment. 

This amendment provides that all 
those state lands which are better suited 
for tree growth than for farming, shall 
not be sold but. be gused as’ State 
Forests. 

Nine out of ten amendments in Min- 
nesota usually fail, and in order to 
make the average voter realize the fact 
that there is a forestry amendment to 
be voted on, and that it is up to his in- 
terests that this amendment pass, it is 
necessary that an extensive campaign 
be conducted. 


AN HONEST FOREMAN 


LINES PENCILED ON THE WALL OF A FLAG STATION NEAR 
RAQUETTE LAKE, NEW YORK 


The hiker stood on the cross-arm, 

The foreman on the ground, 

Said the hiker to the foreman, 
“Do we quit when the sun goes down?” 


9 


"NO; Os 


said the company’s foreman, 


“We work until ’tis dark.” 
“Tf that is the case,” said the hiker, 
“Til take my time and start. 


T’ll travel the wide world over, 

I'll roam from town to town 

Until I find an honest foreman 

Who will quit when the sun goes down.” 


—Transcribed by E. M. Price. 


ee a 


In the effort to prolong until 1926 
the operation of the Weeks law for 
the acquisition of forest lands and 
cooperation with states in fire protec- 
tion work Representative Sells, of 
Tennessee, has introduced a bill in the 
House. Its chief provision is as fol- 
lows: 

“There is hereby appropriated for 
the fiscal year, ending June 30, 1916, 
the sum of $3,000,000 and for each 
fiscal year thereafter a sum not to ex- 
ceed $4,000,000, for use in the exam- 
ination, survey, and acquirement of 
lands located on the headwaters of 
navigable streams, or those which are 
being or may be developed for naviga- 
ble purposes, provided, that the provi- 
sions of this section shall expire by 
limitation on the thirtieth day of June, 
1926.” 


R. D. Maddox on the first of Sep- 
tember took charge of the new for- 
estry department of Tennessee which 
is under the direction of the State Geo- 
logical Department. Mr. Maddox will 
study the forest conditions of the 
state and advise the lumbermen and 
other owners of timber land as to the 
management of their timber land. He 
will also study the problem of the rec- 
lamation of the gullied lands of East 
Tennessee. 

Mr. Maddox is a native of Lincoln 
County, Tennessee, a graduate of the 
Yale School of Forestry, was for sev- 
eral years a member of the Bureau of 
Forestry of New Hampshire and was 
last year in the Department of For- 
estry at the State College of Pennsyl- 
vania. 


PORES! iN@tisS 


At a recent meeting of the Forest 
Products Exposition Company it was 
decided that another large exposition 
should not be held in Chicago or New 
York during the coming year, because 
of the complications created by the San 
Francisco Exposition, and for other 
reasons, but it was recommended that 
plans for the holding of the same in 
the year 1916 be inaugurated as early 
as practicable. 


The firm of Fisher & Bryant, con- 
sulting engineers, has been dissolved, 
and the business has been taken over 
by George T. Carlisle, Jr., with head- 
quarters at 386 Hyde Park Ave., 
Roslindale, Mass., a well-known for- 
ester. Mr. E. S. Bryant, one of the 
members of the former firm, is now 
with the Forest Service and is sta- 
tioned at Washington, D. C. 

As a part of a systematic campaign 
for forest fire protection which the for- 
est branch is conducting in British Co- 
lumbia under the direction of H. R. 
MacMullen, chief forester, 1,000 pocket 
whetstones are being distributed among 
the boy scouts of British Columbia. On 
the reverse side of the whetstone is 
the inscription: “Build Camp Fires in 
Safe Places. When You Leave Put 
Them Out. Boy Scouts be Prepared. 
Help Protect Our Forests.” Altogether 
more than 50,000 circulars, posters, pic- 
tures, pocket whetstones, etc., have 
been distributed all over the Province 
to lumbermen, woodsmen of all kinds, 
newspapers, banks, hotels, — stores, 
clergymen, school children, etc., and 
the response has been most gratifying. 

689 


690 


A report from Bangor, Me., says 
ten steel lookout towers for Maine 
forests have arrived and will be at 
once installed on the following moun- 
tains: Mattagamon, Trout Brook and 
Beetle on the East Branch of the Penob- 


scot; Mattamiscontis, on Penobscot 
waters; Three Brooks in the Squa 
Arostook; Kennebago, near Range- 


ley; Mulhedus on the southwest branch 
of the Penobscot above Moosehead ; 
Ragged and Sourdnahunk, in from Nor- 
cross. This makes a total of thirty steel 
and three wooden towers that have been 
put up this year in addition to ten port- 
able houses located where towers were 
unnecessary. 


A movement is on foot at Shreve- 
port, La., to make it possible for the 
school children of that city to secure 
an education in tree knowledge. It is 
the intention of those behind the move- 
ment to have on hand at all times sam- 
ples of all trees in the bark and after 
being manufactured so that the school 
children may acquire a knowledge that 
may be of use to them in later years. 
Another movement on foot in that city 
is to have all of the trees adorning the 
highways of the city labeled so that 
not only the children but grown people 
will be able to ascertain the difference 
between the various kinds of southern 
bhees: 


Prof. Alfred Akerman, of the Col- 
lege of Agriculture at Athens, Ga., 
writes: “I am leaving the College of 
Agriculture here at Athens this fall, for 
a timber tract in Greene County. My 
work will be reorganized along some- 
what different lines, greater emphasies 
being placed on the outdoor part of the 
curriculum. Over 900 acres have been 
secured in Greene County and another 
place of 300 acres in Towns County 
on the other side of the Blue Ridge 
For the present the place in Towns will 
be used only for summer camps. A 
sawmill is to be put on the Greene 
County tract and the forest is to be 
worked on a business basis, but also 
with a view to its use by the students 
for experimentation. A site for a winter 
camp has been secured in Florida. It 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


is proposed to mount the students, be- 
ginning next year, and to make the 
trips to the mountains and to Florida 
on horseback. ‘The course is to be of 
three years* duration:~ One of “the 
terms is to be spent in Towns and one 
in Florida. This will give the men a 
chance to study all of the important 
timber trees of the eastern part of the 
United States, except the spruce. “At 
present there are no buildings on the 
headquarters place in Greene County, 
and tents will be used until some bunga- 
lows can be built. 

I have dreamed for five years of a 
forest school in the woods, and now 
my dream is taking shape. 


Owing to the war the president and 
directors of the Canadian Forestry 
Association have, after the most careful 
consideration, decided to cancel the ar- 
rangements for the forestry convention 
which was to be held in Halifax, Sep- 
tember 1 to 4, 1914, and to postpone 
the convention indefinitely. Whatever 
it is decided to do in the future, due 
notice will be given thereof to the 
members and all others concerned. 


Conservation Com- 
mission is making exhibits at thirty 
fairs in New York State. These ex- 
hibits consist of sample forest planta- 
tions and planting material. A repre- 
sentative is present at each one of these 
places to give information in regard to 
reforesting, taxation, handling wood- 
lots, etc. Literature along these lines is 
also distributed. 


The New York 


A tabulation of the forest fires in 
New York State, completed August 10, 
shows 208 fires, 9,650 acres burned, 
causing $6,304 damage, and costing 
$6,463.24 to extinguish. It is interest- 
ing to note that as usual practically all 
these fires were due to carelessness. 
Smokers caused seventy-seven; fisher- 
men, thirty-eight; railroads, forty-one ; 
campers, eleven. The commission is 
endeavoring to reduce the danger of 
fire from this cause by increasing its 
educational work and by prosecuting 
people who cause fires negligently. Con- 
siderable anxiety was felt recently on 


FOREST NOTES 


account of the heavy pall of smoke 
which overhung the Adirondacks. This 
smoke was not due to fires within this 
territory, but on account of the forest 
fires in the province of Quebec. 


F. A. Gaylord, who for the last four 
years’ has been one of New York 
State’s foresters, has resigned his posi- 
tion and accepted appointment of the 
Nehasane Park Association. He will 
have charge of the property and will 
plan and carry on lumbering opera- 
tions. 


Four hundred and sixty thousand 
feet, nine hundred and ten logs have 
been loaded on seventy cars in a nine- 
hour day! That’s five logs every three 
minutes throughout the day, or eight 
hundred and fifty-two feet a minute. 
This splendid record was made by 
Loaderman A. B. Cochran for the Gulf 
Lumber Company at Fullerton, La. A 
stiff-boom McGiffert Loader was used. 
The rest of this record-breaking crew 
consisted of W. A. McCormick, fire- 
man; Dock Jordan, Will Kile, Red 
Bass, Bob Franklin, and Charles Rev- 


els, 


Montana’s new School of Forestry 
opens its doors on September 8. Full 
courses in scientific forestry and in 
logging engineering are to be in the 
hands of expert instructors, and no ef- 
fort will be spared to provide for all 
students the best and most practical 
and up-to-date courses of instruction. 
The new School of Forestry is a de- 
partment of the University of Mon- 
tana, located at Missoula. The loca- 
tion is peculiarly advantageous in its 
relation to the work of the federal for- 
est service, and its position in a forest 
region of great importance, both scien- 
tific and economic, and in the special 
opportunities offered in a new and rap- 
idly growing section of the country. 
Mr. Dorr Skeels, an expert logging en- 
gineer of the forest service, has been 
selected dean of the school. 


The State of New York will be one 
of the greatest forest producing states 
of the Union because nearly half of the 


691 


land surface is better suited to the grow- 
ing of forests than any other crop from 
the soil. Furthermore, its forest area 
is surrounded by waterways leading to 
the best of markets and it does not have 
the severe topographical difficulties met 
with in forest areas of the Appalachian 
and Rocky Mountain sections. The 
practice of Forestry on these forest 
lands will be simple because of ease 
of access, right climatic and soil con- 
ditions and nearness of market. On 
lands not nearly as well suited to the 
growing of forests as the half of New 
York which is essential forest land, the 
countries of Europe are producing from 
two to five dollars per acre per year 
from forests. 


Richard James Donovan, of New 
York City, whose interest in tree plant- 
ing in the Adirondacks was described 
in the August AMERICAN FORESTRY, 
writes in regard to the planting of 100,- 
000 white pine and Scotch pine: “I 
have just returned from a couple of 
weeks’ visit to the plantation and I find 
that of the Scotch pine planting this 
year not more than 1 per. cent have 
died and of the white pine not more 
than 5 per cent. The white pine is far 
more delicate than the Scotch pine. If 
the white pines are planted in open 
grounds without any saplings or cover 
of undergrowth on light pure soil, they 
are a little difficult to get started and 
some of them will die, but if they have 
cover of small trees or saplings such 
as white birch or poplars and bushes 
of any kind, so that during the first 
few years after they are planted they 
have shade very few of the trees die. 
The white pine tree in its youth needs 
the shade. The Scotch pine may be 
planted in pure white sand and ex- 
posed to the sun and more than 90 per 
cent of them will live. This has been 
my experiences in planting 365,000 pine 
trees in the Adirondack Mountains. 


The National Conservation Congress 
which meets in its sixth annual session 
at New Orleans November 10-14, will 
devote its chief consideration to three 
leading topics, floods and their damage, 


692 AMERICAN 


the conservation of wild life, and child 
welfare. 

The directors of the American For- 
estry Association have decided to hold 
their fall meeting at New Orleans at 
the time the Congress is in session. 


Tree planting exercises have been 
or are being held in all parts of Chi- 
cago, about 250,000 white pine seed- 
lings being provided for yards, vacant 
lots and roadways. Last years 200,- 
000 elm seedlings were planted; the 
year before 300,000 Russian mulberries, 
and in 1911 a total of 280,000 catalpa 
seedlings were given a chance to grow. 
If all thse grew Chicago would be not 
aearden city, but a forest city. - The 
mortality rate among seedlings in Chi- 
cago, says the Chicago Herald, how- 
ever, is almost as great as it is among 
slum babies. If a respectable fraction 
of these young trees grow to maturity 
Chicago will be in time a woodland 
paradise. An authority on arboricul- 
ture as applied in cities, says the ratio 
should be one living shade tree to every 
five inhabitants. In the absence of a 
tree census it is impossible to say how 
near Chicago approaches this ideal. 


(The New York State. College of 
Forestry at Syracuse has estimated that 
the utilization of the maturing and 
dead timber on the New York State 
Forest Preserve of something over 
1,600,000 acres should yield a revenue 


FORESTRY 


of over $1,000,000 every year and this 
without impairing the value of the 
forest for future timber supply and 
watershed protection. This is saying 
nothing of a common-sense use of thin- 
nings from the growing forest crop. 
New York is losing a very large reve- 
nue annually through not using its 
forest lands. 


Carl Schwiz Vrooman was sworn in 
as Assistant Secretary of Agriculture 
on, August 17) succeeding: sDre sas te 
Galloway. Mr. Vrooman was born in 
Macon, Mos, Ocobér 25, 1872. Hievat- 
tended Washburn College, at Topeka, 
Kan., and later was graduated from 
Harvard University, in 1894. He also 
attended Oxford University. Mr. 
Vrooman began writing on publicity 
questions as early as 1894, and has 
contributed to some of the prominent 
magazines. He is the author of sev- 
eral books, including ‘Taming the 
Trusts,” published in 1900, and “Ameri- 
can Railway Problems,” in 1910. Mr. 
Vrooman, by reason of seven years 
spent abroad investigating social and 
economic conditions, and by reason of 
scientific farming conducted on his large 
estates in Illinois, is declared to be pe- 
culiarly fitted for the position vacated 
by Dr. Galloway. For a number of 
years Mr. Vrooman has been carrying 
on his scientific farming near Bloom- 
ington, Ill. He started with about 2,000 
acres of land, and today has nearly 
6,000 acres under cultivation, it is said. 


BOOK REVIEWS 


Mechanical Properties of Wood by Samuel 
Record, M. A., M. F. (John Wiley & Sons, 
Inc., 165 pp. Price, $1.75). Mr. Record is 
the assistant professor of Forest Products 
at the Yale Forest School, and the book was 
written primarily for students of forestry 
to whom a knowledge of the technical prop- 
erties of wood is essential, but it is believed 
that it will also prove a valuable text for 
students of civil and mechanical engineer- 
ing. The mechanics involved is reduced to 
the simplest terms and without reference to 
higher mathematics, with which the students 
are rarely familiar. The intention through- 
out has been to avoid all unnecessarily tech- 
nical language and descriptions, thereby 


making the subject matter readily available 
to everyone interested in wood. In Part I 
the numerous tables giving the various 
strength values of many of the important 
American woods demand attention. Part II 
will interest all who are concerned with the 
rational use of wood, and to the forester 
also, to whom it will suggest means of reg- 
ulating his product. Part III gives the 
methods of timber testing for the most part 
followed by the U. S. Forest Service. The 
Appendix should also prove of value in its 
suggestions to the independent investigator, 
while the Bibliography adds considerably to 
the worth of the book. 


CURRENT LIPERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR AUGUST, 1914. 


( Books 


and periodicals 


indexed in the 


Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole 


Proceedings and reports of associations, 
forest officers, etc. 


India—Bombay presidency—Forest dept. Ad- 
ministration report for the year, 1912- 
1913. 171 p. Bombay, 1914. 

North Carolina—Geological and economic 
survey. The North Carolina forestry as- 
sociation; Asheville meeting. 8 ; 
Chapel Hill, N. C., 1914. (Press bulletin 
129.) 

Ontario—Dept. of lands, forests and mines. 
Report for the year ending 31st October, 
1913. 181 p. il. Toronto, 1914. 

Schlesischer forstverein. Jahrbuch fiir 1913. 
259 p. map. Breslau, 1914. 

Société forestiére de Franche-Comté et Bel- 
fort. Bulletin trimestriel, v. 12, no. 6. 68 
p. Besancon, 1914. 

Society of American foresters. Proceedings, 
WOL Cy so, Sh UG, We. IDL Ce aemZe 


Forest Aesthetics 


Street and park trees 

New York state college of forestry, Syracuse 
university. Rural and city shade tree 
improvement. 15 p. il. Syracuse, N. Y., 
19145 (Bulletin; ser. 14, no: 2 (b)).) 


Forest Education 


Hawes, A. F. A forestry arithmetic for 
Vermont schools. 30 p. pl. Burlington, 
Vt., 1914. (Vermont—Forest service. 
Publication no. 14.) 


Forest Description 


Campbell, R. H. Manitoba a forest province. 
16 p. il. Ottawa, 1914. (Canada—In- 
terior, Dept. of the—Forestry branch. 


~ 


Circular 7.) 


Forest Botany 


Bulletin of popular in- 


Arnold arboretum. C | 
60-61. Jamaica Plain, 


formation, nos. 
Mass., 1914. 

Levison, Jacob Joshua. Studies in trees, no. 
3. il. N. Y., J. Wiley & Sons, 1914. 


Forest Protection 
Insects 
Brunner, Josef. The Sequoia pitch moth a 
menace to pine in western Montana. 11 
p. il. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. S—Dept. 
of agriculture. Bulletin 111.) 


Fiske, W. F. Parasites of the gypsy and 
brown-tail moths introduced into Massa- 
chusetts. 56 p. pl. Boston, Mass., State 
Forester’s office, 1910. 

Miller, John M. Insect damage to the cones 
and seeds of Pacific coast conifers. 7 p. 
pl.  Washs D2 19145 (Us Sent 
of agriculture. Bulletin 95.) 

Fire 

Bothwell, George E. Cooperative forest fire 
protection. 28 p. il., map. Ottawa, 1914. 
Canada—Dept. of the interior—Forestry 
branch. Bulletin 42.) 

Clearwater timber protective 
Seventh annual report, 1913. 
Orofino, Idaho, 1913. 

Potlatch timber protective association. An- 
nual reports, 1912-1913. Potlatch, Idaho, 
1912-1913. 

Rothkugel, Max. Los incendios en los Andes 
Patagonicos. 32 p. il. n. p., n. d. 


Smoke and vapors 
Bakke, A. L. The effect of city smoke on 


association. 
20 p. map. 


vegetation. 27 p. il, maps. Ames, Ia., 
1913. | (lowa—-Agricultural experiment 
station. Bulletin 145.) 


Forest Management 
Morton, B. R.- The care of the woodlot. 15 


p. il. Ottawa, 1914. (Canada—Dept. of 
the interior—Forestry branch, Circular 
10.) 


Communal forests 

Brown, Nelson . Possibilities of municipal 
‘forestry in New York. 19 p. il. Syra- 
cuse, N. Y., 1914. (New York state col- 
lege of forestry, Syracuse university. 
Bulletin, ser. 14, no. 2 (d).) 


Forest Economics 


Forest policy 


Pratt, Joseph Hyde. 
North Carolina. 


A forest policy for 
4 p. Chapel Hill, N. 


C., 1914. (North Carolina—Geological 
and economic survey. Press bulletin 
130.) 


Forest Utilization 


Lumber industry 

United States—Dept. of commerce—Bureau 
of corporations. The lumber industry, 
pt. 4: ‘Conditions in production and 
wholesale distribution including whole- 
sale prices. 933 p. diag. Wash., D. C., 
1914. 

693 


694 AMERICAN 


Wood-using industries 
Brandt, P. M. How to build a Gurler silo. 


11 p. il. Columbia, Mo., 1914. (Mis- 
souri—Agricultural experiment station. 
Circular 67.) 

Campbell, W. B. Chemical methods for 
utilizing wood wastes. 6 p. Ottawa, 
1914. (Canada—Dept. of the interior— 


Forestry branch. Circular 9.) 

Lewis, R. G., comp. Wood-using industries 
of the maritime provinces. 100 p. il. 
Ottawa, 1914. (Canada—Dept. of the in- 
terior—Forestry branch. Bulletin 44.) 

Rabild, Helmer, and others. Homemade 


silos, 27 jos tik Weise IDS (Gy ike (CUI 
S.—Dept. of agriculture Farmers’ bul- 
letin 589.) 


Wood technology 

Kellog, Royal Shaw. Lumber and its uses. 
352 p. il, pl. Chicago, Ill., Radford archi- 
tectural co., 1914. 


Auxiliary Subjects 


Botany 

Piper, Charles Vancouver, and Beattie, R. 
Kent. Flora of southwestern Washing- 
ton and adjacent Idaho. 296 p. map. 
Lancaster, Pa., 1914. 


Agriculture 

Hibbard, B. H. Agricultural codperation. 32 
p. Madison, Wis., 1914. (Wisconsin— 
Agricultural experiment station. Bulle- 
tint 238.) 


Clearing of land 

Thompson, Harry. An outfit for boring 
taprooted stumps for blasting. 5 p. il. 
WYeisiie,, IDA SOx alenee (UL SSDs, wx 
agriculture Farmers’ bulletin 600.) 


Periodical Articles 


Miscellaneous periodicals 


Country gentleman, June 27, 1914—Trees for 
the farmers; has the farm an overlooked 
possibility in its tannin supply? by 
Dwight Carter, p. 1164. 

Plant world, Aug. 1914.—The sand dunes of 
Coos Bay, Oregon, by H. D. House, p. 
238-43. 

Torreya, Aug., 1914—A possible habit mu- 

tant of the sugar maple, by A. F. Blakes- 
lee, p. 140-4. 

United States—Department of agriculture— 
Office of information. Weekly news let- 
ter to crop correspondents, July 29, 1914. 
—Government cooperating with states to 
prevent forest fires, p. 2. 

United States—Department of agriculture— 
Office of information. Weekly news let- 
ter to crop correspondents, Aug. 5, 1914. 
—Surgery for sick trees, p. 3-4. 

United States—Weather bureau. Monthly 
weather review, April, 1914.—Meteoro- 
logical observations in connection with 
botanical geography, agriculture, and 
forestry, by Raphael Zon, p. 217-23. 


FORESTRY 


Washington academy of sciences. Journal, 
July 19, 1914.—Acacia cornigera and its 
allies, by Wm. Edwin Safford, p. 356-68. 


Trade journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, July 4, 1914—Historic 
trees of mmerica, p. 45. 

American lumberman, July 18, 1914.—Proper 
method of laying wood block pavement, 
p. 42; Forestry and lumber manufactur- 
ing in Japan, p. 46; Largest tree trunk in 
the world, p. 59; A stump extracting 
device, p. 61; Uses of redwood, p. 65. 

Barrel and box, July, 1914——Barrels for in- 
flammable articles, p. 35; Cottonwoods 
for cooperage and boxes, p. 37; Wooden 
box specifications for the transportation 
of explosives, p. 46-9. 

‘Canada lumberman, July 15, 1914——Commer- 
cial importance of Douglas fir, by R. G. 
Lewis, p. 34-5. 

Engineering news, May 21, 1914Laying a 
wood-block pavement with cement-grout 
filler, Cambridge, Massachusetts, by L. 
L. Hastings, p. 1130-1; More about 
teredo-proof wood piles, by F. H. Frank- 
land, p. 1140. 

Handle trade, August, 1914.—Determining 
handle grades; work of “Industrial In- 
vestigation” office of government to 
bring about single set of rules, p. 3-5. 

Hardwood record, July 10, 1914—Use of 
red gum for fixtures, p. 245; A new 
method of piling and unpiling lumber, 
p. 34-5. 

Hardwood record, July 25, 1914.—Wood in 
musical instruments, by J. V. Hamilton, 
p. 20-21; The sawed veneer industry, by 
Care OMnpaes 

Hardwood record August 10, 1914.—Wood- 
inlay, p. 30. . 

Lumber trade journal, July 15, 1914Con- 
fer on structural timber grading, p. 
15-6; Timberland tax valuations are too 
high as compared with other lines, p. 22; 
World’s oldest known tree proves to be 
of cypress variety, p. 27; Yellow pine 
mill prices in six states, p. 36. 

Lumber world review, July 25, 1914—-The 
lumberman and forest conservation, by 
J. B. White, p. 28-9; Birch for interior 
finish by R. S. Kellogg, p. 31-2. 

Lumber world review, August 10, 1914.— 
The interesting story of “nupro-gum,” 
by Bolling Arthur Johnson, p. 22-5. 

Mississippi Valley lumberman, July 17, 
1914Forest management: address at 
Chautauqua, by E. T. Allen, p. 41. 

Paper, August 12, 1914—-The chemical pulp 
industry in Germany, p. 15-16. 

Paper trade journal, July 9 1914.—Explor- 
ing new pulp lands in northern Quebec, 
by Nelson C. Brown, p. 38-40. 

Paper trade journal, July 16, 1914.—Paper 
making raw materials of the southern 
states, by Vasco E. Nunez, p. 42-4. 

Paper trade journal, July 30, 1914—The 
chemical evaluation of wood for pulp, 
by Martin L. Griffin, p. 42-4. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Pioneer western lumberman, July 1, 1914.— 
Some of the California hardwoods, by 
Guy A. Buell, p. 11-13. 

Pioneer western lumberman, July 15, 1914— 
Sandalwood in India, by John Stuart 
Hunt, p. 25; The teredo, p. 26; Saw- 
dust briquets in British Columbia, p. 29; 
Brazilian walnut, p. 31. 

Pioneer western lumberman, August 1, 1914. 
—Douglas fir, the leading commercial 
wood of the world, p. 11-13. 

Pulp and paper magazine, June 1, 1914.— 
Canada’s forest resources, by F. D. 
Adams, p. 333-4. 

Pulp and paper magazine, June 15, 1914.— 
Determination of lingin in sulphite 
wood, etc., by E. Richter, p. 354-8. 

St. Louis lumberman, July 15, 1914.—Ad- 
dress on forestry before the American 
forestry association, Chautauqua, July, 
1914, by Henry S. Drinker, p. 30-1; 
Glue, and its place in the woodworking 
industries, p. 66-7; Meeting of the 
American society for the testing ma- 
terials; report of Committee D-7 on 
standard specifications for timber, p. 73. 

Southern lumber journal, July 1, 1914—The 
more efficient utilization of wood and 
forest products, by O. T. Swan, p. 40-2. 

Southern lumber journal, August 1, 1914.— 
Timber preservation one of the growing 
industries of the country, by Frederic 
J. Haskin, p. 42; Famous Black forests 
of southern Germany, p. 45. 

Timber trade journal, July 25, 1914.—Prog- 
ress and efficiency in drying timber, p. 
XVII-XIX. 

Timberman, July, 1914.—Scientific methods 
applied to logging produces economy and 
efficiency, by L. J. Wright, p. 26-9; Prac- 
tical yield tax system in connection with 
timber ownership urged, by E. T. Allen, 
p. 32; Cost of growing Douglas fir tim- 
ber on medium quality forest soil, by 
Burt P. Kirkland, p. 33; Construction of 
modern ocean-going log rafts on the 
Columbia river, p. 33-4. 

United States daily consular report, July 14, 
1914—Timber market conditions in 
China, by Myrl S. Myers, p. 262-3. 

United States daily consular report, July 15, 
1914.—American lumber in Libya, by 
W. Roderick Dorsey, p. 280-1; Tanning 
extracts from black mangrove bark, by 
Wm. F. Doty, p. 285; The mahua of 
illupei tree of India, by John Stuart 
Hunt, p. 908-9. 

West Coast lumberman, July 1, 1914.—Man- 
ufacture of boxes, by J. B. Knapp, p. 
42. 

Wood-worker, July, 1914—Red gum as a 
cabinet wood, by J. D. Chapman, p. 43- 


4, 
Forest journals 
Allgemeine forst-und jagd-zeitung, May, 


1914—Wie kann die forstliche ertrags- 


695 


berechnung zur ermé6glichung der an- 
passung der etatsnutzungen an die wald- 


baulichen erfordernisse gestaltet wer- 
den? by Ernst Klumm, p. 153-9. 
Allgemeine forts-und jagd-zeitung, June 


1914.—Ueber den blendersaumschlag, by 
Schubert, p. 185-9; Das schattenflachen- 
verfahren in seinem verhaltnis zum blen- 
dersaumsystem, namentlich in seiner 
anwendung auf tanne, by Bargmann, p. 
189-93; Ueber wald-und be-standes- 
rander, by Jurgens, p. 193-6. 

Allgemeine forts-und jagd-zeitung, July, 
1914.—Ueber den streit um die forstli- 
chen reinertrage, by Wimmenauer, p. 
221-4; Weitere mitteilungen tiber die 
wirkung von dtingungen in  forchen- 
krippelbestanden des  wutrttembergis- 
chen Schwarzwaldes, by Hofmann, p. 
228-31. 

Centralblatt fur das gesmte forstwesen, Jan.- 
Feb. 1914.—Ueber den blendersaumsch- 
lag und sein system, by L. Hufnagl, p. 
1-10; Ueber die bedingungen fur das 
nattrliche vorkommen der fichte, by P. 
E. Miller, p. 11-27; 1st die ausscheidung 
einer plenterbetriebsklasse im oberen 
waldgtrtel der hochgebirgsforste ger- 
echtfertigt? by Micklitz, p. 28-38; Eine 
forstliche studienreise nach Schweden, 
by Gabriel Janka, p. 57-72. 

Forest leaves, August, 1914——Many forest 
fires on national forests, but well con- 
trolled, p. 146-7; Opportunities for for- 
esters, by C. H. Goetz, p. 148-9; Forest 
planting, Pennsylvania department of 
forestry, by W. G. Conklin, p. 149-51; 
Chautauqua meeting of the American 
forestry association, p. 154-6; Tree sur- 
gery; tree doctoring, by S. B. Elliott. p. 
156-8. 

Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, July, 
1914.—Zuwachsermittlung am baum und 
am bestand, by Schiipfer, p. 349-70; 
Verbesserung magerer heidesandboden 
behfus erziehung modglichst guter kie- 
fernbestande und behufs versuchsweiser 
wiedereinfithrung der buche und anderer 
laubhdlzer auf diesen bodden, by Tie- 
mann, p. 370-82; Zur forstlichen renta- 
bilitatslehre, by Th. Glaser, p. 383-93; 
Ein neues universalmessinstrument, by 
Fritz Lautenbach, p. 395-6. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- 
und landwirtschaft, June, 1914.—Die 
maikafer in der Bukowina und die aus- 
seren bedingungen fiir ihre verbreitung 
in Mitteleuropa, by Fritz Zweigelt, p. 
265-91. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur 
forst-und-landwirtschaft, July, 1914.— 
Sklerotien in reifen fichtenzapfen, by 
Carl von Tubeuf, p. 344-9. 

North Woods, July, 1914.—Town forests and 
health, by Harris A. Reynolds, p. 6-10. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


Quarterly journal of forestry, July, 1914.— 
The collection of forestry statistics, by 
Wm. Schlich, p. 163-8; Preservative 
treatment of timber for estate purposes, 
by J. F. Annand, p. 169-86; Some Doug- 
las fir plantations, by R. L. Robinson, p. 
187-90; The Washburn valley afforesta- 
tion scheme of the Leeds city council, by 
A. Pope, p. 190-207; The conversion of 
coppice-with-standards into high forest 
in France, by R. S. Troup, p. 208-12; 
Notes on an Irish forest garden, by A. 
‘C. Forbes, p. 212-16; Experimental larch 
plantation on Stonecroft estate, North- 
umberland, by George Ross, p. 216-17; 
Experiments on eccentric growth of 
ash, by Somerville, p. 218-29. 

Revue des eaux et foréts. May 15, 1914.— 
esentallis diacacia,. by A. Jolyet,. p 
218-29 

Revue des eaux et foréts, June 1, 1914.—In- 
fluence de la précocité des éclaircies sur 
le rendement des massifs reguliers 
d’épicéas, by Emile Mer, p. 345-9; Board 
foot et métre cube; conversion en 
métres cubes grume des mesures de 
planche du Canada et des Etats-Unis, by 
A. Arnould, p. 350-2; Bulletin forestier 
étranger; Suisse, by A. Barbey, p. 365- 
7; L’influence des foréts sur les crues, 
by Normandin, p. 369-72. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, June 15, 1914.—Des 
egarderies porticuliéres, by René Volmer- 
ange, p. 387-8. : 

Revue des eaux et foréts, July 1, 1914.—Le 
mouvement forestier a l’étranger; Em- 
pire allemand, by G. Huffel, p. 417-29. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, July 15, 1914— 
Détermination des accroissements en 
diametre des arbres, by G. Vaulot, p. 
445-8: Du role des préposés forestiers 
dans les bois particuliers, by J. Made- 
lin, p. 449-52. 

Schweizerische zeitschrift fir forstwesen, 
June, 1914.—Vom schwarzspecht, by W. 
Schadelin, p. 170-6; Die Wellingtonien 
der forstschule in Zurich, p. 176-80. 

Zeitschrift fiir forst-und jagdwesen, June, 
1914.—Einheitliche schatzungstafel_ fur 
kiefer, by Fricke, p. 325-42; Die Pres- 
slerschen “faulen gesellen” im forstwirt- 
schaftsbetrieb, by Frey, p. 342-51; Forst- 
finanzielle zukunftstraume, by Trebel- 
jahr, p. 352-7. 


MAY INVEST 


A technical college graduate M. E., age 34, with 
several years’ experience in civil engineering in both 
office and field work—two years in charge R. R. sur- 
vey and construction—fair draftsman—desires sit- 
uation with Consulting Forester or ‘Timberland 
Estimator in Maine, Canada or the Northwest, with 
idea of learning something of the business; probably 
be open for an investment in a year or so; will 
accept small salary; health demands a hard work 
and outdoor life; satisfactory references. Must 
make change soon. Address “Investor,” Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


BILTMORE TEXT BOOKS 


The text books of the Biltmore Forest School, written by 
Dr. C. A. Schenck, continue for sale at Biltmore. For 
particulars address BILTMORE FOREST BOOKS, 


Biltmore, N. C. tf 


ie) 


Forestry Quarterly 


The technical forestry journal 
of North America 


$2.00 a Year 


Address 
AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION 
Washington, D. C. 


ef BB | | 
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FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


ee 


YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university 
training, business experience and three years of practical 
experience in surveying and construction, including pre- 
liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- 
cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys, 
mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires 
position with forester or lumber firm. Best references 
from former employers. Address ‘‘T. B. C.,’’ Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on 
private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, 
laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts, 
ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and 
thorough knowledge of fencing and tree felling. Has 
had seven years experience on best managed for- 
estry area in Scotland. Address, ‘‘Raith,”’ Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with 
city Park Commission. Understands fully nursery 
work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best 
references and practical experience. Address, ‘‘L. 
M. E.,”’ Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of references. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering firm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


ISNERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- 
tion aS an assistant in park or city forestry work. 
Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. 
Address M. M. J., Care AMERICAN Forestry. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care AMrErrican 
IORESTRY. 


American Forestry 


VOL. XX 


OCTOBER, 1914 


No. 10 


Prob. kOR- LAE PORES TS 


By L. F. KNEIpp 


ROGRESS in the actual admin- 
istration of forested areas 
within these United States 
brings a growing realization 
that there are other products of the 
forest besides timber, forage and water- 
power. There is, for example, that in- 


estimably valuable product—health ; 
health of body and of mind. No indi- 
vidual citizen can spend a fortnight in 
a national forest without having a more 
hopeful outlook upon life, a higher men- 
tality, a more vigorous body. ‘The de- 
velopment of the recreational aspects 


A WONDERFUL TROUT STREAM. 


THE MCCLOUD RIVER IN SISKIYOU COUNTY, CALIFORNIA, IS ONE OF THE BEST TROUT STREAMS IN THE COUNTRY. IT 
FLOWS FROM THE ETERNAL SNOWS AND GLACIERS OF MT. SHASTA AND CONTAINS THE FAMOUS 
DOLLY VARDEN AND RAINBOW TROUT. 


697 


698 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


THE VALLEY RANCH. 


THIS IS ON THE PECOS NATIONAL FOREST, NOT FAR FROM SANTA FE, NEW MEXICO. THE PECOS RIVER FLOWS AT THE 
FOOT OF THE BLUFFS IN THE BACKGROUND AND IS A NOTED TROUT STREAM. DEER AND OTHER 
GAME ABOUND IN THIS REGION. 


of the national forests makes for bet- 
ter citizenship and deserves encourage- 
ment. 


Relaxation within a forest if only’ 


during a very brief period inevitably 
awakens man’s primitive instincts of 
the chase no matter how dormant they 
may have been. But the big game has 
almost passed away; the pitiful rem- 
nant is rigidly protected by laws strict- 
ly enforced, and the fall and winter 
are the only times to hunt. The sum- 
mer camper therefore, who wishes to 
give a demonstration of reversion to 
type has only one outlet for his ener- 
gies, one way in which to display his 
skill in woodcraft; that way is to fish; 
to whip the roaring mountain torrents 
for trout, or to troll in the more slowly 
moving streams for bass, to be reward- 
ed perhaps by suckers, or whitefish, or 
even an humble and not wholly attrac- 
tive juajolote. 

3ut aside from the question of 
healthful sport there is another consid- 
eration and that is the economic value 
of the waters within the forests for pur- 
poses of food production. The forests 
contain thousands of bodies of water 


ranging from tiny blue alpine lakes nest- 
ling under the highest peaks to rivers 
carrying the waters of a hundred good- 
sized tributaries. Properly planted and 
protected these waters will support 
numbers of fish so enormous that they 
will occupy an important place in the 
national diet. In many parts of the 
west private fish hatcheries and ponds 
are now being operated on a commer- 
cial basis and it is certain that the pro- 
duction of fish under controlled condi- 
tions will some day be an important in- 
dustry. 

The number of persons who annual- 
ly visit the national forests to fish 1s 
difficult even of approximation, but it 
runs into the hundreds of thousands. 
In Colorado alone 10,000 people, it is 
estimated, went fishing on the opening 
day of the season of 1913. Prob- 
ably more than half of this number 
spent the day within the National For- 
ests. Each year sees an increase in the 
number of campers and fishermen and 
it may safely be predicted that within a 
few years over one million people will 
visit the forests each year. 


FISH FOR* THE FORESTS 699 


ALONG A FAMOUS TROUT STREAM. 


THE SUMMER HOME OF JOHN W. RINCKEL ON THE MCCLOUD RIVER, SHASTA NATIONAL FOREST, CALIFORNIA. THIS 
RIVER IS FAMED FOR ITS WONDERFUL TROUT FISHING AND IS ONE OF THE FEW STREAMS WHERE THE 
DOLLY VARDEN TROUT ARE FOUND. THESE, AND RAINBOW TROUT, ARE LARGE AND PLENTIFUL. 


Unfortunately there is a very defi- 
nite limit to the number of fish that a 
given body of water will support. A 
stream may become overstocked just 
as readily as a pasture and, so far as 
the stock are concerned, with as dis- 
astrous results. Then, too, there are 
many obstacles to full natural repro- 
duction so that the fish cannot repro- 
duce as fast as they are captured or 
destroyed. To these difficulties may 
be added the losses caused by cloud- 
bursts which sweep the fish from the 
streams, or by drouths that leave the 
fish stranded in small pools in which 
they finally perish, or by unscreened 
irrigation ditches, through which the 
fish are carried into field and meadows, 
where, -of course, they die, or by the 
pollution of streams by mill tailings, 
sawdust, coal dust, or sewage. Another 
fruitful cause of loss are laws which 


allow fishing before or during the 
spawning season. In this connection 
it should be understood that fishermen 
and hunters in the national forests are 
subject to the game and fish laws of 
the States in which the forests are 
situated. Excessive fishing is in itself 
sufficient to deplete a stream, but when 
it is coupled with one or several of the 
complications enumerated, the fishing 
value of the stream is temporarily and 
all too often permanently destroyed. 
During the past three years the con- 
siderations mentioned have led certain 
of the national forest districts to give 
increasing attention to the question of 
replenishing depleted streams and 
stocking the bodies of water which 
are capable of supporting fish life but 
do not contain fish. Examples of pri- 
vate enterprise have demonstrated 
most conclusively that a small expen- 


700 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


CottoNwoop CAmp. 


DEEP IN THE DENSE SHADE OF THE BIG TREES ALONG FOUR MILE CREEK ON THE EAST SLOPE OF THE 
CASCADES, CRATER NATIONAL FOREST, OREGON. 


diture of time and energy is produc- 
tive of large results as, for example, 
iit thne case of. Dadis Wake on the 
Washakie Forest where a_nosebag 
full of trout fry carried from Big 
Sandy in 1903 has resulted in a lake 
now teeming with choice fish. At 
first the interest in the subject was 
individual, later it extended first to 
forest and then to district organiza- 
tions until at present the recommen- 
dations for planning operations threat- 
en to exhaust the total capacity of all 
federal hatcheries and must neces- 
sarily be subject to selective processes 
by the Bureau of Fisheries. 

It is not the intention of the Bureau 
of Fisheries to furnish in any case a 
number of fish greater than that re- 
quired to form the nucleus of a brood 
stock which, if properly protected and 
afforded opportunity to reproduce, will 


in course of time stock the stream in a 
natural way. The Forest Service, un- 
fortunately, lacks the authority to pro- 
tect the fish during the period of estab- 
lishment and as a natural sequence 
many of the planting operations are 
only temporarily effective, yet, while 
the results are not so good as they 
would be if it were possible to protect 
parts of streams to provide spawning 
grounds and allow the fish to attain a 
fair size they still are sufficiently suc- 
cessful and encouraging to justify the 
work. 

The first step in restocking is the de- 
termination of the length, 
depth of the body of water to be 
stocked, its sources and outlet, its tem- 
peratures, the character of the bottom, 
the kinds of vegetable life it contains, 
the rapidity of flow, character of lands 
traversed, and the kinds of fish already 


owidiH and- 


FISH) PORPIHE FORESTS 701 


there. One should also know the dates 
of previous plantings with kinds of fish 
used, and degree of success or non- 
success; also the extent to which the 
stream is polluted by sawdust or other 
deleterious substances; the principal 
kinds of food of the fish; number of 
irrigation ditches and extent to which 
they are screened. With such data 
before it the Bureau of Fisheries can 
determine approximately the num- 
ber and kind of fish which should be 
allotted. In some cases the kind of fish 
requested is not adapted to the waters 
to be stocked, sometimes because the 
food supply is unsuitable and frequent- 
ly because the introduction of the fish 
applied for would be detrimental to the 
kinds which the waters already con- 
tain. The Bureau of Fisheries will 


St, eae 
3 * 


A FISHING 


not, for example, furnish spiny finned 
fishes such as the bass or perch for in- 
troduction into waters containing trout 
or salmon, nor will trout or landlocked 
salmon be allotted for waters contain- 
ing voracious fishes such as bass or 
pickerel. Only one application will be 
considered for any particular body of 
water and only one species of fish will 
be assigned an applicant during any 
one season. ‘These are simply illustra- 
tive of the factors which guide the Bu- 
reau of Fisheries in its allotments of 
fry. 

The majority of the waters within 
the forests are turbulent mountain 
streams or icy alpine lakes, consequent- 
ly trout are in stronger demand than 
any other species. The blackspotted 
trout which is native to the Rocky 


Camp. 


THIS IS ON THE ANGELES NATIONAL FOREST IN CALIFORNIA. THE LONG STRING OF FISH IS AN INDICATION OF THE 
QUALITY OF THE SPORT. 


702 AMERICAN 


FERTILIZING 


FORESTRY 


Trout EGcs. 


AFTER A QUANTITY OF SPAWN HAVE BEEN STRIPPED INTO A RECEPTACLE THE EGGS ARE FERTILIZED BY STRIPPING 
A MALE FISH OVER THEM. THE SCENE IS AT SEVEN LAKES IN THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST, COLORADO. 


Mountain region is propagated in rela- 
tively large numbers and liberal allot- 
ments are made, but there is a heavy 
demand for rainbow and brook trout 
that can not always be filled since the 
Bureau’s facilities for propagating 
these species in the Rocky Mountain 
region are comparatively limited. Bass 
are in good demand, and Forest officers 
seeking originality or recalling mem- 
ories of boyhood days will even peti- 
tion for the humble catfish and the 
lowly carp, to say nothing of suckers, 
sunfish, and other modest members of 
the finny tribe. These applications 
must stand the acid test of the Bureau's 
experts before they receive approval. 
At last the application is approved 
and the Ranger designated has receiv2d 
the post card and telegraphic announce- 
ments of the day, hour and minute 
upon which the fish car will arrive at 
the appointed spot. In almost every 


case the Ranger before submitting the 
application solicits the cooperation of 
the leading disciples of Izaak Walton 
in the particular locality to be benefited. 
In practically all cases this is given in 
ungrudging measure for there is in- 
creasing realization of the fact that 
fish planting work is beneficial both to 
the individual and the community. So 
as the moment set for the arrival of 
the fish car draws near there is around 
the depot quite a congregation of auto- 
mobiles, where they can be used, or of 
light rigs drawn by fast teams, or in 
some cases of packhorses. Whatever 
the style of conveyance used it general- 
ly bears a motley assortment a. recep- 
tacles for the fry, for while, in cases 
of emergency, the Ranger may borrow 
the receptacles from the fish car itself, 
it is understood that as a rule he will 
provide all necessary cans. 


FISH: POR-THE; FORESTS 705 


TROUT FOR RESTOCKING STREAMS. 


THE TROUT IN THESE CANS WERE PLACED IN STREAMS IN THE BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST. AS LONG AS THE CANS 
ARE IN A MOVING VEHICLE THE NATURAL MOVEMENT OF THE WATER IS SUFFICIENT TO AERATE IT, 


Almost in a moment the train has 
come, the fish have been swiftly trans- 
ferred from the fish car to the waiting 
vehicles, the Ranger has signed the re- 
ceipts on the run and the train is gone. 
From this stage until the fish are final- 
ly deposited in the waters for which 
they are destined the work is exacting 
and haste and unerring judgment are 
essentials of success. 

Compared to the 
and number of fish contained the air 
surface of the ordinary receptacle 
is altogether inadequate and the water 
must be aerated. So long as the 
cans are in a moving vehicle the nat- 
ural movement of the water is suffi- 
cient, but if movement is suspended 
the water must be dipped up and al- 


bulk of water 


lowed to drain back at frequent inter- 
vals. Sometimes the transportation of 
fish across low valleys during the heat 
of the day increases the temperature of 
the water to such an extent that unless 
the cans are iced many of the fish will 
perish. If the fish are held in the re- 
ceptacles for any length of time the 
water must be replenished and care 
must be taken to see that the water is 
suited to the fish and does not contain 
alkali or other injurious ingredients. 
There is imperative need to transport 
the fish to the point of deposit with- 
out delay and throughout its various 
stages this part of the work is marked 
by feverish haste. Changes from mo- 
tor cars to wagons, from wagons to 
pack horses, are made with the least 


704 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


possible delay. Finally the distribu- 
tor must repress all tendencies to dis- 
play his relief and enthusiasm by pour- 
ing out the fish from the height of his 
shoulder, for this is one way of lessen- 
ing the chance of success. 

If given reasonable care the voung 
fry can be transported over very con- 
siderable distances after delivery from 


forest only eighteen were known to 
have died. 

In 1911, 34,000 trout were shipped 
from Rock Springs, Wyoming, to the 
Bridger Forest, 110 miles via motor- 
car, followed by a long trip on pack 
horses. Approximately 50 per cent of 
this shipment was lost. Another con- 
signment to the Washakie Forest in- 


MeETHOD OF AVOIDING SHOCK TO YOUNG FIsH. 


BY GRADUALLY POURING INTO THE CAN WATER FROM THE STREAM IN WHICH THE FISH ARE TO BE PLACED, THEY 
ARE SAVED FROM THE DANGEROUS SHOCK OF BEING SUDDENLY PLACED IN WATER OF QUITE A DIF- 
FERENT TEMPERATURE. AFTER THIS CHANGE HAS BEEN MADE THEY MAY BE PLACED IN THE STREAMS. 


the car with a quite small percentage of 
loss. In one case, on the Shoshone 
Forest in Wyoming, eight cans of fry 
were in transit a part of two days and 
three cans were in transit a part of 
three days without any loss whatever. 
Each night the cans, their tops covered 
with cheesecloth, were placed in run- 
ning streams with mouth upstream, 
while proper care was given during the 
day. Out of 40,000 fry shipped to the 


volving distribution by means of pack- 
horses resulted in a loss of 30 per cent. 
These figures, however, are not dis- 
couraging, for the numbers of fish safe- 
ly deposited in the waters were suf- 
ficient to restock them. As a very gen- 
eral rule the Forest officers fully appre- 
ciate the difficulties surrounding the 
transportation of fish to remote semi- 
inaccessible waters and do not submit 
applications unless they are _ fully 


FISH FOR: THE FORESTS 705 


RESTOCKING THE STREAMS. 


AFTER THE WATER IN THE CAN HAS BEEN AERATED AND BROUGHT GRADUALLY TO THE SAME TEMPERATURE AS THE 
STREAM THE FISH ARE GENTLY ALLOWED TO GO INTO THEIR NEW HOME. THIS STREAM IS IN THE 
BLACK HILLS NATIONAL FOREST, SOUTH DAKOTA. 


prepared to take every precaution nec- 
essary to secure the successful estab- 
lishment of the fish. 

The work very frequently involves 
considerable personal sacrifice on the 
part of the forest officer since the fish 
car, once it begins its rounds, is no 
respecter of official hours and a per- 
son to whom fish are consigned must 
be prepared to receive them on very 
short notice at almost any hour of any 
day or night. Asa result many of the 
fish are transported and planted at 
night or on Sundays and holidays and 
the work is performed with such haste 
that it really interferes but little if at 
all with the officer’s regular official 
duties. 

The demands from the field have be- 
come so numerous that in the district 
which has led the others in this work 
steps have been taken to systematize 


future operations along this line. A 
total of 273 bodies of water distributed 
among twenty-four Forests in Colorado - 
and Wyoming have been selected for 
restocking during the coming nine 
years and the number of fish required 
to supply each separate body has been 
carefully estimated. According to the 
plan the initial distribution in 1914 
amounts to more than four million fry 
but a gradual reduction will be made 
each year in the number planted until 
in 1922 only six hundred thousand will 
be distributed. This work, involving 
little if any cost to the Service and prac- 
tically no interference with regular 
work, has proved immensely popular 
with the people who resort to the for- 
ests for rest and recreation and has 
done much to make the forests more 
valuable to the public. 


SVIALE- FIRES Ss 


HE fire season in Oregon prac- 
| tically ended with the arrival! 
of general rains which started 
September 6th. The year will 
be long remembered as one of the 
driest ever experienced in the State. 
For a period of seventy-four days no 
rain fell and the forest fire situation of 
necessity became extremely critical. 
Since Weather Bureau records have 
been kept in the state (43 years) the 
longest period of drought recorded 
prior to 1914 was fifty-seven days. In 
spite of the long dry period, however, 
the Oregon Forest Fire Association re- 
ports very slight loss of green timber 
through fire. 

A general rain commencing Septem- 
ber 6 and continuing for several days, 
ended the longest period of drought 
experienced in Oregon during the past 
fifty years. The fire hazard was fur- 
ther increased by the fact that during 
the past winter the snowfall in the 
mountains was extremely light and dis- 
appeared fully six weeks earlier than 
usual. 

The conditions during the fire sea- 
son, therefore, were such as to test out 
thoroughly the patrol organizations 
built up during the last four years, and 
the results have been more than satis- 
factory. Data sufficient to compile defi- 
nite figures is not yet available at the 
State Forester’s office, but it is certain 
that at least 1,200 fires occurred dur- 
ing the season, which is more than 
the combined total of the previous three 
seasons. Most of these fires originated 
in old burns and logged areas and due 
to the efficiency of the Federal, asso- 
ciation and State patrolmen practically 
all of them were stopped before green 
timber was damaged. Owing to the 
extreme dryness, fires were controlled 
with great difficulty, and more money 
was spent for this purpose than in any 
season since 1910. 

The patrol force on privately owned 
land showed an increase of about 100 


706 


men over that of last year. This was, 
in part, due to the Congressional ap- 
propriation of $25,000 for the patrol ot 
the Oregon and California Railroad 
grant lands, which made it possible to 
place 46 patrolmen in the field. 

Early in August patrols were mate- 
rially increased, until some 400 State, 
Weeks Law and privately employed 
wardens were guarding _ privately- 
owned timber. 

Fires were numerous, but only in a 
few cases did they reach any consider- 
able size. ‘The dense smoke resulting 
from the fires was, however, no incon- 
siderable handicap to lookout men and 
wardens generally, as it made prompt 
detection of fires difficult. 

At the present time reports are not 
available to show the exact damage re- 
sulting from forest fires, but it is known 
tobe inconsiderable. 

Since 1914 has been the driest sum- 
mer ever recorded in Oregon, it is the 
opinion of timber owners generally 
that it has now been demonstrated that 
adequate patrol can keep fire from do- 
ing damage and makes stumpage an 
entirely safe investment. 

Washington had over 100 fires dur- 
ing August. Some logs have been 
burned but very little damage to settlers 
has resulted, and only a small amount 
of green timber has been damaged. The 
chief danger until rains come is high 
winds. Fires started during the sea- 
son are being carefully guarded, but 
unusually bad conditions might result 
in their breaking out and causing dam- 
age as well as heavy expense to fight 
them. Over 200 regular, Association 
and State wardens, are on duty. No 
rain fell in July or August and the 
woods were extremely dry. 

Idaho associations have had unusu- 
ally bad and expensive fires to contend 
with. Prompt action and the employ- 
ment of a large number of fire fight- 
ers has, however, prevented great loss 
of green timber. Not less than 200 fires 
were handled during August, the bulk 


FIRE, GUARD ON PATROL 


of these having been caused by light- 
ning and ranchers burning slashings 
Two arrests for failure to secure per- 
mit before burnings have been made. 
With heavy dews and cooler weather 
the fire-fighting forces controlled all of 
the fires. 

Montana reports an extremely dry 
and dangerous year. A large number 
of fires have occurred on Government 
and private land necessitating the em- 
ployment of large crews of fire fight- 
ers. Numerous lightning fires have oc- 
curred and though all fires have been 
promptly detected and fought, the sea- 
son will not be one without loss ef 
green timber. 

Incomplete reports from California 
indicate that conditions continue more 


107 


favorable than last year, and that fire 
losses have been light. 

The absence of future damaging fires 
will mark 1914 as the most successful 
season, taking conditions into account, 
that has ever been experienced by fire 
protection agencies. Cooperative patrol 
has everywhere shown its efficiency and 
preparations to meet a bad year which 
have been going forward the past two 
favorable seasons, have helped during 
the present dangerous year. Compara- 
tive absence of East winds on the 
Pacific Coast has been the only factor 
favorable to the work of fire suppres- 
sion this season, which in many sec- 
tions is the driest since Weather Bu- 
reau records have been kept. Cost of 
protection will, of necessity, be high 
in most localities. 


dH EERE GW (ON Pat Otc 


(With apologies to Danny Deever.) 


“What are the bloomin’ boxes for?” said the Fire Guard on patrol, 

“To drop a note, to drop a note,” the Forest Ranger said. 

“What makes them look so big, so big?” said the Fire Guard on patrol. 

“So they can hold a bushel o’ notes,” the Forest Ranger said. 

“For you’ve got to ride around, around, a-lookin’ for fires each day, 
You've sure got to hump yourself, if you want to draw the pay— 
This ain’t no foolish outin’ job, so I heard the Super say, 

For you’ve got to visit the mail box every morning.” 


“What makes the country look so blue?” said the Fire Guard on patrol. 
“It’s forest smoke, it’s forest smoke,” the Forest User said. 

“What makes the Rangers ride so hard?” said the Fire Guard on patrol. 
“To reach a fire, to reach a fire,’”’ the Forest User said. 
“They’re fightin’ forest* fires, they’re whippin’ ’em around, 

They’re fightin’ ’em like devils, they’re beatin’ em to the ground, 
And they'll put you through your paces if they catch you loafin’ ’round, 


For you've got to visit the mail box every morning.’ 


) 


“What’s that so black against the sun?” said the Fire Guard on patrol. 
“Tt’s forest fires, you bloomin’ it,” the Forest Ranger said. 

“What’s that that crackles o’er head?” said the Fire Guard on patrol. 
“Tt’s fallin’ trees, it’s fallin’ trees,” the Forest Ranger said. 

“For the Forest’s goin’ up in smoke, you can see it fade away, 


We're all goin’ to jack our jobs, for we don’t need the pay 


Oh, the Fire Guards are shakin’, and they'll get their time today— 
For they didn’t visit the mail box every morning.” 


—J. D.G. 


Tue Root SIDE OF AN OLD FASHIONED STUMP FENCE. 


A STUMPER OF A FENCE 


By Epwarp F. BicELow 


N easterner visiting Michigan is 
attracted by the stump fences 
more than by almost anything 
else. Aside from these stump 

fences, the farms, the uplands and the 
marshes are not much different from 
those of New England. One misses 
the characteristic stone walls of New 
England but finds in their place the 
most novel fences in the world—those 
made of stumps that have in recent 
years been pulled out of the ground by 
powerful machines constructed for that 
purpose. The force required to pull 
such stumps from the ground is enox- 
mous, but it is applied slowly, in submis- 


mission to the decree of Nature that 
what is gained in power must be lost in 
speed. ‘These stumps are relics of the 
liveliest lumbering ever seen anywhere 
else in the United States and that ended 
about thirty years ago, in Big Rapids, 
Grand Rapids and their vicinity. Old- 
timers entertain the visitor by the hour 
with reminiscences of the amazing num- 
ber of logs that were cut in that region. 
Logging somewhat similar, but not 
nearly so extensive, still continues in 
the northern part of Michigan, but does 
not equal in extent nor in picturesque- 
ness that which formerly took place on 
the famous Muskegon River. 


(Zeya MMS 
Za Sie eae 


708 


PM VOR Bakr (Si ONE 


By F. H. Know tton, United States Geological Survey 


in Yellowstone Park, the most 

remarkable, it is believed, of the 

several fossil forests which have 
been discovered—there are others in 
Egypt, in California and in Arizona— 
because in the Yellowstone most of the 
trees were entombed in their original 
upright position and not found recum- 
bent and scattered about the ground. 
In Arizona, for instance, the fossilized 
trunks have evidently been carried a 
long distance from where they origi- 
nally grew. Inthe Yellowstone the trees 
now stand where they grew, and where 
they were entombed by the outpouring 
of various volcanic materials. Now as 
the softer rock surrounding them is 
gradually worn away they are left 
standing erect on the steep hillsides, 
just as they stood when they were liv- 
ing; in fact, it is difficult at a little dis- 
tance to distinguish some of these 
fossil trunks from the lichen-covered 
stumps of kindred living species. Such 
an aggregation of fossil trunks is there- 
fore well entitled to be called a true 
fossil forest. It should not be supposed, 
however, that these trees still retain 
their limbs and smaller branches, for 
the mass of volcanic material falling 
on them stripped them down to bare, 
upright trunks. 

These fossil forests cover an exten- 
sive area in the northern portion of the 
park, being especially abundant along 
the west side of Lamar River for about 
20 miles above its junction with the 
Yellowstone. Here the land rises rather 
abruptly to a height of approximately 
2,000 feet above the valley floor. It is 
known locally as Specimen Ridge, and 
forms an approach to Amethyst Moun- 
tain. There is also a small fossil forest 
containing a number of standing trunks 
near Tower Falls, and near the eastern 
border of the park along Lamar River 
in the vicinity of Cache, Calfee, and 
Miller Creeks, there are many more or 
less isolated trunks and stumps of fossil 


Roxas LE fossil forests exist 


trees, but so far as known none of these 
are equal to the fossil forest on the 
slopes of Specimen Ridge. 

The fossil forests are easily reached 
over the wagon road from the Mam- 
moth Hot Springs, or from the Wylies 
Camp at Tower Falls, and they are in 
their way quite as wonderful and worthy 
of attention as many of the other fea- 
tures for which the Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park is so justly celebrated. 

Recently another extensive fossil for- 
est has been found on the divide between 
the Gallatin and Yellowstone Rivers in 
the Gallatin Range of mountains, in 
Park and Gallatin Counties, Mont. 
This forest, which lies just outside the 
boundary of the Yellowstone National 
Park, is said to cover 35,000 acres and 
to contain some wonderfully well pre- 
served upright trunks, many of them 
very large, equaling or perhaps even 
surpassing in size some of those within 
the limits of the park. 

In the beds of the streams and gulches 
coming down into the Lamar River 
from Specimen Ridge and the fossil for- 
ests one may observe numerous pieces 
of fossil wood, which may be traced for 
a long distance down the Lamar and 
Yellowstone Rivers. The farther these 
pieces of wood have been transported 
downstream, the more they have been 
worn and rounded, until ultimately 
they become smooth, rounded “ pebbles”’ 
of the stream bed. The pieces of wood 
become more numerous and fresher in 
appearance upstream toward the bluffs, 
until at the foot of the cliffs in some 
places there are hundreds, perhaps 
thousands of tons that have but recently 
fallen from thewallsabove. One trav- 
ersing the valley of the Lamar River 
may see at many places numerous up- 
right fossil trunks in the faces of nearly 
vertical walls. These trunks are not 
all at a particular level but occur at 
irregular heights; in fact, a section cut 
down through these 2,000 feet of beds 
would disclose a succession of fossil 

709 


nh 


FORESTRY 


It is 2614 feet in circumference and twelve feet 


The roots are as large as an ordinary tree, and are embedded in solid rock. 


The area within which the fossil for- 


10 AMERICAN 
A FossILizED REDWooD 
This is one of the finest specimens in the forest. 
high. 
forests. That is to say, after the first 


forest grew and was entombed, there 
was a time without volcanic outburst— 
a period long enough to permit a second 
forest to grow above the first. This in 
turn was covered by volcanic material 
and preserved, to be followed again by 
a period of quiet, and these more or less 
regular alternations of volcanism and 
forest growth continued throughout the 
time the beds were in process of for- 
mation. 


ests are now found was apparently in 
the beginning an irregular but rela- 
tively flat basin, on the floor of which 
after a time there grew the first forest. 
Then there came from some of the vol- 
canoes, probably those to the north, 
an outpouring of ashes, mud flows, and 
other material which entirely buried the 
ferest, but so gradually that the trees 
were simply submerged by the incom- 
ing material, few of them being pros- 


A FOREST 


trated. Onthe raised floor of the basin, 
after a time, the next forest came into 
existence, only to be in turn engulfed as 
the first had been, and so on through 
the period represented by the 2,000 
feet or more of similar beds. The series 
of entombed forests affords a 
means of making at least a 
rough estimate of the time 
required for the upbuilding of 
what is now Specimen Ridge 
and its extensions. 

During the time this 2,000 
feet of material was being 
accumulated, and since then 
to the present day, there has 
been relatively little warping 
ef the earth’s crust at’ this 
point; that is, the beds were 
then, and still are, practically 
horizontal, so that the fossil 
forests, as they are being grad- 
ually uncovered, still stand 
upright. 

When the volcanic activities 
had finally ceased, the ever- 
working disintegrating forces 
of nature began to tear and 
wear down this accumulated 
material, eroding the beds on 
a grand scale. Deep canyons 
and gulches have been trenched 
and vast quantities of the softer 
materials have been carried 
away by the streams and again 
deposited on lower levels or 
transported to great and un- 
known distances. 

The fossil forest that was first 
brought to scientific attention 
is on the northern slope of 
Amethyst Mountain, opposite 
the mouth of Soda Butte Creek, 
about 8 miles southeast of 
Junction Butte. The follow- 
ing account, by Dr. William H. 
Holmes, the discoverer of these 
fossil forests, shows the im- 
pression first made by them: 

As we ride up the trail that meanders 
the smooth river bottom [Lamar River] 
we have but to turn our attention to the 
cliffs on the right hand to discover a 
multitude of the bleached trunks of the 
ancient forests. In the steeper middle 
portion of the mountain face, rows of 


ONE OF MANY IN THE GALLATIN MOUNTAINS, MONTANA, 


OF STONE is 
upright trunks stand out on the ledges 
like the columns of a ruined temple. 
On the more gentle slopes farther down, 
but where it is still too steep to support 
vegetation, save a few pines, the petri- 
fied trunks fairly cover the surface, and 


Courtesy of E. C. Alderson. 


A WELL PRESERVED TRUNK 


WHERE THE 
FOSSILIZED FORZSTS COVER 35,0J0 ACRES 


were at first supposed by us to be shat- 
tered remains of a recent forest. 
These trunks may easily be seen from 
the road along the Lamar River, about 
a mile away. They stand upright—as 
Holmes has said, like the pillars of some 
ruined temple—and a closer view shows 
that there is a succession of these for- 


712 AMERICAN 
ests, one above another. In the foot- 
hills and several hundred feet above the 
valley there is a perpendicular wall 
of volcanic breccia, which in some places 
attains a height of nearly 100 feet. The 
fossil trunks may be seen in this wall 
in many places, all of them 
standing upright, in the posi- 
tion in which they grew. Some 
of these trunks, which are 2 to4 
feet in diameter and 20 to 40 
feet high, are so far weathered 
out of the rock as to appear just 
ready to fall; others are only 
slightly exposed; niches mark 
the places from which others 
have already fallen; and the 
foot of the cliff is piled high 
with fragments of various sizes. 

Above this cliff fossil trunks 
appear in great numbers and 
in regular succession. As they 
are all perfectly silicified, they 
are more resistant than the 
surrounding matrix and con- 
sequently stand aboveit. Most 
of them are only a few inches 
above the surface, but occa- 
sionally one rises as high as 
5 or 6 feet. The largest trunk 
observed in the park is found 
im tis tocality... It is a ‘little 
over 10 feet in diameter, a 
measurement that includes a 
part of the bark. It is very 
much broken down, especially 
in the interior, probably having 
been so disintegrated before it 
was fossilized. It projects about 
6 feet above the surface. 

In many respects the most 
remarkable of the fossil forests 
is on the northwest end of 
Specimen Ridge, about a mile 
southeast of Junction Butte 
and about opposite the mouth 
of Slough Creek. So far as 
known, this forest was first 
brought to scientific attention by Mr. E. 
C. Alderson, of Bozeman, Mont., and 
the writer, who discovered it in August, 
1887. It is found on the higher part of 
the ridge, and covers several acres. The 
trees are exposed at various heights on 
the very steep hillsides, and one re- 
markable feature of the forest is that 


were entombed and 
grotesque rock form. 


FORESTRY 


most of them project well above the 
surface. 

One of the largest and best preserved 
trees stands at the very summit of the 
slope. This trunk, which is that of a 
giant redwood, is 2614 feet in circum- 


Courtesy of E. C. Alderson. 
UpriGHt TRUNK AND ‘“‘Hoopoo”’ 
The “‘hoodoo”’ consists of volcanic material in which the trees 


uneven erosion has left it standing, a 


ference without the bark and about 
12 feet in height. The portion of this 
huge trunk preserved is the base, and 
it exhibits to a considerable degree the 
swelling or buttressing so well known in 
the living redwood. The roots, which 
are as large as the trunks of ordinary 
trees, are now embedded in solid rock. 


A FOREST OF STONE 


~> 
— 
WI 


TWIN TRUNKS OF THE FossIL FOREST. 


THESE ARE ON SPECIMEN RIDGE, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


THEY ARE TWO FEET IN DIAMETER, 


TWENTY FEET APART AND TWENTY-FIVE FEET HIGH. 


The height attained by the trees of 
this fossil forest can not be ascertained 
with certainty, since the tallest trunk 
now standing is only about 30 feet high, 
but every one observed is obviously 
broken off, and does not show even the 
presence of limbs. Perhaps the nearest 


approach to a measure of the height is 
afforded by a trunk that happened to 
have been prostrated before fossiliza- 
tion. This trunk, which is 4 feet in 
diameter, is exposed for a length of 
about 40 feet, and as it shows no ap- 
parent diminution in size within this 


714 


AMERICAN, PORES TRY 


A FOossILizED PINE. 
The pine which grew a million years ago, now turned to stone, and near it two living pines. 


the thick bark along the trunk of this fossil tree. 


feet high. 


distance it is safe to assume that the 
tree could hardly have been less than 
100 feet high and very probably may 
have been higher. This trunk is won- 
derfully preserved. It has broken up 
by splitting along the grain of the wood 
into great numbers of little pieces, 
which closely resemble pieces of ‘ kind- 


Note 
The tree is three feet in diameter and thirty 


ling wood” split from a clear-grained 
block. In fact, at a distance of a few 
yards it would be impossible to distin- 
guish this fossil “kindling wood”’ from 
that split from a living tree. 

The large redwood trunk already 
mentioned as being nearly 10 feet in 
diameter may be compared with its 


SO aN 9 


AD FOREST OF STONE 715 


ANOTHER SPECIMEN SHOWING BarRK. 


THIS ANCIENT OF ANCIENTS IS ALSO SURROUNDED BY LIVE TREES MANY OF THEM BEING OF THE 
SAME SPECIES. 


living relative of the Pacific coast in 
order to calculate its probable height. 
The living redwood is usually 10 to 15 
feet in diameter and ranges in height 
from 200 to 340 feet, and as the two are 
so very closely related there is no rea- 
son to suppose that the fossil trunk 
was of less height, but by a moderate 
estimate it may be accredited with a 
minimum height of 200 feet. 


The most accessible fossil forest is 
west of the Tower Falls Soldier Station 
and the Wylie camp on the road from 
the Grand Canyon to Mammoth Hot 
Springs, by way of Mount Washburn. 
It is on the middle slope of a hill that 
rises about 1,000 feet above the little 
valley and may be reached by an easy 
trail. As the traveler approaches the 
forest he will observe a number of 


716 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


UPRIGHT AND PROSTRATE TRUNKS. 


WHILE THE TALLEST TRUNK NOW STANDING IS ONLY THIRTY FEET THE PROSTRATE TRUNKS INDICATE THAT MANY OF 
THE TREES WERE OVER ONE HUNDRED FEET HIGH. 


trunks standing upright among the 
stumps and trunks of living trees, and 
so much resembling them that a near 
view is necessary to convice him that 
they are really fossil trunks. Only two 
rise to a considerable height above the 
surface. The larger one is about 15 
feet high and 13 feet in circumference; 
the other is a little smaller. As the 
roots are not exposed, it is impossible 
to determine the position of the part in 
view or the original diameter of the 
trees, as the bark is nowhere preserved. 

Above these standing trunks lie many 
others, which the disintegrating forces 
of nature break up intosmall fragments 
and keep at about the same level as 
that of their surrounding matrix. Some 
of these trunks rise only a few inches 
from the surface; others are nearly 
covered by shifting débris. Their diam- 
eter ranges from 1 to 4 feet, and they 
are so perfectly preserved that the rings 
of growth can easily be counted. The 
internal structure is also in most trunks 


nearly as perfect as when the trees were 
living. 

The forest that is next in size to the 
one a mile southeast of Junction Butte 
is on Cache Creek, about 7 miles above 
its mouth. It is on the south bank of 
the creek and covers several acres. The 
trunks are scattered from bottom to 
top of the slopes through a height of 
probably 800 feet. Most of the trunks 
are upright, but only a few project more 
than 2 or 3 feet above the surface. The 
largest one observed was 6 feet in height 
and 4 feet in diameter. Most of these 
trunks appear to the naked eye to be 
conifers, but a number are obviously 
dicotyledons—that is, they were decid- 
uous-leaved trees. The conifers, how- 
ever, were the predominant element in 
this as in the other fossil forests. 

The slopes of the Thunderer, the 
mountain so prominently in view from 
Soda Butte on the south, also bear nu- 
merous fossil trunks. Most of them are 
upright, but only a very few project 


SMI INARI ORS IOI AE mr Ie + 


Sh ee te ae 


A FOREST OF STONE Tak 


PROSTRATE TRUNK OF FossiL REDWOOD. 


THIS IS ONE OF THE LARGEST OF THE FOSSIL TREES ON SPECIMEN RIDGE FOREST AND IS SO LIKE THE LIVING TREE THAT 
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE TO DISTINGUISH THE DIFFERENCE IN THE WOOD AT THE DISTANCE OF A FEW YARDS. 


more than 2 feet above the surface. 
No remarkably large trunks were ob- 
served at this locality, the average diam- 
eter being perhaps less than 2 feet. 

Mount Norris, which is hardly to be 
separated from the Thunderer, also 
bears a small fossil forest. The trees are 
of about the same size and character as 
those in the larger mountain. Fossil 
forests of greater or less extent, com- 
posed mainly of upright trunks, are ex- 
posed also on Baronett Peak, Bison 
Peak, Abiathar Peak, Crescent Hill, and 
Miller Creek. In fact, there is hardly a 
square mile of the area of the north- 
eastern portion of the park that is 
without its fossil forest, scattered trunks, 
or erratic fragments. 

The vast area east of the Yellowstone 
Lake and the region still farther east, 
beyond the limits of the park, have not 
been thoroughly explored, but enough 
is known to make it certain that these 
areas contain more or less fossil wood. 
The stream beds in these areas in many 


places contain fragments of fossil wood, 
which indicates that trunks of trees must 
be near at hand. 

An enumeration ofthe kinds of trees 
that are represented by the woods in 
the fossil forests of the Yellowstone Na- 
tional Park is interesting. By studying 
thin sections under the microscope it 
is possible to distinguish the different 
kinds with reasonable accuracy and the 
following species have been detected: 

Magnificent redwood, Alderson’s pine, 
amethyst pine, laurel, aromatic bay, 
Hayden’s sycamore, Knowlton’s syca- 
more, Felix’s buckthorn, Lamar oak, 
and Knowlton’s oak. 

Although only three kinds of conif- 
erous trees have thus far been found in 
the fossil forests of the park, fully 95 
per cent of all the trunks belong to these 
three species. The preponderance of 
conifers is probably due to the facts 
that they were presumably more abun- 
dant in the beginning, and that, in 
general, coniferous wood decays less 


718 AMERICAN 


rapidly than that of most of deciduous- 
leaved trees. But the conditions were 
so favorable for preserving any wood 
that it is perhaps strange that not more 
trunks of deciduous-leaved trees have 
been found there. As it is, however, 
a greater number are 
known from the park 
than from any other 
region. Thus, the Ari- 
zona fossil forests em- 
braced only two spec- 
ies of deciduous-leaved 
trees; the Calistoga 
(California) wood only 
one species, and the 
forest at Cairo, Egypt, 
only four species. 

The 10species of trees 
represented in the fossil 
forests of the park are 
by no means the only 
fossil plants that have 
been found. The fine- 
grained ashes and vol- 
canic mud in which the 
forests were entombed 
contain also great num- 
bers of impressions of 
plants, many of them 
very perfectly pre- 
served. 

The question is often 
asked, how old are the 
fossil forests? It is, of course, im- 
possible to fix their age exactly in years, 
though it is easy enough to place 
them in the geologic time scale. The 
forests of the Yellowstone National 
Park are found in the Miocene series of 


Photo by F. J. Haynes. 


PORESURY 


the Tertiary Period. As compared with 
the eons of geologic time that preceded 
it the Miocene is relatively very recent, 
though, if the various estimates of the 
age of the earth that have been made by 
geologists are anywhere near correct it 


Foss1L TRUNK NEAR TOWER FALLS. 


may well have been a million years ago. 
It must be remembered, however, that 
this estimate involves more or less 
speculation based on a number of fac- 
tors which may or may not have been 
correctly interpreted. 


TREE FIELING 


ARIS TOPHER CLARKE of 
Northampton, Massachusetts, 
writing to AMERICAN Fores- 
TRY, Says: 

“T notice that in various illustrations 
of trees that have had cement fillings to 
preserve their life many of the fillings 
have been left unpainted. As I have 
been interested in this special branch of 


forestry work for over forty years and 
have made fillings of over twenty bar- 
rels of mixed cement in one filling, I 
have never left a filling unpainted, us- 
ing paint as near the color of the bark 
of themtrees' as’ possible?) Dark ereem 
or nearly black are the colors usually 
adopted and the filling is hardly noticed 
when thus painted. 


Priest sURGE RY 


By J. FRANKLIN COLLINS 


“T IS a well-known fact that trees 
are subect to all sorts of injuries, 
from sources too numerous to 
mention. In a great majority of 

cases these injuries are allowed to re- 
main untreated—often for years. Rot- 
producing fungi commonly gain en- 
trance at these places, and eventually 
the original inconspicuous or unob- 
served injury develops into a compara- 
tively large area of decay.. Ihe real 
aim of tree surgery is to repair the dam- 
age resulting from such neglected in- 
juries and rotted areas. 

In most tree-surgery work a few fun- 
damental principles must be observed 
in order that permanent good results 
may be realized. Remove all decayed, 
diseased, or injured wood and _ bark. 
When on small limbs, this can often 
best be done by removing the limb. On 
larger limbs or on the trunk it may at 
times mean the digging out of a cavity. 
(2). Sterlize” ‘all jceut™ surfaces.) (3) 
Waterproof all cut surfaces. (4) Leave 
the work in the most favorable condt:- 
tion for rapid healing. This will often 
mean the filling of deep cavities. (5) 
Watch the work from year to year for 
defects. If any appear they should be 
attended to immediately. 

Tree surgery, or, more properly, tree 
repair work, is not a mysterious art 
known only to a favored few who alone 
are fitted to undertake it. It can be 
undertaken by any careful man who 
has a good general knowledge of the 
structure and life history of a tree, its 
normal manner of covering wounds, 
and how insects and decay organisms 
cause damage, provided he can handle 
a gouge and mallet, a saw, and a tar 
brush and applies in a practical manner 
his knowledge of the anatomy of a 
tree, together with a generous admix- 
ture of good common sense. For work 
in the tops of trees he will also need a 
clear head and ability to climb. Many 


tree owners and many persons in 
charge of private estates are well 
qualified to undertake tree surgery if 
the requisite time is available and they 
will familiarize themselves with the 
fundamental principles and operations 
underlying the work, at least to the ex- 
tent presented in this article. 
PREVENTIVE MEASURES. 

It is no easy matter to find a place 
where the well-worn phrase “preven- 
tion is better than cure” could be ap- 
plied with greater appropriateness than 
in connection with tree surgery. Ice 
or wind may break limbs or uproot 
trees which injure others as they fall. 
Horses commonly gnaw away portions 
of the bark of street trees unprotected 
by tree guards. ‘Telephone, telegraph, 
and electric linemen with their climb- 
ing spurs and saws are notorious muti- 
lators of shade trees, especially in towns 
where the trimming of trees is not 
regulated by law. Poorly insulated 
electric wires of high voltage often dis- 
charge heavy currents through the trees. 
Wheel hubs frequently tear away large 
pieces of bark. After a few years, de- 
cay may penetrate into the interior of 
the tree from any or all of these in- 
jured places (Plate 1, figure 4). This 
decay may increase from year to year 
until large limbs, or the trunk itself, 
become so weakened that they are eas- 
ily broken by violent storms (Plate 1, 
figure 6). It requires comparatively 
little time and expense to clean and 
paint a fresh injury. It often requires 
much time and expense to treat proper- 
ly the same injury after it has been neg- 
lected for a few years. Almost every 
large decayed cavity has resulted from 
an injury which would have required 
comparatively little time and effort to 
clean, sterilize, and waterproof at the 
time it occurred. 


*Extracts from a bulletin by J. Franklin Collins. 


720 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


PLATE No. 1.—PROPERLY TREATED INJURIES, SHOWING NORMAL HEALING, AND UNTREATED 
INJURIES, SHOWING NORMAL PROGRESS OF DECAY. 


Fig. 1.—Cross section of a tree trunk showing location of parts: a, heartwood; b, sapwood; c, 
cambium; d, bark; e, corky outer bark. Fig. 2.—A scar beginning to heal over. (Note that 
it heals more rapidly at the sides than at the top and bottom.) Fig. 3.—A scar about three- 
quarters healed over. Fig. 4.—Cross section of a 7-year-old blaze on a quaking aspen which 
has nearly healed over. (Note the large area of decay which originated at the ax cut. The 
line on the wood indicates the proper shape of the cavity if this had been excavated.) Fig. 
5.—A scar from a cut limb entirely healed over. Fig. 6.—End of a log, showing a small open- 
ing into the large decayed area; only a shell of sound wood remains. 


i 


PRACTICAL TREE SURGERY © 


The most economical and reliable 
remedy for a decayed area consists in 
attending to an injury as soon as it is 
made, perhaps 20 or 30 years before it 
becomes a menace to the tree. 
fact should never be forgotten by tree 
owners or persons who are charged 
with the care of trees. If put into prac- 
tice, it will insure a profit of many hun- 
dred per cent on the original outlay. 

In its simplest type, tree surgery, as 
it is popularly understood at the pres- 
ent time, consists in removing dead or 
decayed limbs or stubs from a tree and 
treating the scar with an antiseptic and 
waterproof covering to prevent decay 
while healing. Another type consists 
in cutting out the decayed and diseased 
matter in trees and filling the cavities 
with cement or other material to facili- 
tate the normal healing-over process. 
This is often referred to as “tree den- 
tistry,” a term which very aptly indi- 
cates the character of the work. Filled 
cavities do not increase the strength of 
the trunk or limb to the extent that is 
generally supposed. 

The work on dead or diseased 
branches can be regarded as compris- 
ing but two essential operations: (1) 
Removing the branches in a manner 
that will prevent injury to the sur- 
rounding bark and cambium, which is 
the thin and usually watery layer of 
young tissue located between the bark 
and wood of all healthy parts of a tree, 
and (2) sterilizing and waterproofing 
the scars. 

For the work of removing branches, 
the most essential implements are a 
good-sized saw with teeth so set as to 
make a wide cut, a gouge, a chisel, a 
mallet, and a strong knife. For cutting 
limbs near the ground these are the 
only necessary implements. For limbs 
situated elsewhere a ladder may be 
needed; also, at times, a rope. 

A large limb should never be re- 
moved by sawing through from the up- 
per side, as this usually strips the bari 
and wood below the scar (Plate No. 2, 
figure 1). The proper way is to make 
the first saw cut on the under side, from 
six inches to a foot beyond the point 
where the final cut is to be made ( Plate 
No. 2, figure 2). It should reach from 


arse 


~~ 
ay 


one-fourth to one-half through the 
limb. A good time to stop cutting is 
when the saw becomes pinched in the 
cut. ‘The second cut is made on the 
upper side of the limb, an inch or two 
beyond the first one. This is continued 
until the limb falls (Plate 2, figure 5). 
After the limb has fallen, a third cut 
is made close to the trunk and in line 
with its woody surface (Plate No. 2, 
figure 4). When nearly sawed through, 
the stub must be supported until com- 
pletely severed, so as to avoid any pos- 
sibility of stripping the bark below as 
it, falls (Plate No:.2, figure 1). The 
first and second cuts to prevent strip- 
ping may be omitted when small limbs 
which can be held firmly in place until 
completely severed are being cut. 

When the scar is not naturally point- 
ed above and below, it is a good practice 
on most trees to remove a short trian- 
gular piece of bark from the upper 
edge of the scar and another from the 
lower edge (Plate No. 2, figure 3), so 
as to anticipate its dying back at these 
points. This makes the scar pointed 
at both ends, the most favorable shape 
for healing. It is important that some 
good shellac be applied with a suitable 
brush over the edge of the bark, es- 
pecially the cambium, immediately after 
the cut is made. If the scar is a large 
one, it is a good plan to use the knife 
for one or two minutes and then shellac 
the freshly cut surfaces, repeating the 
operation until all the bark around the 
scar has been shellacked. The full 
benefit of the shellac will not be 
achieved if many minutes elapse be- 
tween the cutting and the shellacking, 
unless the freshly cut surfaces are visi- 
bly moist with sap. 

If necessary, the woody surface of 
the scar may now be smoothed off with 
a chisel and mallet to conform in gen- 
eral shape with the tree trunk. It is 
bad practice to leave a stub projecting 
from a trunk (Plate No. 2, figure 6). 


DRESSING THE WOUNDS. 
The final operation is to sterilize and 
waterproof the surface of the exposed 
wood and bark. For this purpose 


many preparations have been used. Re- 
cent extensive tests by specialists in 


~? 
oo 
raw) 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


PLATE No. 2.—REMOVAL OF LARGE LIMBS, SHOWING PROPER AND IMPROPER METHODS. 


Fig. 1.—A heavy limb improperly cut, showing the stripping as the limb falls. Fig. 2—Remov- 
ing a heavy limb; the first cut on the under side is to prevent stripping. Fig. 3.—Re- 
moving a heavy limb; the oval scar has been somewhat pointed with a gouge above and 
below to facilitate healing. Fig. 4—Removing a heavy limb; the third cut to remove 


the stub shown in fig. 5 has been completed. 


Fig. 5.—Removing a heavy limb; the sec- 


ond cut completed; the limb has fallen without any stripping. Fig. 6.—Improperly cut 
and untreated stubs. The bark of these stubs died mainly as a result of severing all the 
food-producing organs (leaves) above; decay has entered the trunk from these stubs. 


timber preservation indicate that some 
of the creosotes stand far ahead of all 
other tested preparations in their power 
to destroy and prevent the growth of 
certain wood-destroying fungi and that 
ordinary creosote, although it does not 
head the list, is far better than other 


preparations except some of the less 
known and less available creosotes. 
Furthermore, creosote penetrates the 
wood better than a watery antiseptic. 
In using commercial creosote, it can be 
applied with an ordinary paint brush 
over every part of the exposed wood. 


PRACTICAL. TREE SURGERY 


No. 1.—It would be bet- 
ter to make these cavi- 
ties oval and pointed 
instead of square or 
round. 


No. 3.—Injury shown in 
No. 2 excavated and 
ready for tarring prior 
to filling. 


PLATE No. 3.—LONG Cavities EXCAVATED THROUGH SEV- 
ERAL OPENINGS AND SHORT CAvity EXCAVATED THROUGH 
ONE OPENING. 


The entire shellacked and creosoted sur- 
face must finally be waterproofed by 
painting it with heavy coal tar. A 
single application of a mixture of creo- 
sote and coal tar (about one-fourth or 
one-third creosote) has been quite ex- 


~Z 
rau) 
Os 


tensively used with good results. 
Although one coating of this mix- 
ture may at times be sufficient, it 
is always safer to follow it with 
a heavy coat of coal tar. 

A good grade of lead paint can 
be substituted for the tar, if de- 
sired, although it is not generally 
considered as_ satisfactory; or 
grafting wax may serve satisfac- 
torily for small surfaces. Asphalt 
and various preparations contain- 
ing asphalt are excellent water- 
proof coverings and would doubt- 
less be more generally used were 


S25 
25 


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5e5 


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= 
= 
~ 
25 
2S 
— 


~ 
25 
2 


~ 
= 
25 
SS 
— 
~~ 
~ 
2s 
— 


wate, 
SSeS eS 

oSo3 
So eS 
*s2S93 
See 
252525 
232525 
So>e>e 


No. 2.—An old in- 
jury caused by 
horses gnawing 
the bark. 


« 
- 
=" 
= 
= 
~ 
[S 
.S 
iS 


it not necessary to apply them 
hot. A good and_ possibly 
more permanent method of 
treating the scars is to char 
the surface slightly with a 
gasoline or alcohol blast torch 
and then cover the hot sur- 
face with heavy tar or hot 
asphalt. Although heat is an 
excellent sterilizing agent, it 
does not penetrate so well as 
creosote and it kills back the 
cambium to a greater extent. 

Permanent waterproofing 
can be secured only when the 
treated surfaces are watched 
from year to year and recoated when 
any tendency to crack or peel is ob- 
served. This is an important step, 
which is almost invariably neglected 
by tree owners and tree surgeons. 


~> 
oo 
os 


No. 1.—Cross section 
of a young tree 
showing how the 
new wood and bark 
grow into an unfilled 
cavity from the mar- 
gin. The line indi- 
cates amount of ex- 
cavating needed be- 
fore filling the 
cavity. 


No. 3.—Cross section 
showing manner of 
using two single 
beaded bolts to brace 
a cavity. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


No 2.—Cross section of cavity 
showing manner of using single 
beaded bolt and placing nails 
when there is little or no under 
cutting. 


No. 4.—Ova! washer, best kind to 
use, showing proper method of 
countersinking and bolting. 


NO. 5.—SAME AS NO. 2 FILLED WITH CEMENT. 
PLATE No. 4.—VirEws oF EXCAVATED, BOLTED AND CEMENTED CAVITIES. 


TREATMENT OF CAVITIES. 
During the last few years there has 
been a widespread popular interest in 
the treatment of decayed places in old 
trees. This type of work can be re- 
garded as comprising three essential 
operations: (1) Removing all decayed 


and diseased matter, (2) sterilizing and 
waterproofing all cut surfaces, and (3) 
filling the cavity in a manner that will 
favor rapid healing and exclude rot- 
producing organisms. 

The necessary tools for digging out 
decayed matter are few. Asa rule, two 


PRACTICAL TREE. SURGERY 123 


outside-ground socket-handled gouges 
(one with a curved cutting edge of 
about three-fourths of an inch and the 
other, perhaps, one and_ one-half 
inches), a chisel, a mallet, a knife, and 
an oilstone are sufficient for ordinary 
work. The gouges, chisel, and knife 
should never be used near the cambium 
when they lack a keen edge, as dull 
tools will injure it. In cutting out deep 
cavities, longer interchangeable handles 
for the gouges may be necessary. 


EXCAVATING. 


Usually an old decayed spot may be 
partially or wholly covered by a new 
growth of wood and bark at the edges 
and the visible decayed area be small 
as compared with that which is hiddea 
(Plate No. 1, figures. 4 and 6). Ia 
such cases it is usually necessary to en- 
large the opening with the gouges and 
mallet in order to make sufficient room 
in which to use the gouges in the 1n- 
terior. This opening should be suf- 
ficiently long to reach all the decayed 
and diseased heartwood with little or 
no additional injury to the tree. 

If the decayed and diseased wood ex- 
tends some distance above or below the 
external opening, it 1s a common prac- 
tice to cut one or more holes above or 
below the main opening in order to 
facilitate the removal of the diseased 
wood (Plate No..3,. figure 1). .° This 
results in one or more bridges of wood 
and bark spanning the long interior 
cavity. This practice is of doubtful 
value, partly because it is often impos- 
sible to see whether the diseased wood 
has been entirely removed from the 
under side of the bridges, but mainly 
because there is a strong tendency in 
most trees for the bark and sapwood of 
the bridges to die and decay as a result 
of severing the sap-conducting tubes 
both above and below. If the holes 
are pointed above and below, there is 
less trouble from this source. A prac- 
tice that permits a more thorough clean- 
ing out of the cavity is to make a nar- 
row opening, pointed at both ends and 
sufficiently long to include all the dis- 
eased wood. ‘This often extends some 
distance above and below the visible dis- 
colored area. 


Vt 


The most important feature of this 
stage of the work is to remove all the 
diseased and insect-eaten wood ( Plate 
No. 3, figures 2.and 3). This excavat- 
ing must continue on all sides of the 
cavity until sound, uninfected wood is 
reached (Plate No. 1, figure 4). All 
discolored or water-soaked heartwood 
should be removed, as this is the region 
in which the rot-producing fungus is 
most active. In decayed areas of many 
years’ standing there may be only a 
thin shell of uninfected wood around 
the cavity (Plate No. 1, figure 6), in 
which case there is danger of the tree 
being broken by storms unless braced 
or guyed. 

Vhe bottom and all other parts of 
the cavity should be so shaped that if 
water were thrown into the cavity it 
would promptly run. out and none re- 
main in any hollow. 

UNDERCUTTING. 

Another important point to be borne 
in mind in shaping a cavity that is to 
be filled is to have the sides undercut if 
possible, so as to hold the filling firmly 
in place. Care must be taken, however, 
not to have the wood at the edges of 
the opening very thin, as this promotes 
the drying out of the bark and sap- 
wood at these points. Ordinarily the 
edges should be at least three-fourths 
Of, an inch’ thick: an inchsand.a. half 
would be better (Plate No. 1, figure 4 
and Plate No. 4, figure 1). 

Great “care must be exercised in 
working around the cambium, and all 
cutting tools must be kept very sharp. 
The final cutting along the edges of the 
bark and sapwood can usually best be 
made with a very sharp knife. This 
cutting must be followed immediately 
by a coating of shellac, which should 
cover the edges of both bark and sap- 
wood. 

BOLTING. 

Before cementing a long cavity it is 
advisable to place through it one or 
more bolts, so as to hold the wood and 
cement more firmly in place. A cavity 
two feet or less in length will not usual- 
ly require a bolt, but long cavities, 
as a general rule, should be bolted every 


~z 
ca) 
lor) 


No.1.—Large cavity in an 
Elm filled with cement 
blocks with layers of tarred 
paper between. 


No. 3.—Cavity shown in No. 
2 which has been nailed and 
partly filled with cement 
and showing placing of rods 
and use of wire dam. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


No. 2.—Excavated cavity ready 
for treating and filling. 


No. 4.—A later stage of the work 
showing in No. 2. 


No. 5.—The same cavity after fill- 
ing is completed. 


PLate No. 5.—CrEmMEnNtT Cavity FILLincs, SHOWING DIFFERENT TYPES AND SUCCESSIVE STAGES. 


18sto 24 inches. Oftentimes a single 
bolt can be placed so as to support both 
sides (Plate No. 4, figure 2). In cer- 
tain cavities it may be necessary to 
place bolts at different angles (Plate 
No. 4, figure 3). In any case a strip 
of uninjured cambium at least an inch 
wide should be left between the edge 
of the cavity and the bolt. On medium- 
sized trunks, after deciding where the 
bolts can most efficiently be placed, a 
very sharp half-inch bit, sufficiently 
long to reach through the trunk and 


cavity, can be used to bore the hole for 
the bolt. On large, heavy trunks a 
larger bit should be used. Heavy oval 
or round iron or steel washers, abuut 
three times the diameter of the bolt, 
should be countersunk into the woed 
by carefully cutting away the bark at 
both ends of the -hole with a sharp 
gouge or chisel (Plate No. 4, figures 2, 
Sanda). 

All split cavities must be securely 
bolted, particularly near the upper part. 
If the split comes from a crotehgeal 


PRACTICAL TREE SURGERY 


decayed and diseased wood should be 
removed from the split and creosote 
and tar applied, after which it can be 
bolted just beneath the crotch, so as to 
close the crack or at least bring the 
parts back to their normal position in 
case decayed matter has been exca- 
vated from the crack. If the split is a 
recent one, a washing of creosote only 
will usually be sufficient before draw- 
ing the sides together with bolts. Un- 
der certain conditions, particularly in 
large trees, it may be necessary to use 
a rope and tackle blocks to pull the 
limbs together some distance above the 
crotch, in order to properly close the 
crack before bolting it. 

If the cavity has a comparatively 
large opening or has little or no under- 
cutting, it is the custom to drive flat- 
headed wire nails into the wood in the 
interior in order to hold the cement 
filling firmly in place. In medium- 
sized cavities nails two and a half or 
three inches long are usually driven 
into the wood for about half their 
length (Plate No. 4, figure 2). 


TREATING. 


After the decayed and diseased mat- 
ter has been completely excavated and 
the edges of the sapwood and bark 
shellacked, the next step is to sterilize 
the interior of the cavity in order that 
all germs of disease or decay which 
are present may be killed and that any 
which may come in contact with the 
cut surfaces during subsequent opera- 
tions may be destroyed. As already 
stated, creosote appears to be one of 
the best preparations to use. Every 
cut part of the wood and bark must be 
creosoted, and over this a heavy coating 
of tar or hot asphalt should be applied 
before the cavity is filled. 


MIXING THE CEMENT. 


A good grade of Portland cement 
and clean, sharp sand free from loam 
(1 part of cement to 3 or less of sand} 
should be used. <A quantity of dry 
cement and sand sufficient to fill the 
cavity should be thoroughly mixed be- 
fore the requisite amount of water to 
make a rather stiff mortar is added and 
the whole mixture worked to an even 


C27 


consistency. In large cavities fine 
gravel free from loam is sometimes 
substituted for the sand. 


CEMENTING. 


For placing the mixture in the cavity 
a mason’s flat trowel and an ordinary 
garden trowel with a curved blade will 
be found convenient. A tamping stick, 
1 or 2 inches thick and 1 to 3 feet long, 
according to the size of the cavity, will 
be needed; also some rocks and a pail 
of water if the cavity is a large one. 
A layer of cement 2 or 3 inches deep 
can now be placed in the bottom of the 
cavity with the garden trowel and 
tamped firmly in place. This opera- 
tion is repeated until the cement is 8 
to 12 inches thick. Wet rocks of vari- 
ous sizes may be embedded in the ce- 
ment provided they do not reach with- 
in an inch or two of its outer face. If 
the mixture is too wet, it will tend to 
run out of the cavity under the opera- 
tion of tamping. If too little water has 
been used, it will not pack down 
promptly. The top of the 8 to 12-inch 
block of cement is then smoothed with 
the flat trowel.so that it will slant slight- 
ly downward from back to front, in 
order to facilitate drainage. Over the 
top of this cement block a double or 
single sheet of tarred roofing (or thin- 
ner) paper is placed after it has been 
cut so as to fit the cavity. On top of 
this, another block of cement is buili 
as soon as the first block is sufficiently 
hard to stand the weight and tamping 
without forcing any of it out at the bot- 
tom of the cavity. If the interior of 
the cavity extends well above the level 
of the external opening, it may occasion- 
ally be necessary to bore or cut a down- 
ward slanting hole from the outside to 
the top of the interior cavity, through 
which a watery mixture of cement may 
be poured to fill the upper part of the 
cavity and the hole. The main opening 
of the cavity must be completely closed 
with the stiffer cement before this wat- 
ery mixture is introduced. When a 
block of the cement has partially hard- 
ened, it will be necessary to carefully 
smooth the outer surface or cut it down 
with the flat trowel to the level of the 
cambium, taking great care that the lat- 


> 
mG 
(o.e) 


No. 1.—Cement filling 
shattered by cold 
weather and sway- 
ing of the tree. 


No. 2.—Cross section 
showing method of 
covering cavity with 
sheet metal. 


No. 3.—Section of tree trunk 
showing simple method of 
attaching a guy chain to a 
hook bolt. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


No. 4.—A long cavity with 
nails and cement rein- 
forcing rods in place 
ready for filling. This 
cavity should have been 
bolted. 


No. 5.—An open shal- 
low cavity ready for 
creosote and _ tar. 
Shallow cavities of 


this type are not 
usually filled with 
cement. 


PLATE No. 6.—A Damacep CEMENT FILLING, TYPES OF UNCEMENTED CAVITIES, AND ‘CROSS 
SECTION SHOWING METHOD oF ATTACHING A Guy CHAIN. 


ter is not injured in the operation (Plate 
No. 4, figure 5 and plate No. 5, figure 1). 
If the cement is allowed to become too 
hard to trim with the trowel, it can still, 
with more or less difficulty, be cut back 
to the cambium line with a cold chisel 
and hammer. It is a rule with most 
tree surgeons to trim back the outer 
surface of the cement to an eighth of 


an inch or more below the cambium 
and then use a layer of stronger cement 
(one part of cement to one or two ot 
sand) to raise it to the level of the 
cambium, after the filling has partially 
hardened. 

The thinner mixtures of cement wiil 
set more firmly. If any mixtures thin- 
ner than the one already mentioned are 


PRACTICA, [REE SURGERY 729 


used to fill a cavity, some sort of cloth 
or wire dam will have to be used to 
hold the cement in place until it is 
hard. For this purpose strips of bur- 
lap wrapped tightly around the tree 
so as to cover the lower part of the 
opening may be sufficient if the mixture 
is not very thin; otherwise, a more 


closely woven fabric, such as canvas 
or carpet, may be used. 


) 


9) 


dicey) jsmm4) 


! soe) a 


No. 1.—Limbs of an Elm 
tree guyed by severat 
independent chains 15 
feet above the crotches. 
PLaTE No. 7. 


No. 3.—A tupelo tree nearly strangled by tele- 
graph wires wrapped around the trunk. 


After the cement filling has become 
thoroughly dry, the outer face may be 
painted with coal tar or paint, espe- 
cially around the edges where cracks 
are likely to appear. This should not 
be done for several weeks after the 
cement has been put into the cavity. 

TINNED CAVITIES. 

Sheet tin, zinc, and iron have been 
quite extensively used to cover 
cavities. When properly applied, 
these coverings often serve to 
keep out disease and insects for 
a long time. Oftentimes they are 
improperly applied, or the cavity 
is not properly treated. Under 
such conditions these tin-covered 
cavities are a greater menace to 
the tree than open cavities. In 
preparing a cavity for a sheet- 
metal covering, all the decayed, 
diseased and insect-eaten wood is 

removed in the manner indicated 


No. 2.—A split 
crotch guyed by 
means of a long 
bolt about eighteen 
inchestabove the 
crotch. 


under cement fillings, with two excep- 
tions: There is no need of undercutting 
the cavity and there should be a narrow 
half-inch ledge of wood around the 
edge of the cavity to which the margin 
of the sheet metal can be tacked. The 
excavated cavity must be thoroughly 


730 AMERICAN 


sterilized and waterproofed. The sheet 
metal should be trimmed so that its 
edges will exactly fit along the edges 
of the bark. The metal can then “be 
placed on a block of wood and holes 
an inch or less apart punched or drilled 
along its margin, through which long, 
slender, flat-headed brads may be 
driven into the ledge of wood around 
the cavity. The edges of the cavity and 
the inner side of the metal should now 
be freshly tarred. The metal is then 
put in place and nailed with a light 
hammer, allowing the center of the 
metal to curve outward, so as to con- 
form to the general shape of the trunk 
(Plate No: 6, figure 2). 

In a tree which is not considered of 
sufficient value to warrant cleaning and 
filling the decayed areas or covering 


them with tin, these may be excavated, 


sterilized, and 
No. 6, figure 5). 


waterproofed (Plate 


the waterproof covering is renewed as: 
soon as cracks or blisters appear. 


THE TIME FOR SURGERY. 


As a general rule; tree surgery can 
be safely undertaken at almost any time 
of the year when the sap is not running 
too actively and the weather is not coid 
enough to freeze the cement. In most 
trees the sap will interfere with the 
work only from the time the buds 
begin to expand in the spring until the 


FORE OERY 


leaves are full grown. Cement work 
will be ruined if it is frozen before it 
is hard.: It is not likely to be injured 
by frost after it has been drying for 
a week. 


TREES WORTH REPAIRING. 


Most ornamental and shade trees hav- 
ing only a few dead limbs are unques- 
tionably worth attention. Others which 
have many dead limbs or numerous 
ijecayed areas may not be worth the 
expense, particularly if they are nat- 
urally rapid-growing, short-lived trees. 
No one can decide better than the own- 
er of a tree whether it is worth the 
attempt to save it, because usually the 
actual commercial value of an orna- 


_ mental or shade tree has little or noth- 
» Ing to do with the decision. 
-erally a question merely of esthetic 
| i ‘value, or historic associations, or rarity 
In this condition they 6f the species. A man who has had ex- 
can often be safely left for years iff. 


It is gen- 


ériénce in repairing mutilated _or 


P 
‘yrtiseased trees may be able to say defi- 
nf y 


nitely whether it is possible to save the 
tree, but the owner, who pays the bill, 
is the one who will have to decide 
whether the tree is worth the price it ~ 
will take to repair it. Often the owner 


will realize a greater degree of satis- 


faction by having a badly diseased or 
mutilated tree replaced. In _ expert 
hands the moving of large trees is no 
longer a hazardous undertaking. 


STUDYING THE LUMBER 
INDUSTRY 


ORK has been commenced by 
the Forest Service and the 
Department of Commerce 


in the scientific study of the 
lumber industry for the purpose of de- 
veloping the economic facts concern- 
ing the industry and placing them 
before the public in a fair and impartial 
manner. The lumber manufacturers 
have very generally signified their will- 
ingness to cooperate in furnishing the 
representatives of the departments 


named the information which will aid 
them in this work. 

Chief Forester Graves, of the Forest 
Service, indicates the fair and open- 
minded basis 61 which this study is to 
be conducted in saying: 

“Tt is my purpose to set the facts 
ascertained before the public, neces- 
sarily from the point of view of the 
interests of the people at large, but 
with absolute impartiality and fairness 
to the industry. I propose to make the 


WEST VIRGINIA FIRE PROTECTION 


inquiry not only impartial but con- 
structive and helpful in dealing with 
the problems of the industry as “far as 
I am able to do so. I shall want to ob- 
tain the judgment of members of the 1n- 
dustry on the conclusions indicated by 
the study before they are put in final 
form.” 

As the report to be eventually issued 
will deal with the costs of lumber pro- 
duction, the effect of taxation upon 
timber cutting, the possible utilization 
of material now wasted, and other 
practical phases of lumbering opera- 
tions, it is obvious that a comprehensive 
study, based upon such facts, will be of 
as much benefit to the lumber industry 
itself as to the public in general. 

The Forest Service announces the 
following assignments of its men in 
connection with this work: 

F. H. Smith and R. S. Simmons, now 
engaged in a study of foreign markets, 
are carried on the rolls of ‘the Bureau 
of Foreign and Domestic Commerce. 
E.. S. Bryant and R. S. Bryant, carried 
on the rolls of the Forest Service, are 


investigating the conditions controlling 
lumber production in the southern yel- 
low pine region. Austin Cary, with 
the assistance of members of District 
6, is conducting a similar investigation 
ii.the Pacific Northwest. C. Stowell 
Smith, with the assistance of the offi- 
cers in District 5, is conducting an i- 
vestigation of conditions controlling 
lumber production in California. F. A. 
Silcox, with the assistance of the mem- 
bers of District 1, is conducting a simi- 
lar investigation in the Inland Empire. 

The Forest Products Laboratory, 
under the direction of Howard F. 
Weiss, is supplementing these investt- 
gations by studies of utilization and 
waste. 

The Office of Industrial Investiga- 
tion, under the direction of O. T. Swan, 
is conducting studies of the adaptation 
of manufacturing and grading to wood 
using industries and markets. 

Other members of the Forest Service 
within the next two months will under- 
take studies of special phases of lumber 
distribution. 


Wits VIRGINTAGEIRE PROEBELION 


HE Executive Committee of the 
Central West Virginia Fire 
Protective Association has ar- 
ranged to cooperate with the 

State and Federal Government in pre- 
venting and controlling forest fires and 
has appointed several patrolmen. 

This association, which was organ- 
ized several months ago for the purpose 
of supplementing the State and Govern- 
ment in forest fire work, is composed 
of all the principal timber land owners 
in central and southeastern West Vir- 
ginia, the largest of whom are the 
Cherry River Boom & Lumber Com- 
pany, with 210,000 acres, the Gauley 
Land Association with 175,000 acres, 
the West Virginia Pulp & Paper Com- 
pany with 150,000 acres. Other mem- 
bers are the Babcock Lumber Company, 
George Craig & Sons; Bemis Lumber 
Company; MRaine-Andrews Lumber 
Company; Wildell Lumber Company ; 
Wilson Lumber Company, Gilfilin. 
Neal & Company; Pocahontas Land 


& Development Company; Denmar 
Lumber Company, Glady Fork Lum- 
ber Company, Porterwood Lumber 
Company and William’s Heirs. 

All this land belonging to the Asso- 
ciation, comprising more than 800,000 
acres, is assessed annually at 1 cent per 
acre, which will be used in cooperat- 
ing with the State and Government in 
better protecting these forest lands 
from fire. 

The State builds and equips lookout 
stations on high mountain peaks, the 
Government furnishes lookout watch- 
men for these stations and the private 
owners, through this Association, fur- 
nish patrolmen, which makes a com- 
plete system as is now being used in 
the following sixteen states: Maine, 
New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachu- 
setts, Connecticut, New York, New 
Jersey, Maryland, Kentucky, Michigan, 
Wisconsin, Idaho, Minnesota, Wash- 
ington, Oregon and South Dakota. 


132 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


A FrrRE PLACE FOR THE WOODS. 


THIS IS MADE OF STONES AND IS ONE OF A VARIETY OF FIRE-PLACES ADVOCATED BY CAREFUL 
WOODSMEN. 


A SAFE CAMP FIRE-PLACE 


HERE are almost as many ways 
to start a camp fire as there are 
campers. Many prefer what 
is \knowm..as the‘ tepeers-or 

“wigwam” style, in which a pyramid 
is built with fine twigs on which are 
superimposed others that are progres- 
sively larger until they are full size. 
Others use on either side of a fire-place 
two green sticks as supports, and “lay” 
the fire as with andirons. 

But whatever the method of starting 
there is only one way that is safe, as 
far as prevention of forest fires is con- 
cerned. Such a safe fire is never built 
against a fallen log or near a tree. The 
eround is carefully cleared of inflam- 
mable duff andrubbish. The picture pre- 
sented herewith shows the right kind 
of a place for a camp fire in the woods. 
The large flat rocks at the sides will 
support coffee pots or cooking uten- 
sils; and the built-up back will serve to 
reflect heat if the fire is built for 
warmth or good cheer. 

This fire-place puts such definite 
limits on the blaze, that when the time 


comes for quitting camp, a little water 
and some shovelfuls of mineral soil 
will effectually extinguish the blaze and 
prevent the spread of fire to the woods. 

A fire-place of this type can be more 
elaborate and pretentious, of course, but 
its essential features of safety and con- 
venience can not be much improved. 

Such a fire-place is available for use 
from one camping party to another. Be- 
fore being used, however, all the accum- 
ulated debris should be carefully 
cleared away. 

Stones are in no way essential. On 
the Florida National Forest, for ex- 
ample, where the soil is a fine sand, one 
camper asserted that the largest stone 
he found was in a can of baked beans. 
In such a place a hole scraped in the 
sand, with the pine needles and debris 
raked away, makes an adequate and 
safe fire-place. Similar conditions else- 
where can be satisfactorily met by 
making a hollow in the earth; then 
when the fire is left it can be effectually 
extinguished by heaping upon it the 

arth removed from the excavation. 


FoR 


Oy 


A WHITE MOUNTAIN PURCHASE 


REASLY > 'to~ the “idelight™ of 
New Englanders who have for 
some years advocated the pur- 
chase by the Government of 
areas in the White Mountains which 
include points of particular scenic 
value and interest, the National Forest 
Reservation Commission during Sep- 
tember approved the purchase of 85,- 
000 acres of White Mountain forest 
lands which include Mt. Washington, 
Mt: Adams and Mt. Jefferson. These 
mountains, famous for their rugged 
beauty and very popular as health and 
summer resorts, furnish what is re- 
garded as the keystone or hub of the 
White Mountain drainage system and 
the members of the commission feel 
that the purchase is one of the most 
important that has been made. 

For the past three years there have 
been almost constant negotiations for 
these lands and at times New Eng- 
landers, who advocated the purchase 
and were very anxious to have the 
Government take them over before 
more timber was cut by private owners, 
felt that the commission was not giv- 
ing the matter the attention it de- 
served. Consequently they are elated 
by the successful outcome of the ne- 
gotiations. 

The lands approved for purchase in- 
clude two principal tracts: The first 
comprises three State grants known as 
the Thompson and Meserve purchase, 
Sargent purchase, and Hadley pur- 
chase, making in all 33,970 acres; the 
second tract includes portions of the 
towns of Albany and Bartlett, amount- 
ing to 45,170 acres. The two tracts 
belonged to the same company and 
were purchased at $8.50 an acre. 

The bulk of these lands were first 
offered to the Government three years 
ago at a price of $28.60 an acre. The 
Forest Service, which is charged with 
the examination of such lands, held 
that the price was too high, and de- 


clined to recommend the purchase, in 
spite of the fact that a large amount 
of public sentiment had developed in 
its favor. Within the past year a very 
careful estimate was made of the stand- 
ing timber on both tracts, and as a 
result of this estimate the Forest Sery- 
ice was finally able to secure the offer 
of the land at a price which was felt 
to justify its purchase. 

Portions of the land contain very 
dense and valuable stands of timber. 
That in what is known as the Great 
Gulf, lying on the north side of. Mt. 
Washington, between that mountain 
and Mts. Jefferson and Adams, con- 
sists of an unusually heavy stand of 
spruce. This area is prominently in 
view from all the surrounding moun- 
tains and it has been constantly brought 
to the attention of the commission that 
a large part of the public desired that 
the land might pass into the hands of 
the Government. Altogether, these 
two tracts contain about seventy mil- 
lion feet of spruce and fir timber, in 
addition to considerable quantities of 
hardwoods, mainly beech, birch, and 
maple. 

Another tract in which the public 
was deeply interested is a body of land 
of 5,600 acres situated on the south 
slope of Mt. Passaconaway and on the 
east slope of Mt. Whiteface. This tract 
lies immediately above the village of 
Wonalancet, a favorite New England 
summering place, and also contains a 
valuable body of timber. On this tract 
there are 800 acres of virgin spruce, 
containing about 15,000 feet to the 
acre. This again is one of the virgin 
tracts which public opinion has strong- 
ly favored the Government’s owning. 

Two other tracts of smaller size make 
up the purchase. Altogether they bring 
the Government purchase in the White 
Mountains up to 220,000 acres, or near- 
ly one-third of the region covered by 
this mountain system. 


733 


MERICAN FORESTRY 


A 


734 


‘GNNOUDAAOA AHL NI SI AYTIVA NVWAO “LN 


‘“NOISSINWOD NOILVANASATY LSAYOA "IVNOILVN 


‘NOSUAIAGL “LJ) GNV NOLONIHSVM * 


AHL Ad GHAOUddYV A’TINADAY ASVHOUNd AHL NI GHANTONI AAV SNIVINNOW OML ASAHL 


LW 4O MAIA IWAaNAD 


hotAl. AS A. NAPIONAL FOREST? 


By T. 


© MUCH discussion and com- 

ment has been published in re- 

Cenk, “yedrs| -relative: to -fed= 

eral control and administra- 
tion of the National Forests that there 
are comparatively few people in the 
United States today who do not have 
some knowledge, at least, of the exist- 
ence, location, and purposes of these 
forests. While it is pretty generaily 
understood that they are large bodies 
of mountainous, timbered lands con- 
trolled by the government for the pur- 
pose of protecting and preserving the 
resources of the forests, there are many 
persons who have but a very vague idea 
of what constitutes a National Forest, 
or, in other words, what is its physica! 
make up and appearance. 

Probably the general impression held 
by many who have never seen or had 
any business dealings on them 1s, that 
they are immense bodies of heavy on 
ber stretching for miles and miles alot 


W. VENEMANN. 


the mountain slopes, for the most part 
uninhabitable and undeveloped. ‘Ihis 
impression although erroneous is quite 
natural for the reason that the name 


National Forest itself implies large 
bodies of timber, while in the general 
presentation of forestry topics they 


referred to collectively, or 
as individual forest units. It would be 
surprising to many, then, to know how 
much similarity actually exists between 
the dev elopments on the National For- 
ests and those in other parts of the 
states in which they are located. 

If the reader will examine a map of 
Colorado, he will notice that, although 
the entire western half of the state is 
traversed by heavy mountain ranges, 
towns and settlements are as thickly 
scattered throughout this section as on 
the more open and level portions of the 
state. This fact is significant for the 
reason that these same mountains are 
also occupied by fourteen and a half 


are usually 


PLACER MINING. 


THIS OPERATION IS NEAR HABINS PEAK ON THE ROUTT NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO AND SHOWS HOW SECTIONS 
OF NATIONAL FORESTS ARE USED AS MINING CLAIMS, 


735 


Eis Wa) 
136 


million acres of National Forests, prov- 
ing at the outset that these forested 
areas are not huge bodies of uninhabit- 
able and undeveloped — timberlands. 
While it is true that some of them con- 
tain large stands of dense and inac- 
cessible timber, other portions are more 
thinly wooded, on which the timber 1s 
held primarily for the protéction of the 
water supply without which the sur- 
rounding country would be uninhabit- 
able. The greatest development 1s 
found within these more sparcely 


AMERICAN 


FORPS PRY 


one of the largest and most important 
of which is the Pike. This Blonest alone 
occupies a gross area of 1,323,000 acres, 
on the eastern slope of ine Rocky 
Mountains, and practically in the cen- 
ter of *thevstate, ~ Primarily the Pike is 
what is known to foresters as a protec- 
tion forest. That is, the forest cover 
is held mainly for the protection and 
conservation of the water supply fur- 
nished by countless streams originating 
within the Forest. How much is de- 
pendent upon the protection of this for- 


CASCADE CANON AND RAMONA HOTEL. 


A SUMMER RESORT ON PATENTED LANDS WITHIN THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO. 


wooded regions. Many of these de- 
velopments existed long before the for- 
ests were set aside and, of course, were 
excluded from the actual Forest bound- 
aries. When the Forests were created 
they were made to include only unap- 
propriated public lands and, at the same 
time, to exclude as far as practicable, 
any considerable bodies of land having 
a greater value for other than forestry 
purposes. These factors are largely 
responsible for the irregular shape of 
their outer boundaries. This same 
broken up condition also exists within 
the Forests as will be seen later. 

In Colorado there are seventeen sep- 
arate and distinct National. Forests, 


‘Georgetown, 


est cover may be realized when it 1s 
known that such municipalities as Den- 
ver, Colorado Springs, Cripple Creek, 
Idaho Springs, Golden, Central City, 
Boulder, and scores: of 
other smaller settlements on and ad- 
jacent to the Pike are almost wholly 
dependent, for their domestic water 
supplies, upon streams arising in or 
flowing through this Forest. Not only 
is this true as regards domestic water 
supplies, but hundreds of thousands of 
acres of agricultural lands within and 
without the forest boundaries are irri- 
vated through the same sources. 

It is impossible to tell in a single ar- 
ticle all of the developments on the 


WHAT IS A NATIONAL FOREST? 


-> 
-? 


DeviL’s Heap Frre Looxout STATION 


ON THIS HIGH, BOLD ROCKY PEAK A FOREST FIRE PATROL IS ABLE TO WATCH OVER MANY MILES OF FOREST AND TO 
QUICKLY DISCOVER ANY FIRE WITHIN RANGE OF HIS TELESCOPE. 


Pike Forest. For instance the south- 
eastern wing of this Forest and adja- 
cent territory, involves a total area of 
1,260 square miles, or thirty-five town- 
ships. 

Near the upper edge are Cheeseman 
Lake and Dam, which together with 
the South Platte River, form the most 
important factors in the water supply 
system of Denver. Near the base are 
Pikes Peak and the municipalities, 
Colorado Springs, Colorado City, Man- 
itou, and Cripple Creek, dependent 
upon its watershed. Three of the nine 
railroads crossing the Pike Forest are 
in this section, together with the fa- 
mous “cog road” running between Man- 
itou and the summit of Pikes Peak. 
One of these is the Colorado Springs 
and Cripple Creek route, considered 
among the finest and most popular 
scenic mountain trips in America. A 
few miles west of Colorado Springs 
and crossing a portion of the Forest is 
the wonderful “High Line Drive,” an 
automobile thoroughfare built along 
the crest of the mountains and reveal- 
ing to the tourist a magnificent view 
of mountains and plains for miles 


around. In addition to these routes of 
travel there is the Ute Pass road, form- 
ing part of the state and_ transconti- 
nental highway between Colorado 
Springs and Leadville, built by con- 
vict labor, together with tite elaborate 
system of roads and trails crossing the 
Forest in all directions. : 
Included in the Pikes Peak region, 
within and adjoining the Forest, are 
many of the most wonderful nature 
freaks in the Rocky Mountains. The 
Garden of the Gods, Glen Eyrie, with 
its reproduction of the Chiff Dwelling, 
the historic Ute Pass, Cheyenne Can- 
yons, Cave of the Winds. Seven Falls, 
Crystal Park, Mount Manitou incline 
railway, and scores of other scenic at- 
tractions drawing thousands of tour- 
ists from all parts of the country to 
that section. It is estimated that fully 
half a million sightseers visit this por- 
tion of the Pike Forest every summer. 
Following the lines of railroad are 
numerous towns and settlements, while 


scattered throughout the Forest are 
hundreds of summer and_ year-long 


residences, stores, hotels, schools, and 


738 AMERICAN 
other improvements for the convenience 
of tourists and permanent residents. 
Near Clyde is the Rathke elk pre- 
serve, leased from the government for 
the protection of a band of these rap- 
idly diminishing animals. The Colo- 
rado Springs Fly Casting Club has its 
fishing resort on Beaver Creek, a few 
miles west of Palmer Lake. At Palmer 
Lake, adjoining the eastern border of 
the Forest, and dependent upon the 
Forest for many of its recreative fea- 
tures, is one of the most attractive 


-t 


BORED DRY 


gations are being conducted by the For- 
est Service to determine how best to 
reproduce, develop, and manage the for- 
ests of the Rocky Mountain region. 

In order to facilitate the transaction 
of business the Pike is divided into 
eleven ranger districts, each provided 
with a ranger headquarters. Where 
such headquarters are not more con- 
veniently located in nearby business 
centers, they are established on the 
Forest, consisting of dwellings, barns, 


tS) 
outbuildings, pastures, and a_ small 


ARIE PR ge perme se eel 


A NATIONAL FOREST OPERATION. 


A LUMBERING 


mountain resorts in the state. Nestled 
in the timber on the slope of the moun- 
tain are many beautiful summer cot- 
tages readily seen from the cars of the 
two railroads passing close by. On the 
eastern border of the Forest, near 
Monument, the Forest Service main- 
tains one of the largest forest nurseries 
in the country, supplying annually hun- 
dreds of Mee de of young trees for 
restocking denuded areas within the 
National Forests. Two miles west of 
Manitou, on the slopes of Pikes Peak, 
is situated the Fremont Experiment 
Station, where extensive forest investi- 


SCENE ON THE PIKE NATIONAL FOREST IN COLORADO. 


patch of agricultural land to supply 
food and provender for the ranger, his 


family and livestock. 

The most destructive agency on the 
National Forests today is fire, which 
annually destroys millions of dollars 


worth of public property. In order to: 
reduce this loss to a minimum the For- 
est Service during the last ten years 
has built up on the Forests a vast net- 
work of roads, trails, and telephone 
lines, established fire lookout stations 
on prominent mountain peaks, and 
placed throughout the Forests thou- 
sands of tool caches containing fire- 


a Ee a SY 


WHAT IS A NATIONAL FOREST? 739 


fighting equipment. Probably the most 
unique fire lookout station in existence 
is located on the summit of Devil’s 
Head, a rocky peak lifting its head ten 
thousand feet above sea level. From 
this pinnacle the lookout man, station- 
ed there during the summer months, 
commands a view of three-fourths of 
the entire Forest, or more than a mil- 
lion acres of valuable timber. Located 
on the very summit is a telephone, while 
at the base of the huge rocks that crown 
the mountain a camp is established for 
the lookout. A small cabin is also built 
on the summit of the peak to house the 
telephone and to shelter the lookout in 
case of storm. On the topmost rock, 
with a sheer fall of one thousand feet 
on three sides, a table containing a map 
of the Forest is bolted into the solid 
granite, by the aid of which the fire 
lookout is able to locate any fires aris- 
ing on that portion of the forest within 
view of the station. He can then com- 
municate by telephone with the office 
of the Forest Supervisor at Denver, 
thirty miles distant in an air line. This, 
itself, is a remarkable illustration of 
how modern developments may be 


found in supposedly inaccessible re- 
gions. 

All land within the boundaries of the 
National Forests is not government 
land. In order to explain the broken 
up condition within the Forests take 
for instance a single township in the 
Pike National Forest, a portion of the 
township is alienated from the Pike 
Forest and comprises state and private 
lands following the line of the Colo- 
rado and Midland Railroad, many of 
which were purchased from the gov- 
ernment before the creation of the For- 
est. Those that were not so purchased 
are for the most part patented home- 
steads. 

This is typical of the condition ex- 
isting to greater or less extent through- 
out all of the National Forests. Hun- 
dreds of streams flowing through the 
Forest are studded on either side with 
agricultural homesteads; in countless 
small draws and ravines, in open parks, 
and in fact wherever lands are capable 
of producing crops and are more val- 
uable for that than for forestry pur- 
poses, they are open to homestead en- 
try. These alienations apply not only 


A Forest HOMESTEAD. 


THE RESIDENCE, BARNS AND OTHER BUILDINGS OF A PROSPEROUS HOMESTEADER ON A NATIONAL FOREST. 


740 AMERICAN 


to agricultural but to mineral lands as 
well. Thousands of patented and un- 
patented mineral claims are located 
throughout the National Forests. At 
Nederland, Colorado, on the Pike, are 
located the largest tungsten mines in 
the world, while also on this Forest, 
near Central City, are the only mines 
producing pure uranium in the coun- 
try. 

The most important enterprises on 
the National Forests, producing a rev- 
enue to the government, are the grazing 
and timber sale industries. Scattered 
throughout the Forests are thousands 
of acres of open park and non-timbered 
lands having no value for agricultural 
crops, on which the Forest Service an- 
nually feeds millions of head of live- 
stock, the products of which go to sup- 
ply the demands for meat, hides, and 
wool in every state in the Union. 

Next in importance to the protec- 
tion of the forest cover, it is the object 
of the Forest Service to dispose of its 


FORESTRY 


mature and dead timber through scien- 
tific forestry methods, thereby acceler- 
ating the young growth and increasing 
the productive capacity of the Forests. 
Located on the National Forests, there- 
fore, are hundreds of sawmills, wood 
pulp and other wood using industries, 
annually consuming millions of feet of 
timber. 

It may readily be seen from these 
few illustrations that development is 
not lacking on the National Forests 
nor does it differ materially from that 
outside the Forest boundaries. The 
fullest development both within and 
without the Forests is actively sought 
by the government for the mutual ben- 
efit and protection of the resources of 
the entire region. The forest timber, 
its water, minerals, game, and every 
other resource is available for use by 
the general public, and the government 
is endeavoring to make them an ever- 
lasting heritage. 


BERKS COUNTY CONSERY AON 


PRIS COUNTY, BAe vhastset 
the pace for all other counties 
of that State and every other 
State, in the organization of a 

county conservation association, which 
was effected on September 12. <A 
number of foresighted men, realiz- 
ing the necessity of preserving the 
scenic beauty as well as the. nat- 
ural resources of the county, started 
the movement which is to enlist the 
aid of all the residents and is certain to 
do a great deal of good. ‘The associa- 
tion will devote its work to the preser- 
vation of the forested lands of the 
county in public parks and on public 
and private lands, to forest fire preven- 
tion, placing the smallest practicable 
tax on timberlands, conserving the 
water supply, protecting wild life in 
forest and stream, and inspiring a love 
of natural scenery. Among the features 
of the proposed work will be the savy- 
ing of Mt. Penn and Neversink which 


THE Pacopa. 


On Mt. Penn, Pennsylvania, where the 
Berks County Conservation Associa- 
tion was organized September 12. 


| 
| 
| 


BERKS“COUNTY 


JONATHON MOULD. 


PRESIDENT BERKS COUNTY CONSERVATION 
f ASSOCIATION. 
overlook the city of Reading, and which 
have been marred by the lumberman 
and the quarryman. 

The organization was effected at au 
enthusiastic meeting at The Pagoda on 
Mt. Penn, recently turned over to the 
city by its owner, Mr. Jonathon Mould. 
There gathered, as a result of excellent 
preliminary arrangements by the several 
men who started the movement, a large 
number of men and women eager to 
aid in the good work. Mr. Mould presid- 
ed and addresses on forestry and gen- 
eral conservation were made by Dr. 
Henry S. Drinker, president of Lehigh 
University and president of the Amert- 
can Forestry Association; Dr. J.T. 
Rothrock, vice-president American 
Forestry Association; Hon. S. B. EI- 
liott, Forestry Commission of Pennsyl- 
vania; Irvin C. Williams, Deputy Com- 
missioner of Forestry; A. B. Farquhar, 
president Pennsylvania Conservation 
Association; John Birkinbine, president 
Pennsylvania. Forestry Association ; 
Joseph Kalbfus, secretary Pennsylvania 


CONSERV.ATION res 


SOLAN L. PARKES. ‘ 
EXECUTIVE SECRETARY BERKS COUNTY CGS 
SERVATION ASSOCIATION. 
Game Commission; George W.. Kehr, 
secretary Pennsylvania Conservation 
Association; Mayor Ira. W. Sutton, of 
Reading; B. Frank Ruth, park superin- 
tendent, of Reading; Daniel. K¢itoch, 


Joun K. STAUFFER. 

Editor ‘‘The Forester’’ 1899-1900. Wash- 
ington newspaper correspondent, 1900- 
1914. Now member and secretary of 
Reading City Planning Commission and 
chairman Advisory Committee of Berks 


County Conservation Association. 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


DanieL K. Hocu. 


TREASURER BERKS COUNTY 
ASSOCIATION. 


CONSERVATION 


county controller; John Keim Stauffer, 
secretary of the Reading City Planning 
Commission, and others. 

The officers elected were Jonathon 
Mould, president ; Solan L. Parkes, ex- 
ecutive “secretary; Daniel KK: Floen, 
treasurer; Hon. Ira W. Stratton, first 
vice-president. The burgesses of the 
boroughs of Berks County were all 
made vice-presidents. | Headquarters 
are to be opened shortly and an aggres- 
sive conservation campaign started. 

An interesting feature of the gather- 
ing was the fact that John K. Stauffer, 
chairman of the advisory committee 
and one of the most active of the pro- 
moters of the association, was a number 
of years ago editor and publisher of 
AMERCAN Forestry and has ever since 
maintained his deep interest in forestry. 
As indicating this he has secured the 


Wo. H. LUDEN. 


ADVISORY BOARD MEMBER BERKS COUNTY 
CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION. 


title to a large section of forested land 
on Mt. Penn overlooking Reading and 
he will make out of it a model forest, 
conducted by scientific foresters, and 
designated for the use of the people of 
Berks County. This will not only pre- 
serve the natural beauty of that side 
of Mt. Penn but be an object lesson in 
forest preservation which should set an 
example for other owners of forested 
land in that section of the State. Mem- 
bers of the Conservation Association 
are elated over Mr. Stauffer’s decision. 

In Mr. Jonathon Mould the associa- 
tion possesses a president who, having 
retired from active business, will de- 
vote much of his energy to the work 
and in Solan L. Parkes he will find a 
most energetic and hard-working as- 
sistant. ‘The success of the association 
appears to be already assured. 


ra trials lal eeioaellel 


A a 


JUNIOR CLASS PHILIPPINE FOREST SCHOOL. 


THE CLASS OF 1915 IS COMPOSED OF 13 HIGH SCHOOL GRADUATES, 3 FOURTH-YEAR STUDENTS, 4 THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS 
WHILE THE 1916 CLASS JUST ENTERING THF FOREST SCHOOL HAS 169 HIGH SCHOOL CRADUATES, 2 FOURTH-YEAR 
STUDENTS, AND 4 THIRD-YEAR STUDENTS. 


PILIPING FORES FERS 


RATIFYING progress is being 
made in instructing Filipinos in 
forestry at the forestry school 
established by the Bureau of 

Forestry at Manila, under the direction 
of Major George P. Ahearn, and par- 
ticularly good results are expected of 
the junior class, which recently re- 
turned from its summer camp on Mt. 
Maquiling, where much practical work 
was done and considerable valuable in- 
formation of forest conditions secured. 

General Inspector J. R. Barber, in re- 
porting to Major Ahearn about the 
camp, says: 

“The members of the faculty con- 
nected with the camping scheme are to 
be congratulated upon its success. 
From what I observed, I believe the 
students were distinctly benefited by the 
experience obtained. The permanent 
camp, two rather inadequate snapshots 
of which are attached, was excellently 
located on the northern side of Mt. Ma- 
quiling about 16 or 17 kilometers from 
the Forest School. Absolutely all work 


in and about the camp such as cooking, 
washing dishes, cleaning up, gathering 

rewood, etc., was performed by the 
students. 

“During the period of the encamp- 
ment the students received practical in- 
struction in all branches of the field 
work which is conducted by the bureau. 
In accordance with your expressed wish 
the undersigned gave particular atten- 
tion to the manner in which the 
students conducted themselves with ref- 
erence to cooking, packing, camping 
and their general adaptability to field 
life. I was very well pleased, indeed, 
with what I found. They were cheer- 
ful, happy and willing during the hike, 
even though it was decidedly uncom- 
fortable for them on two occasions, 
when heavy rains were encountered. 
Each student carried all of his own 
equipment, including bedding roll and 
mosquito bar as may be seen by the 
third attached snapshot. I believe each 
and every student in the class to be 
quite capable of looking out for him- 


743 


744 AMERICAN 
self satisfactorily in the field. They are 
on the whole a pretty husky bunch of 
boys and I am inclined to the opinion 
that they are the..best material, as a 
class, we have had at the schiook: 
and good results $y confidently be ex- 
pected from them upon their gradua- 
tion and taking up active service in the 
Bureau.” 

Major Ahearn, in writing to AMERI- 
CAN Forestry about the school and its 
success, Says: 

“The forest school was started early 
in 1910 as part of the College of Agri- 
culture, University of the Philippines. 
The college and school are situated near 
Los Banos at the base of Mount Ma- 
quiling, some 42 miles from Manila, 
being connected with the same by ex- 
cellent rail and water transportation. 
This section of the country is building 
up fast as is evidenced .-by~-three: re- 
cently constructed railroad lines now 
girding the mountain. Mount Ma- 
quiling is 3,800 feet in elevation and, 
being almost wholly forested, was set 
aside as a reserve as soon as the school 
was established. ‘The area of the re- 
serve approximates 15,000 acres. The 
study and mapping of this reserve, to- 
gether with constructive work such as 
road and trail building, tree planting, 
etc., is part of the work of the students, 
and in addition each class is expected 
to improve one hectare (two and a half 
acres) of the reserve, making a sort of 
a model forest on a small scale which 
will be left as a monument to the class 
doing the work. 

“The students are given a practical 
training, namely, to estimate roughly 
the character, extent and value of a 
given area, to locate and build trails, 
keep licensees up to the rules, appre- 
hend and prosecute trespassers and be- 
come acquainted with the land status 
of each occupant within the forest zone. 
The training in wood technology and 
forest botany is exceptionally thorough, 


QS 


FORESTRY 


as it must be in order to be of prac- 
tical use, for in the average small dis- 
trict under a ranger will be found many 
hundreds of tree species, the woods of 
which in some cases grade into each 
other almost imperceptibly. We now 
have in the Philippine herbarium speci; 
mens of more than 2,500 tree species: 


During their course the students are 


made more or less familiar with the 
operations of the large lumber com- 
panies, and are also encouraged to visit 
the various woodworking industries in 
and about Manila. 

the .cottages. used by tthe atlanta 
and the faculty are built by the Bu- 
reau; the grounds are prettily parked 
and ‘kept in perfect order; military 
discipline is the rule and includes daily: 
inspection of houses and grounds. 

“The rough outdoor work of the boy Si 
keeps them in fine physical trim, so that 
when they leave for their stations at 
graduation they present a far more 
robust appearance than when they en- 
tered two years before. They have 
their societies, including a musical club, 
and also help to run a magazine, thus 
fully taking up their time. The head- 
quarters of the model forest district 
(No. 5) is at the school, and this brings 
the students into frequent contact with 
live questions of administration and in- 
vestigation. 

“Opportunity is given the graduates, 
who are also high school graduates, to. 
return to the school for the course lead- 
ing ‘to. the degree or ~ Bachelonias 
Science in Forestry. Students are se- 
lected from all over the Islands and. 
upon graduation are sent to provinces 
other than their own. After four years’ 
service they will return to their home 
provinces, where they can do good mis- 
sionary work in arousing public Senti- 
ment in favor of forest conservation, 
for without the active cooperation of 
the public at large, forest laws and reg- 
ulations are of no avail.” 


yyy a 


BH EG LE 


——e 


PORES TS, LUMBER AND CONSUMER 


JE aha 
Forester for Western Forestry and Conservation 


Hl business of supplying us 

with the products of the forest 

is one of our three or four 

greatest American industries. 
It is our greatest manufacturing in- 
dustry. Consequently all others are 
largely dependent upon it. It employs 
more men, supports more families, than 
any other manufacture. Lumber is 
made by labor and its cost is in pay- 
rolls, returning to the consumer, what- 
ever his vocation. Government statis- 
tics show that in my own great lumber- 
ing region, the Pacific northwest, 85 
per cent of the price the mills receive 
have already gone to the community in 
costs. It probably surpasses — every 
other industry of importance in small- 
ness of profit. In individual cases, un- 
usual opportunity has built large for- 
tunes, but for every one of these are 
many cases where the public has profit- 
ed by failure. Also there have been 
temporary or local situations where one 
branch of the industry has profited at 
the expense of another. But on the 
whole lumber does not cost the con- 
sumer as much more than the actual 
cost of producing it as do most other 
commodities. Few, if any, things are 
sold at so much less than their intrinsic 
value as the trees of which lumber is 
made. It is essentially a business of 
service ; not one of middleman exploita- 
tion, or of fabricating luxuries, or of 
parasitism in any form. And we, a 
wood-using and wood-selling nation, 
depend upon it almost as much as upon 
food itself. 

I wish to emphasize that we cannot 
consider forestry intelligently until we 
realize that it is not forests at all, but 
forest industry, that we seek to perpet- 
uate. ‘The community has little to gain 
from forests unless it encourages and 
helps to a sound permanent footing the 
activities which make them useful and 
worth preserving. And, conversely, 


ALLEN 


Association 


unless it does this, it is not likely to 
guide or force these activities along 


lines which do preserve forests. What 
would be their object? Forests, lum- 
bering and community ; community, 


lumbering and forests—the sequence is 
inseparable, whether it reads forward 


or backward, and inseparably it un- 
derlies forestry and every forestry 
problem. 


Twenty years ago we had practically 
nothing, now we have an efficient na- 
tional forestry administration. Many 
States have forest laws, some have good 
ones, a few are fairly liberal with 
funds. We have forestry associations 
and congresses. Lumbermen are tak- 
ing the lead in fire prevention, for in 
less than ten years the systematic pro- 
tection of private timber has grown 
from practically nothing to cover about 
100,000,000 acres, with an increase of 
3000 per cent in the last five years. But 
the Forest Service has to fight for ex- 
istence in. every Congress. Many 
States still have no forest legislation 
and few legislation that is adequate. 
In many sections lumberman and public 
are so mutually suspicious that neither 
supports any real solution of their com- 
mon problems. In short, who can 
claim that there is any recognized 
American forest policy, existing not 
because reformers have prevailed on 
some occasions but because a majority 
of our population understands what is 
needed and why, and has insisted upon 
putting it into effect? 

All this is because we have never 
seen forestry in its practical aspects as 
we do agriculture, for example. Our 
average citizen knows when in his town 
or vicinity, where community relations 
are so clearly under his eye that they 
are familiar and clear to him, any in- 
dustry employs a large part of the 
population, produces the chief manu- 
factured product, and pays an impor- 


745 


746 AMERICAN 
tanbsparvot the taxes: Let ussay it 
is dairying, or fruit growing, or furni- 
ture making. He concedes its necessity 
without argument. Citizens and_ offi- 
cials alike work for its continuance and 
development. None would dare do 
otherwise. If it needs regulation for 
public good, they do this also. But 
they know how. If it is a dairy com- 
munity, its average citizen knows pretty 
well what production costs, what prices 
are fair, what improvements are feasi- 
ble, what the State can and should do 
to aid or regulate, what public demands 
are reasonable. 

Whe “relation of “forests and’ ther 
management to State and Nation 1s ex- 
actly that of our illustrative industry 
to our suppositious vicinity, and so 15 


thet telation to. every- citizen. | lhe 
trouble is that we cannot see it so 
clearly. The very immensity of the in- 


dustry causes its several processes of 
growing, manufacturing and distribut- 
ing to be conducted separately and thus 
confuse the public mind. How can we 
Expect Ol average, citizen (to! seeall 
this when we talk only about forests: 
We might as well talk only of land 
when trying to improve agricultural 
conditions, or water when urging the 
protection and propagation of food 
fishes. It is the entire business of their 
production and use that he must under- 
stand; its place in the society under 
which he exists, the economic laws 
under which it exists. He must regard 
it just as he does the production and 
use of any other necessary crop, ob- 
viously to be stabilized on a permanent 
basis profitable to all concerned. He 
must realize that its performances and 
service to the community—supplying 
the consumer, employing labor, using 
supplies, and paying taxes—require, 
like any other industry, three essential 
conditions: perpetuation of the re- 
source dealt with, economy in every 
process, and just return for the service 
rendered. And, whether he is a private 
citizen or a law maker, to do intelli- 
gently his part in formulating an Amer- 
ican policy under which such conditions 
are assured, he must be fairly familiar 
with the factors which govern lumber 
prices, logging and manufacturing 


FORESTRY 


methods, and the cost of growing and 
protecting the raw material. 

Why is there little trouble in getting 
laws or appropriations for the advance- 
ment of agriculture or horticulture? 
Not because these industries or their 
participants are more useful and de- 
serving, but because people understand 
their governing factors and see the 
point of such laws. Were forest eco- 
aomics equally understood, a State with 
a hundred times more revenue to be 
expected from lumber than from wool 
would not appropriate $20,000 for 
coyote scalps and only $500 for forest 
protection. A community that applauds 
its chamber of commerce for getting a 
shoe factory and gives it a free build- 
ing site would not carelessly burn up a 
forest capable of employing a thousand 
times as many. men and then tax the 
owner so he cannot hold and protect 
the land for a new crop. A State glad 
to see its farmers get a good price for 
wheat, even if it does use flour, would 
not rejoice because its sawmills are 
forced to sell lumber ‘below cost. A 
lumberman who prefers to let his trees 
stand until Americans need them, 
rather than cut at a loss for foreign 
export, would not be accused of con- 
spiracy to bleed the consumer any more 
than is a farmer who does not raise 
potatoes when they don’t pay for rais- 
ing. 

Now a word as to the lumberman 
himself. The private owner controls 
most of our forest area. His usé of it. 
our use of it, and the effect of our re- 
lations upon our joint use of it, largely 
determine our forest destinies. Why, 
if his interest and ours is in the main 
identical as I have said, does he ever 
regard’ forestry as antagonistic or do 
we incline to regard him as its object 
of attack rather than as part of it? Is 
it not just because forestry is too gen- 
erally made a creed, not a business, and 
because we have not shown ourselves 
competent to deal with its business as- 
pects? However gladly we might 
welcome the improvement of our own 
various industries and _ professions, 
would we be likely to seek it through 
regulation by lumbermen knowing as 
little of our trade as we do of theirs? 


FORESTS, LUMBER AND CONSUMER 


E. T. ALLEN, FORESTER OF THE WESTERN FORESTRY AND CONSERVATION ASSOCIATION AND 
Pacific Coast REPRESENTATIVE OF THE AMERICAN FORESTRY ASSOCIATION. 


Nothing can be more inconsistent, so 
long as most of our forests are private- 
ly owned, and even our public forests 
must be privately manufactured for us, 
than to antagonize the lumberman 
whose help we must have by continuing 
such ignorance of his problems that we 
even treat him as an enemy. 

Let us, then, see if we can..make a 
brief glance at our tangled forest situa- 
tion disclose a few points where prac- 
tical attacks may lead to its eventual 
clearing up. 

We now cut perhaps 50 billion feet 
of lumber a year for consumption and 
export, besides billions of lath and 
shingles, millions of ties and cords of 
wood, and enormous quanties of poles, 
mine timbers, cooperage stock, distil- 
late material and other products meas- 
ured by standards difficult of popular 
grasp. I hardly know how to put the 
vastness of this quantity before you in 


any comprehensible comparison. _ It 
would load a train of cars reaching 
once and a half around the earth at 
the equator. It would pave a roadway 
from the earth to the moon, two inches 
thick and over 30 feet wide. We are 
cutting each year three times the yearly 
growth, to say nothing of the loss from 
fire. 

To meet this, we have perhaps 2500 
billion feet of standing timber suitable 
for lumber. We can only guess as to 
future cutting rate, or loss by fire, or 
areas which will be permitted to re- 
forest, but 50 years is commonly given 
as the approximate life of our visible 
supply. Over half this supply is on 
the Pacific Coast, less than quarter is 
in the South, the Lake region has 3% 
per cent, and the remaining fifth 1s 
scattered outside these three main for- 
est regions. And of the entire supply, 
less than two-fifths is in various forms 


748 AMERICAN 
of public ownership, State and Federal, 
and over three-fifths is in private hands. 

There is, however, a vast area of cut 
and burned-over land, increasing yearly 
and useless for any other purpose, 
which might be growing a new crop. 
On the Pacific Coast alone, which has 
been called the nation’s woodlot  be- 
cause of its combination of favorable 
climate and rapid-growing — species, 
there are fully 20 million acres of such 
deforested land which if encouraged to 
do so should yield 500 billion feet in 
60 years. And in the same region the 
120 million acres or more of uncut 
timber, if restocked as cut, would even- 
tually produce as much as we now con- 
sume. Adding obtainable reproduction 
elsewhere in the United States, there 
is no sound reason why we should not 
be well provided in perpetuity. 
chief thing to fear is that these new 


crops will not be started soon enough. © 


Obviously what we want is such in- 
ducements as shall effect the use of all 
this land, cut and uncut, regardless of 
ownership, with the least waste of ex- 
isting material, the most certain pro- 


duction of future material, and the- 


lowest prices to consumer for which 
such supply of his needs can be assured. 
Older countries have learned the futility 
of expecting this without sincere com- 
munity support and the removal of 
prohibitory conditions. Having ac- 
corded these, they are in position to 
require the industry to reciprocate. It 
would reciprocate even more gladly 
here, for it has more involved. Our 
attitude, however, is either of complete 
indifference or that forestry is to be 
spread by the sword, with occasional 
defensive fortresses of public forests. 
Ewen these many of us regard less as 
business institutions than as_ points 
from which to shout defiance and ex- 
pect reprisal. Surely we also should 
be intelligent enough to evolve a policy 
which considers both private and public 
forestry in their joint relations and 
from the viewpoint of permanent in- 
dustrial development. If so, what are 
the conditions to be met? 

Whatever may have been conditions 
in the past; when timberland was cheap, 
market near at hand, and carrying costs 


“sell f or Jess, 


The... 


FORM SAY 


negligible; great financial opportunity 
in standing timber no longer exists. 
Taxes, protection cost and interest on 
the investment are now compounding 
far more rapidly than prices can be 
advanced. Apparently home consump- 
tion cannot use all our vast stored 
supply until carrying costs have ex- 
ceeded what. the material is worth to 
the consumer:**Realization of this is 
making the -temtéency sharply toward 
competitive overproduction, not toward 
monopolistic Holding back of material. 
Unfortunately. however, this does not 


benefit.the-eaasumer. The mill accepts 
less, but. 


S) 


Suiltimate retailer does not 
‘Differences are absorbed 
producer always gets the 
e=can possibly take and the 
consumer pays the most he can possibly 
pay The et result of low mill prices 
to the-eonsuiher is wasteful cutting and 
forced foréign export, to hasten the day 
when his question will be not what he 
must pay for a board but whether he 
can get a board at all. 

Insofar as this situation of the lum- 
berman is due to his own overinvest- 
ment, we may not sympathize with him. 
It is hard for us to say whether he 
hoped for an unearned increment or 
thought he was prudently supplying his 
mills. But it is discouraging to good 
permanent management and we will 
suffer with him accordingly. And we 
are certainly equally short-sighted when 
we aggravate it more intolerably Dy; 
continually threatening the timber with 
a carelessness with fire which has no 
parallel in the civilized world and by 
a confiscatory taxation system which 
has been abandoned by every nation 
that pretends to a forest policy. Our 
tax system forces destruction, prohibits 
conservation, and pays us less than 
would a rational one. 


WHERE IS WASTE? 


We talk much of the appalling waste 
of our forests when cut. The truth 1s 
that every portion of the tree that can 
be taken out of the woods without loss 
is taken out, and more, for to some 
extent the higher grades can be made 
to pay for the loss on lower grades. 
The reason for this waste 1s the same 


FORESTS, LUMBER AND CONSUMER 


reason for the waste of poorer apples 
or potatoes which the farmer knows 
will not pay for hauling—except that 
when a community wastes food it prob- 
ably expects enough next year, whereas 
when it refuses to pay for full utiliza- 
tion of lumber it deliberately shortens 
its future supply. Lumbermen have 
been trying for years to save by manu- 
facturing odd lengths, but are about 
discouraged because the consumer, ac- 
customed to standard lengths, still in- 
sists on buying a 16-foot board and 
cutting it in two himself instead of 
taking two 8-foot ones. It is also 
known to all lumbermen and foresters 
that waste in the woods is almost in 


é€xact proportion to the falling off of 
Instead of cutting less. 
when lumber is low, the operator must’ 


lumber prices. 


cut more in order to get the higher 
quality which alone can be taken out at 
any profit, leaving the rest to rot or 
burn. Tha 
Finally, after wisely creating vast 
national forests to safeguard our future 
against the shortage all these things 
portend, we now hear in Congress a 
demand that their timber be forced on 
an already demoralized market, so that 
for a little revenue in the national 
treasury today we may force further 
waste and foreign export of our total 
supply and have less when we really 
need it later. 
THE NEW SUPPLY. 
So much. for our stored mature 
supply. With the growing of new 
supply it is even worse, for there is 
less excuse and no salvage. Try to 
imagine the vast areas that ax has de- 
nuded usefully and fire uselessly, lying 
desolate and as dead a loss as though 
engulfed by the sea, which might be 


earning us millions yearly, a source of. 


growing tax revenue, supplying our 
forest needs, employing labor, support- 
ing industries, protecting streams, shel- 
tering game. Now a menace and a 
burden, it might contribute to every 
citizen. 

Do you not suppose the owner would 
prefer to make this land valuable? 
Now that free virgin supplies are gone, 
and the cost of carrying mature timber 


TAO: 


for his future operations is so! exces- 
sive, the lumberman sees the life-of his. 
industry dependent on a: new: crop. 
Even if selfish, his interest is as keen: 
as ours. But however optimistically: 
he calculates the probable growth, or 
the price likely to be obtained, he faces 
the probability that we will burn his 
investment up and the practical cer- 
tainty that taxes will eat all profit be- 
fore the harvest. We refuse to do 
what other countries do—let him pay 
the tax when the crop demonstrates 
wealth that ought to .be taxed and 
affords revenue with which to pay. We 
ask him to carry a risky investment for 
fifty years, with interest to pay and no 
returns, and also to pay annual taxes 
which with compounding interest will 
bring his entire cost beyond what we 
could ever afford to pay him for the 
crop even if he has the funds in ad- 
vance to finance such a. remarkable 


_ project. 


After this review of our policy to 
encourage good management of private 
forests, old and new, let us see if we 
would apply it to an agricultural re- 
source. Burn up part of it; waste the 
rest cheerfully; devise a tax to punish 
keeping it till we need it, so as to hasten 
disposal abroad; forego a larger tax we 
might collect by less waste; by no 
means pay enough to encourage the 
producer to improve his methods; 
threaten him with cutrate competition, 
of we can catch him at particular dis- 
advantage, with resources of our own 
that we can ill spare for such a pur- 
pose; and finally, if he considers trying 
again with a new crop, promise to pre- 
vent this by confiscatory taxation. Now 
is this our real desire regarding forests? 
Certainly not: It is only the accidental 
result of never having taken the trouble 
to study the foundations of one of our 
greatest industries. But it is what the 
rest of the world regards as American 
forestry. I have had Japanese fores- 
ters ask me to explain it. Definitions 
again. We do have forest schools, for- 
estry associations, state and national 
foresters, and even women’s forestry 
clubs. But do we know what it is all 
about ? 


750 AMERICAN 

Let us turn to state and national 
forestry. We have a national forest 
system, with nearly 200 million acres 
under its control—a tremendous empire 
in itself. You understand that the 
service charged with its management is 
competent and loyal. Surely, you say, 
here at least we are in the van of 
progress. 

Here is a stupendous task, involving 
the protection of existing forests, re- 
stocking denuded areas, and disposing 
of the product so as best to serve the 
entire nation. ‘Io withhold funds nec- 
essary to this work is letting an im- 
mensely profitable plant lie idle, as well 
as in danger of destruction, to save the 
cost of fuel and watchmen. To mis- 
manage it is worse, for this one-fifth 
proportion of our national supply can- 
not but influence the four-fifths under 
other control upon which we are even 
more dependent. 

Yet even here we are without a na- 
tional policy. The Forest Service can 
neither announce nor execute such a 
policy as long as there is extreme vari- 
ance in the views, not only of the 
States, whose attitude toward their own 
forests and forest industries has a pro- 
found influence, but also in Congress 
where any executive policy, to be de- 
pendable, must find sanction and sup- 
port. European countries, Japan, even 
China, seek farseeing and expert de- 
termination of the principles involved, 
but every session of our Congress sees 
the whole subject debated from a dozen 
viewpoints, chiefly political, seldom 
statesmanlike, and always without real 
knowledge of forest economics. Instead 
of setting an example, we spend less 
per acre for care of our forests not 
only than other governments but than 
our own private owners upon contigu- 
ous lands. Retrenchment which does 
not extend to the “pork barrel” is prac- 
ticed vigorously when dealing with pro- 
tection of the lives and resources of 
the people. Pressure for the sale of 
timber to a sacrificial and demoralizing 
extent is brought through penny-wise 


FORESI RY 


ignorance or to “grandstand” against a 
mythical lumber trust for political pur- 
poses. 

Now all this is not chiefly the fault of 
politicians. There is nothing for them 
except so far as it can be made to strike 
a responsive chord in their constituents. 
With the public half so well informed 
on the production of the lumber it 
needs as it is upon the getting of its 
parcels by mail or the price of sugar 
there would be an expression on an 
American forest policy that would 
leave no statesman uncertain. We can- 
not blame him if there is no such ex- 
pression. We don’t know ourselves, 
that ‘is all. 

The same is true of our States. Few 
have comprehensive far-seeing policies, 
covering their own oportunities on 
State-owned forest lands and adequate 
encouragement of good private man- 
agement. Yet here, of all places, it is 
the commonwealth that determines. It 
is State intelligence and State price 
that dictates to the representative in 
Congress and, in its own laws and their 
enforcement, makes forestry a real in- 
strument for good instead of a grudg- 
ing concession to reformers. And 
State intelligence will not be exerted 
until we stop making forestry an ab- 
stract problem of public or private con- 
science. Abstract ethics do not get 
results like fear of personal injury or 
hope of personal gain. It is futile to 
discuss the needs of posterity and pres- 
ent sacrifice as a duty. The average 
citizen must come to see that bad for- 
est management, in this country of 
ours, means a handicap of industry, 
harder conditions of life, not only for 
his children but for him as well. When- 
ever an acre of forest is destroyed by 
fire, forced into wasteful use, or not 
srown where it might be grown, he 
bears most of the loss. 

Nor is this enough. Though he rec- 
ognizes the evil, it will not be remedied 
until he knows its practical working 
reasons, so he may concede when he 
must and demand where he may; not 
create further confusion through senti- 
ment, ignorance, or prejudice. 


* From an address at the midsummer meeting of the Board of Directors of the American 


Forestry Association at Chautauqua, N. Y. 


A Group OF ALASKAN SCHOOL CHILDREN. 


CONSERVING NATIVE ALASKANS 


LASKA has an area approximate- 
ly equal to one-fifth of the Unit- 
ed States and in this continental 
region there are about 25,000 

natives in villages ranging from 30 to 
40 up to 300 or 400 persons, scatterei 
at intervals along its thousands of miles 
of coast line and on its great rivers. 

During eight months of the year ail 
of the villages in Alaska, with the ex- 
ception of those on the southern coast, 
are reached only by trails over the 
snow-covered land or frozen rivers. 
Many of the native villages are remote 
from the main lines of travel, with no 
2stablished means of access. In spite o! 
the inherent difficulties of the problem, 
the Bureau of Education has estab- 
lished a United States public school in 
each of 70 villages, with 97 teachers, 
each of whom is a “settlement” worker 
striving to elevate the natives, adults as 
well as children, intellectually, morally 
and physically. 


In many of the villages the public 
school is the only agency striving for 
the uplift of the natives. Each school 
house is a social center for the ac- 
complishment of practical ends. Many 
of .the buildings contain, in addi- 
tion to the recitation room, an indus- 
trial room, kitchen, quarters of the 
teacher, and a laundry and baths for 
the use of the native community. The 
schoolroom is available for public meet- 
ings for discussion of affairs of the vil- 
lages or, occasionally, for social pur- 
poses. 

In the native villages the teachers 
and nurses endeavor to establish proper 
sanitary conditions by inspecting the 
houses, by insisting upon proper dis- 
posal of garbage, and by giving instruc- 
tion in sanitary methods of living. 
Natives are encouraged to replace their 
filthy huts by neat, well-ventilated 
houses. In some sections the natives 
have been taught to raise vegetables, 


751 


T52 AMERICAN 
which are a healthful addition’ to their 
usual diet of fish and meat. 

There are extensive regions in which 
the services of a physician are not ob- 
tainable. Accordingly, it often becomes 
the duty of a teacher to treat minor 
ailments, to render first aid to the in- 
jured, or to care for a patient through 
the course of a serious illness. 

The Bureau of Education fosters the 
establishment of co-operative stores 
and other co-operative enterprises 
owned and managed by the natives 
themselves. By thus relieving them- 
Selves. of tue burden of ithe (prot 
exacted by the middlemen, the natives 
are able to sectire the; necessities Job 
life at the lowest prices and can at their 
own local stores obtain equitable value 
for their furs, ivory, woven baskets, 
and other native products. 

The 70 school buildings are valued 
at $247,411, and the school equipment 
and furniture at $65,000. The appro- 
priation for education is $200,000 a 
year, of which $36,000 is used for 
medical relief of the natives. The 
school enrollment is approximately 
4,000. About 1,500 native children in 
remote villages are still to be provided 
with school facilities. 


MEDICAT, WORK. 


There is no specific appropriation 
for the support of medical work among 
the natives of Alaska. For several 
years the Bureau of Education has been 
striving, without success, to secure 
funds for use in making proper and 
adequate provision for the checking 
and prevention of the diseases which, 
beyond question, prevail to an alarm- 
ing extent among the native races of 
Alaska. It has succeeded in securing 
a modification of the terms of the ap- 
propriation for education of natives of 
Alaska which enables it to employ phy- 
sicians and nurses. It cannot erect the 


FORHSTRY 


hospitals which are so greatly needec. 

Realizing the absolute necessity for 
action, the Bureau of Education is 
using $36,000 of the $200,000 appro- 
priated for the education of natives in 
employing nine physicians, nine nurses, 
in supplying the teachers with medical 
chests for use in treating minor ailments 
of the natives, also in maintaining three 
improvised hospitals in school buildings 
in centers of native population where 
hospitals are most urgently needed, and 
in making contracts with four hospitals 
for the treatment of diseased natives. 

Nearly 1,800 cases were treated in 
the hospitals at Juneau, Nushagak, Nu- 
lato, and Kotzebue during 1912-1913. 
The most prevalent diseases were tu- 
berculosis, trachoma, rheumatism and 
venereal diseases; the surgical opera- 
tions included excisions for tubercular 
diseases of the bones, the removal of 
tubercular glands, laparotomies, curet- 
ting of ulcers, setting broken bones, 
sewing up recent wounds, and excisions 
of hemorrhoids, cataracts, abscesses, 
tonsils, and adenoids. During the year 
epidemics of infantile paralysis at St. 
Michael and of diphtheria at Nulato 
were checked by physicians employed 
by the Bureau of Education. 

Referring to the medical work of the 
Bureau of Education in Alaska, Dr. 
Emil Krulish, Passed Assistant Sur- 
geon, United States Public Health Ser- 
vice, detailed to investigate health con- 
ditions among the natives of Alaska, 
makes the following statement in his 
official report : 

“This improvement in the Sitka vil- 
lage, which is an example of the im- 
provement in other sections of Alaska, 
I attribute chiefly to the influence and 
efforts of physicians, nurses, teachers, 
and hospitals now under the Bureau 
of Education. It demonstrates the fact 
that the outlook for the general im- 
provement of the native is encouraging 
and the task is feasible.” 


SS Nes 
re 4G LAD Sv © ACE 


BOYS Nate BIRD HOUSES 


IRD houses that are not only 
an artistic addition to any 
estate but are a positive entice- 
ment to birds, and an inspira- 

tion for bird lovers, are now being made 
by the boys of Allendale Farm. They 
are suitable for all the birds which one 
might desire as friends and neighbors in 
either city or country, and when they 
are erected in the proper environment 
they are not long unoccupied. The 
making of these houses is a labor of love 
for the Allendale boys, because on their 
beautiful, well kept farm at Lake Villa, 
Illinois, they quickly become nature 
lovers and acquire a knowledge of the 
value of birds and the joy of their 
cheering companionship which many 
another boy might envy. 

The bird houses are sold and an 
attractive little circular tells what they 
are and how much they cost, as well as 
showing sketches of the different models, 
and it is worth noting that lovers of 
birds have become purchasers of many 
of these dainty little structures. 

There are the Martin houses which 
should be, we are told, placed on a clean 
pole sixteen or eighteen feet from the 
ground, in the sunlight away from the 
shade of the trees, and there is added 
the note, with the comfort of the birds 
in mind, that the closed side of the 
houses should face the north so that the 
birds may be protected from the cold 
north winds. These houses cost from 
three to twenty-five dollars. 

Then there are the houses for the 
dainty little wrens. These houses 
should be placed not more than eight 
or ten feet from the ground and may be 
located close to a residence. They 
should face east; there will be no danger 
of the wren oversleeping himself with 
the early morning light shining full in 
his little doorway, and the wrens like 
these houses best when they are in close 
to a bush or a tree. These houses cost 
only a dollar and a quarter, for they are 
small and simple. There is also the blue- 
bird house and this costs the same as the 
residence of the wren. It may be 


hooked to a tree or placed upon a 
twelve foot pole in the open or among 
the fruit trees. 

The Allendale boys also make attrac- 
tive food shelters, a box-shaped affair 
with open sides and a sloping roof. 
‘These are mounted on stumps, the food 


AN ALLENDALE Boy WITH A BIRD House HE Has MADE. 


is placed on the floor and the roof pro- 
tects it from the weather. These fool 
shelters are speedily discovered by th> 
birds and if the right kind of food is 
placed in them the birds flock to them 
and soon make their homes in the 
vicinity. There is also a robin shelf 
which is another type of food shelter 
and artistic as are the others. 

Now, Allendale is a colony or farm 
for homeless and neglected boys where 
they are protected, reared and educated. 
It is supported by voluntary contribu- 
tions and the boys are sent there by 
men and women who are interested in 
the Association, the official name of 


Ae 
409 


AMERICAN 


which is the Allen- 
dale Association 
of Chicago. The 
farm is at Lake 
Walla. is; Et com= 
prises 120 acres of 
good farm land. 
The boys take care 
of this and it isa 
model farm. Jn 
addition to caring 
for the farm they 
make excellent 
progress in their 
studies and, as the 
bird houses indi- 
cate;-are clever 
at various handi- 
craltsy @lhererare 
five cottages, each 
with amother and 
a family of twelve 
to sixteen.” Each 
family takes care 
of its own house, 
has 1ts own posses- 
sions and separate 
rooms for its mem- 
bers,’ its‘ fireplace 
and booksand such 
trophies as boys 

collect and cherish. 
l ithe. nieces, sare 
cooked ina central 
kitchen and _ dis- 
tributed=to. the 
various families 
who have their own table and dine 
together. There is an admirable school 
with able teachers, a laundry where the 
boys help the laundress, the big kitchen 
with the boys as assistant cooks, amanual 
training and repair shop well equipped; 
gymnasium and drill hall for winter 
sports, and in fact all things that are 
essential to the physical, mental and 
spiritual training of the boys. 

The making of the bird houses was 
an outgrowth of the boys nature study 
and coupled with it is the boys aid in 
the nation wide movement for bird 
protection. The boys in their spring 
tramps learned to recognize and dis- 
tinguish the early migrating birds as 
they returned week by week and a 
careful record was kept and the name 


A Martin HOuseE. 


Lawrence Buck Model with 
Rooms. 


FORESTRY 


of each classified 
bird was credited 
to the observer, 
while the teachers 
aided by frequent g@ 
talks on the habits “=F 
of birds. On Ar- 
bor and Bird Day 
last May Audu- 
bon buttons were 
awarded to boys 
who knew ten or 
more birds, and 
one boy estab- 
lished a record by 
naming forty-five 
birds. 

Out of this study 
developed the de- 
cision to manu- 
facture .and sell 
bird houses, and 
as the carpenter 
shop 1s well equip- 
ped and the boys 
have special train- 
ing in the use of 
tools the work 
soon became not 
only financially 
successful but a positive delight to the 
boys. To add to their interest is the 
fact that each gets ten per cent. of the 
sale price of the bird houses he makes, 
and while the industry is not yet a year 
old a good business has been built up 
and it is steadily growing. 

A director says of Allendale and the 
work done there :— 

‘We have perhaps too little thought 
of Allendale in her relation to the great 
uplift movement. We have been en- 
tirely concerned with the individual 
boy, his quality, ten- 
dencies and progress, 
and each year have 
sent out a small group 
and made an annual 
report of the expendi- 
ture of a large sum of 
money; and those bent 
on striking a balance 
have perhaps felt that 
results were not com- 
mensurate with the 
outlay. But we must 


A WREN HOusE. 
Quincy Model. 


BLUEBIRD HOUSES. 


BOYS MAKE 


4 
OR ROBIN SHELe. 


PHOEBE 
remember that when we increased our 
number from the original five to seventy- 
five we took our place in the costly 
movement of Institutionalism, and that 
we are in the press of a day whose 
watchwords are equipment and effi- 
ciency. So in counting the cost we must 
consider our dues to this larger account. 
It will not be out of place to say here in 
privacy of our annual meeting that a 
certain representative of the German 
Judiciary sent here to visit American 
institutions, when asked by a resident 
of Hull House what had most impressed 
him, replied without reservation “‘ Allen- 
ale: 

A short time ago a Japanese student 
of sociology said that his visit to Allen- 
dale had crystallized his idea of what he 
wanted to do on his return to his native 
country. The letters of appreciation 
from an English delegate to the Prison 
Reform Congress, and those of some 
Russian social worker, who were our 
guests, suggest that our work together 
for the individual boy is yet not without 
bearing upon the great question of 


aa 


BIRD HOUSES 


~3 
Or 


However, Allendale’s 
must always be the 
individual boy. We are willing to work 
in this slow, costly way because it seems 
to us the’only way to work, and because 
the redemption of society can only 
come through the redemption of its 
units. The Alumni speech of one of the 
seventy is somewhat illuminating and 
perhaps of more value than the words 
of any onlooker. He had come to us 
years ago, a rollicking young Irishman, 
and on returning to the city to High 
School, the only opportunity for a 
living that presented itself was to take 
charge of the dormitory of a working 
boys’ home. ‘“‘Some of the boys were 
men,” he said, ‘“‘and most of them older 
than I was. They were the roughs and 
hous of Chicago, but my Allendale 

*xperience stood by me; I saw that the 
eee between those fellows and 
myself was my training.” 


child welfare. 
chief concern 


MARTIN HOUSE. 
St. Armand Model, 


Rooms. 


Twenty 


snus 


Me. 


ey Witenes 


aS 


» 
ee 


A PLANTING OF CATALPA. 


THIS WAS GROWN FROM SEED PLANTED IN MARCH, 1909, THE SEEDLINGS BEING TRANSPLANTED THIRTEEN 
MONTHS LATER AND THE PHOTOGRAPH TAKEN IN MARCH, 1914. 


A CATALPA GRO iia 


RES TRENT ADARBERTL 
STRAUSS, of the Malvern 
Lumber Co., of St. Louis, Mo., 
sends AMERICAN Forestry the 

picture at the head of this article. It 1s 
a view of his catalpa speciosa planta- 
tion, near Malvern, Ark., which he says 
he believes will compare favorably in 


straightness and length of bole with 
any other. The following description 
is given: 


We sowed the seed in March, 1909. 
Seedlings transplanted April, 1910. 


The year’ s growth cut down to the 
ground in March, 19a 

Protographs taken in March, 1914. 

The man in the picture is fully six 
feet tall: 

The land is cut-over pine, thin, 
loam, with gravelly clay subsoil. 

Do you not think the growth of three 
years, from the time the saplings were 
cut down, quite remarkable? 

The background shows natural re- 
production of pine, having been cut 
over twice since 1880. 


sandy 


Le ES CAO AES 


=I 
or 
jor) 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By Etwoop WILson 


Fie sole topic in \Canada ‘at 
present is the war and Canada 
is determined to stand by the 
Empire to the last gasp both 

with men and money. A million bushels 
of wheat have been _ contributed 
by the Dominion Government, large 
quantities of cheese and potatoes and 
other products by the several provinces 
and all the employees of the Canadian 
Pacific Railway have given a day’s pay 
each. Nearly 23,000 men are in train- 
ing at Valcartier, near Quebec, await- 
ing the call of the British War Min- 
ister. Meanwhile an era of retrench- 
ment and economy has set in which, 
while wise in principle, has been car- 
ried too far in practice. Many firms 
have stopped work and all have cut 
down their forces, throwing thousands 
out of employment just at the begin- 
ning of winter and much suffering will 
ensue: ‘Outside of the fact’ of war 
there is nothing in the state of busi- 
ness to warrant such drastic curtail- 
ment, as Canada is now in a position 
to supply to Europe and South America 
all the goods heretofore made in Ger- 
many, France, Belgium and Austria. 
By this curtailment she is likely to 
lose these opportunities. 

Apropos of the above an English 
agent has been sent out to Canada to 
buy for the English colliers over 80,- 


000 cords of mine props, five feet to 
six feet long and averaging five inches 
in diameter. The supply has been 
shut off from the countries lying on 
the Baltic Sea and the mine owners 
have been compelled to, turn to 
Canada. Any kind of wood will be 
taken, but it will be a difficult matter 
to get these timbers and not an un- 
mixed blessing for the forests. Ow- 
ing to Government regulations such 
sizes cannot be cut on Crown lands and 
the whole amount must be obtained 
from freehold lands mostly in the hands 
of men owning from two to three hun- 
diedmacres« = livstich, treesmame «Cut as 
will be suitable the future supply of 
pulp wood will be very materially de- 
creased and the trees will be cut at the 
time when they are making their most 
rapid growth. 

The forest fire situation has been 
very good this year in Quebec with one 
exception. Early in the spring there 
was a severe drouth and right in the 
height of the dry weather the contrac- 
tors for the new Government Railroad 
ordered their section men to burn old 
ties. The fire rangers warned them not 
to, but in spite of this they persisted and 
the fire spread over twenty-five square 
miles, entailing a cost of over four thou- 
sand dollars to extinguish it. These 
same contractors’ engines set fire along 


fod 


758 AMERICAN 
sixty miles of railway, burning the tim- 
ber back in some cases more than a 
mile from the track. On August 2d 
eight fires were still burning. This 
new railway has not yet been put un- 
der the control of the Railway Com- 
mission’s Fire Protection Department 
and both the Province of Quebec and 
the Fire Protective Associations are 
powerless. This shows a curious anom- 
aly. A Government striving with all 
its might to prevent forest fires and 
yet itself setting the most of them and 
devastating a virgin country whose only 
resource is its timber. 


Professor Toumey, head of the Yale 
Forest School, is making a long canoe 
trip through the central part of the 
Province of Quebec with Messrs. Roth- 
ery, of Vitale & Rothery, and Mr. S. L. 
de Carteret, of the Quebec & St. Mau- 
rice Industrial Co. They will make an 
examination of the timber and discuss 
the best methods of handling. On their 
way in they visited the Laurentide Com- 
pany at Grand Mére and were the 
guests of the Forestry Division. 


Mr. Piché, Chief Forester of Quebec, 
is planning extensive improvements to 
the Government’s Nursery at Berthier- 
ville. He will build a commodious 
house for students and visitors and ex- 
pects to increase the capacity of the 
nursery to 1,000,000 trees per annum. 


The Quebec Government has post- 
poned its auction sale of timber limits 
owing to the war. 


ons WV. -El.. Hearst, (Minister font 
Lands, Forests and Mines in the On- 
tario Government, has under consider- 
ation a scheme to develop the country 
and at the same time give work to the 
unemployed. It is to open up alternate 
quarter sections of land in Northern 
Ontario by clearing the land and sell- 
ing the pulp wood. This would prepare 
the land for settlers at practically no 
cost to the Government, probably at a 
small profit. No mention is made of 
what disposition would be made of the 
hardwoods. 


FORESTRY 


An investigation of forestry condi- 
tions has been made in England and 1t 
is shown that there are large areas of 
land which are only suitable for grow- 
ing timber and it is estimated that im 
time $180,000,000.00 worth of pulp 
wood could be grown. This is now 
imported. 


The Lower Ottawa Forest Protective 
Association has had a busy season. At 
one time five hundred extra men were 
taken on to extinguish fires. Forty 
settlers have been arrested, convicted 
and fined. ‘This will make the work of 
fire protection during the coming season 
much easier as the settlers will now 
have some respect for the laws which 
had practically become a dead letter 
through lack of enforcement. 


The fire situation in British Colum. 
bia has been the worst since 1910, es- 
pecially in the southern part. Alberta 
and Northern Ontario have also suf- 
fered badly. There is great need for 
the elimination of politics and the in- 
troduction or extension of the merit 
system in both the Dominion and Pro- 
vincial Governments. 


Ten thousand tons of wood ready to 
be made into pulp were destroyed o1 
July 24th at the Mills of the Gres Falls 
Company, the Canadian Subsidiary of 
the Union Bag and Paper Company at 
Cap de la Magdelaine, near Three 
Rivers, Quebec. 

Mr. J. S. Bates, who is in charge of 
the Dominion Forest Products Labora- 
tory, has returned from a trip to North 
Carolina, taken with the object of in- 
vestigating the possibilities of distilling 
British Columbia yellow pine. 


The reindeer imported by the Laur- 
entide Company have been successfully 
distributed to two of their depots and 
training them for sled work will begin 
next month. This company have added 
to their forest plantations 44,000 Nor- 
way spruce and red pine from their 
own nursery, which has been nearly 
doubled in size. i 


EDITOR 


ITH a business sense which 

is most commendable, the 

National Forest Reserva- 

tion Commission, acting 

upon the advice of the Forest Service, 
has, after waiting three years, finally 

completed the purchase of an 85,000- 

acre tract of forest land in the White 

Mountain region. This tract cost at 

the rate of $8.50 an acre, whereas, had 

it been purchased three years ago, the 
price would have been $28.60 an acre. 

At the time the purchase was first 
proposed the members of the Commis- 
sion fully appreciated the desirability 
of acquiring these lands to add to those 
already secured in the Appalachian sys- 
tem, but officials of the Forest Service, 
after a painstaking investigation, re- 
ported that the price was far too high. 
Since then, although the members of 
the Commission were at times criti- 
cized for not taking over the tract, the 
effort to have the price reduced has 
continued until it now becomes Gov- 
ernment property at a saving of prac- 
tically twenty dollars an acre, or a 
total of about $1,700,000. 

The land includes Mt. Washington, 
Mt. Jefferson and Mt. Adams, all of 
which, owing to their scenic value as 
well as their value as a health and a 
recreation ground, properly belong in 


OO little appreciation of the 
value of shade trees is evident 
in many towns and _ cities 
throughout the United States. 
The residents and the city officials do 
not realize how much more attractive 


the Appalachian reserve, and now will 
become the property of the people for 
all time. The Department of Agricul- 
ture, through the Forest Service, will 
encourage the public use of these lands 
in all the ways that it is feasible to use 
them and particularly for summer 
camping grounds, it being contended 
that summer campers, with proper re- 
strictions as to their use of the forest, 
are of actual value in taking care of 
the forest. Another value which the 
purchase has, and a great one, is the 
protection of land which is the key- 
stone or the hub of the drainage sys- 
tem of the White Mountain area. 

Many careful students of the forest 
conditions predict that the growth of 
timber on Government land in the Ap- 
palachian system will in the future be 
of decided importance in supplying the 
lumber markets in the East, and such 
a growth will come with the protection 
of the land which is assured by its 
administration by the Forest Service, 
and by the replanting of denuded sec- 
tions, which is one of the plans in the 
future management of the land. 

There are a number of other areas 
which should also be acquired and it is 
quite safe to venture the prediction 
they will be when the price is satisfac- 
tory and the money 1s available. 


their city would be if it had well- 
shaded streets and trees about the resi- 
dences. Perhaps this is because the 
majority of them have never seen such 
streets, as, for instance, those in Wash- 
ington. It is a condition which may 


759 


760 AMERICAN 
be overcome by education, and AMERI- 
CAN Forestry proposes to devote some 
space each month in the future to arti- 
cles and discussions relative to shade 
trees, the kind to select for different 
street conditions, how to cultivate 
them, protect them from insects and 
disease and how to treat those which 
are decaying. 

There is need for experts in shade 
tree conditions who are competent to 
fill positions for the care of a city’s 
trees, as it will not be many years 
before all the progressive cities in the 
country will have shade tree commis- 
sions, or departments having power to 
engage men to care for their shade 


HILE it -may be -many 
years before municipal 
forestry appeals to a num- 


ber of communities in the 
United States, the fact that it could 


now be profitably conducted by 
imany.q,Or stem, isu. certain.) here 
anemciose). £0. meatly ) every city 


particularly in hilly or mountainous 
sections, tracts of waste land, some 
once having a luxuriant forest growth, 
which could be acquired for a com- 
paratively small sum. On these tracts 
a city could establish a municipal for- 
est which would not only be a profit- 
able investment but could, if required, 
be used in part as a public park. 

This waste land, planted at slight 
cost, with seedlings in many States pro- 
vided free of charge, would in a few 
years become productive and in a gen- 
eration or two or three be a source of 
considerable revenue to a city. 

When it is stated that all of the 
taxes of many German towns and vil- 
lages are paid, electric lights, power, 
paving and all town necessities provid- 


O MORE striking demonstra- 
N tion of the value of various ac- 
cepted systems for protecting 
the forests from fire can be had 
than the reports which are now being 
received of the results of the fire sea- 
son which has about reached its end. 
This is particularly so in relation 


FORESTRY 


trees. Provision is now being made for 
the apparent need of these men by sev- 
eral of the colleges which have already 
inaugurated, or are contemplating in- 
augurating, a department for the train- 
ing of experts in shade tree work. 

Several cities where the value of 
such trees has been appreciated, have 
shade tree departments which not only 
provide for trees owned by the public, 
but give service for those privately 
owned, and in every instance, where 
the management is competent and the 
appropriation sufficient to meet the 
needs, the citizens have reason to be 
proud of the result. 


ed free of charge out of the revenue 
derived yearly from municipal forests, 
the reply is often that conditions are so 
different in this country. True, they 
are different, but they are growing less 
so. Timber in the United States was 
in the past so abundant that few ever 
thought of the need of conserving it, 
but for some years past serious thought 
has been given to the timber needs of 
the future and how to provide for 
them, and the problem is not yet 
solved by any means. Municipal for- 
ests would not provide for all that 
might be needed a hundred years from 
now, but they would certainly prove 
a source of revenue to any city owning 
them. Therefore, as it is quite true 
there is waste land close to nearly all 
cities, and as this land could be pur- 
chased, planted and protected at small 
cost, good judgment declares that it is 
practically the duty of wide-awake 
communities to give some thought to 
the question of what they may be able 
to do in this respect. 


to the heavily wooded Pacific slope. The 
season has been an unusually bad one 
all throughout the country. Rain has 
been scarce and hot weather and drouth 
prolonged, and in addition to the dan- 
ger thus caused the winter was mild 
and far less than the normal quantity 
of snow lay on the forested slopes. 


BDITORIAL 


x 


These conditions increased the dan- 
ger of fire starting and of the flames 
spreading rapidly to a very great de- 
gree, and yet all the reports indicate 
that the fire losses for the season are 
comparatively small. There have been 
numerous fires, more in number than 
in any season for some years past, but 
the quickness with which such fires 
were discovered by the forest patrols 
and fire wardens and the rapidity with 
which, under well organized systems of 
protection, it was possible to get fire- 
fighters to the danger points resulted 
in the fires, in the majority of cases, 
being extinguished quickly or else con- 
fined to an area where they did but 
little damage. 

While the newspapers may have, in 
their reports of fires, conveyed to the 
public mind the impression that tre- 
mendous damage was being done and 
that fires were sweeping the forests 
for miles, investigation showed that 
many of the fires which received the 
most attention from the press were 
on brush land of comparatively little 
value and that the losses thereby were 
trifling. 

The reports so far received by the 
American Forestry Association lack de- 


HE Secretary of Agriculture has 
| just signed an agreement with 
the State of West Virginia for 
co-operative protection of the 
forests of the State’ from fire. The 
Weeks law authorizes the Federal Gov- 
ernment to undertake such co-operation 
with States for the protection of for- 
ested watersheds of navigable streams, 
provided the State has a fire protective 
system and will expend a sum at least 
equal to that expended by the Govern- 
ment. 

The agreement provides for patrol 
of those portions of the watersheds of 
the Potomac, Monongahela, Little 
Kanawha, and Great Kanawha Rivers 
where fires are most likely to occur. 
Lookout stations connected with tele- 
phone will be established on prom1- 
nent points, from which fires can be 
discovered quickly, and prompt notifi- 
cation given to the patrolmen, county 


761 


tail. This will come later and. be of 
decided interest, for it will then be pos- 
sible to report the actual loss and the 
actual cost of the fire protection work. 
Warned by the light snows that the 
season might be a bad one, the Forest 
Service, State organizations and tim- 
ber protective associations early pre- 
pared themselves for a hard campaign, 
with the result that the fire patrol was 
more than ever efficient, and more pa- 
trolmen were placed in the national, 
State and private forests than in any 
year since the necessity for fire protec- 
tive work became apparent. There 
was also marked improvement in means 
of communication with fire-fighting 
headquarters, more telephone lines to 
mountain lookouts were built, more 
roads and trails for quick access to 
danger points were opened and more 
money was spent than in any previous 
year, but all this proved, as the nature 
of the season developed, the best kind 
of safety insurance. 

It is certain that the success of the 
protective work during the season will 
result in the formation of more or- 
ganizations by private owners and give 
an additional impetus to national and 
State forest protection work. 


fire wardens, and other reliable persons. 
Patrolmen will cover on foot or horse- 
back the lower country, extinguishing 
any small fires that may start and cau- 
tioning persons met in the woods 
against carelessness, 

For this work the State will expend 
$5,000 a year from its appropriation of 
$10,000 for forest, game, and fish pro- 
tection, and the Federal Government 
agrees to expend an equal sum. 

This protection will go hand-in-hand 
with the work already being done by 
the Federal Government on the areas 
it has purchased in the State for na- 
tional forests. It has been demon- 
strated, according to forestry officials, 
that the greatest efficiency is secured 
through the co-operation of all protec- 
tive agencies. including the national 
Government, the State, associations of 
private timber owners, railroads, and 
other organizations. 


FOREST 


Wherever trees in quantity are 
needed for shade and ornament there 
will be need of a trained arborist to 
care for these trees. In our State and 
National preserves, as well as in many 
of the large city park areas, and in 
woodland areas, privately owned, men 
are really needed with a training not 
only in forestry, but also in latidscape 
engineering. Many cities are now em- 
ploying trained city foresters. For ex- 
ample, the city of Buffalo, N. Y., dur- 
ing the last eight or ten years has em- 
ployed a trained city forester. Last 
year the city expended about $75,000 
for city forestry work. ‘Today Buffalo 
is recognized as having the best tre2 
growth of any large city in the country. 
The widespread interest in shade trees 
which is being manifested seems to in- 
dicate that in a very short time there 
will be a great demand for men thor- 
oughly trained in ev ery phase of plant 
growth. 


Upon the recommendation of Secre- 
tary Lane, the President recently elimi- 
nated from the Fishlake and Manti Na- 
tional Forests in Utah 45,870 acres of 
land. ‘This land will be subect to set- 
tlement only under the homestead laws 
from and including 9 o’clock a. m., Oc- 
tober 19, until and including Novem- 
ber 15, 1914, and thereafter will be 
subject to entry and disposition under 
any of the applicable public land laws. 
The lands are largely unsurveyed and 
are in Sanpete and Sevier Counties. 


762 


NOTES 


Upon the Secretary's recommenda- 
tion, the President has also eliminated 
from the Challis, Lemhi, Salmon and 
Sawtooth National Forests in Idaho, 
193,660 acres. These lands are largely 
unsurveyed, high, grazing lands and are 
in Blaine, Custer, eeeoat Jefferson, 
and Jemhi Counties. About 176,100 
acres are unentered and all of the lands 
are withdrawn except 308.50 acres 
which are in a power-site withdrawal. 


With the increased attention that 1s 
being given to all matters pertaining 
to the right development of shade trees 
and the improvement of areas for the 
growth of these trees, there is a de- 
mand for men thoroughly trained along 
lines of arboriculture of city forestry. 
To properly prepare young men for po- 
sitions which are constantly opening 
in this comparatively new field of work 
is the object of a well developed four 
years’ course which the New ee 
State College of Forestry is giving : 
Syracuse loins ersity. 


Under a special Act of Congress two 
years ago, the State Agricultural Col- 
lege of Colorado was granted the privi- 
lege of selecting certain tracts of forest 
land lying either within the national 
forests or the public domain for use 
in carrying on the work of the course 
in Forestry at this institution. This 
land is selected in areas of not less than 
forty nor more than one hundred and 
sixty acres each and includes all condi- 
tions from timber line to the plains. 


FOREST NOTES 


This land has recently been selected and 
is now being surveyed and marked. It 
includes some of the best stands of 
timber to be found in this region. Some 
of the areas are open land adapted to 
experiments in high altitude agriculture. 
These tracts should furnish excellent 
places in which to carry on the field 
work connected with the course in For- 
estry here. 


An inspiring musical composition 
lately published is “The Call of the 
Wilderness,’ words by Mr. Scott Lea- 
vitt, forest supervisor at Great Falls, 
Montana, music by Miss Augusta B. 
Palmer, of the Forest Service, Wash- 
ington, D. C. The song has been dedi- 
cated to the forest rangers. It is es- 
pecially adaptable to Arbor Day exer- 
cises and to forestry and conservation 
programs. “The Message,’ words and 
music by Miss Palmer, published coin- 
cident with “The Call of the Wilder- 
ness,’ 1s a charming little song of the 
fields and woods. 


A short time ago the presence of sev- 
eral members of the Washington office 
of the Forest Service at the headquar- 
ters of District 3, in Albuquerque, New 
Mexico, where field duty had taken them 
prompted the members of the District 
office to propose and carry out a “Get- 
Together” dinner on a “Dutch treat” 
basis. The dinner was held at the Al- 
varado, the Harvey hotel. Those pres- 
ent from the Albuquerque office were: 
A. O. Waha, acting district forester in 
charge of the branch of operation; John 
Kerr, assistant district forester, in 
charge of the branch of grazing; A. D. 
Read, forest examiner of the office of 
grazing; T. S. Woolsey, in charge of 
the branch of silviculture; Quincy 
Randles, timber sale inspector, of the 
office of silviculture; J. O. Seth, assis- 
tant to the Solicitor, Department of 
Agriculture; Lyle A. Whitsit, hydro- 
electrical engineer; M. M. Cheney, na- 
tional forest examiner, of the office of 
lands ; Frederic Winn, in charge of land 
classification, of the office of lands; 
and James F. Mullen, supervisor of the 
Manzano-Zuni Forest. Those present 


763 


from the Washington office were: AI- 
bert F. Potter, associate forester, in 
charge of the branch of grazing; J. T. 
Jardine, inspector of grazing; R. Y 
Stuart, forest inspector in charge of 
timber sales, of the branch of silvicul- 
ture; Bristow Adams, forest examiner, 
in charge of the office of information; 
also W. 5. Clime, photographer of the 
Department of Agriculture, and F. F. 
Moon, professor of forestry at Syra- 
cuse University. 


Thirty of the Iowa State College 
forestry students have returned from 
summer camps held on the Minnesota 
National Forest. The camp was located 
on Star Island in Cass Lake, where fine 
virgin stands of white pine, red pine 
and jack pine occur. The camp con- 
sisted of twelve weeks’ work. The 
work comprised timber estimating, to- 
pographic and type mapping, silvicul- 
tural studies, logging, milling, minor 
forest industries, dendrology and tree 
diseases. The region of the Minnesota 
National Forest offers spendid oppor- 
tunities for the study of logging and 
milling first hand. The region also pre- 
sents many silvicultural problems for 
the student of forestry. The Iowa 
State College is planning on making the 
camp at Cass Lake a permanent affair. 


The purchase has just been com- 
pleted by the State Forester of a tract 
of about 3,000 acres in the town of 
Underhill, Vermont. This area, which 
is now the largest of the State’s forests, 
lies on the west side of the Green 
Mountain range just south of Mount 
Mansfield. With the exception of 
about 100 acres of burned land, the 
whole area is well wooded. It is for- 
tunate that the State could acquire it 
before the mountain was stripped, be- 
cause the lumber supply will not only 
be of great value to the town, but the 
two streams rising on the tract, Stevens 
Brook and Lee River, would be seri- 
ously affected by deforestation. The 
price paid was $3.25 an acre, consider- 
ably less than that first asked. 

The State Forester is now having a 
map and careful estimate made of the 


764 AMERICAN 


entire forest, and intends to begin the 
improvement of the tract as soon as 
practicable. The open areas will be re- 
forested next spring, and improvement 
cutting made as soon as a good market 
can be developed for the weed trees. 

One of the points of interest in this 
forest is a very beautiful water fall, 
one of the finest in the State, especially 
in early spring. The acquisition of this 
tract makes the total area of State for- 
ests about 8,000 acres. 


MieaiaNaeel! or santa Fe) N:-Me 
was recently in Washington to give to 
Senators from his State his views re- 
garding the replanting of denuded forest 
lands and the gathering of forest seeds. 
_ He secured the publication of some 
vigorously worded statements in the 
Congressional Record. He says he can 
teach and will take the contract to re- 
forest every acre of denuded land, 
abandoned farms and fields in the 
United States for less than $5 an acre 
and guarantees that all the planted area 
will grow. He calculates that his 
method will save fifty million dollars 
in replanting seven and a half million 
acres. Mr. Nagel says he is eager for 
a chance to prove his statements, but 
has not yet found the opportunity to 
do so on a broad scale. 


Residents of Lake Forest, Ill., stirred 
by the fact that the shade trees on the 
streets of their attractive town are not 
getting the proper care, recently held 
a mass meeting and presented to the 
City Council-some resolutions demand- 
ing vigorous action. They mean to see 
that the City Council does not neglect 
their request and will do all they can 
to beautify their streets and gardens 
by planting appropriate trees and shrub- 
bery and seeing that those already 
planted receive proper care. 

The resolutions quote the fact that 
the care of trees and shrubbery against 
ravages of insects and disease is being 
weakened by ill-advised planting of 
trees not suitable for the ground and 
climate and asking the City Council to 
appoint a permanent commission to 
safeguard the trees of the city, this 


PORE Od Ry 


commission to be empowered to super- 
intend such conservation and forestry 
work as is deemed advisable, to insist 
on co-operation from private owners, 
and if possible join with other towns 
in the vicinity in engaging a competent 
forester to oversee all advisable work. 


Many are the methods prescribed 
for estimating the value of a shade 
tree and one of the most recent is that 
of asking real estate men: “How much, 
in your judgment, do full-grown shade 
trees along the street improve the 
value of the adjoining land for house 
lots?” This question was asked by 
the Massachusetts State Forestry As- 
sociation. The majority of answers 


_ ranged from 10 to 50 per cent., while 


some went so far as to state that a 
house lot would be worth 100 per cent. 
more if full-grown shade trees were 
standing in front of it. A fair average 
of these answers falls between 25 and 
40 per cent. Expert tree appraisers say 
that a shade tree in good condition and 
well placed is worth $1 per square inch 
of cross section measured at breast 
height. At that rate a tree one foot in 
diameter is worth $113, while a tree 
two feet in diameter is worth $452. For 
the sake of illustration, suppose that 
we take a good-sized house lot, 50x100 
feet, or 5,000 square feet, worth 25 
cents a foot. The land value is $1,250. 
If the trees are spaced 50 feet apart 
on the street there would be one tree in 
front of the property. The tree is two 
feet in diameter and worth $452, which 
would increase the value of the lot 36 
per cent: 


Donald Matthews, a graduate of the 
University of Michigan in the class of 
1909, has recently accepted an import- 
ant position with the British North 
Borneo Company. Although Mr. Mat- 
thews is a young man, he has made a 
record during the last five years in the 
Philippine Forest Service. He will or- 
ganize an expedition into the interior of 
North Borneo and after examining the 
timber resources of that section, will 
determine what sort of a forestry de- 
partment should be organized there. 


CURRENT TERA LORE 


MONTHY LIST FOR SEPTEMBER, 1914. 


(Books 


and _ periodicals 


indexed in the 


Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole. 


Allen, E. T. Forests, lumber and the con- 
sumer. 12 p. St. Paul, Minn., The Pine 
Cone, 1914. 

Institut colonial internationale. Le régime 
forestiér aux colonies. v. 1-3. Brux- 
elles, 1914. 


Proceedings and reports of associations, 
forest officers, etc. 
Canada—Department of the Interior—For- 
estry branch. Report of the Director of 
Forestry for the year 1913. 136 p. il. 

Ottawa, 1914. 

Great Britain—Board of agriculture and 
fisheries, and office of woods, forests 
and land revenues. Joint annual report 
of the forestry branches for the year 
1912-1913. 82 p. Map. London, 1914. 

India—Jammu and Kashmir—Forest dept. 
Progress report of forest administration 
for the year 1912-1913. 71 p. Lahore, 
1913. 

Sociedad forestal Argentina. Boletin, vol. 1, 
no. 5. 40 p. Buenos Aires, 1914. 


Forest Education 
Arbor Day 
California—Superintendent of public instruc- 
tion. Arbor Day in California, 1914. 
24 p. Sacramento, 1914. 


Forest schools 


New York State College of Forestry, Syra- 
cuse University. State forest camp in 
the Adirondacks, held every year in 
August. 13 p. il. ‘Syracuse, N. Y., 1914. 


Forest Legislation 


New York—Legislature. The conservation 
law in relation to fish and game and to 
lands and forests, as amended to the 
close of the regular season of 1914. 
293 p. Albany, 1914. 


Silvics 

Forest influences 

United States—War Dept—Engineer Dept. 
Prevention of damage by floods; letter 
from the Secretary of War, transmitting 
report of the board of officers of the 
corps of engineers of the United States 
Army appointed April 12 1913, upon 
the most practicable and effective meas- 
ures for prevention of damage by flood 
to works constructed for the improve- 
ment of navigation. 21 p. Wash., D. C., 
1914. (U. S—63d Congress—2d _ ses- 
sion. House document 914.) 


Studies of species 

Camus, Aimée. Les cyprés; monographie, 
systématique, anatomie, culture, princi- 
paux usages. 106 p. il., pl. Paris, 1914. 
(Encyclopédie économique de sylvicul- 
ture, IJ.) 

Silviculture 
Planting 


Burnes, George P. 
New England forest trees: 1. Develop- 
ment of white pine seedlings in nursery 
beds. 18 p. pl. Burlington, Vt., 1914. 
(Vermont—Agricultural experiment sta- 
tion. Bulletin 178.) 

Lukens, T. P. Eucalyptus growing in Caii- 
fornia for promt. 16) p: 11. ) Pasadena, 
Calewoi4 

Whipple, O. B. Planting trees and shrubs 
on the dry farm, 16 p. il. Bozeman, 
Mont., 1912. (Montana—A gricultural 
experiment station. Circular 14.) 

Massuchusetts—State Forester. Instructions 
for making improvement thinnings, and 
the management of moth-infested wood- 
lands, by H. O. Cook and P. D. Knee- 
land. 35 p. il5 pl. Boston, Mass., 1914. 


; Forest Protection 
Fire 
Oregon Forest Fire Association. Third an- 
nual report, season, 1913. 48 p. Port- 
land, Ore., 1913. 


Forest Management 


Hawes, Austin F. and Chandler, B. A. The 
management of second growth hard- 
woods in Vermont. 56 p. pl. Burlington, 
Vt., 1914. (Vermont—Forest service. 
Publcation No. 13.) 


Forest Utilization 
Lumber industry 


Arnold. John R. Lumbering industry of the 
Philippines); 23 p.. - Wasi, D: C1914. 
(U. S.—Department of Commerce—Bu- 
reau of Foreign and Domestic Com- 
merce. Special agents’ series No. 88.) 

Southern lumberman. Southern lumberman s 
directory of American lumber consum- 
ing factories, v. 3. 903 p. Nashville, 
Tenn., 1914. 

Stailey, S. C., comp. Lumber inspection 
rules, containing rules governing the 
manufacture and inspection of the dif- 
ferent kinds of lumber; Government 
tests of the comparative strength of 
building timbers, and other useful in- 
formation for everyday use. 356 p. 
N. Y. A. D. Beeken, 1912. 

765 


Studies in tolerance of Y 


766 AMERICAN 


Timber trades journal and sawmill adver- 
tiser. Timber trades directory, 7th ed. 
London, 1914. 


W ood-using industries 

Hawley, 1: and “Palmer, R. ‘C..~ Yields 
from the destructive distillation of cer- 
tain hardwoods. 16 p. il. Wash., D. C., 
1914. (U. S.—Dept. of Agriculture. 
Bulletin 129.) 


Surface, Henry E. Effects of varying cer- 


tain cooking conditions in producing 
soda pulp from aspen. 63 p. il. pl., 
fabless; Wash, D.C. 1914: CUS S— 


Dept. of Agriculture. Bulletin 80.) 


Wood technology 

Record, Samuel J. The mechanical proper- 
ties of wood, including a discussion oi 
the factors affecting the mechanical 
properties, and methods of timber test- 


imeealioy, pedis N: YY.) J. Wiley sons, 


1914. 


Auxiliary Subjects 
National parks 


Campbell, Marius R. Origin of the scenic 
features of the Glacier national park. 
AOa etl maps: ee VVasih» Oa Cz Olan CUr 
S.—Dept. of the Interior—Office of the 
Secretary. Publication.) 

Knowlton, F. H. The fossil forests of the 
Yellowstone national park. 31 p. il. 
map. Wash.,-D.. Cy :1914. “(US S-— 
Dept. of the Interior—Office of the Sec- 
retary. Publication.) 

Sequoia and General Grant national parks. 
Report, 1913:° 16 \p:, map.« Wash:, De C. 
Gov. printing office, 1914. 

United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. General information 
regarding Crater Lake national park, 
season of 1914. 14 p., map. Wash., D. 
C., 1914. 

United States—Dept. of the interior—Office 
of the secretary. General information 
regarding Glacier national park, season 
Orel i4ee26ep. maps Washi D> iC 1o4e 

United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. General information 


regarding Mesa Verde national park, 
season; 1914. 25 p., map: Wash., D:. C., 
1914. 


United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. General information 


regarding Mt. Rainier national park, 
season of 1914 28 p., map. Wash., D. 
Ce 1914) 


United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. General information 
regarding Sequoia and General Grant 
national parks, season of 1914. 30 p., 
map. Wash:, D.C. 1914. 


FORESTRY 


United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. General information 
regarding Yellowstone national park, 
season of 1914. 48 p., map. Wash., D. 
Ch Loma: 

United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. General information 
regarding Yosemite national park, sea- 
Sil Oi ges BYE mel, Weise, ID) (Cy, 
1914. 

United States—Dept. of the Interior—Office 
of the Secretary. Report on Wind Cave 
national park, Sullys Hill park, Casa 
Grande ruin, Muir Woods, Petrified 
Forets, and other national monuments, 
including list of bird reserves, 1913. 47 p.., 
maps. Wash., D. C., 1914. 


Periodical Articles 
Miscellaneous periodicals 


Annals of botany, July, 1914—The struc- 
ture of the flower of Fagacee, and its 
bearing on the affinities of the group, by 
E. M. Berridge, p. 509-26. 

Country life in America, July, 1914——Where 
one railroad cuts its trees, by, J. A. 
Dimock, p. 43-5; Forestry and the land- 
scape, by F. E. Olmsted, p. 55-6. 

Craftsman, July, 1914—Our native woods; 
their new use in architecture and interior 
decoration, p. 431-5. 

Forest and stream, July 25. 1914—-How to 
make a log canoe, by G. O. Shields, p. 
laa tat, 

Gardeners’ rhronidle, Aug. 8, 1914.—Forestry 
conference at the Anglo-American expo- 
sition, p. 120. 


Ottawa naturalist, Aug.-Sept., 1914—Gall 
midges as forest insects, by E. P. Felt, 
p. 76-9. 


Plant world, July, 1914—Specialization in 
vegetation and in environment in Cali- 
fornia, by W. A. Cannon, p. 223-37. 

Scientific American supplement, June 27, 
1914——Compression tests on wood, by 
P. W. Smith, p. 408-9. 

Scientific American supplement, July 25, 
1914—-The preservation of wood; a 
synopsis of the principal processes in use 
today, by A. J. Wallis-Taylor, p. 52-4. 

Technical world magazine, Aug., 1914.— 
Changing sand hills into forests, by A. 
Chapman, p. 848-52; Motor trucks in- 
vade logging camps, p. 924-5. 

Wood preservers’ bulletin, July-Sept., 1914.— 


Penetration of timber by preservatives, ° 


by C. H. Teesdale, p. 18-19; History of 
wood block paving in the South, by R. 
S. Manley, p. 20; Toxicity tests on wood 
preservatives, by Carlile P. Winslow, 
p. 22. 

Trade -journals-.and consular «reports 

American lumberman, July 25, 1914.—Pencil 
cedar scarce. p. 38 D; A useful West 


Indian wood; blue mahoe, p. 62; Wood 
stave pipe experience, p. 63. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


American lumberman, Aug. 1, 1914.—Six 
ring rule specifications for yellow pine, 
p. 43; Kauri gum industry of New Zea- 
land, p. 50-1; Lumbering in the Philip- 
pine) elslands\ ps. ol. serocess san thee 
growth explained, p. 53. 


American lumberman, Aug. 22, 1914.—Trop- 
ical America’s mahogany, p. 41; The 
ancients knew wood; beams of oldest 
permanent bridge were of cedar and 
cypress, p. 41; Tests and supplies of 
pencil wood, by Frank J. Hallauer, p. 
42: Sending logs to sea in (Central 
America, p. 46; Woods of Dutch Guiana, 
p. 46; Use waste wood to make gas, p. 53. 


American lumberman, Aug. 29, 1914.—Uses 
and supply of true sandalwood, p. 42-5; 
The timber resources of Central Amer- 
ica, p. 46. 

American lumberman, Sept. 5, 1914—A study 
of yellow pine manufacturing waste, p. 
28; Overhead logging systems, by R. W. 
Vinnedge, and others, p. 40-1, 50; Arau- 
carian pine’s habitat, p. 45; A wood that 
lasts forever, p. 63; Chemical utiliza- 
tion of wood waste profitable, by L. D. 
Elankise ps on. 


Barrell and box, Aug., 1914.—Sawdust floor 
compounds, by O.. T. Swan. p. 52. 


Canada lumberman, Aug. 15, 1914.—The pulp- 
wood industry in New Ontario, by 
Horace Bell, p. 102-3; The cooperage 
industry of Canada, by James Innes, p. 
106-7; Nova Scotia’s fire protection 
problem, by Elihu Woodworth, p. 109- 
10; Administration of British Columbia’s 
timber lands, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 
114-16; The red cedar shingle industry 
Ol Jy Ay yy WE Seamig ny aalseile 
Work of the Dominion forestry branch, 
p. 124-5; Reducing waste in logging 
operations, by D. E. Lauderburn, p. 127-2. 

Engineering news, May 28, 1914.—Creosoted 
piling in Galveston Bay bridge, by F. B. 
Ridgway, p. 1176-82. 

Engineering news. June 4, 1914‘Blowing- 
up” of wood-block pavements; expan- 
sion joints in pavements, by O. M. Sever- 
son and R. E. Beaty, p. 1262-3. 


Engineering news, June 25, 1914—Lugs on 
wood paving blocks as a preventive of 
“blow-ups,” by W. E. Wright, p. 1434. 


Engineering news, Aug. 20, 1914——The 
teredo in fresh water, by R. G. Mc- 
Glone, p. 400. 


Engineering record, July 18, 1914—Missis- 
sippi river protection mat construction, 
p. 65; Creosoted piles on Pacific coast, 
by N. A. Powers, p. 66-7. 

Hardwood record, Aug. 25, 1914.—World 
markets for American lumber, by Hu 
Maxwell, p. 21-5; The mahoganies of 
Africa, p. 27-8; The famous rain tree, 
p. 35; Weakening effect of drying tim- 
ber, p. 36. 


767 


Hardwood record, Sept. 10, 1914—Wood in 
vehicle work, p. 21; North American 
walnut woods, by Geo. B. Sudworth 
and Clayton D. Mell, p. 23-6; The most 
costly woods, p. 31; An interesting tree; 
the paddle-wood, p. 35. 

Lumber trade journal, Aug. 15, 1914—Lum- 
ber exports for the fiscal year 1913- 
1914, p. 19-26. 


Lumber trade journal, Sept. 1, 1914.—Neces- 
sity for the engineer in modern logging 
operations, by Henry J. Cox, p. 25. 

Lumber world review, Aug. 25, 1914.—Na- 
tional forest stumpage policy, by E. A. 
Sterling, p. 27-8. 

Lumber world review, Sept. 10, 1914.—Elec- 
tricity in logging operations, by Andrew 
Bloom, p. 17-18; The redwood burl in- 
dustry in California, by T. A. Church, 
p. 21-2. 

Municipal journal, Sept. 3, 1914——Wood- 
block pavement in Memphis, by J. H. 
Weatherford, p. 307; Oijil for wood 
blocks, p. 310; Lug wood block in Nash- 
ville, p. 310-12. 

Paper, Sept. 9, 1914—Bleaching soda and 
sulphite fibers, by E. Sutermeister, p. 
15-16; Compression and density of raw 
materials, by C. Clayton Beadle and 
Henry P. Stevens, p. 17-18; Developing 
the dyestuff industry in America, by 
Bernhard C. Hesse, p. 19-20. 


Pennsylvania lumberman, Sept., 1914.— 
What to do with mesquite, p. 12-13. 


Pioneer western lumberman, Aug. 15, 1014.— 
Hardwoods used on the Pacific coast, 
p. 21-3; The imperative necessity of a 
yield tax on timber proven by timber 
land tar valuations in Louisiana, p. 24-5. 


Pioneer western lumberman. Sept. 1, 1914.— 
Fire prevention through creation of pub- 
lic sentiment, by E. T. Allen, p. 15, 19; 
Forest products of the Dominican re- 
public, p. 28-9. 


Pulp and paper magazine, July 15, 1914.-- 
The chemical evaluation of wood for 
pulp, by Martin L. Griffin, p. 419-20; 
Chlorine action on pine wood. by Heinze 
C. Lane, p. 422-3. 


Pulp and paper magazine, Aug. 1, 1914— 
The influence of the addition of hedy- 
chium pulp to chemical and mechanical 
wood pulps upon the physical qualities 
of paper produced therefrom, by Clay- 
ton Beadle and Henry P. Stevens, p. 
453; Saw mill refuse and the pulp and 
paper industry. by G. B. Steffanson, p. 
455-7; Paper making industry in South 
Africa, by Alex Annandale, p. 459-60. 

Pulp and paper magazine, Aug. 15, 1914.— 
Commercial planting of spruce, by B. K. 
Ayers, p. 483-5; The compression and 
density of raw materials used in the 
manufacture of paper, by Clayton Beadle, 
and Henry P. Stevens, p. 491-3. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


1914.—Improve- 
machinery, p. 


Railway review, Aug. 22, 
ments in land-clearing 
232-6. 

St. Louis lumberman, Sept. 1, 1914—The 
use of cut-over lands, by B. W. Hove- 
land, p. 73-4; S. H. Bolinger defends 
wood block, p. 79. 

Southern lumber journal, Sept. 1, 1914——Vast 
wealth to be gained from Mexico's tim- 
ber, p. 46. 

Southern lumberman, Aug. 22, 1914.—Pro- 
tecting piling from marine borers, by 
R. S. Kellogg, p. 33. 

Southern lumberman, Sept. 5, 1914.—For- 
ester talks to Nashville lumbermen, by 
R. S$. Maddox, p. 37-8. 

Timber trade journal, July 18, 1914—Cam- 
bridge university school of forestry, 
Dots 

Timber trade journal, Aug. 1, 1914——Teak- 
logging in Burma, by C. G. Rogers, p. 


213. 
Timberman, Aug., 1914.—Review hardwood 
manufacturing industry in Hawaiian 


Islands, by John F. Miller, p. 31-2. 


United States daily consular report, Sept. 
1, 1914—Lumber trade in Venice dis- 
trict, by Leon Bohm de Sauvanne, p. 
1198-9; timber trade in Scotland, p. 1199. 


Veneers, Sept., 1914.—Making inland flush 
veneered doors, by Neal Spoor, p. 11-12; 
Some good hints for veneering. by Lew 
Wilson, p. 15-16. 

West Coast lumberman, Aug. 1, '1914.— 
Building and loan associations suggested 
to promote lumber use, by Howard B. 
Oakleaf, p. 20. 


West Coast lumberman, Aug. 15, 1914.— 
Timber industry in Manchuria, p. 44-5. 
West Coast lumebrman, Sept. 1, 1914.— 


Pacific logging congress holds sixth ses- 
sion, p. 22-26D, 42A-45. 

Wood-worker, Aug. 1914,—Progress in fire- 
proofing wood, by T. C. James, p. 22; 
The proper piling of lumber, by G. T. 
Hall, p. 34-5; The manufacture of oak 
paneling, by John Hooke, p. 36-7; Dry- 
ing lumber by the humidity method, by 
I. D. Chapman, p. 39-40. 

Forest journals 

Centralblatt fir das gesamte forstwesen, 
March-April, 1914.—Bodkartierung und 
bodenkundlicher unterricht, by Wilhelm 
Leiningen, p. 81-97; Der leimring, p. 
98-102; Die forstverwaltungspolitik der 
gegenwart, by Ferdinand Mocker, p. 
102-25. 

Forstwissenschaftliches centralblatt, June, 
1914. — Beschaffung von kiefernsamen 
deutscher herkunft, by Esslinger, p. 315- 
26; Der internationale forstkongress in 
Paris vom 16.-20. Juni, 1913, by Guse, 
p. 326-9; Tanne und mischwald, by Schil- 
cher, p. 329-34. 


1b 


Indian forester, May, 1914.—Teak in the 
Wynaad; a study by F. Foulkes, p. 
173-93. 

Indian forester, June, 1914——Departmental 
firing in chir forests in the Punjab, 
Rawalpindi division, by H. M. Glover, 
p. 292-306; Natural reproduction of 
deodar, p. 306-9. 


Tree talk, Aug., 1914—The black-streak can- 
ker of chestnut oak, by W. H. Rankin, 
p. 13-15; Cankers and canker treatmeni, 
by C. C. Lawrence, p. 16-17; Some facts 
about acacias, p. 18-19; Notes on insects, 
by F. A. Bartlett, p. 24-5. 


Zeitschrift fur forst- und jagdwesen, July, 
1914.—Nur deutschen kiefernsamen fur 
den deutschen wald, by Haack, p. 399- 
408; Der blendersaumschlag und seine 
behandlung auf der hauptversammlung 
des Deutschen forstvereins zu Trier, by 
Eberhard, p. 408-19; Vergleichende un- 
tersuchungen an rotbuchenholz, by Nach- 
tigall, p. 419-28; Die forstliche abteilung 
aus der ersten landwirtschaftlichen ver- 
sammlung in Kiew und das prinzip her 
allgemeinen waldschonung, by Guse, p. 
429-36; Die holzversorgung Englands, by 
Ernst Schultze, p. 437-42. 


BILTMORE TEXT BOOKS 


The text books of the Biltmore Forest School, written by 
Dr. C. A. Schenck, continue for sale at Biltmore. For 
particulars address BILTMORE FOREST BOOKS, 
Biltmore, N. C. tf 


tte 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


1s 


a te 


WANTED—FORESTERS—A few excellent po- 
sitions open for skilled foresters or experts in 
shade tree work. Some of these will require all 
of a man’s time and others can be filled in con- 
nection with his regular work. The compensation 
is liberal. Please state references and experience. 
Address P. S. R., care American Forestry Associa- 
tion. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address l.. L., Care AMERICAN 
IoRESTRY. 


Se ee 


YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university 
training, business experience and three years of practical 
experience in surveying and construction, including pre- 
liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- 
cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys, 
mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires 
position with forester or lumber firm. Best references 
from former employers. Address ‘“‘T. B. C.,’’ Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


| 
| 
: 


American Forestry 


VOL. XX 


NOVEMBER, 1914 


Nor At 


PIKENCH FORESTS IN TH WAR 
ZONE: 


By SAMUEL T. Dana 


HEN the history of the 
present European war comes 
to be written, it will prob- 


ably be found that the 
forests of the regions involved have 
played a much more important part 
than is suspected by the ordinary 
reader. A hint of this is contained in a 
German news despatch of October 14, 
which read, “Heavy fighting continues 
in the Argonnes. Our troops are movy- 
ing through dense underwood in very 
difficult ground with siege trains for 
use against the fortifications. The 
French troops offer obstinate resistance, 
firing from trees where machine guns 
are posted.” 

It is stated that this same forest of 
Argonne, which has been the scene of 
such vigorous and continued fighting 
during the present war, enabled the 
French to repulse the Prussian attack 
of 1792, and nearly eighty years later, 
in 1870, at the time of the Franco- 
Prussian war, concealed the maneuvers 
of the Germans before their crushing 
defeat of the French in the battle of 
Sedan. To the westward the forest of 
Orleans is said to have given the French 
the opportunity of rallying for their 
final stand in 1871; while to the east- 
ward the forest of Soignes, by the shelter 
which it offered to Wellington’s forces, 
contributed to the defeat of Napoleon 
at Waterloo. 

That the French Government itself 
recognizes the forests as a means of 
defense is shown by a provision in the 
Code Forestier, adopted in 1829 and 
still the forest law of the land, that 


private owners can be prevented by the 
Government from clearing away forests 
at the frontier wherever these are 
deemed necessary for defensive purposes. 
There can be no question but that they 
are in fact a decided advantage to the 
army having possession of them. First 
of all they offer a serious obstacle to the 
advance of the enemy. ‘Troops can not 
march nor can artillery trains be trans- 
ported rapidly through dense woods, 
particularly when it is possible to block 
the few roads leading through them by 
fallen trees. In Alsace, so I was in- 
formed by an eye-witness, the first step 
taken by the Germans after the declara- 
tion of war was to barricade every road 
as effectively as possible in this way. 
Presumably the French did the same 
thing in their own country wherever 
they were forced to retreat. That the 
blockades established in this way were 
effective in checking the advance and 
wasting the strength of the enemy can 
hardly be questioned. 

Furthermore, the forest forms an 
excellent shelter from which an army 
can fire upon an advancing enemy, while 
itself remaining in comparative security. 
It is easy to imagine an infantry or a 
cavalry charge across an open plain 
against an opposing army entrenched 
on the edge of a forest being repulsed 
with tremendous loss. On the other 
hand, there would be situations, par- 
ticularly in level country, where the 
forest would present a serious obstacle 
to artillery fire, and considerable areas 
have probably already been cut over, 
in this as in other wars, to afford a 

769 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


A Forest 1N NORTHEASTERN FRANCE. 


ON SUCH LAND AS THIS THE TROOPS OF BOTH SIDES FIND HIDING FROM THE SPYING AIRMEN, AND THE COMMANDERS 
CONSIDER IT A GREAT STRATEGICAL ADVANTAGE TO THUS BE ABLE TO MASK THE MOVEMENTS 
OF THEIR MEN. 


clearer field and wider range for the 
batteries. 

The value of a wooded cover in mask- 
ing fortifications must also not be over- 
looked. A correspondent with the 
German army in describing the fortifi- 
cations about Metz has stated that 
they were so skilfully concealed by 
woods and blended with the hillsides 
that nothing out of the ordinary was 
apparent. This is in striking contrast 
to the forts at Liége which, being un- 
protected in this way, stood out so 
boldly against the sky line as fairly to 
invite bombardment. The correspon- 
dent further stated that in one particu- 
lar battery which he visited overlook- 
ing the River Meuse, the guns were 
placed behind a screen of thickly 
branching trees with the muzzles point- 
ing to round openings in this leafy roof. 
Even the gun carriages and tents were 
screened with branches, while a hedge 
of boughs was constructed around the 


entire position as a protection against 
spies. This battery had been firing for 
four days from the same position with- 
out being discovered, although French 
aviators had located all of its sister 
batteries so accurately that they had 
suffered considerable loss from shrapnel 
fire. 

The present war is, of course, the 
first in which the forests have exercised 
this important function of concealing 
the positions and numbers of the 
various armies from the vigilance of the 
enemy’s airmen. In open country noth- 
ing is more simple than for an aviator 
to determine with considerable accuracy 
the strength, position, and movements 
of the enemy’s forces. In a forest this is 
impossible, and to the concealment 
which it affords can probably be attrib- 
uted mainly what few surprises the 
strategists of the contending countries 
have been able to bring about in spite 
of aviators and spies. To the latter the 


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T#2 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


From The Illustrated London News. 


Havoc AMONG WAYSIDE TREES. 


ON ROADS ALONG WHICH THERE HAS BEEN MUCH FIGHTING MOST OF THE TREES ARE DESTROYED EITHER BY ARTILLERY 
FIRE OR ARE CUT DOWN TO MAKE BARRICADES OR HAMPER PURSUIT. ON THIS ROAD THE GERMANS 
PASSED ON THEIR RETREAT FROM THE MARNE, 


forest offers an excellent opportunity 
for effective scouting. Natives of the 
country, thoroughly familiar with local 
conditions, find it comparatively easy 
to steal by outposts and to observe the 
enemy without being detected. 

In the war zone of northeastern 
France conditions as regard forest cover 
vary widely. In the roughly rectangular 
area to the northeast of the Seine and 
northwest of the Oise, the country is 
for the most part very flat, and is almost 
wholly given up to agriculture. To the 
south of the Oise and the Aisne, it be- 
comes more undulating, with low hills, 
and here the farming land is inter- 
spersed with patches of forest and wood- 
land. Still farther to the south and east 
along the Meuse River and in the Vosges 
Mountains, the country becomes still 
more rugged and the forests more 
abundant. 

The topography and the distribution 
of the forests throughout this region 
probably account largely for the decision 


of the Germans to hurl their main attack 
against France through Belgium rather 
than through the more difficult route to 
the south. To these factors can also 
be attributed in large measure the rapid 
advance of the right wing of the German 
army in the early stages of the: war, 
while the left made little or no progress. 
In the north the comparatively level, 
unwooded country interposed practically 
no obstacle to the free movement of 
the armies, and as a result the early 
advance of the Germans here was al- 
most incredibly swift. During the 
same period, farther to the south in the 
region of Verdun and Nancy, the rugged, 
heavily wooded country, in conjunction 
with fortifications and strongly en- 
trenched troops, held both armies 
practically stationary. 

To what extent the forests in the war 
zone will be injured during the progress 
of the war is problematical. That they 
will suffer more or less, however, can 
not be doubted. Much wood will be 


phupiitnti, Ke 


+ hia 


“SAV ANVW HOVA A : i A % N i ‘ : ‘ IW Si LVI 
HLOH OL YNOG SYM AHOVNVA Sno NATAAS v a SIV HAL (wad N NVAYUHSD V NO MOVLILVY HONAUA V 


LNOyY AHL YVAN 


O'T paqwvajsnqy] ay, moa 


774 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


+ 
; 
5 
Hy. 


- 


—— 


THE FOREST OF FONTAINEBLEAU. 


HERE WERE GATHERED MANY THOUSANDS OF FRENCH RESERVES, DURING THE TIME THAT THE GERMAN ADVANCE 


WAS DRAWING CLOSE TO PARIS. 


THIS IS A WELL STOCKED MIDDLE AGED STAND OF 


EUROPEAN OAK. 


cut for fuel and construction work; 
trees will be felled to block roads; whole 
stands may be leveled to clear the way 
for artillery fire; and the rain of shot 
and shell will do much damage to stand- 
ing trees, much more than the damage 
done. similar forests in the Franco- 
Prussian war. Equally serious will be 


_ the havoc wrought by forest fires. These 


will be set not only by accident, but also 


_ ‘purposely in order to harass the enemy. 


4 


‘This was the case in the Forest of Com- 


i piégne, which is said to have been fired 


_ by the British in order to drive out the 
Germans. While the fire may have 
been effective from this point of view, 
it also doubtless destroyed very largely 
the natural beauty of the famous forest 
and seriously disarranged the carefully 
laid plans for its management. If the 
war lasts as long as experts predict, it is 
certain that large sections of the forests 
in which the armies will operate will be 
cut down for fire wood. To date it is 
evident that there has been. much 


cutting of young growth to use as, 


screens in hiding entrenchments and 
masking batteries. Cathedrals and 
other edifices are not the only objects 
that have been devastated. Like the 
cities and towns, the forests will for 
many years bear unmistakable evidence 
of the ravages of war, and in many cases 
the damage done them will take much 
longer to repair. 

And what of the character of the 
forests which are having such an im- 
portant influence on military operations 
and which will in turn be so profoundly 
affected by them? ‘The achievements 
of the French foresters in reforesting 
large areas of barren sand dunes and 
limestone wastes and in controlling 
mountain torrents have been widely 
proclaimed. Less is known, however, of 
French forestry and forest conditions 
in general, and a brief account of a few 
typical forests in the war zone may 
therefore be of interest at the present 
time. 

Near Compiégne, the scene of Joan 


of Arc’s capture in 1430 and of a Ger- 


sg thet oc 
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ne a ee 
Copyright by Underwood & Underwood, New York. 


GERMANS ON DEFENSE IN THE VOSGES FORESTS. 

GERMAN INFANTRY TAKING ADVANTAGE OF THE SCREEN AFFORDED BY A PATCH OF WOODS WHILE BEING ATTACKED 
BY THE FRENCH IN THE VOSGES MOUNTAINS. HERE THEY WERE EXPOSED TO A GALLING RIFLE AND ARTILLERY 
FIRE AND MUCH DAMAGE WAS DONE TO THE TREES BY THE BULLETS AND SHELLS. THUS PIERCED AND INJURED 
THE TREES ARE EASY PREY FOR INSECTS AND DISEASE. 


776 AMERICAN 


Courtesy of the New York World. 


FORESTRY 


Ad 


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TREES FELLED TO DEPRIVE THE ENEMY OF COVER. 
HOW MANY A TRACT OF WOODLAND AND OF FOREST WAS CUT DOWN TO PREVENT THE GERMANS TAKING ADVANTAGE 


OF THE GOOD COVER AFFORDED BY WOODED LANDS. 


TREE TRUNKS THUS SECURED ARE FREQUENTLY 


USED IN BARRICADES OR IN TRENCHES. 


man victory in the present war, lies 
the state forest of Compiégne where 
there has been severe fighting. This 
forest, which is situated at the junction 
of the Aisne and Oise Rivers, only 52 
miles northwest of Paris, comprises 36,- 
072 acres and is the fourth largest 
state forest in France. As in most of 
the other forests in this part of the 
country, the principal trees are oak, 
beech, and hornbeam, with a few other 
broadleaf trees and a small representa- 
tion of conifers. Although the growth 
in general is rather slow because of the 
poor soil, one oak, popularly known as 
the ‘“‘king of the forest,” is said to be 
the largest oak tree in France. It hasa 
total height of 118 feet, a circumference 
of 17 feet at breast-height, and an 
estimated volume of 1,120 cubic feet. 
While these figures do not seem very 
large in comparison with the sizes com- 
monly reached in this country by such 
trees as yellow poplar and cottonwood, 
its estimated value of nearly $500 un- 
doubtedly exceeds that of any indi- 
vidual tree of these species here. 
Previous to the war the forest of 
Compiégne, with its wealth of old oaks 
and its network of roads, was regarded 
as one of the finest in France, rivalling 
even the famous forest of Fontainebleau. 
One section of the forest, known as the 
Beaux Monts and comprising some 
1,753 acres, hasin fact been set aside for 
special treatment to preserve its natural 
beauty. Near by is the fine old palace 
of Compiégne, which, with its valuable 


decorations and furnishings, was a 
favorite residence of the two Napoleons. 
A striking feature of the scenery here 
is an avenue 150 yards wide and 5 miles 
long, cut through the forest by the 
first Napoleon in order to afford a pleas- 
ing view from the palace. 

All of these facts, together with its 
proximity to Paris, have combined to 
make the forest of Compiégne a favorite 
hunting resort. Up to 1870 it had been 
for centuries the hunting and shooting 
ground of the rulers of France, and 
since the establishment of the present 
republic it has been equally popular 
with the nobility and wealthy members 
of Parisian society. Some 2,000 acres 
are now reserved as a game preserve for 
the President of the Republic and the 
State guests. In recent years the 
revenue from hunting licenses alone 
has amounted to nearly $20,000 a year, 
out of a total gross revenue of $167,000. 
It is interesting to note, however, that 
this use of the forest has its drawbacks 
from a strictly forestry point of view. 
The preservation of the game, and 
especially of rabbits, endangers the 
young growth to such an extent that it 
is necessary to fence most of the areas 
under reproduction, of course with 
greatly increased expense of manage- 
ment. 

A short distance to the southeast of 
Compiégne lies the little village of 
Villers-Cotterets, the birthplace of the 
elder Dumas and formerly the seat of 
an important secondary forest school 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A ForEST IN NORTHWESTERN FRANCE. 


FOREST OFFICERS SUCH AS THESE SEEN IN THE PICTURE WERE AMONG THE FIRST CALLED TO THE FRONT AND ALREADY 


MANY OF THEM ARE NUMBERED AMONG THE DEAD, WOUNDED OR MISSING. 


SUCH AREAS HAVE BEEN 


THE SECNE OF MANY VIOLENT ENCOUNTERS BETWEEN THE ALLIES AND THE GERMANS. 


for the training of subordinate forest 
officers. The town is surrounded on 
three sides by the state forest of Retz, 
where French reserves were encamped 
at the time the Germans were so close 
to Paris. This is an area of 32,044 acres 
situated between the Aisne and the 
Oureq Rivers. In many respects this 
closely resembles the forest of Com- 
piegne, with which it compares favor- 
ably, having, indeed, the reputation of 
being one of the finest and best managed 
beech and oak forests in France. Al- 
though situated at a slightly higher 
elevation, from 200 to 800 feet above 
sea level, the topography is practically 
the same and in both forests the stand 
is composed mainly of oak, beech, and 
hornbeam. A century or so ago the 
forest contained some splendid speci- 
mens of oak, which were used for the 
French navy. Since then, however, the 
oak has been largely cut out and the 
proportion of beech has increased to an 


undesirable extent. Consequently the 
aim of forest management here, as in 
most of the broadleaf forests of France, 
is to increase the amount of oak. In 
1672, during the administration of 
Colbert, Louis XIV’s noted minister of 
finance, a system of cutting known as 
“tire et aire’? was introduced, which 
provided for what was practically a 
clear cutting with the retention of about 
8 beech or oak trees per acre to serve 
as standards for the production of large- 
sized material and to furnis!: secd for 
natural reproduction. Although not 
entirely satisfactory in its results chis 
system was continued until 1830, when 
it was superseded by the shelterwood 
system, which is still in vogue. Natural 
reproduction is also assisted to some 
extent by oak planting, at a total cost 
of nearly $20 per thousand plants. 

Like the forest of Compiégne, the 
forest of Retz ia also a favorite hunting 
ground because of its proximity to Paris, 


FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE 779 


By Courtesy of the New York World. 
BARBED WIRE ENTANGLEMENTS OUTSIDE OF ANTWERP. 


BOTH THE ALLIES AND THE GERMANS HAVE FELLED THOUSANDS OF TREES TO MAKE POSTS FOR STRINGING BARBED WIRE 
ENTANGLEMENTS LIKE THESE SHOWN IN THE PICTURE, OUTSIDE OF CITIES AND IN FORTIFIED 
PLACES ALONG THE BATTLE FRONT. 


its natural beauty, and the abundance 
of game. It is, however, not quite so 
popular, and the annual income from 
hunting and shooting leases averages 
only about $7,000. When damage to 
surrounding crops is caused by the 
game, particularly the red deer, the 
lessee of the hunting license is forced 
to make good the damage to the injured 
farmer. 

An interesting feature of the timber 
sales here is that they are all made in 
September of each year by “Dutch 
auction.’’ The trees are first offered at 
a price higher than it is actually expected 
to realize, and this is then called down 
by the auctioneer until some one cries 
out “je prends’” (I take). An annual 
revenue of about $122,400, or approx- 
imately $3.80 per acre, is received from 
sales of wood alone. Another interest- 
ing feature is the utilization of the heavy 
crops of beech nuts which occur about 
once in every seven years. One year, 
salad oil to the value of $30,000 was 
made from them, in addition to 300 
bushels of seed being sent to other 
forests in France and sufficient seed 
retained to restock the cut-over areas. 
Among the various wood-working in- 
dustries in Villers-Cotterets is an estab- 
lishment which turns out annually 
400,000 pairs of wooden soles. These 
are made chiefly by boys and cost 2 
cents per pair for labor and 5 cents for 
wood. 


In the extreme north of France, only 
65 miles from the North Sea and almost 
touching the Belgian frontier, lie the 
state forest of Amand and the private 
forest of Raismes, in which desperate 
fighting has recently been reported. 
Near them is situated the town of 
Valenciennes, formerly best known as 
the birthplace of Froissart and Watteau 
and as the original source of the famous 
lace of the same name, and recently 
unenviably prominent in the war de- 
spatches. 

The forest of Raismes forms a com- 
pact area of 3,500 acres, which is sur- 
rounded on three sides by the State 
forest of Amand, comprising 8,190 acres. 
The latter formerly belonged in part to 
the abbeys of Vicogne and St. Amand, 
but at the time of the French Revolu- 
tion these ecclesiastical possessions were 
confiscated and joined to the rest of the 
state forest. The country here is low 
and flat, having an elevation of only 50 
to 100 feet. Owing to its nearness to 
the coast, the temperature is more 
equable than farther inland, but because 
of the lowness of the land late spring 
frosts are likely to be severe. The forest 
areas are underlain with coal, and mine 
galleries extend in all directions below 
the surface. These often cause a sink- 
ing of the land with the formation of 
swamps and subsequent death of the 
trees. Sometimes the swamps are filled up 
with refuse from the mines and replanted. 


780 


AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


SCENE OF CONSIDERABLE FIGHTING. 


IT IS IN SUCH A COUNTRY AS THIS IN WESTERN FRANCE THAT MANY OF THE MOST STUBBORN CONFLICTS BETWEEN THE 
FRENCH AND THE GERMANS ARE REPORTED. 


Unlike the forests nearer Paris, al- 
ready described, those near Valenciennes 
contain comparatively little beech. Oak 
and hornbeam form the chief species, 
while nearly a fourth of the State forest 
is composed of Scotch pine. The latter 
has mostly been planted since the 
Napoleonic wars on areas which were 
previously bare heather land. Parts of 
the forest are managed as coppice under 
a rotation of from 14 to 25 years, usually 
also with some standards, while in other 
parts an effort is made to secure nearly 
all seedlings. The importance which the 
French attach to the protection afforded 
the soil by a forest cover is shown by 
the fact that they actually plant such 
species as hornbeam, ash, alder, and 
sycamore, to serve as an undergrowth 
and to prevent the drying out of the 
soil which might result from the exces- 
sive opening up of the main stand. 

To the southeast of Valenciennes and 
Maubeuge, where the big fortress was 
captured by the Germans early in the 
war, lies the region known by the 
general name of Ardennes. Long ago 


in the days of the Roman occupation 
this region occupied a vastly greater 
area than at present, and extended 
eastward as far as the Rhine. Caesar 
in his Commentaries described it under 
the Latin name of “Arduenna silva’”’ 
as the largest forest in Gaul. With the 
advance of civilization, however, the 
forest was gradually cleared away until 
now the region is restricted to an area 
some 100 miles long by 40 miles wide 
divided about equally between France 
and Belgium. Topographically, the 
region consists of a series of plateaus, 
with an elevation of from 900 to 1300 
feet and much cut up by deep ravines 
and valleys, in some places with pre- 
cipitous cliffs 600 feet high. These con- 
ditions contributed largely to the des- 
perate character of the recent fighting 
in this region. The area is now drained 
by the River Meuse, a tributary of the 
Rhine. Geologists believe, however, 
that in prehistoric times the rivers from 
this area deposited their sediment on 
what is now the city of London, since 
the London basin is the only other place 


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FOREST ON THE VOSGES MOUNTAINS. 


MUCH OF THE FIGHTING IN EASTERN FRANCE HAS BEEN ON GROUND SUCH AS THIS. HERE IS A 100 To 150 
YEAR OLD STAND OF SCOTCH PINE AT AN ELEVATION OF 5,500 FEET. CONIFEROUS FORESTS 
OF THIS SORT OCCUPY THE UPPER SLOPES IN THE MOUNTAINS. 


where the particular clay soil character- 
istic of this region is found. 

While a large part of the Ardennes is 
forested, there are also considerable 
areas of marshes, heaths, and barrens. 
Agriculture is mostly confined to the 
valley bottoms and is not extensive, but 
large numbers of sheep and cattle are 


grazed. The forests are for the most 
part composed of the oak and beech 
typical of so much of France. As else- 
where the stands are managed both for 
coppice and seedlings. Like the country 
to the northwest, the region is underlain 
with coal which is being brought to the 
surface by numerous mines. The ugly 


{ 


FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE 783 


piles of slag and pit rubbish which are 
so abundant in similar mining districts 
in England are, however, apparently 
scarce. This is due to the fact that 
these heaps are frequently planted with 
larch, birch, and other trees, which 
grow surprisingly well on such sterile 
Soil. »In spite of the fact: that .1t 1s 
usually necessary to bring in small 
quantities of earth in which to plant 
each tree, the result is said to be fairly 
profitable to the mine owners and is 
certainly a great benefit to the public 
from an artistic and health point of view. 

A part of the Belgian Ardennes of 
special interest to foresters is the 
private forest of Mirwart, which from 
1891 to 1903 was the property of Dr. 
Schlich. When he acquired possession 
of the area it consisted of some 100 
acres of Scotch pine and 2,700 acres of 
mixed broadleaf trees in a most irregular 
state. Having observed that Norway 
spruce had grown remarkably well in 
the few experimental areas and that 
the wood was in much demand in the 
neighborhood for pit props, he deter- 
mined to convert the greater part of the 
forest to spruce as rapidly as possible. 
This work, which has been carried out 
at a cost of about $20 per acre, has ap- 
parently been very successful. One of 
the principal difficulties encountered 
was the fondness of the red deer for 
young spruce shoots. It was found 
that this damage could be prevented, 
to a considerable extent at least, by 
sprinkling the trees liberally with white- 
wash, particularly in the spring. 

South of the Ardennes is the forest 
of Argonne, concerning which so much 
has been heard in the present war as 
the scene of many vigorous encounters. 
The region to which the name is com- 
monly applied comprises a rocky, for- 
est-clad plateau some 63 miles long by 
19 miles wide extending from the 
plateau of the Ardennes on the north 
to the plateau of Haute Marne on the 
south. On the east it is bounded by the 
River Meuse and on the west by the 
Aisne and the Ante. In this district 
have been some of the most sanguinary 
engagements of the war. The plateau 
has an average elevation of about 1,150 
feet, and, like the Ardennes, is much 
dissected by many precipitous gorges. 


In addition to its numerous forests of 
oak and beech, the region is excellently 
suited to form a natural barrier to any 
hostile invasion because of the fact that 
the Aire and -other rivers traverse it 
lengthwise parallel to the French border. 
The heavy forest cover, the roughness 
of the country, and the necessity of 
crossing instead of following up the 
streams, all conspire to render difficult 
the advance of an army. It was here 
that Dumouriez in 1792 held the Duke 
of Brunswick in check and, by giving 
the French forces time to rally, made 
possible the subsequent defeat of the 
latter at Valmy. In the present war 
history seems to be repeating itself, and 
the forest of Argonne has evidently 
been largely instrumental in helping 
to prevent the advance of the Germans 
in that region, when in the more open, 
level country to the north the move- 
ments of both armies covered much 
wider areas. 

Southeast of the forest of Argonne on 
the Moselle River, only about 10 miles 
from the border of Lorraine, is the 
town of Nancy, one of the principal 
military posts in France and one of the 
chief objectives of the attack by the 
German left wing. It is the seat of the 
only French forest school for the train- 
ing of technical foresters, although there 
is another school for the education of 
subordinate forest officers at Barres. 
The school at Nancy was established in 
1825, up to which time the Government 
forest service had been made up chiefly 
of retired army officers who were not 
specially trained for the work. One of 
the interesting points connected with 
the early history of the school is that its 
first directors were severely criticized 
for their ‘‘unpatriotic’” tendency to 
advocate methods of forest manage- 
ment in vogue in Germany, where they 
themselves had received their education. 
So deep-seated was this feeling that the 
very existence of the school was several 
times threatened and the first director, 
Bernard Lorentz, is said to have been 
dismissed for this reason. The school is 
organized along military lines and offers 
a three year course including both 
theoretical and practical instruction, 
with considerable field work in the 
neighboring forests. Only a limited 


AMERICAN . FORESTRY 


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Be reat tee 
7 


Seige ’ f « 
ae ee wa ps ae 


WHERE WAR'S DAMAGE WILL BE SLIGHT. 


A SERIES OF DAMS ON A MOUNTAIN IN NORTHWESTERN FRANCE, FOR CHECKING EROSION. 
WERE REFORESTED WHEN THE DAMS WERE CONSTRUCTED. 


THE MOUNTAIN SIDES 
THERE HAS BEEN MUCH FIGHTING ON 


SUCH TERRITORY AS THIS WITHOUT MUCH DAMAGE TO THE FORESTS. 


number of students, chosen from gradu- 
ates of the Institut Agronomique, are 
admitted and on completion of the 
course are employed by the Govern- 
ment. 

West of Nancy lie the two state 
forests of Champenoux and Haye. The 
former with an area of 3,509 acres, is 
situated on the plain between the rivers 
Meurthe and Seille; while the latter, 
comprising nearly 16,000 acres and 
forming part of a larger wooded area 
of 27,210 acres, occupies the plateau 
between the Meurthe and the Moselle. 
East of Nancy are the forests of Bazange 
and Parroy where battles were fought 
during the last week of October. In 
the forests to the west the principal 
species are oak, beech, and hornbeam 
in all stages of conversion from coppice 
to seedling stands. An_ interesting 
feature of the forest of Champenoux is 
the arboretum of 25 acres established 
in 1900. Here the various trees planted 
are grouped both by species and by the 
countmes “of their origin. Of‘ the 
American species experimented with, 


the white ash, yellow poplar, and west- 
ern red cedar are said to be particularly 
thrifty. The soil in the forest of Haye 
is remarkable for its tendency to dry 
out, and must be kept constantly 
covered by a crop with dense foliage 
in order to maintain its fertility. Parts 
of both forests are under the manage- 
ment of the forest school at Nancy, 
which uses them for experimental pur- 
poses. 

The forests in the Vosges Mountains, 
to the southeast of Nancy, where there 
have been numerous engagements, are 
of a very different character from those 
already described. The state forest of 
Celle, for example, which includes an 
area of 2,925 acres near the town of 
St. Dié, not far from the border of 
Alsace, comprises 90 per cent of silver 
fir and only 10 per cent of beech with 
a few scattering Norway spruce and 
Scotch pine. The area has an elevation 
of from 1,300 to 2,600 feet, and in 
places the mountain slopes are so steep 
as to make it impossible to use horses 
for logging. The forest has some fine 


ee 


FRENCH FORESTS IN THE WAR ZONE 78 


specimens of silver fir. Many of them 
are 11)% feet in circumference at breast- 
height and 130 feet tall, while one is 
1314 feet in circumference and 140 feet 
tall. In the best parts of the forest the 
older stands yield 7,000 cubic feet per 
acre with a money value of $1,000. 
For a time the forest was managed 
under the shelterwood system, but 
serious windfalls showed that this sys- 
tem was not suited to mountain condi- 
tions, and it has now been superseded 
by the selection system. 

Farther south in the Vosges Moun- 
tains lie the communal and state forests 
of Gérardmer, comprising respectively 
2,359 and 11,897 acres. The former 
has 58 per cent of Norway spruce, most- 
ly planted, 40 per cent of silver fir, and 
2 per cent of Scotch pine; while the 
latter has 50 per cent of silver fir and 
25 per cent each of Norway spruce and 
beech. One tree, known as the Géant 
Sapin (giant fir), has a circumference 
of 1414 feet, a height of 157 feet, a 
volume of 1,095 cubic feet, and is 
valued at nearly $135. Curiously 
enough the beech is particularly abun- 
dant at high altitudes, and near the top 
of the Hohneck occur pure stands of 
stunted beech with an occasional dwarf 
silver fir. The general elevation, from 
2,000 to 4,000 feet, is considerably 
higher than that of the forest of Celles, 
and windfall is more frequent. In 


on 


February, 1902, for example, a severe 
storm blew down 292,500 cubic feet of 
timber and emphasized strongly the 
necessity of substituting the selection 
for the shelterwood system of cutting 
in the mountains. 

The forests described briefly in this 
article have since the war began played 
an important part in the operations of 
both sides. Offering, as they do, an 
effective and very necessary screen 
from the vigilant airmen, it has been 
considered of marked advantage by 
commanders of the armies, to hold them. 
They are more easily defended than open 
country, the trees and underbrush are 
of immense service in making entrench- 
ments and in blocking roads during a 
retreat, and they have been used where- 
ever possible for masking artillery. 

Military men assert that forests and 
woodlands have been of greater prac- 
tical service in this war than ever be- 
fore, chiefly owing to the protection 
they afford bodies of troops from spy- 
ing airmen who direct artillery fire on 
the enemy’s positions. 

Hence it is certain that any forests or 
woodlands within the fighting zone will 
be an objective for opposing com- 
manders, and that these forests and 
woodlands will, during the progress of 
the war, continue to be the scenes of 
hard-fought engagements. 


Wood Preserving Pointer 


Recent experiments indicate that round timbers of all the pines, of Engelmann spruce, 
Douglas fir, tamarack, and western larch, can be readily treated with preservatives, but that the 
firs, hemlocks, redwood, and Sitka spruce, in the round, do not take treatment easily. This 
information should be of value to persons who contemplate preservative treatment of round 


posts, poles, or mine props. 


/j WV 2 7 


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AMERICAN FORESTRY 


FIRES 


By Bristow ADAMS 


NOS 


The District Forester Speaks: 


I wish I were out with the fellows— 
Just my luck to be stuck here in town; 

But I’ve got to sit tight when I’d heap rather fight 
To help keep these brush blazes down. 

I’m sick of this end of the business. 
The ring of the querulous phone,— 

The telegrams, too, of flames breaking anew 
While I have to stand it alone, 
And [ll own 
It’s hell to be watching alone. 


There’s Bill—he’s gone out with the pack train, 
And Jim—he’s to rustle the grub 
For the men on the line, and he’s doing it fine 
While I’m sitting here like a dub; 
The fellows are working like demons, 
They’re scorched and they’re blistered—no less, 
While I stay and chafe and am damnably safe 
When I’d like to mix up in the mess; 
Well, I guess! 
That the buck-brush ablaze is a mess! 


In a swivel chair—well, it’s the limit— 
With the rest in the thick of the fight 
With their lungs all a-choke with the dust and 
the smoke, 
And sweat in their eyes day and night; 
But I’ve got to look out for the labor— 
This calling for troops makes me sick; 
There’s none seems to know if the troops ought 
to go; 
Neither begging nor blarney nor kick 
Brings ’em quick, 
So it’s no use to blarney or kick. 


a sn 


/ 
| 
| 


FIRES 


So here I am pacing the office 
And ‘“‘watchfully waiting” returns 

From lookouts for days all enveloped in haze 
Where half of a mountainside burns; 

I’ve drawn in my men to where danger 
Is worst where dry desert winds go, 

And I'll be in a hole if my extra patrol 
Can’t hold in the face of a blow; 
And I know 
They can’t hold in front of a blow. 


I’m afraid there will be a hitch somewhere, 
There’s no telling where it will be, 

But I’d rather be found right there on the ground— 
Right out there to think, act, and see! 

I won’t care for second-hand versions 
Of how the disaster befell, 


But I'll choose all the brunt of the scrap at the 


front 
Instead of this telephone bell; 
And it’s hell, 
To depend on this telephone bell! 


Out there are my Supers and Rangers, 
With lumberjacks, men from the mills, 
From fields and from slums, hoboes, tie hacks, 
and bums, 
And ranchers who know all the hills; 
While I’m here with no smoke in my nostrils, 
I am here with no scorch on my cheek, 
When I’d rather be there with singed eye-brows 
and hair 
Than stuck in here week after week. 
Hear me speak! 
I'll be bughouse inside of a week! 


l= 
l 
| 
BY 
i 


“ay 
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4th i 


7 


Photo by Neal T. Childs. 


TypicAL MouNnTAIN MEADOW IN THE SIERRAS. 


THIS IS AT AN ELEVATION OF 6,000 FEET. 


HERE IS THE GREENEST OF GRASS, THE RICHEST OF FORAGE, AN UNLOOKED- 


FOR BEAUTY SPOT IN THE HEAVY FOREST COVER. 


THE MEADOWS OF “EEie Seiad. ss 


By Neat T. CHILDS 


HE mountain meadows are the 
most distinctive feature of the 


Sierra landscape. They im- 
press the new traveller the 
most, and the impression remains 
longest. The mental picture of count- 


less mountain meadows lingers longer 
than the majestic quiet of Sequoia 
groves or the glint on the lofty granite 
needles of the High Sierra. 

In the Rockies, the Cascades, and the 
Coast Ranges, the traveller is content 
with an occasional meadow; in the 
Sierras he depends on them. He may 
rein his horse from Tehachapi Pass on 
the south to Mt. Shasta on the north, 
a journey of five to seven hundred 
miles, and camp in a meadow every 
night, provided only that he keep above 
3,000 feet. 

The Sierra meadows vary in size from 
a grass plot the size of a respectable 
city lawn to areas covering two town- 
ships. Such a one is the great Monache 
Meadow at the head of the Kern River. 


788 


The Monache includes about 40,000 
acres of grassland. 

Some are quite regular in shape, 
being almost perfect circles or ovals cut 
in the forest canopy; others are irreg- 
ular, with many grass arms or “‘string- 
ers’ running into the timber. These 
stringers usually follow gurgling brooks 
to their source in some springy swale. 

So far no one has ever made a count 
of the meadows, though the Forest 
Service through its grazing and timber 
reconnaissance has a fair idea of the 
amount of grass land contained in the 
meadows on each National Forest. 

To the easterner, the first mountain 
meadow is a distinct surprise. He 
walks his horse through the gloom of a 
heavy fir cover around a twist in the 
trail, through a thicket of saplings out 
into the bright sunlight lying on a lawn- 
like floor of the greenest of grass. The 
change from heavy tree trunks, purple 
shadows, and a brown carpet of needles 
is so abrupt that it startles one. Im- 


on Srdameceniee 


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mediately he is seized with the desire 
to stop in this pleasant place. His horse 
is already cropping. He unsaddles and 
seeks out the brook which he knows 
must be running through the grass. 

The meadows are the favorite camp- 
ing place of the Sierra tourist. Here 
under the fringing Lodgepole pines he 
may pitch his tent, build his rock fire- 
place, and find abundant down wood. 
His tired and sweaty pack animals find 
rest and food, while the meadow stream 
furnishes water for the pot and often 
trout for the pan. So popular are 
certain meadows as camping places 
that the Forest Supervisor sets them 
aside for Tourist Pastures, the Govern- 
ment cooperating with the counties 
and recreation clubs in fencing them. 
Here the camper may for a number of 
days rest and feed his stock, while he 
enjoys camp life. 

As grazing grounds mountain mead- 
ows are invaluable to the cattlemen. 
When the California sun has made the 
foothill pastures unbearable and the 
first lush grass of spring is gone, the 
cattle climb to the higher hills where 
the meadows furnish abundant food 
and water. Under the wise policy of 
the Forest Service these sky scraper 


FORESTRY 


grazing grounds are proportioned out 
among the cattlemen. Each permittee 
has sufficient range for his cattle. For 
this privilege he pays perhaps sixty 
cents per head for the entire season. 
From April to September his cattle 
range through grass parks or over bushy 
slopes where tender browse is found. 
In addition he may for a moderate 
rental hold a “‘special use’’ on a moun- 
tain meadow. He may fence it, irrigate 
it, and enjoy complete use of it so long 
as he fulfills the simple requirements of 
a permittee. These fenced meadows 
where the grass is protected during the 
early summer make wonderful fattening 
pastures for the beef cattle. One often 
sees bands of splendid horses in these 
upland pastures. From a standpoint 
of beef and horse flesh, the mountain 
meadows are a very valuable asset to 
the California cattlemen. 

At elevations below five thousand 
feet, mountain meadows, while of little 
value for grazing, often prove valuable 
for agriculture. The deep black silty 
loam produces excellent rye, corn, 
potatoes, and garden vegetables. If a 
little water can be led in from above, so 
much the better. One thing must be 
guarded against—rapid erosion of the 


Photo by Neal T. Childs. 


Horses GRAZING IN A MOUNTAIN MEADOW. 


FROM A STANDPOINT OF BEEF AND HORSE FLESH THESE MOUNTAIN MEADOWS ARE A VALUABLE ASSET TO SETTLERS 
AND CATTLEMEN. 


aUAH AO LSIM ATI ATVH V ANVAOA GOOD SI AMAHL ‘“daad LATA NAALANOA LNOAV SI LI ‘AAIOVID NAAUD TIVGNAL JO GVAIH ANAALXA AHL LV SI ANV1 TIVWS SIHL 
*“MOdVAJ NIVINQOW V 40 YINNAUAANO,Y AHI—ANV] UAIOVTID VY 


“UOSULYADT 90ISON AQ 0104 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Photo by Neal T. Childs. 


‘A Worn Out Meapow. 


THIS IS NOW COVERED WITH SAGE BRUSH, JUNIPER AND YELLOW PINE. 


SOLVE. 


THIS IS A PROBLEM FOR THE FORESTER TO 


SHALL THE MEADOW BE IRRIGATED AND MAINTAINED AS GRAZING LAND, OR SHALL IT BE 


ALLOWED TO REVERT TO A FOREST AND BECOME A TIMBER PRODUCING UNIT? 


soil by a meadow stream cutting back. 
This may be prevented, if taken early, 
by proper diversion, riprapping, and 
damming. The higher meadows will 
never be agricultural ground because 
of frequent frosts. 

In addition to the cattle and horses 
that one sees in nearly every meadow, 
there is much wild life. Deer.frequently 
graze along the marsh stringers in 
search of succulent plants. Occasionally 
a bear hunting ants or honey will 
blunder into a meadow. Of small 
mammals there are numbers, such as 
the woodchucks (ground bears), goph- 
ers, ground squirrels, and badgers who 
find good burrowing places in the soft 
soil. Grey squirrels, douglas squirrels, 
and chipmunks scamper about the 
edges of every meadow. 

Of birds there are many, attracted by 
water and the abundant insect life that 
swarms in every meadow. Perhaps the 
most common bird is the 
robin. Robins in flocks of a half dozen 
or more hop about on these forest lawns 
as ‘much at home as their eastern 
cousins in a well-kept park. Swallows 
are frequently seen skimming the sur- 
face of the larger meadows. The great 
grey marsh hawk finds good hunting 


Western . 


along the little swales of meadow 
brooks. The beautiful mountain quail 
are often seen trotting in and out of 
the scrub on the borders of the meadows, 
while a heterogeneous crowd of wood- 
peckers, creepers, warblers and other 
industrious entomologists flit among the 
fringing pines at the meadow’s edge. 

To the student of evolutionary geol- 
ogy and physiography, the mountain 
meadows are as a fascinating serial 
story. Each meadow is a chapter in 
that story that begins back in the Ice 
Age and comes down to the present 
day. One may lead his pack train over 
a trail of broken granite to some lonely 
cirque high on the shoulder of the great 
Sierra. There he may pitch his tent 
on a lichen floor close to a mountain 
tarn in which no fish swim and along 
whose shore an ancient wall of ice adds 
drop by drop its grudging toll of crystal 
water. This glacier lake over whose 
surface no birds skim or insects hum 
and whose stillness is as the stillness of 
the eternal, is the forerunner of a 
mountain meadow. 

To prove the case, the traveller may 
drop down a thousand feet and tramp 
over a springy lichen-covered bog, once 
the bed of a glacier lake. Further down 


AG OT61T NI LNOYL NAGIOON HLIM GAANSOLS NAXG AAVH OL 
SLOVUYLLY AAXAH AXIT LOAUSNI INVGNNAW AHL ‘SdDduS Ad 


‘TIO ‘TI “IddS NANVL SYM HdVuDOLOHd SIHL NAHM ANOAOA AMAM ANON LN SITIA ‘N 
qadasOddNS SVM 4ANVI AHL ‘YVAN MOGVHW GOOD SI AYAHL ‘SMOTIVMS GNV SNISOU NU. 
GHONTYA AXV SHAYOHS AHL ATIHM ‘ANId TIVLXOA NZS AUV ANVI YAIOVID SIHL AO AAIS UV» 


‘SVUUAIS AHL NI ANVT VILANOW 
"MOO *S * 


AHL NO 


M “Q 0704 


794 AMERICAN” FORESTRY 


Photo by Neal T. Childs. 


A Merapow REVERTING TO A FOREST. 


HERE THE MEADOW HAS GONE FAR TOWARD BECOMING A PORTION OF THE SURROUNDING FOREST AND IS NOW WELL 
COVERED WITH A NATURAL SEEDLING OF JEFFREY PINE. 


he will come into a meadow where 
lichens give place to sedges, but along 
its lower borders he will find the tell- 
tale marks deep in the granite where 
the ice slipped over the saucerlike brim 
of what was once a glacier lake. Per- 
haps only stunted foxtail pine or white 
barked pine fringe its border and frost 
is here every night in the year, but the 
succession is plain till he reaches a level 
of eight to nine thousand feet when he 
comes to a normal meadow lush with 
grass and spangled with flowers. White 
Fieaied Fir, and’ Sugar> Pine come 
down its borders, and cattle munch 
knee deep in content, but along its rim 
lie the shells of mussels that lived in 
the ancient lake now long gone. 

Nor is the evolution complete. Still 
the meadows change. You will find 
meadows that are changing today, 
meadows that have gone dry, as the 
mountaineer says. When the water 
level is lowered owing to erosion or 
other cause, the grass in a meadow gives 
way to other vegetation. Sage brush 
generally is the first intruder. This in 
turn is followed by a sprinkling of 
mountain juniper (J. occidentalis), and 
lastly by Yellow Pine and Incense 
Cedar. There are many meadows in 
the Sierras today which are quite 


rapidly reverting to the forest. Thrifty 
stands of pine and cedar are found 
where only grass cover was known. 

It is in these ‘worn-out meadows’”’ 
that the forester has a problem to solve. 
Shall the meadow be irrigated and 
maintained as grazing land or shall it 
be allowed to revert to the forest and 
become a timber producing unit? Here 
is a nice problem for the forest student 
who is interested in land values. 

To the average citizen, however, it is 
as a natural feature that the mountain 
meadow will always be of chief interest. 
Coupled with their natural beauty 
there is also a thread of romance that 
appeals to the traveller. Once the graz- 
ing lands of the Spaniard where the 
herds of the great haciendas roamed at 
will in the far-off times before the 
Gringo came, the mountain meadows 
hold in their names some of the charm 
of the halcyon days. Such names as 
Albinita, Paloma, Bonita (pretty littie 
place), Casa Viejo—musical names 
whose charm lingers like the morning 
mist over meadows and in these Anglo- 
Saxon days of grazing fees and water- 
power sites keep for the tourist high 
in the Sierra fastnesses a whisper of the 
romance of life in Old California. 


THE REDWOOD OF CALIFORNIA 


By J. H. BROWNE 


HE opening of the Panama 

| Canal and the completion of 
the Northwestern Pacific Rail- 

road into Humboldt County, 
California, will mean more to the Red- 
wood industry than anything since the 
manufacture of Redwood began. With 
the canal, will come the opportunity of 
marketing Redwood throughout the 
world in parcel lots of 25, 50 or 100,000 
feet, where, heretofore, it has been 
necessary to sell in cargo lots of 1,- 


000,000 feet or more to obtain advan- 


tageous freight rates. Direct rail con- 
nection with the mills in Humboldt 
County means a saving of from $2.00 
to $5.00 per M in the cost of making 
Eastern Redwood shipments. This 
will assure the mills a better return on 
such of their product as is now being 
shipped East, and will enable them to 
market a large quantity of by-products 
which are now burnt up or sold at cost 
locally. 

The market for Redwood was for 
many years uncertain and limited, its 
sale depending chiefly upon the Cali- 
fornia demand. The development of 
the Eastern and foreign business was 
slow, because there was no direct rail 
connection with the Redwood country, 
it being necessary to bring all shipments 
into the harbors of San Francisco or 
Los Angeles for reshipment. 

The earliest logging of Redwood for- 
ests was by the Spaniards near San 
Francisco Bay, but their operations 
were very small. At the beginning of 
the nineteenth century, a Russian 
colony near Fort Ross in Mendocino 
County, cleared a tract of Redwood 
which has since grown up and again 
been cut over. It was not until 1850, 
however, that small sawmills were 
started at various points along the 
coast. These have grown until there 
are now eighteen or twenty more of the 
important mills in operation with a 
total annual output of 550,000,000 to 
600,000,000 feet. 


The biggest stands of Redwood tim- 
ber are in Del Norte, Humboldt and 
Mendocino Counties, but there are 
isolated groups as far north as the 
Chetco River in Curry County, Oregon, 
and as far south as the Santa Lucia 
Mountains, Monterey County. The 
Redwood belt is from twenty to forty 
miles wide, the trees growing on the 
west slopes of the coast range. 

The enormous height and diameter of 
the Redwood is due to the great rainfall 
in the autumn and winter, from thirty 
to sixty inches, and to the sea fogs 
which bathe the coast in the summer. 
There are two types of the Redwood, 
those which grow on the slopes and 
those on the flats or bottom lands. 
The Redwood slope is the common 
type, and it grows mixed with other 
woods such as Red Fir, Tan Bark Oak 
and White Fir. As the slopes become 
moderate, the altitude lower, the soil 
deeper and the water supply better, 
the Redwood steadily gains on the other 
species until on the rich flats there is 
no other tree. The extreme form of 
the Redwood flat is along the Eel river, 
and here the trees attain their greatest 
known height and clear length. Under 
best conditions these trees grow to be 
350 feet high with a diameter of twenty 
feet. Most of the Redwoods cut are 
from 400 to 800 years old, and the oldest 
tree found during the Government 
investigation in 1900 was 1373 years 
old. The tree when normal has a 
straight, slightly tapered bole clear for 
more than 100 feet, and a crown of 
horizontal branches that may occupy 
from one third to one-half of its total 
length. 

The enemies of Redwood are few and 
it suffers from them less than other 
trees. The wind can scarcely uproot it, 
insects seem to do it little harm, and 
fungi seldom affects it. Even fire, the 
great enemy of all trees, though it may 
occasionally kill whole stands of young 
Redwood growth, is unable to penetrate 


795 


796 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


the fireproof sheathing of 
shaggy bark with which the 
old trees protect themselves. 

The yield of the Redwood 
will average from 75,000 to 
85,000 board feet per acre, 
but some of the flat lands 
will show a stand of 1,000,000 
feet or more to the acre. It 
is estimated that there is 
standing today about 75,000, 
000,000 feet of merchantable 
Redwood timber, so that at 
the present rate of production 
there is more than acentury’s 
supply to look forward to. 
The value of the stumpage 
varies from $1.50 to $5.00 per 
M feet, depending upon the 
character of the timber and 
its location’ and accessibility. 
The flat timber is less expen- 
sive to log, and produces a 
greater amount of the upper 
grades. Redwood lumbering 
is expensive and difficult. 
The average cost is $5.00 to 
$6.00 per M. On the flat lands 
it will go as low as $3.00 per 
M. The greatest care must 
be taken by the choppers in 
felling a tree so that it will 
strike throughout most of its 
length at the same time, other- 
wise the wood will break and 
splinter badly. After the 
choppers have done their 
work, the bark is peeled and 
the tree cut into lengths from 
16 to 40 feet. ; Skid roads are 
constructed over which the 
logs are hauled to the land- | 
ings.and loaded on cars by | 
donkey engines on their way 
to the sawmills. 

The cost of converting Red- | 
wood logs into lumber is from | 
$2.50 to $3.00 per M, this | 
cost being increased because | 
of the waste in manufacture, 
and because of the large 
amount of small sizes which 
the market calls for. Some 
logs are so large that they 
have to be split before the 
carriage will handle them in 


WHERE SHADOWS ARE DEEP. the mills. All machinery 
THE ROAD AFTER WINDING THROUGH A REDWOOD FOREST WHERE 4 i 
THE TREES ARE SO THICK THAT THERE IS LITTLE SUNSHINE must be of the heaviest m 
SUDDENLY TURNS INTO AN OPEN SPACE WHERE THE SUNSHINE order to stand the strain. 


IS STARTLINGLY VIVID. 


THE REDWOOD OF CALIFORNIA 797 


In this country Redwood 
is used very largely for exte- 
rior finish. It is particularly 
valuable for this sort of work 
because of its lasting qualities 
and its resistance to fire. 
Redwood contains a pecu- 
liar acid which preserves the 
wood. Many examples can 
be given of buildings sided 
with Redwood boardsand coy- 
ered with Redwood shingles 
that are today in first-class 
condition after fifty or sixty 
years of continuous use with- 
out paint or treatment of any 
kind. Redwood contains no 
pitch of any kind, will not 
ignite easily, burns very slow- 
ly and absorbs moisture read- 
ily, making it easy to put out 
a fire. After the great San 
Francisco earthquake and fire 
in April, 1906, the Building 
Committee appointed by the 
Mayor to determine the char- 
acter of buildings and mater- 
ials to be used in constructing 
same, adopted the following 
resolution: 

“RESOLVED that no per- 
mits will be given at the pres- 
ent time for the construction 
of any buildings in San Fran- 
cisco, but owners of property 
will be allowed to proceed and 
erect upon their premises 
temporary one-story build- 
ings constructed of galvanized 
iron or Redwood, without a 
permit.” 

The United States Govern- 
ment has compiled a list of 
woods designating the degree 
of inflammability by the po- 
sition on the list. Redwood 
heads this list. 

Redwood is also peculiarly 
fitted for the better class of 
interior finishing. The nat- 
ural grain of the wood is beau- 
tiful, so that it is not neces- 
sary to select special pieces 
in order to obtain a hand- 
some effect. It is easily 
worked and takes‘a beautiful 
polish. When the wood is 
once properly dried, it will 
not shrink or swell, there- 


"Sy 


DEEP IN THE REDWOODs. 


A TYPICAL SCENE AMONG THE BEAUTIFUL TREES WHERE JOURNEYING 
IS ALWAYS A SOURCE OF WONDER AND DELIGHT. 


EDWOOD. 


AL R 


)OD BUT THE NATURE OF THE LUXURIANT UNDERGROWTH FOUND 


TyYPpic 
IN THE R 


A 


REDW( 


THE 


THE SIZE OF 


THIS SHOWS NOT ONLY 


EDWOOD FORESTS. 


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THE) 


ICHT ATS 


: cane r WTo 
ST. SOPHIA BUILT $32_ Brevs ¥ 
. ——— 
SUSTINIAN 820 A.D. 
LEADING WorLD’s HAPPENINGS DURING THE LirE oF A REDWOOD TREF. 


pDWoop FORESTS AND THOUSANDS 


OPPORTUNITY FOR DRIVING THROUGH THE HEART OF THE RE 


Goop Roaps GIvr 


Tourists TAKE THE TRIP. 


OF 


THE-REDWOOD OF CALIFORNIA 801 


NEAR THE SISKIyOU NATIONAL FOREST. 


THE TYPE OF REDWOOD ADJACENT TO THIS NATIONAL FOREST IN CALIFORNIA. NOTE THE MAN STANDING AT THE BASE 
OF THE LARGEST TRUNK. 


fore, there will be no unsightly cracks 
to fill up after a few years of use. 


Redwood is used for doors, sash, 
columns, window frames, mouldings, 


porch rail and balusters, lattice; in fact, 
for all kinds of exterior and interior 
work. There are various kinds of 
special work for which Redwood’s 
peculiar qualities are fitted such as 
incubators, beehives, pattern stock, 
tank, pipe and silo staves, cores for 


veneer work, caskets and casket boxes. 
In addition to the uses for the upper 
grades mentioned, the lower grades of 
Redwood are used for all kinds of 
foundation work, irrigation work, as 
well as railway ties and tunnel timbers. 
Redwood is not only valuable for these 
purposes because of its durability and 
freedom from decay or rot, but also 
because it is not susceptible to the 
attacks of insects, such as the white 


802 AMERICAN 
ant that destroys other soft and hard- 
woods. 

Notwithstanding the handicaps that 
have existed in connection with the 
marketing of Redwood in the East, the 
present volume of Eastern shipments is 
now about 75,000,000 feet annually. 
This stock is distributed in practically 
every state, except those in the extreme 
south, from Colorado to Maine. While 
Redwood is extremely heavy when it is 
first cut, it dries out very light so that it 
may be advantageously shipped East 
on high rates of freight in competition 
with other woods. The foreign market 
takes even greater quantities of Red- 
wood than the Eastern market. Au- 
stralia and the United Kingdom are the 
largest consumers of the upper grades, 
while the west coast of South America, 
India, China, the Philippine and Hawai- 
ian Islands use quantities of Redwood 
ties. Smaller shipments of Redwood 
have been made to the east coast of 
South America, France, Germany and 
South Africa. Earlier shipments of 
Clear Redwood to Australia and Great 
Britian were largely heavy plank in the 
green state. Recently both of these 
countries have begun to realize the 
advantage of purchasing seasoned mater- 
ial in the sizes that are actually going 
to be used, and as many of the mills are 


FORESTRY 


now equipped to handle seasoned stock 
in large quantities, the volume of 
business has been considerably in- 
creased. Australia has already ordered 
50,000,000 feet of Clear Redwood in 
1914. 

The problem of drying Redwood 
properly has been a serious one because 
of the large amount of moisture the wood 
contains. Earlier shipments of kiln- 
dried material did not give satisfaction 
because of the stock being dried too 
quickly, or too much, leaving the wood 
brittle and likely to split. 
manufacturers realize that the best 
method of artificial drying is the one 
that approaches most nearly the natural 
air-drying, namely, a low heat with a 
big circulation of air to carry off the 
moisture. 

The ability to furnish seasoned Red- 
wood in large quantities will undoubted- 
ly open new markets throughout the 
world, and with the improved condi- 
tions for marketing their products, be- 
cause of the Panama Canal and the 
Northwestern Pacific Railroad, the Red- 
wood manufacturers of California are 
looking forward to a period of pros- 
perity that will increase by leaps and 
bounds as the true worth of their wood 
is recognized in a greater degree. 


AN EFFECTIVE EORESTRY-EXHIBIG 


EW JERSEY made an exhibit 
N at the Trenton Interstate Fair 
which appears to have gone a 
long way toward presenting 
the aims and methods of forestry to the 
people, especially to the farmers, who 
may be interested as woodland owners. 
The Trenton Fair, held annually at 
the end of September, usually attracts 
upwards of 150,000 people from all over 
New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania. 
A very large proportion of them are 
farmers who seek information as well as 
amusement. 
The forestry exhibit was established 
on a lot 55 feet by 100 feet surrounded 
by an old-fashioned post and rail fence 


made of blight-killed chestnut. Telling 
placards showed that this fence com- 
pared favorably in cost and in dura- 
bility with any of the modern forms. 
The central feature within the enclosure 
was a slab cabin 20 feet by 25 feet in 
which were exhibited large pictures of 
forest operations, a collection of forestry 
tools, etc. Outside the cabin were dis- 
played various local forest products, 
each labeled in a way to show the visitor 
its value as a forest product apart from 
its worth as merchandise. <A _ special 
effort was made to label everything 
shown in a way to convey the sort of 
information that a visitor was most 


Now- the 


eee 


= ORDERS AIRS Seo cS 


AN EFFECTIVE FORESTRY 


a ™ 
Be 22: FORESTRY sinece 


NEW. JERSEY FOREST COMMISSION. 


VW 


oo 


EXHIBIT 803 


Pe om ?) v4 
yy ¥ 4 : iy 4 
| ' : f ed f | 


othe ie 


# 
gh $ ’ 
* 


a ae a, m5 he 


A State Farr EXHIBIT. 


THE STATE FORESTRY DEPARTMENT HEADQUARTERS AT THE NEW JERSEY STATE FAIR AT TRENTON IN SEPTEMBER. 


likely to want. Other portions of the 
space were devoted to practical exhibits 
of forest planting and planting material, 
to demonstrations of how to doctor and 
care for trees, and of the damage done 
by forest fires. 

In all parts of the exhibit stress, re- 
peated and emphasized in various ways, 
was laid upon the fact that forestry of 
any kind depends absolutely upon the 
control of forest fires. 

The state fire service was represented 
by the State Fire warden and a Division 


Fire warden who talked with the people 
constantly. The physical means of 
controlling fires were shown in a collec- 
tion of fire-fighting apparatus. 

The exhibit attracted much atten- 
tion. At times the space was crowded, 
and the three attendants had all they 
could do to answer inquiries. It is 
estimated that not less than 15,000 
people visited the exhibit during the 
five days that the fair continued; most 
of them carried away some kind of 
printed matter. 


Forestry on King’s Estate 


The King of England has given permission to have a part of the royal estate placed at the 
disposal of the school of forestry at Cambridge University for purposes of experiment and demon- 


stration. 


Penn for Forest Conservation 


William Penn, in his Charter of Rights, provided that for every five acres of forest cleared 
one acre should be left in woods. Foresters today maintain that on an average one-fifth of every 


farm should be in timber. 


Rangers Posting Signs 


Throughout the national forests the rangers are posting the roads with permanent guide 


signs which tell distances and directions, especially at forks and cross roads. 


The signs are 


usually put up in the winter when other work tends to be light. On some forests the rangers go 
on snowshoes, dragging loaded sleds, and nail the signboards to the roadside trees. 


WOODerULP FOR 


AUSAGES are now being put in 
casings made from wood pulp 
instead of the time-honored in- 
testinal casings, and it is said 
these wood casings are more sanitary 
and more serviceable than the old style. 

The description of how they are 
made is written for AMERICAN ForEs- 
TRY by iG. oP 4Cohoe, chemist, forthe 
William Davies Company, of Toronto, 
Canada, which uses them. Mr, Cohoe 
writes: 

This sausage casing is made of the 
best quality bleached sulphide wood 
pulp. The wood pulp is put in solu- 
tion by any of the well-known methods, 
which have been in use for a number 
of years. In practice we use the well- 
known Viscose reaction, which has been 
found to be the most economical and 
easiest of operation. The Viscose when 
made is stored in containers for the 
proper length of time, when it is ready 
for the manufacture into tubes. I can- 
not give you any information with re- 
gard to the method of manufacturing 
tubes, insomuch as we have patents 
pending, and a further disclosure is 
impossible under these circumstances. 
The Viscose is made into thin walled 
tubes, which vary in diameter, accord- 
ing to the uses to which they are finally 
put. The length of these tubes vary 
with the skill of the operator. It is quite 
common in shop practice to get tubes 
varying from 500 to 600 feet in length. 
When these tubes are once made, they 
are reverted, and the impurities result- 
ing from their reversion are washed 
out, and the result is that at the end 
there is produced a clear, transparent, 
colorless tube of pure cellulose. This 
cellulose is without fibre, and entirely 
without seam or joint, which differs 
from cellulose tubes made by any other 


SAUSAGE? CASING 


manner. ‘They are finished in a dry 
state, but are usually conditioned, so 
that the cellulose does not become hard 
and brittle as it dries. In this dry state 
the tubes are cut to suitable lengths, 
and prepared for the trade. 

From a sanitary standpoint, this 
product presents several noted advan- 
tages, which are freedom from disease, 
cleanliness of the process of manufac- 
ture, and absolute antiseptic properties 
of the final product. It also presents 
the very valuable property of keeping 
indefinitely in its dry state, and not 
being subject to any kind of putrefac- 
tion. 

From a sausage maker’s standpoint, 
the properties which appeal to the 
sausage maker are the elasticity of the 
product, which enables it to expand 
when the product is filled into it by 
means of the ordinary filling machine. 
It also has the requisite strength to en- 
able the sausage to be filled by the ord1- 
nary workman, and it is strong enough 
to stand the subsequent process of 
handling, cooking and hanging. The 
casing cuts, as does an ordinary cas- 
ing, peeling off rather more readily 
from the meat than does the intestinal 
casing. Unlike the intestinal casing, it 
is of uniform diameter throughout its 
whole length, and thus presents to the 
purchaser of the sausage a better ap- 
pearance than is the case with the usual 
casing. It is also uniform, and does 
not present the bundles of fibres that 
are common with the intestinal casing. 
In the past the sausage maker has had 
to take the sizes of sausage casing 
which nature presented to him. In this 
casing, however, it is possible to pro- 
duce any size which may be desired for 
the various purposes of the sausage 
manufacturer. 


Pennsylvania’s Standing 


According to the latest available figures, Pennsylvania stands fifth in the production of 
wood pulp and is second to West Virginia in the amount of slabs and other sawmill waste used 


for pulp; Maine stands third. 
804 


CDPITROGR ARI COS 8 


Pe PIMOnE Sse DE (RES 


By R. Brooke MAxweELt, City Forester 


HE first efforts made by the city 
of Baltimore toward the sys- 
tematic planting of shade trees 
on the public footways were 
made by the Park Commissioners. The 
Commissioners of a decade or so ago 
conceived an idea that systematic tree 
planting should be extended to include 
public footways. At this time there 
were no ordinances authorizing the 
planting of trees on public footways, 
and it was necessary for the Park 


Commissioners to make a canvass of the 
street on which they intended to plant, 
and ask permission of the property 
owners to place trees on the footway. 
Several streets were planted in this 
manner, and because of the personal 


whims of the property owners the plant- 
ing could not be done systematically. 
The plantations, therefore, in many 
cases presented a ragged appearance. 
After the trees were established the 
Park Department being handicapped 
by lack of legal support was not. able 
to give the necessary oversight, and to 
carry on the cultural operations. The 
trees were therefore abused, some of 
them removed, and the work of the 
Park Commissioners in general was not 
successful. 

Baltimore gradually came to realize 
the fact that the shade trees of the city 
were real city assets, the proper care of 
which required a technical municipal 
organization or department just as care 


CENTER PARKING, MT. RoyAL AVENUE, BALTIMORE. 


SHOWING A PLANTING OF ORIENTAL PLANES. 


THESE TREES HAVE ALWAYS BEEN UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE DEPART- 


MENT OF PARKS. 


806 


ic Metin re ee a. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


PARKWOOD AVENUF, BALTIMORE. 


THIS STREET WAS PARKED AND PLANTED BY THE DIVISION OF FORESTRY AS A PART OF IMPROVED PAVING WORK, THE 
PLANTING OF NORWAYS TAKING THE PLACE OF UNDESIRABLE POPLARS. 


of the sewers or streets required such 
an organization. The Division of 
Forestry was therefore established as a 
Division of the City Engineer’s Depart- 
ment. Supported by a broad compre- 
hensive tree law, the city’s tree problem 
is now under charge of an organized 
Division which has absolute control over 
all shade trees growing on public foot- 
ways. The present organization of the 
Division consists of a Forester, Assistant 
Forester, Inspector of parking work, 
Clerk, three (3) gangs of laborers with 
a foreman over each. The present 
appropriation for tree work in the city 
is $7,900, an amount entirely inadequate 
for the proper handling of the tree 
problem. 

The Forestry Division is called upon 
to do a large amount of parking work 
for the Annex Improvement Commis- 
sion as a part of improved paving work, 
and it is only because of this work that 
the above personnel can be maintained. 

When active work began in March, 
1913, an inventory of conditions re- 
vealed that Baltimore was not a tree- 


less city by any means, for it was found 
that 75,000 trees (estimated) were 
standing on the streets of the city 
proper and the Annex. These trees for 
the most part were planted by real estate 
developers and property owners who 
were poorly versed in the value of 
species and the technique of planting. 
Present conditions indicate that quick- 
ness of results and not permanency of 
tree values was sought for. As a con- 
sequence we find a preponderance of 
the quick-growing short-lived trees. 
Common among these are the North 
Carolina poplar and the Silver Maple. 
At least 75% of the trees are of undesir- 
able species, most of them being im- 
properly planted. The commonest 
faults in the planting are too close 
spacing, planting too near the curbing, 
and failure to protect the trees. This 
last fault in the planting is directly 
responsible for the decadent condition 
of possibly 25% of the mature trees. 
The growth of the mature trees which 
are now standing on the city’s footways 
was made possible only by very favor- 


CENTER PARKING, EUTAW PLace, SouTH OF NORTH AVENUE, BALTIMORE. 


THESE TREES HAVE ALWAYS BEEN UNDER THE CONTROL OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS. 


STRIKING EXAMPLE OF THE NEED OF MUNICIPAL CONTROL. 


A ROW OF SUGAR MAPLES ON EUTAW PLACE, BALTIMORE, KILLED BY IMPROPER “HEADING BACK.”’ 
DONE TO DISPLAY THE NEW HOUSES. 


THIS WORK WAS 


808 AMERICAN 
able factors of growth and not to the 
exercise) Of itee culture: | When these 
trees were planted the streets were 
of cobble, the footways of brick, and 
surface drainage common. The intro- 
duction of new paving materials for 
both road-bed and footways and under- 
ground drainage makes the successful 
growth of shade trees on the streets 
possible now only through the practice 
of intensive arboriculture. Baltimore 


FORESTRY 


ideal, because the inspectors are versed 
only in the legal phase of the subject. 

The classes of work carried on by the 
Division are the ordinary ones of plant- 
ing, pruning, spraying, removing and 
tree repair. All work is done from a 
single working centre which, while 
somewhat remote from certain points 
of the city, is centrally located with 
respect, to; thé: tree? areas.) = Alara 


compost and soil heap, a “‘heeling in” 


ARCHITECTURE COMMON TO BALTIMORE. 


NOTE THE SMALL PLANTING SPACES ON THE NARROW CEMENT FOOTWAY. 


THIS IS NOW PREVENTED BY THE OFFICE 


OF TREES, AND MUCH LARGER PLANTING SPACES ARE REQUIRED. 


is characteristically a city of narrow 
footways and solid blocks of houses, 
factors which make the solution of the 
tree problem difficult. The conspicuous 
absence of front lawns or grass plots, 
and the increasing of cement footways 
and asphalt roadways adds greatly to 
the difficulty of growing shade trees on 
the footways. 

The provisions of Baltimore’s shade 
tree laws are carried out through the 
City Forester’s office by means of the 
permit system using the city’s patrol- 
men as the inspectors. This plan is not 


ground, and a repair shop are valuable 
divisions of the working center. 

The present scheme of planting on 
the footways of the city provides for 
the planting of public thoroughfares 
(not business streets) and drives first. 
Such a system of planting reaches the 
greatest possible number of people. 
The placing of trees on streets other 
than those mentioned will have to come 
later unless the work is paid for by the 
benefited property owners. 1,795 trees 
of the standard street species were 
planted during the first year of work. 


BALTIMORE’S 


Pruning work is distributed much as 
the planting work is, except where 
dangerous or urgent conditions exist. 
Large numbers of the mature trees are 
suffering from ‘‘stag-headedness,”’ abra- 
sions caused by electric wires, etc. 
These conditions are being improved as 
rapidly as funds will permit. 2,500 
trees were pruned during the first winter, 
and about 500 removed. 

Baltimore is fortunate in being com- 
paratively free from the ravages of 
dangerous boring insects. Infestations 
of the leat eating and several scale 
insects are common, however. Of the 
former the tussock moth and the bag 
worm are most serious. The elm leaf 
beetle is found only in small numbers 
and is easily controlled. During the 
present summer the attacks of the 
tussock moth were unusually severe and 
thousands of trees were entirely de- 
foliated. The silver maple and the 
American linden suffered most. The 
North Carolina poplar is supposed to 
be a harbor for the tussock moth, but 
experience gained during the present 
summer leads the writer to believe that 
the species is more nearly immune from 
the attacks of the leaf eaters than either 
of the lindens (European and American) 
or the Oriental Plane. 

The oyster shell and black banded 
lecanium scales are the commonest of 
the sucking insects. The former is 
common on the silver maples and the 
latter on the planes. Every possible 
effort is being made with the funds at 
hand to control the insect situation. 
The plan of offering a bonus to children 
for the collection of moth eggs has been 
inaugurated and should be productive 
of good results. 

Very little cavity work or tree repair 
is carried on by the Division. In 
general it is found that where a tree is 
sufficiently decadent to require the 
expenditure of a large sum of money for 
cavity repair the money is better spent 
in establishing several young trees. 

A field of service where the Division 
of Forestry is of especial value to prop- 
erty owners is in the supervision of tree 


SHADE TREES 809 


trimming work done by public service 


corporations. Wherever it 1s necessary 
for a company operating overhead 


wires to prune trees in order to keep 
their circuits open this work is care- 
fully directed and supervised by the 


TREE SURGICAL WORK BY THE BALTIMORE FORESTRY 
DEPARTMENT. 


THIS TREE IS STANDING AT THE PLACE WHERE CHARLES 
CARROLL OF CARROLLTON WAS BORN. THE PROP=- 
ERTY IS NOW OWNED BY THE CITY. 


office of trees. A small source of 
revenue is realized from this work. 

A shade tree nursery is being devel- 
oped by the city on a portion of its 
water shed area at Loch Raven, Md. 
7,500 desirable street trees of various ages 
and sizes are now growing in this nursery. 


aetikiP LOR REINDEER 


By ARNOLD HANSSEN 


N THE month of July I was sent by 
the Laurentide Co., Ltd., of Grand’ 
Mere, Que., to bring a shipment of 
reindeer from Newfoundland to 

Quebec. By the courtesy of the De- 
partment of Marine and Fisheries of 
the Dominion Government we were 
allowed to transport the deer on one 
of their steamers which was making 
the trip to coal and provision the light- 
houses and telegraph stations. The 
deer were purchased from the Grenfel 
International Association and were at 
their station on the peninsula between 
Ha Ha and Pistolet Bays on the north- 
ern coast of Newfoundland. This 
peninsula, swept by the winds from the 
north Atlantic, is mostly barren rocks, 
covered with the white reindeer moss, 


except in the low sheltered places, where 
there is dense small spruce, twisted by 
the winds. 

I left Quebec late in July on the Gov- 
ernment Steamship Montmagny, which 
has since been sunk by collision with a 
collier in almost the same manner as 
the ill-fated Empress of Ireland. On 
the fifth of August we arrived at Cape 
Norman about ten miles from Ha Ha 
Bay, when we received a message 
telling us that war had broken out and 
that as there were two German cruisers 
in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, we must 
return at once to Quebec. I was much 
disappointed at being so near our 
destination and unable to get the deer. 

Fortunately a couple of days later 
we met the Government S. S. Mont- 


DoMINION GOVERNMENT SS. ‘‘MONTMAGNY” IN AN IcE FIELD. 


THIS BOAT, WHICH TRANSPORTED THE REINDEER, HAS SINCE BEEN SUNK AS THE RESULT OF A COLLISION IN ALMOST 
THE SAME MANNER AS THE ILL-FATED EMPRESS OF IRELAND. 


A; TRIP FOR -REINDEER 811 


THE Main Herp oF REINDEER. 


THESE BELONG TO THE GRENFEL INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION AND ARE HERDED ON THE PENINSULA BETWEEN HA HA 
AND PISTOLET BAYS ON THE NORTHERN COAST OF NEWFOUNDLAND. 


calm which was on her way to Labrador 
and would touch at Ha Ha Bay and I 
accordingly transferred to her, and 
about ten days later dropped anchor 
at Ha Ha. 

We expected to find the deer in a 
corral all ready for us but found instead 
that they were somewheres in the 
mountains and that the herders had 
gone to St. Anthony, leaving no orders 
about our consignment. There was 
only one man left and as we wanted the 
animals at once he said he would drive 
them in without delay and declined 
the help of the fifteen sailors kindly 
offered by the Captain. 

We waited, expecting soon to see a 
stately procession of reindeer marching 
dignified into the inclosure: we waited 
one hour, we waited two hours and then 
it commenced to rain. After four 
hours, when the men had all gone back 
to the ship, except the purser and 
myself, the man returned saying that 


the animals were quite content where 
they were and refused to be driven in. 

We thought that as we should have 
to wait for the herders to come back, 
we might as well see something of the 
country and perhaps get some pictures 
of the deer in the open. So we started 
across the peninsula and then followed 
up the other shore and after a short 
time sighted three deer, their silhouettes 
easy to distinguish against the dull 
sky. As soon as they noticed us and 
had a good look, they seemed to think 
that we were worse than we appeared 
and cantered over the ridge more like 
wild caribou than domesticated rein- 
deer. This first sight made us eager 
for another, so we followed them 
through a patch of dripping spruce 
which wet us to the skin, to the barren 
rocks where the going was easy. 

For half an hour we saw no more, 
then suddenly came across three lying 
down in a small bog. When they 


812 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


LASSOOING A REINDEER. 


AFTER STRENUOUS WORK THE REINDEER WERE DRIVEN INTO A CORRAL WHERE THE HERDERS EASILY LASSOED THEM. 


Scemved “us they, started’ off, but, )by. 
walking slowly and well off to the sides 
we cut them off and got them started 
toward the corral. A little later we saw 
fifteen more, somewhat to one side, but 
by making a detour we had no difficulty 
in getting them to join the first three. 
With the increase in numbers the deer 
went along more quietly and confidently, 
but we had to sprint now and then to 
keep a certain doe where we wanted her 
but where she did not want to stay. 
She appeared to be quite a leader, 
which seemed funny to us as we thought 
the bucks always played this réle, but 
perhaps the suffragette movement has 
begun to reach the animal kingdom also. 

As long as we could steer that doe 
towards the corral, we did not need to 
give much attention to the others, who 
followed her everywhere, but she cer- 
tainly kept us busy at times. Rounding 
a corner of a cliff, we came upon the 
main body of the herd, about 400 deer, 
feeding around a small pond in the rocks. 


They started to grunt when they saw 
us, but showed no signs of fear, so we 
had a pretty easy task driving them 
towards the landing place, close to 
which we met the herders, who had just 
returned, and where we also had the 
aid of the sailors from the ship. 

The great number of men seemed to 
make the deer uneasy, and they tried 
to break away, but we had them pretty 
well cornered and after half an hour’s 
running at top speed to keep them 
together, got about two hundred inside 
the corral where the herders started to 
lasso those picked for shipping. The 
lassoing itself was easy compared with 
the handling of the captured deer, who 
fought with front and hind legs, as long 
as they had a foot free. This made it 
necessary to tie their feet up. We tried 
the crate cases but without success. 

On board the ship they were put into 
pens 15 x 15 feet, 6 deer in each, and 
although we had rough weather for 
several days, with the sea washing over 


2 


‘hy 
k 


MANNY We 


e 


im ‘ : tie y 


SO VIGOROUSLY DID THE REINDEER FIGHT THAT IT WAS NECESSARY TO TIE THEIR LEGS TOGETHER AND THUS RENDERED 


; 
| 
| PuTTING REINDEER ON BOARD THE Boats. 
HELPLESS THEY WERE CARRIED ON BOARD. 


REINDEER IN THE CORRAL OF THE LAURENTIDE COMPANY. 


THEY WILL BE SOON TRAINED TO HARNESS AND USED FOR SLED WORK AT SOME OF THE COMPANY'S WINTER PLANTS. 


814 AMERICAN 


the steamer, they did not suffer at all, 
but arrived in Quebec after a ten days’ 
voyage in fine condition. ‘They were 
taken out of the steamer’s hold in crates 
about eight feet long by four feet wide 
by five feet high, four to a crate, and 
driven to the railway where they were 
placed loose in a box car, and arrived at 
their destination in good shape. There 


FORESTRY 


they were placed in inclosed pieces of 
woodland where there is plenty of 
browse and some pasture and are now 
fat and sleek. They are just com- 
mencing to lose the velvet from their 
horns, and as soon as the rut is over the 
training to harness will commence. 
They will be used for sled work at some 
of the lumber camps of the company. 


BENCE Ole 


HE importance of fencing off 
from cattle a woodlot on each 


farm now being cleared in 

northern Wisconsin has been 
emphasized recently by representatives 
both of the Wisconsin State Forester’s 
office and of the United States Forest 
Service. F. G. Wilson, of the State 
service at Madison, accompanied by 
Benton Mackaye, a member of the 
National Forest Service at Washing- 
ton, have been examining the wood- 
land in that vicinity of northern Wis- 
consin. 

“The one essential need in preserv- 
ing the woodland in this country,” said 
Mr. Wilson, “is to have a woodlot, 
free from cattle, of ten or twenty 
acres on each farm. No farm is com- 
plete without a woodlot. Every good 
farmer, of course, knows this. It is 
needed, not only for firewood and 
building material, but also for the yield 
in dollars and cents which it will bring. 
The pioneers of northern Wisconsin 
are people who look ahead. ‘They are 
right now building homes, not alone 
for themselves, but for their children. 
The wood crop is slow, but it 1s sure; 
and, unlike other crops, it needs very 
little cultivation. 

But there is one thing that the wood- 
lot needs right off, and that is a fence 


WOODEOTS 


around it. A permanent woodlot needs 
young trees growing up quite as much 
as growing stock needs feed. I under- 
stand perfectly well that cattle need 
tree; shade. = Let ‘them have: it) ie 
they don’t need all the shade there is. 
Don’t fence off all your woodland; 
fence off ten acres on every forty and 
let the cattle run through the rest of 
it. ‘There should be enough trees left 
in the pasture to shade the cattle just 
as there should be enough trees left 
around the house to shade the folks. 
And in addition to these trees, there 
should be a woodlot, where there is 
‘no trespassing’ for cattle. 

“A woodlot of about 20 acres on 
each 80-acre farm will add many dol- 
lars in value to that farm in future 
years. 

“The pioneer seems to have one 
main idea in mind—to clear the land. 
He forgets to leave the very thing 
that later he will work hard to get 
back. Here is where the pioneer has 
his chance over the established farmer. 
If he would only concentrate his clear- 
ing on four-fifths of his farm—clear 
that well and simply protect the rest 
as a woodlot—he would then be mak- 
ing a complete home and outfit for his 
family instead of an incomplete one.” 


Wood for Handles 


As many as 72 different kinds of wood are used in the manufacture of umbrella handles, canes 


and whips in this country. 


Cinders Carried Twenty Miles 


Authentic records show that cinders, from a forest fire in the tree tops in northern Wash- 
ington this fall, were carried a distance of twenty miles. 


CBM WAN SUB GNC) Once OS ites Ws Be 
Sl lo 


By ALEXANDER W. Dopce, Deputy State Forester of California 


URING the winter months, 

when, in Maine, the lumber- 

jack is straining his peavy and 

cross-hauling the logs onto his 
bobsleds, his brother, the western logger, 
is not so fortunate. The latter will 
doubtless be found, together with many 
others like him, either ornamenting the 
entrance to some city employment 
agency discussing at length and to no 
purpose the great issues of the day or 
“‘goin’ south” on the first ‘“‘safe catch”’ 
that leaves the railroad yards. The 
man of the logging camps in the 
California Sierras is, perhaps of neces- 
city, a transient. He is often a traveler 
whose destination is anywhere and no- 
where in particular; whose ticket is apt 


to be both invalid and unlimited; at 
whose station no one awaits him unless 
it be a “‘cop’’; whose meals are delicious, 
irregular and hard to get; and whose 
baggage consists of no more than one 
man can carry. The majority of these 
men who follow logging operations 
would gladly remain in the woods 
permanently, since every day adds, on 
an average, two dollars to each indi- 
vidual “‘stake.”’ 

However, not long after the begin- 
ning of November the first snow lightly 
covers the forest and the mornings are 
likely to be sullen and grey. The tent 
flies strain slightly under the gentle 
weight of the powdery herald of winter 
and immediately there is talk of closing 


A Loccine TRAIN. 
LOGGING THROUGHOUT THE SUMMER MUST BEAR ITS SHARE OF THE EXPENSE OF PREPARATORY WORK IN THE SPRING. 


816 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


THE Loc Ponp. 


LATE IN THE SEASON SPECIAL ATTENTION IS GIVEN TO FILLING THE LOG POND AT THE MILL TO PROVIDE FOR A BUSY 
WINTER’S WORK. 


the camps. Just before this time the 
mill cut is materially reduced and 
special attention is given to filling the 
log pond. So, when the shrill whistle 
of the donkey engine in the woods toots 
its last “‘pull-her-in” signal, the log 
pond is generally full and logs are 
decked high on the banks. This supply 
of logs will enable the mill to begin 
cutting before the woods are opened up 
the following Spring. The camps close 
down and outgoing trains are loaded 
with men bound for town. To almost 
every man will come a new suit, a hat 
and new pair of shoes, a week of bright 
lights and player-pianos, a good time 
and then, unfortunately, to many of 
them, a long winter of existence by 
this means or that. 

Soon after the closing of the camps the 
mill shuts down and the jackladder 
chain gets rusty again. The Sierras are 
silent during these months—usually 
from the first of December to the latter 
part of March—silent and deserted save 
for the lone trapper or prospector who 
decides to breast the heavy mountain 
storms. In his solitary fight against 
the cold he takes pleasure in counting 


the days until the time when his 
departed friends, the lumbermen, will 
return; to the time when the camps will 
open again and the scent of logging will 
fill the summer air; to the days when 
credit will be given at the camp com- 
missary; and to the clear summer 
nights when the gang around the camp- 
fire will listen intently to his tales of 
the winter’s adventures. 

Some winters in California are less 
severe than others; but, it is not safe 
to count upon a light annual snowfall 
until Spring actually comes. Heavy 
snow storms occur in the Sierras and 
well below the timber-line, not infre- 
quently, as late as the middle of April. 
Spring comes and clear weather enables 
the farmers in the valleys to cultivate 
the soil and plant their early crops; but, 
the lumbermen in the Sierras still wait 
for the deep snow to disappear. In 
some sections the lumberman is indeed 
fortunate who is able to resume opera- 
tions by the middle of March. The 
nature of methods employed in western 
logging render early operations difficult. 
Power logging requires the manipula- 
tion of extremely heavy machinery and 


THE First CREW BREAKING THE TRAIL TO THE CAMPS. 


THE WRECK OF THE COOK House. 


TIRED OF ITS WINTER BURDEN THE COOK HOUSE GAVE WAY UNDER THE WEIGHT OF SNOW ON ITS ROOF AND HAD TO 
BE RECONSTRUCTED. 


818 AMERICAN 


this cannot be successfully accomplished 
when there is a material depth of snow 
on the ground. 

A large company operates a mill of 
250,000 feet daily output at Stirling 
City, in the Sierras of Butte County. 
This company, not unlike several others 


THEY CouLp HEAR THE THUD OF THE GREAT PINE 
AND THE SING OF THE BUCKER’S SAW. 


in the State, depends upon the opera- 
tion of many miles of logging railroad; 
it maintains about sixty miles of such 
roads leading further into the mountains 
from Stirling City. The construction 
and maintenance of a logging railroad 
through mountainous country are im- 
mense items of expense and tend to 
increase the cost of logging, perhaps, 
to a maximum. 


FORESTRY 


During the early Spring of 1913 it 
was my opportunity to become familiar 
with the difficulties encountered when 
an attempt is made to “‘begin early” in 
a Sierra logging camp. Seven camps 
supplied the Stirling City mill with logs 
and all these camps were buried in 
snow and at a great distance 
from the mill. The winter had 
been severe and heavy snow 
storms continued until about 
the first of--April. Clear 
weather in the valleys below 
prior to this date had turned 
the toes of many a waiting 
lumberjack toward the hills. 
In their hearts they could hear 
the thud of the great pines, 
the sing of the bucker’s saw, 
the familiar shrill whistle from 
the donkey engines, the tri- 
angle gong which rings to the 
beat of the ‘‘chink’s”’ flunky; 
and the vision of a table loaded 
with real things to eat came 
before them—all this recollec- 
tion awakened a longing to 
return, and the man without 
a job came back. 

On April first there were 
several hundred idle men on 
the sidewalks of the little lum- 
ber town of Stirling City. 
Credit was given practically 
everywhere in town ‘and the 
men were comfortable. But 
still there was nothing for them 
to do. On the third a few of 
the men were detailed to shov- 
eling snow and the first real 
work was begun. Attention 
was immediately directed to- 
ward excavating the round- 
house which was buried in 
from eight to ten feet of snow. 
This accomplished, the little 
narrow-gauge locomotives 
were pressed into service. With a steel 
nose to act as a snow-plow, arranged in 
front, the ‘“‘One Spot” started the stren- 
uous work of “breaking through’’; work 
that continued for several weeks. 

The average depth of snow on the 
tracks was five feet; although, in many 
places, the ‘One Spot’’ backed up three 
hundred yards or so and, at full speed 
ahead, rammed into nine feet of level 


THE EARLY 


snow. The sight is one that com- 
paratively few have seen. Through 
the average depth of snow the engine 
would force its way about twenty feet 
and then stick, unable to move in 
either direction. Each time she would 
have to be dug out until the drive 
wheels were free to move again. 
To assist in pulling the engine 
free the ‘“['wo Spot” coupled 
on each time from behind. 
Backing up again, the same 
performance was repeated and 
the work continued for days 
and weeks until miles of road 
had been opened at an aver- 
age cost of $225.00 per mile. 
This work merely rendered 
the forest accessible, while the 
task yet remained of exca- 
vating the camps and re- 
constructing buildings whose 
strength had succumbed to the 
extreme weight of the snow. 
Upon abandoning camps be- 
fore the winter, all water pipes 
had been drained; consequent- 
ly, the problem of immediate 
water supply was simple al- 
though the pipes lay buried 
deep in the snow. 

Four weeks of preparatory 
work being completed, the 
first train of logs finally left 
for the mill; but, some of them 
never reached their intended 
destination. At Kaiser Creek 
the rails lead onto a high 
curved trestle over a rushing 
mountain stream. As the cars 
ran onto the bridge, even 
slowly, the inside batter-post 
of one of the bents sagged 
under the old and familiar 
yet new and unaccustomed 
weight. The bridge inspect- 
ing crewghad failed to de- 
tect what the winter had done to 
this particular mudsill and, as the 
result, the cars leaned, gently at first, 
inward; there was a spurt of steam from 
the ‘‘Five Spot” as her driver applied 
the brakes, a straining of log chains, a 


LOGGER IN 


THE SIERRAS 819 


shout from the “brakey”’ as he jumped 
to avoid the fall; and five cars of logs 
crashed down into the canyon below. 
Several such accidents occurred, and 
not without the loss of a few lives, 
before the road was entirely reliable. 
Logging throughout the summer must 


Down GRADE WITH A HeEAvy Loap oF LUMBER. 


bear its share of this preparatory ex- 
pense; and the cost of logging thus 
necessarily raised results, usually, in an 
increase in the selling price of lumber 
produced. 


Wireless for Fighting Fires 


Wireless telegraphy is being used in Canada in reporting on forest fires. 


PRIVATE. REFORES i hain 


By M. H. Hoover 


ESPITE the activities of the 
ie State of New York to encourage 
the reforestation of waste and 
denuded lands by offering suit- 
able trees at cost to private owners and 
by the enactment of more equitable 
taxation laws, the replacing of forest 
trees on lands now producing little or 
no valuable growth is generally not 
making the progress which the situation 
demands. The owners of denuded 
forest lands are usually ready to admit 
that the reforestation of their property 
would prove a splendid investment, 
but too many lack either the initiative 
or the capital to act on their convictions 
in this regard. 

As for the State, the legislature has 
been backward in making appropria- 
tions necessary to the reforestation of 
its own forest preserve lands at a rate 
commensurate with the requirements 
of a vast area comprising about 1,- 
600,000 acres, about one-third of which 
should be immediately replanted. 

Of the State’s 30,498,560 acres, total 
area, 12,000,000 acres or 40 per cent. 
are wooded. But only half of the 
wooded now contains merchantable 
timber, with 3,500,000 acres now ready 
for cutting in the Great Forest Regions 
and 2,500,000 acres in the farm wood- 
lots. There are 4,500,000 acres with 
more or less valuable growth, but not 
now merchantable; and 1,500,000 acres 
with no valuable growth. There are 
800,000 acres of unimproved farm lands 
which are best adapted to forest growth. 
In the State today we have 2,300,000 
acres producing no valuable growth, a 
virtual waste of about eight per cent. of 
the State’s total area, and almost three 
times the area occupied by the towns, 
cities and roads of the State. The 
College of Forestry at Syracuse in a 
recent bulletin declared that about one- 
half of the state’s area could be best 
utilized in growing forest trees. That 
estimate seems to be much too high, in 
view of the fact that New York has 


820 


16 counties which the Federal census 
calls banner agricultural counties, and, 
in view of the value of the farm products 
of the Empire State. The Conservation 
Commission’s estimate of one-eighth of 
the state’s area being wasted, because 
not reforested, may be low. At any 
rate, the fact remains that both public 
and private land owners have an im- 
mense task, as well as duty, to perform. 

Governor Glynn, not long ago, in an 
address to conservationists, inclined to 
the view that the state would have to 
adopt a more radical programme in 
order to effect the reforestation of the 
vast areas in New York which are idle. 
He believed that the forest lands tax- 
ation laws should be made still more 
liberal than they are; that the state 
should furnish trees at cost to private 
owners either in large or small lots; and 
that the state should itself undertake 
the reforestation of its lands at a rate 
that would replant its holdings within 
a few years; and that the state should 
itself replant privately owned forest 
lands, awaiting reimbursement until 
the tree crop should be finally harvested. 

The forest products of New York 
State have shown a steady falling off, 
averaging a decrease of 25 per cent. 
during the years 1910, 1909 and 1908. 
In the last named year, the forest 
products of New York amounted to 
1,226,754,000 feet. Last year they were 
a little over 900,000,000. We can no 
longer speak of New York’s forest 
products output in figures of billions. 

To restore the forests, for the protec- 
tion of water sheds, for the needs of 
forest products, for the suitable habitats 
of fish and game, Governor Glynn’s 
radical or progressive programme of 
conservation may have to be adopted. 
It undoubtedly would prove to be the 
best thing that could happen for the 
state of New York, from the standpoint 
of the lumbermen, the sportsmen and 
the lovers of nature. 


aS 


PRIVATE REFORESTATION 


821 


ay, ~# 
oa 


f- se 


Age ee 


ScotcH PINE PLANTED FouR YEARS. 


PART OF THE WORK OF RESTORING THE CONIFER FORESTS ON THE LANDS IN NEW YORK STATE NOW OWNED BY THE 
BROOKLYN COOPERAGE COMPANY. 


It is gratifying to observe the refor- 
estation activities of some of the large 
owners of forest lands, notably those 
of the Brooklyn Cooperage Company. 
This enterprising corporation has large 
holdings in the Adirondacks, as follows: 

18,000 acres in the Vilas Tract; 
21,000 acres in the Everton Tract; 1,900 
acres in the Pierrepont Lands and 7,500 
acres in the Blake Lands. All the hard- 
wood timber remains on these lands, 
except what was cut off after the fire of 
1903. Very little of the timber was 
burned in the fire of 1903, and the fire 
due last year was avoided, by reason 
of the state’s effective patrol system 
and the watchfulness of the Brooklyn 
Cooperage Company’s own caretakers. 

An inspection of the reforestation 
operations and their results on the 
Vilas Tract of the Brooklyn Cooperage 
Company gave most gratifying evidence 
of what private enterprise along these 
lines can accomplish. The burned areas 
are being rapidly turned into young 


evergreen forests, and where there were 
dark scars of the fires ravages seemingly 
but the other day, the delighted eye is 
greeted with a thing of beauty that 
promises to be a joy forever. Under 
the new order of lumbering  opera- 
tions, recreated forests will not be 
blotted out, but will be harvested in a 
manner which shall insure always the 
presence of growing trees in a given 
forest area. 

But, now as to the practical work of 
restoring the conifer forests which 
once flourished on the lands now owned 
by the Brooklyn Cooperage Company. 
These are the splendid results accom- 
plished on the Vilas Tract under the 
direction of Mr. R. M. Parker, president 
of the Brooklyn Cooperage Company: 

Summary of trees planted in open 
forests: 

1910—50,787 mixed, mostly red and 


bull pine, 3-year transplants 
from the New York State Nurs- 
ery. 


822 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


i ee Wa 
“LS ne SRLS 


A REPLANTED HILtsIDE. 


THIS IS ON THE VILAS TRACT OF THE BROOKLYN COOPERAGE COMPANY IN THE ADIRONDACKS. 


1911—42,000 white pine, 3-year old 
transplants from the New York 
State Nursery. 

1912—100,000 white pine, 3-year old 
transplants from the New York 
State Nursery. 

1913—59,700 white pine, 2-year old 
transplants from the Brooklyn 
Cooperage Company Seed Beds. 

1914—60,500 white pine, 3-year old 
transplants from the Brooklyn 
Cooperage Company Seed Beds. 

These plantations, inspected by visi- 
tors in August showed on the average 

a vigorous growth. Owing to the 

burned over character of the replanted 

land, replanting was necessarily accom- 
plished under difficulties. The work, 
however, must have been thoroughly 
done, as shown by the condition and 
progress of the young trees. The trees 
were planted at the rate of from 1,000 
to 1,200 per acre. They stand on cut 
over or burned lands, with slight forest 
cover. Mr. Parker states that the trees 
of 1910 were poor in quality, but not- 
withstanding this handicap, the soil 
and environment in general about dis- 
counted it, and the young trees, 
especially the red pine, have done very 
well. Some of the most favored speci- 
mens measured 7 feet, and the average 


is 6 feet. Owing to abundant rains, the 
growth this year was remarkably 
rapid. Apparently, the loss of trees in 
the 1910 planting was not much more 
than 5 per cent... The inspectiqn 
showed that some red spruce planted 
in 1910 have done exceedingly well. 

Owners of private forest lands in need 
of reforestation will be interested in 
President Parker’s table of the cost of 
replanting. As already stated, the 
replanting was done on burned over 
lands requiring more or less clearing in 
order to set the trees, conditions mak- 
ing the cost about the maximum, yet 
the Brooklyn Cooperage Company is 
convinced that it has made an excellent 
investment in this work. 

1910, $18 per acre; 1911, $25 per acre; 
1912, $16.50 per acre; 1913, $17.25 per 
acre; 1914, $13.15 per acre. Like every 
other industry, reforestation has to be 
learned. Moreover, a farmer raising 
cabbage or celery, does not buy his 
plants, if he has employees on the place 
who can put in their time growing them 
on his own soil. So the people of the 
Brooklyn Cooperage Company, with 
experience, learned how to do the best 
tree planting at the least expense, and 
President Parker established his own 
tree nursery. 


PRIVATE 


REFORESTATION 


823 


NURSERY ON THE VILAS TRACT. 


HERE THE BROOKLYN COOPERAGE COMPANY GETS A LARGE PORTION OF ITS SUPPLY OF SEEDLINGS FOR REPLANTING 


ITS LANDS. 


Although, of course on a much smaller 
scale, the Brooklyn Cooperage Company 
Nursery at Balsam Camp, near the 
Five Mile Dam, West Branch, St. Regis 
River, St. Lawrence County, compares 
very favorably with the best nursery 
owned and operated by New York 


State. John A. Fraser, the Company’s 
woods superintendent of St. Regis 
Falls, took charge of the work of 


establishing the seed beds and nursery 
ine 1914. Mire SBrasery is* am pracweal 
lumberman and woodsman, and he 
has satisfactorily demonstrated that he 
is also a practical forester and forest 
tree nurseryman. Under his direction, 
Wilber Wilson, caretaker of Balsam 
Camp for the Brooklyn Cooperage 
Company, has looked after the seed 
beds and nurseries, and they have 
prospered under his hand. The ac- 
companying photographs show por- 
tions of the Balsam Camp nurseries, 
and some of the reforested lands of the 
company in the vicinity of the camp. 

In 1911, the company set out 56 seed 
boxes of the usual size, sowing 10 
pounds of seeds, which produced 142,- 
000 seedlings. Two years later, 82,000 
of these seedlings were taken out of the 


IT ALSO PURCHASES SOME FROM THE STATE NURSERIES. 


seed boxes and transferred to the 
nursery, while 59,700 were committed 
to the care of the parent forest. In 
1914, three-year old seedlings to the 
number of 60,500 were also planted in 
the forest, leaving 21,000 four-year olds 
for planting next spring. This year 
they planted 20 pounds of new seed and 
10 pounds of old seed, and estimate 
from them about 100,000 seedlings. 
The seedlings of 1913 will be set in the 
nursery in 1915, and those of 1914, in 
1916. Possibly some of the two-year 
old seedlings may be taken direct to 
the forest in 1916. 

In addition to their own nursery pro- 
duction, the Brooklyn Cooperage Com- 
pany has ordered from the Conservation 
Commission 50,000 three-year old Nor- 
way Spruce transplants te be planted 
with four-year old seedlings of 1911 and 
two-year old seedlings of 1913 next 
spring. 

It is interesting to know that Super- 
intendent Fraser finds that trees planted 
from the beds in the open seem to fare 
much better than those put in the 
plantation, as it appears that in the 
plantation of 59,700 trees in 1913 there 
is a loss of about 2% and of the 82,000 


824 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


PLANTED IN May, 1911. 


SHOWING THE TYPE OF COUNTRY IN WHICH THIS PLANTING HAS BEEN DONE AND THE VERY NOTICEABLE GROWTH. 


put in the nursery the same year the 
loss was far greater. 

President Parker believes that the 
estimate of seedlings in the seed beds 
this year may be increased, because 
from the seed that was sown during the 
spring of 1914, seedlings are still appear- 
ing. 

When complimented upon the success 
of his reforestation operations on Vilas 
Tract, President Parker said: 

“The purpose of our plantation is 
with the spirit of the conservation of 
our lands. We have found no practical 
way of applying scientific rules of forest- 
ry to the hardwood forests in the 
Adirondacks, on account of the im- 
mense quantity of defective trees. Our 
cuttings are limited to 12 inches at the 
stump, and of course, we can only use 
in our lumber operations trees that 
are entirely sound, or do not show 
defects to a percentage large enough to 


make cost of cutting and logging timber 
unprofitable. This results in leaving 
on the lands almost as many trees, 12 
inches and up, as we cut. These trees 
are defective, being either cross-grained, 
showing rotten limbs, having immense 
knurls and knots on them, or- other 
similar defects, which condemn the 
wood in the tree for merchantable 
cooperage stock. It is a pity this is so, 
but the hardwood growths of the 
Adirondacks on account of soil, con- 
sisting either of sand or of rotten wood, 
with practically no dirt, makes it 
impossible to grow a continuous hard- 
wood forest of high grade. Realizing 
this, and knowing we shall hold our 
land for a great many years, we have 
thought it wise to plant such character 
of growth, as will in time, yield a 
profitable crop, and of course, white 
pine is the most valuable tree for this 
purpose.” 


Wood for Excelsior 


The best excelsior is made from basswood, or linden. Aspen and cottonwood, however, supply 


nearly half of the total amount manufactured. 


THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By Ettwoop WILSON 


HE Director of The Dominion 
| Forestry Branch reports that 
the reindeer herd imported from 
Labrador did not reach Fort 
Smith, Alberta, in the fall of 1911 but 
wintered about ninety miles south near 
Fort Chipewyan. There was plenty of 
feed and they wintered satisfactorily 
and were in good condition when the 
spring opened at which time they 
numbered thirty-two. One _ strayed 
away in April. There was no natural 
increase. In May the herd were moved 
by scows to Whitefish Lake where they 
arrived without mishap. Here an 
inclosure of about two square miles of a 
promontory was built, as it was feared 
that the herd might stampede when the 
flies became troublesome. In June the 
bull dog flies appeared and the deer 
stampeded and broke through all bar- 
riers and only twelve, all does, were 
recaptured. One more escaped in 
another stampede in November. They 
have now all been transferred to an 
island about six miles from shore with 
an area of about six square miles and it 
is hoped that they will thrive there. 
The Dominion herd of wood bison were 
also examined and several individuals 
were sighted and tracks of larger num- 
bers seen, but the animals are very 
wild. The herd is estimated to contain 
between two and three hundred. The 
wolves do not seem to have made any 
serious depredations on the herd. 


The new beaters for the Dominion 
Forests Products Laboratory have ar- 
rived and very important tests and 
studies will be made as soon as they are 
installed. No large scale experiments 
of paper beating have ever been 
scientifically made and much impori nt 
information is looked for from these 
tests. 


The English Government has sent 
out a Commission to investigate the 
possibility of Canada supplying much 
of the timber now imported from 
Europe, especially mine props. The 
Provincial Governments have removed 
the restriction that all wood cut on 
Crown Lands must be manufactured in 
Canada so far as-these latter are con- 
cerned, in order to help the Mother 
Country. 


The newly located goldfields at Beaver 
Lake, north of Cumberland House, 
Saskatchewan, are attracting consider- 
able attention and the influx of pros- 
pectors is keeping the fire rangers in 
that district very busy. 


Mr. P. Z. Caverhill, District Forester 
of the British Columbia Forest Service, 
Kamloops, B. C., reports that he has 
built 122 miles of trail and sixty miles 
of telephone line this season. He also 
says, ““A start was made in the disposal 
of logging slash. The debris after a 


825 


826 AMERICAN 


couple of operations was burned broad- 
cast last spring. On tie permits the 
brush was piled but has not yet been 
burned. An interesting sequence is the 
keen interest taken by the settlers in 
brush disposal and they are now requir- 
ing almost all operators on their lands 
to pile the brush. This will be a great 
help in the future fire situation.”’ 


Professor Adam Shortt, commissioner 
for the Civil Service Commission of 
Canada, has just returned from an 
investigating trip to England where he 
made a careful study of the English 
system. He reports civil service quite 
practical and it is to be hoped that 
the Dominion Government will now 
extend it to the outside service of the 
Forestry Branch. The Dominion Gov- 
ernments might with benefit study this 
report. 


This season sees thirty-one students 
in the undergraduate classes at the 
Laval Forest school in Quebec. Of the 
27 graduates all are employed. Ejigh- 
teen are in the employ of the Province 
of Quebec and nine are with other 
Governments or in private companies. 
It is proposed to have an advisory 
committee of three members of the 
Quebec Limit Holder’s Association to 
help direct the energies of the school. 


The death of Dr. William Saunders, 
CaM. GY LL.D. Ho R..S.Cotor-25 
years Director of Dominion Experi- 
mental Farms, will be a great loss to 
Canada. He was founder and President 
for several years of the Ontario Entomo- 
logical Society and for thirteen years 
edited the Canadian Entomologist. 
Under him the Government established 
five experimental farms. His work in 
cereal development and in the improve- 
ment of plums and other native fruits 
of western Canada was of great value, 
and to these farms the success of wheat 
growing in the west was in large measure 
due. The arboretum and forest belts at 
the Central Experimental Farm, Ot- 
tawa, the plantations at Brandon, 
Manitoba, and Indian Head, Saskat- 
chewan, have been a source of inspira- 
tion and information in farm forestry 
and the western plantings were the 


FORESTRY 


forerunners of the system of free dis- 
tribution of trees to farmers for planting 
around their homesteads, which has 
now grown to such immense proportions 
under the Dominion Forestry Branch. 


Mr. J. B. White, Woods Manager 
for the Riordan Pulp and Paper Com- 
pany, has been appointed a member of 
the Forestry Committee of the American 
National Wholesale Lumber Dealers 
Association. 


Mr. Ellwood Wilson, Forester for the 
Laurentide Co., Ltd., has been appointed 
a member of the Standing Committee 
on Forest Protection of the American 
Forestry Association. 


One of the forestry projects upon 
which the Commission of Conservation 
is engaged is a survey of the forest 
resources of British Columbia. This 
work was started last year and it is 
hoped that a fairly definite idea of the 
forest resources of the province will 
have been secured by the end of next 
year. For this work, the Commission 
has secured the services of Dr. H. N. 
Whitford, formerly of the Philippine 
Forest Service, and of R. D. Craig, for 
some years with the Dominion Forestry 
Branch, and later engaged in private 
forestry work in British Columbia. 
The plan of work is to collect, check 
and compile all available information. 
A large percentage of the accessible 
merchantable timber of the province is 
held under timber limits, and for most 
of these limits, one or more cruises have 
been made. The limit holders are co- 
operating generously with the Commis- 
sion by furnishing information relative 
to the amount of timber on the individ- 
ual limits. In addition a large amount 
of detailed information has been secured 
through forest surveys conducted by 
the Provincial Forest Branch, and by 
the Forestry Branch of the Canadian 
Pacific Railway. All this information 
is being used by Messrs. Whitford and 
Craig, and is supplemented by informa- 
tion collected at first hand, as well as 
by data secured from timber cruisers, 
surveyors, explorers and others. Previ- 
ous estiinates indicate that there is 
something like 300 billion feet of saw 


CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


timber in British Columbia, which is 
supposed to be approximately one-half 
the amount of merchantable standing 
timber in Canada. This is only one- 
fourth to one-fifth as much as the 
estimated forest resources of the United 
States. In addition to the amount of 
saw timber, there is a vast quantity of 
pulp wood of which no reliable estimates 
have been made. Fires have uselessly 
destroyed many times the amount of 
timber now left standing in Canada. 
The Fire Protection Work of the 
Dominion Railway Commission has 
now been organized for nearly three 
years, and has shown excellent results. 
From being the greatest single source 
of fire damage, the railways now give 
promise of dropping well down in the 
list of minor agencies. They have also 
accomplished a great deal in the way 
of reporting and extinguishing fires not 
due to railway causes. The Board’s 
order gives the Chief Fire Inspector 
very wide discretionary authority in 
determining what specific measures are 
necessary for the proper prevention and 
control of fires along railway lines. This 
is particularly the case with regard to 
special fire patrols in forest sections and 
the construction of fire guards in the 
prairies. The Order also requires the 
use of efficient fire protective appliances 
on locomotives, prohibits the use of 
lignite coal, requires the issuance of 
instructions covering the reporting and 
extinguishing of fires by railway employ- 
ees, and gives the Fire Inspection De- 
partment power to regulate the burning 
of inflammable debris along the right of 
way. The Railway Act requires railway 
companies to maintain their rights of 
way free from dead or dry grass, weeds 
and other unnecessary combustible 
matter. In carrying out the above re- 
quirements, the Fire Inspection Depart- 
ment of the Board cooperates closely 
with the fire protective organizations 
of the Dominion and provincial gov- 
ernments. Under the plan of coopera- 
tion now in effect, more than seventy 
officials of these fire protective organiza- 
tions have been appointed officers of 
the Fire Inspection Department of the 
Board, for the purpose of maintaining 
a constant supervision over the work of 
the railway companies, to insure that 


827 


the necessary measures shall be taken 
for the prevention and control of railway 
fires. Practically all the railways have 
shown great improvement in fire pro- 
tection work. The Canadian Pacific 
and Canadian Northern Railways have 
organized especially for the handling 
of fire protection work, as a partial 
result of the Board’s requirements. 


Mr. R. H. Campbell, Director of the 
Dominion Forestry Branch, returned in 
September from his European trip. 
During the visit he attended the 
fiftieth annual meeting of the Royal 
Scottish Arboricultural Society, and 
was made an honorary member of the 
Society. An extensive tour was intended 
but the war suddenly prevented it 
while Mr. Campbell was in Geneva. 
Here he was detained for a week before 
securing transportation out of Switzer- 
land through Paris to England. 


The field reconnaissance work of the 
Dominion Forestry Branch progressed 
considerably during the past season. 
With eleven parties in the field, the 
division of agricultural and forest lands 
through the West was extended con- 
siderably. The surveys this year were 
distributed throughout Eastern Mani- 
toba, Northern Saskatchewan and AI- 
berta, Eastern Slope of the Rocky 
Mountains and Railway Belt of British 
Columbia. As a result, a continuous 
belt on the northern boundary of the 
prairies through Manitoba, Saskatche- 
wan and Alberta about 100 miles wide 
and linking up with the timber slopes 
of the Rockies has been reported on to 
date. North of this belt lies an exten- 
sive area which is mostly forest land, 
but contains some good agricultural 
areas. Explorations have shown that 
the forest north of the prairies may be 
classed as two types, muskeg and 
ridge, the latter of which is character- 
ized by Jack pine, spruce, and poplar. 
There are some areas of good agri- 
cultural land in this region which are 
mostly covered with small poplar. 


The expense of the fire season in 1914 
has been the heaviest in the history 
of the Forestry Branch. Owing to 


828 AMERICAN 
a particularly dry period in August, ten 
bad fires occurred on the east slope of 
the Rocky Mountains, the largest burn- 
ing 125 square miles before it was con- 


FORESTRY 


trolled. Fires in the Railway Belt of 
British Columbia were more numerous 
still, but did not burn over extensive 
areas. 


PROBE STRY AT THE EXP Osi TiGin 


r | \HE forestry and forest products 
exhibit at the Panama-Pacific 
International Exposition will 
be shown in the Palace of 

Agriculture, which with the exception 

of the great Palace of Machinery, is the 

largest exhibit palace of the exposition. 

The Palace of Agriculture covers an area 

of 328,633 square feet and was erected 

at a cost of $425,610. 

Group 134, under the official classifi- 
cation of exhibits, is divided into four 
classes of forestry exhibits comprising 
forest geography, maps, statistics and 
general literature, geographical distri- 
bution, botanical collections, seeds, 
bark, foliage, flowers, fruit, bark and 
wood sections. The planting, equip- 
ment and processes for tree collection, 
nursery practice, field planting and 
field sowing, make up class 661. Man- 
agement and utilization, equipment and 
processes for protection from fire, insects 
and disease, organization of protective 
forces, ranger stations, trail and tele- 


phone systems, logging methods and 
equipment, transportation of logs and 
systems of cutting, comprise another. 

The indirect use of forests, such as 
watershed protection, effects on climate 
and public health, prevention of erosion 
and shifting sand, use of windbreaks 
for recreation or as a refuge for game, 
is all considered in a separate class. 

Forest products are exemplified in 
three classes: lumber, equipment and 
processes used in cutting lumber-logs 
into lumber, drying, dressing and grad- 
ing of lumber and the rules for grading; 
saw-mill and planing-mill products for 
the manufacture of lumber; wagon- 
stock, cooperage, boxes, pickets, 
shingles, and doors. Veneering and 
veneering-cutting machinery will also 
be shown. Forest by-products—tan- 
bark and extracts, naval stores, oils and 
distillates, charcoal, cork, dye-woods, 
medicinal and textile barks. Kiln-dried 
wood, wood fuels and wood will occupy 
another class. 


A Forester’s Directory 


The American Forestry Association wishes to compile and to keep up to date, 
a directory of foresters, in the United States, its possessions, Canada and Mexico. 

This will be of considerable benefit to the members of the profession, as the 
Association is frequently asked for information concerning the whereabouts of 
foresters, and is also often asked to recommend foresters for various positions. 

The American Forestry Association therefore requests each forester, whether 
he is a member of the Association or not, to send his full name, address, name of 
school or schools of which he is a graduate, and the feature, if any particular one, 


of his profession, in which he specializes. 


This directory will be kept up to date from year to year, and will be available 


for any inquirers at any time. 


Foresters are requested to note,in the advertising section of AMERICAN For- 
ESTRY magazine, a free advertising section for foresters wishing positions or for 


these wishing to employ foresters. 


PDIPORTAL 


| cnportn are daily learning of 
opportunities to export timber 
to Europe to take the place of 
the supply formerly obtained 
from European countries and which 
has now been cut off by the war. An 
instance of this is England’s demand for 
mine props. Formerly most of these 
were obtained from the Baltic provinces 
and from France. Now England is 
looking to Canada and the United 
States to supply them. A Commission 
has been appointed to visit Canada to 
investigate the possibility of that coun- 
try supplying most of the timber Eng- 
land now needs. The Provincial gov- 
ernments have removed the restriction 
that all wood cut on Crown Lands must 
be manufactured in Canada, as far as 
mine props are concerned, so that they 
may be shipped in the rough. 
Commenting on the need of England 
for mine props H. O. Williamson, an 


engineer of the Consolidation Coal Co., 
of Fairmont, West Va., writes AMERI- 
CAN Forestry Magazine: 

“It is interesting to note that the 
English mine operators report a prop 
cost running as high as thirty-six cents. 
While there are a number of other fac- 
tors, in addition to the availability of 
timber, entering into the subject of 
cost, still, even considering these, it is 
rather startling to compare this maxi- 
mum of thirty-six cents with, say, our 
present maximum of possibly six cents.” 

The timber export question is further 
illuminated by a dispatch from London 
on Oct. 27, stating that German cruisers 
had seized four Swedish ships laden with 
lumber for England, and that Germany 
has declared it will consider all ship- 
ments of timber to Great Britain as 
contraband. The effect of this should 
be to increase the opportunities for 
American shippers. 


EST VIRGINIA is another 
State which desires an up- 
to-date forestry law, a State 


forester, and a well managed 
state forestry department. Wide-awake 
men of the State arelending their aid to 
the movement to secure such a forestry 
law and it is gratifying to note that 
almost every timberland owner and 
lumberman in the State is interested. 
Members of the legislature have already 
pledged themselves to give earnest 
consideration to the proposed bill and 
the State Chamber of Commerce has 
passed resolutions calling attention to 


the value of the timber lands of the 
State, the need for their proper protec- 
tion and to the benefit that will be 
derived by the entire State if such a 
forest law as is required is passed by the 
next legislature. 

The arousing of popular demand for a 
State forestry department and a liberal 
appropriation for conducting it is now 
under way, all that is necessary to in- 
spire such a demand being the ability 
to let the people know of the benefits 
which will accrue to them individually 
and to the State atlarge by the passage 
of a forestry law. 


829 


830 AMERICAN 


ALTIMORE’S experience with 

her street shade trees should 

be a warning to other cities 

throughout the country, many, 
aye most, of which have followed the 
same lack of system and carelessness 1n 
planting of trees. 

A year ago Baltimore awakened to 
the need of a city forester. It was then 
found that of the 75,000 trees in the 
city’s streets almost 60,000 were of un- 
desirable species and that most of the 
trees had been improperly planted. 
This fault has resulted in some 20,000 
of the mature trees being in a decadent 
condition. 

Although the city forester has been 
at work only eighteen months and is 
handicapped by an inadequate appro- 
priation, great improvement is apparent. 
The situation is described in an article 
in this issue. 


FORESTRY 


City officials are urged by the Ameri- 
can Forestry Association to give more 
thought to shade tree conditions in 
the municipalities of which they are 
in charge. They will find that in 
practically every case the trees are 
being neglected, that most of them are 
improperly nourished, that species un- 
fitted for climatic or street paving con- 
ditions have been planted; and that con- 
siderable damage, particularly in the 
smaller cities and towns, is being done 
by telephone, telegraph and electric 
light wires. 

The value of beautiful shade trees 
and well-shaded streets is not properly 
appreciated. It should be apparent 
that well-shaded streets attract resi- 
dents and thus maintain or increase 
real estate values and that no com- 
munity ever loses by attention being 
paid to beautifying and improving it. 


read, Minnesota will have carried an 

amendment to the State constitu- 

tion, providing for the establishment 
of Stateforests onState lands which are 
unfitted for agriculture. The voters of 
the State cast their ballots for or against 
this measure on November 3. If public 
demand for a good thing has value in 
forming the opinions of the voters the 
amendment should have an overpower- 
ing majority. For some weeks there 
has been waged in the State a cleverly 
planned and admirably conducted cam- 
paign for arousing interest in the meas- 
ure. This campaign was directed by 
the Minnesota State Forestry Associa- 
tion. Various civic bodies lent their 
aid, women’s clubs in every town where 
they are established had their members 
personally communicate with influential 
citizens and ask their support of the 
measure, the railroads, the telephone 


|: IS hoped that by the time this is 


and telegraph companies gave their 
assistance, while the newspapers were 
particularly active in doing the in- 
valuable publicity work needed to rivet 
the attention of the voters on the fact 
that the amendment would be upon 
their ballots, and what it meant to the 
State. 

Perhaps the most effective work, 
however, was done by the children. 
The Governor proclaimed a _ State 
Forests Day for the schools and this 
was observed by every public school in 
the State. The five hundred thousand 
pupils addressed letters, furnished by 
the Minnesota Forestry Association, to 
their parents, asking them to vote for 
the amendment. At this writing there 
is every indication that the amendment 
will be carried and if it is, it will mark 
a big forward step in the conservation 
of the forests of Minnesota. 


Changes of Address 


Members of the American Forestry Association are requested to send notifica- 
tion of any change in address so that the AMERICAN FORESTRY MaGaAZINE and other 
mail will not be delayed in reaching them. 

Such notices are desired before the 25th of each month so that the address 
may be changed for the monthly mailing of the magazine. 


FOREST NOTES 


The Central West Virginia Fire Pro- 
tective Association, with Merritt Wil- 
son, President, George B. Thompson, 
Vice President, George W. Wilson, 
Secretary-Treasurer, as well as Lloyd 
Hansford of Parsons, H. W. Armstrong 
and B. L. Roberts of the Cherry River 
Boom and Lumber Company and 
Charles U. Luke and E. P. Shaffer, rep- 
resenting the West Virginia Pulp & 
Paper Company, attending, met at 
Elkins, West Virginia, on October 17. 
W. Hoyt Weber, Forester and Field 
Manager for the Association, and J. A. 
Viquesney, State Forest, Game and 
Fish Warden, submitted reports show- 
ing work completed and men employed. 
The State has constructed 13 lookout 
stations and 4 patrol routes, and the 
Government has supplied watchmen 
and patrolmen, under the provisions of 
the Weeks Law, for these lookout sta- 
tions and patrol routes, numbering six- 
teen in all. The Association has already 
employed 8 patrolmen and authorized 
the employment of two more, making a 
total of ten patrolmen employed by the 
Association, or twenty-six salaried men 
in all. It is just one year since the 
contract was signed whereby Govern- 
ment aid was secured, under the Weeks 
Law, to protect the forests from fire, 
and under the triple alliance and co- 
operation of Government, State and 
private owners, it has been demon- 
strated that millions of dollars can be 
saved to the timber owners of the State. 
The timberland owners of the forest 
area of the State are greatly pleased 
that ways and means have been devised 


to save the forests from fire, and all are 
anxious to join this organization and 
have their property protected under 
this arrangement. 


A warning against tree repair fakirs 
has been issued by the Massachusetts 
State Forestry Association to its mem- 
bers. It calls attention to the necessity 
of exercising great care in having honest 
and competent tree surgeons and points 
out the damage that may easily be 
done by men who are not properly 
trained for the work and the exorbitant 
prices charged by those who take ad- 
vantage of the ignorance of the tree 
owner. 


Here is an exact reproduction of an 
application received by District Forester 
Smith Riley of Denver for a position as 
Forest Ranger. It is worth reading: 


Se) Wyo: 
Sept th 28—1914 


“Dear Sir, I hear that you Want 
Forast-Rangers. and I think I Wood 
Souit you & the Job Wood Souit me, I 
have Ben.in the West hear 9 years and 
am ust to hard-ships and like to Ride, 
all tho I am not no Bronko Broker. 
What I mean, is “if they Buck to hard 
they can throw me off’’ ‘and I am all-so 
a good timber man as I have Ben in 
the timber all of my life.; I have a 
comon School Edukation, “I am a 
married man With no Children Just 
me & Wife. My Wife has a 320 acare 
Home-Stead in Co & has lived 


831 


832 AMERICAN 


on it 2 years all Reddy, ‘can she go 
With me & still hold her Home-stead,? 
she has all-Reddy lived on it 23 months 
studdy Everry Day; and is that Forast- 
Ranging a souitible Place to take a 
Wommon. 

“Do you think the Job Wood last 3 
or 4 years if I souited. how much Do 
you Pay amonth. and Do I Board my 
self Or Dos the Goverrement Furnish 
my suplys? Do I Furnish my Own 
hors? is there a little hosuse on “or 
around the Place Where I Wood make 
it my head-quarters.? You see I am 
Green at the Job now, But I think in a 
week after I got there I Wood no all 
about it, Pleas Rite and give me all of 
the infermation about it, there is 2 
more single men hear in my Neighbor- 
hood Wood go to if they under-stood 
Just What kind of a Job it Was, yours 
sincearley”’ 


James A. Conners, of James W. 
Sewall’s office, Old Town, Maine, has 
taken a crew of men into northern 
Aroostook County, Maine, on a detailed 
township survey and timber estimate. 
Mr. O. W. Madden, of the same office, 
is cutting about a million feet of lumber 
for Mr. Sewall on the Passadumkeag 
River watershed. 


Exception is taken by Bristow Adams, 
editor of the Forest Service, to a state- 
ment in the American Lumberman for 
September 19 that a disease which has 
attacked trees in Michigan is thought 
to have gotten into Michigan through 
seedlings sent by the National Govern- 
ment. Mr. Adams said this statement 
is not warranted by the facts in the case. 

“Diseased specimens of western yellow 
pine,’ he says, “were submitted last 
spring for examination by the Office of 
Investigations in Forest Pathology in 
the Bureau of Plant Industry. The 
trees were said to have been grown at 
the Higgins Lake Nursery from seed 
obtained from the West and were found 
to be affected with the fungus disease 
Cronartium comptoniae. This is a well 
known eastern fungus which passes one 
of its stages on the sweet fern. In its 
stage on the pine it has also been known 


FORESTRY 


as Peridermium pyriforme. It seems 
evident, therefore, that the western 
yellow pine trees in question became 
infected from sweet fern in the neigh- 
borhood, and, never having been ex- 
posed to the disease, might readily 
prove more susceptible to it than the 
native species. The disease is referred 
to in the item in the American Lumber- 
gnan as “‘Peridermium fusiform,” a quite 
distinct disease which was not found 
by the Office of Forest Pathology in its 
examination. Even if this disease is 
present among the yellow pine, how- 
ever, it could hardly have been intro- 
duced by the Government, since, so far 
as the records in this office show, no 
trees have ever been furnished to the 
State by the Forest Service and the 
disease is not one which could be 
transmitted through the medium of seed. 


The annual meeting of the Western 
Forestry and Conservation Association, 
the established conference of all Pacific 
Coast protective organizations and the 
most important yearly gathering of 
timber owners in the United States or 
Canada, will be held in Tacoma this 
year, December 7 and 8. The fire pro- 
tection part of the program will abandon 
the general topics so thoroughly covered 
in the past and deal only with important 
needs disclosed by the past season; the 
chief of which seem to be a better sys- 
tem for financing emergency expenses, 
perfecting state policies and legislation, 
requirements for continuation of Weeks 
Law funds, and utilizing fire wind fore- 
casts in the most practicable manner. 
A study of timber insurance possibilities 
will be reported. While what is really 
new and important in fire work must 
not be neglected, it has been decided 
that at this time such an important 
gathering should devote much of its 
time to other matters of pressing 
interest. With the proper officials 
present to give us authentic informa- 
tion, there will be discussion of the new 
Government study of the lumber in- 
dustry, the Trades Commission bill, 
Forester Graves’ new plan for capitaliz- 
ing national forest resources to assist 
state road building, and taxation amend- 


FOREST NOTES 


ments now up in Pacific states. The 
stumpage situation. and its trend is 
another subject chosen for expert analy- 
sis. 


Foresters will be interested in the an- 
nouncement that Charles Deering of Chi- 
cago and W. A. Wadsworth of Genesco, 
N. Y., members of the American Genetic 
Association, have offered two prizes of 
$100 each for two photographs—one of 
the largest tree of a nut-bearing variety 
in the United States, and one of the 
largest broad-leaf tree which does not 
bear edible seeds. In the first class, for 
example, are included trees such as 
chestnut, oak, walnut, butternut, and 
pecan; and in the second, trees such as 
elm, birch, maple, cottonwood, and 
tulip poplar. No photographs of cone- 
bearing trees are wanted, since it is 
definitely known that the California 
big trees have no rivals among conifers. 
At a later time the association may take 
up the same question as between the 
various kinds of conifers—as pines, 
spruces, firs, cedars, and cypresses. 

The purpose of the competition is to 
find out in what regions the native trees 
attain their largest growth, and under 
what conditions they thrive best. When 
these large trees are located and the 
measurements authenticated, the asso- 
ciation hopes that it may be possible 
to secure seeds, cuttings, or grafting 
wood from thrifty trees in the region 
where they grow, to see whether finer 
specimens may be propagated in other 
parts of the country. It is hoped in 
this manner to get some particularly 
choice strains of native trees established 
in regions where good specimens are 
not now found. The contest ends July 
ial Go 


LA os James B. Berry has been 


placed in charge of the Department of 
Forestry of the State College of Agri- 
culture at Athens, Ga., and the Board 
of Trustees on October 13 changed the 
name of the department to the Georgia 
State Forest School. In this way the 
school has all the privileges of an 


833 


independent institution and yet retains 
all the advantages connected with the 
instruction work in the University 
proper and the Agricultural College. 
It thus becomes the only forestry school 
in the south. The school is now being 
thoroughly equipped and Prof. Berry 
expects to secure a large number of 
students. 

Prof. Berry is a graduate of the Col- 
lege of Forestry, University of Minne- 
sota; spent fifteen months in the Forest 
Service as Forest Assistant on the Inyo 
National Forest of California ; was for 
two years instructor in forestry at the 
Pennsylvania State College where he 
was granted the degree of Master of 
Science as a result of special investi- 
gative work in range problems. He 
spent fourteen months in Germany and 
Austria-Hungary, completing one year’s 
work in the Universitat Munchen 
where he was a Candidate Doctor der 
Staatswissenschaft. 

The Georgia State Forest School will 
offer a regular four year course in for- 
estry leading to the degree Bachelor of 
Forestry. A small amount of forestry 
will be introduced in the Freshman and 
Sophomore years, but the bulk of the 
work will come later. F ollowing the 
Junior year is a summer camp of eight 
weeks which will be largely devoted to 
surveying, mensuration, forest botany 
and forest ecology. 


The Massachusetts State Forestry 
Association has announced another 
annual tree planting contest, following 
the successful one of this year, and asa 
prize will plant in each of the four win- 
ning towns one hundred shade trees. 
The towns are divided into four groups, 
according to size, and to be eligible 
for a prize a town must plant at least 
one hundred trees. Those planting the 
most and having the largest number of 
living trees on Sept, 15, 1915, will be 
awarded the prizes. The trees counted 
must be eight feet or over in height 
and the branches should be properly 
pruned at the time of the planting. 
For full particulars write the Association 
at 4 Joy Street, Boston, Mass. 


BOOKS. RECER ED 


THE First EXPOSITION OF CONSERVATION 
AND ITs BurtLpERS (W. M. Goodman, 
Knoxville, Tenn., $10.00). 


Here artistically bound, well illustrated 
and admirably printed, is a large volume 
devoted to the history of the National Con- 
servation Exposition at Knoxville in 1913, of 
the movement which started it and of the 
men and women who were its builders and to 
whom such a large measure of its success was 
due. There is an introduction by Gifford 
Pinchot and then a very well written and 
complete history of the Exposition with a 
series of special chapters devoted to each of 
the several buildings and their exhibits. 
Great care has been taken to give each of the 
people deserving mention for aid in the work 
of organizing and conducting the Exposition 
the proper credit. A special feature are the 
papers on various phases of conservation work 
written by men and women who are recognized 
as experts and there are also extracts from 
addresses by prominent speakers on special 
days at the Exposition. It is a book which 
will be appreciated and valued by any person 
having part in the Exposition, for not only is 


it brim full of information, but it is mechani- 
cally a production which will attract most 
favorable comment. 


“ELEMENTS OF Forestry’ by _ Frederick 
Franklin Moon, B. A., M. F. and Nelson 
Courtlandt Brown, 1B, TN M. F. (John Wiley 
& Sons, New York, $2. 00 net. ) 


This is an up-to-date text book, broad in its 
scope and containing general information on 
all phases of forestry. The authors have 
made an earnest endeavor to present the in- 
struction in a manner easily grasped by the 
average student. The subject is treated under 
the chapter headings of trees, silvics, silvi- 
cultural systems and management, improve- 
ment cuttings, artificial regeneration, forest 
protection, forest mensuration, lumbering, 
wood utilization, wood technology, wood 
preservation, forest economics, forest finance, 
forest regions, northern forest, sprout hard- 
woods, southern pines, central hardwoods, 
prairie or fringe forests, northern Rocky 
Mountain forest, southern Rocky Mountain 
forest, and Pacific Coast forest. The book is 
profusely illustrated. There are 300 pages. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR OCTOBER, 1914. 


(Books 


and periodicals 


indexed in the 


Library of the United States 
Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole. 


Chancerel, Lucien. La question des foréts 
de France en 1914. 152 p. Paris, Librairie 
agricole de la Maison Rustique, 1914. 


Proceedings and reports of associations, forest 
officers, etc. 


Hongkong—Botanical and forestry dept. Re- 
port for the year 1913. 21p. Hongkong, 
1913. 

Queensland—Department of public 
Report of the director of forests, 
7p. pl. Brisbane, 1914. 

Reynolds, Harris A. Massachusetts forestry 
association; its work and character. 4 p 
il. Boston, Mass., 1914. (Massachusetts 
forestry association. Bulletin 109.) 


Forest Aesthetics. 


Street and park trees 

Newark, N. J.—Shade tree commission. Tenth 
anntalereport,. 1913.) ~ 79) p. vil, map. 
Newark, 1914. 

Reynolds, Harris A. What does a shade tree 
mean to you. 4p. il. Boston, Mass., 
1914. (Massachusetts forestry associa- 
tion. Bulletin 110.) 


834 


lands. 
1913. 


Forest Legislation. 


New Hampshire—Forestry commission. Laws 
and instructions for clearing brush along 
highways; planting and care of shade 
trees) 14: Spe Concordss NEw Ee motes 
(Circular 4.) 

Washington—Legislature. Forest protection 
law, to preserve forests and prevent and 
suppress forest fires. 24 p. Olympia, 
State board of forest commissioners, 1913. 


Forest Education. 


Arbor day 
New York—Department of education. Arbor 
day annual, 1914. 71 p. il. Albany, 


Nov O14: 
Forest Description. 


Doucet, André. Timber conditions in Little 
Smoky river valley, Alberta, and adjacent 
territory. 52p. il., map. Ottawa, 1914. 
(Canada—Dept. of the interior—Forestry 
branch. Bulletin 41.) 

Tilt, L. C. Timbér and soil conditions of 
southeastern Manitoba. 36 p. il., map. 
Ottawa, 1914. (Canada—Dept. of the 
interior—Forestry branch. Bulletin 45.) 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Forest Botany. 


Trees: classification and description 


Gatin, C. L. Les arbres, arbustes et arbrisseaux 
forestiers. 117 p. il. Paris, P. Lecheva- 
lier, 1913. (Encyclopédie pratique du 
naturaliste, I.) 

Nuttall, G. Clarke. Trees and how they grow. 
184 p. pl. London, etc., Cassell & Co., 
Itd., 1913. 

Shaw, George Russell. The genus Pinus. 96 
p. Cambridge, Mass., 1914. (Arnold 
arboretum. Publication no. 5.) 

Silvics. 

Ecology 

De Forest, H. Recent ecological investiga- 
tions. 16 p. Wash., D. C., Society of 
American foresters, 1914. 


Forest experiment stations 


Mariabrunn—k. k. forstliche versuchsanstalt. 
Mitteilungen aus dem forstlichen versuch- 
swesen Oesterreichs, no 38. 83 p. Wien, 
W. Frick, 1914. 

Silviculture. 

Planting 

Burns, George P. & Hooper, Frances P. 
Studies in tolerance of New England 
forest trees: II. Relation of shade to 
evaporation and transpiration in nursery 
beds. 28 p. pl. Burlington, 1914. 
(Vermont—Forest service. Publication no. 
15.) 

Forest Protection. 

Insects 


Koch, Rudolf. Tabellen zur bestimmung 
schadlicher insekten an fichte und tanne 


nach den frassbeschadigungen. 112 p. 
il. Berlin, P. Parey, 1910. 
United States—Dept. of agriculture. Chest- 


nut tree blight; letter from the Secretary 
of agriculture transmitting information 
relative to the so-called chestnut tree 
blight. 36 p. il, -pl--Wash:, Dii@,,-1912. 
(62d cong.—2d sess. Senate doc. 653.) 


Diseases 

Anderson, P. J., & Rankin, W. H. Endothia 
canker of chestnut. 90 p. il. pl. Ithaca, 
N. Y., 1914. (Cornell university—Agri- 
cultural experiment station. Bulletin 
347.) 


Forest Administration. 


United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest 
service. Principles and procedure govern- 
ing the classification and segregation of 
agricultural and forest lands in the na- 
tional forests. 23 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture—Forest 
service. Standard classification of activi- 
ties and procedure in Forest service 
accounting. 47 p. Wash., D. C., 1914. 


State Forests 

Reynolds, Harris A. State forests for Massa- 
chusetts. 8 p. Boston, Mass., 1914. 
(Massachusetts forestry association. Bul- 
letin 111.) 


835 


Communal forests 


Reynolds, Harris A. ‘‘Town forest’’ contest; 
prize, fifty acres belonging to a city or 
town planted to white pine. 16 p. Bos- 
ton, Mass., 1914. (Massachusetts forestry 
association. Bulletin 112.) 


Forest Utilization. 


Lumber industry 
Lidgerwood manufacturing company. Lidger- 


wood 1913 overhead skidder. 14 p. il. 
Ney Yel OMe: 

Lumbermen’s credit association. Reference 
book, Aug., 1914. Chicago and New 
York, 1914. 


United States—Dept. of commerce—Bureau 
of corporations. The lumber industry, 
pts. 2-3. 264 p. maps. Wash., D. C., 
1914, 


Wood-using industries 


Nellis, J. C. Amounts and kinds of wood used 
in the manufacture of boxes in the United 
States. 16 p. map. Chicago, Ill., Na- 
tional association of box manufacturers, 
1914. 

Simmons, Roger E. Wood-using industries 
of Pennsylvania. 204 p. pl. Harrisburg, 
Pa., 1914. (Pennsylvania—Dept. of for- 
estry. Bulletin 9.) 

Forest by-products 

Spencer, J. B. The maple sugar industry in 
Canada. 64 p. il. Ottawa; 1913. 
(Canada—Dept. of agriculture. Bulletin 
No. 2B.) 

Wood technology 

Stone, Herbert & Freeman, W. G. The timbers 
of British Guiana. 110 p. front. Lon- 
don, Crown agents for the colonies, 1914. 

Wood preservation 


Indiana tie company. Cecil-Williams method 
of timber preservation. 19 p. il. Evans- 
ville, Ind., 1914. 

Teesdale, C. H. Relative resistance of various 


conifers to injection with creosote. 43 p. 
pl. Wash., D. C., 1914. (U. S.—Dept. 
of agriculture. Bulletin 101.) 
Auxiliary Subjects. 
Engineering 
National electric light association. Handbook 
on overhead line construction. 819 p. 


il. New York, 1914. 


Periodical Articles. 
Miscellaneous periodicals 


Botanical gazette, Sept., 1914.—Evaporation 
and soil moisture in relation to the succes- 


sion of plant associations, by George 
Damon Fuller, p. 193-234. 
Country gentleman, Aug. 29, 1914.—New 


markets for woodlot waste, by Samuel J. 
Record, p. 1443-4. 

Country gentleman, Sept. 5, 1914.—Home- 
steading in the forests; a little-known 
opportunity the government offers to the 
resolute settler, by W. J. Harsha, p. 
1482-3; Grubbing out stumps, by W. B. 
Kellogg, p. 1486-7. 


836 AMERICAN 


Country gentleman, Sept. 12, 1914.—New 
forests for New England barrens; trees 
will grow on land that is worn out for 
regular farm crops, by Samuel J. Record, 
pal5i5,-1536. 

Country life in America, Oct., 1914.—The tree 
crop; a profitable by-product, by F. F. 
Moon and Chas J. Lisle, p. 73. 

Journal of botany, Sept., 1914.—Three conifers, 
by R. A. Dammer, p. 236-41. 

Plant world, Sept., 1914.—The role of aspen 
in the reforestation of mountain burns in 
Arizona and New Mexico, by G. A. 
Pearson, p. 249-60. 

Popular science monthly, Oct., 1914.—The 
coniferous forests of eastern North Amer- 
ica, by Roland M. Harper, p. 338-61. 

Science, Oct. 9, 1914.—An experiment on 
killing tree scale by poisoning the sap of 
the tree, by Fernando Sanford, p. 519-20. 

Scientific American, Aug. 29, 1914.—Remark- 
able wood preservation, by S. F. Maxwell, 

pall 

Scientific American supplement, Aug. 15, 1914. 
—Alcohol from wood, by R. Ditmar, p. 
103. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Journal 
of agricultural research, Sept., 1914.— 
Birds as carriers of the chestnut blight 
fungus, by F. D. Heald and R. A. Stud- 
halter, p. 405-22; Density of wood sub- 
stance and porosity of wood, by Frederick 
Dunlap, p. 423-8. 


Trade journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, Sept. 12, 1914.—Timber 
resources of the Isle of Pines, p. 41-3; 
Australian timber resources and trade, p. 
53-4; The lumber business in the Swiss 
Alps, by George Cecil, p. 55. 

American lumberman, Sept. 19, 1914.— 
Utilization of yellow pine sawmill refuse, 
p. 34; Fire prevention through creation of 
public sentiment, by E. T. Allen, p. 46-7. 

American lumberman, Sept. 26, 1914——How 
wood preserving industry can avoid injury 
from war, by Clyde H. Teesdale, p. 39-40; 
Potash from wood, p. 44. 

American lumberman, Oct. 3, 1914.—A study 
of decay in wood bleachers at Wisconsin 
university, by C. H. Teesdale, p. 27; 
Government stumpage prices in British 
Columbia, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 44. 

American lumberman, Oct. 10, 1914.—Dis- 
cusses proper use of wood, by Hermann 
von Schrenk, p. 29; The business of con- 
structive forestry, by Wilson Compton, 
p. 38-40; Yellow poplar a forest king, p. 48. 


Engineering record, June 13, 1914.—Restrain- 
ing effect of forests on sudden melting of 
snow, by J. E. Church, p. 674. 


Engineering record, July 25, 1914.—Stump 
burning to reclaim “‘logged-off”’ lands, by 
Le Roy W. Allison, p. 95-6. 


Engineering record, Aug. 1, 1914.—Resistance 
of timber joints; compression tests of 
splices made with wood and iron keys 
for the Panama-Pacific exposition build- 
ings at San Francisco, by Arthur C. 
Alvarez, p. 132-4. 


FORESTRY 


Hardwood record, Sept. 25, 1914.—Birch com- 
ing into its own, p. 23; Progress in wood 
bending, p. 23; The hand truck in business, 
p. 31; Ohio as a woodlot state, p. 32-3. 

Hardwood record, Oct. 10, 1914.—Woods used 
for foundry patterns, p. 25-6; Grain of 
wood and its meaning, p. 26; Ebony and 
its imitations, p. 29; Gum trees of the 
United States, p. 29-30; Danger in certain 
woods, p. 31; Realizing on rough logs, p. 
32; Probable new source of resin; Cereus 
thurberi, p. 42. 

Lumber trade journal, Sept. 15, 1914.—Change 
in government lumber _ specifications; 
new rules laid down by Navy department 
for yellow pine of all kinds, cypress for 
boat building and creosoted pine block, 
p. 19-20. 

Lumber trade journal, Oct. 1, 1914.—Advan- 
tages of Louisiana state forest, p. 19-20; 
Benefits of state owned forests are de- 
scribed by a government expert, by J. 
Girvin Peters, p. 21-2. 

Lumber world review, Oct. 10, 1914.—Meas- 
uring moisture in green or dry lumber, by 
B.D: Curtis) p»24-o% 

Manufacturers’ record, Aug. 20, 1914.—Steam 
land-clearing machine, p. 52. 

Mississippi Valley lumberman, Sept. 11, 1914. 
—Practical buildnig construction; building 
materials and their uses, by Whitson and 
Bull, p. 36-7. 

Paper, Sept. 16, 1914.—The cause of rosin 
blemishes in paper. by Carl G. Schwalbe, 
1p doit 

Pioneer western lumberman, Sept. 15, 1914.— 
Sugar pine; a dependable wood for sash 
doors and fittings, p. 11; Wood-block pav- 
ing; why are Pacific Coast lumbermen 
neglecting this important business?, p. 23; 
Charpitting method of removing stumps, 
by H. W. Sparks, p. 30-2. 

Pioneer western lumberman, Oct. 1, 1914.— 
Redwood, the wood everlasting, p. 11-13; 
Pulp and paper manufacture in California, 
10 PS) 

Southern industrial and lumber review, Sept., 
1914.—The building of silos in Texas, p. 
19-20. 

Southern lumber journal, Oct. 1, 1914.—Sum- 
mary of the amount of wood used by each 
of the wood manufacturing industries of 
the United States, p. 37; Uses everything 
but the bark; description of a big southern 
sawmill plant whose slogan is “eliminate 
the waste,” p. 45. 

Southern lumberman, Oct. 10, 1914.—Spine- 
less cactus proving remarkable forage 
crop on cut-over lands, p. 43. 

Timber trade journal, Sept. 12, 1914.—The 
timber industry of Queensland, p. 426. 
Timber trade journal, Sept. 19, 1914.—Why 
should Germany make our toys and small 

woodware?, p. 436. 


United States daily consular report, Oct. 1, 
1914.—British Columbia timber and lum- 
ber trade, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 11-13. 
United States daily consular report, Oct. 13. 


1914.—British Columbia shingle and lum- 
ber industry, by R. E. Mansfield, p. 216-17. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


West Coast lumberman, Oct. 1, 1914.—Pre- 
liminary review of forest fire losses during 
the past season, by George C. Joy, p. 28. 

Wooden and willow-ware trade review, Sept. 
24, 1914.—Toys made in Winchendon, 
Mass., p. 9-10, 16. 

Wood-worker, Sept., 1914.—The construction 
of a battle ship, by H. E. G., p. 26-7. 


Forest journals 


Canadian forestry journal, Aug.-Sept., 1914.— 
Nova Scotia’s forestry opportunities, p. 
84-6; Killing of larch in Nelson forest 
district, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 89-90. 

Forestry quarterly, Sept., 1914.—Results of 
an experiment on the effect of drying of 
the roots of seedlings of red and white 
pine, by Ferdinand W. Haasis, p. 311-18; 
Volume table for lodgepole pine, by 
Arthur T. Upson, p. 319-29; The relation of 
crown space to the volume of present and 
future stands of western yellow pine, by 
George A. Bright, p. 330-40; Notes on 
strip mapping for intensive reconnais- 
sance, by A. F. Kerr, p. 341-6; Obtaining 
vertical control of practical value with 
the Abney hand level, by Wm. J. Paeth, 
p. 347-69; The use of the Abney hand 
level, by M. L. Erickson, p. 370-5; Stump- 
age appraisal formulae, by Donald Bruce, 
p. 376-80; Standardization of fire plans, 
organization, equipment and methods in 
District 3, by John D. Guthrie, p. 381-9; 
A comparative study of two log rules, as 
applied to timber in central New York, 
by John Bentley, Jr., p. 390-4; The Young- 
love log rule, by Wm. W. W. Colton, p. 
395-6; Progress of the United States 
Forest service as reflected in the Forester’s 
reports for 1911, 1912, 1913, by Alexander 
J. Jaenicke, p. 397-407; Exploitation of 
crossties in northern New Mexico, by 
Clarence F. Korstian, p. 408-24; Forest 
type; a defense of loose usage, by E. H. 
Frothingham, p. 425-8; The scope of 
dendrology; some corrections, by H. De 
Forest, p. 429-31; Cost of growing timber 
on the Pacific Coast, by H. R. MacMillan, 
p. 432-4. 

Hawaiian forester and agricultirist, Aug., 
1914.—Mr. Hosmer reviews his work in 
Hawaii, by Ralph S. Hosmer, p. 228-33. 

Indian forester, July, 1914.—Creosoting of 
sleepers, p. 355-9; Eucalyptus experiments 
in the Simla hills, by H. L. Wright, p. 
360-65; Pine resin and its uses, p. 376-80; 
A new process for wood preservation, p. 
384-5. 

Indian forester, Aug., 1914.—Fire-protection in 
chir forests, by A. E. Osmaston, p. 387-91; 
New Indian species of forest importance, 
by R. N. Parker, p. 404-10; Poisoning by 
conifers, p. 423-4. 

Revue des eaux et foréts, Aug. 1, 1914.—Le 
budget forestier de la Prusse, by J. 
Madelin, p. 473-86; A propos de semences 
forestiéres, by A. Versepuy, p. 487-9. 

Skogen, June-July, 1914.—Skogsrante—och 
markranteprinciperna (Principles of forest 
rent and soil rent), by Iwar Lindeberg, p. 
141-7; Ett par uppskattningstabeller for 


standskog (Some tables for estimating 
standing trees), by Tor Jonson, p. 148-64; 
En studieresa till Gimo bruk (A study 
trip to Gimo estate), by Tell Grenander, 
p. 165-74. 

Skogen, Aug.-Sept., 1914.—Margborren, en 
fara for vara Norrlandskogar (The medul- 
lary borer, a danger for our Norrland 
forests), by Gésta Grénberg, p. 185-98; 
Svenska skogshallen a Baltiska utstallnin- 
gen (The Swedish forest hall at the Baltic 
exposition), by Einar Andersson, p. 199- 
212; Skogsbruket pa Norska jubileum- 
sutstallningen (Forestry at the Norwegian 
centenary exposition), by Gunnar Schotte, 
pe Zio-2ill 

Yale forest school news, Oct. 1, 1914.—The 
curriculum of the Yale forest school, by 
James W. Toumey, p. 43-5; The present 
situation in forestry, by H. S. Graves, p. 
45-7; What Yale foresters are doing, by 
H. H. Chapman, p. 47-8. 


BILTMORE TEXT BOOKS 


The text books of the Biltmore Forest School, written by 

r. C. A. Schenck, continue for sale at Biltmore. For 
particulars address BILTMORE FOREST BOOKS, 
Biltmore, N. C. tf 


me 1 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 
WANTED—FORESTERS—A few excellent po- 
sitions open for skilled foresters or experts in 
shade tree work. Some of these will require all 


of a man’s time and others can be filled in con- 
nection with his regular work. The compensation 


0 ee 


is liberal. Please state references and experience. 
Address P. S. R., care American Forestry Associa- 
tion. 


WANTED—Position wanted by graduate forester. 
Have had one season’s experience with the Government, 
one with a lumber company and some in city forestry. 
Have passed the Civil Service examination for forest 
assistant. Address ‘‘G. D. C.,’” Care AMERICAN For- 
ESTRY. 


YOUNG MAN—Graduate Surveyor with experience 
in that line and also in bookkeeping, desires position 
with lumber operator. Have had U. S. Forest Service 
experience and scaled for large operator in the North. 
Address ‘'2,’’ Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—Graduate forester as representative in 
connection with tree surgery work. Give full particulars 
covering training and experience and address THE 
PLANT SERVICE BUREAU, 614 Pennsylvania Building, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care AMERICAN 
FORESTRY. 


YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university 
training, business experience and three years of practical 
experience in surveying and construction, including pre- 
liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- 
cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys 
mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires 
position with forester or lumber firm. Best references 
from former employers. Address ““T. B. C.,’’ Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


1b 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


TIME—the Great Factor in Business 


The day when a business man could afford to carry an inaccurate watch is 
long passed. The successful man has no use for a watch whose time must 
be confirmed. In railroad service, where accuracy is an absolute necessity, 


the Hamilton is an absolute favorite. 


Hamilton 


: [Latch 


‘“‘The Railroad Timekeeper of America’’ 


There are twenty-five models of the Hamilton Watch. 


Every one has Hamilton quality and Hamilton accuracy. 
They range in price from $12.25 for movement only (in Canada $12.50) 


up to the superb Hamilton masterpiece at $150.00. 


Write for the Hamilton Watch Book—‘‘The Timekeeper”’ 


It pictures and describes the various Hamilton models and gives interesting 


watch information. 


Your jeweler can show you the Hamilton you want, either in a cased watch or 


in a movement only, to be fitted to any style case you select, or to your own watch 


case if you prefer. 


HAMILTON WATCH COMPANY, Dept. 00, Lancaster, Pennsylvania 


Engineer T. P. Howard, of the 
“California Limited,’’ Iron Moun- 
tain R. R., has carried a Hamilton 
W ‘tch with perfect satisfaction for 
many years. 


FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- 
ing and practical experience in different parts of the 
United Riatee: wishes to better position. Best refer- 
ences from university and employers, and others. 
Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER, with seven years’ practical experi- 
ence, desires a position as Forester. Have had 
considerable experience in reforestation and man- 
agement, also fire protection. Address “T. F. H.” 
Care AMERICAN FOoRESTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
Iuropean training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
tion, cruising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, rai..oad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of a good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires positiun. Pertectly reliable in every 
way, and with executive ability. Address “A,” care 
AMERICAN ForEsTRY. 


WANTED—By Graduate Forester, 
forestry work in South, or Tropics. Slight knowl- 
edge of Spanish and German. Scientific or experi- 
mental work preferred. Address, ‘‘F. W. H.” Care 
of AMERICAN ForREsSTRY. 


2b 


position in 


WESTERN ESTATE MANAGER -— Graduate 
agriculturist and forester, raised on Western farm, 
two years’ experience at lumbering and for past six 
years with the U. S. Forest Service, engaged in tim- 
er estimating, appraisal and forest management in 
Washington, Idaho and Montana, desires private 
work. Especially equipped to advise concerning or 
to manage timberlands or combined timber and farm 
estate. References furnished. Address R I. F., 
Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. 


Forester with wide experience in nursery work, 
planting, fire protection, etc., and also in park 
work, desires position. Best of references. Addrese 
U, Care AMERICAN ForEstTRY. 


SURVEYOR—Young man 21 having three years 
experience as Transitman, Rodman, and Chainman 
with a City Surveyor desires a like position in Forestry. 
Has ambition to become a Forestry Expert. A No. 1 
references, reliable and trustworthy. Particulars on 
request. Address ‘‘D. H. F.,’’ care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


SURVEYOR—For large tracts of land, roads and rail- 
roads; furnishes instrument; capable of taking charge of 
party; would like position in South that will last all 
winter. Address ‘‘T. B. W.,’’ care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


GRADUATE FORESTER—Practical experience 
in cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go any- 
where. References furnished. Address R. L., care 
of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—By Forester, a position with lumber 
or paper company. Experience in looking after 
camps and forestry work. Address W., Care 
AMERICAN ForEsTRY. 


$57 ~ 


Nimemicain 


"DEC 22 1914 
Vole 20 Wecemibye ry Oi. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


at et 
— arn 


ama! 
——S—SSS= 


fh 


== — 7 
=I MTT 


ROPIC damp and heat—the frigid rigors of northern lands—and the variable 


_climate of the temperate zones cannot affect the stout construction of Globe- 
Wernicke Sectional Bookcases. Their durability is the lasting strength of fine cabinet-making and 
materials carefully seasoned to withstand the extremes of climate. 


There’s a Globe-Wernicke Bookcase in just the right finish and right size to match your color 
scheme and wall space. ‘Then, as your library expands, more sections are always in stock. Built 
to grow and endure, they cost no more than the ordinary kind. Write for Catalog No. 445. 


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Ll J. BRANCH STORES: New York, Chicago, Philadelnhia, Boston, Cincinnati, Washington, D. C. LO 


In writing to advertisers kindly mention AMERICAN FORESTRY 


American Forestry 


VOL. XX 


DECEMBER, 1914 


Now kz 


Por SWITZERCANDS AN AMERICA 


By Acnes C. Laut 


OR twenty years geologists and 
explorers have sung the beauties 
of mountain scenery in America 
to an unheeding world. Ameri- 
cans have been told and retold how 
you could lose a Switzerland in the ice 
fields of the Canadian Rockies, or count 
more unclimbed peaks in Glacier Na- 
tional Park than there are climbed peaks 
in Switzerland, or drop the Alps into 
the bottom of Grand Canyon and see 
only peaks come above the rim of the 
deep gorge—Americans have been told 
and retold all this. They would have 
none of it. They either did not believe 
it, or did not want to believe it. For one 
person who bought a round trip ticket 
to the American West, two bought 
round trip tickets to Europe. 
That was until the War broke out. 
Until the War broke out, America had 
lacked the human, lacked the historic, 
lacked the picturesque. Suddenly, 
American tourists found they were suf- 
fering from a European brand of too 
much human, too much historic, too 
much picturesque. Their own land took 
on instantaneous roseate hues. Never 
was such an immediate cure of the 
foreign mania witnessed that everybody 
wanted to see America first. Said an 
American woman, who landed bedrag- 
gled in London without a hat but carry- 
ing a bird cage and a band box—‘‘Never 
again! I’m cured of Europe! Terra 
cotta, or terra firma, or any old Ameri- 
can terra is good enough for me!” 
Within a week of the declaration of 
War, American railroads were over- 
whelmed with enquiries for accommo- 
dations West. At first, they thought it 
a backwave of tourists from Europe; but 


as enquiries continued, it became ap- 
parent that American tourists for the 
first time in history were going to ex- 
plore their own land. One heard no 
more of the fustian nonsense about 
America lacking human interest. All 
the pseudo-culture of chasing over 
Europe with a club for the unattainable 
in one’s own soul, all the tinsel glamor of 
Paris fashions and European art, sud- 
denly sloughed off and revealed the 
primitive monster horrors of blood-lust 
and rapine and ruthlessness. Culture 
and art and glamor went down under 
the feet of a Great Blonde Beast rampant 
that Americans had not dreamed could 
exist under the mask of a civilization 
top heavy with learning and mellow 
with centuries. Raw, crude, rude, new 
America seemed a mighty good place 
to be. American cowboys might shoot 
up saloons and jingle their spurs and 
give extemporized ‘‘neck-tie’’ parties to 
murderers and thieves; but they didn’t 
bayonet babies and shoot priests and 
rob women and loot tourists. Also, the 
spectacle of every nation in Europe 
wooing America, kow-towing to Uncle 
Sam of striped pants and prunella 
gaiters—must have stiffened up a good 
many flabby tourists back bones. Any- 
way, for the first time, the tide of 
American travel has turned back on 
itself. For the first time, America 1s 
going to tour her own lake country, and 
visit her own battlefields, and climb 
her own mountains, and parade her 
own Rivieras—of which she has dis- 
tinctly four. It will be a surprise for 
the most of Americans to learn that 
four lake sections exist on their own 
continent equal in beauty to the Tros- 
839 


Courtesy of the Southern Pacific Ry. 


YOSEMITE FALLS IN YOSEMITE VALLEY, CALIFORNIA. 


YOSEMITE FALLS PLUNGES OVER THE CLIFF TO THE FLOOR OF THE VALLEY 2600 FEET BELOW. THERE ARE IN REALITY 
THREE FALLS. THE FIRST AND LARGEST LEAP OF THE STREAM IS 1600 FEET STRAIGHT DOWNWARD; THEN COMES 
A SERIES OF CASCADES FOR 600 FEET, AND FINALLY THERE IS ANOTHER VERTICAL DROP OF 400 FEET. 


“AUTIVA AHL AAOMV LARA 6/SZ SI AUIdS YHHLO AHL AWHM ‘LATA OOL YOA NIVINOOW AHL HLIM GALOANNOONA ANY 
GaYLYOddASNN SI GNV AATIVA AHL AAOAV LAAN 8/OZ SUSIA SHAIMS AHL HO ANO ‘“HONAAOTH LY OWONd AO WHO YIAHL NI LNHOSININGY AUV SHIOVNNId ASH 


‘VINUOAIIVD ‘AATIVA ALINASOX ‘SHOOY IWUadaHLYD 


‘AY IYftaDg Udayjnos ayy fo Ksajanoy 


842 


sachs of Scotland, or Lake Country of 
Italy. Of battlefields, there are more 
than enough; but only a few are as 
much as marked; and I doubt if any 
guide book exists to pilot the tourists to 
those few. In Florida, on the inner 
coast of the Gulf, at Galveston, from 
Monterey to Santa Barbara—are Ameri- 
can Mediterraneans; and from Grand 
Canyon to the Canadian Rockies les a 
succession of Switzerlands practically 
unexplored. 

The great mountain playgrounds lie 
for the most part within the bounds of 
the National Forests. There are six 
distinct belts of as different a character 
as the Dolomites of Austria from the 
Trossachs of Scotland; and it would be 
just about as sensible to attempt to do 
all the mountain resorts of Europe in 
one season as all the mountain play- 
grounds of America. 

Begin at the South! There is the 
Grand Canyon Painted Desert region— 
though it will be news to the most of 
Americans to know that chains of 
mountains high as the Rockies lie 
sunken in the abysmal gorge of the 
Canyon and that snow peaks loom opal- 
escent above the lavender mists of the 
Desert. 

North of the Painted Desert come the 
mountains of Estes Park and Colorado 
—high park-like areas of Englemann 
spruce with turquoise lakes lying in 
alpine meadows and a rush of angry 
waters coming down from the snowy 
peaks. In fact, on one railroad in Colo- 
rado you can lunch in a snow shed 


11,000 feet above sea level and play. 


snow ball in mid-August. 

Westward are the Sierra: groups of 
mountain resorts—Hetch-Hetchy and 
the Yosemite and the Mariposa Grove 
—all made famous by Muir’s.pen, and 
yet more famous by their exquisite 
beauty and remote aloof grandeur—as 
of a still isolated sacred world. 

Yet northward come three more 
mountain playgrounds—Ranier, Glacier 
National Park, and the Canadian Rock- 
ies—all distinguished by similar char- 
acteristics—demse forests of pine and 
hemlock, enormous fields of glacial ice 
and snow—I have tramped some of 
these fields twenty-five miles without 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


leaving snow—and lofty pinnacled 
peaks, with a roar of mountain torrents, 
down from the eternal ice and snow to 
wild gorges where the mad plunge of 
the water has literally torn a path 
through the solid rock. The phrase 
“eternal ice and snow”’ is not metaphor. 
It is literal. On Mount Ranier, in the 
Mecitlewaet and Asulkan Valleys, down 
the back of Cathedral Peak, le snow and 
ice that date from the ice age. Round 
the Valley of the Ten Peaks, or Moraine 
Lake, you can ascend glaciers and glac- 
ial moraine, where you can literally 
count the years and the decades of years 
back the centuries like the rungs of an 
ascending ladder, from the ledges or 
circles of ice pack and snow pack. That 
is—the year’s snow fall of fifteen or 
twenty feet packs and thaws into a solid 
layer, distinguished from the preceding 
year by its silt of pulverized rock and 
atmospheric dust. Between two of the 
Ten Peaks you.can climb a glacier for 
three miles where the year’s snow fall 
lies like steps of a stair. Similar ledges 
of ice are observable on the glacier 
below Mt. Victoria—that white wall of 
alabaster that stretches for twelve miles 
between sky and earth above the won- 
derful peacock blue lake at Laggan. 
Where the train dives into a snow shed 
in the Canadian Rockies, or in Colorado, 
and one comes out to see huge mountain 
slopes swept clear as by a mighty broom 
—the force and terrible swiftness of the 
avalanche seem near; but at Lake 
Louise, Laggan, you can sit in your 
bedroom and see the snow slides slip 
over the white ledges of Mt. Victoria 
like tenuous wind-blown falls; and 
never realize that you are watching an 
avalanche till you hear the far boom of 
the fall like thunder. It does not need 
to be told here—that glaciers are not 
advancing but receding—an inch or 
two a year—like the foot of an icy 
ancient drawing back from modern 
days. Nor need it be told here that 
you can always tell the character of 
the Upper Alpine Country by the color 
of the mountain streams below. Streams 
from a glacier are milky from the silt 
worn off the under rocks by the grind 
of the centuries’ ice. The silt often— 
as in the Big Bend of the Columbia— 
imparts an almost vitriol greenish blue. 


‘daWVaA ATLSOL SI ANVI YOUAINW NOdN ASINNAS ‘SNINLVAA INOAOW GQNV ISHUY S,aqno1td 
‘AIWOd AIVH AHL 4O SNNOA ONIMAMOL AHL GALOATAAY ATLOGNAAd AYV ADVAUNS AloOvV'Id SLI NOdn YO ‘GAWYN ATIddVH SI YALVM AO LAAHS INAILAVAA SIHL 


‘VINUOMITVD ‘ATTIVA ALINASOX ‘ANV’] YOUATTN 


‘ky IflDg Udayjnoy ay} fo Ksajzanoj 


Courtesy of the Northern Pacific Ry. 


Copyright by Haynes, St. Paul. 


Daisy GEYSER, YELLOWSTONE NATIONAL PARK. 


ONE OF THE SEVERAL WONDERFUL GEYSERS WHICH HAVE ATTRACTED THE ATTENTION OF TOURISTS 
EVER SINCE THIS, THE OLDEST OF ALL THE NATIONAL PARKS, WAS OPENED IN 1872. THIS GEYSER 
IS IN THE LOWER PART OF THE UPPER GEYSER BASIN NEAR THE GROTTO AND GIANT GEYSERS. 
IT PLAYS ABOUT 75 FEET HIGH FOR ABOUT THREE MINUTES AT A TIME AT INTERVALS FROM ONE 
AND A HALF TO TWO HOURS. DURING 1914 IT HAS BEEN MORE ACTIVE THAN USUAL. 


" 
‘ 


“ALAVAd AUVA 
4O SYLSIA GuOdHV LVHL SNIVINQOW HOIH AHL HONOUHL AAYAHL ANV ANXAH SASSVd YO SNVAUA HLIM IMO NIVINOOW LVaUD V SILI ‘SHOVUNAL 
AHL WOW ACISY ANOSANALIId LSOW SI LOdS AHL LAG “LSAMALNI AO SLOALM@O ATIHO AHL AUV SUIOANUASAUA UFLVM-LOH ALVINOVNWI UIAHL HLIM 
NIVINNOW SOVaNAL AO ACIS AHL NO SHIVAAAL GHLNIVd SQOTAAUYVW AHL “ANVdWOD TIHZLOH AHL ANV ANVdWOD NOILVLUOdSNVUL NUVd ANOLS 
-MOTIAA AHL AO GNV STVIDISHO LNAWNUAAOD AHL AO SUALUVNOGVAH AHLSILII ‘NUVd AHL JO AALNAD AAILVULSININGV AHL SI SONIUNdS LOH HLOWNYVW 


“MUVd ANOISMOTIA A ‘SHAOVAATT, WONT ATTIVA TALOF[ GNV SONINdS LOFT HLOWNAVI 
“CY 919D I UdaYyJAON 947 fo Ksazanoy ‘ND ‘1S ‘saudpy &q 1y4814k gop 


IR 


Courtesy of Denver & Rio Grande Ry. 


Photo. by G. L. Beam, Denver, Colo. 
THE Court GROUP. 
ONE OF THE SIGHTS OF THE COLORADO NATIONAL MONUMENT NEAR GRAND JUNCTION, COLO., ON THE DENVER & 
LC ry ~ y een y ” “ce ’ ” 
RIO GRANDE. NEAR VIEW OF “‘COURT GROUP”’ WITH ‘‘DOME OF JUSTICE’’ NEAR CENTER AND “NINE JUDGES 
AT RIGHT. NOTE FIGURE OF MAN ABOUT HALFWAY FROM CAMERA TO ROCKS WHICH WILL GIVi AN IDEA OF 


THEIR TREMENDOUS SIZE, 


Courtesy of the Canadian Pacific Ry. 


ONE OF THE SCENIC®¥WONDERS IN THE CANADIAN ROCKIES NEAR FIELD, BRITISH COLUMBIA. 


CATARACT IS IN THE YOHO} 
DRIVE FROM FIELD, 


TAKAKKAW FALLS, 


7 ALLEY, MAKING A DESCENT OF TWELVE HUNDRED FEET. 


THIS REMARKABLE 
IT IS A FOURTEEN MILE 


848 


Soil along the banks of a glacial stream 
is soft and fine as wet flour. It has been 
ground by the mountain gods between 
the upper and nether mill-stones of ice 
and adamant. Streams from snow 
peaks are clear as crystal. They come 
shouting down the mountain sides with 
a leap of foaming laughter and joy as of 
life disimprisoned by sun warmth from 
snow death; and they hardly quiet their 
wild leaping till far out on the prairie, 
as East of Denver, or East of Calgary. 

I have been asked by sluggish souls 
what good it does you to risk breaking 
your neck climbing mountains. It is 
like asking what good it does to bathe 
both body and soul in an atmosphere 
of ozone that electrifies every dull nerve 
in your body and turns amuck in every 
one of your slow-going blood corpuscles 
a small galvanic battery. It is like 
asking what good it does you to gain a 
new lease of life, so that you are no 
longer tired in muscle or mind: what 
good it does you to breathe ten thousand 
years of atmosphere distilled of un- 
tempered sunbeams and the healing 
resin of the pines. An Easterner lies 
quiescent in a bower of roses and for- 
getfulness—that is his Nirvana. Not 
so the Westerner—when mind and 
nerves are tiredest is the time he shouts 
not for quiescence, but for life, more 
life, and that is what the mountains 
impart with their ozone stabbing to 
new life, and their leaping torrents shout- 
ing of life, disimprisoned life, and their 
pines tossing wild arms to the winds of 
heaven, taking but the deeper grip of 
the eternal rocks the wilder the tempest. 
Mountains are what explain that most 
precious possession of Northern races— 
virility, grip, fire! 

To come down from the mountains 
to very mundane practical consider- 
ations for the tourists, who are going to 
see their own country first—it need 
not be told that you cannot tour the 
American West in the luxury you tour 
Europe. You can go to the foot hills 
of pretty nearly every peak of first 
rank in a motor, if you want to; and if 
you want to, at the foot of that peak 
you can sit you down in a palatial hotel 
that is an imitation of a hotel in London 
or Paris, and pay you the most palatial 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


prices—prices to make up for the fact 
you didn’t take the $1,000 cabin cross- 
ing the Atlantic. But aisyou really, 
want to see the West, there is a better 
way of turning the trick. I am sorry I 
cannot give the same recipe for turn- 
ing the trick in each of the six belts of 
mountains; but you must go differently 
to each Dont attempt to de all. of 
even part of one, in one year! Choose 
what you want to do! Then choose 
your playground! ‘Then write to the 
National Forest Supervisor of that play- 
ground for directions! If you want to 
hunt, do not go to those National Parks 
which have perpetual closed seasons 
for game—such as the Banff Park 
region, or the Grand Canyon Park. If 
you want to fish, don’t go to the Desert, 
unless to such exceptional valleys as the 
Verdes of Arizona; and if you want to 
sleep under the stars, don’t go to the 
Northern mountains which are misty 
and cold at night in the warmest sum- 
mer months. At two o’clock on an 
August morning on Moraine Lake I 
have put on a buffalo coat and called in 
the camp dog to put my feet on him 
and kindled the camp fire, and then 
shivered. And if you want to see 
seracs—where the glaciers tumble over 
a precipice and form blue ice caverns— 
and to negotiate crevasses where the 
snow has covered a chasm a thousand 
feet deep, better go far North; and al- 
ways—literally always without one ex- 
ception—go in twos and threes and go 
roped; so if one falls in, the weight of 
the other two on the rope will haul him 
out. I have violated this precept and 
paid for it; and I never knew a climber 
to violate it and not pay for it—so that 
guides have come to the point where 
they say ‘“‘only a greenhorn or a fool 
takes chances on mountains.”’ 

A party of Eastern university men 
had hired all the guides available but 
one. Not meaning to go far and taking 
only a light lunch, I roped up with this 
guide and set out to see some seracs at 
Glacier. I love rock climbing and if 
properly booted never tire of it; but I 
loathe ice. I cannot think of any 
reason why I loathe ice and love rocks 
except that I was brought up in a 
prairie country where the sidewalks 


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854 AMERICAN 


. o 
were ice four months of the year, and 


you could not find a rock the size of a 
base ball. The old guide thought be- 
cause I climbed rocks well that he could 
lead me to a path above the ice seracs, 
cross the snow nevé and bring me down 
a precipice on the other side of the snow. 
field. It entailed a walk of twenty-five 
miles; but the guide made a mistake. 
He lost his way down the three mile 
precipice and to avoid being benighted 
decided to take me, by glissading, home 
down the icy bank of the steep glacier. 
He thought because I could climb rocks 
well I could slide ice well. Well—I 
did. I slid so well that to this day I 
don’t know how I didn’t carry him 
4,000 feet down with me. He had 
crawled down the precipice to find me 
foothold. I had stepped from his 
shoulder to the alpinstock, and from 
the alpinstock to a niche for foothold, 
when a bit of icy rock gave way and I 
shot out to the arm pits above nothing. 
I don’t know how or what my feet 
found; but I lighted on my feet with a 
rock slide clattering below me that 
rumbled and gathered force as it roared 
below the precipice. Old Jacob came 
up with a blanched face and took me 
home lover the ice. , He would ‘cutva 
place for his feet, let out the rope, and I 
would slide till the rope yanked me 
facing him. Then I would cut a place 
for my feet and he would slide. It isa 
point worth noting—in cutting foot- 
hold, the Swiss guides always notch in 
and down—coal scuttle fashion—not in 
and up, where the feet could slide out. 
We neither of us missed footing once 
glissading down; but I fell fifteen times 
to the second mentally and have hated 
ice ever since. It was only by a miracle 
I did not break his and my own neck. 
That same week the university men 
had climbed an wunconquered peak. 
Just as they reached the summit three 
men unroped and raced to see who 
should have the honor of placing a flag 
on the peak first. Snow ‘sagged omi- 
nously over a hidden crevasse. A little 
light man skipped across the bridge of 
snow in safety. A big Chicago man 
came next. The snow sagged and sank. 
His companions saw the snow bridge 
fold in the middle; and the last thing 


FORESTRY 


seen of the Chicago man was his heels. 
They looked down the icy blue crevasse. 
He was wedged shoulders down in- 
sensible. An unmarried man volun- 
teered to go down after him. They let 
him down on the rope. The insensible 
man was wedged so tightly they almost 
dislocated his arm pulling him out— 
the moral of which is, never unrope on 
snow or ice; and always go at least 
three on a rope. The only death 
among mountain climbers in the Cana- 
dian Rockies occurred through unrop- 
ing at the last lap of a climb. 

For this kind of climbing, one, of 
course, must go to Northern Mountains; 
but you can enjoy sheer height and bliz- 
zards, too, far South as Colorado, and 
in balmy climes as California if you 
go high enough. People have asked 
why I like mountain climbing. It is 
not the dare deviltry of it—it is the 
conquering spiritual and physical that 
adds zest to the joy. In these Northern 
mountains, too, one finds the best of 
trout fishing and boating. 

Though my first mountaineering was 
done in the North, my last has been 
done in the South; and I confess it is 
hard to say which is the more fascinat- 
ing. There is a marvel of color; there 
is a mysticism as of the soul; there 1s 
a peace as of God in the Desert just as 
there are a grandeur and a robust zest 
in. thes Norvhaes Vioueden tamced mate 
climb mountains in the North unless 
you want to; and you can see the Desert 
from a motor car and a palatial hotel 
if you want to; but there is a better way. 
Both North and South, you can never 
feel the wild toss of the unleashed winds, 
the mystic touch of midnight under 
stars in Alpine meadows, the secret, 
furtive, almost fairy, message of the 
shy mountain flowers—unless you go 
out and camp far from motor road and 
hotel luxury. . Im the. Painted. Desert 
I have driven fifteen miles through the 
lilac bloom of sage brush high as the 
hubs of the wheels; and I have stopped 
on the edge of some precipice to make 
myself realize that the shifting, shimmer- 
ing panorama of landscape painted in 
fire below was a fact, not the misty 
mirage of some dream. Color, color 
that defies pigments and words, moun- 


“MUYOA MAN HO TIANNIUD CGuId ‘O8D AALAV GAWYN SI ‘Laga 8€88 AO NOILVARTS 
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"CM UdaYAO NT 1DAAX) AOf ‘OD “Oj0YUT Aasiny &Q 1Ys1AK GoD 


Copyright by Kiser Photo. Co. for Great Northern Ry. 


RED EAGLE MOouNTAIN FROM HEAD oF St. MAry’s LAKE. 


THIS MAJESTIC MOUNTAIN WAS NAMED AFTER CHIEF RED EAGLE (MACHT-OH-CHEE-PEE-TOW) OF THE BLACKFOOT 
TRIBE. THE LAKE WAS NAMED ST. MARY AFTER THE CATHOLIC ST. MARY, BY 
OLD HUGH MUNROE, MANY YEARS AGO. 


THE SWITZERLANDS IN AMERICA 857 


tains blood red with peaks of fire, scene 
shifted as if by the gods of some great 
amphitheatre—these are the character- 
istics of the Painted Desert and Grand 
Canyon. 

The South” is,’ perhaps, the better 
region for invalids and those who must 
have a quiet holiday. Don’t imagine 
the Desert is a thing of sand dunes and 
red mountains. It is that and more. 
Grand Canyon is 200 miles long. In it 
lie ranges high as the Canadian Rockies 
and a river tempestuous as the Colum- 
bia. The Desert, too, has its mountains, 
and its areas of petrified forests—huge 
sequoias turned to agate and onyx by 
the centuries’ wash—and its prehistoric 
cities and caves. At the 7,000 foot level 
in the Desert are the yellow pine forests 
—God’s own hand-made parks, clear 
of under brush as a garden, tall, towering 
trees all free of under branching, liter- 
ally surcharging the atmosphere with 
steam of resin. This resin atmosphere 
is of itself sheer healing to weak lungs, 
though a care must be taken of the 
altitude for weak hearts. 

How to do it—that is the point! 
Fare West and back by train is much 
the same as fare across the ocean and 
back. If you want to see the mountains 
at closer range than through hotel 
windows, how are you to do it? 

Forest supervisors can send you to 
little inns higher up the mountains, 
where you can live at $1 to $2 a day. 
Local outfitters will supply you with 
tent and camp outfit and horses for 


$4 to $5 a day; or if you buy your 
own horse and tent, you can cater for 
yourself; and this runs about $10 each 
a month, if you have a careful cook. 

Two or three points should be empha- 
sized: 

Do not go into the Desert without a 
guide; for the Desert is more dangerous 
than a glacier. A dust storm may wipe 
out all sign of trail; and lack of water is 
more perilous than ice or snow. 

In the heavy forests of the North do 
not venture new ground without a 
guide. You may think you can keep 
the compass, or find your way out by 
following sunlight and stream. What 
if a fog shut out sunlight, and the 
stream loses itself in a gorge you can’t 
follow? What if you break your leg? 
I have known of mountaineers, who do 
not tell about it, reduced to killing their 
horses for food in such emergencies; and 
pleasure seekers do not go out seeking 
emergencies. 

Two more points: dress warmly; for 
the nights are cold even in the Desert. 
Dress very warmly. Next—officers say 
that an army is just as efficient as, and 
no more efficient than, its feet. To en- 
joy roughing it, you must have boots 
strong in the ankle, thick and pliable 
in the sole, boxed enough in the toe to 
protect the sides of the foot from 
bruises. Go to the wilds warmly dressed 
and comfortably shod; and nature will 
do the rest with distilled sunbeams and 
ozone and winds sent down from the 
zenith of heaven! 


Fire Losses Small 


Although there were an unusual number of forest fires on the national forests of Oregon and 
Washington this year, the loss of merchantable timber has been relatively small. 


Wood for Aeroplane Propellers 


The propellers of aeroplanes such as are used in the present European war may be made of 
selected ash, which is both strong and light and will not split under vibration or shock, or of 
built-up layers of spruce with mahogany centers. The framework of the machines, too, is generally 
made of wood, spruce being much used on account of its straight grain and freedom from 
defects. 


For Wood Preservation 


A surprisingly large number of substances, ranging all the way from the condensed fumes of 
smelters to the skimmed milk of creameries, have been tried or suggested as means of preserving 
wood from decay. Most of them, however, have been found to have little or no value for the 
purpose. Certain forms of coal-tar creosote and zinc chloride are the most widely used wood 
preservatives. 


PORESTERS IN THE CREAR ks 


By SamMuEut T. Dana 


OME 40,000 foresters are now, 

in all likelihood, fighting on the 

battle fields of Europe. Prob- 

ably no other profession, aside 
from the regular officers in the army 
and navy, has so large a proportion of 
its members engaged in the struggle, 
nor will any other profession pay such 
a heavy toll in men. 

It seems to be the irony of fate, one 
of the many inconsistencies of war, that 
men who are engaged in one of the most 
peaceful of professions, whose daily 
life is spentin the woods and mountains 
in the protection of the forests and of 
its wild life, should be among the first 
to find themselves suddenly involved 
in a deadly combat, the main object of 
which is destruction. Yet in Europe 
there has always been an intimate 
relation between the forest service and 
the military service. In the early 
history of the profession foresters were 
almost universally appointed from 
those who had been army officers and 
soldiers on the theory that their phy- 
sical constitution and training par- 
ticularly fitted them for the work; 
now the case is in part reversed, and 
foresters are drawn upon, when need 
arises, to swell the ranks of the army. 

Obviously the life of a forester fits 
him pre-eminently for military service. 
Out of doors the greater part of the 
time, he must be physically fit, pos- 
sessed of a strong constitution, and 
ready at any time to undergo ex- 
posures and hardships that would be 
beyond the endurance of the ordinary 
city dweiler. Candidates for the forest 
service in the various European 
countries must, in fact, measure up 
to the physical standards that are 
required for the military service. 
Furthermore, the very na_ure of the 
forester’s work is such as to make 
himsturdy andself-reliant, accustomed 
to handle a gun, and ready for any 


emergency. Moreover, in most of the 
European countries the lower grades of 
forest officers are recruited largely 
from men who have served their time 
in the army, and this training, together 
with the semi-military organization 
which generally prevails, gives them 
the discipline so necessary in the 
efficient soldier. 


RuSSIAN FOREST OFFICER. 


NOTE HOW SIMILAR THIS UNIFORM IS TO THE REGULAR 
MILITARY UNIFORM OF RUSSIAN ARMY OFFICERS. 


* For much of the information contained in this article, the author is indebted to Mr. Raphael 


Zon and to Dr. B. E. Fernow. 
858 


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FORESTERS IN THE GREAT WAR 


859 


VIEW OF PART OF THE CITY OF NANCY. 


NEAR NANCY THERE HAS BEEN ALMOST CONTINUOUS FIGHTING SINCE THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR. 


AT THE LEFT 


OF THE PICTURE ARE SHOWN THE GARDEN AND BUILDINGS OF THE FOREST SCHOOL, THE ONLY SCHOOL IN FRANCE 


FOR THE TRAINING OF TECHNICAL FORESTERS. 


THE NAMES INDICATING ITS LOCATION WERE WRITTEN ON THE 


PHOTOGRAPH BY PROF. HENRY, ASSISTANT DIRECTOR OF THE SCHOOL. 


The importance in warfare of all these 
qualities can hardly be exaggerated. 
Modern war is not, as the present 
titanic struggle has proved, entirely 
a question of heavy guns. The man 
behind the gun is still the most impor- 
tant factor, and it is mainly upon the 
physical hardihood, the moral stamina, 
and the enduring powers of the men on 
the firing line and in the trenches that 
the final outcome will depend. It is, 
therefore, perfectly natural that fores- 
ters, who possess all of these qualifica- 
tions in a peculiar degree, should be 
looked upon by the military experts 
as too good material not to be put to 
use in time of need. 

The military qualifications of foresters 
have been especially recognized in 
France—notably since the Franco- 
Prussian war of 1870. Previous to the 
establishment of the forest school at 
Nancy in 1825, most of the higher 
forest officials were appointed from 
retired army officers, but up to the 
time of the Franco-Prussian war the 
personnel of the forest administration 


gid! not form ay part of the regular 
army. Events in that war, however, 
proved conclusively what valuable 
military service could be rendered by 
foresters. The subordinate forest 
officials everywhere voluntarily offered 
their services and acted effectively as 
guides and as bearers of despatches 
between the ines of investment at 
Strassburg, Metz, Sedan, and Paris. 
After the first disasters to the French 
arms, the higher forest officials, unan- 
imously. offered to assist in« the 
organization of new corps, and some 
even joined the ranks of the active 
army before the mobilization of the 
new troops could be effected. In a 
letter of June 30, 1871, to the Minister 
of Finance, General Cambriels gave 
the highest praise to the foresters who 
had served in the war, stating that they 
had given such striking proof of their 
courage, patriotism, devotion to duty, 
and disinterested self-sacrifice as to 
command the respect and admiration 
of all. 


860 AMERICAN 

As a result of the Franco-Prussian 
war, therefore, a law passed on July 
27, 1872, made all forest officers a part 
of the army, subjected them to military 
law, and placed them at the disposal 
of the Minister of War or the Minister 
o’ the Navv. In accordance with this 


JupricH, A GERMAN FORESTER. 


THIS PICTURE OF ONE OF GERMANY’S MOST FAMOUS FORESTERS, LOOKS 
MORE LIKE THAT OF AN ARMY OFFICER OF HIGH RANK THAN THE 
JUDEICH WAS AT ONE 
TIME DIRECTOR OF THE AUSTRIAN FOREST SCHOOL AT WEISWASSER 
AND LATER OF THE GERMAN FOREST SCHOOL AT THARANDT. 


AMERICAN CONCEPTION OF A FORESTER. 


law a decree of April 2, 1875, with 
various subsequent modifications, cre- 
ated the military corps of forest light 
infantry (chasseurs forestiers). This 
decree organized the various higher 
and lower forest officials into sections 


FORESTRY 


and companies, which formed a part 
of the regular military force of the 
nation, both in France and in Algeria. 
In order to fit the higher grades of 
foresters to perform efficiently their 
duties as army officers, an officer from 
the army was detailed by the Minister 
of War to the forest school 
at Nancy to give military 
instruction. When called to 
military service, the various 
higher forest officials assume 
the following ranks in the 
army :— 

Conservator (conserva- 
teur)—Lieutenant Colonel. 

Inspector (inspecteur ) — 
Major. 

Assistant inspector (inspec- 
teur adjoint )—Captain. 

Technical assistant (garde 
gvénéral)—Lieutenant. 

Probationary technical 
assistant (garde général stagi- 
aire)—Sub-lieutenant. 

The conservators and in- 
spectors serve in their mili- 
tary grades only as staff 
officers, or in the quarter- 
master’s department, or on 
special missions; while the 
assistant inspectors and tech- 
nical assistants may serve 
either as staff officers or as 
infantry officers ims> dinecr 
charge of companies or sec- 
tions. The non-commissioned 
officers of the forest light 
infantry (chasseurs forestiers) 
are chosen from among the 
rangers (brigadiers) and some- 
times the guards (gardes). 
Guards who receive no ap- 
pointment as subordinate 
officers are ranked as soldiers 
of the first class. 

For military purposes the 
forest officers are divided 
into two classes—(1) those 
assigned to the defense of the 
fortresses within their districts, and 
(2) those assigned to the various 
sections and companies of the active 
army. Undoubtedly in the present 
war the foresters included in the first 
class have been doing their part in the 


HORS LE Ro IN Ha GREAT WAR 


defense of the fortifications in the war 
zone, while those in the second class 
have probably been used largely for 
reconnaissance work. This work, 
which has been steadily increasing in 
importance and difficulty, is one which 
foresters are especially qualified to 
perform, and in connection with it they 
have undoubtedly rendered valuable 
service as guides and scouts. 

Germany, Austria-Hungary, and 
Russia have not gone so far as France 
in making the forest organization an 
integral part of the army. In Germany 
the bulk of the higher forest officers are 
merely subject to the compulsory service 
which may be required of all able- 
bodied citizens in accordance with the 
general military laws. Some of these 
higher officers do, however, voluntarily 
become a part of the army as guides or 
couriers (feldjager). In Prussia the 
“feldjagerkorps’’ consists of about 
seventy-five forest officers who receive 
the same education as other foresters 
but in addition have military organiza- 
tion and are from time to time assigned 
to duty in Berlin. The origin of this 


861 


corps dates from the time of Frederick 
the Great, who conceived that foresters 
could find their way through the wilds 
better than any other men. In times 
of peace the members of the corps are 
still used for such duties as transferring 
despatches between the different courts. 

The lower forest officers, on the other 
hand, are much more closely connected 
with the army through the organization 
of special ‘‘jagerbattalions.’’ Foresters 
belonging to these battalions owe not 
only the usual military service required 
of every one, but are subject to certain 
special military obligations. Candidates 
for the lower grades in the forest 
service, after serving an apprenticeship 
in forestry work and undergoing from 
one to three years of military training, 
must pass an examination known as 
‘“jagerprifung.” If successful in this 
they are recommended for appointment 
in one of the “‘jagerbattalions,”’ which 
are organized as part of the regular 
army. In connection with their military 
service they are specially trained as 
sharpshooters and also receive instruc- 
tion in forestry from competent fores- 


AUSTRIAN FoREST SCHOOL STUDENTS. 


NOTE PARTICULARLY IN THIS GROUP THE MILITARY UNIFORMS AND THE GENERALLY SOLDIER LIKE APPEARANCE 
OF THE STUDENTS. 


862 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ters. After several years of service in given as a part of the training at a 
this corps, during part of which time regular military school. In 1867, how- 
they may be granted leave of absence in ever, the forest service began to be 
order to take part in actual forestry transformed from a military to a civil 
work, they are eligible for appointment organization, and since that time the 
to the forest service. The object of higher officers, at least, have as a rule 
this training is evidently to secure men not been men trained primarily fer 
of good physique and of certain moral military service. The lower officers, 
and intellectual attainment for the .uch as guards, however, are still 
recruited as far as possible from those 
who have already passed the military 
service to which all able-bodied citizens 
are liable, and particularly from those 
who have served as non-commissioned 
officers. 

While it is impossible to state exactly 
how many men are included in the 
State forest services of the warring 
countries, a rough estimate of their 
total number is as follows: 


Higher Lower 
Grades Grades Total 


Russial ye sve 3,500 31,000 34,500 
Germany 22 1,500 7,800 9,300 
Austria-Hungary 1,000 6,600 7,600 
paicemeane eer 700 3,800 4,500 


France also has some 600 forest 
officers in its province of Algeria, many 
of whom are undoubtedly engaged in 
the war. Belgium, with only 450,000 
acres of State and communal forests, 
has ‘only -abcut 150" foresters anes 
State service. In Servia and Turkey 
forestry has not as yet been developed 
to any extent, and the number of men 
employed is undoubtedly very small. 
England itself has practically no State 
forests and only a few foresters in 
private employ. In British India, 
however, a large force is employed for 
the handling of the 149,000,000 acres 
under the management of the forest 
department. Canada also has a moder- 
ately large and steadily growing forest 
force, and foresters from both of these 


A RussIaAn Cossack. 


NOTE HOW CLOSELY HIS UNIFORM RESEMBLES THAT OF 


THE FOREST OFFICERS. countries are certainly fighting for 
their mother country. 
forest service, and at the same time to In round numbers, then, there are 


make them available for military service. probably in the neighborhood of from 

In Russia both the upper and lower 55,000 to 60,000 foresters employed by 
grades of forest officers were for many the Governments of the various coun- 
years recruited directly from the mili- tries and their provinces engaged in 
tary service. In 1837 the first technical the present war. Of these it can safely 
forestry education in the country was be assumed that from two-thirds to 


FORESTERS IN’ THE GREAT WAR 


three-fourths, or some 40,000 men, are 
actually taking part in the fighting. 
It must also be remembered that there 
are a very considerable number of 
foresters in private employ, many of 
whom must also be involved. 

The fate of many European foresters 
now fighting for their respective coun- 
tries will be watched with the keenest 
interest by foresters in the United 
States. The connection between the 
forestry profession in the Old World 
and the New has always been a close 
one, and many of the men who have 
been instrumental in shaping the forest 
policy and introducing the methods of 
forest management now practiced in 
this country, such as B. E. Fernow, 
Gifford Pinchot, Henry S. Graves, Over- 
ton W. Price, and Filbert Roth, received 
their forestry education in Europe. Re- 
cently American foresters have been 


863 


visiting Europe in constantly increasing 
numbers, and have formed personal 
acquaintances with their professional 
brethren on the other side of the water, 
many of whom are now undoubtedly 
with the various armies. 

Of all the foresters engaged in the 
war, Americans are undoubtedly most 
interested in Dr. C. A. Schenck, who 
has for many years been a reserve 
Lieutenant in the Light Artillery of the 
Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, and 
concerning whose fate rumor has already 
been busy. Coming to the United 
States twenty years ago to succeed 
Gifford Pinchot as forester to the 
Biltmore estate of George W. Vander- 
bilt; at Asheville, N. C., Dr. Schenck’s 
brilliance and thorough knowledge of 
forestry soon made him one of the 
prominent men in the profession. ‘The 
Biltmore Forest School, which he estab- 


Dr. C. A. SCHENCK. 


THE HEAD OF THE RECENTLY DISBANDED BILTMORE FOREST SCHOOL, WHO WAS POPULARLY 
KNOWN IN THE WORDS OF A SONG WRITTEN BY ONE OF HIS BILTMORE STUDENTS AS 


““THE MAN WHO LOOKS LIKE THE KAISER.” 


AN OFFICER IN THE GERMAN ARMY. 


DR. SCHENCK HAS BEEN FOR MANY YEARS 


864 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


RusstaN Forest GUARD, 


NOTE THE UNIFORM AND THE CONSPICUOUS BADGE AS WELLE AS THE ARRAY OF TOOLS IN GENERAL USE BY FORESTERS 
IN RUSSIA FOR FOREST PLANTING. 


oe 


lished in 1898, was almost the first 
forest school to be founded in this 
country, and throughout its existence 
remained a unique institution. Nearly 


a year ago, however, feeling that thes 


school was not filling the place which 
he had always hoped -it might, he 
decided to discontinue it and to return 
for good to his old home in Darmstadt. 
From his first arrival in this country Dr. 
Schenck’s virile personality made itself 
strongly “felt, and his loss would be 
sincerely mourned by foresters and 
lumbermen generally should he fall a 
sacrifice in the present war. 

Reports of individuals who have been 
killed in battle are naturally slow in 
reaching this country, but on November 
13 a brief news despatch announced the 
death of Professor Fricke, one of the 
foremost German foresters and for 
several years past director of the forest 


academy at Munden, where Dr. Fer- 
now; now Wean of the Faculty “of 
Forestry at the University of Toronto, 
studied forestry. Prof. Fricke has been 


-a' frequent writer on mensuration and 


silviculture, and is probably best known 


-in this country because of his efforts to 
“show that ‘tolerance is sometimes, at 


least, as much a matter of available 
moisture as of available light. His 
investigations of this subject not only 
aroused European foresters to the 
necessity of looking down as well as up 
in their studies of tree development, 
but did much to give a new direction 
to investigations along this line in this 
country. 

While American foresters have lately 
acquired a better understanding of the 
scientific work of Russian foresters, 
and have even formed ties of friendship 
with those who have visited this country, 


2 AR NE AIRES ECS eI lll EK ite 


FORESTERS IN THE GREAT WAR 


865 


FRENCH FoREST RANGER AND His WIFE. 


THE MILITARY APPEARANCE OF THE COAT IS AT ONCE APPARENT. 
OF THE FRENCH MILITARY OFFICERS OF MINOR RANK. 


IT IS BUT SLIGHTLY DIFFERENT FROM THE UNIFORM 
THE HOUSE IN THE BACKGROUND JIS OWNED BY THE 


GOVERNMENT AND IS A TYPICAL FRENCH RANGER STATION. 


the many exemptions from military 
service granted to educated persons in 
Russia make it difficult to state defi- 
nitely who of them are now at the front. 
There is no doubt, however, that many 
foresters are in active service for their 
country. 

Another German forester who in all 
probability is involved in the strife is 
Prof. Fabricius, a comparatively young 
man who has been in charge of the 
work in silviculture in the forest school 
at Munich since the death a few years 
ago of Prof. Mayr, under whom many 
American foresters have studied. 

Among the prominent French fores- 
ters who are placed at the disposition 
of the Minister of War as members of 
the ‘‘chasseurs forestiers,’’ and who 
are therefore undoubtedly involved in 
the war, are Cuif, Jacquot, and Cardot. 
Cuif is associated as a professor with 
Jolyet at the forest school at Nancy, 
where they are in charge of the research 


and experimental work. Nancy has 
been one of the main storm centers 
since the beginning of the present war, 
so that any French foresters who have 
been involved in the operations in its 
vicinity have been fighting for their 
school as well as their country. Gifford 
Pinchot first undertook the study of 
forestry at this school, which has since 
been visited also by other American 
foresters. Jacquot is best known to 
foresters in this country as the author 
of an exhaustive book on the valuation 
of forest fire damages (Incendies en 
Forét) which was awarded a gold 
medal. Cardot has written extensively 
on forest influences. and the reclama- 
tion of denuded mountain lands, and 
has also done much to arouse public 
interest in forest preservation by the 
publication of a popularly written, 
attractively illustrated book known as 
~ L’Arbre.”’ 


866 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


GRouP OF FORESTRY STUDENTS. 


THESE MEN ARE FROM THE FOREST ACADEMY AT MUNDEN, OF WHICH PROF. FRICKE WAS DIRECTOR. 


Among the Austrian foresters who 
are probably with the army may be 
mentioned Prof. Zederbauer, who is in 
charge of the silvicultural investigations 
at the Mariabrunn Experiment Station. 
Zederbauer has written widely on silvi- 
culture in many of its phases, but is 
best known in this country for his 
interesting investigations regarding the 
light requirements of trees and methods 
of measuring light in the forest. 

In conclusion it is interesting to 
speculate a little as to the effect which 
the war will probably have on the future 
development of European forestry. 
Many forests will undoubtedly be 
seriously injured and even destroyed, 
working plans will have to be revised, 
and opportunities will be offered for the 
introduction of new silvicultural systems 
and methods of forest management. 


Perhaps of even greater importance, 
however, will be the heavy thinning 
which will take place in the ranks of the 
foresters. Strange as it may seem, this 
loss will probably in some respects be 
particularly serious in Russia. There 
the proportion of forest officers in the 
higher grades to those in the lower 
grades is only about half what it is in 
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and France. 
The death of any considerable number 
of the higher officers, therefore, will 
decrease the comparatively small num- 
ber of leaders in the profession. In the 
other countries, on the other hand, 
both the higher and lower grades are 
overcrowded, and there are more men 
ready for service than there are positions 
to fill, The war will therefore make 
room for many men who would other- 


Si ey ee 


THE NATIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION 


wise have no chance to attain positions 
of responsibility. Deplorable as is the 
destruction of forests and _ foresters 
which the war will cause, there is, how- 
ever, hope that some good may come 
in the long run. The introduction of 


867 


new blood which will be necessary, 
and the opportunity for original work 
in repairing the damage to the forests, 
may be expected to give a new stimulus 
to the profession in which at present 
practice lags behind theory. 


eh NATION A Es ROREST 
ADWEENIST RATION: 


By Davip F. Houston, Secretary of Agriculture 


[A change in administering the national forests in undeveloped sections is recommended by 
Secretary of Agriculture Houston in his annual report, so that they will yield, at once, revenue 
that can be applied to Iccal development and thereby further assist settlers and inspire settle- 


ments. 


This plan is for Congress to provide money in advance for local improvement, especially 


road construction, and charge this against a county’s share of timber sales when the timber is 


sold by the government. 
extracts from his report—Editor.]} 


income-producing resource absence 

of demand for it often works a 

serious hardship upon those who 
have entered the region as the advance 
guard ofcivilization and are seeking, in 
the face of many difficulties, to establish 
homes. There are counties in which a 
sparse local population of pioneer settlers 
find themselves surrounded by a wilder- 
ness largely consisting of national forest 
land, which is almost idle so far as any 
form of present use is concerned. In 
other words, a great, if not the greatest, 
of the potential sources of wealth in 
such counties, held in trust by the 
Government for the benefit of the public, 
not merely contributes nothing now 
to the upbuilding of the communities 
which will give value to the forests, but 
actually adds to the burden which these 
communities must assume. Were the 
forests private property they would 
pay their fair proportion of the cost of 
road development, public schools, and 
other public activities, through taxation. 
The Government, unlike the private 
owner of timberland in such regions, is 
holding the timber, not in order to make 
a profit later by its advance in value, 
but in order to make it promote the 
public welfare. That it should be made 
to serve the local as well as the national 
public welfare has been definitely recog- 


ae | regions where timber is the chief 


* From the annual report of Hon. David F. 


The Secretary’s recommendations are in part given in the following 


nized in the provisions of law for the 
use of 35% of all gross receipts from the 
forests for local public purposes. 

“To carry more fully into effect this 
already established principle a further 
step should be taken. It should not be 
necessary to wait until the period of 
hardest struggle is past before these 
public resources begin to assist local 
development. Before the national for- 
ests begin to yield large incomes, as 
well as after, they should be made to 
participate in the work of building up 
the country and giving value to all its 
resources. 

‘The first need of the public in unde- 
veloped regions is for more and better 
roads. Without them the struggle of 
individuals to gain a foothold is much 
more difficult, while isolation from 
neighbors and the outside world means 
meager educational opportunity, a lack 
of comforts, and conditions unfavorable 
to community hfe. A road system, 
however, constitutes a capital invest- 
ment which a handful of settlers must 
make a little at a time. When their 
roads must be built largely through 
national forest lands, which pay no 
taxes, their case is much more difficult. 
In such regions the Secretary of Agricul- 
ture should be authorized to make a 
study of the local conditions and to 
gather all the data necessary to formu- 


Houston, Secretary of Agriculture. 


868 


late a plan for public-road development 
based on local needs. These plans 
should be carried into sufficient detail 
to provide a reasonably accurate esti- 
mate of the cost of the road construction 
which it is proposed that the Govern- 
ment shall undertake. They should be 
accompanied by careful and conserva- 
tive appraisals of the value of the nation- 
al forest timber in each locality and a 
forecast of the future income which the 
forests will bring in from all sources. 
On the basis of the showings of fact 
regarding the value of the Government’s 
property, its potential income-yielding 
capacity, and the needs of the public, 
Congress should be asked to appropriate 
for the construction of specific projects 
recommended by the Secretary of Agri- 
culture. The cost of such road con- 
struction by the Government should 
constitute an advance of the amounts 
which the forests would later make 
available for local use. In effect, there- 
fore, the roads would become an obliga- 
tion upon the forests, to be extinguished 
as their resources come into commercial 
demand.”’ 


EXCHANGES OF LAND WITH STATES 


The Secretary then recommends 
changes in the system of homesteading, 
and suggests the wisdom of releasing 
certain parts of the forests by exchange 
of property with the States, as follows: 

“An important part of the forest prob- 
lem is to get the right line drawn be- 
tween farm and forest. Under private 
ownership considerations enter which 
do not always lead to the best use of the 
land. On the national forests the ques- 
tion is determined by a careful study of 
what the land is best fitted to produce 
and what the public most needs. Agri- 
cultural development is provided for 
either by excluding from the forests 
land chiefly valuable for other than 
forest purposes or by listing land for 
settlement under the forest homestead 
act. The work is carried out through 
land classification, which was aggres- 
sively pushed last year. The elimina- 
tion made or determined upon totaled 
over 2,000,000 acres, while systematic 
classification was conducted on 100 of 
the forests, and over 280,000 acres of 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


land were listed for settlement under the 
forest homestead law. The area in the 
forests at the close of the year, exclusive 
of land not the property of the Govern- 
ment, was slightly over 165,000,000 
acres. 

“There is need for similar classifica- 
tion work outside of the national forests 
wherever the public domain is timbered. 
There are still many areas which should 
be added to the forests. Wherever the 
land will have largest permanent value 
through use for forest production it 
should be held in public ownership. 
Timbered portions of the public domain 
are now unprotected against fire and 
trespass and are often a source of danger 
to adjacent lands. Under existing law 
the President has in the seven States of 
California, Oregon, Washington, Idaho, 
Montana, Colorado, and Wyoming no 
authority to add such lands to the pres- 
ent national forests. Legislative pro- 
vision should be made for applying the 
classification principles in these States. 

“There is also need for legislation to 
permit the consolidation of national 
forest holdings through land exchanges 
with States and private owners. Some 
of the forests contain a great deal of land 
which was acquired from the Govern- 
ment before the forests were established. 
Exchanges of land on the basis of equal 
values would be very advantageous to 
the Government, since the cost of 
administration and protection would be 
materially reduced.”’ 


TIMBER SALES 


The report outlines the policy of the 
department regarding timber sales in the 
national forests as follows: 

“Tn its handling of timber sales on the 
national forests the department is 
confronted with a situation radically 
different from that which obtains with 
respect to the grazing. While almost all 
the range on the forests is in demand, 
most of the timber is not. To a large 
extent development work here means so 
handling the timber that it will be an 
important factor in opening up the 
country. Wherever and whenever gen- 
eral business and market conditions 
make it possible to sell large bodies of 
now inaccessible timber, the aim is to 


THE NATIONAL FOREST ADMINISTRATION 


offer the timber on terms which will 
tend to increase transportation facilities, 
promote settlement, and build up per- 
manent communities. Where timber 
can be sold the benefits of Government 
management of the forests as public 
resources are apparent now. Where, 
however, the timber is not in present 
demand a difficult situation sometimes 
exists. 

“Tt has been urged that, with the vast 
supplies of virgin national forest timber, 
the Government should greatly increase 
its sales by lowering the price asked for 
stumpage. To the extent that such a 
course had any effect at all it would be, 
in the long run, an effect unfavorable 
to the public interest. Upon the greater 
part of the timber it would have no 
effect, because no manufacturer could, 
under present conditions, afford to cut 
the timber at any price. Where timber 
is thus not in demand because still 
inaccessible, as a rule the possibility of 
marketing it depends on the advent of a 
period of greater activity in the general 
lumber trade. When, as at the present 
time, lumbermen are forced by general 
market conditions to curtail output, the 
department can not expect to make 
many large sales. Nevertheless, it is 
wise even in such times not to cease 
offering large bodies of timber on terms 
which may attract purchasers, and this 
is being done. At the same time all 


York, Woolworth Building, 233 EOE EN 
The sessions will be at 10 a. m. 


in the discussions. 


1 AN NIG Ae Wik EnTING 


The annual meeting of the American Forestry Association will be held on Monday, 
January 11, in New York City at the headquarters of the Merchants Association of New 


Pio), ial, Evarel (/ jo 

This is a departure from the usual custom of Folin the meeting in Washington, 
D. C., the change being made because New York is more accessible to the many thousand 
New England, New York, Pennsylvania and New Jersey members than is Washington, 
and because members of the Society of American Foresters and of the Society of Eastern 
Foresters will assemble in New York on the same day. 

The meeting will consist of a series of addresses and discussions on what the American 
Forestry Association can do to aid during the coming year in national, state and private 
forestry and in encouraging the use of forests for recreation. 
sion of measures for aiding by careful investigations of conditions affecting them, and other- 
wise, the lumbermen, timberland owners and pulp and paper interests. 
make the meeting an eminently practical one, one at which the addresses and discussions will 
be of great service in outlining the important work of the Association for the coming year. 

The complete program will be announced in the January American Forestry Magazine. 

Members of the Association and their friends are requested to attend and to participate 


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869 


possible effort is given to develop small 
sales for the supply of local needs, and 
sales to industries which require wood 
for special purposes, since sales of this 
character provide a fairly steady market 
for national forest stumpage, even when 
the general market is depressed. In a 
word, the timber-sale policy, no less than 
the grazing-regulation policy, aims to 
make the resource serviceable to the 
public now, as well as in the future, in 
the fullest degree which scientific pro- 
duction and utilization can make pos- 
sible.”’ 

In the section dealing with forestry 
the Secretary also points out that the 
forests have passed through an unusually 
dry and dangerous summer without 
serious fire damage. He indicates that 
the present emergency fund of $100,000 
for fire protection of one billion of dollars 
of public property is inadequate even in 
ordinary seasons. In discussing the 
recreational use of the forests, which he 
holds to be the chief of their secondary 
uses, he urges that the department 
should be enabled to grant term leases 
to persons wishing to use the land for 
summer homes or hotels. He also 
emphasizes the importance of protecting 
the watersheds in the forests, so that the 
water supply of the 1,200 communities 
supplied from this source may not be 
polluted. 


There will also be discus- 


It is proposed to 


TRADING SCHOONERS ON THE BEACH AT PAPEETE. 


THIS WAS THE TOWN ON TAHITI ISLAND WHICH WAS ON SEPT. 22 SHELLED BY THE GERMAN CRUISERS GNEISENAU AND 


SCHARNHORST, 


THE 4000 RESIDENTS FLED TO THE HILLS. 


Ape el 


Bye: 


HORTLY after day break, Sep- 
tember 22, the German cruisers 
Scharnhorst and Gneisenau ap- 
peared outside the coral reef 

that guards the little palm-fringed har- 
bor of Papeete. An hour or two later 
they steamed away, leaving only smok- 
ing ruins to mark what had been the 
main portion of the romantic South Sea 
capital immortalized by Melville, Loti, 
Stoddard, Stevenson and a score of 
lesser writers. Unfortified and unde- 
fended, except for a handful of men kept 
for island police duty, sleepy picturesque 
Tahiti found her isolation and innocence 
no safeguards against a world war. The 
port’s native population of 4,000 was 
driven terrified to the hills. As it was 
the trading center as well as the 
870 


ALLEN 


capital, of French Oceania, and the 
bombardment destroyed stores and 
warehouses, whole archipelagoes were 
left stricken and in want. 

Since this episode aroused mutterings 
throughout the world because all the 
allies’ navies were apparently unable to 
protect defenceless ports against three 
or four roving and merciless German 
warships, the name of remote Tahiti 
has met more eyes than since ‘‘Otaheite”’ 
was first described by enthusiastic 
voyagers nearly 150 years ago. 

Tahiti, the largest island of the 
Society Group and by many travelers 
believed the most beautiful in any sea, 
lies nearly south of Hawaii and about 17 
degrees south of the equator. First 
touched by Portuguese and Spanish 


wee 


TATE TA 871 


TANTERA, NEAR STEVENSON’S HOME. 


STEVENSON LOVED THE BEAUTY OF THIS PLACE AND HIS DESCRIPTIONS, WONDERFUL AS THEY ARE, FAIL TO DO IT 


JUSTICE, BUT FAIL ONLY, BECAUSE NO WORDS OF TONGUE OR PEN COULD ADEQUATELY DESCRIBE IT. 
I THOUGHT I WAS WALKING IN THE GARDEN OF EDEN.” 


VILLE, A FAMOUS FRENCHMAN, SAID OF IT, “ 


navigators, it was described to Europe 
by Wallis (1767) and Bougainville 
(1768). They gave such a lively account 
of the beauty of both island and people, 
and of what they considered the idyllic 
perfection of its semi-wild, semi-devel- 
oped society, that much was written, 
especially in philosophical France, to 
argue that here was proof of the neces- 
sity for return to nature by the human 
Trace. 

Bougainville named it New Cytherea. 
His companion, the naturalist Commer- 
son, called it Utopia and wrote extrava- 
gantly of the virtues which he said 
flourished because the natives had no 
conventional restraint. Diderot wrote 
imaginary dialogues between Tahitian 
philosophers and ship’s chaplains, prov- 
ing the immorality of marriage. In 
England, Hawkesworth embroidered 
Wallis’ reports of the newly-discovered 
Paradise until Horace Walpole de- 
nounced him for his sentimentality. By 


BOUGAN- 


some authorities it is believed that 
these early reports of the remarkable 
island, corroborating the theories of 
Rousseau, actually influenced the French 
Revolution and thus all Europe. 

Cook’s and Forster’s visits soon fol- 
lowed (1769 to 1774), bringing fuller 
information, and in 1788 England sent 
Lieutenant Bligh in the Bounty to get 
bread-fruit for introduction into her 
tropical colonies. How his crew muti- 
nied later, put back to Tahiti, sailed 
from there again with a party of native 
men and women, and disappeared from 
the world until found long after on Pit- 
cairn Island where they founded an 
isolated colony that exists today, is 
perhaps better known than any other 
episode in Polynesian history. On the 
whole, England seems to have been 
more skeptical than France concerning 
Tahitian manners, for her next step was 
to send missionaries to improve them. 


NVWYAD 


“NOILVLHOUA AAVAH ATAWAALXA AHI ALON ‘SuaASINUD 
HHL Ad GHANVAWOT ATINHOAY ANV HONAYA AHL AM GANMO ‘DIAIOVd NUAHLNOS AHL NI dNOUD SGNVISI ALAIOOS AHL AO ILIHVL NI ANHOS TIWOIdAL V 


‘WVAULS NIVINQOWW V 


TABTT 873 


Cocoanut TREES ON TAHITI ISLAND. 


COPRA, WHICH IS A DRIED COCOANUT MEAT FROM WHICH AN OIL IS EXPRESSED THAT HAS COUNTLESS USES FOR SOAPS, 
COSMETICS AND FOOD PRODUCTS, IS THE CHIEF SOUTH SEA ISLAND COMMODITY. 


The social system of Tahiti and neigh- 
boring islands of the Society Group, 
which Europe first lauded and later 
destroyed, was a peculiar one and by 
no means wholly barbarous. It was 
very similar to that of Europe in the 
Middle Ages. There was no king, but 
each district or chiefery had an inde- 
pendent ruler who inherited under the 
law of primogeniture and traced his 
descent by a most carefully-kept genea- 
logical system to almost incredible an- 
tiquity. These nobles had courts con- 
taining heralds, astronomers, jesters, 
minstrels, priests, and indeed nearly all 
the retinue of a feudal barony. Ath- 
letics, dancing, and music, the last quite 
highly developed, were the common 
pastimes. Navigation was a science. 
Tahitian voyagers sailed thousands of 
miles to Hawaii and New Zealand, with- 
out compass; indeed the Maoris of 
New Zealand are now generally believed 


to be a race resultant from the conquest 
of an aboriginal savage race by Society 
Island war chiefs who colonized and 
carried their customs and _ religion. 
War was both pastime and vocation, 
for quarrels between clans were inces- 
sant, but was much in the nature of 
duels cr tournament. Cause was de- 
clared and the victor withdrew after 
honor was satisfied. Conquered terri- 
tory was never held. On the whole the 
people were social, gay, and pleasure- 
loving to a degree which has given them 
a rather bad reputation with conven- 
tional moralists. Of Aryan ancestry, 
practically or wholly escaping Mongol 
or Negroid infusion by their exodus 
from the mainland in the remote past, 
they were and are still about what would 
be expected of a people much like 
Southern Europeans but who have been 
isolated for ages under all the passionate 
influences of the tropics. 


A TAHITIAN ATHLETE. 


THE NATIVES HAVE INHERITED SPLENDID PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT FROM THEIR WARLIKE AND ATHLETIC ANCESTORS. 
THE MEN -ARE OFTEN OVER SIX FEET TALL AND WONDERFULLY MUSCULAR. 


| 
| 
| 


FISHING GIRLS AT TAHITI. 


THE SEA ALWAYS PROVIDES FISH AND THE LAND FRUIT AND IT REQUIRES BUT LITTLE EXERTION TO GET 
ENOUGH TO EAT. 


TAIL 8 


~ 
t 


~ 


House BuiL_t BY EUROPEANS. 


A RESIDENCE NEAR PAPEETE, THE ONLY TOWN IN TAHITI. 


THIS IS A THATCHED DWELLING, WITH A PORCH AND FAR 


BETTER FITTED FOR COMFORTABLE LIVING THAN THE NATIVE HOUSE, 


To such a people, who welcomed the 
white man with every hospitality, his 
weapons, liquors and religion soon 
proved bewildering. By the time the 
missionaries arrived in 1797 they found 
English firearms aiding a single chief 
to subdue his neighbors with the new 
European idea of kingship. Throwing 
in their lot with him, as probably their 
strongest protector, they aided this am- 
bition. Tahitian history during the 
first 30 years of European influence can 
perhaps be best epitomized by a com- 
parison of the population of 150,000 
which Cook found with the population 
of about 10,000 which survived. Step 
by step the resentful nobles were driven 
back, measles took a frightful toll, and 
in 1815 the chief who had been fortunate 
enough to command gunpowder estab- 
lished a dynasty which continued until 
the island was finally taken by the 
French after several decades of squab- 
bling by various European interests. 


During the heyday of the whaling 
industry Papeete was a popular rendez- 
vous. Herman Melville’s ‘‘Omoo”’ de- 
scribes his adventures in Tahiti as an 
escaped mutineer from a whaleship that 
touched there, although it is far less 
creditable than his more famous ‘“‘Typee”’ 
and “Moby Dick.’ As South Sea 
trade in copra, shell and pearls devel- 
oped, the port began to assume impor- 
tance as its principal center. The Mar- 


quesas, the Paumotus or Law Archi- 
pelago, the Gambiers, the Austral 
group, Manahiki, Easter Island, and 


other less known palm-clad and surf- 
beaten islands came to support a fleet 
of picturesque schooners of the ‘“Cur- 
rency Lass” type Stevenson loved so 
well to describe. Papeete beach, where 
the sorry adventurers of “The Ebb 
Tide” pooled their misfortunes and 
Captain John Davis performed for his 
breakfast on just such a vessel as may 
be seen there in numbers today, is elo- 


876 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A NATIVE HOUSE ON THE BEACH. 


THERE IS ALMOST A CONTINUOUS SETTLEMENT ALONG THE BEACH FRONT AROUND THE ENTIRE ISLAND, THE HOUSES 
BEING ERECTED IN GROVES OF COCOANUTS, BREADFRUIT, MANGOES, ORANGES, BANYANS, AND BAMBOO. 


quent of pearls and divers, blackbirding 
and piracy, typhoons, wrecks, and all 
the adventures of beach and lagoon 
that make up South Sea history. 

Yet so charming a scene hardly befits 
such themes. Rainbow colored fish 
play through the coral along the very 
seawall at your feet, the placid green 
lagoon meets a skyline of palms on 
either hand, and seaward, beyond a 
tiny palm-covered islet where a queen 
once had her fortress, the surf rolls 
creaming on the barrier reef from the 
blue tropical ocean, rippling in the soft 
fresh Trades. Behind the town, itself 
hidden in verdure, green slopes rise 
quickly to splintered volcanic peaks 
nearly 8,000 feet high, carved by pre- 
cipitous valleys w ith countless flashing 
waterfalls. Melville wrote that the 
ineffable repose and beauty of the 
Tahitian landscape was such that every 
object struck him like something seen 
in a dream and he could scarcely beleve 


such scenes had real existence. ‘‘Of- 
ten,’’ said Bougainville, “I thought I 
was walking in the Garden of Eden.” 

Papeete is the only town, but the 
fertile level shores of the island are so 
thickly populated as to form almost a 
continuous village along the road that 
skirts the beach for its circumference, 
of nearly 100 miles. Yet there is prac- 
tically no open land except in the unin- 
habited mountains. Houses and vil- 
lages are beneath endless groves of 
cocoanuts, breadfruit, mangoes, oranges, 
banyans and bamboo, with occasional 
ornamental exotics from other tropical 
lands. Alligator pears, native “‘chest- 
nuts,’’ mummy-apples and bananas, are 
in almost every dooryard. Except for 
two small sugar plantations, a few half- 
hearted cotton» patches, and small 
clearings for taro, yams and other vege- 
tables, “there is no farming as we know 
it. Copra and vanilla are the island 
crops. 


a AS Se ee 


TATE 


CO 
~ 
ie 


ONE OF THE RARE OPENINGS IN THE FOREST. 


GREEN SLOPES RISE QUICKLY BEHIND THE TOWN OF PAPEETE TO SPLINTERED VOLCANIC PEAKS 
NEARLY EIGHT THOUSAND FEET HIGH, CARVED BY PRECIPITOUS VALLEYS WITH COUNTLESS 


FLASHING WATER FALLS. 


Copra, which is dried cocoanut meat 
from which an oil is expressed that has 
countless uses for soaps, cosmetics and 
food-products, is the chief South Sea 
commodity. Hundreds of islands have 
practically no other trade. Indeed the 
cocoanut has no rival among trees for 
all round usefulness. Its fruit supplies 
food, drink and money. It feeds pigs 
and chickens with no labor beyond 
splitting the fallen nuts. Its leaves 


furnish building material and sleeping 
mats; the nut husks are excellent fuel. 
Dominating the landscape by its indi- 
viduality and grace, 1t appeals to the 
forester as the king of trees. 

Vanilla, of which Tahiti furnishes per- 
haps a third of the world’s supply, is 
also largely grown in the forest, the 
vines climbing rooted and growing poles 
in partial shade. The hermaphrodite 
flowers are ‘‘married’”’ by deft native 


878 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


a 


Ee ek aera are 


cee Sissies 


ek aed 


' 
Be 
4 


BATHING IN THE VILLAGE STREAM. 


THE MEN, WOMEN AND CHILDREN IN TAHITI ARE THE MOST ADEPT SWIMMERS IN THE WORLD. 
AS CHILDREN AND SPEND MUCH OF THEIR TIME BATHING AND FISHING. 


THEY LEARN TO SWIM 


girls and the bean-like pods cured by 
hand by a delicate process requiring 
several months. 

Diving for pearls and mother of 
pearl shell is not carried on at Tahiti 
but on neighboring atolls for which it is 
the outfitting and trade center and the 
diving season is one of great interest 
and excitement. 

On the whole, however, industry has 
small part in the daily life of the inhabi- 
tants. Very little work suffices to pro- 
cure all that is essential where nature 
supplies food and shelter. The writer 
once asked a native to bring him some 
fish. ‘‘Why don’t you catch your own 
fish?”’) was the response. ‘‘That isn’t 
the question; [ll give you a dollar for a 
good string of fish,’ was parried. The 
answer to this was unanswerable and 
final: “‘I don’t need any dollar.” Such 
is island philosophy. The sea will al- 
ways provide fish, the land all other 
actual requisites, and since this will be 


as true in the future as today, why 
trouble to lay up for one’s children? 
Even tobacco and coffee are home- 
grown, so only imported luxuries require 
effort to obtain. Most of the real work 
of the island, such as curing vanilla, is 
done by Chinese who value money for 
its own sake: They bake the bread} 
run the restaurants, and own most of 
the small stores. 

Nevertheless the natives are splendid 
people physically, no doubt an inherit- 
ance from their warlike and athletic 
past. The men are often well over six 
feet and tremendously muscular. The 
women are erect, graceful, beautifully 
formed, and often very handsome. 
Their brown eyes are unusually fine; 
their black hair long and waving. 
Polynesian races differ slightly in color, 
that of pure Tahitians varying also 
with caste and exposure, but the com- 
monest type is an olive-gold not darker 
in shade than the skins of Chinese and 


(byes hab 879 


A TAHITIAN CANOE. 


THE CANOES HAVE GRACEFUL LINES AND THOSE BUILT FOR RACING ARE INCREDIBLY FAST. THEY ALSO HAVE SAILING 
CANOES WHICH CARRY AN IMMENSE SPREAD OF CANVAS, AND ARE TRIMMED BY THE GYMNASTICS OF THE CREW 
WHO BALANCE THEMSELVES ON LATERAL SPARS EXTENDING FROM THE SIDES. 


Japanese but warmer and less yellow- 
ish. Their features are pleasing and con- 
tain nothing Negroid or Mongolian. 

The typical native dress is the pareu, 
a bright-colored patterned cotton cloth 
much like the Burmese sarong, twisted 
by the men around the waist and by 
the women around the breast. The lat- 
ter, however, rarely wear it away from 
home, except when bathing or fishing, 
without a loose overdress. The men 
also are more and more coming to regard 
the pareu as informal, comfortable for 
home and work wear, but to be replaced 
by coat and pants on dress occasions. 
These customs vary much with the dis- 
tance from town. Flowers constitute 
the chief adornment, worn in wreaths 
and singly over the ear. Carriers come 
in from the mountain valleys with loads 
of plantain, naked except for a loin 
cloth but with garlands of ferns and 
flowers. 


The chief Tahitian characteristics 
are social. Feasting, dancing and sing- 
ing are always in progress, usually on a 
wholesale scale. The entire village 
participates on the slightest excuse. 
Anything that can be done alone is 
unpopular. Even in fishing, the single 
venturer is regarded as a pot-hunter and 
no sportsman, the gentlemanly way 
being to set a net in the lagoon and 
invite the neighborhood to a drive 
affording much noise and frolic, or to 
organize a deep sea expedition for 
albicore. In several stays on the island 
the writer was never allowed to fish 
with hook and line from a single canoe 
because, while all right for a commoner 
who needs fish, it is not the thing for 
“quality”? to do. The visitor is struck 
with the invariable good nature of the 
people. They rarely quarrel, drunk or 
sober. Violence is practically unknown 
Murders are so infrequent as to be little 


880 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


more than traditional and even fighting 
is extremely rare. 

Like all Polynesians, they are won- 
derful swimmers, and probably excel 
all others as canoemen. Whereas in 
Hawaii the canoes seen today are purely 
utilitarian, the Tahitian retains his 
navigating ancestors’ love for naval 
architecture. Racing canoes carrying 
twenty paddlers or more are built with 
great ceremony and beating of drums 
and carefully kept from the weather in 
houses constructed by the district. 
These canoes have beautiful lines and 
are incredibly fast. So are also the 
sailing canoes, which carry tremendous 
canvas and are trimmed by the gym- 
nastics of the crew who balance them- 
selves on lateral spars extending from 
the sides. They also have outriggers, 
but in racing these are not allowed to 
bury themselves and so impede progress. 

In several visits, with intervals of 
years between, the writer has observed 
some change in dress and customs due to 
the inroads of ‘‘civilization.” Return 
after one four years absence to find a 
moving picture show near one of the 


ancient chieferies was a disillusionment. 
But it will be long yet before modernity 
makes any conspicuous alteration in the 
palm-fringed skylines and surf-bound 
lagoons of Tahiti, or more than veneers 
the careless kindly nature of its people. 
To the traveler who wishes to see the 
tropics at their loveliest, to swim and 
fish and idle where no newspapers and 
telegrams remind him of his troubles, it 
will offer no disappointment unless he 
expects to survey the primitive with 
all the civilized luxuries of Palm Beach 
also at hand. To make the most of it 
he must leave the port and live a simple 
life with many petty annoyances. If he 
is willing to do this, without. insisting 
upon his own ways or patronizing a 
people who are as sensitive as they are 
kindly, he will be excellently treated. 

No attempt has been given in this 
article to discuss commerce, govern- 
ment, business opportunities, or other 
like phases which might be important 
from certain standpoints. The bom- 
bardment of September 22 is too recent 
and significant. 


BUYING HANDLES BY WEIGHT 


g | \HROUGH new specifications for 
ax, sledge, adz, pick and other 
hickory handles, the Panama 
Canal authorities have recently 

purchased large quantities of this class 

of material for one-fourth less than 
formerly paid, and at the same time are 
getting just as serviceable stock. 

The war department and the navy 
department, as well as the Panama 
Canal commission, have adopted these 
specifications, which were prepared by 
the forest service primarily for the use 
of the various branches of the federal 
government. Subsequently, however, 
they have been approved by the trade, 
both manufacturers and dealers, and 
adopted by several of the leading rail- 
roads. 


The new rules are the result of a long 
study of the subject, covering exhaust- 
ive strength tests, investigations of the 
growth of hickory in the woods, proc- 
esses of manufacture, and market con- 
ditions. Under the new specifications 
handles are selected according to weight, 
as influenced by the density of the wood, 
and they now include material which 
may be either partly or wholly of heart- 
wood, known generally as red hickory. 
Red hickory was formerly discriminated 
against in commercial grading, but it is 
now accepted, since it has been found 
that weight for weight, it is just as 
serviceable as the white hickory. 
Handles which contain small sound 
knots or bird pecks, so located as not to 
affect the strength, are also accepted. 


Po HUROPEAN WAR AND THE 
EOE ER aD 


By Car Re AND 
Professor of Lumbering, Yale University 


URING the early days of the 
i) European war, many expressed 

the conviction that all forms of 

business in the United States 
would profit to some extent because of 
the disturbance of the commerce of the 
belligerent nations. The war has now 
progressed far enough to show that, 
with the exception of a few industries, 
this benefit will be deferred for some 
time at least and that the losses sustained 
in the meantime through the disturb- 
ance of our own business conditions 
may prove greater than any future 
gains. 

The lumber industry, the third among 
our great industries in point of money 
invested, is undergoing a period of 
depression such as it has not experi- 
enced for some years, due, in large 
measure, to the marked depression of 
our domestic trade caused both directly 
and indirectly by the present war, 
although the actual loss of our export 
lumber trade has been a secondary fac- 
tor as compared to the reduction of 
the home demand. 

Lumber is a commodity which is a 
necessity to civilized man, but unlike 
foodstuffs and articles of clothing its 
purchase can be delayed temporarily 
without serious consequences. During 
periods of financial depression from 
any cause whatever, we find that the 
purchase of lumber in large quantities 
is early discontinued and is resumed 
only after conditions have again begun 
to assume a normal state. 

More than ninety per cent of our 
total lumber production is consumed by 
the domestic market and in order that 
the lumber trade may be brisk it is 
essential that our banking resources 
shall be abundant, since this means 
minimum interest rates and ready loans, 
both of which foster railroad develop- 
ment and building construction, two 


factors of great importance in the lum- 
ber market. 

Previous to 1906 the lumbermen en- 
joyed prosperity, due to the rapid devel- 
opment of domestic trade in general. 
The demand for lumber was great and 
the f. o. b. mill price of all construction 
woods rapidly increased, culminating 
in 1907 in prices for yellow pine, for 
instance, which were in excess of those 
received at any period either before or 
since. 

Stumpage also increased in value at a 
very rapid rate, and lumbermen were 
encouraged not only to make heavy 
investments in raw material before the 
price became too high but also to add 
greatly to the mill capacity of the 
country. Many new mills were con- 
structed and existing plants were also 
enlarged to meet the insistent demands 
for construction lumber and railroad 
material. The panic of 1907 had a 
demoralizing effect on building con- 
struction and also curtailed the exten- 
sion of the railroad mileage of the 
country. Lumbermen found them- 
selves with a heavy investment and a 
mill capacity greatly in excess of the 
normal demands, and the price of lumber 
dropped from $5 to $7 per thousand 
feet at the mill, reaching such a low 
level that many found it difficult to 
prevent their business from going into 
bankruptcy. 

Since that time there have been 
periods when lumber market conditions 
have shown a change for the better, but 
as a whole the level of prices has not 
been high enough to enable the average 
operator to earn a legitimate profit on 
his investment. 

The railroads which in normal times 
are very large consumers of lumber, 
using several billion feet annually, have 
purchased only sufficient material to 
keep their plants in operation and, for 

881 


882 


some time previous to the war, had 
failed to buy even enough lumber to 
keep their rolling stock in repair, ac- 
cumulating “bad order’’ cars by the 
tens of thousands on sidings, awaiting 
an improvement in financial conditions 
in general and also the clearing up of 
investigations being made by the Goy- 
ernment. Just previous to the outbreak 
of the war, however, there were signs 
of renewed activity on the part of the 
purchasing department of railroads, and 
lumbermen began to feel optimistic in 
regard to an increased trade with them. 
The liquidation of very large amounts 
of railroad securities held by European 
investors immediately checked buying 
on the part of the railroads, and the 
loss of this trade has been one of the 
depressing features in the lumber bus- 
iness. 

Another factor which has a marked 
bearing on the present unsatisfactory 
state of the industry, especially in the 
South, is the inability of producers to 
market certain staple articles, such as 
cotton and naval stores, valued at 
hundreds of millions of dollars. The 
cotton crop of the present season, one 
of the largest grown for several years, 
comprises the chief money crop of the 
farmer. European countries, mainly 
the belligerent nations, normally take 
more than one-half of the crop, but the 
indications now are that they will pur- 
chase only a small percent of the usual 
quantity. Not only is it impossible to 
successfully market this crop in other 
countries, due to their lack of plants 
suitable for working up the product, but 
also it has not been possible to increase 
the consumption in this country. In 
fact, the demand in the United States 
for cotton goods has decreased since the 
outbreak of the war; hence, the pur- 
chases of the raw supply are visibly 
affected. 

A satisfactory method of financing 
the crop has not yet been reached, and 
until this is done the purchasing power 
of the lumber consumer of the South 
will be extremely limited. The pool 
of banking interests which proposes to 
raise and administer a fund of 135 mil- 
lion dollars for loan on the security of 
cotton may be a partial solution of the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


problem, yet this will scarcely counter- 
balance the shrinkage of income of cot- 
ton farmers, due to low prices, (6.3 cents 
per pound on November ist, as com- 
pared to 13 cents on the same date last 
year), a shrinkage which the Bureau of 
Crop Estimates of the United States 
Department of Agriculture places at 
435 million dollars. The effect is far 
reaching since the farmer receives credit 
from the country merchant for supplies 
and sometimes cash advances; the 
country merchant, in turn, receives 
credit from the jobber, and the jobber 
from the manufacturer. The entire 
credit system is thus crippled. The 
‘““buy-a-bale’’ movement which has been 
advocated by some as a solution of the 
disposal of the cotton crop is totally 
inadequate to meet the present string- 
ency, since at best it would probably 
take care of only a small per cent of the 
surplus, and, furthermore, the holding 
of this cotton in warehouses for an in- 
definite period awaiting a satisfactory 
price merely jeopardizes the next year’s 
crop. What is needed is a market for 
the product which will convert it from 
a raw into a manufactured state. 

Cotton is the staple crop of a large 
part of the southern rural population, 
many of whom have always operated 
on the “‘one-crop” plan and are incap- 
able of substituting other products for 
cotton because they do not know how to 
grow them. One feature which may 
have a marked bearing on the extent of 
the acreage planted next season is the 
inability of the planter to secure the 
usual amount of fertilizer required for 
his field. In the past, phosphate, an 
important element in the commercial 
fertilizers, has been secured chiefly from 
Germany, and the elimination of that 
source of supply will undoubtedly em- 
barrass the fertilizer manufacturers in 
this country. With a low price for their 
cotton this year and a probable decreased 
acreage next year, the southern farmer 
will not be inclined to purchase com- 
modities not absolutely essential to his 
existence, and he certainly will not 
buy lumber with which to make im- 
provements. 

The lumbermen of the South depend 
on marketing a large percent of their 


THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE LUMBER TRADE 


low grade product either in the state in 
which it is produced or in neighboring 
states on a low freight rate, hence the 
elimination of the farmer as a consumer 
is of vital consequence. 

Another strong element mitigating 
against the Southern lumbermen is the 
fact that the naval stores crop, valued 
at nearly thirty million dollars, has not 
been successfully marketed. The bulk 
of the naval stores products are sold in 
Europe, and the elimination of the 
greater part of the demand from this 
region has caused financial loss not only 
to operators but to thosuands of em- 
ployees who were discharged at an 
earlier date than has been the custom. 

Competition from sawmills in British 
Columbia, and over-production in local 
mills, with the resulting unloading on 
the market of large quantities of lum- 
ber are among the chief factors which 
have wrought havoc with the lumber 
industry in the Northwest. 

The removal of the tariff on forest 
products has been a severe blow to 
lumbermen on the Coast, since it has 
opened our western markets to Canada 
—an especially unfortunate circum- 
stance at this particular time. The in- 
dustrial depression prevailing for the 
past year in Canada has greatly reduced 
the local demand for lumber and 
shingles, and, in order to keep their 
mills running, Canadian lumbermen 
have made a strong effort to dispose of 
their products in the United States. 

Some idea of the extent of our trade 
in Canadian lumber may be gained by 
an examination of our imports previous 
to and following the removal of the 
tariff. Canada, chiefly British Colum- 
bia, sold in this country, during the 
first six months of the present year, 
nearly 170 million shingles more than 
she sold to us during the entire year of 
1913. This was an increase of 217 
per cent. The lumber imports from 
western Canada. are still more striking, 
those for the first six months of 1914 
exceeding the total for the entire year of 
1913 by 246 per cent. 

The western lumber manufacturers, 
as a whole, are facing serious financial 
difficulties due to their heavy invest- 
ments in stumpage and the rapidly 


883 


increasing carrying charges. Taxes and 
the cost of fire protection have increased 
yearly, and in order to prevent these 
charges and also interest on the invest- 
ments from compounding and auto- 
matically doubling the cost of the raw 
product every nine or ten years, stump- 
age owners have increased their mill 
capacity to a point which now exceeds 
the present market requirements. The 
over supply of lumber has led to such 
keen competition, during the present 
business depression, that lumber prices 
f.o.b. mill are now so low that the best 
grades are selling for about $22 per 
thousand board feet; an excellent qual- 
ity of building lumber for about $8 per 
thousand feet; and low grade lumber 
for $3.50 per thousand feet. The aver- 
age price per thousand feet, f.o.b. mill 
for all grades marketed has not aver- 
aged, during the present year, more than 
$11, a drop of several dollars over the 
average mill value of two or three years 
ago. 

The lumber-consuming population 
within a given radius of the western 
manufacturing centers is much less 
than for an equal radius in the other 
lumber-producing centers of the United 
States. The high freight rate into the 
most desirable consuming centers, name- 
ly, the great prairie region of the Middle 
West, combined with the very low 
price at which lumber is now sold, due 
to unrestrained competition, has prac- 
tically made it impossible to conduct 
the business so as to yield even a small 
profit. It will take more than a revival 
of good business conditions to patch up 
the badly demoralized industry in this 
section, and some means must be found 
to increase the efficiency of the market- 
ing methods and curb the ruinous com- 
petition which now threatens to sap the 
life of the industry. 

The money stringency which has pre- 
vailed in this country during the last 
three months has been reflected most 
markedly in the amount of building 
which has been done, reports for the 
month of September showing a decrease 
ob trom 25° 60,42 per Cent Over “ie 
previous month. This is due to the 
decreased banking resources of the 


884 


country and to the resulting increased 
interest rate. 

The rural sections of the farming 
regions of the Middle West have not 
felt the money stringency to as great a 
degree as many other sections since 
their farm products are in great demand 
and prices for farm products are high. 
The trade, therefore, in that section 
does not show the fluctuation that is 
evident in large centers, especially in 
the East. 

The loss of foreign trade in lumber 
has not been so vital to the lumber 
industry, except in an indirect way, since 
recent estimates show that only ap- 
proximately eight per cent of the lumber 
cut of 1913 was marketed abroad. 
European trade in lumber almost ceased 
during the early period of the war, due 
both to the cessation of purchases 
abroad and also to the withdrawal of 
vast numbers of vessels from the carge 
carrying trade through fear of capture 
by the navies of hostile nations. This 
trade has been resumed only to a 
limited extent, and it is doubtful if the 
amount forwarded to the European 
markets for some time to come will be 
of sufficient importance to have any 
appreciable effect on the industry in 
this country. 

Lumber trade with South America 
was reported unsatisfactory for a year 
previous to the war, due to unfavorable 
crop conditions especially in Argentina, 
the largest South American consumer of 
our lumber, but gave promise of marked 
improvement about the time that the 
war broke out, when it again became 
depressed due to the disorganization of 
the credit systems of the South Ameri- 
can countries. 

We always have supplied a large part 
of the lumber imported by South 
American countries and will still con- 
tinue to do so, but at the present time 
their buying power has been greatly 
curtailed by their inability to make 
settlement for goods purchased. Our 
imports of all commodities from South 
America during the fiscal year 1913-14 
were valued at approximately 223 
million dollars, while our exports of all 
kinds to that continent during the 
same period were approximately 125 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


million dollars. The balance of the 
imports of South America amounting to 
nearly 900 millions came largely from 
Europe. We have had no direct bank- 
ing facilities with our sister republics 
and because they owe heavily in Lon- 
don the trade accounts between the 
two American continents have been 
normally adjusted at that place. Under 
existing conditions this is impracticable. 
We are ready and willing to purchase 
and pay for South American products, 
but lumbermen, along with other mer- 
chants, are reluctant to sell their com- 
modities in countries which have de- 
clared moratoria, as have several of 
those in South America. 

The future holds promise for better 
things since American banking firms 
are now permitted to establish branches 
in foreign countries and steps have 
already been taken by at least one 
banking firm to do this. However, it 
will be some time before the situation 
will be relieved to the extent that the 
trade in lumber and other commodities 
will again resume its normal course. 

Indirectly the loss of foreign trade 
has been a hard blow to the lumber 
industry. There are many sawmills 
along the South Atlantic, the Gulf 
Coast and the Pacific Coast, which 
have been engaged to a large extent in 
supplying lumber to foreign countries, 
and with this field cut off they have 
naturally turned to our domestic mar- 
kets and have invaded the field previous- 
ly occupied almost exclusively by in- 
terior mills. 

The interior market, already in an 
unsatisfactory condition, has been un- 
able to assimilate this increased output 
at a price which would yield a reason- 
able profit to the producer, and, as a 
consequence, many have been liquidat- 
ing and still continue to liquidate on 
their investment in stumpage at a loss. 

It may be asked why production does 
not follow the law of demand and 
adjust itself to market conditions. 
There are many reasons why the 
industry responds rather sluggishly to 
the general trade barometer. The 
lumber manufacturer has a large invest- 
ment in plant and often in raw material, 
on which he must pay interest or else 


THE EUROPEAN WAR AND THE LUMBER TRADE 


turn over his property to his creditors. 
He, therefore, attempts to secure ready 
money to continue his business by 
marketing his product at a price below 
its actual worth. He can rarely secure 
loans from banks when markets are 
depressed, because banks then refuse to 
loan in sufficient amounts on satisfac- 
tory terms. Overhead charges are an 
important item in the cost of placing 
lumber on the market, and a curtail- 
ment of cut or a total cessation of opera- 
tions seldom reduces this to a marked 
degree, hence a large deficit rapidly 
accumulates and may ultimately mean 
bankruptcy. 

The manufacturer in some sections 
of the country, such as the Northeast 
and the Lake States, often transports 


his logs to the mill by water, cutting 


the timber during the fall and winter 
previous to the sawing season—the 
warmer months of the year. He must, 
therefore, anticipate market conditions 
months in advance, and having invested 
his money in logging and in placing the 
timber in the stream he feels forced to 
manufacture the logs into lumber, both 
to save themfrom deterioration and to 
get them into marketable form. 

Even with railroad operations it is 
costly to close down since a large 
amount of valuable equipment becomes 
idle and must be cared for at consider- 
able expense, even though it 1s not earn- 
ing anything for the owner. 

A large labor organization is essential 
for the operation of a big lumber plant, 
and an efficient force may be the result 
of several years’ effort on the part of 
the operator. A cessation of operations 
means the dissipation of the crew, who 
are either forced to remain idle or else 
seek employment elsewhere. It is 
usually the case that a total or partial 
cessation of operations is general 
throughout a section and all industries 
are more or less affected, hence the 
labor supply exceeds the demand and 
there is but little opportunity for even 
a good workman to earn a living. Many 
lumber manufacturing plants are lo- 
cated more or less remote from the 
large centers of population, and fre- 
quently the lumber manufacturing plant 
is the only industry of the community 


885 


and the sole means of earning a live- 
lihood for the citizens. Under these 
conditions an added hardship is laid 
upon the woods or mill worker who 
finds himself without employment. It 
is greatly to the credit of many lumber- 
men that today they are operating 
their plants at least on partial time, 
chiefly to provide employment for their 
workmen who have been faithful to 
them, although it means a financial 
loss to do so. 

Another reason why the large lumber 
manufacturer who caters especially to 
the domestic trade cannot cease to pro- 
duce lumber is that he has built up his 
trade and customers demand some 
lumber even during periods of financial 
depression. If the manufacturer ceases 
to produce lumber, buyers seek out 
other sources to supply their needs and 
the seller may lose in a short time many 
desirable customers. A resumption of 
business on the part of the producers 
means the development anew of trade 
connections, since old customers who 
have been lost seldom return in normal 
times. 

Extremely low mull prices, such as 
prevail today, mean greater waste both 
in the forest and in the mill, since the 
poorer grade of lumber cannot be sold 
at a price that will even approximate 
the cost of manufacturing and selling it. 
It is of direct interest, therefore, to 
each and every citizen of the United 
States that some steps should be taken 
which will make it possible to market, 
without loss, the poorer grades. Poor 
grades can be marketed only when the 
supply of all grades is not in excess of 
the demands of the country. In times 
of business depression this means a cur- 
tailment of cut on the part of the larger 
operators, as well as scientific marketing 
of the product, both of which are largely 
dependent on close cooperation among 
manufacturers. This does not exist 
today because the members of the lum- 
ber industry and lumber trade associa- 
tions of the country have been harassed 
during recent years both by courts and 
by the Federal Government, with the 
result that such cooperation as formerly 
existed has largely been destroyed and 
both the industry and the public have 


886 


suffered by the demoralization which is 
now present in the lumber business, 
caused first by investigations and later 
ageravated by the business depression 
caused by the war. 

The “bogey,” in the shape of an al- 
leged lumber trust which has been 
flashed before us constantly in the 
newspapers during the last few years, is 
a figment of the sensationalist, since 
there has never been an organization of 
lumbermen in the United States that 
has ever dominated the entire lumber 
trade and controlled output and prices. 
From the standpoint of the economical 
use of our forest resources, it has been 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


our misfortune that a “governor” of 
some character has not been in power. 

The lumber industry in its present 
trouble deserves the good will and co- 
operation of both governmental and 
private agencies, and it is to be hoped 
that this will be granted it in fuller 
measure than has been meted out to it 
in the past. The lumber industry is 
essential to our well being and _ pros- 
perity, and every encouragement should 
be given for its development on a basis 
which will give assurance of the fullest 
and most economical utilization of the 
forest resources. 


PENNSYLVANIA: PORESPRY 
PROGRES. 


A letter from Robert S. Conklin, 
Commissioner of Forestry of Pennsyl- 
vania, says: 

“T call your attention to the activities 
of the Pocono Forest Fire Protective 
Association in the north eastern part of 
Pennsylvania. They have increased in 
membership almost two hundred per 
cent. in the last year and instead of 
operating simply in a few townships on 
the Pocono mountains, are now exerting 
their influence over the entire county cf 
Monroe and may possibly extend into 
Pike and Wayne counties. They were 
very active in helping pass some im- 
provements to the forest fire laws in the 
last Legislature, and expect to be of 
considerable service in the coming 
session of the general Assembly. At 
their request a District Forester was 
appointed for Monroe county and 
through his activities the fire wardens 
have been thoroughly organized and a 
patrol system has been worked out. 
As soon as the association gets a little 
better financial support, through cooper- 


ation with the Department of Forestry, 
the district forester will institute a 
complete system of patrols for the 
entire county. In October practically 
all the papers of the county issued a 
conservation number. The matter of 
forest protection is becoming a real 
live subject in the neighborhood, and 
in October Dr. J. T. Rothrock delivered 
a lecture in Stroudsburg on the subject 
“Forests in the Life of the Nation.” 

A year ago the Pennsylvania Forestry 
Department published some large fire 
posters and some small forest fire 
stickers. Both of these features have 
met with such great success throughout 
the State that the department has had 
to have the third printing of fire posters 
and is now awaiting the second order 
of fire stickers. This fall the merchants 
throughout the forest regions of the 
State placed the fire sticker upon each 
box of cartridges which goes out from 
the stores. In this way it is certainly 
possible to reach a great number of 
hunters. 


Speed in Fire Fighting 


What is supposed to be record speed in getting men to a forest fire is reported from Oregon, 
where on one of the National Forests, a ranger went to town, hired ten men, and got this force 
to the fire twelve miles away within 48 minutes after he was notified by telephone. 


A SuNDAY CRowD ON TAMALPAIS. 


ON SUNDAYS AND HOLIDAYS THOUSANDS OF PEOPLE INVADE THE TAMALPAIS REGION, SPENDING THE DAY ON THE 
DELIGHTFUL MOUNTAIN SIDE. 


PACING: TAVIALP ATS 


By FREDERICK E. OLMSTED 


Forester for the Tamalpats Fire Association 


ROM the earliest days fires have 
always raged on Mt. Tamal- 
pais, California, during the dry 
seasons. Every summer has 

brought numerous burns, some large, 
some small; and once every dozen years 
or so great conflagrations have swept 
the hills, licking the cover clean and 
causing more or less consternation in 
the region ‘round about. 

The fire of 1913 was probably no 
worse than some of the periodical con- 


flagrations of the past. It was taken 
more seriously, however, because more 
lives were threatened than ever before, 
because the property narrowly escaping 
destruction totaled several millions of 
dollars, and because public interest in 
the Tamalpais region as a vast mountain 
park has recently become intense. The 
fire of last year burned for five days, 
covered 2,000 acres, nearly wiped out 
the towns of Mill Valley, Corte Madera 
and Larkspur and was fought by some 
887 


888 AMERICAN FORESTRY 


A FIRE TRAIL. 


THESE TRAILS, CLEARED THROUGH THE HEAVY BRUSH COVER OF THE RIDGES ON MT. TAMALPAIS, PERMIT 
QUICK ACCESS TO ANY FIRES. 


4,000 men at an expense to the commu- 
nity, state and nation of more than 
$30,000. Not to be overlooked, more- 
over, were the indirect losses in property 
values which followed as a result of 
the scare. The fire was finally checked 
with the assistance of troopers from the 
United States Army acting under advice 
from officers of the Federal Forest 
Service and old-time fire fighters of the 
locality. 

To avoid a repetition of such a 
calamity the Tamalpais Fire Associa- 
tion is carrying out a scheme of sys- 
tematic fire prevention which bids fair 
to become permanently established. 

The jumbled hills of Marin County 
end abruptly at the Golden Gate on the 


south, are pounded by the Pacific on 
the west, slope gradually to San Pablo 
Bay on the east and stretch northwards 
to join the great redwood covered 
mountains of the Coast Range in Mendo- 
cino and Humboldt. Mt. Tamalpais is 
a sort of jumping-off place at the ex- 
treme southern end of the hills and rises 
sharply from San Francisco Bay to an 
elevation of 2,600 feet. A large part of 
the land is covered with a dense and 
difficult growth of high and low chapar- 
ral—all the many species common to 
the Coast Range. There are scattering 
patches of timber in the canyons, 
largely redwood and douglas fir, while 
on the slopes of Lagunitas Canyon and in 
Muir Woods National Monument are ex- 


ee 
— 


TACKLING TAMALPAIS 


889 


Mr. TAMALPAIS. 


THE TOWNS SEEN IN THE DISTANCE AT THE FOOT OF THE HILLS ARE IN REAL DANGER OF DESTRUCTION 


FROM THE BRUSH FIRES. 


tensive and heavy stands of these trees. 
Hardwood forests of oak, laurel and 
madrone have smothered out the brush 
cover here and there. The whole effect 
is one of exquisite softness; combined 
with delightful views of ocean, bay and 
distant hills the restful impression con- 
veyed by this unique and remarkably 


NOTE THE SMOKE OF A FIRE ON THE LEFT. 


beautiful little region is beyond descrip- 
tion. 

All of which goes to say that the top 
of Marin County is a most wonderful 
natural park, a great recreation ground, 
and should be treated as such. It is 
now used as a play-ground by thousand 
of people from San Francisco and the 


890 AMERICAN 


FORESTRY 


BRUSH BURNING ON TAMALPAIS. 


THIS BRUSH IS CUT OFF LEVEL WITH THE GROUND, PILED AND CAREFULLY BURNED. 


IT IS SOAKED WITH 


KEROSENE ON WET DAYS. 


near-by towns and in years to come sit 
use for this purpose will be largely 
increased: It follows, as a matter of 
course, that the highly inflammable 
growth must be protected against fire 
and that this protection must be ex- 
tremely thorough. Fire must be pre- 
vented from starting, rather than fought 
after it has spread. 

All the land is in private ownership. 
This public park (which it is, in effect) 
is privately owned and is enjoyed by 
the people through the generosity of the 
owners. Thus, in many ways, the 
situation is complicated. 

The plan calls for a construction per- 
iod of three years, during which time 


forty miles of fire trails, numerous foot 
trails, a telephone system and several 
lookout stations are to be constructed. 
Within this period, also, the district 
to be protected must be thoroughly 
supplied with fire fighting tools and 
other necessary equipment. Last winter 
some thirteen miles of fire trails were 
completed. . These run, for the most 
part, either along the tops of the ridges 
or about a hundred feet below the 
crests on the leeward sides. In the 
latter cases the trails are “‘one way” 
fire trails, designed for the protection of 
towns or property threatened chiefly 
by fires which are almost certain to 
come from one direction only. As these 


| 
| 
! 
{ 


TACKLING TAMALPAIS 


trails are slightly below the tops of the 
ridges they are out of the prevailing 
winds, thus affording safe opportunity 
for backfiring and, in many instances, 
stopping the slow down-crawling fire 
without the assistance of back-fires. 
The trails vary in width from eight to 
thirty feet, depending upon the nature 
of the locality, the heighth of the brush, 
and the fire hazard. The brush is cut 
off level with the ground, piled and 
burned. For the present, at least, 
grubbing out the roots is too expensive 
and the new growth will have to be cut 
back every two years. The average cost 
has been $114 a mile. 

Fire fighting tools, brush hooks, 
shovels and axes, for a total of 600 men, 
are distributed in boxes located at con- 
venient points along the trails and 
roads. Each box, also, contains lanterns 
and five gallon water bags. 

Mounted patrolmen are employed 
during the dry season, from the middle 
of May to the first of November. These 
patrolmen are supported by numerous 
volunteer fire fighting forces with head- 
quarters at the little towns around the 
mountains. Each of these forces is 
thoroughly organized under definite and 
well understood leadership. There is 
in each instance a captain of fire fighters 
with a couple of assistants and squad 
leaders, and the commissary and other 
routine business of the organization is 
tended to by an agent who, in case of 
fire, sticks to his post in town and car- 
ries out instructions from the field. 
The leaders and agents, as well as the 
patrolmen, are deputy state fire wardens 
with power of arrest and authority to 
compel men to fight fire. 

As before mentioned, the prevention 
of fire is the most important and by far 
the most difficult job to be tackled by 
the association. Although the causes 
of fire are similar to those on the Na- 
tional Forests—matches, tobacco and 
camp fires—it should be remembered 
that there are a hundred people roam- 
ing about the Tamalpais country for 
every one on the National Forests. On 
Sundays and holidays it is not at all 
uncommon for 5,000 people to tramp 
over and camp upon a district not 
exceeding 10,000 acres, and as a part of 


891 


this throng is made up of the careless 
and irresponsible element from the 
city the fire risk on such days is ex- 
tremely high. To fight this condition 
a great deal of publicity has been given 
to the work, stress being laid upon how 
easy it is to prevent fires from starting 
and how difficult and costly to stop 
them after they have spread beyond 
the control of a few men. Thousands of 
fire warnings have been posted along 
the trails and at camp sites and these 
seem to have served a useful purpose. 
Here is one sample: 


Was your match coLp when you 
threw it away? 
LOOK BACK! 


Here is another warning which proved 
effective. 


DANGER! 
PREVENT FIRES 


"1. Break your match in two before 
you throw it away. 


2. Stamp out lighted tobacco before 
you leave tt. 


The camp fire nuisance has been well 
controlled through a system of permits. 
Fires are allowed at certain designated 
places only where the ground has been 
made as nearly fool-proof as possible, 
and even at these places camp fire per- 
mits are required. The public has not 
shown the slightest objection to such 
regulations. It is considered better 
policy to control the building of camp 
fires than to endeavor to prohibit them. 
General prohibition is both easily pro- 
claimed and quite impossible to enforce. 
Regulation is thoroughly _ effective. 
Moreover, there is no good reason why 
camp fires should not be permitted at 
certain locations and under suitable 
restrictions. Such a privilege adds 
greatly to the enjoyment of the park 
lands. 

The most interesting part of the 
associations’ work is the financial or- 


892 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


ADVERTISING FIRE PROTECTION WORK. 


A LARGE BULLETIN BOARD IS USED. 


ON THIS ARE TACKED MAPS OF THE TAMALPAIS 


REGION, PHOTOGRAPHS OF IT AND A VARIETY OF SAMPLE FIRE WARNINGS. 


ganization. The tracts of land in 
private ownership vary in size from a 
few acres to large estates of 12,000 acres 
and more. For the three year construc- 
tion period all the landowners are con- 
tributing on the basis of 10c per acre 
per year. The towns, which are vitally 
concerned from the standpoint of self- 
preservation, are subscribing largely 


according to their assessed valuations 
and the danger to which they are 
exposed. Lastly the public, enjoying 
the use of private lands as a public park, 
shares in the expense of protection 
through membership dues in the associa- 
tion. Eventually, if the organizaton is 
to be a permanent one, Marin County 
must cooperate financially by means of 


FIRE CONDITIONS IN CALIFORNIA 


a general tax levy, and in case the 
county does share the expense it is 
not at all unlikely that the State of 
California will become a partner in the 
‘work. A precedent for state coopera- 
tion has already been established in 
the admirable fire prevention organiza- 
tion of Los Angeles County. Moreover, 
the systematic protection of Tamalpais 
is much more than a local matter; it 
concerns both the state and the nation. 

The methods of fire prevention were 


893 


entirely successful during the dry season 
of 1914. Only eight fires occurred, and 
these were all in the grass country of 
the foot-hills, burning over but a few 
acres in each case. They were promptly 
tackled by the organized fire fighting 
forces and extinguished with practically 
no losses. Of course some fires must be 
expected in the future; but they should 
be limited to comparatively small areas 
and should be squelched without a 
rumpus. 


FIRE CONDITIONS IN CALIFORNIA 


By ALEXANDER W. Dopce, Deputy State Forester 


IRE conditions in California dur- 
Joi the past summer have not pre- 

sented a problem as difficult as the 

one dealt with in 1913. The fire 
season of 1913 was exceptionally severe; 
a great many large fires occasioned an 
enormous loss, namely $511,077.00, an 
amount far in excess of the financial Icss 
sustained during 1914. The total 
money loss, due to forest fires in Cali- 
fornia in 1914 is $179,025.75. Fires 
have been well reported on the National 
Forests and the United States Forest 
Service has devoted special attention 
to the prevention and suppression of 
forest fires this year. However, since a 
great many fires without the National 
Forests have occurred and have not been 
reported, owing to the inefficient system 
of voluntary fire-wardens, it is impos- 
sible to secure an accurate total. The 
figures of loss, then, during 1914, are 
necessarily incomplete for areas outside 
the Nationai Forests. 

During the year there have been 
comparatively few heavy winds, such as 
marked the summer months of 1913. 
Although the vegetation became dry, 
the atmosphere has been exceptionally 
cool and moist during the greater part 
of the summer. This, naturally, had 
its fortunate effect upon the number and 
seriousness of forest fires. The Federal 
Forest Service has given the fire situa- 
tion added consideration by maintaining 
extra fire patrols and forest guards. 
The State Forester, so far as his limita- 


tions would permit, has made every 
effort to reduce the fire damage by 
making forest fire prevention popular. 
There has been rigid prosecution of 
offenders against the State and Federal 
forest laws. Throughout the summer 
it has been proved that the damage 
actually done has been small in com- 
parison to the damage averted. The 
Sisson fire was controlled at an expense 
to the Forest Service of about $25,000.00. 
However, a great many thousand dollars 
worth of property would undoubtedly 
have been destroyed had the fire not 
been fought. Our inadequate state 
forest law handicaps the State Forester 
in handling just such fires. 

There were 1,971 forest fires reported 
in 1913 within the State, while the 
incomplete report for 1914 shows 1,330. 
Forest fires, since January, 1913, have 
caused the loss of four human lives in 
California. 

Forest fire conditions, outside the 
National Forests, are going to remain 
approximately the same, modified slight- 
ly each year by favorable or unfavorable 
weather conditions, until the State 
establishes and maintains an adequate 
protective policy. And this can be 
done only through proper legislation. 
The attempt to secure such legislation 
is constantly being made by promoters 
of an effective state forest law. In the 
past these efforts have been defeated by 
opposition based largely upon selfishness. 


THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


By E.ttwoop WILSON 


The on. Of > Daniels, Attorney 
General of the Province of Nova Scotia, 
is investigating the practicability of 
reforestation by planting in his Province 
and also the methods of fire protection 
in use in various sections with a view 
to improving local conditions. Since 
the survey made of the Forest Resources 
of Nova Scotia by Dr. Fernow in 1911 
there has been an awakening of public 
sentiment to the necessity of conserva- 
tion. The Maritime Provinces have 
been a little behind the others in this 
work and Nova Scotia is to be con- 
gratulated on making a start. 


Mr. G. C. Piché, Chief Forester of 
Quebec, with his Assistant, Mr. A. 
Bedard, have just issued as “Bulletin 
No. 2”’ a pamphlet entitled “‘ Etude sur 
les Forets de la Province de Quebec.”’ 
This is largely a compilation from the 
records and shows: the forested areas 
of the Province, the forested areas of 
the whole of Canada, the value of 
forest products by kinds for Canada, 
the areas privately owned and under 
license in Quebec, Quebec’s Forest 
Reserves, list of names of trees occurring 
in Quebec, in Latin, French and 
English, the total quantities of wood 
cut since 1871 and the revenue derived 
therefrom. There is also a table show- 
ing the number and species of all the 
trees on forty-five acres of land. 


894 


Mr. Alan Parlow, of the Canadian 
Society of Forest Engineers, has gone 
to England with the first Canadian 
Contingent. 


Owing to the urgent need of pit 
props, telephone and telegraph poles 
in England, the Quebec Government 
has removed the restriction which 
forbids the export of unmanufactured 
wood, insofar as it applies to these 
articles. 


The Quebec Government held a sale 
of timber lands to be operated under 
license on October 20th. 1,036 square 
miles were sold, mostly in small tracts, 
for an average price of $238.00 per 
square mile. 

The Forestry Department of the 
University of New Brunswick has 
opened the scholastic year under favor- 
able auspices, with about thirty-two 
students. Under Professor R. B. Miller, 
this Department has done excellent 
work, the graduates showing up well. 
Three are District Foresters in British 
Columbia. 


Professor W. N. Miller, formerly 
Inspector of Forest Reserves in the 
Dominion Forestry Service, has been 
appointed to succeed Mr. A. H. D. Ross 
as lecturer on Mensuration, Utilization 
and Protection. 


THE CANADIAN DEPARTMENT 


Mr J. .E..,Rothery;. of the ‘firm of 
Vitale & Rothery of New York, has 
just finished the field work of a survey 
and reconnaissance for the James 
McLaren Co. of Ottawa, covering 
about 2000 square miles.. 


The Forestry Work of the Canadian 
Pacific Railway, with Eastern Head- 
quarters in Montreal, has been trans- 
ferred from The Department of Natural 
Resources to that of Operating. This 
work is in charge of Mr. B. M. Winegar, 
who studied at the University of 
Michigan. 


Owing to the war it is probable that 
the Forestry Congress which was to 
have been called by the Premier Sir 
Robert L. Borden, in Ottawa in January, 
1915, will be postponed. 


All the lumber Companies in Eastern 
Canada are curtailing their cut some- 
what on account of the war. 


In common with the Pacific Western 
States, British Columbia experienced 
a very dry and bad fire season, the 
worst in many years. 

Figures so far available are as ieee 
Total area burned, over 300,000 acres; 
of this over 200,000 was old burn or 
slash. Nearly 50,000 acres was valuable 
second growth. Over 15,000 was mer- 
chantable timber. Over 60,000,000 F. 
B. M. merchantable timber was killed, 
of which over '/; is salvageable. Nearly 
400 miles of fire lines were built in 
fighting the different fires. The total 
number of fires was about 1500, of 
which over 400 cost money to extinguish. 
The total cost of fire fighting was 
approximately $100,000. 

In one big fire on the tributary of the 
Barriere River a whole train was 
chartered to carry fire fighters from 
Kamloops, the nearest town, to the 
scene of the fire. 

The figures above show that the 
expense of fire fighting has been great 
and that a large area has been burned 
over. The amount of merchantable 
timber destroyed is, however, compar- 
atively small, the chief damage being 


895 


young growth. A good deal of the area 
burned over was old logging slash and 
in many cases this is actually a benefit, 
since it removes a fire hazard and clears 
the ground for reproduction. 

The Northern limit of white pine in 
Interior British Columbia is at the 
headwaters of Sand Creek, a tributary 
of the Fraser River, near Tete Jaune 
Cache. The head of Sand Creek is 
near Albreda Summit, in the pass 
through which the C. N. P. Railway 
goes on its way from the Fraser River 
to the North Thompson River. 

A Forest Branch telephone, 65 miles 
in length, connecting a number of 
islands which are situated between 
Vancouver Island and the Mainland, 
has just been completed, and is working 
satisfactorily. It crosses three different 
channels (one of them being over 1000 
feet in depth, and all of them with swift 
tide current) by submarine cable, 
totalling in length 16,000 feet. These 
islands are central, in the zone of 
greatest logging activity on the British 
Columbian Coast. Besides rendering 
valuable service in fire protection and 
forest administration, this line gives 
connection through a Dominion Govern- 
ment telegraph line with Vancouver, 
the financial and supply centre, to a 
large number of logging operators. 

Another telephone. line, 120 miles 
long, has just been completed up the 
Columbia River, from Revelstoke North 
to the Big Bend of the Columbia, near 
the mouth, of Canoe River, a tributary. 
This portion of the Columbia lies in the 
Interior Wet Belt, where the timber, 
Douglas fir, cedar, hemlock, white pine, 
spruce and balsam, is second only to 
the Coast timber in size, quality, growth 
and stand per acre. A large amount of 
this timber is held privately under 
lease or license, and the balance is 
still the property of the Crown. This 
Interior’ Wet Belt type of timber 
extends Northerly up the Canoe River. 
The Forest Branch has already built 
a trail in the upper portion of the Canoe 
Valley, and it is planned eventually to 
complete the trail down to the Columbia, 
and to extend the telephone line up the’ 
Canoe. 


$96 


For quality, quantity and accessi- 
bility of pulp timber and for available 
water powers, British Columbia prob- 
ably stands first in the world. All 
along the Coast are vast quantities of 
hemlock, spruce and balsam, easily 
transportable to the many fine water 
powers to be found near saltwater in 
the numerous inlets. In the Northern 
Interior, in the upper water-sheds of 
tributaries of the Northern part of the 
Fraser River, and the other Northern 
Rivers, are to be found vast areas of 
spruce and balsam forests, while the 
mountain rivers afford numerous good 
sites for water powers. 


Bach year the Forest Branch is 
making fuller use of the Dominion 
Government telegraph stations, wireless 
and otherwise, both for administrative 
and fire protection work. Through 
cooperation with the Dominion Meteo- 
rological Service at Victoria, telegraphic 
weather reports have been received 
each day during the fire season from 
various stations throughout the Prov- 
ince. These reports, especially those 
from the Northern stations, have as- 
sisted in the forecasting of weather and 
enabled the Forest Officers to be notified 
in advance of dangerous dry winds. 
The reports were also transmitted to 
the U. S. Meteorological Service at 
Portland, and were utilized by the 
Western Forestry and Conservation 
Association in a similar manner. 


On the Yukon telegraph trail, away 
up North of Hazelton in the Groundhog 
country, the Forest Branch has seeded 
certain burned areas of Crown land to 
timothy and white clover, in order 
to furnish food for the horses of the 
Forest Guards. 


Pulp sales have recently been adver- 
tised under the authority given by the 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Forest Act offering somewhat over 200 
million feet of pulp timber for sale at 
upset prices ranging from 10 cents to 
25 cents: per thousand” feet, / Board 
Measure. 

This timber is comprised mainly of 
Western Hemlock, Balsam Fir and 
Sitka Spruce with an admixture of 
Douglas Fir and Cedar. The time 
allowed for the removal of the timber is 
30 years and for the first time in the 
history of Canada provision has been 
made for the readjustment of stumpage 
prices every five years for the last 
20 years of the term. This readjust- 
ment is based on the recent Royalty 
Act, which provides for a percentage 
increase on the increased cost of manu- 
facture of lumber over $18.00, the 
proportion increasing 25% in 1920 to 
40% in 1945. 


A cargo of 160,000 creosoted Douglas 
Fir Railway Ties was shipped last week 
by the Dominion Creosoting Company 
of Vancouver to the Bengal and North 
Western Railway Company at Calcutta. 

The Forest Branch was instrumental 
in obtaining this trial order for British 
Columbia and acted as inspectors for 
the Railway Company to see that their 
specifications were properly fulfilled. 
These specifications called for the best 
quality of Douglas Fir to be impregnated 
with 12 pounds of creosote per cubic 
foot. 


The Forest Branch is now negotiating 
with importers in the United Kingdom 
with a view to supplying quantities of 
mine props, which before the outbreak 
of European hostilities were obtained 
from the Baltic. Great Britain is a 
tremendous user of pit props and these 
can be produced in almost unlimited 
quantities at a very low figure in British 
Columbia, and it has been shown 
repeatedly that Douglas Fir is one of 
the best pit prop woods. 


Germans Protecting Trees 


It is said that the German invaders of Belgium, whatever else they may have destroyed, have 
been careful not to injure park trees. The cavalrymen, so a report goes, are forbidden to tie their 
horses to trees for fear that the animals will gnaw the bark. Germany was the first nation to apply 
forestry on a large scale, some of the crown forests having been under scientific management for 


over a hundred years. 


ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF WOOD 


TATISTICS have been compiled 
by the Forest Service which 
show for the first time precisely 
how the lumber produced in the 

country is utilized. About 45 billion 
feet of lumber of all kinds is the annual 
production in the United States; of 
this nearly 25 billion feet, board meas- 
ure, are further manufactured, the 
other portion remaining for rough con- 
struction lumber and for similar pur- 
poses. This is exclusive of material 
which reaches its final use in the form 
of fuel, railroad ties, posts, poles, pulp- 
wood, cooperage, wood distillates, and 
the barks and extracts demanded by the 
tanning industry. 

The work of collecting and compiling 
the figures extended over a consider- 
able period and was carried out State 
by State; but as one full year was made 
the basis of statistics in each State, the 
total is a fair average of the use of lum- 
ber in further manufacture in the whole 
country. Between 50 and 60 per cent 
of the lumber produced is subject to 
further manufacture. In preparing the 
figures in this way, however, it should 
be remembered that considerable mate- 
rial reaches shops and factories in the 
form of logs, bolts, and billets without 
having passed through sawmills, and 
while this material is included in these 
statistics this fact should be remem- 
bered in comparing statistics with those 
of lumber production. 

Nearly or quite 100 different woods 
are used in this country under their 
own names, while an unknown number 
find their way to shops and factories 
without being identified or separately 
listed, except under general names. In 
quantity the softwoods, the needle-leaf 
or coniferous trees, are most important, 
but there is a greater number of species 
among the hardwoods, or broadleaf 
trees. Yellow pine comes first with 
more than 8 billion feet, followed by 
white pine with 3 billion, and Douglas 
fir with a little more than 2 billion. It 
should be understood, however, that the 
term “yellow pine” includes several 
species the three most important of 
which are longleaf, shortleaf and lob- 


lolly. Oak, including all species, has 
nearly 2 billion feet, and is the most 
important hardwood. Maple comes 
next. 

Dogwood comes about halfway down 
the list with more than 7 million board 
feet, and of those species mentioned 
Turkish boxwood comes last, with less 
than 30 thousand feet, followed by 
many others too insignificant to list but 
making a total of all kinds of more than 
a million feet. Of the native species, 
laurel, holly and yucca fall very near 
the foot of the list in relative quanti- 
ties used. 

Fifty-five principal industries use 
wood as raw material. Their relative 
importance is hard to indicate, because 
quantity alone is not in all cases a cri- 
terion of value of an industry to the 
community in which it is situated, nor 
to the country as a whole. 

More than one-half of the total con- 
sumption consists of planing mill prod- 
ucts, the largest items of which are 
flooring, siding, ceiling, and finishing. 
The next industry, in point of quantity 
of wood used, is the manufacture of 
boxes and crates. Nearly four times as 
much wood is demanded by makers of 
boxes and crates, as by the builders of 
steam and electric cars, which come 
next, and five fold the amount that goes 
into furniture, which in turn leads 
vehicle manufacture. Vehicles demand 
surprisingly large supplies of wood, and 
much of it must be of a high class in 
order to meet requirements for frames, 
gears, and bodies. 

Chairs, listed separately from furni- 
ture, come after novelties and supplies 
for dairymen, poultry keepers, and 
apiarists and just before handles and 
musical instruments. About midway 
iown the list come pumps and wood 
pipes. Among the products important 
enough to list separately are canes and 
umbrella sticks, brooms, firearms, arti- 
ficial limbs, and tobacco pipes. 

The apportionment of wood among 
the various industries grades from 
planing mill products, which take most, 
down to aeroplanes and dry kilns, at the 
bottom of the list. 

897 


EDITORIAL 


HE belief of the Germans in the 

| necessity for conservation of the 

forests is evidently inherited by 

Germans and their descendants 

in this country, for we find, in an ad- 

dress by Leo Stern, an officer of the Na- 

tional German American Alliance, de- 

livered at Milwaukee in November, this 
paragraph :— 

‘““At every one of its meetings the 
National German American Alliance 
has heard the subject of forestry dis- 
cussed by experts, and it has year after 
year adopted strong resolutions by 
unanimous vote in support of forest 
preservation and reforestation. On this 
question the Wisconsin alliance, which 
represents 50,000 citizens of the State, 
stands shoulder to shoulder with the 
national body.”’ 

It is gratifying to know that this 
statement was made before the members 
of the Wisconsin joint legislative com- 
mittee on forestry, and it should give the 
members of this committee food for 


thought. Even if some of them, as is 
doubtless true, have no knowledge of 
the forest needs of the state, even if 
they have an ingrained dislike for 
anything that savors of conservation, 
they cannot overlook the fact that some 
50,000 voters of the state feel regarding 
forest conservation as Mr. Stern says 
they do. We opine that there is no 
member of the Wisconsin legislature so 
heedless of his own political future as to 
fail to give some consideration to the 
wishes of 50,000 voters. There are 
also many other thousands of voters of 
Wisconsin who are not members of the 
National German American Alliance 
and who feel just as strongly regarding 
the preservation of the state forests as 
do the aforementioned 50,000. 

What great good might be done the 
cause if many other organizations would 
also, year after year, pass strong 
resolutions in support of forest preserva- 
tion and reforestation. 


EXAS has joined the several 
| other states which are demand- 
ing from their Legislatures, which 
meet early in, the year, the 
passage of a law creating a state 
department of forestry and the em- 
ployment of a non-political state 
forester who shall be supplied with a 
sufficient appropriation to do  satis- 
factory work. It is significant that the 
demand for such a forestry law came 
first from the lumbermen of the state. 
This is an. evidence of the value of 
898 


publicity in the cause of forest conserva- 
tion. Not so many years ago it was 
practically impossible to find any num- 
ber of lumbermen favoring the conserva- 
tion of the forests. Now a large per- 
centage of them realize the absolute 
necessity of it, and many of them are 
among the most enthusiastic members 
of the American Forestry Association 
and various other organizations devoted 
to securing the perpetuation of the 
forests. 


EDITORIAL, 


In Texas the lumbermen have already 
passed resolutions calling upon the 
members of the next Legislature to give 
earnest consideration to a forestry bill 
and now they are aiding in the organiza- 
tion of a State Forestry Association, 
the special object of which is to work 
for state conservation. In Texas the 
productive timber area amounts to 
about 17,000,000 acres, or more than 
three times the total area of Mass- 
achusetts. In recent years timber has 
been so lavishly cut in the state that the 
extinction of the lumber industry was 
in sight, and none realized it better than 
some of the leading lumbermen there. 
Another danger has already been ex- 
perienced, the increase in the number 
and the destructiveness of river floods 
owing to the excessive cutting of trees 
in the river bottom lands and on the 
watersheds. 

A state forestry law would provide 
for replanting and the encouragement 
of reforestation on such areas and this 
would in some years largely prevent 


899 


the damage that is now likely to be done 
each year. The proposed State Board 
of Forestry will, if created, formulate 
plans for carrying on practical forestry 
throughout the state and will exercise 
supervision of all matters of forest 
policy and protection. 

An important feature of the work 
would be the protection afforded against 
forest fires by systemized fire patrol 
work, and the education of the public 
in ways and means to guard against 
such fires. The Federal Government 
would also cooperate with the state 
in this fire protective work. At present 
only three Southern states, Kentucky, 
Maryland and West Virginia are receiv- 
ing such cooperation. 

An effort will be made to secure an 
appropriation of $20,000 to carry on 
this state forestry work. It is expected 
that a state forest reserve will be 
established in east Texas and one in 
west Texas and perhaps a national 
forest reserve in central Texas. 


ALHOUN COUNTY, Mich- 
igan, is to follow the example 
of other counties in various 
states and attempt roadside 

planting of trees for the dual purpose 
of beautifying the roads and also of 
protecting them, for such trees not only 
serve as windshields and minimize the 
effect of winds blowing off the loose 
surface but they also add to the life of 
roads by aiding to retain in them neces- 
sary moisture. Calhoun County, how- 
ever, has gone a step farther than most 
others in deciding to plant fruit trees 
instead of shade trees, with the Utopian 
notion that when the trees bear fruit 
the fruit may be sold and the money 
thus derived be used in the up keep of 


the road. The projectors of this plan 
say that it is eminently practical and 
we hope that it will prove so. There 
are 112 miles of road in the county and 
if the trees planted along these bear 
fruit the small boys of the county will 
certainly be in hearty favor of the idea. 
Whether enough fruit to sell is obtained 
from these trees however is not of prime 
importance, the fact remains that trees 
are to be planted and the road and the 
county residents both benefited. Per- 
haps the day will come when most of the 
roads throughout the country will be 
bordered by trees, and everybody will 
wonder why in the name of all that is 
sensible, it was not always so. 


PROGRESSIVE citizen of Rock- 
ford, Illinois, G. J. Boehland, is 
good enough to advise the Amer- 
ican Forestry Association of 

the success of a plan he had for inspiring 
in the school children of Winnebago 
County, in which Rockford is situated, 
aloveoftrees. Last spring he presented 


to each pupil in the city, county, and 
parochial schools a young tree to be 
planted wherever the children liked, 
and to each school a large tree to be 
planted in its playground. A total of 
11,800 trees were thus given away by 
Mr. Boehland and now, six months 


after, he takes pride in reporting that a 


900 


large percentage of the trees are growing 
and are hardy while many of the 
children have become so interested that 
_ they have acquired more or less knowl- 
edge of trees, how to care for them, 
and their uses. It is now proposed to 
continue this good work next spring. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


What would it not mean if one 
citizen in each city and town in the 
United States showed a similar interest. 


in encouraging, in such an essentially 


practical way, a love of trees in the 
growing generation. 


BLE men the country over are 
aptly saying that one effect of 
the war upon the citizens of the 
United States will be to add to 

their belief in conservation. It has 
already developed, close observers of 
the general situation say, a noticeable 
trend toward appreciation of the value 
of conserving our resources, financial, 
and otherwise; to restricting extrava- 
gance in the use of commodities and 
in the pursuit of pleasures and frivoli- 
ties; and to inspiring a desire for thrift. 
All of this will be beneficial. It will aid 
in a further realization of how foolishly 
and how recklessly various natural re- 


Canada and Mexico. 


for various positions. 


1 hme me fh me Fm ff i 1 


NH | Hl | | | | | | | | | | | || | HN | HH 


A Forester’s Directory 


The American Forestry Association wishes to compile and to keep up 
to date, a directory of foresters, in the United States, its possessions, 


This will be of considerable benefit to the members of the profession, 
as the Association is frequently asked for information concerning the 
whereabouts of foresters, and is also often asked to recommend foresters 


The American Forestry Association therefore requests each forester, 
whether he is a member of the Association or not, to send his full name, 
address, name of school or schools of which he is a graduate, and the 
feature, if any particular one, of his profession, in which he specializes. 

This directory will be kept up to date from year to year, and will be 
available for any inquirers at any time. 


sources have been wasted in years past; 
and will add strength to the movement 
to take proper care of what is left. 

When the war ends greater exporta- 
tion of timber than ever before is 
expected. | There will therefore be 
greater cutting of our forests. This 
again calls attention to the need of 
closer utilization in logging and manu- 
facturing, to the need of still better 
forest fire protection; to the encourage- 
ment of forest planting where practi- 
cable, and to every measure calculated 
to aid in the production of timber as a 
crop. 


5 fh ef] ff ft 1 | || || ff Hf} ff] mf ff se 


Fe Ff 1 Nh A NF Hf | fh fH | | | 


Uses of Apple Wood 


Apple wood, used almost exclusively for saw handles, also furnishes the material for many 
so-called brier-wood pipes and particularly for the large wooden type used in printing signs and 


posters 


Boxwood Expensive 


One of the most expensive woods used regularly in an established industry in the United 


States is boxwood, the favorite material for wood engraving. 


It has been quoted at four cents a 


cubic inch, and about $1,300 by the thousand board feet. 


FORESIZNOTES 


Bristow Adams, whofor some years 
has done excellent work in the Depart- 
ment of Information of the Forest Ser- 
vice, has resigned to take charge of 
a new department at Cornell Univer- 
sity. He leaves the Forest Service on 
December 10, much to the regret of 
his associates there and of the many 
others who have so greatly appreciated 
his services whenever information was 
sought from his department. Huis work 
for the Service resulted in it getting 
widespread and very valuable publicity 
and aided materially in creating in the 
public mind a knowledge and an appre- 
ciation of what the Service is doing. 
His new work at Cornell will be upon 
somewhat similar lines. The University 
wishes to have a well organized bureau 
for general publicity and for furnishing 
the information for which its different 
branches are requested and Mr. Adams 
was asked by former assistant secretary 
of Agriculture Galloway, now head of 
the Agricultural Department at Cornell, 
to undertake the organization of such a 
bureau and to assume charge of it. 
While his many friends in the Service 
will regret losing him he takes with him 
their very best wishes for even greater 
success than he has already achieved. 

What Chief Forester Henry S. Graves 
thinks of Mr. Adams’ service is evident 
by his letter to Mr. Adams. He says:— 

“It is a very great regret to me to 
learn that you are going to leave the 
Forest Service. JI appreciate your posi- 
tion and under the circumstances could 
not expect you to do otherwise than you 
are doing. My regret is based entirely 
on the loss to us of your services. You 


have created a place for yourself in our 
organization which will be very difficult 
to fill. Your contribution to the work 
has been a large one and it has been a 
contribution which I very deeply appre- 
ciate. Especially do I appreciate the 
loyal service that you have rendered to 
us and the way in which you have 
devoted your strength to the work, 
always with the single thought of the 
advancement of the interests of the 
service. In. leaving us you may be 
sure that you carry with you both our 
grateful appreciation of your past work 
and very best wishes for success in your 
new enterprise.”’ 


The Bureau of Insular Affairs of the 
War Department has received a cable- 
gram from Manila, Philippine Islands, 
advising that the date for the opening 
of bids at the Bureau of Forestry in 
Manila for a concession covering the 
large forest known as the Tayabas- 
Camarines tract has been changed from 
November 14, 1914, to January 14, 
1915. 


A reforestation project is now under 
way in Muskegon County, Michigan, 
where 10,000 Norway and white pine 
will be planted on each of three tracts 
of land owned by John W. Wilson, 
Frank C. Whitney and F. S. Jacks, who 
in conjunction with Prof. C. A. Tyler, 
of the Michigan Agricultural College, 
have decided that it will pay them to 
reforest their unoccupied lands. 


State Surveyor Samuel Higgins, of 
Roscommon, Michigan, has made pre- 
901 


902 AMERICAN 
liminary preparations for the reforesta- 
tion of fifty-five 40-acre tracts of land 
located in Presque Isle County, Michi- 
gan. Sites for buildings necessary dur- 
ing the reforestation work have been 
selected and buildings are under way. 
Included will be a boarding house large 
enough for twenty men, the number to 
be employed in the work. Each forty 
will be planted with Norway, white and 
Russian pine as the chief varieties. 
Trees will be planted 5 feet apart and 
each tract will be protected from fire 
by a 16-foot clearance and in addition 
there will be a watch tower. The job 
represents the largest reforestation pro- 
ject yet undertaken in the State. 


General education work in forestry 
is being carried on again this season by 
the New York State College of For- 
estry among High Schools, Granges, 
Men’s and Women’s Clubs and other 
organizations throughout the State of 
New York. This work is done with 
the idea that in spite of all the propa- 
gandist work that has been done in 
forestry in this country the man on the 
street is still quite ignorant of forest 
conditions and forest needs. In the 
winter of 1913-14 the College sent its 
foresters into 235 communities speaking 
to over 60,000 people. Already the 
present season the College has received 
applications from 142 organizations 
such as Granges, High Schools, Men’s 
Clubs, Commercial Clubs, etc. At the 
present time from two to three counties 
are being made each week and foresters 
are talking to from 50 to 500 people at 
a lecture. During the week beginning 
November 16th, Professor R. P. Prich- 
ard gives illustrated addresses before four 
schools and granges in Erie County; 
Professor W. A. McDonald talks to 
three schools and a large Y. M.C. A. in 
Clinton county; Mr. Shirley W. Allen 
speaks before five High Schools in 
Westchester County. 


In the national forests of District 4 of 
the Forest Service comprising parts of 
Utah, Wyoming, Nevada and Arizona, 
the 1914 forest fire season is practically 
ended. 


PORES ERY, 


The total of 399 fires this* year is 
fifteen greater than in 1910, although 
the cost of extinguishing them was only 
one-third, and the total damage caused 
only 3'/;% of that of the great fire year. 
In 1910, of a total of 384 fires, 237, or 
62%, caused a damage of less than $100, 
while 38%, or 147, each burned property 
worth $100 or more. This season the 
number of fires whose damage was less 
than $100 was 9216%, only 30 fires, or 
744% of the total, doing a damage 
greater than $100. 

Seventy per cent of the fires occurred 
on the Idaho, Boise, Challis, Payette, 
Salmon, Targhee and Weiser Forests, 
lying in the main, in an east and west 
belt across central Idaho on the northern 
border of District 4, and 95% of the 
total expenditure for fires was incurred 
on these forests. 

The timber destroyed was greatest 
on the Idaho, twenty million feet on 
15,900 acres, and second greatest on the 
Salmon with 2,164,000 board feet, the 
acreage of timber land burned over on 
this forest being 10,818 acres. 

The Supervisor of the Palisade speaks 
of the headway gained in coping with 
fires by use of automobiles, which in 
each case this year not only proved 
cheaper, counting the time of the men 
transported, than horse equipment, but 
of course contributed in a greater way in 
facilitating an earlier attack on the fire. 
This forest is surrounded by an unusual 
number of ranches and irrigated and dry 
farms, and the Supervisor states that 
he or District rangers were notified 
by from five to ten different persons of 
each fire, which shows the deep interest 
and splendid cooperation of the citizens 
generally toward the suppression of fires. 


Upon the invitation of Hon. Frank L. 
Moore of Watertown, N. Y., President 
of the Empire State Forest Products 
Association, and also President of the 
American Paper and Pulp Association, 
the State College of Forestry at Syracuse 
developed for the annual meeting of the 
Empire State Forests Products Associa- 
tion at Utica on November 12th a very 
complete exhibit showing various kinds 
of timber preservation and the various 
materials used in preservation. This 


FOREST 


exhibit attracted such favorable atten- 
tion that the Association adopted a 
resolution commending the exhibit. 
Special exhibits of unusual interest 
were obtained from the U. S. Forest 
Products Laboratory at Madison, Wis., 
from the New York Central, the Erie, 
the Lackawanna and Pennsylvania rail- 
roads, the Barrett Manufacturing Com- 
pany, the Eppinger & Russell Company, 
the Grasselli Chemical Company and the 
U. S. Wood Preserving Company and 
others. At the close of the meeting 
this exhibit was transferred to Syracuse 
where it will be displayed for a week in 
the rooms of the Technology Club of 
Syracuse. 


Prof. R. R. Chaffee, of the Pennsyl- 
vania State College Department of 
Forestry, has undertaken a shingle ex- 
periment which he is desirous to have 
show two things, first, the durability of 
different kinds of shingle nails and in 
turn the increased life of the shingle, 
second, the chemical effects of the nail 
upon the shingle, and a thing of perhaps 
minor consideration, that of careful 
nailing, paying particular attention to 
the number of nails to the shingle and 
the total number of nails to each hun- 
dred square feet. He already has one 
roof, with a north and a south exposure, 
laid with western Red Cedar shingles, 
using five different kinds of nails, 
namely, pure copper, pure zinc, zinc- 
clad nails, the ordinary wire shingle 
nail, and the blue-cut nail. He is 
making arrangements to lay another 
roof with both Red Cedar and Cypress 
and introducing two other kinds of 
shingle nails, namely, copper-coated 
and lead-coated nails. He is making 
as thorough an investigation as possible 
of the nails from different companies, 
paying particular attention to zinc- 
coated nails and using in this connection 
both the Preece copper sulphate im- 
mersion test and the caustic soda test 
for determining thickness of coat and 
the thoroughness of application. Mr. 
J. R. Morehead, Secretary of the South- 
western Lumbermen’s Association, has 
been of material assistance in furnishing 
material and information. He, for a 
long time, has been trying to find a 


NOTES 903 
better shingle nail. It is extremely 
foolish to use a five-year nail in putting 
on a thirty-year shingle. 


President Henry. Landes, of the 
University of Washington, in his yearly 
report of the institution recommends 
the establishment of a complete forest 
products laboratory at the State Uni- 
versity. This recommendation will be 
presented to the legislature at the 
session this winter. An estimate of 
$50,000 is made of the cost of the 
establishment of such a laboratory. 


W. W. Colton Forest Commissioner 
of West Newton, Mass., writes: ‘‘The 
principal: forestry problem facing us 
here is the controlling of the Gypsy and 
Brown Tail Moth pest. We have an 
area of 18 square miles, all of which is 
fairly well settled, Newton being a 
wealthy residential section near Boston. 
We are confronted with a large number 
of small areas of woodland which are, 
unfortunately for us, made up mostly of 
oak growth, this oak growth being the 
choicest food plant of the gypsy and 
brown tail moths which naturally makes 
it much harder to care for. Most of 
these groves surround beautiful resi- 
dences, making it particularly essential 
that they be properly cared for and pre- 
served. Where it is possible, these 
groves are thinned and the production 
of more resistant species encouraged. 
The remainder are cared for by the 
usual methods of winter treatment of 
egg clusters and spring and summer 
spraying with arsenate of lead. The 
city owns and operates seven high- 
power sprayers, one small power sprayer 
and ten barrel sprayers. The past 
summer we used forty tons of arsenate 
of lead in our spraying operations. The 
flight of brown tail moths this summer 
was very light in Newton as a conse- 
quence of which we have very little 
work to be done on this pest this 
winter. The gypsy moth is about the 
same as usual, being scarce when thor- 
ough spraying was done and plentiful 
where the work was neglected. It is 
probable that by the end of December 
we will have expended $39,000 for the 
suppression of these pests alone.” 


904 AMERICAN 


Fire protective work in Kentucky 
has been very greatly strengthened this 
fall. At the present time there are four 
district fire wardens, three in the East- 
ern part of the State and one in the 
Western part of the State. In addition 
to the federal patrolmen this fall, it 
has been found possible to appoint 
twelve State wardens so that the in- 
tensity of patrol is very greatly in- 
creased. Also in a limited number of 
counties in Western Kentucky wardens 
have been placed. Heretofore, all the 
fire protection has been confined to the 
Eastern section of the State. A fire map 
of Kentucky and a Manual of instruc- 
tions to the wardens is in the process of 
preparation. An additional forest nur- 
sery has been established at Frankfort 
on a small scale this fall and the State 
nursery at Louisville has been very 
materially increased in size. During 
the summer just passed, an extensive 
water work system has been placed in 
the nursery at Louisville and a build- 
ing has been erected for storing seed 
and handling trees for shipment. The 
nursery at Louisville promises to be 
considerable of a show place at no 
distant future date, since it is on the 
Western Parkway which is one of the 
links in the system of boulevards 
surrounding Louisville. The nursery 
grounds are adjacent to a similar area 
deeded to the Federal Government for 
the purpose of a fish hatchery and every 
effort will be made to make both the 
State nursery and the federal fish 
hatchery attractive points of interest in 
Louisville. 


The New York State Forestry Asso- 
ciation organized at Syracuse in Jan- 
uary, 1913, has made rapid growth dur- 
ing the two years of its existence and 
now has over 500 members from every 
section of the State and from many 
states outside of New York. It will 
hold its Third Annual Meeting in Con- 
vention Hall in Rochester in January, 
1915, and it is expected to have leading 
foresters and naturalists from all parts 
of the country on its program. The 
evening meeting will be given up to 
informal addresses and moving pictures 


FORESTRY 


showing woods operations, activities of 
forest schools and the life of the for- 
ester. 


The Department of Agriculture has 
undertaken the investigation of a serious 
disease which is affecting the Rocky 
Mountain bighorn sheep and the moun- 
tain goats, and is reported as existing 
on the Lemhi National Forest in Idaho. 

The forest officers think that it is 
the same disease that caused the 
mountain sheep to die in great numbers 
during 1882-3. The nature of the 
disease is not known, though it results 
fatally and sheep affected with it seem 
to have rough and mangy coats and are 
very much emaciated. Three bureaus 
of the department are engaged in the 
study—the biological survey, bureau 
of animal industry, and the forest 
service. A competent veterinarian has 
already gone to Idaho to start the work. 

Very little actual loss from forest fires 
has occurred on the Michigan State 
Forests during the past season. With 
each year’s added improvements along 
protective lines the facilities for handling 
fires promptly and effectively are in- 
creased and the chances of serious dam- 
age from this source are proportionately 
reduced. The forests are now better 
equipped than ever against the inroads 
of fires. 

The improvements made this summer 
include the erection of steel lookout 
towers, and the construction of telephone 
lines, bridges, roads, and fire lines. 
Seven lookout towers are now in use on 
the various State Forests, and to afford 
communication between these towers 
and headquarters thirty-two miles of 
telephone lines were built. The system 
of fire lines on each of the Forests was 
considerably extended this year, a total 
of seventy-seven miles of new lines 
having been added. The total mileage 
of fire lines on all of the Forests is now 
something over two hundred miles. 

This year Michigan was added to the 
list of those States receiving Federal 
aid in fire protection under the provi- 
sions of the Weeks Law. Asum notto 
exceed $5000 to be used in defraying 
the salaries of the Federal patrolmen 


FOREST 


was allotted to this State. This co- 
operative fund made possible the addi- 
tion of nine men to the State’s patrol 
force, four of the Federal patrolmen 
being stationed in the Upper Peninsula 
and five in the Lower Peninsula. 
Owing to delay in getting the work 
started, only a portion of the cooperative 
fund will be used. 


The New York State College of For- 
estry at Syracuse University is the 
first College in the country to employ 
a full Professor to devote all his time to 
Forest Entomology and another to 
give all of his time to Forest Zoology. 
This is believed to be prophetic of the 
time when these subjects will be recog- 
nized as of large importance in For- 
estry and when they will receive the 
attention which has long been given to 
them in Europe. This action on the 
part of the College is in line with its 
efforts to make it possible for men to 
specialize through the four years of 
work in Forest Entomology and Zoology. 


The Department of Forestry of Pena- 
sylvania State College arranged an 
exhibition for the Forestry Section of 
the Agricultural School held November 
13 and 14 which had two distinct 
features, Farm Forestry and Utilization. 
For the first, there was demonstrated 
the preparation of a farm nursery even 
to the germination, the growing seed- 
lings, the transplants, and planting out. 
A miniature creosoting model suitable 
for farm purposes and growth figures 
for growing fence posts constituted the 
rest of the Farm Forestry Exhibit. 
For Utilization there was a fine exhibit 
of Hemlock, using the tape method of 
following out the products from the 
different parts of the tree. The school 
showed Utilization of practically every- 
thing that goes to the mill and including 
the waste in the woods. The Central 
Pennsylvania Lumber Company, the 
Oak Tanning Company, the Bayless 
Paper and Pulp Company, the Standard 
Wood Company and Wheeler and 
Dusenbury, all of Pennsylvania, and 
the Northern Hemlock and Hardwood 
Association through Mr. R. S. Kellogg, 


NOTES 


905 


helped{to make this a success. Other 
features of the Exhibit were Hickory 
and Birch Utilization. 


Ch. Guengerich, of Joplin, Missouri, 
writes: ‘‘I read with great interest the 
article on Roadside Tree law in your 
September number. Formerly our Board 
paid attention to trees along our roads 
by planting and trimming, but telephone 
and power lines destroyed so many trees 
that we gave up in despair. At the 
last session of the Legislature we tried 
for a law restricting the use of highway 
right of way by these pole lines to the 
north and east side of roads, since we 
have to have these lines, and shade on 
the south and west sides would be most 
desirable. We aim to try again this 
year for such a law.” 


The settlement and development of 
the west does not appear to have greatly 
reduced the number of animals which 
prey upon domestic live stock, and the 
loss from that source alone runs into the 
millions of dollars each year. Within 
the forests, however, the number of 
domestic animals killed has been ap- 
preciably reduced by the campaign 
against wild animals waged by the 
officers of the Forest Service. During 
the past eight years forest officers have 
killed over thirty-five thousand preda- 
tory animals, consisting of coyotes, 
wolves, bear, mountain lion, wild cats, 
lynx, etc: 


The State Board of Trade of West 
Virginia at its last meeting passed a 
resolution favoring the passage of legis- 
lation for forest conservation and in- 
structing the committee on Develop- 
ment and Protection of State Resources 
to draft such legislation as it may deem 
desirable to aid in securing the passage 
of suitable forestry legislation by the | 
next Legislature. 


One of two features of special interest 
in the course in Lumbering this year 
in the Department of Forestry at the 
Pennsylvania State College is the intro- 
duction of a current event day each 
week at which time each member of the 


906 AMERICAN 


class discusses or presents the articles of 
interest in one of the lumber journals 
which has been assigned to him for an 
entire month. In this way he becomes 
quite intimately acquainted with the 
leading lumber journals of the world. 
The other feature is Pacific Logging 
Congress Day, held on November 19, at 
which time each man presented, with 
the aid of the stereopticon, one of the 
articles given at the last annual session 
of the Pacific Logging Congress. 


The American Road Congress in its 
session at Atlanta, Ga., recently adopted, 
among other resolutions, the following: 

“That the Federal Government be 
urged to build highways across all 
Indian and Forest Reservations and 
all other Federalized areas where such 


FORESTRY 


connecting links are essential parts of 
established through routes of travel.’ 


The fifth annual meeting of the North 
Carolina Forestry Association will be 
held at Raleigh, N. C., on Wednesday, 
January 13, and a number of speakers 
have been assigned subjects of import- 
ance to the well-developed forest 
conservation movement in the State. 


Forest students will be interested in 
learning that the members of -the 
Forestry Club of the Forestry Depart- 
men} of the Iowa State College at 
Ames, Iowa, have adopted an official 
shirt, a dark grey stag shirt with the 
Forest Service emblem and the class 
numerals. 


ARBORIST—FORESTER 


By ALFRED GASKILL 


HIS is a plea for the revival of an 

| expressive old English term. As 
everybody knows a widespread 
interest in tree culture has pro- 

duced a class of workers who give 
special attention to shade and orna- 
mental trees. In many directions, 
especially through organized municipal 
activities, this field is broadening. 
Those men who as skilled foresters are 
engaged in it undoubtedly have a right 
to the title despite the character of 
their work, but the term city forester, 
or even forester as applied to one who 
cares for individual trees, is a misnomer. 
The terms tree warden, tree doctor, tree 
surgeon are equally unsatisfactory be- 


Changes of Address 


Members of the American Forestry Association are requested to send 
notification of any change in address so that the AMERICAN FORESTRY 
MaGazINnE and other mail will not be delayed in reaching them. 

Such notices are desired before the 25th of each month so that the 
address may be changed for the monthly mailing of the magazine. 


cause they usually are connected with 
artisans rather than with professionals. 

As a substitute for all these faulty 
terms the simple, descriptive, thoroughly 
established word arborist is suggested. 
It is found in all the standard dictionar- 
ies, has been used for years where tree 
culture, as distinguished from forest 
culture, is practiced, and satisfies an 
actual, present need. 

It is scarcely necessary to add that 
arborists and arboriculture are as worthy 
and as important as forestry and silvi- 
culture. There is no question of inferior 
and superior. The proposition is made 
solely that we may have a means of 
indicating succinctly the line of work in 
which a specialist is particularly active. 


CURRENT ERATURE 


MONTHLY LIST FOR NOVEMBER, 1914. 


(Books and periodicals indexed in the Library 
of the United States Forest Service.) 


Forestry as a Whole. 


Manuals of forestry 


Moon, Frederick Franklin, and Brown, Nelson 
Courtlandt. Elements of forestry. 392 
p. il., tables, maps. New York, J. 
Wiley & Sons, 1914. 


Proceedings and reports of associations, forest 
officers, etc. 


India-Bengal-Forest dept. Annual progress 
report on forest administration for the 
year 1912-13. 48 p. Maps. Calcutta, 
1913. 

Royal Scottish arboricultural society. 
actions, vol. 28, pt. 2. 278 p. pl. 
burgh, 1914. 


Trans- 
Edin- 


Forest Education. 


Exhibitions 
North Carolina—Geologial and economic sur- 


vey. Children’s forestry exhibits at 
county fairs. 3p. 23cm. Chapel Hill, 
N. C., 1914. (Press bulletin 131.) 


Forest Legislation. 


Kalbfus, Joseph, ed. Commonwealth of Penn- 
sylvania; digest of the game, fish and 
forestry laws, 1913. 320 p. Harrisburg, 
Rael ON3s 

Louisiana—Legislature. Conservation laws of 
Louisiana as applied to mines and minerals, 
forests, birds, game and _ fur-bearing 
animals, fresh water fish, sea food and 
water bottoms, comp. 1914-15. 172 p. 
New Orleans, 1914. 

Maine—Forest commission. Maine forestry 
district: law creating fire district, instruc- 
tions to wardens, list of wardens ap- 
pointed, ete, 1914. 53 p. Augusta, 
1914. 


Forest Description. 


Silcox, F. A. The resources and opportunities 
of the forests of Montana. 15 p. il. 
Missoula, Mont., Dept. of agriculture and 
publicity, 1914. 


Forest Botany. 


Trees: classification and description 


Arnold arboretum. Bulletin of popular infor- 
mation, no. 63. p. Jamaica Plain, 
Mass., 1914. 

Maiden, J. H. Forest flora of New South 
Wales, pt. 54. 22p. pl. Sydney, N.S. 
W., Govt. printer, 1914. 

Saunders, Charles S. With the trees and 
flowers in California. 286p. pl. N. Y., 
McBride, Nast and Co., 1914. 


Silvics. 
Ecology 
Shreve, Forrest. A montane rain-forest; a 
contribution to the physiological plant 
geography of Jamaica. 110 p. pl., map, 
diagrs. Wash., D. C., Carnegie institu- 
tion, 1914. 


Studies of species 

Hanzlik, Edward J. & Oakleaf, Howard B. 
Western hemlock; its forest characteristics, 
properties and uses. [9] p. il. Portland, 
Oreg., The Timberman, 1914. 


Forest experiment stations 


Schweizerische centralanstalt ftir das forstliche 
versuchswesen. Mitteilungen, v. 11, no. 1. 
148 p. il. Zurich, 1914. 


Silviculture. 


Planting 


Case, Gerald O. Coast sand dunes, sand spits 
and sand wastes. 162 p. il., pl. London, 
St. Bride’s Press, 1914. 

New Zealand—Dept. of lands and survey. 
Report on state nurseries and plantations 
for the year 1913-14. 47 p. pl., maps. 
Wellington, 1914. 

North Carolina—Geological and economic 
survey. Preventing erosion in Piedmont 
drainage districts. 5 p. Chapel Hill, 
N. C., 1914. (Press bulletin 133.) 


Forest Protection. 


General 


North Carolina—Geological and economic 
survey. Can Mt. Mitchell’s spruce forests 
be saved. 4p. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1914. 
(Press bulletin 135.) 


Forest fires 

Holmes, J. S. Forest fires in North Carolina 
during 1913 and state forest fire preven- 
tionin the United States. 82p. Raleigh, 
N.C., 1914: (N. C.—Geological and econ- 
omic survey. Economic paper no. 37.) 


Forest Engineering. 
Surveying and mapping 
Robinson, R. L. Notes on Kerry woods, 
illustrating methods of collecting and 
utilizing information for a forest survey. 


64 p. pl. London, Board of agriculture 
and fisheries, 1912. 


Forest Utilization. 


Lumber industry 


Foster, J. H. Marketing white pine in New 
Hampshire with preliminary suggestions 
as to the care of the woodlot. 39 p. il. 
Durham, N. H., 1914. (New Hampshire 
college and experiment station. Exten- 
sion bulletin no. 3, Dept. of forestry.) 


907 


908 


Jones, Arthur F. Lumber manufacturing ac- 


counts) 2 pea IN. Lv, gee, Ronald 
press co., 1914. 
National fire protective association. Lumber 


and lumber drying, with notes on steam 
jets; suggestions for improvement of the 
fire hazards, prepared by the Committee 
on manufacturing risks and special haz- 
ards. 18 p. Boston, Mass., 1914. 


Wood-using industries 


Bray. Cy ly (ceeorester,  D) Re Silos im 
Oklahoma. 83 p. il. Stillwater, Okla., 
1914. (Oklahoma—Agricultural experi- 


ment station. Bulletin 101.) 

Stadler, J. Pulp and news paper manufacture. 
14p. il., pl. Montreal, Canadian society 
of civil engineers, 1914. 


Auxiliary Subjects. 


Botany 


Piper, Charles Vancouver, and Beattie, Rolla 
Kent. Flora of southeastern Washington 
and adjacent Idaho. 296 p. Lancaster, 
Pa., New Era printing co., 1914. 


Statistics 


Milner, Robert Teague. East Texas; its 
topography, soils, timber, 
products, people, rainfall, streams, climate, 
etc. 40p. Austin, 1914. (Texas—Dept. 
of agriculture. Bulletin 38.) 


Periodical Articles. 


Miscellaneous periodicals 


Agricultural journal of the Union of South 
Africa, Aug. 1914.—Prosopis juliflora, the 
mesquite or algaraba tree, and Prosopis 
pubescens, the screw bean, by C. C. 
Robertson, p. 233-9. 

American botanist, Aug. 1914.—The cactus and 
the desert, by Willard N. Clute, p. 86-90; 
Osage orange as a dye-wood, p. 113. 

American sheep breeder, Oct. 1914.—Grazing 
in national forests; better rates for sheep, 
by A. F. Potter, p. 646. 

Bulletin of the Torrey botanical club, July 
1914.—Observations on the edge of the 
forest in the Kodiak region of Alaska, by 
Robert F. Griggs, p. 381-5. 

Country gentleman, Oct. 17, 1914.—Don’t 
suffocate trees; when grading leave a 
breathing space for the roots, by Phebe 
Wescott Humphreys, p. 1717-18. 

Country gentelman, Oct. 31, 1914.—Does the 
windbreak pay? by Samuel J. Record, p. 
1776-7. 

Fire prevention news, Oct. 1914.—Fire situa- 
tion in the national forests, by Bristow 
Adams, p. 9-10. 

Gardener’s chronicle, Sept. 12, 1914.—Tree- 
planting in Uruguay, p. 192. 

Gardener’s chronicle, Oct. 17, 1914.—A new 
hybrid poplar, by A. Henry, p. 257-9. 
Journal of heredity, Oct. 1914.—Tree growth 
and seed, by James B. Berry, p. 431-4. 
Nineteenth century, Sept. 1914.—Afforestation 
and timber planting in Ireland, by J. 

Nisbet, p. 643-59. 


agricultural - 


AMERICAN FORESTRY 


Popular science monthly, Nov. 1914.—Tree 
distribution in central California, by W. A. 
Cannon, p. 417-24; Rubber, wild, planta- 
tion and synthetic, by John Waddell, p. 
443-56. 

St. Nicholas, Oct. 1914.—The watch towers of 
the forests, by Day Allen Willey, p. 1132-5. 

Science, Nov. 6, 1914.—Tricarpellary and tetra- 
carpellary ash fruits, by Charles Edwin 
Bessey, p. 679. 

Scientific American, Sept. 26, 1914.—Fire 
precautions in a California park, p. 251. 

Scientific American, Oct. 24, 1914.—Why a 
girdled tree can continue to grow, p. 339. 

Torreya, Oct. 1914.—The vegetation of Connec- 
ticut, by G. E. Nichols, p. 167-94. 

United States—Department of agriculture. 
Journal of agricultural research, Oct. 
1914.—Heart-rot of oaks and _ poplars 
caused by Polyporus dryophilus, by 
George C. Hedgcock, and W. H. Long, 
p. 65-78. 

United States—Department of agriculture. 
Weekly news letter to crop correspondents, 
Oct. 21, 1914.—Wood ashes if stored and 
kept dry may furnish a valuable source of 
potash, p. 3-4. 

United States—Dept. of agriculture. Weekly 
news letter to crop correspondents, Oct. 28, 
1914.—Wood lot improvement, fuel, and 
fertilizer go hand in hand, p. 3. 


Trade Journals and consular reports 


American lumberman, Oct. 17, 1914.—The 
manufacture of charcoal, p. 23; Commer- 
cializing southern moss, p. 26. 

American lumberman, Oct. 24, 1914.—Utilizing 
the national forests; plans for the Olympic 
reserve, by Henry S. Graves, p. 29; 
Potash from wood ashes, p. 35. 

American lumberman, Oct. 31, 1914.—Under- 
writers’ laboratories roofing tests, p. 24; 
Proof of superiority of wooden truss roofs, 
p. 34-5. 

Canada lumberman, Oct. 15, 1914.—The 
telephone a great aid in the bush; logging 
operations and fire ranging facilitated, by 
Charles E. Read) Jr. pt 32; Lumaiber 
consumed in a battleship, p. 40-1. 

Canada lumberman, Nov. 1, 1914.—Cableway 
logging operating methods, by Asa F. 
Williams, p. 34-5; Overhead yarding, by 
James C. Hearne, p. 48. 

Engineering record, Aug. 29, 1915.—Factors 
affecting structural timber, by Miso: 
Betts, p. 255-7. 

Engineering record, Sept. 26, 1914.—Factors 
affecting structural timber, by F. 
Hoxie, p. 364. 

Gulf Coast lumberman, Nov. 1, 1914.—Re- 
grading as a legitimate practice, by D. E. 
Mead, p. 18, 234. 

Handle trade, Nov. 1914.—Making vehicles 
and parts in Ohio, p. 3-4. 

Hardwood record, Oct. 25, 1914.—The lowly 
buckeye, p. 21; Compression failures as 
defects, by L. J. Markwardt, p. 24-5; 
The lead pencil supply, p. 25; Effect of 
locality on growth, by S. J. Record, p. 27; 
Commercial uses of sabicu, p. 31. 


CURRENT LITERATURE 


Hardwood record, Nov. 10, 1914.—Wood 
ashes as a resource, p. 22-3; Musical 
instrument exports, p. 28. 

Lumber trade journal, Nov. 1, 1914.—Inter- 
esting dry kiln information, p. 15-16; 
Small timber and logging costs from profit 
standpoint, by W. W. Ashe, p. 30-1; 
Technicalities of Louisiana log scaling 
rules are explained, by L. Palmer, p. 31-2; 
Logging operations as carried on in 
southern Brazilian forests, by G. W. 
Patterson, p. 32-3. 

Municipal journal and engineer, Oct. 29, 1914. 
—Wood block pavement in Newark, by 
Wm. A. Howell, p. 623-6; Municipal tree 
planting, by Andrew Linn . Bostwick, p. 
632. 

Paper, Oct. 4, 1914.—Raw materials for paper 
pulp in the south, by Vasco E. Nunez, 
p. 15-17; The forest resources of British 
Columbia, by H. R. MacMillan, p. 17-18, 
38 


Paper, Oct. 21, 1914.—By-products of chemical 
pulp manufacture; the recovery of tur- 
pentine, rosin and pine oil, p. 15-16; The 
chemical analysis of paper, by Henry 
Aldous Bromley, p. 17-19, 32. 

Paper, Nov. 4, 1914.—Germany’s resources in 
paper-making material, by Carl G. 
Schwalbe, p. 17-18. 

Pioneer western lumberman, Oct. 15, 1914.— 
Finishing redwood, the wood everlasting, 
in the most effective manner, p. 9; Result 
of pulp-making tests on redwood and its 
bark, p. 13; Long bow in ye olden time 
and now, p. 15; Wood btock paving in 
prominent cities, p. 19-20; Native wood 
used for sleepers in India, by M. K. 
Moorhead, p. 23. 

Pioncer western lumberman, Nov. 1, 1914.— 
Production of redwood, the wood ever- 
lasting, in Humboldt county, by George 
A. Kellogg p. 21. 

St. Louis lumberman, Oct. 15, 1914.—Forests 
of South Carolina, p. 26-7. 

Southern industrial and lumber review, Oct. 


1914.—Life of creosoted yellow pine, by. 


F. B. Ridgeway, p. 31. 

Southern lumberman, Oct. 31, 1914.—Some 
researches of the Forest products labora- 
tory of interest to lumbermen, by Howard 
F. Weiss, p. 38. 

Timber trades journal, Oct. 10, 1914.— 
Afforestation in Scotland; work for con- 
sumptives, p. 569. 

Timber trades journal, Oct. 17, 1914.—Per- 
manent way materials, sleepers and 
crossing timbers, by Charles Travis, p. 
576. 

Timber trades journal, Oct. 24, 1914.—The 
distillation of wood waste, p. XV. 

United States daily consular reports, Oct. 16. 
1914.—Camphor production in India, by 
Henry D. Baker, p. 288. 

United States daily consular report, Oct. 22, 
1914.—Plans tc manufacture wooden toys 
in England, by Albert Halstead, p. 396. 


909 


United States daily consular report, Oct. 29, 
1914.—Mine timber for British coal fields, 
by Lorin A. Lathrop, and Walter C. Hamm, 
p. 585-7. 

United States daily consular report, Nov. 3, 
1914.—Indian cashew-nut industry, by 
Henry D. Baker, p. 566-7; Export trade 
in Indian teakwood, by John Stuart Hunt, 
p. 570-1; Valuable Philippine hardwoods, 
by A. E. Carleton, p. 572. 

United States daily consular report, Nov. 10, 
1914.—British Columbia timber industry, 
by R. E. Mansfield, p. 683; Outlook for 
chemical wood pulp in England, by W. 
Henry, p. 688. 

Wood-worker, Oct. 1914.—Casket manufac- 
turing developments, by David C. Gray, 
p. 34; Quarter-sawing oak, by R. C. “eibe, 


p. 42. 
Forest journals 
Allgemeine forst- und jagd-zeitung, Aug. 


1914.—Beitrage zur waldgeschichte der 
badischen Pfalz, by Hans Hausrath, p. 
253-63; Ermittelung der minimalhalb- 
messer von wegkurven ftir langholz- 
transport, by Gehrhardt, p. 263-71. 

Canadian forestry journal, Oct.-Nov. 1912.— 
Forest insect investigation in British 
Columbia, by C. Gordon Hewitt, p. 102-3; 
Birds and forest protection, by C. Gordon 
Hewitt, p. 104-7. 

Forest leaves, Oct. 1914.—British forestry, by 
Wm. Schlich, p. 165-6; The mangrove, by 
J. T. Rothrock, p. 168. 

Hawaiian forester and agriculturist, Sept. 
1914.—Creation of two forest reserves, 
p. 273-85. 

Naturwissenschaftliche zeitschrift fur forst- 
und landwirtschaft, Aug., 1914.—Hitzetod 
junger pflanzen, by Ludwig Schuster, 
p. 377-8; Die kolloide der tonigen und 
humusbéden, by P. Rohland, p. 380-5; 
Neuere untersuchungen tiber bodenverkit- 
tung durch mangan bezw. kalk, by M. 
Helbig, p. 385-92; Ballenpflanzung ein- 
jahriger samlinge, by Carl von Tubeuf, 
p. 394-8. 

Quarterly journal of forestry, Oct. 1914.— 
Measurement of woods for statistical 
purposes, by D. W. Young, p. 253-75; 
Tree pruning, by E. R. Pratt, p. 276-7; 
Larch killed by a longicorn beetle, by 
B. B. Osmaston, p. 277-9; Summer 
meeting, 1914; visit to Jervaulx, Fountains 
abbey and Washburn valley estates, by 
W. H. Bennett, p. 283-91; Report of the 
judges on the plantations and home 
nurseries competition held in connection 
with the Royal agricultural society’s 
show at Shrewsbury, 1914, by W. B. 
Havelock and J. McLaren, p. 292-315; 
The forestry exhibition at the Shrewsbury 
show of the Royal agricultural society 
of England, by A. Henry, p. 315-20; 
Timber scaling in British Columbia, by 
H. R. McMillan, p. 334-7. 


AMERICAN FORESTRY’S ADVERTISERS 


Om | ee 
Oe fh 


FORESTERS ATTENTION 


AMERICAN FORESTRY will print free of 
charge in this column advertisements of 
foresters wanting positions, or of persons 
having employment to offer foresters 


a 
gt 1 te 


WANTED—FORESTERS—A few excellent po- 
sitions open for skilled foresters or experts in 
shade tree work. Some of these will require all 
of a man’s time and others can be filled in con- 
nection with his regular work. The compensation 
is liberal. Please state references and experience. 
Address P. S. R., care American Forestry Associa- 
tion. 


WANTED—Position wanted by graduate forester. 
Have had one season’s experience with the Government, 
one with a lumber company and some in city forestry. 
Have passed the Civil Service examination for forest 
assistant. Address “G. D. C.,’’ Care AMERICAN For- 
ESTRY. 


YOUNG MAN—Graduate Surveyor with experience 
in that line and also in bookkeeping, desires position 
with lumber operator. Have had U. Forest Service 
experience and scaled for large operator in the North. 
Address ‘‘2,’’ Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—Graduate forester as representative in 
connection with tree surgery work. Give full particulars 
covering training and experience and address THE 
PLANT SERVICE BUREAU, 614 Pennsylvania Building, 
Philadelphia, Pa. 


WANTED—By young man intending to study 
forestry, position with lumber company, surveying 
party, or other position by which he can gain prac- 
tical knowledge. Address L. L., Care AMERICAN 
TForESTRY. 


YOUNG MAN, 27 years old, unmarried, university 
training, business experience and three years of practical 
experience in surveying and construction, including pre- 
liminary surveys, estimates, railroad and highway lo- 
cation surveys and construction, topographic surveys, 
mapping, etc. Capable of taking charge of party, desires 
position with forester or lumber firm. Best references 
from former employers. Address ‘‘T. B. C.,’’ Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER, with seven years’ practical experi- 
ence, desires a position as Forester. Have had 
considerable experience in reforestation and man- 
agement, also fire protection. Address “T. F. H.™ 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER—Best of American and 
Iuropean training. Five years of practical work 
along lines of organization, administration, protec- 
uion, ciuising and appraising. Would like position 
with some large timber holding company, rau.oad, 
or municipal watershed. Best of references. Address 
“CRUISER,” Care AMERICAN ForEsTRY. 


A forest school graduate with experience in U. S. 
Forest Service and with lumber company, also pos- 
sessing thorough business training, will consider 
offer of good forestry position. Address M., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FORESTER with 15 years experience Estimating, 
Surveying, Mapping, and in the care of private hold- 
ings desires position. Perfectly reliable in every 
way, and with executive ability. Address ‘‘A,” care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—By Graduate Forester, position in 
forestry work in South. or Tropics. Slight knowl- 
edge of Spanish and German. pciensing Or experi- 
mental work preferred. Address, ‘‘F. >» BL Care 
of AMERICAN. FORESTRY. 


1b 


FORESTER of technical training, six years’ teach- 
ing and practical experience in different parts of the 
United States, wishes to better position. Best refer- 
ences from Unversity and employers, and others. 
Address G. O. T., Care AMERICAN FoRESTRY. 


WESTERN ESTATE MANAGER — Graduate 
agriculturist and forester, raised on Western farm, 
two vears’ experience at lumbering and for past six 
vears with the U. S. Forest Service, engaged in tim- 
er estimating, appraisal and forest management in 
Washington, Idaho and Montana, desires private 
work. Especially equipped to advise concerning or 
to manage timberlands or combined timber and farm 
estate. References furnished. Address RI. F., 
Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


SURVEYOR—Young man 21 having three vears 
experience as Transitman, Rodman, and Chainman 
with a City Surveyor desires a like see 8 in Forte 
Has ambition to become a Forestry Expert. A No. 1 
references, reliabie and trustw orthy. Particulars on 
request. Address ‘‘D, H. F.,’’ care AMERICAN FORESTRY, 


SURVEYOR—For large tracts of land, roads and rail- 
roads; furnishes instrument; capable of taking charge of 
party; would like position in South that will last all 
winter. Address *‘T. B. W.,’’ care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


_ GRADUATE FORESTER—Practical experience 
in cruising, mapping and scaling. Eager to go any- 
where. References furnished. Address R. I., care 
of AMERICAN FoREsTRY. 


WANTED—By Forester, a position with lumber 
or paper company. Experience in looking after 
camps and forestry work. Address W., Care 
AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants situation on 
private estate. Has practical experience of sowing, 
laying, planting out, pruning, thinning, firebelts, 
ditching, rotation planting, mixed planting and 
thorough knowledge of fencing and tree felling. Has 
had seven years experience on best managed for- 
estry area in Scotland. Address, ‘“‘Raith,’? Care 
AMERICAN ForESTRY. 


PRACTICAL FORESTER wants position with 
city Park Commission. Understands fully nursery 
work, planting, trimming and tree surgery. Best 
references and practical experience. Address “lL. 
M. E.,’? Care AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


WANTED—A position as an inspector of ties, 
timbers and lumber, by a forest school graduate 
with experience in inspecting ties, timbers and lum- 
ber. Can furnish best of weferences. Address 
Inspector, Care AMERICAN ForEStTRY. 


Graduate of Forestry School, having studied for- 
estry and lumbering operations in this country and 
Germany, with experience in the U. S. Forest Serv- 
ice, and also in state and private nursery work, 
would like position with forest engineering arm 
or lumber company. Best of references. Address 
XY, Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


ENERGETIC Post Graduate Forester desires posi- 
tion as an assistant in park or city forestry work. 
Subordinate duties preferred. Best of references. 
Address M. M. J., Care of AMERICAN FORESTRY. 


FOREST ENGINEER with Forest Service 
training in Colorado, Wyoming, private work in 
California, and six years’ experience in the lumber 
industry on the Pacific Coast, would like field work 
in any part of the United "States. Estimating of 
timber lands and topographic surveying a_ spe- 
cialty. Four years’ technical training. Address, 
“DPD.” Care AMERICAN ForestRy. 


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