'
SMITHSONIAN INSTITl TIOX.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SPECIE L BULLETIN.
AMERICAN HYDIU)ID
!PA I IT I I .
THE SEKTULAEID^E,
WITH r
I'LATES.
BY
CHARLES CLEVEI tj NUTTING,
PROCESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OF IOWA.
WASHINGTON:
OOVKKNMKXT I 1 I: I ICE.
1904.
SYRACUSE
SWACUSE, N
SMITHSONIAN INSTITl'TION.
UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.
SPECIAL nrLLKTIN.
AMERICAN HYDHOIDS.
ii.
THE SERTULAR] IKE,
WITH FORTY-ONE PLATES.
BY
CHARLES CLEVELAND NUTTING,
PROFESSOR OF ZOOLOGY, UNIVERSITY OK IOWA.
WASHINGTON:
OOVI I: \ M I. N T I'IMNTIM; Ul'FICE.
1904,
ADVERTISEMENT.
This work (Special Bulletin No. 4) is one of a series intended to illustrate the collections.
belonging to, or placed in charge of, the Smithsonian Institution and deposited in the United
States National Museum.
The publications of the National Museum consist of two series, the Bulletin and the Proceedings.
The Bulletin comprises complete technical works of considerable size, zoological mono-
graphs, handbooks of the Museum collections, records of scientific expeditions, etc. Most of the
volumes hitherto published have been octavos, but a quarto form has been adopted for works like
the present one, which, on account of the character of the illustrations, require a large page.
The Proceedings are intended primarily as a medium of publication for shorter technical
papers, many of them of a preliminary character, containing newly acquired facts relating to
biology, anthropology, and geology, new schemes of classification, descriptions of new forms of
animals and plants, discussions of nomenclature, and the diaries of minor expeditions.
The Proceedings are issued annually to libraries in volumes of about 1. ()(><> pages. A small
edition of each paper is distributed in pamphlet form to specialists in advance of the bound
volume.
Papers of more general popular interest are published in the appendix to the Annual Report.
Papers intended for publication in the Proceedings and Bulletin are referred to an advisoiy
committee composed as follows: Frederick W. True (chairman), William H. Holmes, George P.
Merrill, James E. Benedict, Otis T. Mason, Leonhard Stejneger, Lester F. Ward, and Marcus
Benjamin (editor).
S. P. LANGLEY,
Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.
WASHINGTON, D. C., J/</v7 IB, W04.
INTRODUCTORY \< >TE.
Almost all that was saiil in the introductory note to the lirst |>art of tins work could truth-
fully lie said here. At that time it was thought that the 1'lumiilarida' was a uiiich larger family
than the Sertularida 1 . and the author has been greatly surprised at the laru'e number of -pecie- ni'
the latter family that he has lieeii called upon to discuss in the following pa<_jv-. and the extent
to which the literature on the subject i- fragmentary and scattered will l>e ap]>arent when it is
said that not more than I'D species ( .f Sertnlarid;e from American waters have Keen mentioned
in any one publication up to the present time, while the present writer ha- found n le-> than
i:;n species that should he included in the American fauna.
This lai'Ljv numlier of species has been brought to light more through a careful -crutiny of
foreign publications than through the discovery of new species in the large collections that have
passed through I he author's hands, although the number of the latter is by no means small, amount-
ing to more than :J'i new forms. The writer has thus been much impressed with the nece it\ of
bibliographic work, and, as a result, has presented as full a bibliography and as complete -\ non
y lilies of species as he has been able to secure. While this is true, it must be confessed that there
is much still to lie desired iii this direction, and that there are many papers that have not been
ayailable for reference, as will be seen b\ consulting the li-t on page 1 (:; of this work.
This bibliographic work has been greatly facilitated by coiirte-ies from the authorities in
charge of the Library of Congress in Washington, and by the courtesy of my colleague- at 1 e
and abroad, who have been generous in sending me their publications.
Almost all of the friends mentioned on page 1 of the lirst part of this \\ork have continued
to render aid in the preparation of the second part, and in addition I take plea-ure in expressing
my gratitude to the following:
To the I )i rectors of the British Museum (Natural History) for portions of a number of Allman's
types of the ('/mil, mi, r Sertularida'; to Prof. (1. M. K. Levinsen, of Copenhagen, for .-pecimens.
literature, and advice; to Prof. I>'Aivy W. Thompson, of Dundee, for specimens and correspond-
ence; to 1 >r. ( leiiiens Ilartlaub for his valuable publications; to Prof. Maurice Bedot. of ( ieneva;
I>r. Kristine Bonnevie. of ( 'hristiania; l>r. Edward T. Browne, London, for literature: and Sir
William Dawson and Prof. .1. F. \Vhiteayes, of the ( 'anadian (ieological Suryey. for specimens.
Among my own countrymen 1 have the pleasure to acknowledge aid from the following, in
addition to those mentioned in the acknowledgments on page L' of the lirst part of this work:
Hon. (ieorgeM. Mowers, for facilities granted for investigation at the laboratory of the I'. S.
Bureau of Fisheries, in Woods Hole, Massachusetts; to Prof. II. ( '. Bumpus for special favor- at
the same place; to Prof. William E. Hitter, of the Univer-ity of California, for -peeimen-; to
Prof. Trevor Kincaid. of the University of Washington, for specimens; to Mr.-, (i. (iibb- for
specimen.-, and to Dr. Harry Beal Torrey, of the University of California, for literature.
The author also desires to acknowledge \\ith gratitude the great -er\ ice rendered by hi-
wife. and Prof. II. F. Wickliam of the State University of Iowa, in verifying reference- and other
bibliographic work connected with the preparation of thi- section of the monograph.
l
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
SECTTOTsT 2.-THE SERTTJr^YI jm. K.
EUR ATA.
j 4*1, 7th lino from top. <//////<//// /<,/ should lie cylindrica
. -e 4'>, ^d line from bottom. f<iit><ir!xl;i should bo tamarisca.
1'ao-e HI. ">'.itli line from bottom, 77 should be 77o.
1'ao-e :,(. 7(h line from bottom, x, r> iilnr!i<l> x should bo /w/////
1'ao-o 77, :!(ltli line from top. ,ill>,i sliould bo ,ill>'nl,i.
1'ao-o 77. 4th lino from bottom, yuadridens should lie yuadrifida.
1'ao-o |()L>, last footnote, p. l*7ii should be 1>. 'Ji'l.
II II I .
I'll iril. Sucli invesSgations ;is have just boon referred to led to a nvneral understanding of
the morphology of the Ilydroidu as a whole, and. as the Scrtularid.-e otl'rred little that a|)peai-ed
to lie novel, that family was naturally passed by in favor of groups oH'erini;' more inlerestinjr.
because more novel, structures for investigation.
The writers who have contributed most to our knowledge of the morphology of this family,
purely systematic work beiny excluded, are the following: Louis A^a>six. \\lio e-ivos an excellent
and superbly illustrated account of >'. rtnlnri<i //////A/: :1 Allman.' who discu-ses the ^onosome of
1 Ann-rii-aii llylnii.ls. I'nrl I, The I'lninuhiriil:. . 1900, p. :',.
While tlii." is true when the Sertuhiriil;r and I'luinlllaridir are I'liinpureil. il 1>\ im means fullnws that the
Sfrtnlarid:r are "f I' >\v rank \\ hen i-(iin|iare,l \\ilhthehydrniilsin jiencral. [ndeed, quite the Opposite 18 true if we
admit the view in>\v very retu'rally adnpl..! thai the sessile .u''m<ii>lic>rc* reprewnl di-_'raded medusa-. This nuilter,
however, will lie disenssrd later.
M'.intrilmtidiistn the Natural History of the rnil.'.l States, IV. Isii'J, p. .".L'ti.
'Monograph of the Gymnoblastic Hydroiils. isri. p. :.n.
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
SECTION -2. TIT K s KI rnn ,A i f i T>.K.
AI()RIMI()L()(;V OF THE SEETTTLAHID^E.
As indicated in the first part of this work 1 it is the intention to defer the general discussion
of the morphology of the order to the last part. In accordance with this plan nothing will
he discussed here except those structures which uiv peculiar to the Sertularidffi, or those which,
while shared by other forms, still furnish peculiarities upon which diagnostic features can be
liased. In the former category will be included the opercuhnn. although this structure is found
in the Campanulinidee, and under the latter head will be discussed other features, particularly
the stem, the h ydranths. the hydrothec:e. and thegonangia.
A little study will make it evident that the Sertularidse contain few characteristic structures.
at least, as compared with the Plumularidse, and that the family is therefore lower in the
zoological scale." It has then-fore not received the attention from the morphologists that has
been paid other groups. Indeed, it appears to have received less careful study than any of the
other large groups of the Hydroida. and there are surprisingly few papers that more than touch
on the morphology of this family. At first sight this seems rather strange, e-pecially when we
remember that this is the longest known and most familiar family of the order. This lack of
interest is probably due mainly to the following reasons:
Fli'xt. The earlier naturalists were nearly all of them systematists rather than morphologists,
and studied the more supcrticial characters.
S.i'miil. When effective morphological investigation became practicable by the introduction
of microscopical and histological technic, investigators became interested in the larger forms
with larger and more conspicuous hydranths, as in the gymnobla.-t ic forms, or the beautiful and
wonderful medusa' attracted their attention, and their investigations were thus led to the colonic-
which produced the free medusa-; or the neinatc iphores and conspicuous features of the gonosome
of the Plumularidse lured the student to the scrutiny of these intensely interesting structures.
Third. Such investigations as have just been referred to led to a general understanding of
the morphology of the Hydroida as a whole, and, as the Sertularida- oli'eivd little that appeared
to be novel, thai family was naturally passed by in favor of groups oil'ering more interesting,
because more novel, structures for investigation.
The. writers who have contributed most to our knowledge of the morphology of this family,
purely systematic work being excluded, are the following: Louis Agassi/, who gives an excellent
and superbly illustrated account of X rtnLir'ni /uniiilir.' Allman.' who di-cu^-es the gonosoine of
1 American Ilydn.ids. 1'art I, The I'lumularid:, . I '.inn, ].. :',.
* While this is true \vlirn tin- Scrtularidic ami l'lunmlarid;i- an- compared, ii liy no means follows that the
Se rti i la rid: e are of low rank u hen nun pared \\ ith the hydroids in _'cin-ral. Indeed. i|iiile the opposite i< true if \vi-
admit the view now very generally adopted -that the sessile gonophores represent iK-.Tailfl ineclii.sr. This
however, will he di-i-nssc-d later.
M'onlrilmtionsto the Natural History of tin- I'nited State-. IV. l.siii'. p. 326.
'Monograph of the Gymnoblastic Ilydroids. 1S71, \>. ">n.
3
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Jin in !lu and of Diplitma rosaccn; Thallwitz 1 describes the origin of the sex cells
in *S', /iiil/ii; l/ii j>nli/::nii!iis; de Vareune 2 published a careful account of the reproduction of
Sertuluriti jut/, //'/</; Allman, in the introduction to his Report on the Challenger Ilydroids,
discussed the gonosome of Si/iitlni-inin (p. xxv), and the origin of the sex cells in >'< r1nl<iri<i
/>u in Hi/ (p. xxxm); Levinsen carried on important investigations regarding the operculum,
and published the results in 1892 and 1893; 3 Hartlaub, in his masterly work. 4 discusses
some morphological problems, such as the operculum, hydrothecal teeth, and gonosome of
Serf nl</ r< lln, although these discussions are merely incidental to the main purpose of the work,
which is almost purely systematic.
One of my students, Mr. J. H. Paarmann, has done some excellent work, which has not been
published, on the operculum. To these works I shall have frequent occasion to refer.
TROPHOSOME.
The general form of the colony in Sertularid;e is pinnate, the branches usually being on
opposite sides of the main stem, the branches themselves being opposite or alternate. Simple,
uoncolonial forms are entirely lacking in this group, there being no such a thing as a mature
hydranth with its hydrotheca entirely independent of others, 5 as is found frequently in the
campanularians among the Calypteroblastea, and a number of tubularians among the Gymno-
blastea. As a result we iincl the usual outcome of the communistic idea, the subserviency of the
individual to the colony as a whole, and a tendency toward a bilateral rather than a radial
arrangement of branches. This may account for the fact that nowhere among the Sertularida-
do we find a true verticillate arrangement of the branches, such as is found among the Campanu-
laridie \\\ C<.tinpn)ndari(t /'< /ficillitt<t, and among the Plumularida? in Antennularia <inl< /////////.
There are, however, a number of cases where the branches spring from all sides of the stem, as
in several species of Tlnnarin. In these cases we have the pinnate arrangement of branches
modified by torsion into a spiral which may be rendered more or less obscure by the irregularity
of the branching, but which is quite evident in Tim/aria tlmj<i, for instance. A more open
spiral is found in a number of species, illustrated by the very graceful colony of Sertnlfn'ni
ii/-i/i ni, it and HydraXLmania f alcana. Unbranched colonies are uncommon in this family, although
several are found in Xv///A//vW, especially in the Desmoscyphus group, as, for instance, S. xt<>i>l-,i/i
(Plate V, fig. 6), and in the genus Sertularella several of the rugosa group, as, for instance,
S. rni/iiKii. are often unbranched.
Among the Sertularida' are found the only species of hydroids that have regularly anasto-
mosing brunches, which sometimes form a rude mesh or network, as in DicfyoclacKum^abellum,'
and here also occur the only examples of hydrothecal branch origins that 1 have seen in the
order. This is illustrated in the genus Thecocladium, not represented in American waters, and
also by sporadic eases which are not infrequent in the genus Sertula/rella^ as, for example, S.
dentifera Torrey (Plate XXV, fig. 1) and AH, //////,/ graciUs Nutting (Plate XXXV, fig. 1).
In all probability, however, this occurs occasionally in other groups, such as the Campanularidse,
although the present writer has not seen it there.
In size no sertularian yet reported reaches the maximum found among the Plumularida'.
(See Part I, p. -i.) The largest colonies that I have seen were those of Tlm'mr'm cupressina,
that attain a height of about 18 inches under favorable conditions. Kirchenpauer, however,
reports specimens from the mouth of the Elbe that are 2 feet in height/' This is perhaps the
maximum size reported for any sertularian. As a rule the}' are very much smaller, from 1
to 4 inches being the ordinary proportions. Many, of course, are much smaller than the
Menaische Zeitschrift, XVIII, 1885, p. 426.
2 Reeherches surla reproduction des Polypes Hydraires, 1882, p. 27.
3 Viilenskabelige Meddelelser fra den Xaturhistoriske Forening i Kjobenhavn, 1892, p. 22, and 1893, p. 41 et sei|.
Mil-vision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, pp. 10-12.
5 An apparent exception to this statement i.s found in the case oi Sertularella solitaria, a new species described
beyond, which bears single hydranths cm pedicels. It is possible, however, that the single known specimen may be
immature and that the adult nilnny may resemble that of K.fu
"See Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 272.
THE SEliTUJ.AKID.i:. 5
minimum just jriven. Mature specimens of I',isi/fli,<i </ mulriil, n f<it</. for instance, an- sometimes
less than one-fourth (if an inch in height. It must In- remembered, however, tliat height is not
necessarily a true criterion of the actual -i/e of the' colonies. [)r. Hull found a specimen of
.l/i/, limirni </''</<"//<" which consisted of .",.",0 shoots, aye-rapine; ' inches in length, estimated to
contain l.uoo.oeio individual hydranths.'
'Hi, St,in.--\\\ by far the greater niimlpcr of Scrlularida- the stem U a perfectly simple
structure, be in"; monosiphonic (con>i-t in"; of a single tulie). composed <,f the normal hi-toloe'ical
layer.-, as found in the hydroids, divided into more or le-s regular internodes. The regularity of
the latter, however, is greater union"; (he 1'lumularida' than in the family under di>cii--ion.
There are l>ut two departures from this simple type of stem that are of sullicient importance to
demand attention here. These are
(<i) The fascicled stem, as illustrated in S. ,-tiilin;ll,i </,/i//'. (Kijr. 1). This con-ists of an
a ".-<_; re Cation of (lilies that are closely adherent MI as to form a compound stem made up of
numerous tulics. There is a dillcreiicc, which we will lind to he more apparent than real,
between the fascicled stem as found in the Sertulariela- and that found in many I'himularida- and
discussed in the first part of this work (pp. I N. where there is a central or axial tube from
which arise all of the branches and a number of peripheral tube- that do not e-he- origin to
branches or h ydrocladia, ' and therefore it (tin- axial tube) has received the name " h vdrocladiale
tube." In X rliiliii-: Hi/ iimji this state of all'airs doe-s not ii/>j>- '/ to exist. On I he contrary, the
brunches seem to arise from almost any of these tubes which compo>e the fa-cicled stein. In li";. 1
we have a porti f the stem which has I n boiled in potash to loosen ihe connection between
the tubes /'// xi'fu. The upper part has been dissected with needles, so that the component tubes
are separated. It is readily seen that the brunches beunny; hydrotln-ca- ari-e from several of the
tubes instead of one. Sometimes these lube's seem to originate from one of the branches, as at ,/
in the lie-lire, and puss downward, Divine; oil' another branch, as at /<. Au'ain. on,' of the- t ubes can
be traced for a Ion"; distance without ".h ini!- unv indication of branches An examination of the
point of attachment of this same specimen shows that the hydrorhix.a appears to be made up of a
continuation of these same tubes, \\hich simply separate to form individual rootlets. I ha\e
elsewhere : shown that these hydrocladia and hydrorhi/al elements an- homologous in the I'lumii-
hiridu', and the same thine- appears to lie true here, and in some instances it is perfectly clear
that the hydrorhi/al elements are modified hydrocladiu.
A further dissection of this specimen, represented in \\<r. L'. (dearly reveals that this is con-
stantly true in >'. inii/i. \\\ carefully dissecting out the tube -/ / we find that it continues
downward through the stem and is bydrothecate tlirouyhoiit. altlioiie-h the hydrotheca' are
completelv co\ ered by the other tulies when in normal relation, beiny axial in the pol\ ^iphonic
stc'in. \\'e will therefore call it the axial tube. From the ba-es of the hydrothecffi on this axial
tube are u'iven oil' branches which pass ilownward in the form of tubes and in their normal
relations form the accessory or peripheral tubes of the fa-cirle.| stem. ( r'iir. -. ". -'). \Ve thus find
that the accessory- tubes are merely modified hydrocladia arising, as do the normal hydrocladia,
from the buses of the hvdrothec:e. Sonic of these accessory t lilies 1 1m- formed v.i\e origin to
other brunches lie-urine- liydrotheca- a hmy distance beloyv the actual oriu'in of the tube.
(Fie-. _'. ,.) It thus appears that all of the branches arise either directly Hie-, i'. I,) or indirectly
from the axial tube, the dill'erence beiny; that in the latter case they arise from accessory fcul
that are themselves really modified hydrocladia.
This discovery is of yreat i -pholoL;-ical and s\stinnatic importance, bei-aiise it ^-jyes us a clue
to the real oi-ie-in of the accessory or peripheral tubes, a matter not hitherto explained in a satis-
factory manner, so far as I knoyv. although I have found the same condition of affairs j (l t| H -
plmmilariaii Cladocarpus paradi&ea* and in a species of Ttecocarpus, but did not at that time see
the full significance of the fact.
'('lark, Alaskan Hyln.i.ls. Is7i;, p. 230.
- Tin- term " hyilnii-laili:i " a< applii-il t" the l'lninnlari.l:i si-_'iiilii-.< tin- ultimate lu-aiu-lie.s \\ hirh liear the liyilni-
tlicc.-i-. It is not ordinarily used in n.nnrrtinn ilh c.lhc-r ._!.. tips.
'See Part I. p. 7.
1 See Part I, p. 6.
s*^^ <
j LIBRARY
6
AMERICAN HYDKOIDS.
By tracing downward some of these accessory tubes it is found that they end in hydrorhizal
elements.
With these facts before us the entire manner of growth of such a fascicled stem becomes
clear. The planula attaches itself, forms the primary hydranth, and. grows upward in the form
THE FASCICLED AND CANALICtU.ATED STEM CIK TI1E SKKTrt.AIUl >.K.
Fig. 1. Fascicled stem of Srrtularellii gayi, partly dissected to show the origin of the peripheral tube (), and the origin of a. branch
from the peripheral tube (f>).
Fig. 2. The same specimen with the axial tube (a () dissected out. a, a, peripheral tubes dissected nut springing from the buses of
hydrotheca.-; a t, the axial tube; b, origin of branch; <, origin of branch from peripheral tube.
Fig. 3. Part of distal portion of colony, more highly magnified, showing origins of peripheral tubes at n, a.
Fig. 4. A single hydrotheca, greatly magnified, showing origin of peripheral tube at a.
Fig. 5. Part of stem of Selayinvpsis ornata, showing the extensive eanaliculation of tin' cu-nosarc; the dotted portions represent the
(iriiMsareal canals.
Fig. 0. A branch of the same specimen, showing regular arrangement of the co^nosureal canals.
of an ordinary mouosiphonic stem. It gives forth branches from the bases of the hydrothecse
which at first form ordinary branches. As the colony becomes larger some of the branches turn
immediately downward, become agglutinated to the original monosiphonic stem (now becoming
the axial tube), and finally form a bundle of tubes which entirely conceals the axial tube and its
THK SKKTI'LAKIDiE. 7
liydrothec:c. 80 that the presence of (lie latter \\uliM not he suspected without dissection. Tlle-e
branches (nOW become accessory tubes) themselves o-ive oil' branches ami pas- on downward to
the base of the stem, where they spread for a short distance o\ er the ba.-e of attachment and
function as hydrorhixal elements. AVe are thus able to homoloo-j/e the ordinary -tem of a
fascicled sertulurian with the apparently very diti'erent stem of some of (lie Pluiniilaridie. The
axial (ube of the serhilarian is thus strictly homologous with the " hydrocladiate tube " of the
phmiiilarian.
lint we can extend (his honiolo^y much further, and tind that it will apply to the peri-iphonie
stem upon which Allnian liases hi,- family Perisiphonidffi. That writer sa\-s: '
There is among the Calyptoblaet'C Ilvdn.id- no more natural ami ilistinctly deli 1 family than that of the
l'eris-iplionid:c. Tin- remarkable structure of the trophosomc with its axial hydrolheca-ln uriiiir tutM- enveloped by
the peripheral i'a-cide is, except ill UriiniiiKifin. <|iiile unknown ill any other L-roup: fur this condition must not he
confounded with the I'ascieulat ion nf the stem which occurs in many I'lumularin.e and is common in /M. /./,.
Sertldaria, '/'/.. /.'.i; -in. and Other genera, in which the component tuhesare not divisible into an axial lulie \\hicli
carries the hydrothec.-e and peripheral t lilies \\ Inch are destitute of hydro! hec:c.
Oltr investigation of the stem of X /////< n; //</ <jiji. however, has demonstrated that this
species has just as clearly defined an axial stem as any of the l'eri-ipln>iiid:e of Allman. the main
difference being that the hydrothecae on the axial tube are completely hidden in >. >/</,', \\hile
they project between the peripheral tubes and open on the exterior in the Perisiphonidae. l>ut
cvi-n this distinction disappears when we examine the stem of \. //''//'' near the' point \\here the
axial (ulie emero-es from the fascicled portion to continue upward as a simple monosiphonic stem.
(See lio-s. :; and 4.) That portion of the stem which bears the hydrotheeie answer- precisely to
Allman's definition of the s(ate of atl'airs in the Perisiphonidse. Here the axial tube alone bear-.
hydi-othecic, and the latter bear exactly the same relation to the peripheral tubes a- thc\ do in
Perisipkonia, for instance. In this tio-ure the orie^in of the peripheral tubes js plainlx -een at (/.
</, and the relation of the component parts is not in any way disturbed by dissection, as is the
case in the other lio-mvs.
Only one other sertularian with a fascicled .stem is available to me for dissection, and that is
Sertularella iii,y,ixf<n,,it Nuttino', which .shows the same feature- of axial and peripheral In
and the same origin for the latter as have lieen described at length f,,,' s, ///////,//</ ,/,ii/:. X, ,///-
I, i r, I], i catena, X. /<//</. .V. j>!n ///-/-/-/. and X. ti-<ij>!<'<i also ha\'e fa-ciclcd stems; but my specimens
of the tirst I\M) are too small to admit of dissection for this purpose, and I have not seen
specimens of (he others.
In none of these cases doe- there seem to be any cross connection between the various tube-
such as is found in certain of the IMiimiilarida-'' nor does there -eem to be any san-odal connection
except at the point of origin of each tube. The tubes seem to adhere toov(her bv virtue of the
gelatinous consistency of the' chitin of which (heir wall- are formed.
(/<) Stems with eecnosarcal canal- are found in a few Sertularid.-o. Morphologically lln--e
do not appear to ditl'er appreciably from tho>e found in the plumularian o-entis Ant, mmliii
This feature is not always apparent, even when present, and in .specimens that have been poorly
preserved all trace of it sometimes disappears. The best illustration that 1 have seen amono- the
Sertularidse is found in the genua Selaginopais. [n a new species described be\ond. S.ornata^
the ccenosarcal canals are very reirular and symmetrical, there lieino- four canaN in each branch.
one canal to each of the four rows of hydrothec;e. .and frequent ami reo-ularly -paced cro---
eoi meet ions between the canals themselves form a ladder-like structure, with a round of the ladder
beneath each hydrotheca. (See tio-. <;. ) In the main stem of this .same species there is an exceed-
ingly complex system of ana-tomosine; canals that does not exhibit the regularity ,,f arraiiLremcnt
found in the branches. (See tio-. .",.)
The mode of origin of the canaliculated cieiiosarc i> not well understood. Allman's in\ esti-
mations of these canals' in Ant, nimliifiii would lead one to suppose (hat the youno; colony ha.- at
1 Challenger ICep,,n. the llydroida. Second I'art. isss, p. :; L '.
'See fan I, p. .">.
'See I'art I. p. .\ li<_'. 1.
'(.iyninol.lastic llydmids, 1S71, p. ll'ii. See al>.. 1'arl I of this work, p. 4.
8
AMERICAN HYDBOIDS.
first an ordinary monosiphonic stem, and that the canaliculations are formed by portions of this
common c<enosare becoming surrounded by tubes of eliitin. Leaving the center of the stem
entirely vacant, the canals being peripheral. I am not satisfied, however, that each of these
canals is surrounded by perisarc.
Tin Jtr<i Hi-lux. - There is but little that is characteristic to be found in the branches of the
Sertularidse. Their disposition has already been discussed. They never become highlv special-
ized to form protective structures for the passive or active defense of the gonophores, as they so
often do in the Plumularida 1 , where, they form the curious phylaetocarps. They do, however,
become modified to form accessory tubes in the fascicled stem, as we have seen, and they often
become tendril-like at their distal ends and clasp
other branches so as to form anastomoses and
sometimes a flabellate structure, as in the genus
Dictyocladvum.
There appear to be two methods by which
the attachment of these new tendril-like branches
is formed. In I>. ilii'ltntiniiii. "when a branch
is destined to form a union of this kind its distal
extremity becomes elongated into a tendril-like
continuation destitute of hydrothecse. When
this meets a neighboring branch, the end of the
tendril unites with a branch, not however with
any part of the surface of the branch indiffer-
ently, but, directing itself toward the orifice of a
hydrotheca, it here attaches itself, its axis be-
coming directly continuous with that of a hydro-
theca." 1 In the only other species of the genus
thus far discovered, D. flahellwn Nutting, the
connection is formed much more simply. The
tip of the tendril-like process grows around the
branch that it meets and clasps it very much as
does the tendi'il of a vine. (Fig.
The adhe-
THE .CvASTiOInsIS OF nnANCHKS IN HICTYi ii'LAI'Il'M.
Fig. 7. Tip of branch uf liirt;ii><'/<nl/ii/it j/>iL, //,<//i clasping another
branch.
Fig. 8. Another brunch termination which forms lulu-like ].ru-
ci sses tn M-curr liriiier attachment to another branch.
sion is quite strong and permanent, and the clasp-
ing portion of the tendril may become eventu-
ally embedded in the branch so as to be hard to
see, being indicated merely bv a swollen area
over the original point of contact. Sometimes
the growing tip upon meeting a branch spreads
out in lobular projections, thus increasing the
extent of the surface of adhesion, as in tig. 8.
This same method of joining different brandies
is found quite commonly in several species of Xr/(/A//v//</, especially those of a straggling habit
of growth, such as .S'. <l/rliuti>nitt and S'. , 1,-i/mix.
A merely temporary joining of the tips of hydroeladia has been reported in the case of a
species of AijluopJietuii." This, however, seems to be for an altogether different purpose from
the one subserved in the examples described above, and served to join two colonies, apparently
for the purpose of conjugation.
I have seen no sertularians, aside from the genera X rtnliii'i 11 <i and 1 >i<'ti/<>i-ltif]i inn, in which
anastomoses of branches occur, except perhaps as a rare abnormality.
Tin: Ifi/ili'iintJi. I have been unable to find any evidence of the hydranth being studied with
care in any sertularian, at least since modern histological technic became available. Without
this aid. however, Louis Agassiz was able to make out most of the essential points, even of histo-
'AlhiKin, t'/i, i//, i,,/, ,- llepurt, Hydroida, Second Part, 1885, p. 77.
2 See Part I, p. 45.
s KKTI 'i. AIM U.K.
g
ful
loo'ieiil structure, especially in the matterof the relation of the cell layer-. Indeed, the more one
studies his masterly work the more profound becomes the conviction that a careful and tlioroiiyh
use of M-ood powers of observation and interpretation applied to lisiny r at least fresh material
is capable of yielding results that will bear comparison with those attained with the use of the
most advanced tcchnic.
The writer does not believe that any Worker has done more to elucidate the entire subject of
hydroid morphology, at least in the groups investigated by tl Ider Ava--i/. than ha- that writer
himself. Ilis is the only o-ood description that I have been able to lind of the scrtularian
hydranth.' The subject of one of his care-
studies is the common \, /////,///.? jm-
i. and he reports the following points
the hydranth: : The eienosaiv of
the stem consists of two cell layers. In the
stem this is of uniform thickness to a point
just below the hydrotheca', where it ex
pands on two opposite sides. o-i\ ino- "tl
cylindrical extensions which are uniform in
diameter and puss through the diaphragm
at the base of the hydn itheca, traverse the
lono-ili of the latter, and terminate in a
simple, short, conical proboscis, around
which a sino-]e row of slender, taper'ui" 1 ten-
tacle-, usually sixteen in number, is dis- p _^-</'' '' '',' ' t^'i
posed in a uniform series. The extended
hydranth has no thicker ectoderm than in
the main stem, but the emloderm is twice
as thick, although the ectoderm and endo-
derm are about ei|iial in the stem. The
ectoderm of the body wall is connected in
places with the hydrothecul wall by lilm-
like projections or pseudopodial prolonga-
tions.
So far as the present writei- has been
able to ascertain, the hvdranths of all of the
Sertularida 1 are very similar to those of
>'. /iiiniilii. having a conical or dome-shaped
probo-cis and a single whorl of tiliform
tentacles. (Flu'. '.'.I It is seldom that the
hvdranth can lie studied to advantage in
pi-es(>rved specimens, as they are usually
ei ther in a state of contraction Or have been
macerated or in some way disintegrated
iii the preserving fluid. I f care is taken, however, it is possible to preserv e expanded hydranths
of shallow-water forms by the methods of killing recently devised. It seems useless to expec<
that we shall ever be able to -tudy the li\ ino- and expanded hydranth- of deep-water species.
AS indicated in Part I of this work, :1 there is but little dill'erence between the hydranth- of
the I'lumularidie and Sertularida'. the main distinction beino- in a con-trictimi some di-tance
below the tentacles of the former which di\ ides the hydranth body ca\ ity into two portions,
which, however, communicate broadly.
'Contributions to the Natural lli-t..ry ..f the Knit.-.! stat.-. IV. ist;-j. pp. 328-329, pi. \\\u.
The terminology n.-. .1 l.y I'rofei-.-or A-_-:i i/ i- 80 .lil'lVn-nt ti-,,iii that n..\\ in \>.'_'iie that I liave thoiiL'ht it he-t to
the follow in-i point- in more modern plnu-.-' !. 'L'\ for the >ake of luci.liu .
9.
. '.'. llyilr- \ ] in ii. I. '.T 1 1 \.lra in :
rlllllln; /.. /'. |ir,itriii-ti'l>. Tin- l"ly i-.ivity i- ill.lic-ati-.l by tin- i
axial i...rti..ii of tin; liyilrimtli.
10
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
There are certain special features of the hydranth in this group, however, that are worthy of
presentation, one of which is what may be called the protractor of the hydranth. This is a band
of tissue, probably ectoclermal, that originates from a point on the hydranth body about halfway
between the tentacles and base on the abcauline side and passes obliquely upward and outward till it
meets the inner surface of the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca, where it is firmly attached. (See
figs. 10, 11, 12 j)). It is obvious that a contraction of this band would aid in the protraction of the
hydranth, and also in the initial stages of its retraction. The best examples of this structure
that I have seen are in certain species of Sc/'t>/?</>'<-/ltt, as S. in<i<j,U<ini<-u (tig. 10), S. levmseni
(tig. 11), and S. ii't/nxtin/i<i (fig. 12). Hartlaub, in discussing this structure, 1 .says that it is
formed before the differentiation of the tentacles and is evident upon the first withdrawal of the
hydranth, and that in many species this band of attachment ("Haftzipfel ") makes a mark as if it
were a septum instead of a band, which divides the dorsal (abcauline) part of the hydrotheca into
two chambers. That portion of the hydranth body wall to which the, band is attached seems to
p p -
P--
12
10
11
HF.TKACTED HYDRANTIIS, SHOWING PROTRACTORS.
Fig. 10. S< rt//lai-/lhi nni'ji U'niirn. j>, j>rntr;irh>r: r. retractor; .-. septum.
Fig. 11. .">'/ riiihn -i-lln I' mnsent (lettering the suincO-
Fig. 11!. .S .rlulurclla mri/nttoiiia (lettering the simie).
be stretched outward into a hernia-like protuberance, which contains a sack-like divarication of
the hydranth body cavity. To this latter Hartlaub has given the name " Blindsack." (Fig. 13, 1> .v.)
In the material at my disposal it is difficult to ascertain the relationships of the various parts
in the proximal end of the tiydranth and bottom portion of the hydrotheca. In many species of
S, i'fiilin'1-llii the septum at the bottom of the hydrotheca extends more than halfway across from
the adeauline to the abcauline side, leaving an aperture that is unsymmetrically placed, being on
the abcauline portion of the bottom of the hydrotheca. The connection between the hydranth
and the sarcode of the stem passes through this aperture. (Fig. 14 \ c.)
It appears that a large portion of the bottom of the hydranth is permanently attached to the
septum, and this part of the hydranth corresponds to the foot of the hydra. At times this
portion of the foot seems to be muscle-like in function and to work in opposition to the protractor
mentioned above. It thus serves functionally as a retractor muscle, and secures its point of resist-
ance on the upper side or face of the septum. This condition of affairs seems to be common in
those species that have a well-developed protractor on the abcauline side, and this fact would seem
to support the view that it works functionally in opposition to the latter.
1 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, pp. 10, 11.
nn -I:I:TI i.AKin.K.
11
The blind sack K very well shown in .{!>!, tumi-in ,il>;,t'm<i (ti^s. !.">- If,), where it U perfectly
evident that it is a hernia-like protuberance from tin- l,ody \\all of tin- hydranth which i- attached
to the hydrothecal wall liy a hand of ectodermal ti-Mie. That the -truciure- ju~t de-crilied are
very widely distributed sinioii^ the Sertnlarid;e is proved hy the fact that I have found them in
one or more typical >peeie> of the Following genera: /'// <//'.///,/. .sv /////<///,/, >'///,///.</-//. JI,j,/rnll-
bs
13
11
r- : M.TI
Fig. 1:!. r i
Fis, 1 . II . -:m ,.i|,,l . ...... i. .11. .11 !..!.. 11 Hi,- liyilninil, nnil tin- s
Fig. 1">. !'!<
Fig. i,;. .!/./ ' . '- 1, i. Mini sack.
n: ;.. |>niinii'iiir.
S,liii/iiii>j>x!x, !>!jili,ix!,i. . I lii, tliiiiriii. />!i-fi/<ii-ltiil!iiiii. and .V //,//,/,- II, i. In >'</////<///</
there are ajipari'iitly two protractors on oppo-ile ^ide- of the hydranth. i^ec iic_r. ;t.
p. !.) The.-,e may lie the structures referred to l>y Louis .\LTa"i/ :i- " lilm-like project ions or
pseudopoilial [irolonyations" t>v which the ectoderm of the liody wall i-> connected \\ith tlie
wall of the livdrotheca. A still more ^trikiiiL r ca~e in \\hich two pi-otraetor- are pn'-enl i- found
ill l>ij>lnix!,i ilnjl/tilix. (Sec liu'. 17.)
12 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Hartlaub 1 says that lie lias seen the blind sack filled with food particles, and suggests that it
may function as the stomach of the hydranth. It is not improbable that it may share this
function with the rest of the body cavity of which it is merely a divarication, but I see no proof
that it assumes the full burden of the digestive function. This writer also calls attention to the
fact that the adcauline wall of the sack has an endodermal lining of columnar epithelium like
that of the body cavity in general, while the abcauline wall is lined with ordinary endodermal
cells. (Fig. 15.) He suggests that the blind sack may have something to do with the renewal of
the hydranth, but does not support this suggestion with any definite proof. He doubtless infers
that the undifferentiated endoderm of the sack must be capable of some function other than that
performed by the columnar epithelium, and this may have given rise to the suggestion regarding
the connection between the blind sack and regeneration. He says that this structure is absent
from the Campanularida> in general, and believes that it constitutes a good systematic character
bv which that group may be separated from the Sertularidse. It is doubtless true that this
important structure has been altogether too much neglected by systematists. The present writer,
however, desires to make a critical study of it in connection with the other groups before adopt-
ing it as a criterion for the division of family groups.
In several species of Sertularella, as .V. dichntoiiKt, and in the Desmoscyphus group of
S, liiiliirin* there is an internal ridge on the abcauline wall of the hydrotheca that corresponds
to the intrathccal ridge in the Plumularidse and appears to be for the firmer anchorage of the
protractor. (Fig. UH, /.)
But one other feature pertaining to the hydranth need be discussed here, and that is the
structures that are supposed to be muscles for the closing of the operculum. I have been unable
to find them as a constant feature in any one species. Hartlaub figure* them as present in
Sertula/rdla r/"/// ', but they are certainly not at all constant in that species.
While I have found a number of cases which 1 at first was inclined to consider as opercular
muscles, they were found on closer examination to end on the margin of the hydrotheca, and not
to reach the operculum at all. In such case's it is reasonable to interpret the structures rather as
protractors than as opercular muscles. (See figs. 17-10, <> ///.) In other cases the muscular bands
end freely in the upper part of the hydrotheca] cavity, as if they had been torn from their attach-
ments. These may be opercular muscles, but until they are found connected direct!} 7 and
definitely with the operculum the writer believes that it is wisest to refrain from ascribing to
them a definite function in connection with the opercula. It must be remembered that the
hydranths at times send forth all sorts of projections from the ectoderm toward the hydrotheca]
walls, and doubtless these are occasionally attached to the operculum. But we have as yet no
evidence that such attachments are permanent or constant, as are the protractors described above.
Hartlaub, who copied the figure mentioned above from Allman. is not at all convinced that there
are such things as retractors of the opercula. and suggests that Allman was mistaken in his
interpretation, as it often happens that one or more tentacles of a retracted hydranth remain with
their tips attached to the opercula. The present writer has not seen instances of this. In one
case (fig. 18) there is a structure that looks a good deal like a retractor of the operculum. The
figure, was taken from a section, and it appears that the long sarcodal process from the hydranth
is directly attached to the operculum, but it may not be a retractor at all, but simply one of the
many processes thrown out by the hydranth under certain conditions, particularly when the latter
is about to begin the process of disintegration. The mechanical necessity for retractors to the
operculum does not seem at all evident. The valves are so arranged that they would naturally
fall back into place upon the retraction of the hydranth, and this action is probably aided and
hastened by the elasticity of the chitinous material of which they are composed.
In size the Sertularian hydranth does not differ appreciably from that of the I'lumularida 1 ,
although they average somewhat larger. Although they are almost always retracted in preserved
specimens they are still available for studj*, while those of the plumularians are usually entirely
absent in specimens preserved in alcohol or formalin. Hartlaub says that the proboscis is
1 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 11.
TIIK SKICTI 1.AK1H.K.
13
trumpet-shaped in well-preserved -pecimen.-. lint I have not been able to \c-rify tliis observation:
:ui(l those specimens thai 1 have seen alive, aa S. jmmila &n<l S. co7*nicina, b&vd inv&ris,b\y had
I nic conical proboM-ides like tho-e of the Plumularidse. I have also seen the expanded living
hydranth.s of Sertularetta pofyzonias and /'/,///</// ,//;/,/,/,</. and here, too. the prohosci- ua~
conical.
Tin Hi/lira/ Ii, i;-i . All of the Sertularidse beliio- colonial forms die individuals, as already
indicated, are subordinate to the colony as a whole. None of tin- hydrothecae in this group are
furnished with pedicels of any considerable length, 1 and the sessile condition has resulted in a
(rue bilateral symmetry that seems to be universal in this family and the Plumularidffi. The
o m
17
THI BO-i CULAR HUSCLEE
KlLT. 17. /'//./m.'Y.I i/M///.f//>. i, it, ..J,i'ivil]:i] !ni: . ,
i''rj. i - - ; , ilar muscle.
l''i^'. ]'.'. >> '.'<!.~/::l/!'l. .1 /// , I l| .< Tl ' I ] lil P I 1 1 I 1 *<' 1 I ' . , ' < ' 1 f: !' ' I Mf I 1 1 1 ] *l "1 1 .
Fig. -jd. iiyiir.i Hi. < a ,,[>,,/. [ntiathecal ridge at r,
reason for this seems to be that the stems and brunches u|ion which the hydrothecffi are sessile
are in general more or less erect, or at leasl not horizontal in position. The normal posture of
the hydranth is erect or nearly SO, the month beinn- directed upward.
Hence the axis of the liydrotlieca forms an acute an^le with that of the stem or branch upon
which it gTOWS, and as a result the adcauline side tend.- to be shorter than the abcauline. Iii
other words the posture of the hydranth determines the inclination of the hydrotheca in the
Sertularida 1 . while the flexibility of the pedicel in the ( 'ampanulariihe permits (he hvdranth to
be directed upward without disturbing the radial symmetry of the hydrotheca. It thus comes
about that t he serf nlarian hvdrotheca lend- to assume a symmetry that is bilateral rather than
1 If the .V,r//./,W/,; x,j;t,,i-;,i ili-srrilii-il in \}n~ \\,,i'k (see l'l;ite XX, li;.'s. 10. Ill is ii'lult. ;is sci-nis :ilti,..'etlier likely,
it wuiiM In- an ex.-ejititin to this -taleiiirnt, as the liyili'..llii'c,-i- in this spiviet have peilicels of c-oiisi.leralile leiiL'lh.
14
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
radial. Of course this symmetry is often interfered with, particularly where the hydrotheca
has a curve' that is not in the vertical plane, as is the case with many species in which the hydro-
tlicca- curve forward as well as outward and upward, as Sertulur, II" jiinnata (Plate XXI,
fig. 10), and X. iillniiiii! (Plate XVIII, fig. 3). Again the implantation of the hydrotheca may
be upon the front rather than upon the sides of the stem, and thus we have a difference
between the front and back, as well as between the adcauline and abcauliue sides of the hydro-
theca as in the case of ILijiIraUninnin fn/n/fii (Plate XXXVIII, fig. 1), and in the Desinoscyphus
group of .^ i-tiiliirii(- (Plate I, fig. 7). That the bilateral symmetry is the result of the mechanical
causes referred to is rendered all the more probable from the, fact that the primary hydranth of
many species of sertularians is seen to be radially .symmetrical if observed at a very early stage
in its developement. If we examine very young specimens of /Serfatlarella ni</<>i.t, for instance,
we find that the primary hydranth is at first mounted on a distinct pedicel like that of a campan-
ularian, and is radially symmetrical (see fig. 21).
It very shortly, however, becomes bilaterally symmetrical by the production of a protuber-
ance on one side of its base, and this protuberance shortly gives rise to a second hydrotheca.
This seems to indicate that radial symmetry is the original condition and bilateral symmetry a
later acquisition in the group, brought about by mechanical causes relating to the necessity of
adjusting the sessile hydrotheca! to the hydrocaulus. The condition of affairs described above
is true only of those species having alternate hydrotheca 1 . When they
are strictly opposite, the two terminal hydrothecse are produced together,
and hence such species produce primitive pairs of hydrothecffi that are
necessarily bilateral.
In almost all species of sertularians the several hydrotheca? of the
mature colonies are substantially alike, the only notable exception being
in the genus Pasythea, where the hydrotheca? are in groups of pairs and
no two pairs in a given group are alike either in form or size (see Plate
XIII, fig. 4).
With the exception of the genus SeLaginopsis all of the American
sertularians conform to the bilateral plan not only in regard to the shape of
the individual hydrotheca 1 , but also in the arrangement of the hydrotheca 1
on the stem and branches (see fig. 32). This is due to the fact that the
hydrothecw are arranged in two usually opposite rows. If a branch of
such a species should be split vertically from front to back it would be
divided into two equal and symmetrical parts. When the hydrotheca' are,
alternate, these two parts would be similar but not symmetrical. The same,
is true in Hydrall/mania, where the hydrothecse are all in a single row but have their distal ends
bent alternately to the right and left. In Selaginopsis the hydrotheca 1 are arranged in more than
two rows, in one case, S. ilici /*</ v' ( ///.y, there being ten longitudinal rows. In this genus there
is not only the regular vertical arrangement of hydrotheca 1 , but a spiral arrangement as well.
The hydrotheca 1 vary greatl}' in different species both in size and shape. In general they are
much deeper in proportion to their diameter than those of the Plumularida?. Perhaps the most
common form is more or less tubular, with the distal end bent to one side, as in S< /-fi/////-//t /nnnilii.
Most species of the genera Sertularia, Xi/iif/m-ii/ii/, and Tlmiaria have hydrothecse of this type,
which reaches its most perfect form in such species as Si/)if],,;-nn,i rectum (Plate XLI, fig. 2).
Sometimes the tube is not bent, and the hydrotheca becomes an almost perfect cylinder, as in
X, ffnlui-,/!,/ funiioxii (fig. 22) or Synthedum eylhulrieutii (Plate XLI, fig. 7). Again it may be
so short, truncated, and expanded at the base as to resemble the frustum of a cone, as in Xt-rtii/ii-
r.l/n Jim-tin nl>; (Plate XXVII, fig. 5). The cylindrical hydrotheca?, like all others among the
Sertularidse, vary greatly in the extent to which they are immersed in the hydrocaulus, sometimes
being attached to the latter by their extreme base only, as in S. yi/adntta (fig. 23); or it may be
immersed to the margin all around, as in Sertnl<ir<-Ua distans (Plate XIX, fig. 6) or ,V,/y ///,//, II, i lutn
(Plate XVIII, fig. 10). Every possible intergradation between these two extreme.-, can be found.
Sometimes great variation occurs in 'a single colony, as in the case of Sertularella mayellanica
Fig. 21. VLTY ynniiK liulrn-
ther:] ul' ,N i hti'in flu i //<,,-ir.
showing radial symmetry.
THE SKKTI'LAKin.i:.
15
(Plato XXIV. Hi:*. <>. "). where the hydrothecse arc almost entirely exerted on (lie proximal |>art
and more than half of their adcauline wall is adnate in the distal pari> of the eolonv. Thi> con-
dition, however, is quite exceptional, the extent of immersion lieinc.- much more constant as a
KlL' 'J'J. >' r titl'if tin f'iniiu*,!,
Flu'. -':'. ->' l-ll/l.n . !>'<! '/:li/>lt;lfll.
Fl^ 'J I I'hiU'ti ft i '<!>ti*tn
I !5 -/'//./I. l.-l'.l full, it
KlU -I',. Ni cltil'i ri tin tini't*!,
\' \'^, '21 .,^> ttitl'ii' /fit j,i/n/>iti< .
34
TYri- nr IIYHKOTHKI-.V, HI' SKKTl'l IEIANE
l-'iL- L'N. *i i fulfil in ,, t> , rriil'il'i.
Kiu J'.'. At'/' I / in ii- > i ! ' i i -linu i wu- r.'.'ili
ScrtvJarcUn
KIL-. ::'_'. >' i-t'i/'ii 1 /" ',,! a/, -hi, i.
. . Mniliiifiri'i ". ' . -iii'inth iiiiirKiln.
t-'iL.-. -1. --!'" '' ' ' '"' '' li (l 'l inaru'in).
I : '.
I ig ::<,. Thnifirifi fiififiiibn.
; . S* rliilur* flu j'f,i-tn.~".
i Fin- '-"_', US, ;:'. 86, iinil :i7 ;iri' unly h.ill :i- lum-li liKimnlii'il :i- tlir Dl
rule. The departures from the cylindrical form of the h\ drothceje are almo-t innumerable, lint
can most of them lie reduced to (he following types:
(i/) l-'liixl'-xltiifii //. in which the liasal part is swollen, and I he distal part constricted and often
"cut. Illustrated by many species of Tlmiiiriii, such as /'. rnlnmtii (i\^. -_'4j. T. jm/i/i-in-jm (I'late
51LT) I-r L' 04 2
16 AMERICAN HYDR01DS.
VIII, fig. 8), and T. inum rx<i ; in several species of Sertularia, us X. </,.v/<//V/,.v (Plate III, tig. 2);
and in ticluy hwps/'s, as 8. <-i/l!n(lr!i-<i (Plate, XXXIX, tigs. 7 anil 8).
(b) When tlie neck of the flask becomes elongated and curved to one side, we have what may
be called the ''linttli-x/i/iju'/r' hydrotheca, \vhich is characteristic of the genus Al>i<-1in<iri<i as
used in this work and well shown in such species as .1. <il>i<-tin. (Plate XXXII. fig. 1). .1. mr!<i-
/'///* (Plato XXXII, fig. 5), .1. ffrdcilis (Plate XXXV, tig. -2). The bottle-shaped hydrothec;e
intergrade with the flask-shaped hydrotheca' on the one hand and the triangular forms on the
other.
(<) Piti-licr-xfiujicd hydrotheca? are found in certain species of Diphasia, as />. faUn.c (tig. 25),
D. I'dxnci/i (Plate XXVIII, fig. 4), I), paarmanni (Plate XXXI, tig. 5), and occasionally in
S, i-tiilin-i'llii. as in .V. ,'j>!x,-jmx (Plate XXVI, tig. 7). Such forms are produced by having the.
margin of the hydrotheca' expanded and sinuous on the abcauline side so as to resemble the lip
of a pitcher.
(d) Biii-rcl-xliitpctl hydrotheca' are round, with both distal and proximal ends slightly dimin-
ished in diameter, and both upper and lower profiles coin-ex. They are more nearly radial in
symmetry than most of the others, and are found almost exclusively in the genus Sertularella,
as ,V. i-n</i>x,t (fig. 2(>). X. <n->'i/i (Plate XVII, tig. (), S. ij.n'n-iilntii (Plate XVI, tig. i>), X. jmt,,,,,,-
nica (Plate XVI, fig. 3). This form is usually provided with a square collar, which interferes with
the symmetry of the "barrel." In .V. t<nm<ri (Plate XVI, tig. 1), a very large and beautiful
hydrotheca is seen which, in some instances at least, attains almost a perfect barrel shape.
(c) When this latter type is greatly elongated a slender terete outline is produced, which
gives the typical fusiform hydrotheca, which is very rare, illustrated by Sertularella fusiformis
(Plate XX, fig. H), and less perfectly by ,V. //ii/u/tfn/ (Plate XIX, fig. 7).
(f) In a few cases the axis of the hydrotheca is straight and the base expanded, while the
diameter gradually decreases toward the distal end. Thus a conoid form is produced, which is
quite rare. Illustrated by Af>/'< tiimriu </!< .i-iimli-r! (Plate XXXV, fig. 5). If the distal two- thirds
of such a hydrotheca were cut off, we would have such a form as Xri-tiilm'rllii hartlaiM (Plate
XXVII, fig.' 5).
(ff) Triangular hydrothecffl. In a few cases hydrotheca' are triangular in outline as viewed
from the front, being hounded by three approximately straight sides. This occurs in the />,.*<-
moscypkus group of Xr////V//-/</ as .V. /v/-x///y.v/ (Plate I, tig. It), in which the two inner sides of
a pair of hydrotheca' are contiguous and pressed together so as to form a straight line, and the
aperture at the supero-lateral angle is very small. The triangular outline is also approached in
A1>'ni'ni<ii-'ia trask't (Plate XXXIII, fig. lu).
(h) Perhaps the rarest form of hydrotheca' is one that approaches a parallelopipedon in
shape, having a quadrate cross section and four parallel sides. This form is well shown in
SaiulitreUa <jn<i<1/'iitn (fig. 23), and in X. <'i/linilr!tln-<-i( (Plate XIX, tig. -4). A combination of
this form and the barrel-shaped hydrotheca is found in X /////,//,//,/ //////>.<//. where the upper
part of the hydrotheca is modified in shape so as to be square in section, while the remainder is
barrel-shaped. The extent of immersion varies greatly in most of these types, but is probably
most complete in some species of Tlntiiu-in, as T. ///////<r.w (Plate IX, fig. 4), in which the entire
hydrothecal margin is sunk to the general level of the hydrocaulus so as to be flush with it all
around.
There is in general a pretty close adherence to type in the hydrotheca} of a given species, the
most notable exception being the case of /'tx////i,i/ <[tiii(lri<l. ntntit (Plate XIII, fig. -I), in which
the hydrotheca? are arranged in groups of pairs, no two pairs in a group being alike, the upper
pair being smaller than the lower and more or less quadrate in outline. A slight approach to
the same condition is found in the case of TJmiiirin tulmUfni'niis. On Plate XI, fig. 2, for
instance, the lowest pair of hydrotheca' is much broader from margin to margin than the next
pair. Another and more evident example is found in S,-rtnliir!<i mmjiri (Plate V. figs. 1,2),
where the hydrotheca 1 on the basal part of the stem are much longer than those on the distal part,
and are bent abruptly outward, forming nearly a right angle at their middle portion.
THE SKRTrLAKID.t:. 17
The ornamentatit f tin- h\ -drothecal surface in tin- Sertularid;e i-- effected mainly by
annulations, stria', ami reduplication-, of the maryins. am! each of the>e U conlinrd mainly to the
yenus X, rtiilin; Ilii. The rnyosit ie> are -oinet iines conlilied to the free part of the adcaiiline side,
as in X, ,-fiil,n;'ll,i ,/ni/,' (Plate XIV. tiy. 1). X. <<,/'<,/( I'late X\". liy. I ). ami A. catena (I'late XV,
liy. ."'). Often they are continued entirely around the hydro! heeal wall as in the ri/,/,,x,i yroiip.
Ordinarily this latter rondition i> associated \vith the quadrate neck, lint a notable exception
is found in a new species with very la rye barrel-shaped hydrotlieea'. .V. tiinii,n (I'late XVI.
tiy. 1). Annnlations dill'er from ruyo-,itie> in lieiny liner and more sharply cut, although tile
terms are often apparently used as if they were interchangeable. A notalile instance of thi>
style of ornamentation is found in l>!jili,ixi,i //vyi/.w (I'late XXX. liy. 1). in which the entire
hydrothecal wall is marked with very line but greatly raised annnlation.-. the outer surface of
which is so tine as to lie linear. If the liottoiiis of a pile of very thin dinner plates were
removed, and the remainder of the plates lilted to a cylinder, they would represent fairly well
the structure of these annular ridyes. There is hut one species that I know of with lonyitudinal
markinys like ribs or cost a', and that is X, rtnl,i,; ll,i ,n; i/i ( Plate XVII. tiy. ti). Stria' are simply
very tine aunulations rnnniny in a parallel direction. These are well shown in X, i-fnl,u; II <i
i/iiiii/i'n/ii ( I'late X\'. tiy. ."'). I'nder favorable conditions of illumination the entire surface of
the livdrolhccal walls is seen to lie marked by these tine, closely set line's.
The hydrothecal aperture i^ laryely determined liy the shape of the niaryin and the maryinal
teeth. Most com moidy it is round or oyal in shape (liy. .".:'.); often it is i|iiadrate, as in the /</'/'"
y roil] i of X, rt nl a /: Ilii. or in X. quadfl'atdj rarely it is lunate, as in I'lni'mrm </!jf'ux,i (Plate X, Hy. '!}.
The niaryin is often more or less everted, as if rolled outward, as in the case of Synthecium
lnhitli, rum (Plate XLI. tiy. I): 01- i i may lie expanded, as in Sertularella pinnata (6.g. i'T) and
X. ,/,,/,i/ix (Plate XXIV. liy. 1); or sometimes it is contracted, as in X, rtiiliirin /,/*/(///*/' (Plate I,
tiy. 7) or .\l>;,l',ii,ir'i<i traski (Plate XXXIII. liy. Hi).
The ornamentation of the hydrothecal niaryin is -ometimcs in the form of a distinct narrow
hand or rim. as in X rtuliin H<i fnnii<>x,i (tiy. L'L'). Synthecium rn-tuni (Plato XLI, fiy. '2), or X. /
f n/iii': Ilii ilixdnix (Plate XIX. tiy. ti); or it may lie effected liv means of closely approximated
circular striations, as in Abietinaria alexanderi (P\&te XXXV. tiy. ~>) oi 1 Synthecium marginatum
(Plate XLI. liy. 3).
The reduplication of the niaryin often seen in the Sertularida'. lint displayed liest in ll<il-iiiin,
seems to lie j>rodueerl l>y pei'iodie and successiye .-tayes in the yrowth of the hydranth. or. as
Levinsen seems to have shown, by the successive renewal or regeneration of the hydranth. In
this latter case each reduplication represents a complete regeneration of the hydranth occupying
the hvdrotheea. These reduplications produce the appearance of a number of false maryins
In-low hut parallel with the functional one. There are many illustrations of this among American
forms. Midi as Synthecium /<//>//..<////. .V /////<//, II, i ,/it<i</i;it,i. ,s'. ,/, at if, /</ (Plate XX\ r . tiy. i').
and >'. ,^/iij, Intnl.
The maryinal teeth of the hydrotheca-. whateyer their oriyin or function, form a character
of the very yreatest importance from the standpoint of the systi-matist. and are therefore worthy
of careful consideration. They consist of more or less evident prominences projecting from the
niaryin and followiny in yeneral the direction of the hydrothecal walls from which they >priny.
They vary yreatly in si/.e. form, and position. Many hydrotheea 1 are entirely destitute of
maryinal teeth, in svhich case the niaryin is delined as even, plain, or sinuous.
The even maryin is common in TTluiaria (tiy. :;'). S,l<t</!n<i]>xix. and . !/</'. tiit,ir!,i. and is present
in all species of Si/i,lli,,-!niii thu.- far de.>crilied. It is oidy exeepli illy present in A, rf n/iifin. as
X. il,xni,ii<l,x (Plate III, liy. 1). and in S, t -fnl,ii; ll,i. as in .V. f,inn<ix,i (liy. _'!') and X'. }i,irt/iinl>i.
The sinuous niaryin is found in several species of I >ij>/mxi,i, as in I>. i;ni,i,;,i.\\\ which the maryin
exhibits liroad and low undulations, which are not sufficiently pronounced to lie called teeth.
This form of maryin often produces the ell'ect of the mouth of a pitcher, and is usually found
in connection with the "pitcher-shaped" hydrotheca'. It is often very difficult to decide whether
a yiven maryin is sinuous or toothed because the two completely interyradc.
18 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Again, it often happens that an oval aperture seems to he pinched, as it were, on opposite
sides at the ends of its long diameter. This produces what is known as the angulated margin,
such as is found in several species of X A/////;</AS-/.V, as .V. pinnata (Plate XXXIX, tig. H), and is
very difficult to distinguish from certain margins with two teeth, when looking directly into the
aperture, as in TJuiinrin t,'>icrn (Plato XI, tig. 11). A lateral view of the same hydrotheca, how-
ever, discloses the fact that the margin is bidentate (Plate XI, fig. 10).
Among American species of Sertularidse the number of teeth never exceeds four in normal
hvdrotheca-. There are several Australian forms, however, in which the dental armature is
much more complicated, there being sometimes as 11111113" as sixteen, as in Sertularia acantJwstoma
Bale. 1 In designating the position of the teeth it is customary to speak of those on the side of
the margin nearest the hydrocaulus as "adcauline," those on the opposite side as "abcauline,"
and any situated about midway between these points as ''lateral.''
Hydrothecse with a single marginal tooth are rare, the examples being practically confined
to the genus Tlnilm'lii. as T. clctjnnx (Plate VII, fig. 4). In this case, however, there is a very
large abcauline tooth and the adcauline margin is so closely appressed to the hydrocaulus that it is
difficult to tell whether there is an adcauline tooth or not. In T. kurilx (Plate IX, fig. 1) there
is a single very conspicuous adcauline tooth.
The bidentate margin is very common in the Sertularida?, and is in general characteristic of
the genus Sertularia. The teeth are usual! y lateral and opposite, and appear often as if a tubular
hydrotheca had been beveled on the adcauline and abcauline sides of the distal end. These oppo-
site lateral teeth are often quite unequal in size, as in the case of Tlniutriit niyoifni. (Plate XII,
fig. 4) and T. ilffinxa (Plate X, fig. 2). But in man}' other cases they are proxiinally of equal
size, as Tliulnrlit j>l it until fan (Plate IX, fig. 9). Sometimes the two teeth are both abcauline and
very conspicuous, as in Sei'tuliu'clln i'j>!x<-tij>nx^ X // nliii'ia 'operculata (tig. 28), or Abietinaria i/rcenci
(figs. 2!*, 84). In this latter case we have perfectly even margins on the hydrothecje on one part
of the colony, and two strong marginal teeth on those of another part of the same colony.
Three marginal teeth are found in many species of Sertularella, and a few in Sci'tnl<n'!<i and
Thuiaritt. In Sertiilivll<i they are usually equal in size and equidistant from each other, and
vary from almost imperceptible prominences on the margin to pronounced pointed teeth that
form a very striking ornamentation, as in Si'i-tiiliircllit phntata (fig. 27), A trii-iixpirfutii (figs. 30, 35),
and A'. Jill/arm Is (fig. 31). Rarely there is a small adcauline tooth and two large and conspicu-
ous abcauline teeth, as S, rtiil<n;-lla titrgidn (Plate XXII, fig. 3). In the genera Sertularia and
Tlniiitrin the three teeth, when present, differ greatly in size, there being two large opposite
lateral teeth, and one very small adcauline tooth, as in Sertularia rathbuni (Plate III, fig. 9), and
Thuiarla tubuKformis (Plate XI, tig. 5).
Four marginal teeth are found in the genus SertnlnrcUa alone, and their variations are about
the same as those just mentioned in connection with three-toothed forms. The}' are often so low
and inconspicuous as to be difficult to make out, as in S. lata. (Plate XVIII, fig. 10), and 8. pinni-
(jera (Plate XIX, tig. 3). These very low teeth are apt to be associated with practically complete
immersion of hydrothecse, as shown in the figures just cited. In only a few cases are they veiy
pronounced and conspicuous, and then they are apt to be unequal in size, the abcauline pair
being the larger, as in S. contorta (Plate XVIII, fig. 7).
It has been suggested by Hartlaub that the hydrotheca is lined by an epithelial membrane. 2
In a certain species of Sertrulcvrella this writer found a membrane with a large central opening
stretched across the aperture of the hydrotheca, as a velum is stretched across the bell opening of
a medusa. From a study of this specimen, and also from the fact that empty hydrotheca? often
present certain shrunken structures fastened around the inside of the margin, and from the
presence in many species of a ring-like line just below the margin and running around the
hydrotheca, this writer suggests that the hydrotheca 1 have a thin epithelial lining which some-
times discloses itself in empty hydrotheca 1 in the form of a shallow funnel-like sack attached to
the hydrotheca along the ring-like line referred to.
'Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 85, pi. iv, figs. 7 and 8. 2 Revision der (sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 11.
THK SKRTPLARIDjE. ]',)
In the examination of serial sections of hydrothecffl I have been unable to tind any epithelial
structure of this sort. It is probable, however, that there is at times a chitinoua lining to the
hydrotheeal chamber that may be separated from the hydrothecal wall through shrinkage. If
we remember the origin of the hydrothcea and its relation to the you MIT hydranth a verv probable
explanation suggests itself. The hydrotheea is fornu'd as an excretion from the epidermal cells
of the budding hydranth which fills the cavity of the hydrotheca until the latter has attained its
full si/e and final form. An examination of the hydrothecal walls under high magnification and
in sections shows that they are laminate, as if formed by the deposition of successive thin layers
of chitin. When the hydranth nears maturity it withdraws from contact with the hvdrothecal
walls, the separation proceeding from below upward, the top of the hydranth being the last to
become separated from the hydrotheca. The last area of union, therefore, is annular and near
the toj) of the hydrotheea just beneath the margin. Thus it will be seen that the last delicate
lay or of chitin would line the hydrotheca up to a ring-like band which may he somewhat thicker
than the rest because hero the secreting surface has been longest in contact with the hvdrotheca.
Under certain conditions it is entirely conceivable that this thin membrane .should become
separated from the hydrothecal wall, of which it is really a part, by shrinkage, especially in
preserved specimens. In this case it would be apt to remain attached to the annular area longer
than to other portions on the hvdrothecal walls, and we would then have exactly the appearance
which attracted the attention of Ilartlaub. The lining is not epithelial, however, in a strict
sense, and does not belong properly to any one of the cell layers, because it is not composed of
cells or of modified cells. On the contrary, it is hisrologically and morphologically merely the
innermost of a number of layers excreted by the ectoderm of the hydranth and forming the
hydrothecal walls.
Tli, ()j>,i-i'iiliiin. This is a structure of great systematic importance that has been made
especially prominent through the careful work of Prof. (T. M. H. Levinsen, and his admirable
presentation of the results of his investigations. 1
One of the earliest specific accounts of the operculum among the Sertularidae is found in
Louis Agassi/'s Contributions to the Natural History of the United States.- This author, in
describing the growth of the hydranth, says : "And the body retracts altogether from the calycle.
after having completed the formation of a bivalve-like operculum." "When the hydra pro-
trudes from its calycle for the first time it pushes aside the operculum, yet the latter may remain
adherent for some time, but evidently for no particular purpose."
A still earlier mention of the operculum, in the genus S,-rtiil<n-tllii. is found in a work
written in 1X57 by Joshua Alder, :l who notes the presence of the four-parted operculum in A.
ritt/nKii and .s'. /<//.//</, hut seems not to have observed it in X. y'///.:v////</.v nor in X. h-!<-UKj>!iliitii.
both of which species were known to him. In 1SIJX Hincks, in his British Ilydroid Zoophytes,
mentions the opercula in the genera X, /-f ///,/,; II, i, DipAostffl, and Tlutiitrin. but does not seem
to have found it in X, linlnrin. Allmaii, in his Clm/l, ,u/, r Report, the Ilydroida. Second Part.
1888, gives as a part of his definition of Suinl<n-!<t " orifice with or without an operculum"
(p. 50), and has this to say regarding the operculum : " The valves in all these cases are so thin
and perishable that it is only in recent or exceptionally well-preserved specimens we can hope to
meet with them, a fact which in itself deprives the distinctions derived from them of that prac-
tical value which ought, if possible, to be found in all well-selected systematic character-" (p. ~>l).
This author also adopts a " lid-like operculum formed by a single valve" as a character of the
genus I>i]>/i<isi*t, and notes that two species of his genus Desmoscyphus, I>. j>,i-t !n<tt UK and
D. acfl>it/x'<U'/>!/x, possess opercula.
'Oin Fornyt'lsi-ii :if KriwrinirsiiicliviiltTni- Ims II ydrniilcrnt' ; Vi<lriisk;il'li'_r<- Mr,l,lrli-lsrr Ira den iuitiirhi.-tnri>ke.
i Kjobenhavn., ls!i_; ( '..prnliuirrn, ism'.
Mctlust-r Ctenophorer <><; Hyilruiilrr I'm I ;n>nl:iM.l^ Wstk\>t tilliiri-mril IViiiHTkiiiiiircr <mi I Iv't
ik ; idem., Copenhagen, isici
"V..I. IV, isti-j, (1 . :i.
'A Catalogue of Zoophytes of Nurtliiiinlierluiiil and Durham, Xi-wraMtlc-nii-Tyni'. Is.'.T, p. -'.'>.
20 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Iii 1890 Marktanner-Turneretscher 1 used the opcrculuni in giving the diagnostic features of
the genera Xi'i'ti//(//vI/<t, Calyptothuiaria, .lA<//<y<///c, I>!J>/I<IK!<I, and Dynamena. In the present
work Cah/ptothuiaria is included in the genus S, ///<// ll<i and Monopoma in Ahict'tnnr'm.
As before indieateil. it remained fur Levinsen to make a systematic and comprehensive
study of the operculnm in various groups, and this he has done with the painstaking care that is
characteristic of our Scandinavian fellow-zoologists.
The following points are ((noted direct from his systematic discussion of the Sertularidse a
and translated by Mr. J. H. Paarmann, who studied the operculum in connection with a thesis
for the master's degree in the State University of Iowa:
Our attention has before been called to tin- fart that an operculnm is found in all Sertularida', and that it, together
with the form of the margin of the hydrotheca, is the only character hy means of which we can draw a natural
boundary line between the Campanularidse and Sertularid;e. There is at least a certain relation between the
form of the margin and the structure and position of the operculum. Thus a Si'rtiilnrillu thai lias lost its operculum
may he easily recognized by the three or four equally developed curves in the margin on which the operculum has
been attached; and in the genera in which the opercnlum is a single flap the attachment of the lost operculum cm the
inner or outer margin will be indieateil by a more or less deepened curve. We may deline the genus
M-rliiliii-iii thus: Aperture of the hydrotlieca provided on the outer (abcauline) .side with a deep cmargination in
which the flap-formed operculum is attached; on the opposite (adcauline) side is found a thin portion ("kraven" =
collar) of similar form to the emargimttion mentioned above. It thus appears that on eaeli side of the margin is a
dentate or triangular projection, and that betx een these on the inner side is stretched a thin membrane. This
membranous part is, in general, overlooked by authors who describe or delineate the margin as bilabiate or two-
toothed. In a number of species this thinned portion of the wall (of the hydrotlieca), which we will call the "collar,"
has been seen by Allman and Marktanner-Turneretsrher, who, however, have both misinterpreted it, regarding it as
a flap of the operculum, which, in combination with the real operculum, serves to close the aperture in the same
manner as the flap of an operculum in ,SVr//i(;r//i/. Not only the species which Marktanner-Turneretscher
assigns to the genus lii/muiii-iui, but also the remaining species of the genus ,S' ( /// rrm, as we have defined it, have
such a collar, which, by this author, is incorrectly interpreted as a flap of an operculum.
The above rather voluminous quotation from Levinsen has been given, because, in justice to
that writer, it is necessary that his position should be made as plain as possible in view of the
fact that the present writer is compelled to differ from Professor Levinsen and agree with
Allman and Marktanner-Turneretscher in his interpretation of the operculum of the type found
in Sci'tii/iirni. that is, the so-called " two-valved " operculum (see tigs. 38-53).
The origin of this type in its developmental history should be understood in oi'der to
appreciate the points in discussion that will be presented later. If we examine a very young
hydrotlieca of Sertularia f>iu/iil<t, for instance, we will tind that its distal end is entirely covered
with a very thin homogeneous membrane, continuous over the entire surface. This is deposited,
like the hydrothecal walls with which it is continuous, by the ectoderm of the inclosed young
hydranth. There is nothing at this stage to show any distinction whatever between the hydro-
thecal walls and the operculum, the margin not yet having been differentiated. In preserved
specimens, however, the homogeneous membrane covering the hydrotlieca is apt to be wrinkled,
and these wrinkles may sometimes have the optical effect of structural characters. A little later,
but before the tentacles have become plainly differentiated, the hydrothecal margin appears by a
strengthening of the chitin, and can be traced as a fine, dark, sinuous line which marks the
outline of the two opposite teeth, which rapidly become more and more prominent. We have
now a distinct differentiation between the hydrothecal walls and that which is destined to become
the operculum, although there is yet no break whatever in the continuity between these two
structures, nor any opening at the distal end of the hydrotlieca. The future operculum is
shaped like the side walls of an "A" tent, the front and rear of the tent being closed by the two
opposite hydrothecal teeth. The two Haps of the tent are of unequal size, however, the abeauline
being considerably the larger. These two are nevertheless strictly homological structures, each
having originated in the chitinous pellicle that covers the distal end of the budding hydranth,
and each being adherent to the sides of the teeth and the portion of the hydrothecal margin
between them, the two uniting along the line that would be represented by the ridge pole of
the tent.
1 Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1S90, pp. 249-251.
"Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider I'ra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1SH5, pp. 183-200.
THK SKRTULAKIDJ-:.
21
I ab
40
KMS nK HYIiKiiTHKi'.K, '.KKATI.Y MAtiMHKI'. To Mln\V HlVAIVi: i '1'K liiTLA
in*/, adeatilitie tlap; nh, alieaiilim 1 llap. i
Fitf. Its. Si- rt it fur it i [11/111 /In. ^Imu m^ relation o( h \ ilr. [ In-cal lr-t h ami i iprrcnla.
l-'ii: ;{'.t. [vUiiK'itinliiial .si-ciiitn nf saiin-, slniwinv; rnirunl 1.1 .>jHTUila. i/i ami ml,
just rt'in-u i-il.
Kiu r . M. -Lnnt,'iimiinai section of same, showing renewal ol aiiraniim- Hap.
KJL- 11 . .^f rfti/tiriu i rt-iifitf't. slmwhi^ marginal it-i-ili ainl nprri'iilum.
Fijr. 4^. LorijLritinliiial M-rtinii uf sain.-, -liuu in- "[.rrculinn.
FiL'. l&.Sertularfa COmictna, li-ni:itii>liiial ^rrtinn Itinni^li a pair of liyircitlifi':i', ^huu
Ki-' I !. Sann- *] ..... Lea, murv liiuhiy iiia-Tiilied.
Kit:, -l"i. Sanir spcci.-. ^h..\\ Jim n-<lii|iliralii>ii M|' ujirrriiliiiit.
Fit,', lii. T ft n in 1 1 n cupresstna, -h"\\ IHL- i 'lai ii ni of marginal tcrih ami "j.i-rcnlinn
FiK- 47.- >.iriM- species, shn\vin,t,' liyilrnllii-ra ami n-tra<-!.-iI liy^lranth.
Fi^'. 'IS. Saini- spi-cii"*, -.tio\\ iny empty ti\ dnithn-a.
Ki^, I'.i. Sertularia bn vicyathus, -In i\\ inu a pair nf hylnithi-ca ami npcrruln.
i i- '^.--Ttiitiui-in film*/'!, >lin\viii^ marginal teeth.
Fit,'. ">]. Sinn.- -p.Ti, v. Htniv\in^ r.-'lup]irati"ii uf margin ami npereiiluin.
I i l. Thnitir'ni tnl>titt\iiittit. >hm\ iii^' np.-reiiluni. Tin- tlutti-d lim- in*)i<-at<-<l tin- p-
I I ig '.' Same -pi-eir^. xhowiiiK .-min- nprn-tilnm.
nprtvular l
r nprrctlla.
/.' ami a-/', [rruhir thi|>M
ne c if the nmnriim) t
22
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
There is no important change in the operculum or margin between the stage just described
and the completion of the hydranth. When tin- latter emerges into the outer world for the first
time it seems probable that it ruptures by purely mechanical pressure the line between the points
of the hydrotheeal teeth, or, to use our former simile, the line along the ridge polo of the tent,
the pushing tentacles being directed to that line by the .sloping inner surfaces of the opercular
flaps, and hence the cleavage along the line joining the summits of the teeth. After this rupture
has been effected further cleavage takes place along the line of junction between the slopes of
the hydrothecal teeth and the operculum, beginning at the top of the teeth (tig. 54). This
may include either or both sides of the "tent, "and will continue until there is room for the
egress of the hydranth, leaving the bottom of both Haps still attached to the hydrothecal margin.
It is probable that Professor Levinsen would confirm the. above account, with the exception
of the last sentence. He holds that only the abcauline Hap is opened, the adcauline remaining as
the "collar" described above. This difference, however, is of great importance, as it is his
justification for regarding such an operculum as composed of a single Hap, while the present
writer maintains that it consists of two flaps.
it will be conceded, I think, that the two flaps are identical in their origin and that they are
therefore strictly homologous anil similar structures. Levinsen claims that they differ in function,
./.. ad
r.r,
KKl.ATION OF THE OPERCULUM TO THK EXPANDING AND EXPANDED HYDP.ANTH oh' SEKTUI.ARIA PUMILA.
Fig. 54. Tuntai'h-s pushing aside the optTrular llapv <il>. ahraulitx 1 Ha]..
Fig. 5f). Basi- nf rxpandrd hydra nth holding asid<- UK- oprn-illar Haps. ul>. ahi-alilim- flap; /'/, adraillim.' flap.
Fiji, ."ii;. Vii'W of tlif opposit,- Mill., slimvillL' adi-ai'linr Map. in'. iidraulhlf Hap.
the abcauline flap being a movable, lid and the adcauline a fixed ''collar. 1 " Mr. Paarmann's
investigation seems to prove that this is a mistake, and that "sometimes the adcauline piece, is
attached while the other is free, and sometimes the reverse is true. Often the sides of a flap are
attached for a greater or iess distance proximally while, they become free distally, the degree of
attachment varying greatly in the same species. In most cases both flaps are functional." 1
In fig. 9, taken from a specimen preserved with the hydranth fully expanded, it can be plainly
seen that the abcaulino flap is not functional, and most careful scrutiny of the original under the
microscope does not reveal that it has opened at all. The hydranth is well expanded, however,
and so in this case the adcauline, flap must be the functional one, unless, indeed, it is so very
flexible and elastic that it allows of the passage of the hydranth without the lid being elevated at
all. In tig. 55 we have a case in which both flaps are plainly functional, and both are separated
from the hydrothecal margin well down toward the bottom of the tooth. It thus appears that
Mr. Paarmann was correct in his statement that both the abcauline and adcauline flaps are
functional, although neither is constantly so, and therefore the operculum of A', jn/milii ami numv
of its allies are properly called "two-Mapped."' The two flaps are the same in origin, are entirely
'J. H. Paarmann, manuscript.
- I'lic present writer has carefully verified the accuracy of Mr. I'aarniann's drawings l>y direct comparison with
the material from which they were taken.
THK SKRITLAKID/E. 23
homologous, and are usiiiilly siinilur in function. I shall therefore speak of tin- <>p<Mviil;i of such
species us X. jni/nilii as two-flapped, and will include practically all of tin- .-pecie- in which (lie
"collar" described by Levinsen appears. 1 I have not been able to find >pecimen- in which the
collar presents just the appearance delineated by Levinsen. ' This may he explained by the fact
that my specimens were in a very % 1 state of preservation and stained, while the hvdrothec:c
figured by him do not appear to contain hydranths. and may have lieen boiled in caustic potash
or otherwise treated to bring out the unimpeded view of the chitinous parts, thus destroying the
hydranths and possibly altering the appearance of the operculum. In unstained specimens it is
very diflicult. if not impossible, to see the tine line marking the outline of the upper liorder of
the adcauliiie Hap seen in tig. .">> ,/,/. When this is not seen the structure looks verv much as it
does in Levinsen's figures.
In sj)ecies with very long teeth it .appeal's that the teeth continue growing after the
operculum has lieen formed. If we examine a specimen of X, rinhn-'ni /i, ,;,//, if, i. for instance,
we will lind that the teeth project far beyond the distal ends of the opercular Haps (see lio-. 41).
[f the operculum originated in this species in the same manner as it dues in X. jn/,n/l/i. the greater
part of the growth of the teeth must take place after the operculum has been formed. Other-
wise the latter would reach clear to the points of the teeth. It would lie interesting to study the
operculum in sertularians with numerous teeth, such as are found in Australian species of
S,'iiii/iii'in. and to investigate the relations between the two structures. I do not know that
any one has investigated these species with this point in view.
The one-flapped operculum (tigs. (it!-(iit) is common in Thunn-in, and is universally found in
.\l>i: tiiitii'in, I>iji/ii/niii, and S,l<ii/!>i,ijiKiN. As maintained by Levinsen. the number of teeth
seems to determine the number of valves. This may be understood on purely mechanical
principles. In tl te-flapped forms the cleavage seems most easily effected where the operculum
joins the thinner parts of the hydrothecal margin. It so happens that large groups of species
seem to be fairly constant in this matter, some having the hydrothecal margin thickened on the
adcauliiie side, as I)ij>h<txi<i and Abietinaria, and hence the opercular Hap remains attached to
that side. In other cases, as Thiii/irin (in part), and X /,,,///, ,<//*, the thickening is on the
abcauline side and the operculum is abcauline in position. There is one very curious exception
to the undoubted systematic value of this character, and that is in the case of Tlni!nr!<t tln/i-
iir!i>!<li-s, in which the species is a typical thuiarian in both trophosome and gonosome save in
the one matter of the opereulum, which is unmistakably adeauline in position.
The strongest and most easily seen opercula of this type are found in the genius D!j>Jt(ti<i,
notably in I >. lUi/itnHx (Plate XXX, tig. fi), where this structure takes the form of a vaulted,
almost dome-shaped hood, which seems to be of texture as strong and dense as that of the
hydrothecal walls, and tits like a cap over the hydrothecal aperture.
The three and four flapped opercula are characteristic of the genus X, liuliir, II, i and I)!rti/n-
<Jinl.il/in, a closely related genus, llartlaub, as before stated, claims that this kind of an oper
culum differs essentially from the two-Happed form. I fail to tind any very material difference,
the main distinction being that in X, rtnliir> H<i the margin of the hvdrotlieca is usually thicker and
better outlined, and the opercular structure stronger and more evident. The cause of the initial
rupture of the operculum may lie somewhat different in this case, although purely mechanical.
The margin is stronger and more thickened at the points occupied by the teeth. These latter,
moreover, are often, if not generally, slightly inclined "outward or away from the center of the
aperture. The former consideration would render the hydrothecal margin stiil'cr at the points
occupied by the teeth, and the latter would result in greater tension across the operculum along
lines connecting opposite teeth. When the hydranth pushes outward for the tir>t time the elastic
1 In order tu lir very sure that my iiittT|>ivtutiiiii (if this structure is correct I have examined a mnnlicr of stained
ami mounted specimens with ;,'reat rare, nsini; hi^li powers of magnification and examining speeimens in which the
hydranth was in various stages of contraction and expansion. In liu's. "i.'i fxi a specimen is illustrated which was
turned over so that lioth the front and hack views of the margin were olitaincd. The sketches \\ere made liy myself
with the use of the camera lucida. I also examined a number of other species in which the "collar" is found.
''Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Wstkysi, isn.'i, pi. vn. litrs. s-lt).
24
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
oporculuin would )>e apt to yield first at the editor, as the tentacles would there exert the most
force, and then it would tend to split along lines radiating from the center toward the teeth.
Tims there would he formed an operculura of triangular flaps, corresponding in number to the
teeth of the hydrotheea (tigs. 57-65).
This explanation seems to be reent'orced by the condition of affairs found in the few forms of
.s, i'l iiliii'i llu that ha\ e a perfectly plain margin without teeth. In X. fnrnioxa, for instance, where
the operculum is stretched like a drumhead across the aperture, and the margin is perfectly even,
the operculum may be ruptured in almost any way. sometimes around the edge and sometimes
66
OPERCn.A CIF FIU'R. THREE. AND UXE FLAP.
Fig. .~7. >'< i-tnl'tri 11>\ ,,/(,'), showing four-valved operc'ulum.
Fig. 5*. N ''/</'!;' llti .'/".'/''. showing fuiir-valvril nprri'Uhlln.
Fig. 511. Ki-iiii Innlli i Hllii'ln. slinwing (nur-valve'l opiTriilum.
Fig. GO. Dii'tii'n-1/iiliiiin Jhtlti'Hti/ii, showing four-valvrd opon-ulnm.
Fig. 61. Scrtu/afflfn tririt^^nhiln, sin >wing oicn'Ului]i uf ihri-t- valvi-^.
V\x. t','2. >' rtiilni-ill'i tnr<fi'l>i. sliiiwiii^' nyKTciiluin of thriv vnh'us.
Fig. M. ftii!i/f> l/ii I'lm/itltsK, showing operculuni i f<nir val\ r '-^.
Fig. 64. N' I'tiit/n-i Hn 'if tii, shr>\viiiL; oiKTciilum of four flaps.
Fig. 65. Xi i-tiihiriUn i>i>ft/y>iii"<, yhowiliK oinTcilluin of four Haps.
Fig. 6i}.J>iiiliiiitinj'iilln.r, showing npiTfiiliini of cmr vahv.
Fi;-;. r.7. II//ili-ii/l/in[ii/iiJ'<i/futti, showing o]>ercnlinn of out- valve.
Fig. i;v ll,i<t,'<illni:i t ii<i ji:t'r<//:i, rnd of hyflrotlicca liighly magnified to
fiilp. '(/i. abi-alllilK- Hiiji; '('/. aiicaillim- Hap.
Fig. W.Diiiliiifiii riisitnii, showing olR'-valved opuroulum.
sho\v a nnliinrntar\ r ahcanline
in jao-ged and irregular tears across its surface. In this case there are no points around the
margin to cause greater tension along definite lines, and hence there is no regularity whatever in
the formation of the opercular flaps (fig. :!7).
In all the cases that I haye soon when' there is a distinct reduplication of the mai'gin, the
operculum has also been reduplicated, the reduplications of the latter being equal to those of the
margin. When we consider the genesis of the operculum and its relation to the margin, it is hard
to conceiye of any explanation other than that there is a direct relation between the process of
regeneration of the hydranth and the reduplication of the margin and operculum.
THK SERTULARID.K.
25
A careful study "I (lie matter of reduplication here referred t<> and the renewal n!' the
hydranth has been made l>v Professor Levinsen, ami the iv-ult- embodied in a short lint important
]>a|ier. < )in Fornvelseii at' Ernseringsindividerne lios Hydroiderne.' The paper is written in
Norwegian, but a condensed sumtnarv of the conclusions arrived at is found in Latin at the end
of the paper. The following presents l'rofe.-.-or I,,.y jnscii's conclusions so far as the Sertnlarida'
are eoneenied:
In Hei'lii/uriitlix ct in innltis ' 'iiiii/i<tini/,irii,lis ct ('iiiii/niiiiiliiriiiix i_'iMiima ii"\a extra h vilrut lin-am antecedentem
pnuTrscit rt M-rretiii cliilinru extra ni:in;iiiciii Inijus liy<ln>tlnv;i- extrnsa nmam niaru'iiiciii vi-1 aperturam let in
-pi-i-ii-lius iipriviilifrris cliani nprrriilinii imviiin I furinat.
Opereula of almost every type 1 found ammiy the sertularians seem to lie reduplicated, a- is
illustrated in liu-. 7' > 7M.
Certain species of .V, rtuliir'm. 'I'liitiiirin, and St/iif/m-iiim are rliararteri/ed by the fact thai
the distal portion of ihe bydrothecsB is produced into a verv thin collapsible tulie. wliich is
usuallv of very indefinite shape in preserved specimens. It is seldom that they are of sutlicient
consistency to preserve their shape after the hydranth has retracted, and they are for this reason
very unsatisfactory structures to study. in SertvlcMna //n///,/'/, for instance, there is such a tulie
BEDUri.ll-ATlilX OK MAlUilN AST) OPKHri'LUM.
Fit,'. 7U. l
Ihr
ni r*'inn: loiiL:itH'lin;il M-clLon dl mil iti h\ -drothi-iM, liii,'tily uiasiiiti''*!. ^ti
Iwii'f ri'illl|ilir:lli'il in:iri;ill .m<l n|,rrc-lllllln
Kiu. 71. S:ilnr, shuu JIIL,' sini,'lr n -till! 'lira I L"ll.
I [g, T'J. Sillilr s|n-cirs, Itlllcll l.'vs ]M:iL,'nitu'<l, sllii\\'illLr n-illll'l irnti' ill ill" t i|i.-rrl]I inn.
Fit;. 7;:. 'I'tiui'i, i't t<it<n!<i"t.rnii*. !iiL r lil\ ]aiLL, r niliril. Mi. iwinu rfdu|ili< p :itin!i nl' opcri-uliiin.
in many cases, and it seems to extend lieyond the opereulum (Plate V. liy. 4). Although the
orijrin of this tulie is not definitely known, it seems reasonable to suppose that it is formed, as
are all the chitinous part-, of the hydrothecss, 1>\- the excretion from the ectodermal cells of the
body wall of the hydranth, and dili'ei'iny from the true hvdrothecal walls in beiiiy ye IT delicate
and colla])sible. I have not been able to assure myself of the presence of an operculum at it>
distal end. It may be merely an exaggerated form of reduplicated margin, liaviny the same
"'diesis, but not beiny completed to the extent of the formation of a new operculum.
'I'll, l>iiij>/ii'(i,/in. This has been already mentioned incidentally. It occurs in all of the
Sertularidse that I have examined, and does not vary yreatly in form, beiny merely a liorixontal
circular shelf running around the bottom of the hydrotheca, near the point where its base joins
the hydrocaulus, and dividing the hydrothecal cavity from that of the stem. There is thus left a
circular opening, through which the saivodal contents of the hydrotheca and stem form a con-
nection. 'Phis aperture is usually eccentric in position, beliiy nearer the abcauline than the
adcauline side of the hydrothecal base (tiys. 74---7X). The diaphragm is regarded by Alliuan
as one of the systematic characters by which the Sertularida- are differentiated from ol her yroups.
It is also found, however, in other families of the Calypteroblastea, as the Campanularidse and
Campanulinidte, although in the Sertularidee alone it is uniformly eccentric or rather unsym-
'Sirrtrykaf Viilt'iisikaliflifje .Mnldulelser fra dun iiaturhisturi.ski- Korening i Kjubunluivii, ls:i_'.
26
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
metrical, as indicated above. It has occurred to the writer that this eccentricity of the aperture
of the diaphragm in the Sertularida' may be accounted for in much the same way as the lack of
radial symmetry. A nearly vertical position of the hydranth seems to be the most favorable,
and where the hydrotheca is sessile the base of the hydranth is forced away from the hydrocaulus
by the eccentricity of the aperture of the diaphragm, and it is thus made possible for the
hydranth to assume a vertical position without the tentacles being impeded in their action by
coming in too close contact with the hydrocaulus.
78
THE DIAPHRAfiM OF THE SERTt'l.ARln.E.
Longitudinal sections of lower purls of hydtothcc;!- (highly magnified i.
Fig. 74.Sertularia pumila; section taken in the median plane of a pair of hydrothec;e. <l, d, the diaphragm in section.
Fig. 7.i. Same species; section taken in a plane at right angles to the last. Lettering as before.
Fig. ~6.Hydrallmaniafalcatn. Lettering as before.
Fig. 77. Thttiaria rubttxta. Lettering as before.
Fig. 7s. Diphasia rosaaa: section similar to that represented in tig. 74. Lettering as before.
GONOSOME.
The structures which have to do with the reproduction of the species of the Sertularida'
include nothing aside from the gonangia and their contents, there being nothing to represent the
corbula? and phylactocarps so conspicuous in the Plumularida'. 1 The absence of these has been
offset in the Sertularida' \>y a much greater variety of gonangia and gonophores, especially the
former, which often exhibit ornamentations of surprising beauty.
Gonophores, These structures are fundamentally the same as have been described under
the Plumularidae, but are often more conspicuous and highly specialized. Perhaps the most
common form is that exhibited by X< r1nl<tri<i pinnilii (tigs, sl-83). The blastostyle originates in
the usual manner as a sort of hernia-like diverticulum from the stem or branch, containing the
ectoderm and endoderm in their normal relations, and bearing a number of ova in the endoderm
(see tigs. 79, 84, <n>). Weismann says that there are three cell layers external to the ova, and homol-
ogizes these layers with those of a medusa, claiming that the gonophore is merely a degraded
medusa (see also Part I, p. 30). The distal end of the blastostyle is expanded into a round, more
or less obconical plug ("Deckenplatte" of authors), composed of large, loosely aggregated cells
principally from the ectoderm, although the endoderm is also involved in its formation. At a
later stage the blastostyle is crowded to one side by a rapidly growing gonophore, which is
formed as an outgrowth from the proximal end of the blastostyle, and grows to such a size that
it sometimes almost tills the cavity of the gonangium from top to bottom. When fully developed
(see fig. 79, ov), the ova are seen to have taken up their position in the ectoderm, having pierced
'See Part I, pp. 31-35.
THE SKRTULARID^;.
27
the structureless stutzlamelle and greatly enlarged during the growth of the now practically
mature gonophore.
The distal end of tlie latter at this stage is eovered by a distinct layer of perisarc, which has
a definite, function presently to be described. It will be noted that only a few of the numerous
ova in the blastostyle. arc included in the gonopliorc at this stage. A still further development
results in the formation of the acrocyst, a structure found in several groups of calypteroblastic
hydroids which consists in a more or less globular body composed of ehitin which surmounts the
gonangium and contains the o\ a in their later stages of development. The acrocyst is formed
as follow--: The chitinous distal end of the gonophore described above is pressed against the
84
83
80
THK CJOVOSOMK op SERTl'I.ARIA ITMILA.
I Kit's. T'.l ami Ml. nfliT Wcisniiinii: I'IKS. M, S'J. ami s:;. nflcr I.. Anassiz.)
Kin. 7'.i. I,oni,'itiiilitial sTc'liim i>f K'"iiani,'iiiin. ilk. " ili'rkriiplatt.-": .-, mvity uf Konoplion-; iH. ci'to'linn; on/, I'liiloHerm; or. ovum in
{.Milo'lurm of blastostylr; i'\ OVIUII ill l-rloikTln of t'OIKiph'Ti'.
KIK. MI. l.oiiu'iliKliiuil M'c-lionof mi ciIiliTKiuniiiKiuni. HIT. urroc-ysl. tiltt, cnvilyof blustostylr; i/uli. milirmHcnliim; other lettering as nn fig. 79.
Fif. .si. (ivntTiil viciv of fuiiink' Konaiifiiini. i/r, nviim: lilnl, l.lnstostyk'.
KJL'. SL'. Cciu-ral virw of ni.-ilr K"it."iL,'iiiin. />t*t. hlaslostyli-; >;, spiTinarv.
Kin. s;:. -iloiiniit'iiiiM. sixiwini; ilivrrtimla from ilcrkrnplntli-. ''. ilivvrticulH.
Kit'. M. l.onKitmlimil M'c-lioli of part of Ilir >t,-in. -liowilii; .IrvrlophiK ova ill till' ollfldrtcrm.
deckenplatte by the further u|iward growth of the gonophore. Weisinann' says that this distal
end is thrust through a hole or opening in the end of the gonangium. I have, been unable to find
such an opening in all cases, and would suggest that the chitinous end of the gonangium may be
sometimes pierced by the chitinous end of the gonophore, much as, according to Weisinann's own
account, the incipient gonophore pierces the thick perisarc of the stem in Plumvla/ria echinulata
by what appears to be a dissolving secretion of some kind. However this may be, the end of the
gonophore in some wav penetrates the top of the gonangium and then expands into a globular
chitinous sac into which the ova pass, and thus the acrocyst is formed (see tig. Sii, <i<-r}. Those
parts of the gonophore that arc not needed in the acrocyst - indeed all parts except the developing
'Entstehung der Sexoalzellen bei don HydroinrdiiM'ii, isjs:',, ji. 170.
28
AMERICAN HYDRomS.
ova, so far as 1 can discover arc then withdrawn into the gonangium, not, says Weismann. by
contraction of the. tissue.-, lint l>y a resorption process. After the formation of the first atrocyst
a number of long processes are given forth from the dcckenplatte which Weismann says contain
nutritive matt-rial, and may serve in the nourishment of the gonophores. The present writer
has not seen these in vomig blast ost vies, but is unable to tell whether a fully developed gono-
phore is the first one. or one of its many successors in a given gonangiutn, as the ae.rocysl seems
to be but a transient structure, and may lie replaced several times during the functional lifetime
of the gonangium.
en 1
90
^^^H TYPICAL CiiNAXcilA AND CCINOPHOKKS.
(Lettering as in preceding figures.)
Fit;. s. r >. I'll' In IK/II knii-iiiili: Inngiliiilinal Mvlinn of female i;onaiit;iiiiii. ^ho\\ ing n i-ingle large ovum in tin- single gniinplinre.
Fig. sr,. ScrtulareUa complexa; longitudinal section of male t; n miiis;imn, sliowint; tin- ^jt<-nn:irirs in (In- tila^Iiistylc, Itirn- hcint; no prnpi'r
gonophore.
Fitr. ST. liuintliKJuni nf >i rhilnnlln lilifnrmif. slmwini; liiriir inassrs of ovn.
Fit:. xx.Hiiilrii/lminiiitJ'iili-itlii: luiii-itniliiiiil sci'linn nf ni:ilc t,'"linTit;iuin, sbnwin.t; s]icrmiirif!.. >-;i.
Fit;. X'.i. Siiini- species; nviinii across yums; I'i'iiKil,. K.MI.IIIIHH-.., sli.,\vin,t; ri'liitinn nf |rls.
Fit;, all. Same, spn-i.-s; longitudinal M-ction, iiK-lmlini; IIIVMT part of j;nimni;iiim, and showint; two ova.
Duiing the formation of the first gonophore there area large number of ova in the blas-
tostyle above the point of origin of the gonophore (fig. 70, "/). When the remains of the latter
have been largely resorbed after the formation of the acroeyst another gonangium is formed in
the same way as the first and another lot of ova are transferred from the endoderm of the
blastostyle to the ectoderm of the. new gonophore. and are finally pushed through the top of
the gonanium into the aerocvst.
After the retraction of the remains of the first gonophore from the acroeyst a number of
irregular bands and threads -ire seen passing outward and downward to the gonangial walls.
These are called % 'gubernacula" by Weismann (fig. SO, <jnl>), and are supposed by him to serve
TIIK SKRTI'LARIIi.K. 29
to pull aside the tissues In make room for a second gonophore. 'I'licv arc composed of liotli
ectodermal and endodermal cells, and max be larovlv the disoryani/ed remains of the first
gonophore.
Those who arc familial- with Weismaim's o-rcat work will see that the above account is
practically a summary of the results t ,\' his investigations. The present writer, however, has
gone over the ground with some care and with yood material and linds that the facts are us
described by \\ cismann. The deiliictions arc Li'ivcn on the authority of that writer, unless the
context shows them to lie my own.
Probably the simplest form of o-i phoi-c found in this oroup is illuM rated \,\ /ttji/mxi,!
kincaidi,a new species described lieyond. In this case thegonophore consists of a st i-nctnrc similar
to that of Sertutaria pumila yiven oil'. from the lower p:irt of the blastostyle. It contains, how-
cver. hut a single ovum, and in optical section shows very beautifully the relationship lie! ween the
ova and the various historical layers, the former beiiiff outside of the stut/lamclle and embedded
in the ectoderm (li<j-. x.">). The deckcnplatte is also well shown and is seen to consist of both
ectoderm and endoderm. The acrocyst does not appear to lie present iii this species and it is
probable that the ova are discharged directly through the tops of thegonangia into the water.
Practically the same type of gonophore is found in S, rtnliiri/i xfonl; ///. .V. i-nrnii-i mi . Itirti/,,
rltuli am il<il>, II mil and Tliniiir'ni rnhiixtu. and doubtless in many other species.
Weisiiiann examined the yonophoivs of S, i-lnlni-. llu /'///:>/// /r/.v and found that they differed
from those id' Sertvlaria pumila in the fact that no true gonophores are found, but that the sexual
products are developed in the walls of the spadixof the Mastostyle. I found that the same state
of affairs was evident in optical section of X r1nl<n-< ll<i <-<>ni/>lf.i-ii. This is shown in fiy. Si!, where
the axial blastostyle does not hear jjonophores, hut in which the spermarics are found cndiedded
in the endoderm of the blastostyle itself. Numerous thread-like processes extend from the
ectoderm of the blastostyle to the o-onano'ial walls, resembling greatly the gubernacula
described by Weismann. As there is here no likelihood of an acroeyst beino- formed, the
specimen beino; a male yonanyinin. and as there is no cr (m opliore to lie. accommodated, the
function of these threads can not be explained as in the case of .V, rtnliiri,i j>niii!l<i. They seem to
he a very conmioii feature of the various genera of Sertularida>. and doubtless have a definite
significance. In some cases there is a thin layer of ectoderm linino- t he yonanyial walls, and these
thread-like structures seem to connect this ectoderm with that of the blastostyle or yonophores
in the center of the gonangial cavity. They may, of course, have a nutritive function, as
suggested by Weismann in the case of the gubernacula of X, rtuliii'iii juniiilu. In many species
of Sertvlarella there seem to be no true gonophores, the ova bcino- in masses around the axial
blastostyle. Often they are ayyivyated in two or more distinct o-lobular masses, as in X. n'/i
form!* (liy. S"), and some at least of these forms are provided with an acrocyst. as in .V. />/,/, Ml /
(Plate XVII, ti<;-. "2). where this structure is very conspicuous. The exact succession of events
has not been worked out in such cases, but it is likely that these masses of ova are discharged
into the acrocyst just as those in the gonophores of X rtiihtriii pmnilii. the successive masses
acting as do the successive gonophores.
In some species of S, ,/ n/<ir< llu . as .V. i//?i/',/,/. the male yonanu'ium contains an immense mass
of sperm cells that is ovate in form. A longitudinal section of this mass shows that it is permeated
by a system of divcrticula from the axial blastostyle. These diverticula are apparently composed
entirely of endoderm ' covered with the stut/.lamelle, and, I tind no ectoderm save that which
forms a coating over the entire sperm mass. This seeni.s to be a form of pseudo-gonophore
derived from the condition found in 3. polyzonias by Weismann and in .S'. i-umjili rii by myself.
The diverticnla spoken of are probably necessary as a means of conveying nourishment to the
mass of sperm cells that is too hi rye to be supplied by a simple unconvoliited endodcrmal layer,
such as is found in .S'. ]><ilif::iiiii<ix. If correctly interpreted, we have here a state of affairs almost
'Tills strurliirr is |inilp;il)ly tlmt whicli is ciiHeil a " Slniin:i-\el/.cs." U'ciMiiann dues not slate Ihe <.rif.'iii
of this structure, ami I am l>y no means sure that it is rorrertly intrrpivtcil l>y me :is eiiilncleriual. It ap|icars.
however, to lie derived directly from the eiidoderm of tin- >|iadi\, and seems to li m posed of loosely ai_"_ r re^atc(l
tissue, sueli as we oftoii tind in the derkcniilatte, where hoth i-i-to.lenn and eii.loderm arc often of this hjfltological
structure.
AMERICAN HYDRiims.
exactly intermediate between that of -V. <v>////</, ,/w and the ordinary gonophore, su.-h as is found
in Sertularia jnn/i!l(i, for instance.
... klst
98
THE GON080MK OF DIPHAHIA.
(Figs. 81 and 92 after Allman.)
Fig. 91. (ionangium of Dijiliax/n nwirru. >-u/ , lobe of co-nosarc extending upward into the gonangial leaf, ft I: yon, gonophore: f] w, gonan-
gial wall; or, ova in the "marsupial chamber." Other letters as in preceding figures.
Fig. 92. Same species; a ymmgcr gonophore, showing curlier stage in the 1'ormalion nf the gmmngial U-avcs.
Fig. 0:1. /'/y/m.vm/u//'Mv a very yimng gonanginm, showing the hlastostyle entering with a comparatively large ovum at its summit.
Fig. '.!!. Same species; a somewhat older gonophore, showing optical longitudinal section (schematic) with ova in emlc'dcrm of stem.
Fig. 95. Same species; a young gonanginm before the development of the gonangial leaves, c, convex summit of gonanginm.
Fig. %. Same species; young gommgium in which the gonangial leaves are forming, viewed from above, o, small, round opening in
summit of the original top of the gonangium.
Fig. 97. Same specie--; a semidiagraniatic Inntritndinal section, showing the formation of the "marsnpium;" i' '/-, inner wall of gonan-
gial Iraf; ti\ outer wall uf guna light 1 leaf; o, opening in the original tuj. of tin- u'nnanginm; !>, plamiht.
Fig. 9K. Same species; longitudinal section of a male gonanginm, showing two gonophores with spermaries.
A very simple male gonangiuin is found in ThjJraUiniinia ftilcatu (figs. 88, 90, 111), where
the axis of the blastostyle, composed of endodcrmal cells, constitutes a simple spudix around
which the sperm cells grow in a mass, the outside of the mass being covered with ectoderm.
Tin: -1.1:11 LARID^E. 31
The most complicated gonosome found in the Sertularidse is that illustrated h\- It
rxi i <<.<! and several other species of the same ovnus which appear to possess an aerncvst which
is itself inclosed in a liiarsii]iial cliamlier ilio>. '-M. Hi'). This very remarkable strueture was titst
described with cafe by Profe.ss< >r Allllian.' and this description still remains the best that I ha\e
seen, although it contains some inaccuracies that will shortly lie pointed out. I have made a
careful study of f)iji/nix!,i f,i/l,i.r. both entire and in serial seeticins. with the following result-:
A very youiij; female <? ..... ino-ium (see lio;. '.):',) is a club-shaped chitinous ])ellicle within which
the young blastostyle grows as a direct derivative of the c(enosarc of the stem. At its verv
summit is a larov ovum enveloped apparently in loliular diverticula from the lila-lo.-t vie,
another and smaller ovum beiiio- seen a short distance below. At a later slao-e the ^onanoMum is
obconical or trumpet-shaped (see lio-s. UK '.<:<). and the blastostyle has expanded so as to till it-- distal
portion with a sort of phi" 1 . At this staoy the summit of the e-onan^ium is convex, or bowl-
shaped, with the aperture in the center of the bowl, just above the axis of the blastostyle. The
rim of this bowl now LITOWS rapidlv, forming four broad scallops, and ultimately four broad
leaves, which are really flattened tubes of chitin. From the peripheral portion of the distal end
of the cirnosarcal plug (deckenplatte) four lobes composed of ectoderm and endoderm project
into the flattened tubes of chitin just mentioned and doubtless furni-h material for the growth
of the latter'-' (sec tiff. '.H\). Those lobes TOW rapidly, especially in length, and finally their tips
arch over until they meet. The edjros of the leaves coalesce, and thus is formed a globular
chamber above the original top of the ^onanu-ium. the walls of the chamber beino; composed of
the broad leaves which originated from the eduv of the bowl-like summit of the voting
"onanu-imu. In the meantime the ova in the blastostyle have arranged themselves in definite
groups, the largest yroup boino- the distal one, each jjrotip beino; now borne in a separate
gonophore, the gonophorea beino- arranged seriallv alony one side of the blastostyle. A tendency
toward such a o-rotipinof is seen in even (juito a yoiing gonophore (see lio-. '.>:,). The present
writer believes, from his study of Diphasia fallax. that Professor Allman was mistaken in two
particulars in his description of the u'onosome of />ijt}iiix!,t. First, in describing the develop-
mc'iit of the gonangiiun (of It. r<ix<i<;ii) that writer says: 3
A lila^t'islylr ciccii|iics its axis, liavirii.' ii|mu its sMe-, mic ovrr the ntliL-r, the yminu' binMiiiLr u'"ii"i'ln ire.-, and
cx]ianiliii^ at its siuiiiiiit, intu a lima.l. tliick disk, whicli cluses, as with a ]I!HL'. tin- free end of the '_'<inai]'_'iinn. l']>cm
the (inter side of this disk a thin cliitiiinus invi'stini'iit is c'M-rrtrd, liecuniin^ << mliniiiins at the eilfic "f the 1 di>k with
tlie cliitinniis walls of the gonangium.
This latter sentence coin'ey-. the idea that the end of the gonangium is fornieil subsequent
to the formation of the walls. As a matter of fact, it is entirely homologous with the
summit of other gonangia, and is continuous with the walls in the vomi^e-i ^onaie^ium that
I have been able to find (>ee li^'. !C5, which is a highly magnified view of a verv VOUIIL;'
gonangium}. In its earlv stages the gonangium of Diphasia f<ill<i.r is precisely similar to
all other e'onanyia, so far as this character is concerned. Kiy. iCi jiresents an appearance that
mijjht at first lead one to adopt Allman's view, as in this case the concave summit of the j^onan-
e-ium rests immediately on the deckenplatte. But when one studies a series of yoiing u'onan^ia
it becomes evident that we have here merely the elevation of the peripheral portion of the
gonangium top preparatorv to the growth of the leaves destined to form the marsupium.
Secondly. Professor Allman. after describing the acrocy.sts of several species, adds:
In the rases ahuve desrrilied the acrnryst is destitute of any furl her niveriui;, and lias ils walls will] I heir irelati-
iii HI;- investinc'iit, freely ex|msed In the Surrounding water. In Xfrliilnriii nw/cfit. .V. fulln < . and N. I'luim-ism, however,
an additional covering is provided for the aemryst, and there is thus formed a rurioiis and rmn]iliraled rei-e|iiaelc\ in
which the ova, as in a sorl of iuarsii|iiuni, pass tlirmijrh certain early sla'je- of tlieir development, previously to lieiiii-
discharged into the siirronndiir.' water i p. ."int.
'A monograph of the I iytniiolilastic or Tulnilarian 1 1 yd mid.-, London, ]s71. pp. 50 A
-These lolies Allman very plausilily iiiterjirets as liein^ the limnologies of the lolmlar or sack-like processes
which extend downward from the deckenplatte in Sertularia pumila. The derivation of the two structures i- evi-
dently identical, and the only difference between them seems to In -in the dire. -lion of their growth, which is upward
in Diphasia fallax and downward in X rinl'irin /uniiilii.
:: i i\ tnnolilastic llydmids, lip. "ill M.
5125 PI 1' 04 - :}
32 AMERICAN HYDRUIDS.
A study of .serial longitudinal sections of Dip hasia fall aa> 1 shows that no true acrocyst is
found in this species. It is true that an examination of entire adult gonangia with transmitted
light, seems to reveal an inner globular chamber besides the outer one formed by the gonangial
leaves. That this is an optical illusion is seen when a median longitudinal section is studied
(see fig. !>7).
The inner and outer walls of a gonangial leaf are seen to be widely separated and not strictly
parallel, the distal end being much thicker than the rest. The result is that the inner profile of
the leaf forms nearly a half circle and, in conjunction with its fellow on the opposite side, forms
nearly a complete circle which looks almost exact!}' like the outline of a sphere when seen from
the side. Thus it happens that we have the appearance of a sphere in the center of the marsupial
chamber, occupying, indeed, the exact position of an acrocyst. As there are eight of these leaves
in 1>. r<nii;-a their inner edges would thus simulate the outline of a .sphere when viewed from
any side.
It might be argued that the acrocyst, according to my own statement, is but a temporary
structure, and might therefore have been absent in the specimens studied by me, but present in
those studied by Professor Alhnan. In some of my specimens there were ova or planuhe in the
marsupial chamber (rig. '>~i,j>). Under these conditions, if ever, the acrocyst would be present.
The male colonies of I>/2>huia produce gonangia without the, marsupium, and hence of very
different appearance, and it was this fact, doubtless, that led the elder Agassiz to give the name
l ' Diji/taxia" to this genus. Fig. !s represents a longitudinal median section of a male gonangium
of I)ij>li<ixi<i jxini'iniiniii containing a blastostyle which bears gonophores in a series, each
consisting of a simple spadix surrounded by a mass of sperm cells. The gonangia are unusually
long and slender, and often contain a row of five or six gonophores.
We have now considered all of the distinct types of gonophores found in the Sertularidse, so
far as known to the writer.
THE GONANGIUM.
This structure is much more diversified in the Sertularid.e than in the Pluumlarida 1 , due
probably to the fact already suggested that the gonangia in the latter family are often protected
by various forms of phylactocarps, and hence are not so much influenced by the immediate
environment of the species.
Perhaps the most typical form of gonangium is the simple oblong oval, truncated at the top,
well illustrated by X ffnlnriu /nun/In, (fig. !!(), A'. tip, ,(///,/?,/ (fig. 10(1), .V. xtnnl-fijl (fig. 101),
Thiiiitrni ilnijii (fig. 102), Diphasia l-in<-<ti<li (fig. 112^), and Al>i<1in<iri<i </i</initea (fig. 103). The
main modification of this form consists of the narrowing of the distal end of the gonangium so
as to form a short tubular neck, as in A. cnxfnfii (fig. 1<>4), Tlin'mr'ni fnr<//<!<i (fig. 105), and
T/tuiaria tubulifoi'mix (fig. 100). This narrowing may be such as to form a short cone instead
of a tube, as in Dictyocladium //<///,<//*// (fig. 107); or it may form a frustum of a cone, as in
Abidi mi riii ///'(( /n't (fig. IDS). Where the aperture is large an operculum is usually present, as
in Scrtularia stookeyi (Plate V, fig. 6), and Sertuta/rella formosa (fig. 109).
The most common form of ornamentation found in the gonangia of this group is brought,
about by annular rugosities which are often exceedingly graceful and beautiful. O'ne of the
most attractive structures in the whole family is the gonangium of X, rlnl<ir< l/n tricuspidata
(Plate XXV, figs. -t and 5). Similar gonangia are found in #._//'/ ifunn is (fig. 113), and the mo*t
excessive ornamentation along this line is seen in X, rfulm; -lln , In/mi* (fig. 114), where the
annulations take the form of greatly compressed ridges which are elaborately frilled so as to
resemble lace work (Plate XXIV, fig. 1). Sometimes these annulations are confined to the
distal or upper part of the gonangium, and are much broader and less incised, as in X. nil muni
(fig. 115), X. catena (rig. Hi), X. meridionals (fig. ll(i). and S. <ill>i<l<i (fig. 122).
1 These sections, as well as the < it hers used in the study of the gonosome of the Sertularidie, were made for me
l>y Mr. William B. Bell, one of my students.
THE SE1MTI.AK1D.K.
In most rases tlir annulations arc approximately parallel, but sometime-. :l < n, .V, // ///,//, //,/
pinnata, they are exceedingly irregular. -iviii<r :m appeal anrc of j-reat <li>tortion (ii<r. 1 17, and
1'late XXI. tie-, lu). Kvery interirradation iii the depth of these nijro-itie.- is found. ran^iiiLT
103
112
109
108
112 a.
TYPH M GONANGIA I>1- TlIK SKKTTLA HII'.K.
i \1 1 liu'llIV- t\\n WII In ttir sillti-- --'fl '
Kit;. 99. TS&rttitorifl /"nni/<i. KiL'. in;. />/./-/,/,(,//,/, _^i/ /^/ w .
Ki^'. II 10. r/M/ r/if "/ rcn/<it". I M i '' ' -. / M" /. \\' il h jicn n-\ -i.
Fi^. lul . Scrtvl Ha ' iokt yi Fijr. 10 1 .'. .s i-tnl<ir>lln frnt<>*<i, vlm\\ iim npcn -1111111 .
Fig. 102.--77iui fa i"i-- M" Dtpftj - . "
Fig. lOo. Atii< ' i aria ffigcLTtfea Fiy. ill. Ili/'tmtf/
Kiu'. ini. .I/"-/, aria costata. Pig. 112 - " ''/!.
Fij;. in.",, --.i/,,,//,,,,,,,, tm-itiilti. Fit:. ITJM. I >//>/<'!, i., Inn
n the excessively deep ridyes of -V rlnlni; //</ elegaUS and the hardly visible ones of S.
f, /'/'ax, Hi (tijr. IIS). \Vliili- these aimulatioii- are e-]iecially characteristic of the ycnus
.s' rtnl:i/': /In they are also found in X, /////.///,/. as in .V. i-nrnn-i/m llii;-. ll'.i), in .\l>i> t!n<ii'!<i coei
(liy. Il'U), and in a few other specie-, outside of the tfenils S, rtul<ir> ////.
34
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
A phenomenon so constant and so widespread as this kind of gonangial ornamentation is
generally supposed to have some utility to the animals possessing it, and it is not difficult to find
a use for these corrugations on purely mechanical grounds. Gonangia are structures that are
120
124
Fig. ll3.
Fig. 114.
Fig. IW
Fig. 116.
Fig. in.
Fig. llS.
Fig. 119.
Fig. IW.
.Sertularcllaftltformw.
Xtrtt//rn;//>l ,f/;/anS.
Scrtiilarclla allmani.
Sertularella meriili'inn
Ki-rliilnrclla pinnata.
Scrtii/iff'1/n lii-insriii.
Scrlidaria >'/, n-iun.
Abictinaria cod.
ANNULATKD GONANGIA OF THE SERTULARID.E.
(All figures drawn to the same scale.)
Fig. 121. Sertulardla Cfnni>li'.rti.
Fig. 122. Scrtulardla albida.
Fig. 123. Scrtttltinlla f/ai/i vnr. mbi/
Fig. 12J. fSertularclta conlorta.
Fig. 12S. Scrtulardla p<ili/;n,i int.
Fig. 126. Sci-tiltdrfftfi iil)<lichut<nn<t.
Fig. 126a.Sertulnrella subrlichotoma (without tubular neck).
Fig. 127. Scrtularella rutfosa.
(an exceptionally slender specimen).
primarily for the protection of the sexual persons of the hydroid colonies, and the stronger their
walls the more efficient is the protection afforded. Man has long ago found that by corrugating
sheets of iron or tin their strength to resist lateral pressure is greatly increased. Doubtless the
same thing is true of gonangial walls made of chitin, and this may indicate a possible utility for
THE SKKTULARID^E.
35
this feature, one that is ordinarily spoken of as being merely ornamental in structure. Hut
what .shall \ve say when coutemplating such apparently riotous and frivolous e\ce,rs as arc
indulged in l>y Serfadaretta ,l,</iinx. for instanced It seems as if here Nature h;id gone to
altogether unnecessary lengths, even it' she did start liy forming the rugiitie> mi purely
SI'ISKI) AXI> lilliHKIi cnXAXcilA "K THE SKKTri.AKIIi.K.
liKlirr*. i'Xi-i'|it 1 :;_', li: ' 186, .mil Ills, ilniwn I" tin- MIIIIC
Fig. 128. Tliiiinriii riilmxln.
Fig. IW.Xfrliilitrfllii iiiiwlriiln.
Fi^ r . 1110. Itiitlitixin iinanunnni.
Fig. 131. Diiitt"*in i'xi't'i ifriiialrl.
Fig. 13'2.Sfrlul<ir!n 7ii.icnc;i. I Al'ti-r Allman.)
Fig. 13&.Hiiilnisin
Kif,'. 1:1 1. ,-v/a//'/ "/>.<i* ornata.
Kit:. U\ >'////*,
Kk r:n._Si/ M /A,
Pig. l.:7. .-l?f//?
Fig. 139..
(I campj/tocarpwn i fi-nuilc >. ( Aftrr Allman.)
rntn]ujFt'<-<i,'iniin i malr i. i AltcT Allinull.)
and* rt,
-/( /(i i-nntntti.
utilitarian lines. There are many such eases known to naturalists, in which it appears that
development along certain lines had received in some way such an impetus or momentum that
the resulting structure goes far lievond the utilitarian demands of the case and enters the realm
of merely capricious excess.
36 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
As an outcome, of this we have, many structures that are exquisitely beautiful or graceful, or
at times merely grotesque.
In a few cases the rugosities are longitudinal, rather than transverse or annular, and we have
the ribbed gonangia, .such as are seen in <SV rfnl<ii'< Ilii < j>!xr<>j>iit< (Plate XXVI, tig. 7), Ablet inaria
graciliK (Plate XXXV, tig. 1), and Abn-fliKirl/i <-<>xtn1<t (tig. 104). In a number of species the
superficial ornamentation takes the form of horn-like processes or long spines, which may be two
in number and borne on the shoulders of the gonangium, as in Thuiaria argentea (Plate XII,
tig. 9) or T. rnbuxta (Plate VII, tig. 7), or there may be four or more radiating from the
gonangial aperture, as in X ffnliin //</ quadrata (fig. ~L29). In the male gonangia of several
species of Dlplias'ni there are a number of conical spines arranged in a circle around the distal
end, as in I), paarmanni (&g. 130), or the whole of the distal end of the gonangium may be
bristling with spines, as in X rfadaretta Inri/ii/n (Plate XXII, tig. 2). The extreme of spinulation
is reached in Ku'tnlni-!<i ,<-/i!i,,i<;irj><t Allman (tig. 132) and DqiJiuxin illi/ita!!* (tig. 133), where
the entire surf ace of the gonangium is beset with spines. A very curious ornamentation is found
in Selaginopsis ornata (tig. 134). where there arise from the distal surface eight long slender bifur-
cating processes which may be for the purpose of forming a sort of pseudo-marsupium as a
protection for the ova in the later stages of their development.
Still another kind of gonangial ornamentation has already been discussed, that is the broad
leaves, four or eight in number, that form the marsupial chamber in the female gonangium of
several species of ]>ij>li<ix!a (tig's. 91-97).
A very graceful surface marking is seen in Syntheovwm. catnpylocarpum, where the gonangia
are furnished with two series of opposite, and gracefully curving rugosities forming a bilateral
ornamentation that is very rare among the Hydroida (tig. 135).
The gonangial aperture is usually either round or squarish in outline, and is always ter-
minal in this group, never taking on the lunate form and lateral position seen in some of the
Plumularidse. 1 As would be expected, the aperture of the female gonangium is, in general,
considerably larger than that of the male. Probably the largest aperture in proportion to the
size of the gonangium that I have seen is that of Si /fnlnrrllii niii/nxfuina (Plate XX, fig. 9). In
many eases the aperture is elevated on a sort of collar which may be a simple narrow band, as
in SertulaTia gracii/is (Plate III, tig. IH), or a broad band, as in Abietwiaria <<><! (tig. 120), where
it is quite conspicuous on the upper surface of a top-shaped gonangium. Often this collar is
produced into a tube with a flaring or trumpet-shaped distal end, as in Sertvlarella filiformis
(tig. 11:'.), and S. /iii-riiliiiinilin (Plate XXIII, tig. 8). In some eases there appears to beatulie
within a collar, as in Sertitlaretta tricuspidata (Plate XXV. tig. 5). Rarely this collar is quadrate
in form, as in Sertula/rella fvgiformis (Plate XX, tig. 4). In many cases, however, the mouth is
not elevated above the general surface of the top of the gonangium, where it may be surrounded
by a series of from two to tive blunt spine-like prominences that are often used as specific char-
acters, as, for example, in SertulareUa polysonias (&g. 12f>), .V. <-<>i, fmin (tig. 1 24-), and S. cij>/,.n/
(Plate XXI, tigs. 7 and !). This kind of ornamentation appears to be confined to X rfiilii/'' l/<i.
Superficial color markings are exceedingly rare on the gonangia. The only cases that I know
of among American Sertulariche are found in Abii'tiiinrlii t-axtiiiti (Plate XXXVI, tig. 12), where
the summits of the longitudinal ridges are marked by distinct black lines that are very conspicu-
ous in comparatively fresh specimens, and the same thing is much less conspicuously seen in
J. tuiij'lioni (Plate XXXIV, tig. 4).
The gonangia of several species of Thuiai'nt, as T. ilmntriniil,* (Plate VIII, fig. 6), and
Abietinaria, as in A. mrliibiHx (Plate XXXII, tig. 7), are peculiar in having a number of sharp
chitinous teeth arranged in a circle on the inside, just below the aperture. I am unable to under-
stand the function of these teeth, unless they serve as a sort of anchorage for the deckenplatte,
very much as similar teeth at the bottom of the hydrotheca- of certain campanularians are. sup-
posed to serve for points of attachment for the hydranth.
The text figures 99 to 139 are all drawn to the same, scale, and show the variation in si/c that
is found among the gonangia of the Sertularida'.
'See Part I, pi. ix, fig. 3.
THK SKlUTLAKlD-iE. 37
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SFinVLAKID.K.
t if 1l,- xi, i- cells.- A> in so manv respects the two families Plumularida' and Scr-
tularida' here show their close relationship. So far as I can determine there is no difference
between them in this respect, in all species of Sertularida' in which the matter has been inves-
tigated both the nude and female sex cells originate in the endnderm of the stem and branches,
or at least are found in this position at a very early stage. Weismann reports this to be true of
Sertidaria jnimila and .v, i-f<il<ir< H<i /////.:///< /</*, and I have found the same thing 1 in S, ,-fj//, ///',/
jiniiiiiit, Ifi/ilriill HKiniii fiili-iitn. S, ,-fnliii': Ilii <-<iini>li .i-<t, I>!J>IHIK!,I fiilli/.r, I>!fil,,ix!,i /,-,',,< ,//'<//, and
. I/'/'- t'nniriii tiii'i/i'/n. These comprise all of the species that 1 have examined for the purpose.
The sex cells originating in the endoderm of the stem are carried into the developing gonangium
along; with the voting Mastostyle. or else migrate as do those of the Plumularida'. the pre-
sumption being in favor of the latter, although I do not know that the process has been
completely demonstrated.
The development of the gonangium has been partially described in the case of l>/ji]txi<i
fiilln.i-. It seems that tin 1 process is, in general, the same as in the Plumularida'. 1 and the same
thing seems to be true in the development of the ovum and that of the colony as a whole.
As already stated, there are no known sertularians that produce free medusa', nor do the
gonophores present any easily recognizable medusoid features.
Weismann has found, however, the characteristic cell layers that are seen in the medusoid
forms, and this leads him to pronounce i lie srrtularian gonophore a very much degraded medusa,
an opinion that can not be gainsaid in the present state of our knowledge.
SYSTEMATIC msrrssiOK
Family SEUTULAKIIKE Fleming (modilied).
Ti'oplimmne.- Hydrant!) with a conical or dome-shaped proboscis and a single verticil of
filiform tentacles. Ilydrotheca' sessile, adnate or more or less embedded in the hydrocaulus,
arranged definitely and in more than a single row.' j An operculum composed of from one to four
parts is almost always present. Nematophores wanting.
(iaiKixHiii, . (ionophores inclosed in gonangia. and always producing ova or spermatozoa
without the intervention of a medusoid form.
The family Sertularida', :1 containing as it does the longest known genera of calypteroblastic
forms, has been defined by a number of writers, the general tendency being, as would be expected,
toward a more and more strict delimitation of the group. The above definition is in substantial
agreement with the views of most of the present authorities. Taken as a whole, the family is a
fairly well circumscribed group, although it has points of contact with caiupamdarian forms
through the genus 77/ ///"*///'// //* Allman,' which agrees with the Campanularidse in having the
hydrothec-e supported on pedicels, and with the Sortularida' in the characters of its hydranths.
'See Part I, pp. .",li-39.
'All iippuivnt exception is found in /I'l'lnil/iiniiiin. where the buses of the hydrothee.-c are aliened ill a sinifle TOW
on the upper siilc of the branches. 1 1 ere, howe\er, the distal portions "f the hydrothec;e are bent alternately to the
ri-rlit and left, ami nematophores are never found. These characters' are siillicieiit to separate tin- L'enns Inmi the
family I'lumnlarid;e with which it \\as formerly associate.l. It- place in the' Sertularid.e has not I'eeii ciuestiuued by
any recent writer.
3 Tlie original spelling of this wonl seems to have been Sertnlariade. The lirst time that it occurs is in A History
of British Animals, hy Klemiiii.', Edinburgh, ISL'S, p. ."iliS. .[olmston, in the 1 second edition of British Hydroid
/oophytes, Londoii. IS-tT. uses the same spelling', as does Alexander AL'a-six, in his Catalogue of N'orth American
Acalejiliic, CamliridL'e, lsi>.">. Hincks, in his classic work. I'.ritish Hydroid /oophytes, London, IMiS, p. L'^3, adopts
the Spelling Sertulariidte, in which he has been followed by a few I'.ritish and American writers.
McCready, one of the pioneer American workers in this tield, introduces the spelling Sertnlarida-," in Is.'iS. in
\vhieh he is followed by l.oilis A^assix, in his Contribution to the Natural History of the I'niled States, 1 V,
p. 355, and Allman in several of his later works, and most of the present workers, both American and Knropean.
*IIydroids, of the Gulf Stream, .Memoirs of the Museum "I ( "inparative Zoology, V. No. "2, 1877, p. 10.
38 AMERICAN HYDKOIDS.
and in having a well-marked operculum consisting of four segments. On the other hand, we find
in some species of Selaginopgis a superficial resemblance to certain of the Perisiphouidse and
Lafoeida-. both of which families have the hydrotheca- without pedicels and arranged on all sides
of the hydrocaulus, but which differ from the Sertularidse in having the stem and usually the
branches composed of a number of parallel tubes.
The genus TTyiJi-nUinfiinn^ as indicated above, bears some resemblance to the Plumularida 1
in having its hydrothecse arranged in a linear series on the upper sides of the branches, but differs
from all known plumularians in having the distal ends of the hydrothecse bent alternately to the
right and left, as well as in the absence of nematophores.
Although the family itself seems to be sufficiently well characterized, almost insuperable
difficulties are encountered when we attempt to break it up into genera. Various writers have
offered solutions which seem well conceived when the material at hand is limited, but which
break down more or less completely when all material available from more recent explorations is
taken into consideration. Perhaps the difficulties encountered in trying to solve this exceedingly
perplexing problem can best be demonstrated by a brief summary of the attempts made by the
more important authorities, beginning with Hincks's epoch-making work. British llydroid
Zoophytes, published in 186)$. This writer divides the Sertulariidae into the following genera: 1
n. Hydrothee.'e biserial, decidedly alternate, operculum composed of several pieces.
'isiit. Hydrothecse opposite, occasionally subalternate, a pair to each intercede, with an internal valve-like
operculum. Female gonangium with an internal marsupial chamber.
Sci-lnliiri<i. Hydrotheca; biserial, opposite or alternate, without external operculum. Gonangia without internal
marsupium.
Tlmiftria. Hydrothecae biserial, embedded in the substance of the stem and branches.
All of these genera, modified to accommodate themselves to the results of later investiga-
tions, are still retained by recent writers and in the present work.
In December, lsT4, Professor Allman read a paper before the Linna-an Society.- in which
he defined the following new genera:
]>i_'sintirii/,lmx. Hydrocaulus bearing hydroth.ec.fe which are adnate to each other in pairs, and each pair adnate
to the front of the hydrocaulus.
Synthrciuiii. Each iutemode of the hydrocaulus bearing a pair of opposite sessile hydrothecse. Gonangia on
peduncles springing from within the cavity of hydrotheae.
Kilni/iiKijisix. Hydrotluv;i- disposed in several longitudinal rows about the nonfascicled hydrocaulus.
Perirladiuin. Hydrothecse more or less immersed and closely set amund bifurcating ramuli which .-prim: from
the sides of a common stem.
Iii this work Professor Allman separates the genus Tlmiin-in from the Sertuhirida 1 and
places it in a new family, the Thuiariida>.
In his report on the Hydroida collected by the Challenger* the same author modifies the
genus X rfiifiir/it so as to include the genus X, rf />////< H</, modifies the genus Thnlurla and restores
it to the Sertularida', and forms three new genera. His classification is as follows:
.s. rtidaria. Hydrothecae sessile, in two series, opposite or alternate, margins entire or dentate, sides more or less
adnate to the hydrocaulus, an internode to each two hydrotheca?. Operculum present or absent.
Tliuinrin. Internodes of hydrocaulus each bearing many hydrothecse which are alternate or opposite, more or
less adnate to hydrocaulus, margin entire or dentate.
iixin. Substantially as defined by Agassi/ and Ilincks.
ix, Siintliii'iinii, and Tliei-nelmHuni. As defined above.
i/.iix. Like ]>i:iiiin.ii-i/iilius, but with two minute cup-shaped appendages (nematophores?) at the base of
each hydrotheca.
rn. Hydrocaulus with opposite hydrothec;c arranged in decussating pairs.
ii. Hydrocaulus forming a flabelliform network of anastomosing steins and branches. Hydro-
on all siiles of I>ranches.
'British Hydroid Zoophytes, London, 1868, ]i. L'iU c( xer/. The above table is not a quotation direct, but a
condensed statement of the most important points in his definitions of genera.
2 Linna?an Society Journal, Zoology, XII, 1S76, p. 252 et seg.
'Report on the Hydroida, Part 2, 1888, pp. 49, 50.
TIIK SKKTCLAHID^E. 39
The tendency lo multiply 'jvnera reached it- iii;i.\iiiiiiin in a work published in Is'.m by
Marktanner-Turneretscher ' in which he adopt- all of Allinan'- yem-i-a. restores >'.//!//<//< //<-/. and
])i-oposes two new <r,Miera. A- I hi- write]-'.- -c-hemc of elas-iticntion is more comprehensive than
any other, it i- o'iven |n<i-e in somewhat condensed t'oi'in and translated into Knu-li-h:
1. I '.nun -lies formiiiL' a reticulate network .................................................................. 2
2. Hydrothecse in more than two rows. Margins even .......................................... DKTYOC i. A m CM.
llydrothcc.-c arranged otherwise ........................................................................ 3
X. II yd n ill i, -r. i paired. ad jam it pairs at right aiiL-les to each cither ................................. ST.VI i:omi.< \.
Ilyilrotlicc-.-i- alternate, margins dentate. O]>iTcnlnni present .............................. SvMi'i.KcTosc YI-III s.
r.ninchcs in it normally forming a net work ............................................................... 4
4. 1'. nine-lies arising from cavities of the hycln.thcca- ............................................. THKC-OCI.AI>II:M.
Branches arising' as usual I'm in the stem ........ ......................................................... 5
.">. SI en i polysiphonic, the central tube bearing hydrothec.-e ......................................... ( JUAMMAHIA.
Stem monosi phonic. or tul.es differently arranged ........................................................ l>
li. Minute i-ii]i-sha|ic-cl hodie- at the hyclrothecal bases ............................................... Ilvi'oi-y \|.
No siic-h appendages ...................................... . ............................................. 7
7. Ilyclroihec-.-i- arranged in a sinirle row ........................................................ HYDKAI.LMAMA.
Ilyclro'.hc-c-.-e arranged in more- than a single row ......................................................... S
5. ilydrotheca- in two rows, a<l Mate to each other in pairs ........................................ DE8MOBCYPHU8.
I lydrothec-a- in two ci]i|iosite rows, or in several rows ..................................................... 9
!l. Hydro! lu-c-ie in several longitudinal rows ...................................................... SKI.AC;INCU>M>.
Hydrothecse in two longitudinal rows ................................................................... 10
1(1. ( >perc-ulum present, composed of one or more- parts ..................................................... . 11
Hydro! hec;e without open-ill mil ........................................................................ lo
11. Open-ill mn with more than two parts .................................................................... 12
( (pen ilium with tuo parts ................................ . ............................................. 13
11'. Hydrotheca- usually alternate-, anil one to an internode .............................. . ......... SEKTI-LARKI.I.A.
Hydrotheca_' opposite or alternate, several to cadi internode ................................. CALYITOTIH-I A HIA.
1.".. Hydrothecse opposite ........ . ......................................................................... 14
Hydrothc-c-ie alternate, often several to an internode. an opereiilum present ........................ MONOI-OMA.
14. Hyilrotlieca- usually paired. Opc-n-ulnm hiiified at a single point ................................... I)II-IIASIA.
1"). Hydrothecse opposite, several pairs ill the middle of each iuteniode ................................ P \SVTIIK A.
One, two, or more hydrothec-a- to each internodc, the latter not much produced beyond the hydrotheca-
licarintr part ....................................................................................... Hi
Iti. Hydrollie. :r strictly opposite, generally partly immersed, often without evident relation between hydrothec:.
of oppo-ite rows ............................................................................. TnriAijiA.
Ilydrotliec-.-e single-, or in more' or less distinct pairs on each internode ..................................... 17
17. IIydrotliec-;e paired, sometimes in>| strictly opposite. Distal part of branches usually with a pair to cadi
i nt erne M le. ( ionaii'_'ia on branches ..................................................... . ............ IS
I lydrotheca- single or paired, (ionan^ia springing from lumen of hydrothec -a- .................... SVXTIIKC n vi.
18. Ilydnithec-al niarL'in toothed. Ilydrothec-a- not conspicuously broader at base' ..................... SKKII I.UJIA.
Ilydrothec-al niarL'in even or slightly sinuous. I [ydrotheca- swollen at base ....................... \UIETIXAKIA. ''
It will be notcil that this scheme denies the prcsenee of theoperculum in the .Ljviiera r
S, rtiiliirin. Tliiiiiiri'i. and . \1>!< timiriii. iii all of which it is actually present.
In iS'.'o there appeared a scholarly work by Prof. (i. M. K. Levinsen. :! in which a serioii-
attempt is made to ari'an^e the o'eneia of the- Sertularida' on the basis of the characters of the
operculum in connection with the condition of the hydrothecal margin.' This writer asserts that
the oporcuhim is found in all Sertularida', without exception, and carries his belief to the extent
of casting out all ovnera that do not posse-- that structure. He states that the oviirra <;,-"/ii-
i/Ktriii, Si/nt/it '/'i/in. and /////"^'//./-/A- should all lind their- places outside of the Sertularida-. an
opinion in which I concur, except in the ca-e of the u'emis Si/nfli'i-inin. lie maintain- that -uch
features as the relation of the hvdrothec,-e to the hydrocaillus and to one another are of little sys-
1 Die Ilyilroiden des k. k. natnrhistorischen Ilofiniisenms, V. Vienna, Is; HI.
-See Kirchenjiaiier, Nordisc-ln- ( lattunL'en mid Arten von Scrtularid, n, llamburir. 1SS4. p. l".i. Dr. Kirchenpaner
recognizes the following genera: Selaginopsis, 'rimim-iii. Ai'iiinmrin, and >,,//,<,,//,;.
"Meclnser. Ctenophorc-r OL' I lyilroidc-r fra ( iriinlands Vestkyst tilli^emecl Bemserkninger om llydroidi-rnes Sys-
tematik. S:ertryk at Vidc'iHkal'eli^'c Meddclelser I'm den naturhiBtoriske KoreniiiL' i Kjiibcnhavn, 1S1IL', ls;i;',.
The writer is under great obligation tu Mr. J. 11. raarmann for translating the systematic portion of Levinsen's
work.
40 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
tematic value unless reenforced by the characters of the operculuna and hydrothecal margin, upon
which he chiefly relies in his system of clussilication. He iiiiiintains that, there is a constant
relation between these last two structures, and that the operculum is always attached to more or
less deepened curves or sinuosities of the margin.
In accordance with this position, based, as the author expressly states, on his studies of the
Greenland species only, Professor Levinsen in another work published during the same year
(1SK3), 1 classifies the Sertularida 1 as follows:
(a) Operculum of 3 or 4 Haps which aiv attached to a like number of emarginations of the walls of the hydrotheeir.
Gonangia annulated f&rtubireltn.
(a') Operculum of a single flap.
(b) Margin of hydrotheca with two lateral teeth.
(c) Ilydrothecfe in a single zigzag row. Operculum adcauline HijilrnlliiKiiiin.
(c') Hydrothec;e in two rows. Operculum attached to adcauline side of margin ftertulnrin.
(I)') Margin of hydrothecie without teeth.
(c) Operculum attached to adcauline side of margin TUplmsin.
(c') Opereulum attached to abcauline side of margin _ Tlniim-in.
In applying this key to the large, number of species discussed in the present work it becomes
evident that it is inadequate to meet the requirements of the case, however well it applies to the
Greenland forms discussed by Levinsen.
The scheme is so attractive at first sight that the writer must confess to a sense of personal
disappointment at the failure of a method of classification for which he sincerely desired success.
The following considerations, and several others could be added, are sufficient to show the
inadequacy of the key.
In the genus XiTtuhnvUn the form S. formosa Fewkes (Plate XXVI 1, tig. 2), has an abso-
lutely even margin, and an operculum that, when present, is stretched like a drumhead over the
very wide operculum. The same, is true of 8. luii'tlnuli Nutting. I can not see how either of
these can be rightfully separated from the genus Sertula/rella.
The hydrothecal margins in IlydritUuiunin can seldom be said to have two teeth, and indeed
are often perfectly oval, or with slight angulations at the sides that cannot properly be called
teeth in the sense in which the term is used in reference to the margins of hvdrotheca-.
Mr. Paarmann, who has very carefully studied many species of sertularians that would come
under the genus Sertularia, according to the key given above (including A". /"/ m!t<i and other
long-known forms), by means of serial sections concludes that Professor Levinsen is incorrect in
saying that the operculum of this genus consists of a single flap. As this is a matter of
unusual importance I quote from his unpublished manuscript:
In the species having bilabiate (bidentate) margins each of the emarginations is surmounted by a membranous
piece of (lie operculum. Levinsen (p. 187) says that the adcauline piece is permanently attached to the margins of
the teeth, thus forming a " collar," while the abcauline piece is a free functional flap which opens when the
hydranth expands and closes after the hydranth has retracted. Upon this type he bases his genus S< rtnliiria. The
investigation of a large number of specimens by means of longitudinal and cross sections shows that this condition is
by no means uniform. Sometimes the adcauline piece is attached while the other is free, and sometimes the reverse
is true. Often the sides of a flap are attached for a greater or less distance proximally while they become free
distally, the degree of attachment varying greatly even in the same species. In most cases both flaps are functional.
I have examined Mr. Paarmann's sections and am convinced that the statements above quoted
are correct. Jt seems evident that Allman 2 and Marktanner-Turneretscher :t are correct in inter-
preting the hydrothecai of such species as Serfadww pumila as having a two-valved operculum. 4
This conclusion would make it necessary to fundamentally modify the table of classification pro-
posed by Levinsen. But there is still another and even greater objection to relying exclusively
1 Annulata, Hydroidme, Anthozoa, Porifera in: Det videnskabelige Tdbyttc af Kaiioiibaascn "Hauchs" Togter,
Copenhagen, 1S93, pp. 321-425.
- Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, V, 1877, p. 25.
' Hydroideii des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseiims, Vienna, 1S90, p. 238.
4 It seems to me that even by Levinsen's account the operciilum is here morphologically, although not function-
ally, two-valved, and that his so-called "collar" is, like the opcn-ulum, simply a thin membranous extension of the
hydrotheeal wall. See Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1SSI3, p. ISO et </.
THK SKKTt'h. \KID.i:. 41
upon (lie characters of thr margin and operculum in classifying the Sertularida'. and that is tliat
these characters arc inconstant, not only in sonic of the genera, but also in .some individual
species. 1 have already pointed out the fact that certain species of .s, ,-f i'lm-< lln lack the sup-
posed three or four Mapped o]ierculum. In Selagmopsis mirabilw (VeTriO) there are two Haps
to the operculum, while the one-flapped operculum ia characteristic of the genus as a \\hole. I
do not believe that any one would separate ,V. /////<//;/'/ /.v and .V. i-ijli m! rii-<i (('lark) genericallv. and
yet they ditl'cr in this feature upon which Levinsen bases his genera. In X, rtnl, //-,',/ <l< xniuiil, a
Torrcy, a for.in found on the ( 'alii'ornian coast (Plate III, fig. 1), the hydrothecal mare-ins are
sometimes without teeth and at others show two small teeth. The operculum is usually of a
single adcauline flap, but sometimes, in other parts of the same colony, is composed of two parts.
In this case neither the insulin nor the operculum furnishes a constant feature, even in a single
colony. In Abietmaria greenei (Murray) the hydrothec-e on one part of a colony will lie of the
typical abietinarian form, while those on another part of the same colony will have two very
conspicuous teeth, lioth of which are adcauline and not strictly lateral (Plate XXXVI.
lie's. 3 and 4). The operculum is of a single adcauline flap. Probably enough illustrations have
been given to show that the characters used by Professor Le\ insen are insuflicient in themselves
to furnish a basis for the classification of the Sertulariihv.
It by no means follows, however, that the operculum and hydrothecal margin are characters
to be neglected. On the contrary, I think them most important aids in defining certain genera.
such as Alii' ti miriii and I >!/>liuni,i, and feel that we owe much to Professor Levinsen for his pains-
taking work calling general attention to these features. Careful and conscientious work such as
his is always valuable, whether the results are in all respects confirmed or not.
The only remaining author whose scheme of classification we need discuss at present is l>r.
Karl Camillo Schneider, who published a work of interest in this connection. 1 l>r. Schneider
(p. r>^l) was at first much impressed with Levinsen's method of classification, but decided that a
review of the whole group revealed the inadequacy of the plan, and also many intergrading
forms. On the whole, this writer prefers the older classification of the Sertularida'. and adopts
the following genera, but calls them "groups" on account of their incomplete separation: X/Y//-
la/retta^ Dynamena^ Tlnitiiriii. Pasythea, Selaginopsis, and HydraHmania. 1
Lest it may appear that the writer has intentionally or carelessly neglected to include the works
of American writers in the summary just given, attention is called to the fact that there has been
no general work, nor any general discussion of the family Sertularida' produced by an American
writer since the appearance of the classic work by the elder Agassi/, in ixt'.i'.-" 1 h, fr, the appearance
of Ilincks's British Hydroid Zoophytes, Istis. which I have taken as my point of departure in tin-
preceding discussion. Agassi/ proposed three new genera of Sertularida 1 (pp. :i.V> :-!.">(!):
.(nijiJiixliitiii. < 'ft iiliini. and Aiit]>li!tr<H-Jiit, which were not adequately defined, and which have not
been adopted by later writers, except that two of them are used by his son. l>r. Alexander
Agassi/. 4
In attempting to break up the family Serf ularida- into genera, there are several principles
that should be clearly grasped at the outset:
/"/AY. No one character, nor combination of two characters can be successfully used
throughout, as is illustrated by Levinsen's attempt based on the characters of the hydrothecal
margin and operculum.
Xii-iiml. It sometimes happens that a single character will sharply differentiate a single
genus. For example, the unilateral arrangement of the hydrothecie in Ili/ifi-iillimniiit.
Tlii ><!. The hydroids are an extremely plastic group, and certain characters may occur
sporadically in many unrelated species that occur normally and regularly in certain close! \
related forms. This fact has been the cause of great confusion in the systematic treatment of
1 lly<lrc>icl|ioly|ii M yon K"\L'no, m-l.-i I Ylx-rsiclit iilT ilas Systrtii ,ld- II\-<lniiil|iiilypeii im \IL"-iMfini-ii.
ogische Jahrbiicher, Systematik, \, pp. 47i > -"i">."i, .ICHM. ls:is
Altliniijili Doctor Schneider calls these "^rmips " he t rents them :is genera, fur convenience ill lianilliiiu'
8 Contributions to the Natural Ilistm-y \ the I'nitc.l States of America. I \", I'liisldii. ISIiL'.
1 North American Aralepli;e, ISti.'i, pp. 14U-147.
42 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
the subject, and has brought about the rejection of several genera which it would be convenient
and reasonable to retain.
For instance, it occurs not infrequently in several widely different forms among the
Sertularida' that a gonangium will occasionally have its origin within the lumen of the hydro-
theca, although these species normally produce gonangia in the ordinary position. But there
are several species, otherwise closely related in the form of the hydrothecse and in the apparent
absence of the operculum, in which the gonangium normally and regularly springs from the
inside of hydrothecse.
Such species should, it seems to me, be placed in the genus Synthccium, of Allrnan. 1 The
sporadic appearance of the gonangium of the SyntJiedivm type occurring as an abnormality in
other nonrelated species which commonly produce gonangia in the ordinary way does not, in my
opinion, invalidate the genus in the slightest degree.
Again, we find that in many species of the Sertularidse, not otherwise closely allied, one or
more branches spring from the lumen of hydrothecse, although these species normally and regu-
larly branch in the ordinary way. But Allman has found several specimens of a certain species
in which the branches "invariably spring from the hydrotheca?," 2 and for this species he instituted
the genus Tlu'cuclddnnn. He afterwards found other colonies of the same species 3 that showed
the same constant character, the branches arising normally and regularly from the lumen of the
hydrotheca. These specimens, being more complete than the ones originally described, furnished
additional characters that still further confirmed his judgment in establishing the genus. Here
again, it seems to me, we are by no means justified in following those who would discard the
genus Thecocludium, because species of widely different genera will sporadically exhibit the same
peculiarity that is uniformly possessed by the specimens studied by Allman.
Fourth. The number of rows of hydrothecse on the branches is a character by which groups
of species otherwise closely related can be segregated to form genera that appear both convenient
and natural. Thus we find a number of species closely related to each other and having manifest
affinities to certain species of Thuiaria that are characterized by having the stem beset with more
than two regularly disposed longitudinal rows of hydrotheca?. For such forms Allman has
instituted the genus Sdaginopsis.*
Again, there are two species closely allied to the genus Scrtularclla that agree more closely
with each other than with other species from the fact that the hydrotheca? are placed on all sides
of the branch in an ascending spiral. Associated with this character in the two species thus far
discovered is a remarkable tendency toward anastomosis of the branches which are all in the same
plane, forming a fiabollate colony. For the first of these species Allman formed the genus
DictyoclniVunn? Another species is described in the present work. One species has been found,
otherwise related to the genus Sertularia, that differs from all others in the fact that the successive
pairs of hydrothecse are rotated on the stem so that each pair is set at right angles to the plane
of the pairs immediately above and below. The result is that there are four longitudinal rows of
hydrothecffi on the hydrocaulus, the individuals of a given row being very widely separated, and
each individual forms one of a pair of opposite hydrotheca 1 . For this species Allman has estab-
lished the genus Sftti//'r>f//ec//, 6 a genus not found in American waters.
Fifth. The operculum can be used as an important factor in separating out some of the generic
groups from the great mass of Sertularidse in which the hydi - othec;e are arranged in two longi-
tudinal rows, but this character is not in itself sufficient, and we find it necessary to use different
combinations of two or more characters for this purpose, among which the combination of the
form of the operculum and the arrangement of the hydrothecse on the hydrocaulus is of great
value. There is a certain long known form that has an operculum of two valves and in which
'Journal of the Linnu*an Society, Zoology, XII, 1S74, ]>. 365.
2 Idem, XIX, p. 14!).
3 ChiiUfiiiji-r Report, Hydroida, Part 2, 1888, p. 81.
4 Journal of the Linmran Society, XII, 1874, p. 272.
5 Challenger Report, Hydroida, Part 2, 1888, p. 76.
6 Idem, Part 2, 1888, p. 75.
TIIK SEKTULARID^E. 43
the hydrothecse are arranged incompact groups of pairs, a group to cadi internode, the upper
pair of a group being noticeably smaller and ditl'crcnt in shape from the lower. This vcrv
characteristic form is the basis of the ^enu> /'/.*/////,/ of Lamouroux. 1
A large niimhcr of si>ccics agree in having the operculum of three or four (laps and the
hydrotheea' strictly alternate. These form the well marked and well known genus \< /////,//, ///.-
Again we tind that a comliination of the characters of the operculum together with the general
form of the hydrothecse can he used to advantage. A large numlierof specie- agree in having an
operculum composed of a single Hap which is hinged to the adcanlinc side of the margin. These
have all been included l>v Levinsen in tin' "'enus Divhasia. A studv of these forms leads to the
."> f .
discovery that the genus thus constituted is made up of two well-marked groups which agree in
the character of the operculum just given, Imt ditl'er widely in the form of the hydrothec;e; one
group consisting of species with tubular hydrothecie that are not distinctly swollen below, and
that have very large apertures without any distinct neck or constriction of the distal part of the
hydrothecal wall. These forms can very well be retained in the genus J>!j>/i/isi,i, substantially as
originally described by Agassi/. The other group having an operculum of one adcauline valve
consists of species which differ from I >iji/mxi/i, and agree among themselves in having hydrothecse
that are more or less bottle-shaped that is, their lower portion is bulged out or swollen like the
body of a flask, and their distal parts are constricted so that the diameter of the aperture is much
smaller than the diameter of the lower portion. There is often also a distinct constriction can-ed
by the thickening of the hydrothecal walls below the margin. The forms just described constitute
what seems to me to be a very well circumscribed genus .!/(/,////<///,/.'
Si.rtli. As a last resort we lind that a combination of the position of the hydrothecse,
whether opposite or alternate, and the character of the internocles will serve to aid in solving
the last and most perplexing problem of all, the separation into generic groups of the forms
still remaining, which agree in having the hydrotheea' in two rows, margins smooth or dentate,
the operculum of one adcauline Hap, or of two (very rarely three) flaps.* We find upon exami-
nation of the very large number of species agreeing in these particulars a number that agree in
having strictly opposite hydrotheea 1 that are not greatly embedded in the hydrocaiilus, an
operculum comprised almost always of two valves, and the internodes normally and commonly
bearing two hydrotheea 1 ; or the hydrothecie may be slightly snbopposite. but the internode-
are regular and normally and commonly bear two hydrotheea'. showing that the latter are
essentially paired, as pointed out by Hale."' Such forms can be referred to the original genus of
the family, !<< rlnliir'm.
The remaining forms agree in having the hydrotheea' normally and regularly subopposite
to alternate, usually more or less embedded in the hydrocaulus; operculum of one flap (abcau-
line) or of two flaps; more than two (often many) hydrotheea' to each internode. the latter
being of very irregular length even in the same colony. These forms we can refer to the old
genus Tlutiiir'm.
It will be noticed that seven of the nineteen genera admitted by Marktanner-Turneretscher
(see p. ;-!',) are not included in the scheme as outlined above. These seem to me to be untenable,
and the species included in them can be disposed of as follows:
(irnnuiiiiriii and //'//'"/'/A''''* do not belong to the Sertulariihe.
< 'ith/jifnf liiiiiirin and Si/m/il, <-fn.-'i//i/<iis should be united with X rl<il<n-< /!</. from which they
are not separated by what appear to me to be adequate characters.
MIIIIIIJMIIIHI is quite a typical /'////A//'/,/, according to the scheme here adopted.
f),-Niiiiixi-;/j>lnin can with propriety be referred hack to the old genus X, // /,///./.
1 Nouveau bulletin philomatique, ili'ccuilnv, ISIL", p. is:;.
-< iv:iy, Itadiata, I.Ut nf s|M-ciiiii'iis "f I'.ritish aninmls, etc., l-mnlim, ls.47, p. us.
:1 Kirrhenpiuirr, Nonlisrln- ( oHuiiLrrn un.l Artcn vim Srrtiilariilcii, I laiiilmrt;, ISsl. p. L'!i.
'The author does not claim to bare successfully solved this pmlilimi. \\liirli appr:u> \\itli "iir present kimwl.
edge to be insoluble, but hopes that the arrangement suggested will l>r practical in fact, altlnm^li unsatisfartury
in thenry. At anv rate, it is the lnvt that he has licen ahle tn ilevise after very careful punilerin}.' nf the suliject.
''Australian Ilyilniiil /nnpliytes, lsS-1, pp. 115,11(5.
44 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
DI/IKIIIK mi should be dismembered, part of the species going to Sei-tiiliii>!. and part to
T/iniiii'iii, as above defined.
For convenience in referring specimens of American Sertularidse to their proper genera,
according to the plan adopted in this work, the following key is presented, with the confession
that, like all such keys, it is purely artificial and does not indicate the interrelationships of
these genera:
KEY Til TUP: liENKHA OF AMERICAN' SEKTl'LAKID.K.
Hydrothec-ie nil on one side of the branches, their distal ends being turned alternately to the right and
Mt - - Hydrallmania.
Hydrothec;e arranged on all sides of branches.
( Iperculum of one adcauline flap, no anastomosis of branches ^I'lui/iim/isix.
( )])ercnliiin of several flaps, branches freely anastomosing Dirti/n,-/ii</iinn.
Ilydrotheeie arranged in pairs, each pair being revolved so as to be at right angles to the pair immedi-
ately above and below (Slniinilln'i-n. )'
Hydrothecie always in two longitudinal rows.
Hydrothccje in groups of pairs, the uppermost being decidedly smaller than the lower 1'iixi/t/n-ir.
Operculum adcauline, and of one flap.
Hydrothecal aperture large, body not flask-shaped lli/ilinxin.
Hydrothecal aperture small, body flask-shaped ...[liii'linnrin.
Operculum abcauline, of one Hap, or of two or more flaps.
Operculum of three or four pieces.- Hydrothepe strictly alternate, margin usually toot bed Si r/ /.</. I In.
Operculum of one (abcauline) flap, or of two, rarely three, 3 flaps.
IIydrothec;c strictly opposite, each internode normally bearing a single pair Sfftnlnrin.
Hydrothetve siibopposite to alternate, each internode normally bearing more than two Tliiiim-in.
Operculum wanting, margin round.
Branches normally arising from the lumen of a hydrotheca ( Tin I'lii-lniHum. )
Gonangia normally arising from the lumen of a hydrotheca Synthedum.
In concluding this general discussion of the genera of the Sertularidse the author wishes to
explain his position in view of some of the more important objections which he apprehends will
be urged against the- classification here adopted.
firxf. It will be said, and truthfully, that the system is based on a heterogeneous .set of
characters, and that different characters are used in defining certain genera from those used in
defining others. Of course, the ideal system would be to find one or two characters that would
suffice. As a matter of fact, no writer could use more care and ability to effect this end than has
Lcvinsen, as we have seen; and his work has been chiefly valuable in demonstrating the impossi-
bility of such a method, at least so far as the Sertularidge are concerned. There is also a distinct
danger in confining diagnostic features within too constricted limits, and this is that it is almost
certain to result in a most unnatural assemblage of species into genera which do violence to actual
affinities, as was done, for instance, when Ilijili'tiViminin was regarded as a plumularian on account
of using the one character of unilateral arrangement of hydrothecse.
With increase in experience the naturalist sees more and more clearly that all characters
must receive due consideration, and that the fewer the characters used the less satisfactory will
be his groups, if he desires them to indicate real affinities.
Again, it has come to tie recognized among systematists that a given character will often be
of the greatest value in one section of a family, or other group, while the same character is
comparatively worthless in another section of the same family or group. Thus the opereuluni is
almost an ideal character to use in separating out the genus J)!J>}I<IK!I(, as used by Levinson, but
fails in TJnintria and A'< rhilin-'m.
Second. A still more serious objection will doubtless be raised by those who will discover
iiitergrading forms between the genera that are here recognized.
'The brackets indicate that the genus is not found in American waters.
2 Very exceptionally the liydrotliecie in this genus are without teeth, and the operciilum is stretched like a
drumhead acmss the very wide, round aperture.
"When three teeth are present, as in some of the llfxninxri/jiliiix group of Hi'rtnlnriit, the upper one is much
smaller than the others, and the Operculum is very delicate, while the three-toothed forms of ,S'i iinlitn:l/n have equal
and equidistant or conspicuous teeth, and the operculum is evident.
Till. M.KTt l.AKIDJi.
45
In answer to this it must In- urged that a condition, not a theory, confronts u-. and it
appears to lie impossible to Invak up the family Sertularidse into Croups tliat do not intergrade
to some degree. Reducing the number of genera will not help us. a statement that will lie
continued by again turning to Le\ insen's attempt, in which he recogiii/ed hut live of the nineteen
genera used by Marktanner-Turneretscher. Investigation shows that these the genera inter
grade just as vexatiously as do the twelve included in my scheme, and the five genera are
individually much more unwieldy and ditlicult to manage than are the twelve. Thus there is
nothing lost in the delimitation of genera, and much gained in convenience when the larger
number is utili/.ed.
Here again the plasticity of the Hydroida as a group is the cause of much of our dilliculty.
It seems that these lowly animals have not yet crystalli/ed into definite and unvarying forms to the
extent that is found among the higher mela/.oa. and the result is that both specitie and generic
boundary lines are crossed in various directions, much to the perplexity of the systematist. as I
have elsewhere attempted to illustrate. 1 In this case it seems to me that we must abandon the
idea that a genus is untenable so long as there is any intergradation with other genera, and take
the position that a genus is simply u group of closely related species that are related more nearly
to each other than to members (1 f other similar groups, and that the genus can be good, both in
practice and in theory, even if certain species do intergrade in s.nne individual characters with
species of other genera. We must remember, moreover, that all genera would intergrade with
other genera, were a complete record accessible, and that generic distinctions must nece-sarih be
an expression of the gaps in our knowledge rather than of natural boundary lines.
I have taken the position indicated above in this work, and frankly confess that some of the
genera used intergrade with others. These intergradations will be pointed out with care when
the several genera are discussed later.
Distribution of jAmerican SertuLa/ridsB,
Qeograpbical.
I'.iilliynii-lric.in
fatbonu.
American,
in iiinl .Inimii.
ralnMa.
Atlantic.
imi.f.ij iniiii
Arctic ri'Kiiin.
Pacific.
1
Xiirlh Allanlic rcuinn.
Wesl Indian region.
'--:
L
=
=
K
lloiJi.u un^rf[V
i
1
n
1
i I'acilic region.
linaviaii rcnion.
|
incnlal region.
trmun-iiii rcu r i"ii.
!
f
i
c
H
1
:
-
i
5
n
+
+
-f
+
-
i ..
B6-171
..1 72
Shallow wnler.
shiiHow walcr.
Shallow walcr.
],,.
,
+
+
+
lUi'-nln
-t-
+
+
(-
+
f
26 I"
Shallow wat<r.
W WIllcT.
IH-L'"I
1-1T1
shallow wnler.
i-iao
Shallow walcr.
1 IT
Shallow water.
4-
. .
+
turgSda
}
+
IHi-liiiH-hiiliiiin !l<i!>' Ifinti
LHpllatia << ;</<, r.<
+
-
+
4.
I./.
4-
4.
T
+
,
'C. C. Nutting. Aililivss "1 tlie rliiiiniian nf the Sei'timi nf /,i mingy ainl \ irr-|iv,'>i.lriii nl llir Ami-riraii A.nria-
tion fnr tlie Aitvaiiceiiii'iit nf Si-icurc. Srii'iii-i-, .Taimary '.'. I'm:;. ],, 9,
46
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Geographical <l!xfr!I>nt!i>n <>f Am< ri<-n S<-rtiilur!<t;<' - Continued.
Geographical.
Bntliymetric, in
fathoms.
American.
Kuropean.
Siheria and Japan.
g
\
Atlantic.
Patagonian region.
Arctic region.
Pacific.
Canadian region.
North Atlantic region.
West Indian region.
Brazilian region.
Alaskan region.
Californian region.
South Pacific region.
Scanrlinavian region.
H
'V
--
a
Continental region.
Mediterranean region.
JltfflrallinrDiin ilistcins
4-
+
shallow water.
1-1100
Shallow water.
1 Pelagic,
a 100
Shallow water.
1-11
1-40
Shallow water.
45
Shallow water.
23 25
9
1-31
6-20
21
101-471
100-200
390
9
600
56-121
25-505
9
6-40
Shallow walt-r.
72
Shallow water.
9
6-357
1-200
! 1-552
9
9
:;:; 52
1-77
56
19.4
2.S3
Pelagic.
167
122
" 2X3
Shallow water.
Shallow \\ alcr.
Shallow water,
1-112
3-J
tl-352
67-194
128
1-5S
13
21
40
1-1C1I
1-137:',
450-1168
1-21 II
'SliallowltoSO.ii
10-150
38 lo
Shallow water.
1-42
9
150
Shallow watrr.
] 1 20
10-450
1-67
ftilrntn.
+
+
+
4-
4-
+
frant'ixci.uui
+
r<i*i/t!t( n qitad-ridentota
+
+
+
& l't<ii iiiixix itltfniiflitrn
+
Cft.tr tun
rtfltndritfurit
linrtfiiiilii
ohttfili tn
+
t
4-
4-
4-
urnnln,
pinaster
:
4-
4-
jii intat> i
pluTnifownis
In* rntltf!
4-
+
>V rt n /'if /in nUi/flrt
nlltitnni
tuiipfiorffcra
,
('/"/'.
4-
I'llttlttl
dttrki i :
i-lltHMl
comj)lc.m
+
rtmirn
+
? +
n/lttHtritht'ctt
+
f
<ft nt iff rn
<l< tfntix
+
Cflisrrifni.f
ttttltH'ttflH
!
'i
'/'"//
I
I
I
I
-j_
+
4-
+
+
I
4-
?+
;it nit'tifntn
Itni'tlniihi
+
' +
ln'intt<-iii
4-
itintfi ffniurn
/minim
+
+ ....
margaritacea
i ....
'iiH'ridiimnltx
'iiiifticnntt
'HI in n tn
unint
4-
+
pirtn ,
+
polyzonio.8
+
+
i
i
.
4-
4-
4-
4-
+
4-
4
tjttnih'ffi'ltl
I'll < infill
!<i> hnlili ._
Mihttiriti
+
+
I
4-
4-
4-
+
tnntin'i
ft ii'lln
"+
'+'
+
+ '
i-
4-
+
f
4-
+
+
+
+
tropica
>'' ft ii in rin ln'.^jtiinin<i
chdUeng$H
rnntit'iiin
f.i'initn
+
^
..".
....
4-
....
4-
4-
llninnti
nin',1 n
+
|
+
+ '
f
<>! i'r n In hi
4-
+
4-
'"""""
+
+
4-
4-
4-
1
+
4-
'1-165
1 \V,-M c.iasl Africa, South Seas.
2 Davis Straits.
3 Cape of Good Hope.
'Azores, Uc.t Sea, Cape of I loud Hupc.
6 New Zealand.
' A/ores.
'New Zealand 1 :'
THK M-.KTl'LAKIDjE.
47
1i,iii/i'Hji/iii;ll ilixtrilmtioli "/ . I in, firiln S, ft ill n fill .' ( 'out illlli'i 1.
-nipliir-Hl.
Kaih\ iin'1 ric. in
Am
Atlantic.
eric
iti.
u
e
-.
P
IIHIJI-U UlMIUOMllt.l
'.
I
g
1
-
Ml' >
.can
Siberia and .lupnii.
1
I
j
Xnrlli Atlantic ivi-i'in.
3
I
5
i
Hrn/iliiin IVL:]"|.
|
1
1
Smitli I'm-
1
!
I
u
a
I
Slmllmv water.
Shallow ualcr.
I'elacic 1" 80
: j l
LOO-276
2\
18-114
1 .-,:,
l
1 i.;
'1 U,
Shallow water.
7 7(1
1-165
II-'JI
1 1111
Shallou ,it. r
ntouki >/>
+
....
4-
|
+
4-
+
4-
4-
+
+
+
+
t
t
+
_l_
4-
+
!
-
t-
+
+
+
4-
4-
+
+
4-
4.
thvjQ
+
+
+
+
+
1 Srtinli Ainrricji.
On iiiTdiini df the very marked ditlVrtMicc lirtwi'cn the distrilxitioii of the Sertularidse and
Iliat of the Pluniiilarida', it >eems lie>l to ado]>t a ditl'erent elassilication of geographical reo-jons
from that presented in the first part of fhi- \voi-k.' The two u-roiips liave entirely different
eenteis of (1 1st ri I nit ion. and the Plumularidee ai'e almost wanting in regions where the Sertnlaridie
are most abundant. 1 have therefore adopted for the hitter family the following reu-ioiiv
CANAIUAN. -To include the North American coast region from Kastport. Maine, to the
Arctic ('ircle. or the south end of < Jreenland.
NOIJTII A'l'l.ANTlc. From Kastport. Maine, to Charleston, South Carolina.
AVEST INDIAN, [ncluding region south of Charleston, the (iull'of Mexico, Caribbean Sea.
North coast of South America to P>raxil.
UKA/.II.IAN. From Northern lira/il to Soutlieni Argentina.
l'ATA(iHM\s. Southern A i-jfent i na. I'atayonia, Terra del Fneffo. Falkland 1-lands. and
Southern Chile.
ARCTIC. All north of Arctic Circle in general. lut including- the White Sea of Russia.
ALASKAN. From Boring Straits -outh to ami including I'liyet Sound.'
( 'AIJI'I H;M \\. From 1'ii^ct Sound to and including; ^Icxico.
Snfrii PACIFIC. South of Mexico to the 1'atau'onian region as here dcfiiu'd.
SCANDIXAVIAX. Including I)enmark. Sweden and Norxvay to the Arctic ('ircle.
BRITISH. Including the British I-lainU and Helgoland.
CIINTINF.XTAI.. Including- the coast* of Belgium. France, and Atlantic coast of Spain.
1 Aincririui llvilniiils. I'art !. Tin- Plumalaridae, VVzi^liin-itiin, isdii, \\. \\\.
*Ree llyilniiils t'r AI;i-U;i ami 1'iiu'ct Snini.l. ( '. I'. Xiittinjt, I'nifcriliiii.'s t'. S. Nalimuil Mii>ciiin. NX I.
p. 74L'; iilsn I'aprrs I'nnii the Harrinmu Alaska Expedition, The 1 1 \ ilmi.ls, I'nu-ee. liirj- \Va-liiiintini Ai-aileiny "1
Seieiires, III, I!MI|, pp. l.iS tn Hi'.'.
B125 PT 204 J
48 AMERICAN HYDKOIUS.
MEDITERRANEAN. Including the Mediterranean proper and the Adriatic.
The other regions named are self-explanatory. The few cases where American species are
found in regions not mentioned above are indicated in footnotes.
It will ! seen that most of these regions are quite arbitrary, and their fauna' intergradc in
almost all cases. Until a more serious and comprehensive study is made of the distribution of
all groups of marine organisms no final or even approximately satisfactory set of zoogeographical
regions can be made. In the meantime, however, each worker can exercise his own judgment
in devising a scheme that will satisfy his special requirements and aid him in indicating the facts
of distribution so far as his field of work is concerned. It remains for some master mind to
correlate these various attempts into a well-digested zoothalassography.
The table given above will serve to indicate some points of interest, the most notable being
the richness of the sertularian fauna in the Alaskan region, in which 5X of the 181 species of
American forms are found. This ma}' be due to the excellent work done in that region,
beginning with the extensive collections made by Dr. Dall and his party, 1 and terminating with
the notable collections made by the Harriman Alaska Expedition. 2 In the meanwhile the U. S.
Fish Commission steamer A/?><tfrxx made very extensive collections during her several cruises in
Alaskan waters, the material of which is included in the present work.
Next to this region come the West Indian and the Arctic, with 35 and 29 species. An
examination of the table clearly reveals another fact, and that is that the sertularian fauna seems
to have its present center of distribution in the far north, probably in the Arctic regions, as is
indicated by the holarctic distribution of many species a matter that the present writer has
already discussed. 3
In working with material from the far north, particularly from Alaska, one is greatly
impressed with the luxuriance and thrifty appearance of the hydroids an indication that the
region is peculiarly adapted to their needs. The, finest specimens, both of campanularian and of
sertularian colonies, that the writer has ever seen came from the cold waters of Alaska. The
various Scandinavian writers have found a rich field for work in the hydroids, and Kristine
Bonnevie has produced a sumptuous monograph on the Hydroids of the Norwegian North Atlantic
Expedition. It seems, then, that the group has spread from the Arctic region southward on
both shores of the Atlantic and on the Pacific coast of North America, and there are so many
species common to these four regions that we can hardly escape the conclusion that the group,
at least in its present forms, had a polar origin. The number of species found in the West
Indian region would seem to militate against this view, but many of these belong to special
groups, such as the Desmosoyphus group of Sertularia, indicating that they have long been
separated from the ordinary types of the family. The Sertularidse appear to have .spread, from
whatever center, over the ocean floor throughout the world; at least they have been found in
every region where any considerable amount of dredging has been done. They must be quite
abundant in the, Patagonian region, for the small amount of collecting done there has given us
no less than seventeen species. Australia also has a rich sertularian fauna of about sixty species,
according to Bale, 4 which seems to be rather closely allied to the Patagonian forms, indicating
the possibility of an Antarctic center of distribution, for certain groups at least. The west
coast of South America seems to be the poorest in Sertularidse of all the American regions
included in the table. This may be due to the comparatively few hauls made in these waters,
but probably indicates a real dearth in that region.
It is interesting to note the great difference shown in this table and the one on pages 4! to
51 of Part I of this work between the distribution of the Sertularida? and the, Plumularidse, the
former having its greatest wealth of material in the Alaskan region and the latter in the West
Indies.
1 See Clark, Report on the Hydroids collected on the Coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands by W. H. Dall,
Proceeding, Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1S7H.
2 See Papers from the Harrinum Alaska Kxpedition, XXI, The Hydroids, ('. C. Nutting, Proceedings Washington
Academy of Sciences, III, 1901, p. 157.
3 Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 161'.
4 Catalogue of the Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, W. M. Bale, Sydney, 1884.
THE SERTt'LARID.<.
49
Bathymetric distribution. Here a '/a in ii has seemed best not to follow tin- scheme adopted
in discussing the Plumularidee, on account of the yivui preponderance of -Imllou \\aier forms in
the Sertularida-. and also for (lie reason that the talile Driven for the I'lumularida- iuvolve<l more
labor than is necessary in the case of other species. I>y Divine- the maximum and iniiiiiiiuni
depth at wliicli eacli species is found il i- thought thai I lie la Me will lie as u-eful as that Driven for
the Plumularidae, in which the record is maintained for all the interiliediate /.ones, it bein^. indeed,
more probable that tin- actual condition-* of batlivmctrie distribution are thus presented, a-, it is
altogether more likely that the nonoccurrence of a species in the table given I'm -the Plumularidse
is due to incomplete exploration than that the ha thy met ric distribution of these specie-, U actually
discontinuous, as would be indicated b\ that table. In other words, we have a riylit to consider
that a species that has been reported from IHII and ::iu fathoms actually exists somewhere at a
depth of :.'nii fathoms, or that it has recent l\ existed at that depth.
In comparing the two tables it becomes at once apparent that the Sertul:irid;c are much
more generally found in shallow water than the Plumularida-. The proportion of .-hallow-
water forms that is. those found in less than .".u fathoms lioinu- a little over !:< per cent in
the Sertularida- and .">u per cent in the Plumularidee. Tliere are 41 per cent of the Sertularida-
contined to the shallow-water /one. while there are only M:! per cent of the I'luniularida' confined
to the same /one.
The following table shows very plainly the difference in the bathymetric distribution between
the two families:
ti <; distribution <>/ ///'/, </.<///</
1 amily.
1 i 1 h.i
fathom
Over 50
futhoms.
OVIT UK)
fnthoms.
ov.T \M
fathoms.
Over 200
fathoms.
f:iih' tma
Over 1,000
futlimu!..
/'. r r, ill.
/, , ,, ,ii.
0.63
n r.i
Per cent.
ll.^l
Percent.
0.28
0.05
l'i f " ill.
0.03
.75
III
.30
26
.16
.06
.03
The following species of Sertularidie ha\e been di-edo-ed at depths greater than .".ui i fathoms:
in fnll,i.i\ l.iilo fathoms (lionnevie); /)iji/ntniti tiinnirixl-n, titio fathoms (Honncvie):
s, rfiiliii'i-llii i-liinmi. (iiii) fathoms (Allman); SertulareHa tricuxj)/'ifiifii, t.:;7"i fathoms (lionnevie);
S, rfnliii'' l/ii ti-njiii-ii. l.ltis fathoms (Clarke).
Th(> well-known S,rfi/I<ir</l<i t i-i<-iix/iiil<il<i seem> to have the u-reatcst \-ertical distribution of
any sei'tularian. ran;-in^ from the littoral region to the depth of l,3T;i fathoms. The only
American hydroid that has been found at :i "Teater depth than this is Aglaophenopsis verrilM
Nuttinjj. which was found at l,74i^ fathoms. In this case, however, the known bathymetric
range is from 1,-iHT to 1,7-k.' fathoms.'
SERTULARIA Linnaeus (modified).
Traji/H iftiini- . II ydrolheca- in strictly opposite or rarely siibopposite pairs. Stem and
branches normally divided into regular internodcs. each of which bears a pair of hydrothecffi,
but sometimes there are more than one pair lo the internode. in which case the h\ drotln-c;e are
strictly opposite. Open-ilium normally of two Haps.
(fnniixiiiiii . Gonangia oval or ovate, with a short collar and broad aperture and no internal
marsiipium. An acrocyst is occasionally present.
This beiny the original Limia-an u'enus for the hydroids. it has necessarily siill'ered many
vicissitudes, most of which lia\'e been iii the direct ion of closer and closer delimitation. Lamouroux
leading by separating what are now known a- the 1'lumulariihe and also breaking the Sertularians
propel' into two e-roiqis. [h/mum im to include those \vith strictly opposite bydrothecsB, and
S'< rfiiliir/ii those with more or less alternate hydro! hec;e. ' \Vere both these generalised in tin-
present work, the species that I include in X rl l<n-i<i would jjo into the yemis Dynamena.
Lamouroux aNo set aside the ~pecie- no\\ included in the I lalecida- in thee-enus '/'/"/. aflerward-
- r.iillctin philomatique, 181L'.
50 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
supplanted l>v l/iili-ciinn of Oken. 1 the species now included in the Lafoeida 1 in his genus Lnfix'ii;
many of the Campanularidse in L<i<>nil<-ti and (_'Iyt!<i. At nearly tho same time (INK!) Lamarck
issued the first edition of his classic work. Histoire naturelle des aniniaux sans vertebres, II, in
which he separated most of the present CampanularidsB under the name Campanularia, &ud the
Plumularidffi under the names Antenwula-ria and Pluntularia, and retained the name SertvUo/ria.
for the .species then known that would now be included in the family Sertularida-. In the .same
year, (ixlti), 2 Lainouroux published his Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes Flexibles, etc., in
which he diyided the sertularians into the genera J l <ixi/t/i,-<i^ which included the Pasytkea of sub-
sequent authors plus certain nonrelated forms, Di/nmnriKi, including the forms that would le
placed in Si'rt>d<ir!tt and Diji/mxi// in the present work, and Si I'tiilnrin, including forms with
alternate, hydrothecae, such as are now placed in Sertularella, Thuiaria, .[!>/< thi</ri<i, etc.
The next work of importance is that of Fleming, 3 who instituted the genus Tlmnir'ni to
include what now would be called the typical species of that group. He followed Lamouroux in
the use of the generic name Dynamena.
Johnston in his British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1X28, returns to the use of the genus Sci'tnlni-in
in nearly its original meaning, drops the genus J)yn<inu')M, and adopts the genus Thulnrin of
Fleming.
In 1862 Louis Agassiz* differentiated the genus Diphoxin from the Sertularia. or Dynamena
of other writers, and uses the word SiTfitluriii in a very restricted sense, including only Scrtidn-
r'ni iii'i/< Htm. Tlniiiii'iii <-nj>ri xxiini, Aliii'fi/K/riii uli'ictnut^ and ^-1. jiJIi-ida. He also proposed the
genera Amphitrocha and C'otnlnm for certain species that are now included in Sertularelln, and
Amphisbetia for Sertularia op&rculata,
With the great work of Hincks, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, what may be called the
modern era began. He reinstated and modified the genus SertuLarella* which is b}^ far the
largest in the family, if not in the entire order Hydroida, and also proposed the genus JlydraR-
iiKinia for the S,/rfn1<ir!<i falcufa Linnaeus, which many writers had erroneously placed in the
Plumularidse.
The further vicissitudes of the genus Sertularia arc sketched in preceding pages of the
present work, in connection with the general systematic discussion of the family.
POINTS OF INTERCJKADATION BETWEEN SEKTULAKIA AND OTHER (iENEKA.
As above defined, the genus Serfailaria is a well circumscribed group, but in certain indi-
vidual characters it has points of contact with other genera, among which the following may be
found in species treated in this work:
fii-ftf. With T/n/iiiria, In several cases, such as S. f>/'xj>/n<<a, rlm/l, /n/< //', and dwinotd*'*, the
internodes are of irregular length and bear more than a single pair of hydrotheca?. In all such
cases, however, the hydrothecae are normally strictly opposite, and never subopposite nor subalter-
nate, as in Thuiaria.
Si'cmiiL With Sert-idarella, in having a three-flapped operculum and three-toothed margin,
as in S. xi'i-titlui-loldw and -V. l>i-<-i-'n-ii<i1]nix. Here, also, the hydrothecje are strictly opposite and
Hot strictly alternate, as in X, rlnlnr. //</.
T/i ifil. With Tit a !a r!u, in having a round aperture, without teeth, and an abcauline oper-
culum composed of a single flap as in .s'. <~l>-xi,,i>nl,t!. Here, also, the hydrotheca? are strictly
opposite. In this ease there is the further complication of extreme variability in the hydro-
thecal margin and operculum, there being an occasional hydrotheca in which the margin is
obscurely two-toothed, and the operculum apparently of two valves. In each of these cases it
'Lehrburh <ler Xaturgesrhirhte, 1815, j>. !H.
2 The nearly simultaneous apix-aranrf of tin- works of Lamouroux and l/amaivk have caused almost inextricable
confusion in the systematic- treatment nf this and t nther jrrrmps nf hydroids. See Part I, p. 54.
3 A History nf I'.ritisli Animals, etc., Kdinl)ur>rli, 1S2S, ].. 545.
*Cintnlnitiniis In the Natural History of the Tnited States, IV, ISIiL', ].. :!55.
^Originally projiosid liv (Jray. IJsl of the specimens of British animals in the collections of the British
Museum, Part 1, Radiated Animals. London, 1847, p. 08.
THK -KK: i i, \uin.i:. 51
will lie observed thai thr s|>rrirs i>. on tin- whole, more closely allied to S, i-tulin-iii as hen-
dctined than it is to the ]iart ieul.-ir ovnii- to \\hieh it approximates in the special character
discussed.
KKV TO \MKI:II \N BPBCIE "
('ninny branched, at least in typical specimens.
P.ranches regularly disposed.
Kranches opposite
P.ranchcs alternate.
Hydrothec.e lately eon I indent in I'nuit
Bydrothecse seldom emit indent iii front
Branches loosely ur irregularly dispo-ed.
Hydroiheeal teeth two, loni:, recurved, conspicuous.
Din- tonth much lunger than tin- nthcr
Teeth approximately e<|iial.
Gonangium with two lateral spines
(ionangium wit hunt spines
Ilydrothecal teetli nut conspicuous.
Margin generally without ieeth degmoides,
Margin with three iui<'i|iial teeth rnthlmni.
Margin with two opposite teeth ijrnrilit.
Colony normally mi branched (one or two nn symmetrical liranches may In- piv.-ent I.
Ilydrothecie plaeeil on front of stem, ami largely contingent.
Hydrothecse on proximal portion differing greatly from those on distal portion ma/yen
Ilydrotheivc alike on all parts of stem.
( 'h it i lion.'.- processes projecting dow nward I nun ln>lt I hyilrotliec:e i-nrnii-iii'i.
Nn noticeable uhitinous processes.
Colony ami hyilrothcc.-e of average si/e for this ..'en us /murttilegi.
Colony ami liyilrothec.-e very small, less than half the si/e of prccciliu>: species stiniki-iji.
Hyilrothec;e not plac'cil on front of stem, whether contingent or not.
I lyilrotheoc contingent of averane size, margin with three teeth //-. I'ifiinlluif.
llyilrotheive con I indent, very small, margin with three teeth .Jlum rxi.
I lyilrothei-e not contingent, marjiin t o-tootheil.
I>istal part of hyilrothecie In-lit at riirht angles to proximal ]iart tniniiln.
I li^tal part hent at much less than a ri.'lit anjili- to proximal part e.clijua.
SERTULARIA PUMILA Linnaeus. 1
I Plate 1. liu's. I .:.
Ren-Oak Cnnt/Hiii- KI.I.IS. Kssay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 17"). r ), p. !l.
.Si-c(;i/ii/-iii I'lnii'iln LIXN.KIS, Systema Nature, 17">s, p. SMT.
flertularia pumila l.ixx-Krs, Fauna Suecica, 17*51, p. ""40.
NI liiilnriii /ni/iiilit IIoi"i-rrYN, Natunrlyke historic, XVII, 17(11-177;!, p. ">-7.
Xi-i-liilitriii /iiniiilti P.M.I.AS, Klenchns /.oophytorum. ITiiil. p 130.
Si'i'lnliiriii /iiinii/ii I. INN ii >, Systcma Natura-, iL't h eil., 17ri7. p. i:!(lil.
Sertularia pumila l'.onnAKi:r, in Pallas, l.yst iler I'lant-Hieren, 17liS, p. Hi!'.
riii /iiiiiiilii I 1 ',!, I. is, An account of the Actinia sociata. etc., IVliS, p. -|:!4.
rin /iii/m MARATTI, He Plantis /oophytls. etc., 177(1. p. -'<.
'The writer desires here I., acknowledge his u'reat imlelitedness to a work written \,\ Prof. Maurice Deilot,
entitleil !\Ialeriaux pour servir a I'histoire .les I lyilroiiles. pulilislieil in Ue\ lie Snisse ile Xoolo^ie, Annales .le la
Societe /iioloi{ii|ne Suisse et iln M usce il'histoirc natnrclle ile I leneve. ( ieneve. 1!)1.
This \\nrk is invaluable In the systematist in the hyilroiils, as it >_'i\esa very complete bibliography of the ^roup
up to the year ISL'I). llesirinir to make tin- hililin^rapliy ami synonymy of the Sertulariil.'e as complete a- possible,
the present writer has inclmleil a numlier of references that he has not personally viriticil, taken from the work of
P.eilot. In a k'reat majority of cases the references have been vcrilieil. ami it has thus been demonstrated that
Professor Picilot's work has been very carefully done and is entirely reliable.
This has made it possible to include other references found in Bcdot's work that 1 have been unable to verify.
I feel confident that the number of errors thus admitted will be found to be certain!) no greater than would ha\e
I n found if I had personally yerilied every reference.
( >n paire 14:: will be found a list of works that are cited in the followini: pa-.re~, but which I have been unable to
consult. It will be understood that all of the references to these works are on the authority of Itcdot, unless otherwise
stated.
52 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Sertularia /nimUi-i GRONOVIUS, Zoophylacium gronovianum, Ft. 3, 1781, p. 357.
,\iiii/ni -HI jiiniii/ii CAVHI.IXI, Kil. Memoirs per servire alia storia dei Polipi marini, 17S5, p. 216.
.s'i >, in/in 'in jMiiiila ELLIS and SOLANDER, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 40.
fiirlitltiriit jiiiiiiiln WILKINS and MEREST, in Pallas, Characteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 169.
Si'i-tnlariii /iiiini/n (JMELIN, in Linnaeus, Systema Nat.une, 13th ed., 1788-1793, p. 16!).
J>i/iiiiiiniiii /iiiiiiiln ESPER, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1830, p. 196.
Si i-liiliii-in /iiniiila HKRKENHOIT, Synop. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 215.
iiiiiiiln OLIVI, Zoologia Adriatica, 1792, p. L'ss.
i'da ESPER, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-lsoii, p. 10.
/iiniiiln Bose, Hist, naturelle des Vers, 1802, p. 195.
i /iiniii/ii TI'RTON, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.
lamai-isca BERTOI.ONI, Rariorum It:ili;i- plantarum decas tertia, 1810, p. 106.
Scrtnlri<i /iiiniila JAMESON, Catalogue of animals of the class Vermes, 1811, p. 564.
iniii mi (Sertularia) juimiln LAMOUROUX, Nouv. Bullet, des Sc. par la Soc. philomatique, III, 1812, p. 184.
(Si'rtularia) pumila. OKEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, Pt. 3, 1815, p. 93.
Si'iiiilnrin jiiiinila LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 119.
i /mmila LAMOUROUX, Hist, des Polypiers, 1816, p. 179.
ria pumila STEWART, Elements of the Natural History of the Animal Kingdom, 2d ed., II, 1817, p. 441.
rin /militia BEKTOLONI, Specimen zoophytorum Portus Lump, 1819, p. L'lis.
Si'iiii/ni-iii /itniiilii LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. des Anim. sans Vt-rtebivs, I'd ed., 1836, p. 145.
S'l'rtiilnriit /iiiniila HASSALL, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. His.
,s f , i hi/nria pumila HASSALL, Ann. and Mag., VII, 1841, p. 284.
Sfiiiiliirin piuiiilu MACGILLIVRAY, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1842, p. 463.
Sertularia puntila GRAY, List British Animals, 1847, p. 70.
Si'i-luliiria pumila JOHNSTON, Hist. Brit. Zoophytes, 2d ed., 1847, p. 66.
Hertu/ariu /nnnila. ALDER, Catalogue Zoophytes Northuuib., 1857, p. 24.
Dynamena pumUa AGASSIZ, L., Contrib. Nat. Hist, U. 8., IV. 1862, p. 326.
Dynamena pumila PACKARD, Canadian Naturalist, Dec., 1863, p. 4.
Dynamena pumila KIRCHENPAUER, Neue Sertulariden, 1864, p. 8.
Dynamena pumila AQA.BSIZ, A., North American Acalephw, 1865, p. 141.
Dynamena pumila VAN BENEDEN, Faun;e litorale de Belgique, 1866, p. 186.
Sertularia pumila HINCKS, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 260.
Sertularia pumila VERRILL, Invert, Vineyard Sound, 1871-2, p. 732.
Sertutaria pumila SARS, Bidrag til Kundskaben, 1873, p. 49.
.^n in/aria pumila VERRILL, Proc. Amer. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1873, pp. 370, 374.
Sertularia pumila MC!NTOSH, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.
Si i-hilaria pumila VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 133.
Sertularia pumila SCHULZE, Nordsee Exped., 1874, p. 132.
Sertularia pumila COUGHTREY, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XVII, 1876, p. 29.
Sertularia pumila CLARK, Hydroids of the Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 251.
Sertularia pumila MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 323.
Sertularia pumila WINTHER, Om Internodiets, etc., 1879-80, p. 304.
Sertularia pumila WINTHER, Fortignelse di i Danmark Hydr., 1880, p. 245.
Sertularia pumila DE VARENNE, Sur la Reproduction des Polypes Hyd., 1882, p. 27.
Sertularia pumila WEISMANN, Entstehung der Sexualzellen, 1883, p. 169.
[>fi mi ntena pumila MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist, Hofmus., 1890, p. 239.
,s, rt nli i na pumila BOURNE, Hydroids of Plymouth, 1890, p. 396.
Sertularia pumila DRIESCH, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 213.
Ser tularia pumila FH\VKES, Guide to Collector, 1891, p. 39.
Si-rtiilaria ( Ih/nuiiii 'mi ) jmtnila LEVINSEN, Medusa', Ctenophorer, etc., 1892, p. 50.
!*ai-inlar'ipuinil<i LEVINSEN, Det Vidensk, Udbytte af Kanonbaaden "Hauchs" Togter, 1893, p. 370.
K'ritiltn-iii /"(mil" CRAWFORD, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Sertularia pumila HARTLAUIS, Hydromedusen Helgoland, 1897, p. 451.
Si'iiiiluriii jiiniiila BONNEVIE, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 79.
Sertularia pumila NUTTING, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 359.
.Si i-tiiliiriii /mini/a HARGITT, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 389.
Si'i'tiiliiri'i /iiniii/ii \\'nn KAVES, Catalogue Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 25.
Sertularia /niinila S.EMUNDSSON, Islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 63.
i'. Colonies growing in tufts from a creeping root stalk, attaining a height of
about '2 inches, stem not fascicled, straight, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears
a pair of hydrothecBB, or a pair of hydrothecse and a pair of branches; every third in tern ode
usually bearing branches, each pair of hydrothecse and their internode forming a triangle.
THK SKRTl'LAKIU.E. 53
Branche- -trictly opposite. -pringing from the li\ drothecal base-. themselves sometime- branched
unsymmetrically, divided into regular internode- each bearing a pair of hydro|hec;e. Ilydro-
thcca- strictly opposite, moderately distant, tubular. regularly curved. IKJI adnate to each other
in front, strictly lateral in position, nearlx the distal half free, margin with two opposite teeth.
anil a two-Happed opcrculuin; aperture oval.
(iunnsnnii-. (ionangia lionie on the fi-ont of the stein and liranehes. ovoid, with a very
narrow collar and liroad aperture. When mature the gouangia are often -urniounted l>\ globular
acrocysts.
Itlxtriliittiiin. Almost throughout the Northern Hemisphere: Vineyard Sound (Verrill);
Straits of Belle Isle (Packard); Nova Scotia (I)awson): coa-i of California (( 'larkc); (ireenland
(Fab ricius); White Sea (Mereschkowsky); Iceland (Saemundstton); Denmark (Winther): Norway
(Sars); Helgoland (Hartlaub); British coasts (Hincks); Belgium (Van Beuoden): Naple.-. New
Zealand (Coughtrcy).
This is one of the longest known and most widely distributed of the Sertularida'. and
has been the subject <>f much investigation. Perhaps the most actable study of the specie.- i-
that given by the older Agassi/ in his Contributions i,, the Natural Hi.-tory of the Tinted
States, where will be found .-ome superbly beautiful illustrations of the specie.-, part icularh it-
reproductive parts. (1'late XXXII.)
SERTULARIA VERSLUYSI, new name.
(Hat.- I. ti^. i
llixin(i!-i//i!iiix i/nirillx AI.I..M AN, < 'liallriiL'i'r KI'IMHI. 1 1 \ ilnml?-. I'l . '_'. I --s. j.. 71.
li,:~i/iiiixi-i//iliiis injlatus VEK-SLCYS, llyclraircs ilc la Mcriles . \niill. -, ls;i!i, p. IL'.
Troj>/utxo//ie. Colony growing from a creeping stolon and attaining a height of about 2
inches, but many specimens are not more than one-half inch high. Stem not fascicled, sinuous,
divided into regular internodes. each of which bears a branch and two liydrotliecie ....... ie .-ide
and a single hydrotheca on the other; nodes oblique. Branches strictly alternate and regular,
undivided, projecting at nearly a right angle from the stem, and divided by straight nodes into
regular internodes. Hydrothecffi widely separated laterally on the stem, where they are alter-
nate; strictly opposite on the branches, where the pairs arc distant, heiny separated by about
twice the height of the hydrotheca' and borne on the front of the branch. The individual
hydrotheca) are short and stout, each contiguous with it- fellow for nearly its entire height, the
free distal ends having a horizontal upper outline and nan-owing rapidly to a .-mall bilobed
dorso-yentrally compressed margin. In some specimens the hydrolhei-e are much more robust,
each pair, with its intcrnode. making a triangular figure, a- in tig. '.. Versluys believes
that he found an operculum \vith a single (lap attached to the' abcauline side of the margin. My
own specimens appear to show two Haps, but the operciila are badly ruptured and can not be
interpreted with safety.
(inniixuiin'. Not known.
Distribution. --Off Bermuda, depth Iin fathoms (( 'Imll, /i,/, /); Cape Verde Islands. 'J."> meter-.
(Versluys); found on floating gulf weed (Albatross).
An examination of Allman's type of Desrrwscyphus gracilis .-how- tliat it agrees very e\a<-tl\
with the excellent desc!'iption given by ViTsluys of his l>. in rliit us. the hydrolhecje on the stem
being strictly alternate as in Plate 1. tig. 4. of the present work, and not oppo-ite a- figured
by Allman. 1'latc XXXIV. tig. 1'.
M. Versluys was unavoidably misled by an incorrect drawing. The species is here placed in
the genus S, rtnl,iri<t and, as the name X/7//A//-/,/ ,//-ii<-,7/x is preoccupied. I take pleasure in
giving to this form the name of the first author who de-cribed and figured if correctly.
Type iu the South Kensington Museum. London. A fragment in possession of the author.
54 AMEKICAN HYDROIDS.
SERTULARIA CHALLENGERI, new name.
(Plate II, ti-s. I-L'. )
Desmoscyphiin jieclinntnx ALI.MAN, Challenger Report, The Hydroids, I't. '2, Isss, p. 71.
Trap/Hifi/iiiii'. Colony attaining a height of about 2 indies. Stem thick, not fascicled,
slightly sinuous, divided into regular internodes, each of which boars, in the portion of the type
examined by me. two alternate branches and six hydrotheca?. Branches alternate, springing
from short processes of the stem, from which they are divided by two internodes, including a
short aonhydrothecate internode; thick, divided into irregular internodes with a tendency to a
regular arrangement of two hydrothecse to each. Hydrotheca' strictly opposite, borne on the
front of the branches, but seldom contingent', tubular, not noticeably swollen below, the distal
portion bending gently outward and ending in a bilabiate margin, and a two-valved operculum.
Giiiiini: Unknown.
Distribution. Off Bahia (Allman): off Moncceur Island, Bass .Strait, 38 K> fathoms (Allman).
The above description is based on a portion of Allmatfs type kindly sent me by the South
Kensington Museum. The character that seems most marked is the nonhydrothecate internode
at the base of each branch. The portion of the specimen examined also had the peculiarity of
having two alternate branches to each internode. The, species is a typical S, rfnln/'tn in the sense
used in this work. The name S<<i'tnlri<i />< i-tin<tt<t being preoccupied, 1 1 herewith substitute that
of the famous vessel by which the type was collected.
TI/JM: In the South Kensington Museum, London. Fragment in possession of the author.
SERTULARIA OPERCULATA Linnaeus.
(Plate II, iijrw. 3-5. )
Ftm lair ELLIS, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, ]>. 8.
n/ii'i-rii/iilii LiXN.Kl's, Systema Xatlltte, 1 7">S, p. SI IS.
iijun-iiliitii Hui'TTTYX, Xatuurlyke Historie, XVII. 17111-177:!. p. 531.
iixiii-iiiili-x PALLAS, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 132.
ii/ii-i-niliiUi LiNx.Ei's, Systema Xatune, 1767, p. 1307.
i iimniiiil/'s BODDAERT, in Pallas, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 170S, p. 164.
iliitii MARATTI, I>e Plantis Zoophytis, eti 1 ., 1770, p. 26.
li-a (iuiixovii s, Zoophylaciurn Gronovianuin, III, 1781, ]>. !ir>7.
i <i/in-i-iiliit(i ELLIS and Scii, \NDKH. Xat. Hist. Xoopliytt-s, 17S(i, p. 39.
i iixiii-ii'ulcx WiLKlNsand HKHBST, in Pallas, Charaktcristik di-r Tliicrpllanzpn, 17S7, p. 170.
i ii/ii'ri-iilntii (i.\iELiN T , in Liiinj-iis, Systcnia N'atura', 13th ed., 17SS-179II, p. :!S44.
Ihiintiiiriiii n/H'ri-iiliiia ESI-ER, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildung., Ill, 1788-1830, p. 1H1.
S<-i-liil<ii-i<i (ii>ei-fiiliitn BERKENHOUT, Synopsis Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 17SH, ji. 21li.
Sertularia operculata Sn.uv, Vivarium Xaturae, etc'., 17Sii-lS13, pi. MVI.
Sniiiliiriii tijH'rriiliiln Esi'EK, Fortsetzungen der PHaiizenthieren, II, 1794-lSOfi, j>l. iv.
Sirlnliiria njn'i-riiliiln Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Yers, III, 1SIIL'. ]i. 91'.
Ki'i-iiilni-iii ii/M-iTitlntn TURTON, British Fauna, 1S07, ji. 1'lL'.
Xi-rlii/tii'lu II/K ri-nliitn JAMESON, Catalogue of Animals of the ('lass Venues, 1811, p. 5(i4.
lii/iniiiii'iiii i,V;7/ii/-/ii) iii>i'rctilata LAMOUROUX, Nouv. Bullet, des Sc. ]iar la Sue. jihiloniaticjiie. 1S12. p. 184.
Nigettastrum usneoides OR-EK, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, Pt. 3, isi.'i. ji. 9:;.
Xi'i-liil<ii-i<i <>/H'i-i-i//ii/n LAMARCK, Hist. Xat. des Aniin. sans Vert., II, ISlli, ji. lis.
Dynamena operculata LAMoruorx, Hist, des 1'olypiers, ISlli, p. 176.
Si'i'/ii/iii'in iijMi'rii/ii/n STEWART, Elements Xat. Hist. Animal Kiiif;., II, 1817, j>. 441.
Si'i-liiliii-i/i ii/ii-i'niliil/i ScinvEKiuEH, Handbueh der Xaturiresehiehle, etc.. ISl'O, p. 427.
I>i/iiiiiin : iiii n/Hiriilutii LAMOI liorx, Kxjiositioi] Methodicjue, ISl'l, ]>. 12.
Dyrtamena u/in-rululti FLEMIXU, British Animals, 1828, p. 544.
,s< liii/iirin iiiu'rrii/iilii LAMARCK, Hist. Xat, des Anim. sans Vert.. 1S3H, ]>. 144.
fv'1-liilni-iii ii/u'i-i-iiliiln MACCIIM.IVRAY, Ann. and Mai;., IX, 1S42, p. 464.
lii/ii'iiui mi i,/i,i-i;i/,iln JOHNSTON, Hist. Brit, /oopli., 1S42, p. 77.
Ki'rlnltir!<i n/nrni/n/n ALDER, Cat. Zoojih. Xorthumb., 1S.">7, ]>. 2(1
Aiu/i/tixliftiii ii/inTiiliitit Aci.vssi/., L., ('out. Xat. Hist. I". S. , 1\', 1861', p. 355.
Iiiiiiiiiiii'ini n/iffculdln KIRCIIEXI-AI-ER, Xeue Sertulariden, 1S6M, ji. S.
Dynamena fasciculate KIKOIEXPAUER, Neue Sertulariden, 186:;, ]>. 12.
1 Lamarck, Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres, ISlli, p. 140.
T11E SKKTri.AIUD.dS. 55
Si'rliilin-in />: fi-iil'iln MIMICS, r.rii. Ilycln.iil /,., ph., 1st is. |,. ui;: 1 ,.
S, i-/ii/,ii-in ,1/1: i-riil,iiii M. IM..MI. Ann. and Mai.'.. 4lh SIT., XIII. ls7l, p. -_'lo.
f Sertitlaria operculata TttoxtvoN, Ann. ami Man., ">ih aer., III. isT'.i, p. n>.
Sertillaria Operculata \VI\IIIKK, l-'i>rti)_'i]cl.-r dc i liamnark Ilydr.. I ssi I. p. L'liti.
Sertutaria operculata \\ M.I:, .Imirn. Microscopic Society, Victoria, issi. p. :J4.
Serlularia operculata I! M K, Cut. Australian llyilmiil /ooph., is.s-i. p. 117.
Si'i-liil,!, -in n/i, i;-u/,ll,l \o\ I.KXIIKXKKI.I), A list nil illll I 1 Vi I n nilri Ills;. . l.ssl. p. ll'JL'.
Sfi-iiilm-iii n/i: i-i-ii/nln AI.I.MK.X, ('luilli-ii'.'er IJepori. llvdroida, 1't. 2, 1SSS, p. til.
.s. I'liilnriii ii/ii'ri-ii/,ilii CH.UVKOIIII. Ann. and Mai:., lilli scr., XVI, Isii.'i, p. L'i;i.
,S'i ilnliii 'in ii/M'i-: -ii/iiln I'.OXNKVIK. Norwegian North Atl. Kxpcd.. ISiHt, p. 79.
ii, . -Colonies growing in tufts of very slender, delicate stems. sometimes attaining
a liciu-lit of ,s to in inches. Stem simple, straight, translucent, divided into more or Ir^s
regular iiiteniodes, earh of \vliieli normally hears a pair of hydrothotw. Hranclie> distant, alter-
nate. tliemselve^ profusely lu'anehed in a diehotnmous manner and tending; toward an erect
posture; internodes like th.>se of the stem. I lydrotheca 1 rather distant, strictly opposite, lean-
ing forward, tulmlar, the abcauline side nearly straight, the adcauline side immersetl except its
distal third: aperture laru'e. lieveled so a-, to face upward and slightly inward. Mai-yin witli two
I a rye aboauline teeth, one of which is much lonyer than the other and continued to a slightly
curved sharp point. Operculum very delicate, of two parts, one of which is much laryer than
the other.
(iotmxiitui: Gonangia horne on stem and branches, lonjj, ovate, with larye distal aperture
and open-ilium, and no neck. Walls perfectly smooth externally.
Distribution. Almoai world-wide, except on the coasts of the Tinted States. Arctic
Atlantic (Pxmnevie); Denmark (\Vinther); British coasts (Hincks): llelyium (\'an ISeneden);
near A/ores, 4."iU fathoms (Allman): Africa (Husk); Australia (Male); New Zealand (Thomp-
son); AHiiiti-iixx Station jiTTo. lat. S. 4s :'.T'. lony. W. ti.'i 4t>', ">.s fathoms; .!//////* Station
L'77-_'. lat. S. 5i' If/, lony. \V. (is 13', ::!.."> fathoms; Mlmtrnxx Station -J77:-!. lat. S. :<! -J.:\' . lony.
\\ . (is 11'. lo fathoms; AH,<iti-xx Station L'77.\ Straits of Majrellan. -J ( .t.:> fathoms; . I Ih.ih ,,.,..
Station 2777, Straits of Magellan, l!.7."> fathoms.
The distribution of this beautiful sertnlarian is quite unusual, reaching from the Arctic
()cean to the Straits of Magellan. As yet it has not lieen re]iorted from the coa>t> of t he
I'nited States.
SERTULARIA PULCHELLA [ d'Orbigny).
liiiiiniiii mi /iitlrhi'lln n'OitiiKixv, \*iiy:ifri' dans I'Ani^rique nn'-ridicmalr, Isli;, p. I'll.
Sertuloria furcata TRARK, I'mr. ('alii'. Acad., Man'h, Is."i7 p. ML'.
.Si -rinliiriii j'ni-rii/ii Ai. \ssix. Xurtli Anicricuii . \ralrplia-, ISIi.'i, p. I 4.">.
,S' ( i-tii/tii-iit J'ni-i-iitii CI.M;K, I lydmids nt' tin- I'arilic I'nasl. |s7ti. p. iT,s.
x rlnliir'ni I'lin-'il'i THUKKY, Hydroida of the l':n-itir < 'cuisl, limi', p. iit>.
Tropkosorne. Stem short, unbranched, rooted hv a creeping stolon, simple, spreading in
every direction forming dense verticil la ted clusters around the pieces of fiicuson which it is usual I v
found, attached to the stolon by a short, .slender, twisted process about the length of an internode,
di\'ided by t rans\-erse joints into short regular internodes each bearing a single pair of hydro-
theca-; color corneous. 11 vdrotheca- opposite, deeply immersed in the stem, with the two large,
short teeth on the outer margin and a la rye aperture generally reaching to the >tem. (( 'lark.)
(iiiiinx,ii,i< .- (ionotheca- large, sessile, generally borne near the base of the stem, though
occasionally found scattered over the entire length, of an elongated oval form, sometimes slightly
compressed, with a large, circular, terminal aperture. (Clark.)
Distribution. -Q&y of San Francisco and Farallone Islands (Trask): Santa Crux.. Mav of
Monterey, San l>iego, Santa Barbara (Clark); San Pedro. Coronados Islands (Torreyl. Shore
to 24 fathoms. Patagonia (d'Orbigny).
I have not seen this species, and the above description is copied entire from that of ( 'lark, who
was the tirst one to give a complete description, including gonosoine. 1 The beautiful figures
'Turivy rlainis tn !>< tin- lirst tn drsrrllic the L'"iiiisoine of tin- N. fnrriiln, \vlicn. ciiriipu-ly i-nuii'.'li. the papiT of
Clark's which lit- cites Drives both a clear di -script! mi and a L'<>, id ligtirt- of lint h tiMplm-i.nu- and ^(.n.i-. .me.
56 AMERICAN HYDROID8.
given by d'Orbigny make it practically certain that his species was identical with the one described
long afterwards as X rfulin-iii fm'fiifii by Trask and universally accepted by later writers under
the latter name. This species differs from S. operculata va having the two conspicuous hydro-
thecal teeth of the same size. On the other hand, S. pulchella is closely allied to S.
Gray, from which it differs in having no spines to the gonangium.
SERTULARIA BISPINOSA (Gray).
(Plate II, ligs. 8-11.)
Dynamena lispinosa, GRAY, Dieffenbarh, Travels in New Zealand, 1842.
Di/niiini-iui liixpiiiiiiai HUTTOX, Trims. New Zealand Inst., V, 1872.
Sertulariu liisiiimuta COCGHTREY, Trans. New Zealand Inst., VII, 1875, p. 284.
Sertulitrni liixpinosa COUGHTREY, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XVII, 1S76, p. 27.
Sertularia bispinosa VON LENDENFELD, Australian Hydromednsae, Pt. 3, 1883, p. 407.
Serhilni-in liix/iinnxii BALE, Catalogue Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 68.
Diphasic x/iniiiii-lrii-ii VON LENDENFELD, Australian Hydromedusse, Pt. 3, 1884, p. 414.
Serlulnriii l>ix/iiiinii VON LENDENFEI,D, Australian Hydromedusa?, Pt. 5, 1884, p. t)22.
Dipli<iiti<i xi/iiniiiirii-ii VON LEXDENFKLD, Australian Hydroinedusie, Pt. o, 1SS4, p. 623.
c. Colony attained a height of 6 to 8 inches (Bale). Stein not fascicled, bearing
hydrothfcai throughout, internodes irregular, nodes distant, branches irregularly alternate, them-
selves branching dichotomously, internodes as in stem, a hydrotheca in the axil of each branch.
Hydrotheca 1 strictly opposite, not leaning forward, well separated in front, tubular, but some-
what flask-shaped, adnate to the stem or branch by one-half the adcauline side, distal end
narrowing to a moderately large aperture, margin with two abcauline teeth. Operculum not
evident in specimens examined. Entire periderm thick and heavy, giving a rigid aspect to the
colony.
<I<>II<IXOIH<-. Gonangia large, obovate, with two flattened spines, one projecting from each
shoulder; aperture large, with narrow collar or neck.
Dixti-ilxttion. East Coast of South America, All>atr<is(i Station 2771, lat. S. 51 34', long.
W. 68, 50.5 fathoms. New Zealand (Hutton); Australia (Bale); "Trod. Hav.," (specimen from
Levinsen.)
The above description is taken from a specimen from Professor Levinsen and labeled ''<$'.
'bispiiHwi. Gray, Trod. Hav.," which agrees quite exactly with the description given by Bale, and
the specimen dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Albatrvs* off the east coast of
South America. This species seems much more rigid in habit than S. opereidata, and the differ-
ence in the hydrothecal armature, is reinforced by the conspicuous flattened spines on the
gonangia.
SERTULARIA DESMOIDES Torrey.
(Plate III, figs. 1-3.)
H,'i-ttiltiri<i ih'umoidtx TORREY, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 65.
Troplxixoiin . Colony very straggling and irregular in growth, arising from a creeping root-
stalk and attaining a height of about 2 inches. Stem very long and slender, divided into irregular
internodes, each of which bears one or more pairs of hydrothecse, branches exceedingly irregular
in their disposition, sometimes being very distant and forming a right angle with the stem and at
others forming an irregular tuft at the distal end, internodes variable, sometimes absent from
the greater part of a branch, and at others being 1 divided by fairly constant joints placed a short.
distance below the hydrothecse. Hydrothecse strictly opposite, pairs usually quite distant but
sometimes only moderately so, contingent in front for less than half their length, the distal por-
tion curving outward and ending in an apparently round or oval aperture, facing outward and
a little downward: no marginal teeth as a rule, but at times the margin has two obscure teeth.
Operculum usually of one flap attached to the abcauline side, others with two ill-defined flaps,
and again there will be two flaps, one above another, both attached to the abcauline side.
THE SEKTULAKIIXK. 57
. " Gonothecie borne on stem: sessile, ovate with a wavy outline and broad
round aperture; half as broad as long. Single gonophore centrally i>laced. with m-no-arcal
processes connecting il on all sides with gonothecal walls." (Torre\.)
i. San Diego. San ( 'leiuente Island, San IVdro. California. 1-42 fathoms (Torrey).
Station L".i: J ,H, hit. N. :;:', :'.i;'. long. \V. 1 1.x on' :>,o". L'T fathoms.
ii In the collection of the ["nivcrsity of California.
SERTULARIA RATHBUNI, new name.
(Plilte III, tiL's. 4 9.
Thiiiiiriii at i-tiiliiriniilt-s AM. MAX,' Memoirs Mils. Comp. Xonl., II, 1.S77, p. 28.
Desiiiosci//i/inx ilnlmnxi VEKSI.I-Y.-, Mydraires < 'alvptoblastes reciirillis dans la MIT de. Antilles, 1899, p. 38.
'f/'/iji/inxiii/K . Colony consisting of main stem and irregularly disposed rigid branches.
attaining a height of three inches. (Allman.) Stem without nodes on distal portion, with irreg-
ularly disposed nodes on ]>ro\iinal portion where the internodes are long and tend to hear each
ii single pair of hydrothecae. 1 1 vdrotheca' strictly opposite, roughly tubular, narrowing some-
what at both ends, contingent in front for about half their height, .separated behind, ending in a
margin with two large lateral and one small superior tooth, the latter inconspicuous and easily
overlooked. Operculum with three Haps or valve-,.
e. Not known.
. Gulf of Mexico (Allman); Dry Tortugas, 4."> in. ( Versluys). . I ///// v.v,v Slat ion
2389, lat. N. 29 28', long. \\ . .x7 :.>'; depth. 27 fathoms.
It- seems to me to be altogether likely that Allman has figured the posterior aspect of this
species, which will account for the separation of the pairs of hydrothec;e as shown in his figures.
The tigure given bv Vcrsluys'-' and that drawn by me agree with Allman's figures. The three
teeth of the hvdrothene might easily be mistaken for two. unless special care were taken. They
are unmistakably present, however, in my specimens.
Type in the Museum of Comparative /oology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SERTULARIA GRACILIS Hincks.
I Plate 111, Ii-. 10.)
,S' 'liii/iirin /iiniiilii I'm-. Pi. JniixsTiix, Piriti'li /.m.|iliytrs, 1S4S, p. 469.
N riii/iii'/ii ijriirH'm MASSAI.L. MSS. (according to Hincks).
\-i-liiltii-iti i/riiriHx HIMKS, lii-ilisli Ilyilmiil 5C(Mi|ihyti-s, ISUS, p. 262.
M-rtii/iii-iu i/riiri/ix VEKKII.I., Am. Jouni. Sri. and Art,. X, 1S75, \i. 43.
Kfrlii/iirin i/riii-i/ix MAKKTAXXEU-TI-KXEKETSCIIEK, Hydr. desk. k. Ilofinnscuiiis, ISilil. p. L'40.
K-ilix PKTKT and P.KIIOT, Ki's. Camp. Sc. Ilimndclli-, XVIII. IIHNI, p. _:;.
TTOI>JI/IX<IIIH:. Colony small, rarely attaining a height of : ', inch. Stem not fascicled, slender,
often unbranched. divided into long and irregular internodes. Branches irregular, often want-
ing, and like the stem in all particulars. Hydrothecse strictly opposite, pairs distant, the mem-
bers of a pair contiguous in front and with their distal half free and regularly curved outward:
margin with two opposite teeth and a two-flapped operculum.
tliiiiuxiiiin . GrOnangia home on front of stem, large, obovate, with a wiile neck and narrow
but distinct collar, and evident operculum.
Di>ttr!biif!ii. Naushon. Coast of Massachusetts (s|jeciinen in I'. S. National Museum):
Shetland (Norman): St. Malo(v. Maren/cller).
This species was formerly confounded with .S'. jnmii/ii. but is much more .-lender and delicate.
with more distant hydrothecae.
'In clian^rin<; the -emiH of thi;- s]-ries tn Sfi-lnlm-in the name wmild 1 im- x. i-lnlnri'i .-< rinlnriniili x. a name lire-
occupied by Bale, Catalogue of the Australian Ilydrnid X.oopliytes, 1SS4.
'-Hydraires Calyptoblastes recueillis dans la Mer des Antilles. ISDII, p. 39, tig. 8.
58 AMERICAN HYTVROTDS.
SERTULARIA CORNICINA (McCready).
( Plate IV, lijjs. 1-5. i
Dynamena cornichia McCREAiiy, Gymnophthalmata of Charleston Ilarlmr. isiss, p. 204.
i mi i-nritiriiiii A. AI.ASMX, Xnrtli Aim-rirau Acaleplue, 1SB5. p. 142.
Si liiilnrin cnrriiciiin VEKHII.L, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-72, p. 733.
S, rlul:i,-i<i niriiifliiii VEKKII.I., Amer. Journ. Sri. and Arts, III, 1872, p. 437.
i i-iiiiijili.nl CLARKK, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, 1879, p. 245.
i i-uiii/ili'.i'n HALE, Proe. Linn. Sor. New South Wales, III, 2d Ser, 1888, p. 769.
i i-nriiii-iiiii Ni'TTixi,, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 359.
i rniii/i/i.iii XUTTINU, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 360.
ticrluluria coniii-iiiii HARGITT, Amer. Nat., 1901, p. 390.
Trophosome. Colonies growing in the form of erect un branched .stems, often bearing closely
associated colonies of a parasitic campanularian, II<l>,Iln nil<-</r<ifa, and growing from a creeping
root stalk, and attaining a height of about one-half inch. Stein delicate, straight, with a
pinched place near its base, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a pair of hydro-
theese. Hydrotheca 1 tubular, strictly opposite, rather distant, adnate in front for about two-
thirds their length, the free distal portions being bent rather abruptly outward; margin with
two broad opposite teeth; operculum of two flaps. The height of the hydrotheese is usually
about equal to that portion of an internode that lies between the hydrothecal base and the node
below. There are usually four chitinous points extending downward into the cavity of the stem
from the bottom of each hydrotheca. Hydranths of the usual sertularian type, capable of pro-
truding far beyond the hydrothecal margin, as in fig. 1.
Gonosome. Gonangia borne singly or in pairs at the base of the stem, subglobular in form,
with a narrow round collar and large aperture, sides beautifully and regularly annotated.
Distribution. Charleston Harbor (McCready); Woods Hole, Massachusetts (Nutting);
Pourtales Plateau (Nutting): Yucatan coast, attached to an alga (Clarke); Australia (Bale).
This beautiful species has a curious distribution, being reported only from the widely separated
regions noted above. There seems to be little doubt that Hale rightly identified his Australian
specimens, and he also was the first to describe the profusely annotated gonangia, a type rarely
seen in this genus.
The Woods Hole specimens were found first by Mr. Walmsley, and, like those originally
described by Clarke, were always found growing on alga'. 1 am unable after careful study to
separate the .V. rtinijilwii, Clarke, from the present species, although I did so in ;i former work. 1
The characters there given are found to Intel-grade upon the examination of more material. The
fact that the foi'm called X. <-anii<-iii<i in that work always bore the parasitic ll<lx-ll<i <-<tlfitrnt<i,
while the gonangia were always found associated with the X. rumjili ,r<i of that work, even at the
same time of year, would render the identity of the two species doubtful. In the absence of any
good morphological character, however, it seems best to combine them, although I do so with
considerable hesitation.
Type. Destroyed by tire in Charleston during the Civil War.
SERTULARIA MAYERI, new species.
(Plate V, lifts. 1-4. )
Trophosome. Colony unbranched, springing from a creeping root stalk, and attaining a height
of about one-half inch. Stem constricted basally and divided into regular long internodes, each
of which bears a pair of opposite hydrotheca' on its anterior side and tapers slightly at each end.
Hydrotheca- with their bases a little below the middle of the internodes and contiguous for about
half their adcauline sides. The distal hydrotheca 5 and those in a young colony are larger in their
basal half and gradually narrow to a tubular distal portion which points outward and upward,
ending in a three-toothed margin and appressed aperture. Operculum very delicate, apparently
of two flaps. The proximal hydrotheca 1 are tubular, but little larger basally and bent abruptly
1 Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 360.
THE SERTULARID^E. .V.I
outward at aliout their middle. MI that I heir distal hall' is at right angles with their liassil half and
ends in a delicate collapsible tulie. the margin and operculum of which i> so thin that no constant
form can be discerned. Kntiiv colony excessively thin and delicate.
(r'lilltixiillit . Not klKIWII.
Ihxlriliufioii.- Shallow water between Kleiithera and Little ('at Islands. Bahamas: on lloat
ing seaweed, Great Bahama Manks (Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa).
.lAW/vw.v Station. -_':-;ii!i. (iulf of Mexico. i'r, fathoms; . I//W/V-A.V Station. L't',17. lat. N. :::-; :\T :_)(",
lony. \V. 77 .'111' MO". 14 fathoms: oil' ('ape liomancs (Moscr).
TIII .s//'A.v. Cat. Nos. isc.iil, ISM;:-!, 'Mus. State 1'niv. Iowa; Cat. Nos. I'.S.N.M. 1S71H.
18720; also in the collec-tion of the author.
SERTULARIA POURTALESI, new name.
I Plate V, li._'. 5.
Sir/n/tiriii ilixliiiix* Ai, I.MAN. Mem. Mus. CIIMI|I. Ziml.. V, No. L', IS77. |.. 'I').
f>i/iiiiiiiniir iHKlinix Ci. AKKK, Hull. Mus. t'nmp. /Cool., V, Nn. 10, |S7!', p. -4K.
St'iiniitriii itixtiinx MARKTANNER-TUBNEHETSCHEB, llydr. ilcs k. k. natnrhist. Hoi'mnsenms. isnn. p. a:).
Triijilinxoiii, . -Colony unbranched oi- with a few irregularly disposed branches, attaining a
height of H inches. Stem divided into lone-, ii-re^uhu' internodes, each of which dears OIK; or
inoro pairs of opposite hydrotheca-. the pair ticinif on the distal half of the internodc when hut
one pair is on that internode. Branches, when present, projecting from the stem in an exceed-
ine'ly still' and ungraceful manner. Hydrotheca' longer than in most of the closely allied species,
distant, tubular, continu'ent in front for a yaryinu' portion of their length, the distal portion
heino- curved gently outward and ending in a margin which is \ory thin and ill-defined in tex-
ture, liut bears two teeth and an operciilum of two Haps.
(roiinxonif. -Not known.
Dlxlr'ilxit'ion.- .lAW/v/.v.v Station L^iiH. hit. N. -2H Hi' W. long. W. s;, :; L ''. i'r, fathoms:
Station *\\:<. lat. N. -_'4 I'll', long. W. si 4s' 15". ?,1 fathoms; Station -_'4u'.i. hit. N. L'7 u4'. long.
\V. s?, ^1' 15". -2C, fathoms; Station 24U5. hit. N. 45 35', long. W. :,-, or. ti7 fathoms: oil' Ten-
nessee Reef, depth li fathoms (Allman): near Tortugas, 36 fathoms (Clarke): Sai-gassu Sea. on
Fucus (Marktanner-Turneretscher); 1'ourtales Plateau (Bahama Expedition from the State
University of Iowa).
The specimens from the 1'ourtales I'lateau on which this description was based were
compared directly with the type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology and found to agree.
It belongs to the DesmosayphvA group. Allman's drawing having evidently been made from the
posterior aspect of the colony. The hydrothecsa vary considerably in shape.
Type. In Museum of Comparative /oology. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SERTULARIA STOOKEYI, new species.
(Plate V. tin*. H-7. )
Tr<>i>li<ix<nii< . Colony consisting of unbranched stems springing from a creeping root-stalk
and attaining a height of about one-third inch. Steins constricted basallyand divided into regular
internodes. except proximal portion where the nodes become indistinct or obsolete: internodes
long and slender, the hydrothecffi being placed in front of the distal half, the nodes being just
above the hvdrothecie. Hvdrotheca- strictly opposite, adnate to each other by about the basal
one-third of their adcauline wall, the line of juncture being straight: basal portion not distinctly
swollen, distal one-half free, a slender cone in shape projecting at an angle of aliout 45 degrees
with the stem, and ending in a bidentate margin and two-flapped opcrculum.
(iniiiiKniiii . (ionangia borne at bases of colonies, large, oval, with a straight narrow collar,
wide narrow aperture, and opereuhim; pedicel very short.
'Tliis name was prt-nrcnpieil liy l.uiimin <ms. I listniiv drs I'nlypirrs riiralliu'i''iie- llexilili'S, \ iilirairenienl imiiiiiii'-s
/un[iliytes, isii>, p. liii, for a campanularian, and \\a> usr.l later I iy Laman-k. Ilistnrle natuivllf dee Animauz sans
VfrtObres, L'd cditiiin, 1SH6, p. ]51.
60 AMERICAN HTDROIDS.
Distribution. Found on flouting seaweed on the Great Bahama Banks (Bahama Expedition
from the State University of Iowa).
This species is more delicate, and the hydrothecse are more slender than in other ^pecies of
this group. 1 take pleasure in naming it after Professor Stookey, member of the Bahama
Expedition.
T//j- xli<li*. Cat. Nos. 1SHH5, IfStititi, Mus. State Univ. Iowa; Cat. Nos. 19710, 19711,
U.S.N.M. ; also in collection of the author.
SERTULARIA BREVICYATHUS Versluys.
(Plate VI, figs. 1-2. )
liri'i-iri/iitlitix VKKSI.UY.S, Hyilraircs Calyptoblastes recucillis dans la Mer <les Antilles, 1899, p. 40.
'. Colony consisting of an unbranched stem springing from a creeping root-stalk.
Stem divided into regular long internodes, each bearing a pair of hydrothecae on its distal half,
and being enlarged at the middle to form a base of support for the hydrothecse, the proximal
and distal portion of each internode being narrowed. Hydrothecse strictly opposite, turgid
below, the inner outline being nearly a semicircle, the two of a pair being contiguous in the
front of the stem on account of the extent to which they embrace the latter, but they are not
placed in front as in typical species of the Desinoscyphus group; distal portion directed
outward and narrowing rapidly to the three-toothed margin; opereulum two-flapped.
Gonosome. Not known.
DtKtr'ilution. -- Between Eleuthera and Little Cat islands, and near Spanish Wells, Bahamas
(Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa) ; Cape Verde Islands, 25 meters (Versluys).
The specimen above described was collected by the Bahama Expedition from the University
of Iowa. The hydrothecse are somewhat more slender distally than indicated by Versluys's
figures, but some, individuals agree with them exactly.
Type. In the collection of Comte R. de Dalrnas.
SERTULARIA FLOWERSI, new species.
(Plate VI, figs. 3-4.)
Trophosome. Colony minute, consisting of a very slender unbranched stem, attaining a
height of about one-fourth of an inch. Stem divided into long, slender internodes by nodes
placed immediately above the hydrotheca. Hydrothecse very small, in strictly opposite pairs,
which are situated on the distal ends of the internodes, distant, placed on the sides of the stem
which they embrace, so as to be contiguous in front for about half their height; margin tridentate
with a two-valved opereulum. Inconspicuous chitinous processes extend downward from the
bottoms of the hydrothecse, as in S. cornicina.
Gonosome. Not known.
Dixti'Hiiitiiin.. Dredged near Habana, Cuba, from a depth of about 150 fathoms. Collected
by the Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa.
This is the most slender and delicate species of Sertulai-in that the writer has seen. Named
in honor of Capt. Charles B. Flowers, of the Bahama Expedition.
Type. In the Museum of Natural History, State University of Iowa.
SERTULARIA TUMIDA Allman.
(Plate VI, tig. 5.)
Serh'/'iri'i iiniiiilti, ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zoo]., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 23.
" Trophosome. Hydrocaulus attaining a height of three-fourths of an inch, simple, inter-
nodes of moderate length, thinning away for some distance below each pair of hvdrothec;e.
Hydrothecse opposite, short, tumid below, adnate to the stem for about half their length, and
with the distal half free and diverging at nearly a right angle."
truiioxri/ii, . Not known.
Distribution. Tortugas, shallow water (Allniau).
THE SERTULARIDJ5. 61
I have not seen this species and quote the original description entire. It i.- quite possible that
the species is identical with X rtuLaria /'/< //<//<////;/*, which was collected by Yersluys at the same
place, l)iit tliis point cannot lie determined except by a comparison of the two types.
Tij[><:. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge. Massachusetts.
SERTULARIA EXIGUA Allman.
( 1'liite VI, litr. I!, i
Hi'i-lii/iii-iii . ill/mi AI.I.MAS, MI-MI. MM.-. CoMip. X.ool., V, No. -, 1ST", ]i. L'l.
" 7'fii/t/iiixotii, . - Hydrocaiilus minute, simple. attaining a height of about one-fourth of an
inch; internodes very short, not prolonged bv an attenuated continuation below the pairs of
hydrothecic. Ilydrotheca- opposite, not tumid below: free and divergent on their distal half,
aud with the opposed sides of each pair parallel to one- another."
Gonosome. Not known.
Dixtrlliutinn. - Off Cape Fear, !i fathoms (Allman).
I have not seen this species and have copied the original description entire.
Ti/j>f. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Mas.-achiisetts.
THUIARIA Fleming (modified).
Ti'iifiliiiNintii . II vdrotheca- normallv subopposite to alternate, and more than two to each
internode. Intel-nodes vary greatly in length. Ilydrotheca' with smooth margin, or with one
or two teeth, usually more or less immersed in the hydrocaulus. Operculum of one ahcaulinc
dap. or of two flaps.
(iiHioxiHH,; (ionangia oval, with large terminal aperture, imoriiaiuented or with one or two
spines on the shoulders.
As before intimated, this genus as established by Fleming (I*-*) was very much restricted,
containing but two species, and based solely on the immersed condition of the hydrothec;v. There
was no change made by either Johnston (1S4S) or Hincks (iSliS).
In his diagnoses of new genera and species of hydroids Allman 1 adopted a new
criterion for the genus, holding that the best character was based on the division of the
hydrocaulus into internodes, there being an internode to each pair of Ilydrotheca? in .V /'///A//'/*/.
Sertnl/ri'i'Iln and Ilijilmxiii. "while in T/minrin the joints occur at distant and, for the most part,
irregular intervals, thus leaving numerous hydrotheca' to be carried on each internode." He was
thus led to admit, such species as S,-rtnl<iri<t <tr<i< nt< : <i and X. cupressina into the genus, as is done
in the present work. In his report on the hydroida of the Challenger Kxpedition (Iss.s) Allman
maintains this same position.
In his Catalogue of Australian Hydroid Zoophytes (1884) Hale givesa further criterion. His
definition of Tlminrin is "Zoophyte plant-like -Hydrothecse biserial. not in pairs, usually more
or less immersed." He points out the distinction between the hydrothecse being in two series
and being in pairs. This, however, often seems to depend on the thickness of the hvdrocaulus.
If it is very thick there are two series, while it often happens that on the more .-lender distal
branches the hydrotheca' are regularly subopposite or alternate, or in pairs, as Hale n-e- the term.
Levinsen in his Meduser, Ctenophorer Og Hydroider fra (ironlands Yestkyst. p. 1!':-!. defines
the genus as follows: "Apertura hydrotheca- rotundata (ovalis yel semicircularis). 'Collare' et
'dentibus' nullis instructa. In margine exteriore (abcaulim) valvula opercularis allixa est." Like
the other genera founded on the character- of th<' margin and operculum. this one includes forms
that the present writer and others regard as generically distinct, a- -V, /,/,//'//,<//* <i/>, rait />,<</
Levinsen, and excludes others that are very close! \ related, as 77/ ///,///,/ <l<ilH or T. rlixl,i
Clark or T. tliui<tri<>i<l, * ('lark, the latter being a typical tlmiarian. but with an adcaulinc
operculum. Moreover in some cases certain part-, of a colony would belong to 77/ ///////,/. and
others not. were the definition of Levinsen adhered to. as /'. rulmxlii. in which part of the
'Journal of tho l.inn.-i-ui Society, /.ooloi;\ . XII. 1S74, |-. L'tST.
6'J AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
hvdrothe.e.;v have two tenth und a two-Mapped opeiruhun and part no tootli and a single-flapped
operculum.
The ifeniis, as I have detined it, is confessedly the least natural and satisfactory of those
admitted in this work.
RUNTS OF INTERGKADATION BETWEEN THUIAKIA AND OTIIEI: < JKN'KKA.
First. With S^rliiliirin, in having the hydrothecal margin with two teeth and a two-flapped
operculuni, as in T. iti'i/i'iif-n, T. x/////7/.v, T. t< in i-<t, T. f<il/ri<-ii. and /'. < upressina. In all of these
cases there are many liydrothecte to an internode, and they are not strictly opposite.
Second. With Al>ii't!inir!ii,\\\ having an adcauline operculum, as in T. t/ni/<iri<>!<lix Clark. In
every other respect, both in trophosouie and in goiiosoine, this species is a typhical Tkularla.
KEY T" AMERICAN SI'ECIES, UK TIII'IAKIA.
Ilydruthecal margins smooth, except on distal ends uf branches, where they are bideritate. Operculum of one
abcauline Hap. 1
Branches springing from all sides of stem.
Colony in the form of a stiff " bottle brush" tlniju.
Colony not so stiff and rigid.
HydrothecM' alternate.
Margin produced on outer side into prominent recurved hooks flnjuiin.
Margin smooth, except on distal parts of branches, where there are two strong teeth rolmnln.
Hydrothec;e sub-opposite, margin smooth, operculum adcauline thuiarwides.
Branches alternate.
Hydrothecae opposite.
Aperture round, facing directly outward po/i/mr/m.
Aperture facing outward and upward, margin produced into a prominent lobe on adcauline
side and appressed to stem knnl:i .
Hydrothecie alternate.
Hydrotheca' entirely immersed, aperture strictly vertical iiiiincivn.
Distal end of hydrothec:e free, aperture facing outward and upward loiichiti*.
Hydrothecal margin toothed, operculum with two flaps.
Hydrothecie strictly alternate.
Branches opposite plumulift rn.
Branches not. opposite.
Margin with two large pointed teeth.
Entire adcauline livdrothecal wall adnate ramosissima.
I listal half < if adcauline wall free diffmai.
Hydrotheca' sub-o]i]iosite, marginal teetli two, opposite.
No hydrothecif on stem i/n/li.
Hydrotheca on stem.
HydrothecM- flask-shaped, their long axes not parallel with stem.
Hydrothecae with iinequal teeth liitimu'ii/n.
H yd re it 1 1 ecu with eiiual teeth simi/ix.
Hydrothec:e tubular, their long axes parallel with stem tiibul!furini.i.
Hydrotliecie suh-ojiposite, one or two marginal teeth.
Branches alternate, and usually undivided, hydrotheese not immersed tiiurn.
Branches in a sjiind, usually diviiled dichotomously.
Spiral close, colony forming a ilense tuft .J'n/n-ii'ii.
Spiral loose, hydro! hec.-e not greatly immersed ari/i nli-n.
Spiral loose, hydrotheca- extensively immersed, their axes not parallel with stem cupressina.
Spiral loose, hydrothecre extensively immersed, their axes parallel with stem jjlumosa.
THUIARIA THUJA (Linnaeus).
(Plate VII, rigs. 1-3.)
l!niili--/,riixli <'nrii//iiii- KI.I.IS, ICssay Nat, Hist. Corallines, 17."i5, p. 10.
Si'rtnlni-iii l/ni/ii I, INN. ECS, Systema Natune, 175S, p. soil.
Sfrliil<iri<i l/nijit lloi-n-cvx, N:itimrl\ke Historic, 17IH-177:!, p. 543.
St'fliilnfiii Iliii/n I'AI.I.AS, Klenchns /o.iphytorum, 176li, p. HI).
s,','tii/,n-iii Iliii/n LINN.F.CS. Systema Natune, 12th ed., 1767, p. 1308.
1 Except in the case of T. thuiarifiidi-s Clark.
THE SERTULARIDJi. <>.''
nrin llmjn r.MnnAKRT, iii Pallas. Lyst der Plant-Pieren, ITlis, p. 175.
ni 'in llmjn M. \KATTI, I >c Plantis Xiiiiphytis et l.ithnpliytis, 177(i. p. 29.
>i liiilnri'i llmjn F.Muacn s, Fauna Grcenlandica, 17xo, p. 444.
S, r/nlnrin llmjn liuoxnvirs, /ciiiph ylaeinm f;r<nn ivianuni, III. l"si. p. :;58.
Si-i-tiilni-in llnijn Id. I. is and Soi.AXDiiu, Nat. Mist. Zoophytes, 17xi>, p. 41.
Xirhi/nrin tlnijn WII.KINS ami II KKBST. in Pallas, Charakteristik ilt'r Thierpflan/.en, 17S7, p. 179.
S,rlnlnrin llnijn (TMKI.IX, Systema Natnra-, I.inn.Tiis. IMth ed., 17xs-17n:;. p. :-!s|s.
Sn-liilniin llmjn KSTKI:. Hii- I'llan/enthiere in Abbildnn<_'en, 111, 17xs-is:;n, p. |S4.
Srrln/nrin thuja I'.IOKKKNIIIII r, Synop. Xat. Hist., (Ireat Britain, I. 17s:i. p. 217.
x, r/n/nrin ilnn/n Kst-Ku, Fortaetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-lxoii, pi. xxn
Si r/nliiriii llnijn CrviKi:, Tableau Kli'ini'iitairc dc 1'IIist. Nat. ili-s Aniui., 17'JS, p. 066.
llnijn Hose, Hist. Nat. dcs Vcrs, III, 1SOL', p. 94.
ni-iii llnijn TrKTox, I'.riti.-li Fauna, 1SH7, p. L'IM.
nrin linn/, i JAMEMIV, ( 'atalnirnr Animal.- nl' Class Venues, 1X11. p. 5ii4.
Xiiji'llnxl ni in >i rlii/iirin } llnijn UKI:X. I.ehrbucli der NatUrgCSChichte, 1S15, p. 93.
Ci-llnrin llnijn I.AMAKCK, Hist. Nat. des Aniin. sans Vert., ISlli, p. i:;il.
M-i-liilni-iii llmjn l,AMornc>r.\, Hist, des Polyp, t'ciral. I-'lex., ISlli, p. 195.
\i-liilni-in llnijn STKWAIM, Klcinciits nat. hist, animal Kiiii:.. I'd ed., II, 1817, p. 442.
Tliiiiiirin tlniin Fi.KMlXt;, I'.ritish Animals, IM'S, p. ."il.'i.
Tlniiiirin llniin .M \ccn.i.ivKAY, Ann. and Mat:., IX, 1S4L', p. 464.
Tlntinrin llniin TOIIXSTOX, Hist. I'.rit. 5Ci>n[iliytes, 1S47. ]i. 83.
Tlniini'in lliiijn <;i;\v. List nf British Animals, 1X47, [p. 7U.
Tlniinrin llniin AI.IIEI;, Cat. /oopli. Nnrthumb., 1X57, ]i. 1'7.
Tlniinrin llnijn A. AHASMX. Xurtli Amer. Acalephse, 1X115, p. 148.
Tlniini-in Ilinjn HixrKs, P.ritish Hydndd /impliytes, IxiiS, p. 275.
Tlniinrin llnijn Sniri./K, Ni.rdsee Kxpeilitimi, 1X72, p. 1.'!:;.
Tlniinrin tlniin Su;s, < i. <>., P.idrai; til Kuiid-kaben nm Xiir_'i's Ilydruider, 1X7:!, [i. 18.
Tlnnnrin llnijn Mel XTusii, Ann. and Man., *''' ^T-, XIII, "1X74, ji. 214.
Tlniinrin llnijn M KKKSI IIKI )\VSK v, Ann. and Maj;., 5th ser., I, 187X, p. :',24.
Tlniinrin tlniin \VixTUKK, Fnrtiirnelsr de i Danmark, etc-., 1XSD, p. 251.
Tlniinrin tlniin K ii;riii:si' M 1:1;, Xurdisrhe ( Jattiin-jen nnd Arten, 1XX4, p. IS.
Thninrin llnijn MARKTANNER-TuSNERETSCHER, Ilvdrniden des k. k. luitiirliisl. Hotmuscums, 1890, p. 237.
Tlininrin tlnijn DuiKsrn, Tt-ktnnisclie Stndien, 1S!H), p. 207.
Tlniinrin l/nijn LEVINSKN. Mednser. Ctrnnpli. irer ; Hydrnider, 1X112, p. 52.
Tlmjnrin tlmjn LICVIXSK.X, Vid. I'db. "Ilanrhs" Tnu'ter, IX'.I.",, p. :i71.
Tlniinrin llniin CKUVIOKII, Ann. and Mat;., l>th Ser., XVI, 1X115, p. 2til.
Tlniinrin tlinja BONXKVIK, Xurwe^ian North Atlantic Kxpedition, IS'.Hi, p. x:;.
Tlniinrin llnijn HAKUITT, American Naturalist, 11101, p. 392.
Tlniinrin tlnijn Nrrnxii, Hydroids IP!' the Wimds Hide Region, 190], [p. :'>ii4.
Tlniinrin tlnijn \V niTKAVEs, Catalogue Marine Invert, eastern Canada, liml. p. 2ii.
Tlmjnrin llnijn S.KMI MISMIX, liidrai; til knndsk. islandske Hydroider, 111112, p. H5.
Trophosomt . ( 'ninny xtinctlnu'.s attaiuiiiL;- ;t hci^'lit of a foot or more. Main s
rig-id, slender, divided proximally into ohscnrc internodes, cadi of which hears the stump of a
liniiu'Ii. Brandies affanu'cd in a spirul around the stem, from which they project at nearly a ri^ht
angle, dichotomously branching several times so that each forms a llalidlatc structure with the
upper side eonciive. Conjointly the lirandies and hranchlets form a tyj)ical "bottle-brush"
structure. Hydrothecse subalternate, closely approximated, almost entirely immcrsc<l in the
hydrocaulus; aperture a flattened oval without conspicuous teeth and opening vertically.
Operculum a single ahcaulinc llap.
Gonosome.Gona.ngi& liorne on the upper sides of the* branches, oblong o\-ate with a round
aperture, short lint distinct collar, and no lateral spines.
I >ixl I'ilnitinii. One of the common species in comparatively shallow water on lioth sides of
the North Atlantic. New Kngland coast (Nutting); Mingan Island- ( A. Aga-^ixi: I'.ering Straits
(Stimpson); (itilfof St. Lawrence (Whiteavcs): Greenland (Levinsen); Iceland (Ssemundsson) ;
Norway (S:irs); British coasts (Hincks); Mediterranean (Pallas); AHmlroxx Station L''J.">*i. lat. N.
4n- 3S' Mil", long. W. lilt _".'. :!u fathoms: .!/////-.. Station L's4:!. lat. N. .V, .M',', long. W. ir,:,
r.<;' t5", 4:. fathoms: .l//^/v.v Station ll.'i.'.s. lat. N. :; 58', long. W. 17u 09', i'.". fathoms.
This is one of the oldest and liest known of the Sertularida 1 , and one of the very few that
have not been bandied about between genera for the last half century. It has a peculiarly rigid
habit that is characteristic of no other hydroid.
5125 IT 2-04 - 5
64 AMERICAN HY DRUIDS.
THUIARIA ELEGANS Kirchenpauer.
(Plate VII, fig. 4.)
Thuiaria elegrms KIRCHEXPAUER, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 21.
Trophosome. Colony attaining the height of about 4 inches. Stem slender, slightly flexuose
with irregularly disposed deep annular nodes, beset on all sides with the stumps of broken
branches. Branches inserted on all sides of stem, flexuose, divided by deep nodes into long inter-
nodes. Hydrothecas alternate, oval, entirely immersed; aperture obliquely cut so as to form
two angles to the otherwise horizontal margin, the outer angle or projection being much larger
than the inner (adcauline), so much so that it (the outer tooth) forms a backward directed horn.
Gonosome. Unknown.
Distribution. Plover Bay, Bering Sea (Krause).
I have not seen this species, and have taken the above description from the original by
Kirchenpauer, the translation being modified to accord with the plan of description followed in
this work.
Type. In the Lcipsic Museum?
THUIARIA ROBUSTA Clark.
(Plate VIII, figs. 5-7.)
Thuiaria robusta CLARK, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1876, p. 227.
Thuiaria rubustu KIRCHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 81.
Trophosome. Colony consisting of a simple stem attaining a height of about 12 inches
in the largest specimen examined. Stem strong, flexuose, bearing stumps of spirally arranged
branches throughout about three-fourths of its length, the upper portion bearing large branches
which bear branchlets arranged in a spiral so that the distal part of a colony assumes the shape
of a dense brush or tuft. The main stem and branches give off a branch to each internode, while
the hydrocladial internodes are of varying length, each usually bearing a number of subalternate,
thickly approximated hydrothecse. Hvdrothecaj long, tubular, slightly swollen below, immersed
to the aperture on larger branches, but with distal one-third exserted on distal part of branchlets;
aperture bilabiate, operculum with two flaps on distal portions of branches, often with round
margin and single abcauline Hap on proximal portions. At the base of each hydrotheca is a
thickening of the perisarc described by Clark as a double-pointed pyramid (see fig. ;">).
Gonosome. Gonansjia borne in rows on the terminal branchlets, slender, with a terminal
O
collar and aperture, and two long curved spines rising from the antero-lateral corners of the
shoulders.
Distribution. Sea Horse Islands and Cape Prince of Wales, Arctic Ocean; Haguieister
Island, and 12 miles east of Kings Island, Bering Sea (Clark). Arctic cruise of Corwin,
1885. Albatross* Station 2ST5, lat. N. 48 30', long. W. 124 57', 40 fathoms; Station 3153, lat.
N. 37 57' 10", long. W. 122 56' 20", 32 fathoms; Station 3504, lat. N. 56- 57', long. W. 169 : 27',
34 fathoms; Station 3505, lat. N. 57 09', long. AV. Ids ' 17', 44 fathoms; Station 3511, lat. N.
57 C 32', long. W. 169 38', 3D fathoms; Station 3515, lat. N. 59 59', long. W. 167 53', 13 fathoms;
Station 3540, lat. N. 56 27', long. W. 166 08', 51 fathoms.
This species is not nearly so rigid us T. thuja, and the gonosome is entirely different.
Type. In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
THUIARIA THUIARIOIDES (Clark).
(Plate VIII, figs. 1-6.)
Sertulnrin tlniinrioides CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1876, p. 223.
lluiinfniili-s CALKINS, Some Hydroids from Puget Sound, 1899, p. 361.
Tliiiinriii tliiijiii-iniili'x II \KTLAUB, Hydroiden aus dem Stilleu Ocean, 1901, p. 354.
tlniiiii-iiiiili'x NUTTING, Hydroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, p. 186.
'. Colony attaining a height of about 7i inches. Main stem irregularly
branched, the branches being inserted in a spiral owing to the twisting of the stem; internodes
THE SEKTULAKID.K. l'i. r )
long and irregular, sometimes bearing two hydrotheca- and ;i lr:meli on one side and a single
hydrotheca on the other. Main branches like the stem, bearing alternate hruiichlet.- that often
divide dicb.otomou.8ly, divided into long and irregular internodes each bearing t\vo lateral i-o\vs
of hydro! heca'.
Hydrothec;e Sllbopposite, tulmlar. expanded below. narrowing above into a verv sh<>i-t neek
ending in 'a circular aperture which faces upward and slightly toward the branch. Operculum
of one adcaulinc valve.
GOIIOKIUII,: (ionangia borne on upper sides of branchlets. ovate, flattened, expanded laterally
and dista'ly into two tlat spines set on the shoulder. Aperture terminal, round, borne on a short
neck resembling the frustum of a cone.
J)!x/>-!Initiuii. Bering Sea. west of N'univak Island, _!4 fathom^: ( 'hignik Bay. Alaska (( 'lark;;
Puget Sound (C'alkins); Yakutat. Alaska (Nutting). Lat. X. r,:.' I."/, long. W. 1C7 JV, Lieut.
George X. StolieV. I*. S. Xaw.
This is a very well-marked species of a typical thuiarian character, except in its opeivulum.
The opereula are well shown in some of the specimens collected bv I>r. \\ . II. Dull.
Ti/2>f. In the collection of the V . S. National Museum.
THUIARIA POLYCARPA Kirchenpauer.
( Tlatr VIII, li^. 7-9. i
'I'liniirria puhji'di'pii I'cKri'ii; ( Manuscript i, KisCHENPAUKR, Nordische Gattungen ninl Arti-n, Iss4. p. 27.
Trophosome. Colony (fragmentary) about 1 inch in height. Stem straight with verv uneven
internodes and two opposite rows of hydrotheca'. brunches irregularly alternate, rigid, divided
into long and uneven internodes. each bearing several pairs of hydrotheca'. Hydrotheca- in strict! v
opposite pairs, long, tubular, with distal ends bent outward, aperture round, facing directly out-
ward, the top of one hydrotheca not reaching the base of the next one above, the pairs being
slightly but definitely separated.
(rimiiNittii, . - rnknown.
LiK'iility. Valparaiso, Chile (Poeppig),
The above description is from a specimen kindly sent me by Professor Levinsen. This
species differs from most of the genus Tlniiiiriit in having exactly opposite hydrotheca'. The
other characters are so strictly thuiarian, however, that there >ccms little doubt regarding the
propriety of including it in the genus.
////'<. In the Leipsie .Museum.
THUIARIA KURILiE ( Pceppig) .
I I'hite IX, li;s. 1-1'.)
i,-nril;i \\v.\-v\t i Maniiscript ) V
iHii' . Specimen about 'A inches high. Stem imbranched. divided into very long
and irreo'ular internodes and beurin r a row of hydrothecse on each side, there being three hydro-
o a
thec;e, one uxillurv and two others, between adjacent branches. Branches strictly alternate and
divided into long and irregular internodes by distant nodes. Hydrotheca- subopposite, tlask-
shajH'd. the distal end but little constricted. Aperture large, opening outward and a little
upward, margin with a very large tooth or lobe rising upward on the adcaiiline side and closely
appressed to the hydrocaulus. This tooth is apparently broken oil' in many eases.
(ioimxiiiHi . Xot present in the specimen described.
I. in-iil it i/. I'nalaska.
The specimen above described was received from Prof. (i. M. R. Levinsen. I have not seen
the original description and am unable to cite it. Coming from so high an authority I have
felt justified in including it here. The very large lobe or tooth on the adcaulinc side of the
hydrotheca is a character that divides this species from all other American members of the
genus.
66 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
THUIARIA IMMERSA, new species.
(Plate IX, figs. 3-4.)
Tliiiinrid loni'liilia MARKTAXNER-TURXERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmnseums, 1890, p. 236.
Tlniiiiria 1 one-hit in MAfiKTAXXER-TrRNERETSCHER, Hydroiden Ost Spitzbergen, 1895, p. 422.
TrojilinxiniK . Colony (incomplete) less than 1 inch high. Stein irregularly liut deeply
annulated throughout the thick proximal portion which bears no branches and which appears to
have been broken oft' and renewed, the new portion bearing all the branches. Distal part of stem
feebly geniculate, without evident nodes, bearing alternate lateral branches, one to each genicn-
lation, and two rows of hydrothecse. Hydrothecse alternate, slender, flask-shaped, much smaller
distally, the apertures opening vertically and not projecting at all from the general surface of
the hydrocaulus. Just under the lower edge of the margin is a thickening of the hydrothecal
wall that is plainly evident in a side view. The aperture is perfectly smooth and round, without
teeth. There is a well-marked space between the top of one hydrotheca and the bottom of the
next. Texture of colony corneous, much stifl'er and stronger than in T. lone-hills.
Gonoxo/ne. Not known.
D!xti-!liiit!<ii). Coast of Greenland, U. S. S. Alert, 188-i; Austro-Hungarian Polar Expedition,
lat, N. 7fi 14', long. . 85 5-i'. (Marktanner-Turneretscher.)
This species seems to me to be certainly distinct from T. lonchitix of authors, which is a much
larger and more graceful species, with hydrothecie projecting perceptibly from the stem and
branches, and opening obliquely upward and outward. The specimen collected by the U. S. S.
Alert agrees exactly with the figure and description given by Marktanner-Turneretscher under
the name Tlininrin lix'/iit!x.
He calls attention to the main differences between this specimen and the typical loin-Jil-tix.
but apparently did not regard these differences of sufficient import to warrant a separation, an
opinion with which I am unable to agree.
It is possible that other writers have had this species in hand and described it either as
T. niiii'iiliitii or T. loni'hiflx.
Type. In the U. S. National Museum. Fragment in collection of the author.
THUIARIA LONCHITIS (Ellis and Solander).
(Plate IX, figs. 5-8.)
Rea-Splmiinirt r I'nlt/podi/ ELLIS, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 42.
Hn-liiltiriii Innrliilia Ei. us and SOLANDER, Nat. Hist. Zoophytes, 1786, p. 42.
Sertulana l,,,,i-liil is r.osc, Hist. Nat. des Vrrs, 1802, p. 101.
Si'rtiiliirin lii-lii'iinxlrtiiii THRTON, British Fauna, 1S07, p. 21(1.
.' Xii/i'llnxli-niii I Xfi'lii/ui-id ) di-lifii/dln ( >K KN, I.c'hrbnch der Naturgesdiichte, 1815, p. 93.
Cettar'xi Inn.cliitix LAMAHCK, Hist. Nat. Aniin. sans Vert., ISlli, p. 139.
Tliiiinriii iniii-nlnln FLEMING, British Animals, 1S2S, p. 5|."i.
Tliniiiriii- ni'lii-nlntn HASSALL, Ann. and Mag., VII, 1841, p. 2S4.
Tliuidi-iii diilriildid HVNDMAX, Ann. and Mag., X, 1842, p. 20.
Tlmidi-id diiii-n/dld (iu.\y, Brit. Animals, 1847, p. 70.
Tliiiinriii (irl/nilitlii .TOIINSTOX, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, ]i. 84.
.' Thiiidi'in tirtiruliitit ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northnmb., 1857, p. 27.
fThniiiriii iirtii'iildlii HIXCKS, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 18H8, p. 277.
Tliiiidi-in. iiiiirulatn WIIITKAVES, Ann. and Mag., 4th scr., X, 1873, p. 345.
Tliiiinriii iirliculalii Scni'LZE, Nonlsce Exiicd., 1874, p. !.'!.">.
fTlntidrid di-lirii/iiln MIORKM IIKIIWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 5th per., I, 1878, p. 324.
Tlniidi-i/i diiii-nldlii VERRILL, Prelim. Check-list, 1879, p. 18.
.' Tliuinrifi nrtirnliilii D' URBAN, Zooi. Barent's Sea, 1880, p. 269.
Thnic.riii loiirliitix KiKciiExr.M'ER, Nordische Gattnngen und Arten, 1884, p. 22.
? Tliuiaria artictilata BERGH, Goplepolyper f ra Kara Ilavct, 1887, p. 337.
Tlniinrin iirlirnliitii BOFKNK, Ilydr. . ids of Plymouth, 1889-90, p. 397.
Tlnijiirid ImichitixLEViasKS, Vid. Uclb. "Hauchs" Togter, 1893, p. 371.
Tlniidi-id articulata CRAWFORD, Ann. and Man., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
: ; Tliiiinriii iirtii-iiliitii BOXXEVIE, North Atlantic Expedition, 18VI9, p. s:;.
Tliiiliirin ni'liriilnln I'icTETand BEDOT, Hydraircs de 1'Hirondelle, 1900, p. 25.
Tliiiinriii. (ti'tiriildtd \VniTEAVKs, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 27.
Tli]iirid Inni-liiiis S.EMUNDSSOX, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandake Hydroider, 1902, p. 65.
THE SKim'LAKID.i:. 67
Trophoaome. Colony attaining a height of lu to IL' Inches, usually much less, main .stein
with very distinct but irregular nodes below, -lighth llexuo-e. bearing usually a pair of subal-
ternate hydrotheca' on cadi of the upper internodes. Blanche- irregularly alternate, simple, or
dichotomously branched, forming a rather dense tut't on distal part of colony. Branches and
branchlets divided into long and irregular internodes each of which hears several pair- of siihop-
posite to aubalternate hydrothecffi. Ilydrothcca 1 of the usual thuiarian type, deeply immersed
in proximal parts of branches and less so in distal part.-, do.-ely approximated. Aperture cir-
cular to subtriangular, facing forward or outward, margin often with a single broad tooth on ii-
posterior side. Operculum of a single ahcauline flap.
(rii/tiix/>//i, . - (lonangia home on upper side of hrandics. long, slender, with a round aper-
ture, narrow collar, and operculum.
Distribution. Common on Briti.-h and Coiitinental shores of Noi'th Atlantic: New England
Coast (\'errill); "Atlantic coa-t " i-))cdnicn from the I'nited State.- National .Museum): Iceland
(Sasmundsson) ; (iulf of St. Lawrence C\\ 'hiteave-); '. Barents Sea I I)'l'rhaii): Polar Sea ( Bon-
nevie).
In the ahsence of the gonosome this species i.- not alway- ca-y to distinguish from T. cnjtr< x-
xiini. The haliit of growth, however, is entirely ditl'ercnt from the graceful spiral arrange-
ment which characterizes the lattei-. Branches still'er and harsher. The gono-oine i- entireh
different. The species appeal's to lie rare on our Atlantic coast.
The synonymy of this species is exceedingly uncertain on account of a mistake of I'allas 1
who gave the name S, r/iiliii'iii di'/ii-iil/ilii to an Atlantic species under the mistaken impression
that it was identical with the " Sea-Spleenwort " of Ellis. Afterwards Fleming (184i ; ) instituted
the genus Tlininrin, and. apparently misled by Pallas, called the Spleenwort of Ellis Tln/iti/'i'i
iii-ticiiliitii. In the meantime Ellis and Solander (1758) gave the name' S, rtnl<ir!<i A//7//V/.v to
Ellis's species of Sea-Splceiiwort, thus securing- the priority for the name linn-liit/x. which is
essentially a northern form. Since that time most writers have confused the two specie.- under
the common name TJniiiu-in firticvlata. Ilincks in his e-reat work (isii.s) seems to have done this.
In 1884 Kirchenpauer dearly explained the situation and reestablished the name /'. //// /V/ for
Ellis's species, in which he was followed hy Levinsen ( l.s'.i:-!). In most cases it is impossible to
tell which species is meant when the name /'. <irt'n-uln1ii is used, and we can only judge from the
distribution.
THUIARIA PLUMULIFERA Allman.
(Plate IX. liiCH. il-lli.)
Thuiaria plumuttfera AI.I.MAN. Mem. Mas. Coinp. Xoul., V, Nn. 2. 1S77, p. L'7.
T/iiiiiii-in /ili/miili/, rii KIKC HKM-ArKK. Norclisi-lic fiattniiiic'ii inul Artcn. Iss-l. p. L'.'I.
Ti'iijtli/ifiiniii'. Colony attaining a height of lu inches in the largest specimen examined.
Main stem exceedingly long and slender, divided into internodes of unequal length, bearing
rather distant and opposite branches each of which bears an axillary hydrotheca; an additional
hydrotheca being between each two branches on each side. Branches rather distant, alternate,
divided into long ami very unequal internodes. and contracted at their origins. HydrothectB
alternate, well separated, tubular, not extensively immersed for this genus: aperture with two
broad, rounded teeth and a tubular collapsible extension of the hydrothecal walls. This tube i-
not constant, and in some hydrotheca' where it is wanting a two-valved operculum is seen.
UmioxniiK . Not known.
l>'ixii-'tliri<m.--()'S.(.\\\w Fear. 7 fathoms (Allman): Mlit,;>xx Station I'oi;,. hit. N. :',7 31',
long. W. 74 :>:-,' :;u", in fath a; Station L"_'t;ii. ha. N. lu i:;' L5", long. \Y. c,:i L ".r i;,". 41;
fathoms; Station L^f,:,. lat. N. : ::7 07' 40", long. W. 74 35' 40", 70 fathoms; Station .'7'.i. hit.
N. 85" I'd' 55", long. \\'. 75 -_'u' 55", Hi fathom-: Station i':'.u7. lat. N. :-!5 4i*'. long. W. 74 54'
::u", 57.3 fathoms; Station !i:'.(ts, lat. N. :'.5 4::'. long. \\' . 74 53' 30", 15 fathoms: Station i'4-.M.
lat. N. :.17 07', long. W. 74 :U' 30", f,| fathoms.
T>/ji<. In the Museum of Comparative /oology, Cambridge. Ma.-sachusetts.
1 Elenchua Zoophytorum, 1'iM, p. i:;7l.
68 AMERICAN HYUROIDS.
This species is squarely intermediate between the genera Thuiaria and Sertularella, having
the characters of numerous hydrotheca? to the iuternode, and the two-toothed margin and two-
valved operculum of the former, and the exactly alternate hydrotheca? of the latter. I place
it provisionally in the latter genus, as it seems here to find, on the whole, its closest affinities,
although it agrees quite well with St-rtnlorillo nana Hartlaub, so far as the nonspecific characters
are concerned.
.'THUIARIA RAMOSISSIMA Allman.
Thuiai-iii riniiimixxiiiKt ALLMAN, Gatty Coll., 1S85, p. 146.
^Ti'njiltnxiiiiK'. Hydrocaulus monosyphonic, main stem sending off in every direction
branches which are themselves profusely branched; ramifications subdichotomous. each bifurca-
tion preceded by a transverse joint. Hydrothecre alternate, adnate to the hydrocaulus by the
whole of their epicauline walls, deep, tubular; the apocauline margin of aperture deeply cleft.
" (jfiniiixiinii; Gonangia springing each from a point placed laterally just below the base of a
hydrotheca. None mature in the specimen.
"Locality. Northeast coast of America."
I have not seen this species and have copied the above description entire. It resembles
greatly the common Tliniorlo or</i nt,o, but it does not seem likely that Professor Allman would
have made a mistake regarding such a well-known form.
THUIARIA DIFFUSA (Allman).
(Plate X, figs. 1-3.)
Sertularel/ii il'iffnsu ALLMAN, Gatty Coll., 1885, p. 136.
var. MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 229.
TropJiosome. Colony attaining a height of !> inches (Allman), much branched, stiff, and
corneous in aspect. Stem nearly straight, divided into long and irregular internodes, lower part
without hydrothecae. Branches straight, alternate, themselves dividing alternately and the
branchlets ultimately dividing dichotomously, divided into usually long internodes of unequal
length, the distal being generally the shorter. IIydrothee;e tubular, gracefully curved, ordinarily
strictly alternate, about the distal half free and pointing forward and outward, margin with two
large pointed lateral teeth, aperture crescent-shaped. Operculum not evident, the distal superior
part of the hydrothecal wall being very thin and collapsible so that it seems to serve as an
operculum.
<iiiiiiiKiniii . Gonangia borne, on distal part of the branches, ovoid, with two lateral anterior
spines and a narrow collar surrounding a broad, round aperture.
Distribution. Rockaway (Atlantic coast, U. S. t) (Allman). South America (Marktanner-
Turneretscher); "South America," specimen from Levinsen; Allot m. Station 2:i7!.i, lat. N.
35 20' 55", long. W. 75 20' 55", 16 fathoms.
This species also is very near Tliuiaria argentea, and the specimen described by Allman may
belong to this species. Those described by Marktanner-Turneretscher, the one from Station
2279, and the specimen sent me by Professor Levinsen from South America seem to be specifi-
cally distinct. The whole texture is stiff and rigid and deeply corneous in color, differing greatly
from T. unii Htm. The forming of a pseudo-operculum by the thin collapsible distal part of the
inner (upper in position) hydrothecal wall is an interesting feature.
THUIARIA DALLI, new name.
(Plate X, figs. 4-6.)
Srrl,il,iri<i i-ii/in-isxiiiilfx ( 'I.AKK, Alaskan Ilydmids, ISTfi, p. 220.
riii i-iijii-i'ii!ili-it 'XfTTiNt;, Hydroids of the Harrinian Expedition, 1901, p. 185.
. Colony small, in specimens examined, and plumose in form. Main stem
straight, divided into usually short internodes by oblique nodes, many internodes bearing two
1 Name preoccupied by Kirrhenpauer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, p. 18, for an entirely different
species.
T1IK SKKTULAKID^E. 1)9
branches, others more, hut an equal number on hoth side-, no hydrothcc:e mi main stem.
Branches subopposite to alternate, ascending, const ricted at llieir origins where they I tear .-eve nil
deep annulations, divided into lone- hut unequal internodes, each of which bears several hydro-
thec<e. Hydrothec-e suhopposite, close lv approximated, deepl\- immersed, their distal ends only
being free, tuhular, very slightly curved di.-tally; aperture with two rather hroad teeth;
operculum composed of two Haps.
(TOIIIIXIHIK.'. Not known.
I>iKtribiit!nii. Shumagin Island.- and Port Moller. A la-ka (( 'lark): Yakutat, Ala-ka (Nutting).
TI/J>C xt !(!,.<. Cat. No. I'.iTL'l, I'.S.N.M.; Cat. Nos. ls;7ti, ls;77. State I'niv. of Iowa; also
in the collection of the author.
?THUIARIA LATIUSCULA (Stimpson).
Sertularia latiuscula STI.MPSON, Marine Invert. < train! Manan, ls,">:;, p. s.
Si'Hiilnriii latiiisrii/H VERIUI.I., I'rur. Am. Assn. Adv. Sri.. 1-":;, p. .'!~>i>.
Si'i-lii/iiriii luliiisi-iilti YKKUILL, Am. Jnnni. Sri. ami Arts, VII, 1S74, p. '.','.>.
S,Tlnl,irni lulinxi-iilii A. AC.AS.SI/, Xorth American Acalepli.-r, isii.i, j.. 14.">.
' Pinna; broad, compressed, attached hy a slender liase to the main stem: cells crowded.
nearly opposite, shaped a.- in S, rtnl<iri<i nn/, nfi ; vescicles elongated, ovate, with a single -trong
spine on one side at the extremity. Color, brownish. Breadth of pinna, u.u:; inch. Dredged
in the laminarian /.one."
Dixtriliiitian. Grand Manan (Stimpson); li miles east of Seguin Island. .".:' fathom- (Yen-ill);
between Cape Cod and Gulf of St. Lawrence (Yen-ill).
I have been unable to obtain an authentic specimen of this species. The above description
is taken entire from that of the original describer. No further description nor any tigure has
thus far been found. There is no doubt that it is a 77m in ///, and it is quite probable that it is
T. a r<ji.-nt i.-<i. The single spine to the gonangium occurs occasionally in that species.
Type. Apparently lost; at least, I cannot lind where it is.
THUIARIA SIMILIS (Clark |.
I Plate X, li'.'S. 7-9.)
Xi i-liiliiriii simi/is CI.AKK, Alaskan Ilyilrniils, 1S7U, ]>. 219.
'.'X i-lnliiriii tiiinilix II. \KTI.ACH, llyilniicli-n ails ilcm StiHen Ocean, IsiM, p. .'!.")-4.
,S, 'i-liilin-iii xinii/ix XcTTiNii, Ilyilrnids (if tlie Ilarriman Kxiieilitioti, lillll, p. 185.
Triiphoxoiiii'. Colony usually consisting of a central stem, sometimes attaining a height of
over 3 inches. Stem geniculate, divided into regular internodes. each of which bears a branch
and two hydrotheciB on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches divided into
usuallv short interuodes, each of which bears from one to several pairs of opposite or subopposite
hydrothecse. Hydrothecse in closely approximated pairs, the individuals of a pair being distinctly
separated in front, and of the -V rtnlnrni jnniiil/i type, with free outwardly inclined di-tal portions;
aperture with two well-marked and nearly opposite teeth and a two-valved operculum.
(T<HIOX<>IIU'. Not known.
Dixti-ilmtltiii. Hagmeister Island (Clark); Bare Island (Ilartlaiib): Berg Inlet, Glacier Bay
(Ilarriman Kxpedition); 1'uget Sound (Nutting); A/Imfm** Station L'Mi'. lat. N. .">4 I."/, long.
\Y. l(i(i <:;', 7^ fathoms; Station I'Si;;,, lat. N. 4s IL'', long. \V. IL'L' 4!i'. 4" fathoms; Station 3465,
lat, N. 48 al', long. W. 1*! 14', 4s fathoms; Station ;;M:.. lat. N. .V.i 59', long. \V. M7 53',
l:-i fathoms; Station :;:>:>7, lat. N. :>7 u4', long. W. 1 7u ^'4'. _'; fathoms.
The specimen from Station :!.">1.">. from which the above description was taken, agree- very
well with Clark's original description and figure. Other specimens vary considerably, but not
sufficiently to demand separation. Indeed, none of them vary as much from the type as the
specimen tigured by Ilartlaiib. which seems to me to be quite distinct.
Ti/j>i: In collection of the U. S. National Museum.
70 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
THUIARIA TUBULIFORMIS ( Marktanner-Turneretscher)
(Plate XI, figs. 1-8.)
I>>/ii<iiin'iiii iiiliiiliforn/ix MARKTANNER-TURNERETSCHEH, Hydroiden dt-.s k. k. natnrhist. Hot'mnseums, 1890, p. 238.
T/'fij>?it.w>u'. Colony growing in tufts of straight steins, reaching a height of about 3
inches. Stein straight and even throughout, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears
a branch and two hydrotheca.' on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches strictly
alternate, divided into irregular internodes and much constricted at their origins. Hydrotheca'
subopposite, long, tubular, with the greater part of their lateral outline parallel to the branch,
the upper portion being abruptly bent outward and ending in two large opposite teeth and a
two-valved operculum.
<7nii<ii>iiii-. (fonangia growing on front of stem, large, ovate, with a constricted curved
neck and round terminal aperture.
I>i>itril}iiti<in. Dschidda (Dr. Billitzer); Bay of Balm, Brazil (Rathbun); Florida, between
Salt Pond and Stock Island (Dr. E. Palmer); Bahama Banks, :-} to <i fathoms (Nutting).
The gonosome of this species is figured here for the first time. There is a slight tendency
for the hydrothecie to arrange themselves in groups, reminding one of those, found in the genus
i* the upper ones in each group being somewhat smaller than the lower pair.
C. In the k. k. Hofmuseums, Vienna.
THUIARIA TENERA (Bars).
(Plate XI, figs. 9-12.)
Sertularin Inn-i-n SAHS, P>idrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, ]i. 20.
Sertulnriii ti'inni HIXCKS, Ann. and Mat:., 4th SIT., XIII, pp. 129 and 151.
Sei-tul,,,'!,! Inifm WIXTHER, Xaturhist. Tidsskrift (3), XII, 1879-SO, p. 24ii.
Hi-1-tnltiriti li iii'i-ii LEVINSEX, Vid. Udb. "Hauclis" Togter, 1893, p. 384.
Kirliilin-iii ti'iin-ii MAKKTAXXEK-TCRXERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhist. Hnfmuseuins, 1890, p. 230.
Sertuiaria /.//</ LEVIXSEX, Vid. Meddel. naturhist. Foren., 1892, p. 4S.
KeHiiltiriii leneni MARKTANXER-TURXERETSCITER, Ilydroiden von Ost Spitzbergen, 18113, p. 418.
,^1-rli/Iiii-in feiii-i-H XFTTIM;, Hyilmids frnni Alaska and Pu-iL't Sounil, 1899, p. 743.
Tlniiin-iii li'iii'i-n P.OXXEVIE, North Atlantic Expedition, 1899, p. 83.
Tlniiiifin leiK'i'ii S.EMI-XDSSON, Bid rag til Kundsk. islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. (12.
Tropko&ome. Colony attaining a height of about 3 inches in largest specimens examined.
Main stem straight proximally and slightly tlexuose distally, divided into long and irregular
internodes bearing strictly alternate branches and three hydrotheca' (one axillary and two not)
between adjacent branches on each side. Branches usually undivided and with rather short
internodes, which often bear a single pair of hydrotheca'. Hydrotheca' subalternate, flask-
shaped, rather slender, widely separated, much exserted, with a tubular distal portion; margin
varying greatly, sometimes being round and without teeth, and often being curved, with two
/ n B / 7 n &
teeth of regular sertularian type'. In many cases the margin is produced into a thin collapsible
tube. Operculum usually composed of one flap attached to ahcaulinc side of margin, but
sometimes composed of two flaps.
Go//t>tto///(\ (ionangia ovate, with a round terminal aperture and a short collar.
I>!nfi'i}>i<f!i>n Kodiak Island and Bering Straits (Dall); Allxitrnux Station i'SC>5, hit. N.
48 12', long. W. l-2-l 4!i', 4u fathoms; St. Pauls Island (Nutting); Norway, 159 fathoms (Sars);
Iceland (Hincks); Denmark (Winther); Christiania (Marktanner-Turneretscher); Spitsbergen
(Marktanner-Turneretscher); North Atlantic (Bonnevie).
This sjiecies appears to break down the generic distinctions proposed by Levinsen in that it
has both a one-flapped and a two-flapped operculum in the same specimen.
THE SEKTULAK1DJ2. 71
THUIARIA FABRICII (Levinsen.)
(Plate XII, tiiTS. 1-2
Sertulariafasligiata FABIUCICS inot Linn.-eusi, Fauna Gronlandica, I7su. p. i.~>s.
tii -in cupressina KVKKM 11 ., Manuscript, III, ]>. 3ss.
Sertularia argmtea \\"INTIII:K, Naturhist. Tiilsskrift (:>>. XII, 1S7H-SO, p. 27s.
,Vi linlin-iii fiihrii-ii I.KYIXSKN, Viil. Middel. Naturli. F<.ren.. Is'.i2, ],. 4s.
Hi'rlii/iiriii fabric!! C'AI.KINS, Ilydmids fnun I'li'jet Snund, IS'.m, p. Mill.
,v. linlur'ni fnlii-'u-il HABTLAOB, Ilydrnidcn aus ilcni Stillen ( >ccan, I'.Hll, ]>. .'!">4.
Tliniiifiii jtilii-irii Ni-TTixii, Ilydmids of the Harriman F.xpedition. I'.Mil, p. 1S.V
Trophosome. Colony attaining a height of' about ^ inches in the specimens examined.
Main stem straight, proximal part marked by very deep irregularly spaced amildar node'-:
distal part divided into irregular internodes each bearingone or more branches which are inserted
on all sides of the stem in a spiral manner so as to give the colony the shape of a bushy tuft.
Branches very closely approximated, dichotomouslj divided once, twice, rarely three times;
internodes rather long and irregular, each bearing several pairs of li\ drotheca'. exceptionally
a single pair. Hvdrotheca> subopposite on proximal parts of branches and Mibalternate at
tips of branches. Hydn>tliee;e Mask shaped, of the sertularian type, distal portions free, slightly
out-curved, aperture narrow and furnished with two strong marginal teeth and a two-flapped
operculum.
Goiiiixniii, . (ionaiigia borne on upper sides of branches and branchlets. oblong oval in shape,
very delicate in texture, with a terminal round aperture on a neck resembling the frustum of a
cone, and two lateral spines which, however, are only exceptionally present in the specimens
examined. An acrocyst is often present.
IHxtrihittinii. West coast of Greenland (Levinsen); Puget Sound (Calkins). 1 Dutch Harbor,
Alaska, and Orca, Alaska (Nutting).
THUIARIA ARGENTEA (Linnaeus).
(.Plate XII, li^rs. M-9.)
Sqiiirr,Tf-liiil, ELLIS, Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 6.
i in-i/i'ii/iii LiNN.Ki's, Systeiiui Nature, 17">S, p. SI I! I.
t i'iijii-1'K.tiiiii (part i I'u.i.vs, Klc-iu-hus /<ipliyti>ruin, I7lili, p. 141.
iKi, var. fj. in-i/i-iili'it, 1/iNN.Ki's, Systeiua Nature, 17H7, ].. K508.
i MAKATTI, I>e Plantis Zmiphyti.-!, 177'i, |>. -7.
i iii-i/cnlid, Mi. i. is and SOI.ANHEU, Nat. Hist. ( /<ipli., 17sii, p. ;;s.
i <ii-i/i-iiliii (I.MKI.IN, in Liutiu'iis, Systeina Nature, 17SS-17!K>, p. HS47.
i (iri/fiili-ii IvseKi;, lie I'llauzc'iithiere iu Al>l>ildun;_'en, III, 17SS-|s;;o, p. I7!i.
nri/i-iili'ii IlKUKEXiiot-r, Syiupp. nat. hist. <ireat Uritaiu and Ireland, I, 17S1I, j>. 216.
l in-i/i-iili'il I'M isc, Nat. Hist, des Yer-, III, 1S01', p. !i:l.
i di-i/i'iili'ii TCUION, I'.ritish Fauna, ISO", ]i. 213.
Serlularia nr<ji'nti' .IAMKSOX, Catalii'^ue m" AnimalH nf tlii> CUuss Vernn's, isl 1, p. 564.
Xfrltiliiriti argmtea I. \Mncnm \, liullet. philiiiuatii|iif, 1S1L', p. 1S4.
s,rhil,i,-i:i iiriji'iili-ii LAMAUCK, Hist. Nat. des anini. sans Vert., II, ISlli, ]i. 117.
Si'i-iiiliirin argmtea L\M<H-I:H;-.\, Ilist. des Polypiers Coralligfines, isii;, p. I'.IL'.
Xi-i-tirfiiriii in-i/i-iili-n STKWUJT, F-lfiiicnts Nat. Ilist. Animal Kinirdiiin, II, 1S17, p. 442.
X<'i-tii/iir!ii iii-i/fiili'u I'MISI , Ilist. Nat. cles Vers, ISliO, p. 108.
s,i-inliiriit iii-</i-iiti'ii UK HI.AIXVII.LK, Manuel d'ActinoluL'ie, IS:14, p. ISO.
i in-iii'iili'ii LAMAUCK, Nat. Hist. Aiiim. sans Vert., ls:;il. p. 14:;.
t iinji'iili-ii HASSAI.I., Ann. and Ma;_'., VI, 1S41, ]>. Mis.
i iiri/i'iiliii M \< IIII.I.IVKAV, Ann. and Mai:., IX, 1S41', p. 4li4.
lli/inniiiiiii iiri/i-iiti-n Fi.EMixii. ISritish Animals, 1S4L', p. ."i44.
i^i'i'lnliii-iii tin/'iili'ii JciiixsTox, Hist. I'.rit. /iipli., 1S47, p. 711.
,S rlii/iiriii iiriifiili-ii DAI.VKI.I., Uare and Kemarkalile Animals nt' Sc.it land, I, 1S47, p. 189.
Xi-rliiliirin in-i/i-iili-ii iliiAY, List I'.rit. Animals, 1S47, p. 73.
X. i-lnlin-iii iiriji'iilni llossK. Iieviiusliire Ciia.-t, lS."i:',, p. 4:14.
S,rtnlii,-i unji'iilni STIMI-SIIX, Marine Invert, (irand Manan, 1S.VI, j>. 8.
1 It appears that Doctor Calkins and I made a similar mistake in thinkini; that Levinsen regarded N. fnln-'n-ii us
the same as .V /</'// of authors, instead <>!' .S. <ir<ji-nli'<i nf Winther. See references iriven above.
72 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Sertiilftrid argentea ALDER, Cat. Zooph. Northurnb., 1857, p. 26.
iiriji-iili-ii A. A<;.\ssiz, North American Acalephte, 1865, p. 144.
urgi'iiti'ii VAN BEXEDEN, Fauna Littnrale de Belgiqne, I860, p. 1S4.
i-in di-iji'iiti'd HIXCKS, British Hydroid Zoophytes, 18138, p. 268.
diyi-iilei.i VERRILL, Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1871-T2, p. 732.
Sertularid urgentea SCHULZE, Nordsee Exped., 1872, p. 132.
Si'i-tnldi-id nfijenten VERRILI., Proc. Am. Assn. Adv. Sci., 1873, pp. 256, 359, 304, 374.
K-i-fitlarln in-genti'ii MclNTOSH, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p 213.
Ki-rliildriit drgenlca VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci., VII, 1874, p. 39.
Mvtitlitrid di'i/i'iitfd VERRILL, Amer. Journ. Sci , VII, 1874, p. 133.
urgentea CLARK, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1876, p. 257.
iiryentea, var. diraricata CLARK, Hydroids of New Eng. Coast, 1876, p. 64.
Srrttittirid tirgcuten MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1878, p. 324.
SiThilnrid dnji'iitt'd WIXTIIER, Naturhist. Tidsskrift, 1880, p. 249.
'.' Xi-rliildi-in argenlea BERGH, Goplepolyper fra Kara Havet, 1887, p. 335.
Sertuliii-ia argenlca BOURNE, Hydroids of Plymoutli, 1889, p. 396.
di-id nrt/t'nted DRIESCH, Tektonische Studien, 1890, p. 206.
-iii iir/jcnti'ti MAKKTANNKK-TI-RNERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. Naturhist. Hofimiseums, 1890, p. 232.
driji'nli'd LEVINSEN, Vid. Udb., "Hauchs" Togter, 1893, p. 370.
Sertuldrid in-iji'nli-n CRAWFORD, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Tlinldfid nfiji iitui I'XIXNEVIE, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 83.
Tlntiiirid di-i/fiitfd XCTTING, Hydroids from Alaska and Puget Sound, 1899, p. 741.
Tltuiurid di-i/i'nli'd NUTTING, Hydroids of Woods Hole, 1901, p. 363.
Sertuhiria argentea HARGITT, Amer. Naturalist, 1901, p. 390.
Tliuiaria argenten NUTTING, Hydroids of the Harriman Exped., 1901, p. 184.
Thuiaria argentea WHITEAVES, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 27.
Srrtnldri/i r</i -ntfd S.KMUNDSSON, Bidrag til Kundskaben islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 62.
i ur/ii'iitca TORREY, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, 1902. p. 67.
. Colon} 1 attaining a height of a foot or more, usually considerably less. Stems
growing often in clusters, long, slender, divided by distant nodes into irregular iiiternode.s, with
distant hydrothecse. Branches rather distant, spirally arranged, each branch dividing dichoto-
mously into an exceedingly delicate and graceful tracery of branchlets, the whole colony being
among the most beautiful of the hydroids. The axil of each branch and branchlet is occupied by
a liydrotheca. Internodes distant and irregular. Hydrotheca 1 subopposite to alternate, not
greatly immersed, the terminal one-third often being free, bending gracefully outward, with a
strongly bilabiate aperture, one tooth being usually much longer and more acute than the other.
Operculum two-valved.
Gonosome. Gonangia borne on upper sides of branches at bases of hydrotheca', subtriangu-
lar in outline, being widened distally by two blunt lateral spines. Aperture terminal, collar very
low, acrocysts borne on mature gonangia.
Distribution. One of the commonest species in shallow water on both shores of the North
Atlantic, Alaska, and the North Polar regions.
This is one of the best known of the Sertularidtfi. It most nearty resembles T. cupressina,
from which it differs in having a much more bushy habit, more exserted hydrothecse with more
conspicuous teeth. The gonangia are broader in proportion to their height, and the lateral
spines are usually less conspicuous. The finest specimens I have seen came from Jerome Creek,
Maryland.
THUIARIA CUPRESSINA (Linnaeus).
(Plate XIII, figs. 1-3.)
fiea-ci/press ELLIS, Essay Nat. Hist Corallines, 1755, p. 7.
Si'rtiilitriii 1'iijii-i-KniiKi LINN.EUS, Systenia Naturif, 1758, p. 808.
rn iirrsxi mi IIurTTUYN, Natuurlyke Historic, XVII, 1761-73, p. 537.
iilaria cupressina (part) PALLAS, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 17611, p. 141.
dldi-id /iijiirx.fi/iii (part) LINN.EUS, Systema Natunu, 1767, j>. 1308.
rii/ii-i:xniiid (part) BODDAERT, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, \>. 176.
M'1-lnldi-id 1'ii/ii-i'xxiiid MARATTI, De Plantis Xoopliytiw, 1776, p. 27.
Sertularia cupressma (.partj GRONOVIUS, Zoophylacium gronovianum, 17si, p. 358.
TIIK SEltlTLAKIDjE. 73
.s, i-iiiliifin i-upremina (part) EI.LIS and SOI.AXDEH, Nat. Hist, /onpli., 17sn. p. .'!s.
.s 1 , ,-lii/iii-iii < H/ii-i'xxiiiii ' part I \Vn.Ki\s ami HKHIIM, ( 'haraktcristik der Thicrpllan/.cn, 17S7, \>. 180.
Sertularia i-iiju-ixxiiin i parti IIMKI.IV. i I.innirns) Systrma Natunr, 17Ss :i:;, p. :)S)7.
Sertularia cuprasina i part i Ksi'i:u, l>ir I'lUm/.rnthieiv in Ahl>ildnn;_'rn, III, I7ss-ls:;n. p. 177.
X, i-lii/,n-iii i-ii/iiYMinn liKKKKMioi I, Symip. Mat. hi-t. < itvat I'.ritain ami Ireland, I, 17s.l, p. L'lii.
Sertularia cupresgina \ part i r.nse, |[i-t. Nat. dr.- \Yr.-, III, ism 1 , p. 93,
Si'i-liilnriii i-iijii-i-xxinii Ti .'itTuN, British Fauna, 1SII7. p. l_'ll!.
,s,'i-liilin-iii i'ii/n;'xniii,i .1 \.Mi:s<iv, Catalnfjiii' Animals Cla>s Vrr s, 1S11, p. .">i;4.
i-iii i-ii/n-ixxiiiii I.A.Moriinrx, I'.llllrt. pliiliiliiati'|llr, IS]!', p. 1S4.
in ( >KKV, l.rhrlinrh drr Natnr^rsrhirhte, isl.'i, \>. ::;.
S,fliiliiri<i i-ii/n-i'sxiiiii I.\M\I;IK, Hist. Nat. drs aiiim. MIMH Vrrt., II, ISlli, p. 1 IS.
Sertuiaria cupresnna l.AMipfitorx, Hist, drs l'..l\pirr-, isiti. p. mi'.
Sertularia rn/,i;x.tiitn STEWART, Kleiucnts Nat. Hist. Animal Kin<_'<l'>n>. II. 1 S I7, p. 4IL'.
S, i-lti/ili-iii rtijn-txxiilil liii.sc, Hist. Nat. drs Vcrs, ISiJII, p 108.
Sertul'tria cupreggina de BI.AINVII.I.K, .Mannrl d'Ai'tiiinlii^ii-, ls:;i, p. -ISO.
i OKEX, Allgemeine naturgeschichte, 18M. r >, \>. 7n.
! LAMARCK, Hist. nat. aiiim. sans \-rrt., ls:!(i, p. 14-1.
Si rliiltn-iti I'li/in'xxuiii HASSAI.I., Ann. and Mag., VI, 1S41, p. HiS.
i M \ci:n.i.i\ i:\v, Ann. ami -Mau'., IX. 1S4L', ]>. 4t>4.
i i-ii/irixxiiiii FI.HMINI;, British Aniinais, 1S41', ]>. "i44.
t rit]iri-x.xiini .1 nil Ss'l i is , Hist. Itriti.-ll /(xipliytrs, -d rd., 1S47. p. SO.
.S, i-hi/tii-iii i-niH-i-xsiiiii GRAY, List of I'.ritisli Animals, IS47. p. 74.
.s; fiiiliifin i-iijii-i-x.tiiiii AI.IM:K, ('at. /oopli. Nortlinndi., 1S57, ]>. 1'ii.
Si i-iitliii-iii i-iijiri'xxiiiii A. AI.ASSIX, North American Aralrph.-r, ISli"), p. 14S.
Sertularia cupreggina VAN BENEDBN, Faune littorate de Belgique, isiiu, p. 17s.
Sertularia cupressina HIM KS, l!ritish Ilyilmid /oojiliytrs, isus, p. i'7o.
Sertularia cupressina VERKILI., Invert. Vineyard Sinnnl, 1S71-L', pp. 4(is. 7:iL'.
Siflnliir'ni i-njii-ixxiiiii VEKUILI., I'rnr. Am. Assn. Adv. Sri., 1S7:{, pp. ."."):!. :\i>t.
Sj-rliilm-iii i'ti/n-1'xxiiiii VKI;HII.I. Amer. Jiuirn. Sri. and Art, :ld ser. , VII, 1S7-I, ].p. 41, 41!!, r>04.
Si-i-liiliii-i<i I'li/ii-.'xsiitu .Mc'Is-nisn, Ann. and Mau r .. 4tli ser., XIII, 1S74, p. L'l:'..
X flulill-iil i-li/in sximl WlXTIIKK, I'll! Interimiliels, etC., IS7H-SO, ]i. MIS.
S, linl.iriii i-itjn-ixxiitii WIXTIIKH, Xatnrhist. Tidsskrift, 1S79-80, p. 248.
N. rltiliii-iii i-iijii-fxxiiKi H'l'iMiAX. Xinil(n.'y nf liarents Sra. 1 ssn. p. ^'(ill.
Tliiiiiirin fiijii-i'xxiiin AI.I.MAN, Challenger Itepurt, llydmida, 1't. L', 1SSS, p. Ii7.
Sertularia cupressina Ilin'iiXK, llydmids nf I'lyimmtli, issii-'.io, p. .'tin!.
Sertularia cupreigina IJCVIXSKX, Vid I'dh. "Hanrhs" Tn^'ter, ism!, p. .'I7n.
Si'rliiliiriii i-iijii-i-axliiii HAHTI.AI n, I lydnimednsen Hcl<_'<ilaiids. IS'.H, p. 4."il.
S,i'liil<iri fiijii-i'x.iiiiii Ci!A\vi.'nni), Ann. ami Ma.L.'., 'ith SIT.. XVI. isii.'i. p. L'lil.
Ni tiiiliii-ii i rii/<ri xxiiiu HAIIK TAXNKH-Ti KXKKKTsciiKU, 1 1 yd n lideti i les k . k. iiaturliist. I Iiit'mnsenms, ls!i.~i, p. '^:','.',.
Tliiii'ifin i-iijiiYiaiiiin PII TI-:T and r.::in. Ki'^s. Camp. Se. I lirnndrlir, I'.mo, p. L'4.
Tliiiiiirin riijH-i'xxiiin NTITIXI;, Hydrnids nf the \V Is Hnlr Kc^iun, P.Kll, p. :iii4.
.Sii-li/liiriii ctijii-i-Kxiiiii HAKI.IIT, Ainerii-iii Naturalist, liiOl, ]>. MHO.
Tltiiiiit-iii rii/ifi'Kshiii WIMTKAVKS, Cat. Marine Invert. Kastern Canada, MIDI, p. L'7.
Tliiiiiirin i-n/ii-i-.-ixitiii S IMI \hssns. I'.idrai; til Knnilskalien islandske 1 lydrnidrr, 11101', ]i. li'J.
TropJiosome. Colony sonictiincs atluining ;i height of ;i foot or more, usuallv niudi less.
Main stem lonj;'. \'efv slender, internodes not evident, a hydrotheca in the axil of each branch.
Braiiclics regularly alternate, dichotomously branching, \vitli a temlency toward a spiral arrange-
ment; internodes distant and inv'iilarly spari-d. Hydrotheca 1 subopposite to stihalternate,
deeply immersed, of the regular tlmiarian pattern, with a rather la rye liilaliiatc apci'tui'c and
a t\v()-lol)cd opercnlum. The distal hydrotheca 1 nri 1 more exserted and alternate tiian the proxi-
mal, and in some cases are almost identical with those. of /. Imn-liitix. on (he one hand, and
7 . iir</i nt: </ on the other.
(liHKisaiii, . (lonanyia liorne in rows on the upper sides of die hranchlets, rather -tout, tlat-
tened. with a terminal round aperture, distinct collar and operculum, and two ver\ -Iroujr.
sliar[)lv pointed, lateral spines projecting upward, one from each shoulder. An acrocvst is
present when the e/onophore-. are mature.
I)!x1i-I1>iit!in>.- -Common on European and New England shores of the North Atlantic,
extending downward to a depth of aliont l.">n fathoms: Denmark (Winther): Harent-- Sea, Itiii
74 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
fathoms (D'Urban); Iceland (Ssemundsson) ; Labrador (Packard); Mediterranean, Gulf of Gas-
cony (Pietet and Bedot); Gulf of St. Lawrence (specimens from Sir William Dawson).
This is one of the oldest and best known of the Sertularidse. The finest specimens that I
have seen came from St. Georges Hank. Newfoundland.
THUIARIA PLUMOSA Clark.
Tliiiiiii-in jiliniH i.-ai CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, ISTii. p. 228.
Thiiiiirin ji/iuniiKii KiRciiExi-Ai-EK Nordisclu- (iattnngen und Arten, 1884. p. 21.
" TnyilttiKoiiit'. Hydroeaulus simple, erect, very slender at tho. base, increasing in size to the
distal end, somewhat twisted jointed transversely, internodes of the proximal portion of very
unequal length, some being three times the length of others, those of the upper portion are
quite uniform, regularly branched; branches short, arranged alternately, one to each internode.
but owing to the twist in the stem take on a spiral form, the uppermost erect, lying close to the
stem, the lower ones curve outward, attached to the stem by a very prominent proce.ss, bearing
a few branchlets, regularly jointed; branchlets do not extend beyond the ends of 1 (ranches, and
lie close to the latter. Hydrothecu? largest at the base, tapering slightly outward, entirely
immersed; aperture toward the stem, the outer side produced, rim ornamented with two large
teeth placed on the outer side, two tooth-like processes of the perisarc also occur in the base of
each hydrotheca, arranged sub-alternately upon the branches and branchlets. Upon the stem
there are three to each internode, two placed opposite to each other and one in the axil of the
branch.
"(rontiNinii,'. Gonangia sessile, very long and narrow, tapering gradually to the base, orna-
mented with two short horns placed on opposite, sides of the orifice near the distal end; orifice
terminal, large; borne in single rows on the upper side of the branches and branchlets. Height
of largest specimen, 40 mm.
"Habitat. Bering Sea, 5 miles southwest of the west cape of Nunivak Island; :-!() fathoms,
sand. Icy Cape, Arctic Ocean; 15 fathoms, sand."
I have not seen this species, and have copied entire the excellent description given by the
original describer, Clark.
Type. Should be in the collection of the U. S. National Museum, but I have been unable to
find it there.
PASYTHEA Lamouroux (in part).
Trophosome. Hydrothecse biserial, strictly opposite, arranged in groups of pairs, a group
to an internode, the upper pair being smaller and differing in shape from the lower; margin
bilabiate, with a two-flapped opcrcuhmi.
(.iiiniiKoini-. Gonangia oval, smooth or with sides marked by broad annular rugosities, with
a large aperture and narrow collar.
This genus was introduced by Lamouroux in 1812 ' to accommodate two unrelated species,
one being the well-known J'. ynmlriil, ntntn and the other the so-called /'. f/il/'j)/'//', a bryozoan.
It remained for Bale to give an adequate definition 2 which was adopted in 18!i<> by Marktanner-
Turneretscher. 3 The group appears to be well defined, with evident relationship to S'-rti/Jar/n
in several respects, such as the opposite position of the hydrothecse and the characters of the
Irydrothecal margin and operculum. There are but three species known, I believe, one, P. yiiuil-
ridentata from both the Atlantic and Pacific, one, P. /i<.,'<><lt>n, from the Australian region, and
a third, P. phiMppina^ from the Philippines.
The American form is typical of the genus as defined above.
1 Nnuvcail I'.llllrtill .Irs Srirlli'rs ]>ur la Snrirtr phi]<miatii|llr III, Paris, 1812, J>. 183.
-Australian Ilydrnid /oophytrs, 1SS4, p. 112.
3 Hydroiden des k. k. naturlustoriyi:h<.-n IlufimiKumns, 1S!IO, p. 234.
THK SKKTI'LAKID-K. 75
PASYTHEA QUADRIDENTATA (Ellis and Solanderi.
(Plate XIII. li-s. t 7
.s'c/Vii/nri'i ijiindi'iili'iiliilti Ki, I. is uml Siii.AxiiKi!, Nat. Hi.-t. Xoupli.. 17sr>, p. ">7.
SBrtufario tjiifidrK/nttnlii (|MI-:I.I\, Svstrma Nalur;i- i Linna-nsi, I7SS. p. :;s.">;;.
l'<iKiiilii-ii i/iiiidi-idi'iiiiiin Ksi'KK, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, 111, I7ss. p. LM7.
Si'rtidiiriti 1/iitidriili'iiiittn Ksi'Kii, Fortsetzungen <ler Pflanzenthieren, II. 17'.M, p. .'12.
Si rlidiii-in ijiindridi iiliiln Ilcisc, Mist. nat. lies Vt-rs, III, 1SO2, p. !I7.
1'iixiiilii'ti (K'l'/ii/ni-iii) i/iHidi-idi'iiiiiiii I.AMi>ri:i>i\\, Bulletin philomatique, lsi2, p. is:;.
Paiylhea -quadridentata I.AMnrnorx. Hist, dee Polypiers coralligenes, isiii. p. i.'iii.
Sertularia quadridentata LAMAKC-K. Hist. nat. aiiiin. s'ans vert., II, isiii, p. 121.
i/iiii/lridi-iiliilii SfiiwEKicKK, Handlmch <lcr Natnrjicschirlitc, ISL'll, p. 4'Jli.
iiiin/lriili'iiliilii LAMDI-HOI-X, l^xpusitinn nii'thi)dii|Ui', 1S21, p. !i.
Tn/ijHiriti i/iiiidriili'iilnlii <\<- Iii.Aixvn.LE, Maniu 1 ! il'Artiniilnjjie, ls:!4-ls."7.
Pagythea quadridentata !' M.K, Australian Ilydmiil Xunph.. Iss4, p. 11-.
J'uxi/llii'ii <iii<idcid,-iitnl<i vim I.KXIH:.M-EI.]I, Vnstralian HyilriiiiiciliisM-. 1SS4, pp. 41!i, (i24.
J'lisi/llii'u quadridentata BALI:, ['me. I. inn. Sue. New Smith Wak's, LM scr. , III, Isss. ].. 770.
ijiiiidridi'iilnln .Ar.MiKT.vxxKii-TriiXKKET.sc iiKit, Ilyilniiilcn ill's k. k. naturliist. I Iiifiini.Tiinis. Is; in, p. 2:54.
i/iiiidi-idi'iittita Tiim:\i:i,v, Ilyilmiil yCmiph\ ti-.- ni'ilfrU-d l>y I>..rtnf \Villcy. Isil'.i, p. 4"i(i.
iiiin . Colony attaining a hciy'lit of uliotit one-third of :ui im.-li. i-on>i>tinu' of a single
anbranched stein o-rowin^ from a crecpinjf root-stalk, dividcil liy obiiijuc node-: into regular
internodes, each of which hears a pair of hydrotlieca-, or two or three pairs in a closely
((impressed yroup. Hydrotlieca 1 on the iirst internode a sinylc opposite pair, contingent for
about half their height in front, somewhat swollen below, the distal part curving to a narrow,
bidentate. or obscurely tridentate mai-yin. and an operculum of two llaps. Soinetimes the Iirst
intornode bears two pairs of opposite hydrothecie, the lower of which is like the pair just
do-scribed, the other pair lieiii^' wedded in between the diveryin.L;' free jiortions of the lower
hydrotheca', the bases of the former beiny indented by the latter. Sometimes two or more
intornodes have this same arrangement of hydrotheca 1 . One or more of the distal internodes
ol'leii have a -roup of three pairs of hydrotheca'. the lower two boinjf as just descrilied. the upper
beiny wedded in between the second pair, so that they are widely separated, the upper pair hein^
more erect, more extensively adnate to each othei- than the others: lowest pair largest, next
smaller, and the upper pair smallest.
(roniwmie. A single ,'onan<, r iiiin is borne at the base of the stem, ovate in shape, with annular
corrugations, a very broad, round aperture, no collar, and an operculum stretched across like a
drumhead.
Distribution. Coast ot Africa, near the island of Ascension ( Kills and Solander): Kitxroy
Island and Point Stevens, Australia (Has well); Coogee, Iiondi, Australia (Bale); Atlantic Ocean
(Marktanner-Turneretscher); South Seas (Thornely); between Eleutheraand Little Cat Island--.
British West Indies (Bahama Kxpedition. State I'liiversity of Iowa).
This species seems to be alwavs found growing on floating seaweed.
SERTULARELLA Gray (modified).
Truji/iiiK'iiin . Ilvdrotheca 1 hi.serial. strictly alternate, usiuillv with three or four marginal
teeth and a well-marked operculum with three or four flaps-. Rarely the teeth are obliterated, in
which case the operculum is stretched across the hydrothocal aperture like a drumhead.
Branches never regularly anastomosing to form a reticulate, llabellate structure.
(loiinxoiH, . (ionanu'ia usually ornamented with annular corrugations or ridges. Aperture at
the end of a trumpet -shaped tube, or else encircled by a narrow, broad collar, and several biunt.
spine-like projections.
This is perhaps the most .satisfactory generic group of the Sertularida 1 . because it is capable
of more exact delimitation than the other genera, and is based on characters that are easily seen.
As originally defined hv (irav. 1 the evims contained but two species, \. polyzo^ios and .s'. /v/
1 List of Specimens of British Animals. Kailiata. Liimlmi, 1S47, \>. (58.
76 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Hincks (istiS) described six, and Ilartlaub (I'.Hto) includes eighty -six species, the largest number
yet included in any one genus of the Hydroida. Allman adopted the genus in his earlier works, 1
but abandoned it in his Report on the Hyclroida of the Challenger Expedition, 1S88. Hincks, in
his British Hydroid Zoophytes, 1808, and Bale, in his Catalogue of Australian Ilydroid /oophytes,
1S84, called attention to the character of the opereulum, now considered the best means of delim-
iting the genus, and in this they have been followed by nearly all subsequent writers of
importance. 1
In 1900 there appeared a work by Doctor Ilartlaub which contains by far the most complete
and masterly discussion that has ever been offered concerning any single genus of the order
Hvdroida.' 1 The ground has thus been so completely covered by one fully equipped for the best
work, with unusual advantages for examining a, large number of types in the most important
museums of Europe, that the present writer has found his labors greatly lightened so far as the
genus Xfi'tii/in-i'llii is concerned, and has availed himself freely and with confidence of the results
of Doctor Hartlaub's labors, especially in the matter of bibliography and distribution of species of
this great genus. In the few cases where Doctor Hartlaub has given references unavailable to
myself 1 have taken them on his authority, having verified so great a majority that I aiu con-
vinced of their entire reliability. This writer's definition off the genus is substantially (lie same
as the one adopted in the present work. He does not claim to give a final definition, but simply
employs it as a means of assembling all the forms that he regards as closely related to S^rfnlnri-Jln
as ordinarily understood. He finds that the characters of the internodes relied upon by Schneider*
is verv inconstant, and that Levinsen has relied too implicitly on the characters of the marginal
teeth and opereulum. 5 He does not regard the opereulum of Xi'/inlar<l/<t as homologous with
that of Si-rfiiliirin* the former being a definite structure added above the real hydrothecal margin,
while the latter is the thin end of the hydrothecal wall itself.
POINTS OF INTERGRADATION BETWEEN SERTULARELLA AND OTHER GENERA.
Although there are certain species that do not come strictly within the definition above given
for Seriularetta, there is only one that comes within the, limits of any other genus as defined in
this work, and that is .S'. i-lurk!!, which bears considerable resemblance to certain species of
TJniiitrld' in the aperture and marginal teeth. The strictly alternate liydrofhecie, however, and
the regularity of the internodes are sufficient, in my opinion, to overbalance these thuiarian
features and justify the, inclusion of the species in ,SV iinl<ir<lln.
There are several species in which the gonosome differs from the typical S< /'tnlnrcJIn in not
being annulated. X. , /i/xmjii/x has gonangia that are strongly ribbed longitudinally, reminding
one of certain species of Abii'tiiitii-ii.i, such as A. cantata Nutting; S. f/t/'<//</// (Trask) has gonangia
that have, the distal portion beset with strong spines, reminding one of these structures in some
members of the genus Dt/phasia, such as ]>. acanthocarpus (Busk), and S. furnn<i.i Fewkes has a
perfectly smooth gonangium resembling some of those found in the genus X, I'tnlnr'xi. All of
these species, however, come well within the genus and could not consistently be placed in any
other.
The, following kev, like the others in this work, is purely artificial and makes no claim to
indicate, the relationship of the species involved.
'Diagnoses of New Genera anil Species of Hydroids, Journal of the Linn;i>an Society, 1S74, \\. 261 ; Memoirs of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology, V. No. 2, 1.S77, p. 21; Description of Australian, Cape, and other Hydroids, mostly
from the collection of Miss II. Hatty, Journal of the Linnrcan Society, XIX, 1885, p. 133.
2 See the General Systematic Discussion, p. lit.
3 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, von Doctor Clemens Hartlauli, Hamburg, 1900.
4 Ilvdroidpolypen von Rovigno, Kiel, 1897, p. 523.
5 Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider f ra Gronlands Vestkyst, 1893, p. 57.
TIIK SKKTI'LAKIUJS. It
KEY Til THE AMKlile AN S]'K( I ]> ill TIIK (iKXI'S SEHT1 I.AUK1.I.A
Ilydrothec-e with fmir teeth.
Hydrotheca] walls marked by annular rugosities.
Kngosities "ii upper side df hydrolhecic only.
Hydrothec;e large, stem fascicled r/m/i.
Stem in it fascicled.
Hydrothecse distinctly narrowed distal ly a mien.
Hydrothec.-e not distinctly narrowed distal ly i-nl, ,,u.
Rugosities on all sides of hydrothecal walls.
No distinct neck to the hydrothec;r.
Ilydrothecie (itmdrate in en >ss section i/nmlrn/n.
Hydrothecse nuind in cross section.
Hydrotliec:c very large Inn HIT!.
Hydrothec.-e not very large.
Hydrothec;i distant, rugosities not very deep </, iiii-n/nlii.
Hydrothec.-e approximated, rugosities very deep /mlni/nnim.
A distinct square neck to the hydrotheca.
Ilydrothecie largely immersed, closely approximated rtit/nxn.
Hydrothecse cxserted, not closely approximated.
Hydrothecie with two very distinct rugosities untii.
Hydruthene with several less distinct rugosities I, in:lln.
Hydrothecal walls smooth, without regular rugosities.
Marginal teeth distinctly of unequal size.
Ilydrothec.-i' inclined forward nil muni.
Hydrothecie not inclined forward in noticeable decree miilnrln.
Marginal teeth of approximately eijual si/.e.
Entire adeauline wall adnate to hydrocaulus.
Hydrothecse closely approximated.
Colony of very thin hyaline structure lain.
' Colony of thick corneous structure nllm.
llydrothec;i- distant, stem fascicled below y/i/im;/, rn.
IIydi'othec:c distant, stem not fascicled iliistniis.
Practically the entire adeauline wall free ri/limli-illiirn.
Less than mie-third of adeauline wall adnate.
1 1 yd nit here CM ion nous, margins reduplicated i/ii/nnlin.
IIvdrothecM' not extraordinarily lar.L'c-.
Hyd rot hec; i cylindrical "///An/Vra.
Hydrotheca smooth and its internode fusiform fiixlfnnnix.
Ilydnithec;e rugose, pcdiculate .111/1111 rin.
Hydrothec;e swollen below.
Hydrothec;e dislanl. ^niian^ia relatively lar^c pirta.
II yclrothee;e not distant, gonangia small ///.</" ''""".
Between unc-third and three-fourths of adcauline wall adnate.
About one-half of adcauline wall adnate.
Teeth well marked jn,/i/:niiinx.
Teeth very shallow i-lnnsn.
About two-thirds of adeauline wall actuate COmpleXd.
Hydrothc'ca- with three' tei-th.
Teeth of iiiiecjnal si/.e.
llydrotheca- inelined forward, niarnin llariii}; /liiinnln.
1 Iydrothec;c not inelined furward, margin llurin:.' ' maTga/ritacea.
IIydrothec;e not inelined forward, margin not flaring
Teeth of eijual si/.e.
1'istal part of hyilrothecin narrowing to oriticc.
Arranjienient of hydrothec.-c \cry irregular
Hydrother;e fairly regular.
Branc'hing diehotomous, c'oloiiy stra^L'ling KtilnHrli<>li>iiin.
Branching alternate.
Hydrotheea- with oblii|Ue internal marking jiUjfnniu.-.
llydnithcc.-c without oblique markiiii; ..ijiinili-iilmtr.
]>istal portion of hydrothec.e expanding,
<ionangia large, distal jiortion ttirreted - iin-i-iiliniin/iti.
Gonangia smaller, with very conspicuous flaring frills eltyans.
78 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Distal part of hydrothecse neither expanded nor contracted.
More than two-thirds of adcauline wall adnate ............................................. mttneana.
Less than one-half adcauline wall adnate.
Adnateness varying greatly, hydrothec;L> large ...... . ................................ magellanica.
Adnateness fairly constant.
Hydrothecse very small.
Stem geniculate, gonangia deeply ani.ulated ..................................... minnln.
Stem flexuose, gonangia feebly anmilated ...................................... li'i-iiixrin.
Hydrothecse niedium or large.
Margins extensively reduplicated .............................................. ili-nlijn-n.
Margins not extensively reduplicated.
Gonangia deeply annulated throughout ____ ......................... ____ tririmiiiiliitii.
Proximal part of gonangia smooth ................................ . ......... trujiifu.
Hydrothecie with two teeth.
Hydrothec;e inclined forward ................ . ............................................... - ...... rlitrkii.
Hydrothecie projecting outward ............. ; .................................................... ejiiscojitix.
Hydrothecse immense, teeth inconspicuous ................................................ . ......... HHII/H".
Hydrothecal margin smooth.
Hydrothecie perfectly cylindrical ............................................... . ......... - ...... .formuxit.
Hydrotherae the shape of the frustum of a cone .................................................... luirtluiili.
Hydrothec;e with beveled margins ............................... . ................................... nana.
/
SERTULARELLA GAYI (Lamouroux).
(Plate XIV, figs. 1-7.)
Sertiilarin. gmji LAMOUROUX, Exposition Methodique, 1S21, p. 12.
La Scrliilnrin <li- (imj DE BLAINVILLE, Manual d'Actinologie, 1834, p. 481.
Si'rliiliii-in i/ni/i LAMARCK, Hist. nat. anim. sans Vert., 1836, p. 152.
Sertularia potyzonias VO.T. ft, JOHN.STON, Brit. Hyd. Zooph., 1847, p. 62.
K-rtuliii'iii i/'ii/i HINCKS, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., VIII, 18(31, p. 252.
Sertuliirin ;/"</' ALDER, Trans. Tyneside Field (.'lab, V, 1862, p. 2:i7.
Serlularelln ;/".'/' HINCKS, British Hydroid Zoophytes, ISHS, p. 237.
t i/ni/i SAKS, P.idrag til Kundskaben om Norges Hydroider, 1873, p. 21
i'l/d ijni/i var. rnlmxln Ai. I.MAN, Pnrcupiiie Expedition, 1874, ji. 471.
f-li'iiiil'in'Hit i/ni/i XOKMAX, Ann. and Mag., 4th scr., XV, 1M75, p. 173.
Sertularellagayi, var. robusta ALLMAN, ilem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1S77, p. 22
Scrlnliiivllii. ijmji '! VKHRILI,, Check List, 1870, p. 18.
Sertiiliiirl/ii. i/ut/i WINTHER, Fortignelse di i Danmark Hydroider, 1880, j>. 27(i.
\,,7/<//v// i/ni/i. FEWKES, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 7, J881, p. 128.
,V, rtuliiri /In i/ni/i KlRCHENPAUER, Nordischc (Tattungen, 1S84, p. 41.
K-1-liilnirlln i/ni/i SEIIEKSTEDT, Bihang till K. Svcuska Vi-t.-Akad., 18SSI, p. IB
i .'/".'/' Bol'KNE, Hydroids uf Plymouth, 1890, p. IKHi.
-l/ii ;/<<//<< iAiisTANG, Journ. Marine Biol. Assnc., Ill, 1895, p. 224.
-i-ll<i ijni/i CiiAWKuKii, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
-i'llii i/ni/i NUTTIXC,, Bahama Expedition, 1895, p. 88.
rlhi ,/ni/i DUERDEN,- Proc. Koy. Dublin Sue., X. S., VIII, 1897, p. 416.
-fllii i/'i'/i A 1. 1, EN, Journ. Marine 15iol. Assoc., 1899, p. 452.
-i-llii i/ni/i I'.IINNEVIK, Norwegian North Atl. Exped., 1899, p. 76.
lhi i/nii! llAirn.Arii, Revision Sertularella-Arten, 1900, ji. 61.
Rertiiluri'llii i/ni/i NUTTING, Ilyilroids of W ..... Is Hole Region, 1901, p. 36:;.
Sertularella ;/ni/! HAROITT, American Naturalist, 1901, p. 391.
i, . Colony .straggling in habit, attaining a height of about (! inches in sonic cases.
Stem fascicled, made up of a number of intertwining and intimately connected tubes, which in
the aggregate form a very thick woody stem that bears no trace of internodes or regularity of
branching. Branches given off irregularly from the stem, but with a tendency toward a pinnate
arrangement. Sometimes a large, branch is given off from the main stem which resembles the
latter in all particulars, otherwise the brunches are nonfascicled, sinuous, divided by oblique
nodes into regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Hydrothecse ovate, with the
distal ends narrowed and bent slightly outward, adcauline side more or less marked by trans-
verse rugosities, distal two-thirds free, ending in a margin ornamented with four shallow equi-
distant teeth and an operculum consisting of four valves.
'I FIK SKKTULAKID.K. 79
. Gonangia borne on the upper sides <it' tin- branches, inserted near tlie liases of
hydrothecce, lony, slender. terete, narrowing to a short, broad pedicle at the proximal end and
to a two-toothed maryin at the other; the upper one-third to one-halt' i- marked h\ e\ en shallow
annulations.
Distribut/ion. New Fn^land coast (Verrill); (tulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson); coninion in
West Indian region, var. rnl>i<xf<i ( Allnian): Bering Sea {A.U>atrO88)\ British coasts (IlincKs);
Shetland (Hincks); between Shetland and Fa foe lAllman). where it reaches a depth of lio;.
fatlioins; Swedish west coast (Se^erstedt ); Xorwa\ (Sars); Greenland (Segerstedt); Mediter-
ranean (< iraert'e); Africa, Cape ol'fiood Hope (Johnston); A/lmfr* >x* Station :>''''''. hit. N. :in .Mi'.
lonjr. W. Si; i':;'. HiT fathoms; Station -.Mir., hit. N. 31 iV,'. Ion--. W. 7!' uT'. I'Tii fathoms;
Station -Jiii;:',, lut. X. !". :'.'.'. lon^. \V. T'.i 4:'.4i'l fathoms; Station L'tiiis, hit. \. :;u 58' 30", lon<r.
W. T'.i ::s' :,n". i".i4 fathoms; Station L'ssii. hit. N. 4.", .V.r. ]on^. W. Ll'4 .Mi' ::o". .".n fathoms.
The following localities are j^iven liy Fewkcs without the station number: Lut. X. >!L '7', lony.
W. 7s is' 35", ;::-: fathoms; hit. X. ML' 43' 25", Ion--. W. 77 20' 30", 233 fathoms; hit. X.
:',-2 -J.V, lonu-. \\'. 77 4i'' ^.u". I'HL' fathoms; hit. X. :;-J i7'. lony. W. 7s :;7' :',n". L'l'H fathoms.
The description Driven above is taken from a specimen from Station iT.Cs. and belongs to the
variety r<>l>itxf<i Allnian. which liardlv ditfers in anv essential character from the original British
form. The species, as indicated above, has a very wide distribution, but has not as yet been
found in the Pacific.
SERTULARELLA CONICA Allman.
I Plate XV. liu'.-. L-2.)
,v> riiilnr, /In I'nnii'i i \I.I.M.\.\, Hydroids o the Gulf Stream, 1S77, \<. -I.
ti'i-lii/iinllii fuiiirii CI.M;KK, Hull. Mas. ('map. /mil., V, NIL 111. Is7!l, p. 1MK.
.' Kfi-tiilitri'llit ciinirii CM. KISS, Smiir 1 1 yili'i ilils t'niia I'u^'et Suiuid, tsil'.l, ].. :;."id.
X,-rfii/n,;l/,i conica HARTI..M-I:, Krvisina SiTliihirrlla-Arlni, I'.ion, |,. liii.
Xfi-tii/in-fllii i-niiini II.vicn.M'it, II vilniidra aus ilmi Slill.-n Uccan, I'.MM, p. :;."il.
Trophosome. Colony attaining a height of 1 : i inches. Stem not fascicled. tle\itoM\ divided
into regular slender internodes, each of which boars a hydrotheca. Branches irregular and
sparse, themselves sometimes branching dichotomously, divided inio lonu. slender internodes,
each beai'ine; a hydi'otheca. Hydrotheca' distant, rather slender, free for nearly their distal
two-thirds, proximal ends swollen, narrowing regularly to their distal end. which is much more
slender and narrow than in allied species, the upper side heiii- marked by shallow corrugations;
maryin witli four equal and equidistant teeth and a conical operciilum composed (P f four Haps.
(roiiiixonii . Not known.
IHxiriliiition. Southwest of Tortuyas. (in fathoms (Allman): hit. N. i'4 :!4'. lonj;-. W. V.
If,'. ( Townseiid Harbor (Calkins); . I llxit,;, Station i':',7o. hit. X. L".I Is' L5", lone-. \\'. 85 :\-l' ,
IT) fathoms; Station -j:;ss. hit. X. :>'. ~24' :;n". lon-. W. ss ol'. ;-',;, fathoms; Station i'771. hit. S.
.M 34'. lono-. W. i is . :,(}.:, fathoms.
It is impossible to tell from ('alkins's li"-ure and description whether the species that lie
idcntitied as .V. <-i>/i/'r<i is correctly determined or not. There is nothing to indicate the number
of hydrothecal teeth. The hydro! hecie seem to be very stout and closely approximated for that
species. I>r. Torrey ' identities a species as .S'. mnii-ii that cannot be placed in that species on
account of having three instead of four hydrotheeal teeth. It seems doubtful thai the species
has as yet been correctlv reported from the Pacific coast.
TI/JI: . Iii the Museum of Comparative /oology. ( 'ambridye, Massachusetts.
1 llydrciiils <if iln- I'arilir mast, I'.HK, p. 60.
5125 ra I' 04 - ti
80 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
SERTULARELLA CATENA (Allman).
(Plate XV, fig. :;. I
Sn-liilirin cn/eiia ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. '2, 1888, p. 58.
s,-i-iiil<u-fli<i i-iiii:ini HARTLAI-H, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, moo, p. 84.
Tru^lioKiniii:. Colony attaining a height of about "2 inches. Stem fascicled basally and
simple distally, geniculate, the distal simple part being divided into regular intercedes, each of
which is broadened at its distal end to furnish a support for a hydrotheca. Brunches roughly
alternate, resembling the distal part of the stem as above described. Ilydrotheea,' subcylindrical,
almost wholly exserted, narrowed slightly at each end, the upper (adcauline) sides being marked
by shallow rugosities: margin with four shallow teeth that ate sometimes reduced to nirre
sinuosities; operculum imperfect in the type, but probably composed of four parts.
CrtmiwHiic. Gonangia borne on stem opposite the bases of hydrotheca', large, terete in form:
orifice terminal, small, armed with two shallow processes or teeth. There is apparently a series
of verv shallow rugosities or anmilations on the distal portion of the gonangia.
Disfriliitflon. Off Culebra Island, West Indies, 390 fathoms (Allman).
An examination of Allman'' s type of this species shows that it is not identical with /?. cijlin-
drit /in'ii, as suggested by Hartlaub. 1 The fascicled stem, and not truly cylindrical or quadrate
hydrothecit, and especially the very different shape of the gonangia, show that this species is very
distinct from S. cylindritheca.
The. figure here given is from the type collected by the Challenger, and differs somewhat
from those of Professor Allman.
Type. In the South Kensington Museum. Fragment in the possession of the author.
SERTULARELLA QUADRATA Nutting.
(Plate XV, figs. 4-6.)
\'i-lii/iiri'l/u i/itiulriitii, NUTTING, Bahama Expedition, 1895, p. 88.
TropJwsome. Colony attaining a height of about (i inches. Main stem sinuous, strong,
monosiphonic, divided into regular internodee each bearing a hydrotheca. Branches alternate,
each internode bearing a hydrotheca immediately at the base of which is the oblique node.
Hydrotheca^ very long, three to four times as long as wide, quadrate in section, margin with four
equal and equidistant teeth and a four-flapped operculum. Hydrotheca' often with margins
several times reduplicated, and a number of tine horizontal st nations on the outside of the hydro-
thecal walls.
Gonosoine. Gonangia borne near the hydrothecal bases, broader and stouter than the
hydrotheca?, tubular, with rounded bases and distal part quadrate in section. Aperture in the
center of the depressed top. Margin surrounded by usually five or six long recurved horizontal
spines arranged so as to present a stellate appearance when viewed from above.
Distribution. Near Habana, Cuba (Nutting): J/// ////* Station 2143, lat. N. ! :X 4.5",
long. W. 76 25' 30", 155 fathoms; Station 2323, lat. N. 23 In' 51", long. W. S2 lit' n3". Hi:;
fathoms: Station 2326, lat. N. 23 11' 45", long. AY. *2 18' 54", 194 fathoms: Station 233", lat.
N. 23 in' 4S", long. W. 82 19' 15". 121 fathoms; Station 2334, lat. N. 23 10' 42". long. W. 82
18' 24", 67 fathoms.
This very striking form has perhaps the longest hydrotheca' known in the genus x,rfitln-
nlln. Its nearest ally is S. cyl !<lritli< c<i, from which it differs in the length of the hydrotheca^
and also in the form of the gonangia. The reduplication of the margin seems to be here carried
to the extreme known in the Sertularidse.
Ti/2>,- .sV/V/,-.v. Cat. No. 18714, Museum State Univ. of Iowa; Cat. No. 19773, 19778, U.S.N.M.;
also in collection of the author.
1 Revision der Sertularella-Arten, WOO, p. S4.
THK SKRTPLARIM.K. 81
SERTULARELLA TANNERI, new species.
I Plate XVI, !i'_'. I. I
. - But a fragment ut' ;i single branch nl' this species is known. Branch sliyhtlv
flexuose. divided into regular internodes, each bearing a h\ drotheca. node-- oblique, deep, accom-
panied by two of three annular rugosities of (lie perisare. I Ivdrot hee;e very la rye. subtubular.
the terminal portion being gently curved out ward, only a small part of the proximal adcaiiline
wall being adnate to the hydiocaulus.; entire hydrothecal \\all Ixith aliove and lielow regularly
and closely annulated; margin squarish, with four low equidistant teeth and a four-flapped
operculum.
(inniixnni, . Not known.
Distribution. Albatross Station I'.sTM. lat. N. ^ 30', long. W. 1^4 :>7. 4o fathoms.
This very striking species shows almost complete intergradation liet\\een the /</,/<</ and
polysonias groups, having the deep annulatioiis of the former with a hydrotheca - ....... what
resembling the latter in si/c and shape.
II . In the collection of the I'. S. National Museum.
SERTULARELLA GENICULATA Hincks.
, Mat.- XVI, tin. 1'. I
Sertularella geniculala MIS-CKS, Ann. ami Mu>;., 4th sur., XlII, ls"l, p. 152.
Sertularella geniculala KIHCHKM-.M I:K, Nonlischc < iaitiiiii.'i>ii, lss4, ji. 44.
i i/i'itif/i/iitii LKVIXSEN, McdnsiT, ( 'tcnn|ihc.rc'r n^ Ilydrniilrr fra ( iri'inktiiils NYstkyst, ISli:;, ],. L'lll.
onu .--- " Stem slender, decidedly yenicldate. simple or sliyhlly branched, jointed and
twisted above each caliele: the internodes lony, attenuated below and bent in opposite direction-..
Hydrotheca 1 very distant, ribbed transversely, chiefly on the upper half, rather broad below, and
narrowing o-radually toward the margin, which bears four very prominent teeth, is sinuated
deeply between them, and is surrounded bv a conical quadripartite operculum."
Gonosome. Unknown,
/>/'x?/'/'/>n//'i>,i. Off Frederickshaab, Davis Strait (Ilincks); Jan Mayen (Loren/).
I liave not si'en this species, and the above description is copied entire from the original bv
Ilincks. Hartlaub stoutly contends that this species is identical with .V. f<n</l<i. and lie mav
be right. Not having material for comparison, and in view of the yreat difference between
the description and illustrations of the species as given by Ilincks and the tvpica! .S. f,n,l/n. the
present writer deems it safer to regard the two species as distinct.
SERTULARELLA PATAGONICA (d'Orbigny).
(Plat i- XVI, ti>;. 3.)
Sertularia patagonica II'OKHKIXV Voyage ilans ]' Ani('Tii|iic Mi'-i-lilinnalc, IS.'!!I, p. L'. r ).
Si rtiiiin-i'lin ri'H'ixn '.' Kim 'iiKM'M 'KK, Nordische Gattungen, iss4, \>. ti'.
Sirhi'ori 'Hi i ri<i/<tsu '.' 1 1 Men. MII, Revision der Sertularella- Arten, inon, \>. H'L'.
" S. ramulia simplicibus, cellulis alternantibus, ovalibus, transversim rugoso-plicatis; \esi-
culis magius, transversim 1<> costato-gradatis." (Original description.)
Ti-i>]iliiix<niii'\ Colony unbranched, attaining a height of about 1 inch. Stem not fascicled,
internodes short, divided by oblique double nodes; hydrothecse oval, alternate, distal end trun-
cated, provided with six wrinkles in the form of strongly projecting tiers.
(TIUIUKIIIIII'. Gonangia very large, resembling the liydrotheca-. oval, ornamented transversely
by ten ribs in tiers.
/ttxfril'iitiiin. " Bai de Kos." southern Patagonia.
I have not seen this species. Judging from the excellent figures given l>v d'( )rbi<_mv. it does
not seem likely that it is the same as X. rm/n.-oi, as suggested b\ Kirchenpauer and llartlaub.
the distal extremities of both hydrotheca- and goiiangia being entirely different.
'Description libei-ally translatt-il fruni the original nmiv fxlfiiilnl ilcM-riptimi by il'( >rl>ii_ r ny.
82 AMERICAN HYDROIUS.
SERTULARELLA RUGOSA (Linnaeus).
I Plate XVII, tij,'S. 1-5.)
Hiitiil-trijoil ('i>i-iilliiii- KI.I.IS, Kssay Nat. Hist. Coral., 1755, p. 26.
Xi-i-tiiltn-iii rii i/i MI LINN.KCS, Systenm Natnnr, 175S, p. 809.
Xi-rtntiii-lii rtii/nxii HorTTUYX, Natuurlyke Historic, 17til, p. 53it.
Si-riiiliiriii i-iii/iixii I'ALI.AS, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, j>. 126.
Xci-lnliiriii rui/nxii LIXX.KUS, Systema Natunr, 12th t'il., 17(57, i>. I3tis.
Sn-lnlin-iii i-iii/iixii BODDAERT, Lvst der PUmt-Dieren (Pallas), 1768, p. 157.
X, i-tiilni-iii mgosa MARATTI, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 28.
.si i-iii/iii-in rui/nxii FAHRICII'S, Fauna Grcenlandica, 1780, p. 443.
Si'i-tiilni-iii riii/nxu EI.I.IS ami SOI.AXDER, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, ]>. 51'.
Xi-i-iii/iiriti i-iii/nxii Wn.Kixsand HERBST, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 17x7, p. 164.
riii/ii.iii (iMKi.ix, Systema Nature (Linnaeus), 1788, p. 3X47.
riit rui/nxii KSPER, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, 1788-1X30, p. 182.
i riii/nxu IlERKEXiiorT, Synop. Nat. Hist, (iivat Britain, I, 17S1I, p. L'lli.
i rtiijiixH KSTKH, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II. 17!i4-ls(>, pi. xi.
,v. rliilnriii i-iii/uxii I'msc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 03.
Xi-rtii/ui-iii riii/nxu TI-RTOX, British Fauna, 1807, p. 213.
\-Hiilnriii i-iii/iixii JAMESON, C'at. Anini. (lass Venues, 1811, p. 564.
Sfi-iiilin-iii i-tii/iiitti. LAMouRorx, Bull, philomatique, 1812, p. ls4.
,s, rtiiliii-iii rn/jiisn OKEN-, Lehrbuch. der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. in'.
Kn-tiiltn-iii nii/nim LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. Anini. sans Vert., II, 181(i, p. 121.
Clytea ;</( LAMIU-ROI-V, Hist. Pol. Coral., 1816, p. 203.
Si'rlnlnriii i-iiijnxii STKWAHI, Klt'inrnts nat. hist, animal Kiii'_'., 1X17, p. 442.
Si linliirin rui/nxii Ki.EMixii, British Animals, 1S2S, p. 542.
Hi'rlitliti-iti I-III/IIXK Bosc, Hist. Nat. ties Very, 1830, p. Ids.
('iiiiijiiniiiliiii-i' i-iii/iii-ii.i- HE BI,AINVII.LE, Manuel d' Aftiinplii<;ic, ls:!4, )>. 473.
Srrliilin-in rui/nxii LAMARCK, Hist. Nat. Anini. suns Vert., 1S36, p. 1411.
i'/i/ini riii/nxu TEMPLETON, London Magazine Nat. Hist., ls:;ii, p. 46(1.
i-iii/iixii JcuixsTiix, Nat. Hist. SOP-. Xorthunili., 11, ls:;7, p. 2.">7.
I'lii/iixn JOIIXSTOX, Hist. Brit, /noph., 183S, p. 1 1'3.
riii rni/iiiai HASSAI.L, Ann. and Maj;., VI, 1841, p. 167.
Si'iiii/iirin riii/nxii MACGII.I.IVRAY, Ann. ami Mai.'., IX, 1X42, p. 463.
X,-rlii/uriu i-iii/i.ixn TIIOMRSOX, Re]port Brit. ASSIPC. for 1X4:!, 1X44, p. 2X3.
S,-rtul,iriii i'iii/iaii JOIIXSTOX, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 2d eil., 1X47, ]>. 63.
^i rln In /-in rui/nxii ( JHAY, Brit. Museum Radiata, 1848, p. 69.
AiiijiliilriH'lin rni/iisii STIMTSOX, Invert. Grand Manan, 1853, p. 9.
S, -liiilin -in riii/iiiii AI.DER, Cat. Zooph. Northumb., 1857, j>. 23.
S, rliiliirin riii/nxu HIXCKS, Ann. and Ma;.'., 3.1 SIT., VIII, 1861, p. 2.">3.
i ciiii-tn L. Aci.vssi/, Cunt. Nat. Ilist. U. S., IV, 1X62, p. 356.
rnijnxii AI.DER, Trans. Tyneside Field Club, V, 1862, p. 2x'.i.
Amphitrocha rui/nxu A. AI.ASSI/, North American Aealeph,-i-, 1S65, p. 146.
Si rlnliirii: riiijtjxn VAX BENEDEX, Fauna Littorale I!el^'ii|Ue, 1X66, ]p. 183.
X,;-tiiliir,-ll<t rmjoxn HIXCKS, Brit. Ilydroid Zoopli., 1868, p. 241.
Sn-iuliirrllii rui/nxii SAKS, Bidra;; til Kunilskalien, 1X73, p. 44.
Xi'rliiliii-i'l/ti li'iiillii S( nn./.E, Jahresb. Kanon., Kiel, II, 1X74, IP. 131.
Hi'i-tnliii-i'llii i-iii/iixii Mc-IxTusii, Ann. and Ma.ir., 4th ser., XIII, 1X74, p. 212.
Si-i-tii/in-i'llii rnijnxii VERRII.L, Amer. .lnurn. Sei. and Arts, VII, 1S74, p. 133.
Si-i-liiliiri-llii i'iii/;'xii VERRIIJ., Amer. Journ. Sei. and Arts, IX, 1S75, p. 43.
Si-i-lnliiri-llii i-tii/oxit CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1X76, ]p. 224.
x i-in/iin-l/ii i-iii/iixii MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. and Maj;., 5th ser , I, 1S7X, p. I'.il).
Si-rtiilun-llii i-iii/iixii NORMAX, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, Ix7x, p. 31'.",.
Si-i-iiilin-i-llii i-iii/iixii \VINTIIER, Naturhist. Tidsskrit't, 1880, p. 244.
Si'rtnliinllii rni/iixii KiuciiExrArER, Nordische Gattungen, lxx4, p. 42.
Si'i-liiliinllii riii/nxii SEGERSTEOT, Bihang K. svensk. Vet.-Akad. Ilandl., XIV, no. 4, ixxil, p. 17.
.si i-tnliiri Ha i/niii-ii/iilii MARKTAXN-ER-TI^RXERETSCHER, Hydroiden des k. k. naturhisl. Ilofniiiseinns, IX!i(). ]>. 222.
Sfi-hiliii-illii riii/n.xn KEVVKES, (iuide to Collector, ISHO, p. 8X.
Xi'i-tiiliii-i'l/ti i-iii/iixii IIoYi.K, I'roe. Linn. Sue. 7,ool., XX, IXilll. p. -16(1.
Kirlnliii-i'llii i- ii i/i ma LEVIXSKX, \'id. I'db., "Hunehs" Totter, 1WI3, ]i. 3XX.
Serlularella rugoxa DIT:KI>E\, I 'roe. Roy. Irish Aead., (3) III, 18!I3, p. 3XX.
Sertularettn i-i^inxn HARTI.AUK, Ilydromcdusen Hel^'olands, Isiiy, IP. 451.
THE SERTULARID.E. S.'i
,S'i fliiliin-l/n riif/oa/i CHAWFIIRH, Ann. :iiiil Mai;., illli srr., X\'I, IS'.i.'i, ],. L'lil.
S,-i-lnl,n-i-ll,i riii/nat Mcl.vrosii, Ann. ami Mai:., Mli SIT., XVI. IS'.H;. p. 401.
njufii Ni TTINi;, llydrnida lYnin Alaska anil l'ni, r rt Sound. IS!li>, |>. 711.
II/IWK I'.nxxKviK, Norwegian X.n'tli. All. Kxped., 1S!I. p. 77.
iijiisn HAKTI.AI-H, He\ isi ler Sertularella-Arten, isioo, pp. .">4. 1.1, \<\. \\, titr. PJ.
i rnijtixii Xrrnxc, IIydn>ids i the \Vmnls Ilnlr Keijiiin, 1901, ]>. illiL'.
,Vi i-hiliin /In 1-iii/ii.tn IlAiiiii'iT. American Naturalist, 1!HM, p. HIM.
N rliiliii'i-lln xni-nilii NITTIXU, Ilyilriiids llarrhnan Kxpcilition, 1901, ]>. Is."..
i i-iujnisii WIIITK.VVKS, Cat. Marine Invert, eastern Camilla, 1H01, ]>. -").
i-iii/iimi S.KMrNiisxMX, I'.iilrai; til Kumlskalien islainlske llyiln>i<ler, IIMIL', p. (J7.
Triij>lii>Knni<: Colony attaining a lu-ij^lit of about thrrr-fourth> of an inch. Stem usually
unbranched, with several drop annulatiuns on the proximal end. and regular short internodcs,
each licaring a hydrothcea and usually several Simulations; nodes very deeply cut and oblique.
Hydrothecse not contiguous, barrel-shaped, ornamented with four to six annular rugosities,
ending in a short ill-defined square collar; margins square, with four ill-defined teeth and a
four-flapped operculuiu.
(TIIIIOXOIIK . (ionangia large, ovate to almost globular, with a number of annular rugositie-
and a small aperture armed with four ill-defined teeth.
D!xti'!l>iit!H.. New England coast (Verrill); (irand Mauan (Stimpson); West Indies (Nutting);
Alaska (Clark); Puget Sound (Nutting): British coasts (llincks); Norway (Sars); North Cajx-
(Sars); (Ireenland (Levinsen); Deniuark (AVinther): Iceland (Ssemundsson) ; Sweden (Segerstedt);
White Sea (Mereschkowsky); Helgoland (Ilartlaub); coast of Belgium (van Beneden).
This wide ranging species is quite variable, as would be expected, and the writer has found
specimens from our Atlantic coast thai agree quite well with his ,V. x,i<-riifii from Alaska.
SERTULARELLA AREYI, new species.
( Plate XVII, fifr. (i. I
Trnpliiixiinii . A fragmentary specimen was all that was secured. It was about one-fourth
of an inch high. Stem unbranched. very slender, intcrnodes longer in proportion to their thick-
ness than any others of the genus that I have seen, each bearing a hydrotheca near its distal end.
Hydrotheca' barrel-shaped, very distant, margin square with four obscure teeth and a four
flapped operculum; hydrothecal body marked by two very distinct annular rugosities which
divide the body into three nearly equal /.ones. The surface is further ornamented with distinct
longitudinal lines or tine ridges.
(inn<niu>. Unknown.
D/xt/'tliii/iiui. - Dredged near llahana. Inn to -_'nn fathoms, Bahama Expedition from the State
University of Iowa.
This very distinct and beautiful species I take pleasure in naming after my friend Professor
Arey. of ( 'edar Falls. Iowa, one of the members of the expedition that secured the type specimen.
Tij)><- slide. Cat. No. ixr.'.i:-;.
Museum of Natural History. State University of Iowa.
SERTULARELLA TENELLA lAlderl.
(Plate XVI II. liirs. L-2.)
Sn-liiliii-in I-III/IIKII i var. I .FnirxsTi.v. P.ritish X. .. .].hytes, I'll eil.. 1S47, I. ji. Ii4, anil HL'. C, p. til'.
.Si i hiliirin liiiilln AI.IIEI:. Cat. /.<">ph. Xnrthnnili., Is.'iT, p. -'.'>.
Sirlii/iirin limlhi HIXCKS, Ann. and Mai:., :!d.<er., VIII, 1S(!I, p. '-'>''.
\iiiiliii-in li'in-llii XIIUMAX, Kepnrt I'.ritish Assnr., lsi;7, p. L'oo.
H.i-ttil,ii-i'lliit,'iii/lti HIMKS, P.rit. llyd. /..iiph.. ISliS, p. 1'4L'.
Xi rtii/iii-il/ii liiiilln MIXCKS, Ann. and Mai:., Illi srr.. XIII. IS74. p. I."K!.
s,'i-iii/,ii;-//n I, n, /In .MclxTiisir, Ann. and Mai:., tlhser.. XIII, Is74. p. L'PJ.
Si-rtiiliii'i'l/n It mil, i Seuri.y.K, Xordsee Kxped., 1S74. p. l.'il.
X'l-tiilni-t'l/it tenetta WIXTIIKH, Xatnrhist. '1'iilsskrift (3), XII, ISSil, p. L'l.'i.
Sertularella tenella KLECHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, issi, p. n.
Si-rliiliiri'lln ti'iifllii SKIIKHSTKHT, P.idrai: til Kaiineilnmen Hydrniil faiinen. Issn, j). 17.
X /In/, ii , 11,1 1,'in'llit I.EVINSEX, Viil. Meddrl. N'atnrliist. Furi-n., isni'. p. .Mi.
84 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
fSertiiln,;/!,, angulosa BALE, Proc. Royal Sot-. New Soutli Wales, 1893, p. 102.
Xi'l-tiiliir,l/H I, infill ('l(AWKl)Rn, Allll. and Mag., Mil SIT., XVI, ISH'l, p. 261.
S,rlnl,ii;llii I* ii,llii I.OXXEVIE, Norwegian North Atl. Kxped., isyil, p. 77.
\, riiiim; I/a I: in /In HAKTLAI'B, Revision iler Sertularella-Arten, I'.iUO, p. 63.
Si,-l,il,ir,ll,i limlli II AKTi.Ai-ii, Ilyc.lroiileii ails dem Stillem Ocean, 1901, ]>. .'154.
.s,, //,,//,/ t,,,,-llu TORREY, Hydroidu of tin- Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 64.
TriijiJniKinii, . Colony small, not reaching a height of more than one-half inch in specimens
examined. Main stem slender, strongly geniculate, divided into regular long internodes, each of
which bears a hydrotheca. Branches. if present, few. lik(> the main stem, divided into regular
internodes, each bearing a hydrotheca. Hydrotheca distant, fusiform, strongly rugose, almost
their whole length exserted. aperture square, mounted on a short quadrate collar which has four
equal and equidistant teeth: opereulum with four Haps.
Giiiin.-iiiiii: . "Gonangia ovate, slender, ringed transversely, produced above into a short
tubular oritice." l
D'lxii'ilmti,,,,. Albatross Station -2W>. lat. N. i>:;- In' :W. long. W. xi' ; 19' li>". 109 fathoms;
Att>atrxx Station 2865, lat. N. 4,s li'', long. W. 12"2 49', 4u fathoms; Puget Sound (Hartlaub);
California, (Torrey); Rio de Janeiro (Rathbun); British Coasts (Hincks); Norwegian Coa.-t
(Bonnevie); Greenland (Levinsen). If N. tini/idumi Bale is a synonym of $. /,//<//</, the range of
the species will have to be extended to Australia.
1 cannot agree with Hartlaub that ,S. genicvlata Hincks- and X. ////<w/, mi von Lendenfeld 3
are synonyms of this species. Specimens dredged by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer
Alliutroxx and off the Alaskan coast are quite typical. as are the fragments collected by Doctor
Richard Rathbun off Rio de .Janeiro.
Type. In Museum of the Natural History Society. Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.
SERTULARELLA ALLMANI Hartlaub.
(Plate XVIII, figs. 3-6.)
Kertulurelta unilat, rnlis ALLMAX, Ann. and Mas., 4th ser., XVII, 1876, p. 114.
Sfrl/iliii-,'1/,1 iniiliili-rnlis Ai, I.MAX. Phil. Trans. Royal Society, London, V, 1S79, p. 282.
Vtrtuliiriii Ki-riniilit AI.I.MAX, Challenger Keport, The Ilydroids, Pt. 2, 1888, pi. xxv, fig. 2. (Explanation of plate.)
Sfi-liiliii-in iiniliilfi-nllit ALLMAX, Challenger Report, The Ilydroids, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 53.
X rtiiliirfllti iil/iiiinii IlARTLAfB Revision der Sertularelhi-Arten, 190(1, p. si.
HARTLAUB, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 82.
Tropkosome.Colouy attaining a height of about one-half inch, growing in a dense tuft.
Stem slender, much annulated below, divided into fairly regular internodes by deep nodes.
Branches alternate, dividing several times into branchlets, the ultimate division being dichoto-
inous, lying in two planes, projecting forward, outward, and upward from the stem, divided into
regular internodes, each of which usually bears a hydrotheca, or a hydrotheca with a branchlet
borne at the >ide of its base. Hydrotheca- lying in two planes projecting forward, outward, and
upward, so that they appear in side view to be all inserted on one side of the branch. Hence the
name " uniliit, ,///''*." Hydrotheca' flask shaped, rather small, about the distal one-half of adcau-
line wall free, aperture quadrate, margin with four conspicuous slender sharply-pointed teeth,
the anterior pair being the longer, and a narrow, even border. Opereulum of four flaps.
(tiitiiixni,,, . ( ionangia rather large, ovoid toobconical, annulated on upper half and sometimes
throughout, aperture rather large, and margin with five or six blunt teeth. Acrocysts present
when >exual products are mature.
I>!x1r!lnit!<>ii Ott' Accessible Bay. and Swains Bay. Kerguelen Island (Allman); Tierra del
Fuego, Point Stanley (Ilartlaub): Straits of .Magellan (Hartlaub); AH>utt'<ixx Station ~2ll(\. Straits
of Magellan.
This is a very variable species, and the quite considerable amount of material collected by
the United States Fish Commission Steamer A/lmfi-uxx in the Straits of Magellan shows the
identity of the -pecies named in the synonymy above. The gonangia are particularly variable,
'Him-ks, I'.ritish Hydroid Zoophytes, 1868, p. 1MJ.
2 Annals and Magazine of Natural History. 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 152.
9 Proceedings of the Linn.-i-an Society of New South Wales, IX, 1SS4, p. 416.
THE 3EKTUL ARIOSE. 85
especially in the mutter of tin- marginal teeth and the size of the aperture, specimens agreeing
with all of the figures given by Alhilan and Ilartlauh being found in a single colony. The thick-
ness of the perisarc described by Ilartlauli is eharaderistic of his specimens of X. ,//;/,//,//,-,/
( = ,s. iuiil,ifi_,'iilix Allman) is not mentioned by Allman and is not apparent in the specimens
collected by the Allmti-nxx. It is possible that \. init,n;-tifii is not the same as .v. unilateralis
Allman, hut a distinct species. Ilartlaub claims that the; name -V- rtnl<n;ll<i miUut, rul/x Allman
(1ST'.>) must be. abandoned. The facts appear to be that Ilartlaub (Revision p. 4'J) changes the
name. X rfuliu'ii.i mii'liif, i-iilix Lanmuroiix (isii-(-)to &-rt nl<ir,Utt unilateralis (Lamouroux), thus
securing the priority of the name for Lamouroux's speeies, by a strict application of the A. ( ). V.
Code. It therefore became necessary to give new names to Sertularella unilateralis Allman and
S, riiilur!,! iiiillut, ml!* Allman. species which seem to the present writer identical.
////"- -In South Kensington .Museum. London.
SERTULARELLA CONTORTA Kirchenpauer.
I I'lal.- XVI II, li-s. 7-9.)
.s, / tiiliiri'llii rniitniin KIRCHENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, issi, p. L'H.
.s ' iiii/iii-i'l/ii />ri'ti'i-iii HAKTI.AI-H, Revision der SertularellarArten, I'.MKI, p. 7'.i.
N i iiiliin-llii riiiiiiirin II.vnTi.AUi, Ki'visicin der Sertularella- Arten, HKIII, p. s:;.
Ti'iijilinxdiii, . Colony attaining a height of about :! inches in type specimen. Stem not
fascicled, thick, di\ ided into fairly regular internodes each of which bears a branch and hydro-
theca, or a hydrotbeca alone; internodes much broadened at their distal ends by a shoulder for
the support of the hydrotheca; nodes deep and distinct, there beiny corrugations or constrictions
in addition to the reyular nodes u'iyiiiL;' a twisted ap[ieai'ance to the stem and branches. Branches
irregularly alternate, flex uose, their bases \\\\\\ seyeral annular constrictions, divided into regular
internodes resemblini;- those of the stem. Hydrothee;e beayy. thick in texture, distal half free
and curyiiiif outward, margin with a distinct thickeneil rim and four teeth, the two abcauline
ones usually beiny' more pronounced than the adcauline ones. Operculum not seen in specimen
described, although Ilartlanb tigures a four-flapped operculum.
Gonosome.Gonaaigia large, axillary, ohovate or obconical in outline, or tereto as in the
type, with a short neck shaped like the frustum of a cone, and two prominent teeth in the speci-
men tiu-ured. without teeth in the one figured by the original describe!-; strongly annulated
throughout in the specimen figured, but smooth in the middle portion as figured l>v Kirchenpauer.
Distribution. Falkland Island and the Straits La Mar re. (Kirchenpauer).
The description given above is made, mainly from a specimen kindly sent me by Professor
Levinsen. labeled " Lamarre Straits." the locality from which the type specimen was secured.
In the trophosome it agrees well with the original description and figure given by Kirchenpauer,
but the gonangia are quite different, although there is one gonangium that is much nearer the
type than the one figured in this work. The specimen agrees very well with A'. /ini/,,-f,i Ilartlaub,
which I therefore regard as a synonym.
Tt/]i< . -In the Museum of Leipsic?
SERTULARELLA LATA (Bale).
(I Mate XVIII, fitf. 10.)
'I'niiiiiriii lutn Bu.n, .Tciuni. Mirrosr. Sen'.. Victm-ia. 1 SSL', p. 14.
Tlniinriii lulu I'.M.I:. (';it. Ausl ralian llyilnild /m ipli\ Irs, 1SS-I. p. 12(1.
Tlini,n-i,i hi/n/ii 1,1 Ai. I.MAN, Cliallc-nu'er Kcporl, IIyilri.iil:i, 1't. _'. Isss, p. C9.
7'ni/i/KtMiiii' . Colony attaining a height of ii or s inches (Bale). Stem fascicled below, not
fascicled above, where it is thick, divided into regular internodes each of which bears a branch
and two hydrothecffl on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Whole hydrocaulus
remarkably translucent and hyaline in structure. Blanches alternate, distant, only slightly con-
stricted at their origin, divided into regular, rsually long internodes. Hydrotheca' alternate,
widely separated by the thickness of the stem, closely approximated, tubular, completely adnate
to aperture on adcauline side, not apparently swollen or gibbous below, margin with a delicate
86 AMERICAN HYDKOIDS.
but evident rim mid four inconspicuous equidistant teeth which are sometimes aborted leaving
an even margin. The remains of an operculum can IK- seen in some cases, and this is probably
composed of four flaps.
Gonoaome. Not known.
Dititrllutlon. Griffiths Point, Port Stevens, Queen's Cliff. Victoria (Bale); Station 126,
south of Pernambuco, 770 fathoms (Allinan).
An examination of Allman's type of Tlniinriu Jn/<il!na Allman shows that the species comes
well within the genus SertnUardla as used in the present work. The. entire structure is very
delicate, and the operculum is in no ease perfect. In some cases, however, it is partially intact,
and is probably composed of four flaps where the four low teeth are present, and of a single thin
membrane where the teeth are wanting, leaving a circular margin. Bale's figures and descrip-
tions of Tlniiiir'ni luta Bale apply so completely to the Challenger type of T. Jii/nHnn Allman
before me that I have no hesitation in regarding the two as identical. As Bale's species has the
priority, Allman's T. In/iilimi must be regarded as a synonym.
Type. In Australian Museum, Sydney.
SERTULARELLA ALBIDA Kirchenpauer.
(Plate XIX, ligs. 1-2.)
Mertiilarelld rulnixlii, (.'I..VKK, Alaskan Hyilrnids, ]S7li, p. 22."i.
KiTtiilin-Mi nlliiilii, KIKCHENI'.U-ER, Nurdi.si'lu- (iattunjit-n, 1SS4, p. 42.
Hi'rtiilin-ellii nlliiiln, HAKTLAUB, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 26.
Trophosome. Colony attaining a height of about '2 inches, flabellate in form. Stem not fas-
cicled, thick, with several very deep annulations at its proximal end, internodes irregular,
tending to be shorter in proximal and longer in distal portion, nodes very deeply cut. Branches
flexuose, irregularly alternate, themselves branching, divided into irregular internodes like those
of the stem, very broad, resembling those of Tlmi/irin. Ilydrotheca 1 large, closely approxi-
mated, alternate, but on account of the thickness of the hydrocaulus appearing to be in two series
as in many species of Tlmiiti'in; broadly tubular, immersed to the aperture on abcauline side,
distal part bending slightly outward, margin with four teeth. Operculum of four flaps. An
intrathecal ridge originates at the bend in the abcauline side and passes downward and inward to
about the middle of the hydrotheca.
GOIIIKHIII, . (ionangia axillary, very large, perhaps the largest found in the genus, ovate,
regularly and closely annulated with short tubular neck, and round terminal aperture.
Dixtril'ittioii. Yukon Harbor, Big Koniushi, Shumagin Islands, 6 to .!(> fathoms. Collected
by AY. II. Pall (Clark).
This very striking species has the aspect of a Tiniini'iii and would doubtless be placed in that
genus were it not for the four-toothed hydrothecal margin and the typical S, rfula/'*ll<t form of
the gonangia. These latter are very large indeed, attaining sometimes a length of nearly a
quarter of an inch. The description and figures are from a specimen collected by Pall at Big
Koniushi, Shumagin Islands.
7}/yv. -In Museum of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
.'SERTULARELLA PINNIGERA Hartlaub.
( Plato XIX, fi. ::. )
'I'liiiitiriii /liiiinilii A I.I.MAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. 55ool., V, Nn. 2, ls.77, p. 28.
,VIT(/((;V//H .'iiiiiiiiiln HAUTI.AI-I'.. Itcvisiiiii ilcr Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 11 3.
Serlularella pinnigera HAHTLAI n, Kcvisimi der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 113.
" Trophosome. Stem attaining a height of nearly 3 inches, sparingly branched, fascicled
below, alternately pinnate, pinna' given off at nearly right angles to the stem, jointed at distant
and uncertain intervals. Hydrotheca' borne both by stem and pinna* , deep cylindrical with
obscurely four-toothed margin, adnate to the axis in their whole length.
' ' (ju/i (iKinn,'. Not known."
l>!xli-iliiit!nn. Double-headed Shot Key, 3 to 4 fathoms (Allman).
THK SERTULARID.E. 87
There is considerable clouht us to tin- systematic position of this species. The large and
iionretractile hydrant!), as represented in Allman's ligure, resembles those of //,//, .-////,,. as does
also the. tliick and strongly fascicled stem. Tlie above description is copied entire from Allinan.
TI/J>>: Iii Museum of Comparative /oology. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SERTULARELLA CYLINDRITHECA (Allman).
( I'late XIX, tiir. 4. i
Sertufaria cylindritheca \IA.M\\, ChalK'Hirer l;i-]irt, llydmida, I'l. L', isss, p. ."ill.
Sertularia cylindritlifca YKUSLI vs. Hydraires Calypt. Mcr dc. Antilles, isim, p. :;r,.
Sertularella cylindritheca II MMI.MI:, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, limn, p. 77 i parti.
Trtiji/iiixiHii' . Colony attaining a height of about 4 inches. Stem not fascicled, geniculate.
divided into regular internodes, each of which hears a liydrotheca. Branches irregularly alter-
nate, themselves sometimes dividing dichotomously and resembling the main stem. Hydrothecse
large, cylindrical proximally and i|iiadrate in cross section distally, almost entirely free, the
adcauline side only being slightly adnate, aliout twice as long as broad; aperture <|iiadrate.
margin armed with four equal and equidistant teeth. Operculum of four tlaps.
(jfiHinmiiiK .' Gonangia borne near the bases of the bydrothecw, j)edicel short, body shaped
much like the hydrotheea 1 . being cylindrical below and quadrate above. Distal end with broadly
expanded margin, which is quadrate and armed with four large flaring teeth. There are
numerous tine annular rugosities running around the whole gonangiuin. except on the proximal
portion.
Dt8tmbution.Q& Bahia, Brazil (Allman); West Indies (Versluys); Trinidad, specimen in
United States National Museum.
Versluys calls attention to the unfortunate name given this species bv its original describer,
Allman. The hydrotheca- are distinctly quadrangular in cross section, except at the base, and
hence the name " i-i/l ! m/i'it/i, a/ " is misleading. I am indebted to the authorities of the South
Kensington Museum fora part of the type collected by the I '/mil, n,/, r. from which the accom-
panying drawing was made.
TI/PI-. In the collection of the South Kensington Museum. Fragment in possession of the
author.
SERTULARELLA GIGANTEA Mereschkowsky.
M'latr XIX. ti. 7.)
Si-rlnliifi'llii i/ii/iinliii MKKKSCHKOWSKY, Ann. and Mair.. "illi Ser.. I, 1S7S. p. :i:;il.
'/'i'iyi/tnxii/11,'. "The tolerably tlexible stiMns spring from the branched hydrorhi/a ot'ten
without ramifying; sometimes they divide at their base into two or three branches, each of
which may again ramify once more; the terminal branches are in all case^ very long ami straight.
The hydrothecse are evidently alternately arranged upon the angularly bent stem; frequently \\e
observe three or four undulations (ribs) crossing the hydrotheea 1 ; it- form is much elongated,
only a little widened at its base; in si/e it is two or three times the length of the hvdrotheca of
. . .
X jHili/.-.niiitix. In adult indi\-iduals the margins are always furnished with se\eral ledges and an
equal number of small opercula placed one above the other. lielow each hydrotheea the stem is
slightly ringed."
Unknown.
n. White Sea. (Mereschkowsky.)
The above description is quoted entire from that of the original describer. Mereschkowsky
believes that this species is the same as X. / /<,////:,////,/.v \ar. </nj(int,,i Ilincks. a position positi\e|\
denied by Ilincks, who seems to me to have the belter of the argument. Ilartlaub' considers
.V. quad/ricomuta Hi neks as a synonym of x'. j >///;. <// /, /*, \\ hid i does not apjiear from a comparison
of the original descriptions of th. 'two. lie- also considers the X'. /),i///:v<///V/.v. found in Alaska and
1 Description taken fnnii \Yrsln\s. rrlVrem-e in s\ nnn\ my. \\ Im \\ :IH the lirst In dcsiTiln- it.
z Revision der Sertularella-Arten, limn, p. i'n.
AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
described by Clark, 1 as equal to X. </iij,i nt, ,i Mereschkowsky. I have this specimen from Dall's
collection from Alaska, and it is a typical >V. ^W//.;-r////W.v. The size of this species in connection
with the very pronounced reduplication of the hydrothecal margins, if constant, as the describe! 1
claims, seem sufficient characters to mark it a* a distinct species, not identical with S. polysonias,
var. <ii<i<inti<i Ilincks or var. ri>l>nxt<( (.'lark.
SERTULARELLA DISTANS (Allman).
(Plate XIX, tiw. r,-(i.)
Tlniiin-iii ilintmiK ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. i', 1S77, p. 27.
i'llii ilixt'inn ll.\i:'n.\[ 'i:, Kc'xision Sertularella-Arten, lllOO, p. 100.
TrojthiiKiini, . Colony plumose, attaining a height of about 4 inches. Stem not fascicled, not
canaliculated (in specimens examined by me), Hexuose, divided into regular internodes each of
which bears two hydrotheca' and a branch on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other.
Branches alternate, distant, nodes very distant or absent, divided from the stem by a deep con-
striction. Ilydrotheca- distant, alternate, immersed to tin? margin on adcauline side, broadest at
margin, gradually narrowing downward, margin with a narrow but distinct border and four very
low and inconspicuous teeth; operculum very delicate and hard to interpret, apparently of four
flaps.
(ininixniiii'. Not known.
I>!xti'!liiifi(in. Tortugas, shallow water (Allman); Shallow water between Eleuthera and
Little Cut Islands (Bahama Expedition from the State University of Iowa); Albatross Station
2M24, lat. N. 23 Hi' 25". long. \V. 8-'"' 20' 24", 33 fathoms; Station 2353, hit, N. 2d 5!', long. W.
sii 23', HIT fathoms; Station 2414, lat. N. 25 4' 30", long. W. 82 59' 15", 26 fathoms.
Specimens collected by the Expedition from the State University of Iowa were compared
directly with Allman's type in the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, and were found
to agree. There is no doubt that this species is very near .V. lutn (Bale), but the hydrothee;e are
more distant in .V. distans, and the entire structure is more corneous and much less delicate and
hyaline.
Type. In the Museum of Comparative, Zoology, Cambridge. Massachusetts.
SERTULARELLA AMPHORIFERA Allman.
(Plate XX. lii:*. 1-2. i
Serttdaretta amphorifera ALLMAX, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, 1S77, p. L'2.
Si'l'lnlilfillil ilili/ilini'i/'i m Cl.AUKIO, I'.ull. Mils. Ciim]>. /no]., V, 1S7!I, ]i. 246.
Sertularella amphvnfera HAHT[..\I'H, Kcvisimi ik-r Sertnlarella-Artfii, 1900, p. '2'.\.
Trophosome. Colony (fragmentary) about one-third inch high, stem not fascicled, flexuose,
slender, dichotomously l)ranched, divided into very long internodes each of which bears a hydro-
theca near its distal end. Branches like the stem. Hydrotheca' tubular, long, gracefully curved,
adnate for about their proximal third, margin four-toothed;, reduplicated, or at least the distal
parts of the hydrotheca' are marked by parallel horizontal lines that seem to indicate redupli-
cation.
(Jniioximi,-. "Gonangia springing each from a point near the base of a hydrotheca; obovate,
strongly annulated, rapidly narrowing to its point of attachment and terminating distally in a
conical neck, which carries on its summit a small circular orifice, with everted margin." (Allman.)
It'txli-'iliiilimi. Off Double-headed Shot Key, 4T1 fathoms (Allman); Lat. X. 2.V 33', long. W.
S3 If,', till fathoms, abundant (Clarke); Allot n>xx Station 2354, lat. N. 2<i 5'.r 3d", long. W. 86
L'.V 33", IdL fathoms.
The fragment from which the above description of the trophosome was taken differs from
Allman's description in having apparently four teeth to the hydrotheca. This may be due, how-
ever, to mutilation of the specimen, the hydrothecal margin being apparently worn and perhaps
broken.
////" In the Museum of Comparative Zoologv. Cambridge, Massachusetts.
1 Alaskan Ilydrui.ls, 1870, p. 224.
THE SEKTULARID.E. 89
SERTULARELLA FUSIFORMIS | Hincks).
(I'late XX, tigf. S-4.)
iSM></<iri'<i ;'.*i';iic/i.i HINCKS, Ann. an>l M;IL'., ""I scr., VIII. Isiil, p. -'<'.',.
^i-Hii/iirinjiixijiiriiiif NIIUMAN, Uuport Ilritish As.-<ir.. iltilh iiiccliiii.', 1SH7, p. L'OO.
,s, rtii/iii-i-l/ti jtiisijiiriitix HJXCKS, I'.rit. Ilyilroiil X.o,,pli.. I si is. p. L'4:i.
SertulareUafiisifoJTnisGBAESTfE, Ark /.ml. lust., \Vim un.l Trirst, V, lss-1, p. 356.
Serttdarettafusiformw I'IEI-EK, /unl. An/., VII, iss-t. p. is:,.
,s; i-iiiiiii'fliu fiixiftirniix ( ' Mirs, Prodromus Fftunae Medit., I, iss.'i, p. 12.
Sertularettafusifarmis HDYI.K, Jimrn. Linn. Sue., /iil., XX, Is'.in, p. 4(iH.
SertulardlafusiformiaTnoRNELV, Trans. Bin). Sue. Liver] ..... I, VIII, isia, p. 7.
Sertularellafugifcrrmu B.MIK , Kail. .hiL'nsl. Ak., ('.\X\I\', isns, p. :!7.
/S', liii/nri'l/ii jimijiiriii'iK II.\KTi..\rn, Ki'visioii ilcr Si-rtilUiri'lla-Artcn, I!IO(I, p. S5.
,Si -i-fn/in -in Jiitsij'iii'iiiix WIIITK vvi->, *':i(. ^lariiic Invert. Ivi^tnii ('anaila. lllill, p. 26.
SertulareUafuyiformifToKKEY, Ilyilroida nf I'aeilir Cnast, I'.iii'J. p. iil.
Tr<>i>l>xin,. Colony minute, stem slender, slightly zi^za.e;, jrcncrally onbranched, uniiu-
latccl at the base and below each Imli'otlieea; hydn>tlier;e alternate, bent in opposite directions,
elongate, somewhat flask-shaped, smooth, aperture ( |iiailridentate. with an operculuni composed
of four pieces; each hydrotheca and its internode of a fusiform li^ui'e.
G-onosome. (ronanyia clone-ate, slendei', tapering aho\e and below, i-itbed across, pro-
duced at the upper extremity into a short neck and toothed, sprin^iii.y; here and there just below a
hydrotheca. Height about a quarter of an inch.
Dintfilintinii. Devonshire, Knjjland (Hincks): Hebrides (Norman): (iulf of St. ]jawreiu-e
20(1 fathoms (Whiteaves); San Francisco, California (Torrev); Mediterranean (X'arus): (?) New
Zealand, iS'. simplex Hutton.
I have never seen this specif-, and the above description is taken almost entire from the
original description by Hincks, the only changes being in the substitution of the words
" hydrothecse " and gonangia" for 'cells" and "gonotliec-ie" and in the addition of the words
" trophosome " and "goiiosome" to conform to the plan of description of this work.
SERTULARELLA SOLITARIA, new species.
(IMatc XX, li-s. ld-11.)
Trophosome. Hydrocaulus a monosiphonic stolon from which spring pedundo which b< ar
hydrothecae and have one or two annulations near their miildle. Ilyilrotlieca- radial l\ s\m
metrical, long, fusiform, tapering basally where they merge insensibly into the peduncles, and
distally to a square neck and quadrate margin which is slightly everted and is produced into
four strong equidistant teeth. The entire body of the hydrotheca is strongly and evenly
annulated. ( )percuhnn of four Haps. The hydranth was seen in one specimen, and what
appeared to be opercnlar muscles were evident.
(fniiiixiniii-. Not known.
Dixtriliition. Shallow water, between Klcuthera and Little Cat Islands, liahamas.
Dredged by the Bahama Expedition from the Stale rnivt-rsitv of Iowa. Found yrowiiuj- a- a
parasite on y<-ni<it<>j>lii>riix grandis.
This curious form is placed provisionally in this genus. At first thought one would con
sider it a young Specimen of 8 specie's belonging to the riif/nxii group, which as vet had de\ eloped
but a single hydrotheca. I have, however, not seen any young >pecimen of anv regular sertu-
larian in which the hydranth and operculum had been fully formed and in which there was no
indication of another hydrotheca or internode springing from the side of the tirst hydrotheca.
If the hydrotheca' were sessile the species would be very near Allman's genus ( '<t/<ttnj>/i<,,-ii.
which lie regards as a campanulariaii, but which Hartlaub 1 and the present \\ritcr regard as
belonging to the genus .V, flnl,ii', 11,1 on account of the form of the hvdrotheca and particularly
the margin and operculum. .V. .<///<///'</ a]>pears to be almost exactly inli'rmediiite bet \\een the
1 Revision der Sertalarella-Arten, limo. p. 12.
90 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
campanularian And sertularian types, agreeing with the former in the fact that the hydrothecse
arc radially symmetrical and pediculate and with the latter in the structure of the hydrothecse
and operculum. Were it not for the presence of the hydranths this form could readily be mis-
. taken for the, gonangia of <S'. fusiform ix, although the hydrothecse are more slender than any
representation of the gonangia of S. fusiformis that I have seen. It is, of course, possible that
older specimens will demonstrate that the adult colony resembles that of S. fusiform is in the
manner of branching, but the hydrotheca? are readily distinguished.
TI/JH xlidc. Cat. No. 18717, Museum of State University of Iowa.
SERTULARELLA PICTA (Meyen).
(Plate XX, figs. 5-7.)
H,-i-tit/iir!ti jiiiin MEYEN, Uber Lcuchten des Meeres, 1834, p. 201.
\rtuliii-i-llii jiirln HAKTLATH, Revision dcr Scrtnlarella-Arten, 1900, p. 77.
TrvjilioKtimi: Colon} 7 growing in dense masses and attaining a height of 6 to 8 inches.
Branches alternate, divided into regular internodes each bearing a hydrotheca and divided by
one or two annular constrictions. Hydrothecse alternate and axillary. Margin witli four small
teeth and a small opening, owing to an internal thickening of the perisarc near the margin.
Go/ioKomi. (lonangia alternating with the hydrotheca?, evenly annulated throughout and
with four marginal teeth.
DistriliutiiDi. On the East Coast of Terra del Fuego and near the Falkland Islands (Meyen);
Puerto Toro and Lennox Island (Hartlaub).
Hartlaub, who has examined the type, says that Meyen is in error in saying that the gonangia
alternate with the hydrotheca?, and that the presence of the hydrotheeal teeth is uncertain.
Hartlaub and Kirchenpauer both suggest the identity of this species and S, tj<imliclt<(ilii
Lamouroux. 1
TI//IC. In the Berlin Museum.
SERTULARELLA MEGASTOMA, new species.
(Plate XX, figs. S-9.)
Trophosome. Colony rigid, compact, pinnate, the single fragmentary specimen known
attaining a height of about ~2 inches. Stem fascicled, straight, without evident internodes, color
dark brown. Branches regularly alternate, rigid, without evident constrictions at base and
without evident internodes. Hydrothecse cylindrical or subconoid, outer profile nearly straight,
without evident swelling at base, distal two-thirds of adcauline wall free. No noticeable
constriction near distal end, margin square with four low but evident teeth. Operculum of four
valves.
tj/HioKinne. Gonangia borne on branches, small, oblong-ovoid, regularly and deeply
annulated, with a very large quadrate aperture, and without an evident neck.
Di*tril>ut;.All><i1r<>xx Station -2353, lat. N. 2() r.!i'. long. W. 86 23', 167 fathoms.
This very distinct species has a particularly rigid habit of growth, without the sinuous
I icnds to its stem and branches almost universally found in the genus. The small gonangia are
unique in the genus, so far as I know, in the very large size of the quadrate aperture.
TIJJI, 'x/t'th-x. Cat. Nos. 19765, 19766, U.S.N.M. Cat. No. 18708, Museum State University
of Iowa; also in collection of the author.
SERTULARELLA POLYZONIAS (Linnaeus).
(Plate XXI, figs. 1-2.)
t.'i-i'nl Tunlli CnriiUine ELLIS, Essay Nat. Hist, Corallines, 175. r >, p. 5.
Si'iiii/iii-i/i iiii/ii:,,itiux LINN r.i s, Systcina Xatunr, I7">S. p. SI".
Sertvlariajlexuosa LINN.KI'S, Systcina Natunr, 17~>s, p. S14.
Si-rtiili<ri<t piily-miiiHs LINN.EUS, Fauna Suecica, 1761, p. 541.
,v. 'i-lii/iii-in jlf.fiinsii LIXN.V.CS, Fauna Snecii-a, 17H1, p. 542.
'See Hartlauli, K.-vision der Sertularella-Arten, I'.MMI, p. 77.:m.l Kiivli,.ni>auer, Nordische Gattungen und Arten,
1884, p. 38.
THK SKRTri.AKin.K. 'M
,s, ,-iii/<ii-ut iitilir.itniti.-i IInn-rrvN. Natimrlyke Historic, X\'ll. I7H1-7:'.. p. ">7_.
Sertularia ericoidea PALL AS, Klenchus /oophytoruni. I7i'>i;. p. 1-7.
Xi'i'iii/iiriii /iii/ir.'iiiin.i l.i\s ri -, Systema Naturae, I7*i7, p. 1MU.
Sertularia ericoidet Unnn \KIIT, in Pallas, Lyst der I'lant-IHeren. 17<is, p. I'is.
Sertalaria polyzomag FOSSK.AL, Descriptiones Aniinaliiuu, 177"', p. .7 (note).
Si-rliilin-iii ciliiitu FAKKII irs. Fauna < iroenlandica, 17SO, p. 44li.
S,rlnluri'i /i<i/ir."n<'<x C \vm.ixi, I'll. Meinorie per servire alia stnriu de l'i>lipi inariiii. 17s"), p. '_'LM.
\-i-tii/<ii-iti /i'i/ii--"i/inx ELLIS and SOLANDER, Nat. IIi>t. Zoopli., I7si;, |i. :!7.
Sti-inliiri'i iTi'cim/i.v WILKINS ami HKKHST, in I'allas, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, I7s7, p. iii.'i.
Scrtiiliirin ji(i/ii::iiiinx < JMKI.IN. in Linn.-eus. Systema \atnra-. 17sS-!i:i. p. :',sV,.
Sertularia poly zoniae ^afER, Die Pflanzenthiere in AbbiMungen, III. I7ss, p. 17M.
Xi-i-ttiltiriti /iiili/:iiiiin.i r.KUKKXiini-T. Syinip. uat. liist. ( In -at Britain and In-laml, I, I7vi. p. -Jl'.i.
Sertularia polyzonias OLI\I, ZiMiln^ica Adriatira, 17IC', ji. L".HI.
Sertularia polyzanias KSI-KK, Fortsetzungen ilcr 1'Man/crnthicrc, II, i7!M-lsoti, j,i. \-i.
\-i-liiliirin /ni/ii:n, tins I'xisc, Hist. nat. ili-s \"crs. III, ISOl', ].. Inn.
SertulanapolyzoniasTvKioy, Uritish Fauna. 1^117, p. -Hi.
Sertularia poly zoning T&WTOLQy i, Karinnnn Itali.-r plantarnm, islii, p. Ids.
,S'i liii/iiriii jiii/i/-nii!ii.t JAMESON, Cat. animals class Venues, 1SI1, p. "i(i4.
Sertularia polyzoniag I.AMIPI'KIII-\, I'.ullet. S..c. pliil..inati'|ue, isii 1 , p. is).
,s'i I'lnliiri'i /iiili/:<iiiiii.t Si'KKNcEi.-f .'.\ vol. ixi, Aliluiml. iiber Pflanzen Thiere, isi:i, p. 104.
Si-rliil'irin , fifiiiili-.-s ( IKIOV, I.ehrli. der Naturyesi'liiehte, 1't. ''>, IS I."), p. 111'.
N ,-liil,n-iii /mil/--" ni<ix LAMARCK, Hist. nat. aiiiin. sain Verl.. II, 1S1(>, p. 117.
Sfflnliiriii iH>/ii:miitix LAMOI-ROUX, Hist, eurai llc'X., ISlti, ].. Hill.
Sertularia polyzanias STEWART, F.lements nal. hist, aniiu. Kinj;., II, 1SI7, p. 447.
Si liiilnriit jiiili/:iiiiinx 1'iKKTiiLnxi, I>e plantis in itiniTc ad urlien Uavenn.'e. 1SP.I, p. L'ls.
,sv liii/in-iii iiiilir.niiiint I'lHitTiii.ciM. Specimen zoophytorum 1'iirtns Luiue, islli, p. L'71.
Sertularia polyzonias GOLDYUSB, llandi.nrli der /u. .Ic.uie, ISL'O. p. ss.
Sertularia poly zoniai P.I.IMKM-. u n, llandli. d. Natur^., lsi'1, p. 1'lis.
Sertularia polyzonias DELLE CH.IAJE, Anim. s. Vert. Nap., IV, IXL'!!, p. 141.
Sertularia poly zonias DELONGSCHAMPS, Fncydnp. nn'tli., ISL'I, p. iisi.
Sn'/iiliii-iii jinh/:uninK Kisso, l.'Kiirii|ii- nn'rid., V, ISL'li, p. :!!().
Serlularia polyzonias I'IKNNUT and VAX ( M.IVIKU, Natuurk. Verli. Hull. Maatseh.. ISL'H, \\', p. 111;").
Si'fiiiltii-in i>nlir.i>iiiiix DKI.I.K CIIIA.IE, Mem. di; Anim. senxa Vert., IV, ISL'S, p. us.
Sertularia poly zonias FI.KMIXH, British Animals, ISL'S, p. .ML'.
.s'< Hiiliirin jiiili/:iinntx HE lii.Aixvii.i.K, Manuel d' Aetinnl<.i:ie, |s:;i is;;;, p. 4sii.
>'/ i'iii/iii-iii iiitlir.iiniiis T KMT 1. 1 '.TON, Loudons Mag. Nat. Hist., IX, isiiii, \\. )i;s.
Sertularia pinnata TKMI'I.K'IUN. l.nudnns Mai;. Nat. Hist., IN, ls:!ii, p. 4ns.
Serlularia polyzonias I.AM.MICK, Hist. Nat. anim. sans Vert., ls:!ti, \i. H'2.
Sertularia polyzonias 3 osysios, Trans. Newcastle Si H.'., II, ls:',7, p. L'.")ii.
Si-rlnliiriit ji<ili/:niii<tx Cm en, Curnish Fauna, III, 1S3S, p. 17.
.si rhilnriii fl/ixii J<iii\sT(i\, Uritish /nnpli., ISMS, p. UM.
,S'i -rlii/ii rin il/ixii CCH -en, ('urnisli Fauna, III. ls:;s. p. 17.
Sertularia polyzanias TtROMfsoy, Ann. and Mai:.. V, ism, p. L'.")ii.
Ni rln/iii-iii /liiiiintii Tin iMi'xix, Ann. and Mai;. Nat. Hist., V, IS4I), p. 250.
Sertularia polyzonias HASSAI.I,, Ann. and Mai;.. VI, 1S4I, p. ir>7.
Si-i-liiliiriii /liiiiiiiln (im i.n. Report Invert. Anim. nf Mass., 1S41, p. :!."iii.
fv'iiiiliirin I'/lixii Core n. /nnpli. Curmvall, 1S41. p. li.
S,-rliiliirin polyzoniag Coven, Xmipli. Cornwall, IS41, ji. li.
Hii-hi/Hi-iii /uili/:,, ni, i TiioMi'sox. Report I'.rit. Assoc. for 1S4.'!, IS4I, p. L's:;.
Sfi-liiliirin /iii/i/:iiii!iin JOIIXSTOX, Brit. /ooph.. L'd ed., IS47. p. HI.
/ui/ii-.tiiiiiix IiM.vr.i.i.. Keniark. Animals of Scotland, I. ls)7, p. l:'.l.
polyzonias GRA.Y, I'.ritish Kadiata, ls(7, p. i!s.
/>nli/:iiniii>: FOKIIKS, Report 1'llth Meeting I'.rit. Assoc.. Is.'id, p. L'I.'I.
jiiihiziniiiix MAI n, \ \n. Fauna I'.eli;ii septemtrionalis, IS.M. p. 47.
Si'fliiliii-iu /Hili/:niii<iii STIMI'SOV, Marine Invert, (irand Manan, is.i."., p. !i.
Sfrliilin-iii jHi/i/:iiiiin>: Mi'iuc n, 1'n'skr. at' i JnHilands, !S."i7, ]i. !I7.
Hi-i-tiiitirid polyzonias SA.RB, liidrairtil Kundskaben, ls."i7, ]>. "i).
Xi-1-iiilnrin /iiilii:nti!iix VON FTXICI,, (tnmland i;eoi;rapli. mid statist, beschrielien. 1 SI ill, p. lion.
fv'riiilnri'i polyzonias GREEK, Manual Anim. Kins;.. II. Ccelenterata, IMII, p. 115.
X, I'liilnrSii /Hih/:niiiiix HINCKS, Ann. ami Mau'.. .'Id SIT.. VIII. isiil. p. _'.")!'.
X'riiiliiriii jnilii:iiniiif AI.IIKK, Trans. Tyueside Field Clul., V, isiii', p. L'sii.
Ootulina polyzonias 1.. A.: \ssix, emit. Nat. Hist. r. s.. IV, ISUL'. p. 356.
H,Thi/<iri<i i>tilii-.iniin!! |'A( KMMi. Canadian Naturalist, ISIiii, p. 401.
f>,'i-liilni-iii jui/i/:nniiig (.Titi'UE, Die Insel Lusseli. 1SI14, p. 14!l.
92 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
. AIIASSI/,, North American \caleph;r, isii.'i, p. 146.
,s, liii/in-iii /ni/ir.'i ii'nx XOKM AN, Report P.rit. Assoc., 36th meeting, 1867, p. 1200.
>', i-iiilm-iii i'//ixii NYiuMAx, Report Brit. Assoc., 36th meeting, 1867, p. 200.
Si 1'liiliii-in i'1/ixii HELLER, Zooph. nnd Kchin. Adriatic, isiis. p. 33.
.S'i lili/'ln ll'l /n//ii:i>llilix IIlXCKS, I!H|. II yd. Ziillpll., I S68, p. 235.
s,rtnl<ii-tllt< /^/i/:n,ii,ix XORMAX, Report Brit. Assoc.. :;sth meeting, 1*69, p. 321.
Hi'i'liiliii-i'llti /HI/I/--IIIIIIIX HKKKI.OT/., Xatuur. Hist, van Xederland, 1870, p. 404.
Xi'i-tuliiri-llti /><i/i/;iii/inx SAKS, Xorges 1 1 ydn >idet. 1X7:1, p. 44.
.si / lii/iiri'/ln /n>li/:oiii<ix A i,i. MAX, Trans, /mil. Sue., London, VIII, 1873, pp. 469, 471.
Sirtulin-fllii /iiili/:iniiiix YERKILL, True. Am. Assn. Adv. Sci.. 187.'!, pp. 358, 356, 359, 364.
Si;-tnl<ir,'ll /i:ili/:,ii,inx Mi INTOSH, Ann. ami Mag., 4th ser., XIII, 1874, p. 212.
potyzonias SCRVLZE, Xcirdsee Kxped., 1S74, ji. 131.
t VERRILI,, Am. Jmirn. Sci., VII, 1S74, pp. 39, 504.
Ki-rtiilr<llii /iii/i/:'iniiix VKHUILI,, Am. .Imirn. Sci., X, 1875, JP. 43.
Sfi-tiilitri'llu i>nli/:ii>iiiix XIIUMAX, Ann. ami Jlaf;., 4th scr., XV, 1875, p. 173.
Si-i'tnliiri'llii, /i:i/i/:iiiiinx SMITH and 1 1. \RCER, Trans. Conn. Acad., Ill, ls7ti, p. 21.
Sertularella potyzonias CL&B.K, Alaskan Ilyilmids, 187ti, p. 2l'4.
\i-tii/<ir.'l/n xiin/i/,,1- CoriiiiTREV, Ann. and Maj:., 4th s<-r., XVII. Is7li, p. 27.
N. i-tii/i/ri'llii /inli/yiniiix ALI.MAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. /ool., V, Xo. 2, 1877, p. 21.
Xi-i-ii<ltiri'llti puli/:i/iiiiis MBRESCHKOWSKT, Ann. and Ma;;., 5th ser., I, '1878, p. 331.
Hi-rtiilnri'llii /i<>/ii--<iiiiiis NIIIOIAX, Ann. and Mat.'., 5th scr., I, 1878, p. 190.
NI -i-tulii /v//.i xiin/i/r.i- STITIIEU, Arch, fur Xatnrg., Jahrg. 45., I, 1879, p. 120.
s,;-tiil<i,;-//n t ,,,li/;<,i,i<ix \VisTiii:i;, Naturli. Tidsskr., 3d ser., XII, 188(1, pp. 243,276.
.s'i I'lnlm -i-lla jiiilii:oiilnx RIDLEY, I'ruc. /onl. Soc. Lonilmi, 1881, p. 101.
X liii/iiri '/In /iitli/:niiiiix STURM, Xorskc S< j lsk. Skr., 1881, ji. 20.
fiertulareUa, polyzonitK HALE, Jnnrn. Microsc. Sue. Victuria, II, 1882, p. 34.
Sertularella polyzonias KATIIHCN, Proc. U. S. Xat. Mns., VI, 1883, p. 216.
,s; i-iiiiiii'i'l/ii /iii/i/:niiiii.i WIOISMASN, Entstehung der SexualzellenJ 188:;, p. 165.
.s 1 . rlii/iii-i'/lii jiolir.'nii'ix I>Ai,n, Cat. Austral. Ilydroid Zoopli., 1884, p. 104.
Si-i-lnlitri-llii jiii/i/;iiiii<is KlHCHENPAUES, Xnrdisclic < iattunijcn, 1884, p. 37.
s, i-liilin-i'/lii jiiilir.iiiiiiix TIIALLWITX, Ueber die entwickl. K<'im/.ellcn, 18S4, p. 426.
\ riiiliiri'lln /ni/irjiiiiiin I'IEPER, Zool. Anz., VII, 1884, p. 185.
,S fln/iiri'llii jHili/:riiiin.i (inAEEFE, Arli. Inst. Wien, V, 1884, p. 24.
SiTtuliiri'llii ]i/ili/-niiiiiit LEXDEXFELD, Proc. Linn. Sue. Xcu South Wales, IX, 1885, p. 417.
Sertularella polyzonias LENDENFELD, Proc. Linn. Soc. New South Wales, X, Issii, p. 47s.
SertularettapolyzoniasT&BLiif, Report Fauna Liverpool Bay, Issi;, p. lux.
.si I'lfi/in-fllii /luhr-iniiiix J^EXIIEXKEI.I), I>cscript. Cat. Austral. Hydroniedusii', II, 1887, p. 19.
Si-rlnliiri-n<i jiii/i/:<i>tiitK PFEFFEK, Jahrlj. Anst. Ilamliurj:, VI, 1888, p. 54.
Sirlnl'iriii /in/i/-_iiiiitix AI.LM \x, C'hallenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, j>. 55.
Si'i-hihjri'Un iiii/ili'."! ALL.MAX, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 18S8, p. 54.
Sertularella polyzaniaa HETEXC-OI-UT, Bullet. Sci. France et Belgiijue, 1888, p. 107.
Serlularella polyzonios SEGEBSSEDT, Hih. Svenska vet. Akad. Zool., XIII, 1889, p. Iti.
Xi-rlu/iir/l/ii ji'j/i/:i,iiinx PxiruxE, .Tourn. Marine I'iol. Assoc., isiio, p. :;!iii.
,S'< linliin 'lln i>n/i/;t>iiiiix MAHKTAXNEK-TUKXERETSI -HEK, Hydroideii ans dem k. k. naturli. Hofmuseums, 18110, p. 224.
Xi'i-tiiltn-fllii i>i>h/:uiiiiix FKWKES, Bull. Essex Inst., XXIII, 1891, p. 3s.
Xi'1'liiliin-lln jifilir.niiiiix HOLT, Proc. Royal I.Hililin Soc., VII, 1892, p. 251.
Si-rliiliirin /in/i/:iiiiiiix I'FI,I 11:1:. I 'ctitsclicii Polar Kxpcd., 1892, p. 519 and p. 5(i7.
Serlularella polyzonias LKVINSEN, Mcdnscr, Ctenophorer oj; Hydroidcr fraGronlanda Vestkyst, 1892, p. 58.
N,;-l/iii;-ll'i ,,/,,::, ,,n,x LEVINSEX, Vid. Udl>. " Hauchs" Tojrter, 1893, p. 388.
Sertularella /Wi/iu/m/x .Miiiurs. Sit/.. Ber. Ak. Berlin, 1893, p. 86.
,Si rlnliifiii ///(/;, minx I irKKiiKN. Proc. Royal Irish Acad, 3d scr.. Ill, 189:',, p. 145.
H,'i-tiilni-i-lln ii,i/i/:niiiiix HAHTLATB, Die Coelenteraten Helgolands, Wiss. Meeresnnt., 1894, ji. 179.
Sertularella polyzonias TBOBHELY, Trans. Liverpool Biol. Soc., VIII, 1S94.
Hi-i-ltilnri-llti /in/i/:niii:ix t'uAWFoiiii. Ann. ami Ma 1 /., (1th ser., XIV, 1895, p. 261.
Sertularella polyzonias FAIMI'IIAH, Trans. New Zealand Inst., XXVIII, 1896, p. 463.
Sri-tiiliin-llii jinlii-iiiiiiix KOILE, Kesultats sc. Campague du Caudan, II, 1896, pp. 301, 733.
,s'i rlnli in Hi i iHilij-niiinx HAKTLU n, Hydnjmedusen Helgolands, \Vis. Meeresnntersnchnngen, new ser., I, 1897, p. 451.
Sertularella polyzonias BttovmE, Irish Xaturalist, VI, 1897, p. 216.
Sertularella polyzonias IH-EKOEX, Proc. Dublin Soc.. new SIT., VIII, 1897, p. 416.
SertulareUa polyzonias ScsmEfDER, Zool. Jahrb., X, System., is'.is, p. -is:;.
Sertularella polyzonias HII.I.EXIIOUF, Trans. Xew Zealand Inst., XXX, 1898, p. 210.
v, i-iiiliii-i'/ln jiiilir.iiiiiiin BOXXEVIE, Norwegian Xorth All. Exped., 1899, p. 78.
THE SEKTULAKIH.K. 93
.Si -fliiliin ll'i /ni/1/.iiiiiiix AI.II:\, .Ilium. Marine Mini. Assor.. V, ISltli, |.. J.'i.".
,Si i-lnliii-i H" /H>/I/ .'iiii'i.-: l.iiMitsin, .Ml. Sla. Neapel. XIII, 1S1I1I, |j. mil.
Si rlii/iii-i'l/ii /i'>li/:< mi"* MI:TI:MOI KI, Tia\aiix Sial. /.mil. Wimerviix, N'll, IS'.Hl. |i. 10.
Sertularetta polyzanias II SKTI.U K, \Vis.-. M.TIVHIHI.. III. lli'l^nlainl, Isim, p. ii.v
SertulareUapolyzomas KAIHH:. Saniml. Kauk. Mus. Till!.-, isn'.i. 1 1. .M7.
N i-liilnri-llii j>ii/ii:i>iii<t.i PK TI-:T ami Mi-;nm, I lyilrairvs ile I' I lir.nnlelle, IHOn, p. l"J.
.s i-hiliiri'/ln j>iitii:ntii<i.i I IAKTI.U n, Revision Sertnlarella-Arten, limo, p. ss.
N lin/iin-l/ii /in/i/:nniiix N'rmvc;, Ilyilrniils.il Wmi.ls ll.ili- lli^'i'm. I'.ml. p. :;iiL'.
.Si T//<II ;//,i jiii/i/:iniiii!i Nr-m.NM, Ilyilrniils llarrinian Kxpt-il., I'.Hll, p. Is.:;.
Sertularelta polyzonias \VIIITKAVKS, Cat. Marim- Invert. Kastern ('ana. la, llnil, p. -">.
N. liiiliii'i'l/n /iit/ii:nniiix S.KMi'NJissn.v, Biilraj.'til Kundskaben islamlskc II yilmiili-r, IHHL', p. li~.
Tn>j>/itixt>i/i>: Colony of exceedingly irrc^uhir yrowtli, attiiinin^; a liciylit of 4 or ."> inches.
Stem not fascicled, slender, tlcxuose, irreo-iilafly branched; nodes very distant and irregular.
Bl'anehes irregularlj alternate. Hexuose. themselves often lirancliinjj prol'n.sely. divided into
irregular internodes. the tendency hcinjf to have an internode to each hydrotheca. Hydrothecse
rather distant, stout: proximal portion somewhat swollen, about the distal half free and with
approximately parallel sides; aperture s<piare, maryin with four low equidistant teeth; operculum
of four flaps.
<ion<iiini< . Gonangia ovate, with four conspicuous horn-like projections around tlie margin
and very deeply rugose throughout, those of the female beinjf much larger than those of the
male colonies. When the sexual elements are mature the jj-onanjj'ia are surmounted by globular
acroeysts. within which the o\ r a develop into planuhe.
/)!xtril>iifiii. ( )ne of the most abundant and widely distributed of the hydroids. New
England coasts (Verrill), Hay of Fundy (Stimpson). (Julf of St. Lawrence (Dawson). Alaska
(Clark), Strait of Magellan (llartlaub), Chile (Hartlaub). (Jreenland (Levinsen). Norway (Sar>).
Denmark (Wintlier), Shetland (Norman), Iceland (Siemundsson), (Jreat Hrituin (Hineks). Helgo-
land (llartlaub). j\Iediterranean (Lo Bianco), Adriatic (Pieper), A/ores (Bedot), Australia (Bale).
'Capo of Good Hope (Johnston), Heil Sea ( Kiniienpauer). . l//W/v.v Station _'',(;'.(. hit. N. :-!l n 09',
on<f. W. Tit :;:;' 30", 3:3 fathoms; Station I'd'.Ui. lat. N. 4:. ('4'. lony. W. 55 C 23', 7'-' fathom.-,;
Station :!^'.I4. lat. N. 57 16' 4:.", loujj. W '. l.V.t n:;' 30", :'.o fathoms; Station 3505, lat. N. 57 nil'.
lon.U'. W. Itis 17', 44 fathoms; Station :;.M1, lat. N. :7 32', lony. \V. If.'.i 38', ".'.i fathoms.
This species has fre(|tiently been mistaken for X. </"//''. It can be distinguished from that
species, however, by the fact that it lias a notifax-icled stem, a smooth hydrotheca, and stouter
gonangm which have four teeth instead of two.
SERTULARELLA CLAUSA (Allman).
I'lal.- XXI, li.-. :;, -I.)
Sertularia clauaa AI.I.MVN. Challenger report, llyilmiila. I't. L'. isss. p. :,i.
Ki'rliiliir, ll,i ,!,,, ixn llu;ri.ui:, llevisinii iler siTtiilarella-Arten, I'.MMI, p. nil.
Tvophosome. Colony attaining 1 a height of about 1 inch. Stem nol fascicled, delicate.
sinuous, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca. Branches irregular.
with a tendency to an alternate arrangement, themselves -.onietimes dichotomously brain-lied.
internodes sleniler and rather lony.
Hydrothecse rather distant, swollen In-low, exserted. throughout their distal half, narrowing
gradually to the margin: margin with four very shallow teeth and with a strong four-flapped
operculum, which forms a low pyramid above the hydrothecal aperture.
<;<iin>nni,,, . Not known.
OwtfrifotfiOTi. -Off Montevideo, lat. S. :;7 17'. long. \Y. :,:; :\-i' . tioo fatlioms.
The atiove description and the figures of this specie-, were taken from a part of Allman's type
specimen, kindly sent me b\- the authorities of the South Kensington Museum. The depth at
which this species was found is exceptional for the u'eiius. The verv strong operculum is a
feature that one would not expect to liud associated with such inconspicuous bydrothecal teeth.
Tyj>e. In South Kensington .Museum, London. A fragment in the collection of the author.
94 AMERICAN HVDKOIDS.
SERTULARELLA COMPLEXA, new species.
(Plate XXI, ii^'s. 5-9.)
TriiplniKonii'. Colony attaining u height of about 3 inches, exceedingly .straggling in habit,
the stem and branches being verv long and slender, the latter often anastomosing, forming a rude
mesh, in which the stem and brandies arc hardly distinguishable from each other. Stem slightly
tlexuose in places, divided into regular short internodes, each with a single hydrotheca, or in
other places with nodes not perceptible. Branches growing at right angles with the stem, them-
selvcs branched irregularly, often the terminal branches being dichotomous, the distal ends of
branches often anastomosing lirmly with other branches.
Hydrotheca.'. fairly distant, quite short, about the distal third free, and much constricted by
the leyeling off of the adcauline side; margin with four rather low equidistant teeth; operculum
four-flapped.
liiniaxanii'. (ronangia borne in rows along the stem and branches, small, regularly oval, with
broad, even annulations over the entire surface; aperture round, not elevated on a neck, and sur-
rounded at some distance by a series of from three to seven blunt tooth-like points.
Distribution. Albatross Station 2843, lat. N. 53 5(3', long. W. Lti5 5(5', 45 fathoms;
Station 2S.-.3. lat, N. 5(i , long. W. 154 3d', 15'. fathoms; Station 2858, lat. N. 58'- 17', long. W.
148 36', 2::o fathoms; Station 3500, lat. N. 5ii (>:>', long. W. 169- 30', 121 fathoms.
This species occurred quite abundantly in the U. S. Fish Commission steamer AHmtrnss
ill-edgings oh" the Alaskan coast. At first sight it greatly resembles in mode of branching, shape
of hydrothecie, etc., .V. iJic/intnn,,^ but the four hydrotheca] teeth, and particularly the unusual
structure surrounding the mouth of the gonangia, render it, in my opinion, a distinct species.
Tijl>, .s//V/,.v. -Cat. N 7 o. 19745, U.S. N.M. Cat. No. 18696, Museum State University of Iowa;
also in collection of the author.
SERTULARELLA PINNATA Clark.
[ I'lah- XX!. lijrs. 10-1L'.)
Sertidarella pinnata CLA.RK, Alaskan IIy<ln>i<ls, 1S7H, j>. u'L'fi.
SerCularetta pinnata MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. and MULT., 5th SIT., II, ISTS, p. 450.
Sertularellct fruliculosa KIKCHENPAUER, Xonlischr < lattun^cn, lss4, p. 50.
'.' ,Vi -ii'liti -i-l/n /liiiiiiiln LOHKN-/, Inu-niat. I'olarfnrsrh. Jan Mayen, 1886, III, p. -.
y s, i-tiiliin-llii jiiiiniiiii MAHKTANNER-TURNERETSCHER, Hydroiden aus den k. k. naturh. Hoi'mnsfnms, isno, p. L'L'O.
Sertularella pinnata HAUTI.AUU, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, liiOO, p. 40.
'/'/'iiji/itixii/in'. Colonies growing in dense clumps, sometimes attaining a height of about 1
inch. Stem not fascicled, divided into regular short internodes each of which bears a branch
and an axillary hydrotheca. Branches alternate, divided into regular internodes which are very
short, each bearing a hydrotheca on a very broad shoulder on the internodes, the nodes being
opposite the middle of the hydrotheca;, often branching dichotomously; branches themselves
often branching dichotomously, nodes very deeply cut, giving sharp constrictions of the thick
perisarc. Hydrotheca' inclined forward and outward, appearing in front view to be borne on
the front of the branches, very closely approximated, short, stout, the distal half free; margin
greatly and abruptly expanded and rimmed, with three very large pointed teeth, the two outer-
most being the larger; an intrathecal ridge extends horizontally from a constriction in the outer
wall around the inside of the hydrotheca to about the middle of the side wall. The floor of the
hydrotheca is of very thick chitin with a pointed process extending downward from the posterior
lateral cornel's.
tiniHixiiiiii . --( Jonangia borne in double rows on the front of the main stem and branches,
large, broadly ovate, exceedingly rugose, the rugosities not being even and parallel, as in other
species, but sinuous, giving a peculiar appearance of distortion; aperture broad, round, not
mounted on a collar.
I>ixfril>it/!<>ii.- I'nalaska, Coal Harbor, Shuinagin Islands, Lituva Bay, 112 fathoms (Clark).
This species excels all others that I have seen in a general appearance of rugosity, the chiti-
uous periclerm being very thick and much wrinkled.
THE SKKTULAKIDjE. 95
The present writer agrees with II:irtl:iul) in regarding .S'. f/-nl irulnxn Kirchenpauer a^ :i
synonvm of X. jiininitu Clark.
Tijj)c. In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
SERTULARELLA MARGARITACEA Allman.
(Plate XXII. li-. 1.)
S, i'hil,i,',lln iiiiirijnriliii'i'ii Ai, I.MAN, Linn. Sor. .Tourn., /Cool., XIX, ISS.">, p. 133.
,s; ,'liilni-il/ii iminjiiriliii-iii II .\KTi..\rn, Revision der Scrtnlarella-Arten, 1(100, p. 50.
'"Ti'ojilioHomi 1 . Stein monosiphonie, iniirh branched. Hydrothecse distant, adnate )>y about
half their height to the stein, from which they then become strongly divergent, epieauline side
ventrieose toward the base; orifice with a thickened rim and with a deep sinus at its upoeauline
side.
' Jronoxa/iK -. Gonangia springing from the angles of the ramification, ovoid, marked by wide
transverse ruga' toward the summit and base.
" LiK-al'ity. Straits of Magellan. On an air vcscicle of Macrocystis pyrifera."
I have not .seen this species, and have copied the above description entire from that of the
original describe! 1 . The figure would seem to indicate that there were three hydrothccal teeth,
although their number is not given in the description. The form bears considerable resemblance
to that of S. dic/iofo'ii", which came from the, same region and is apparently a very variable
species, so far as the trophosome is concerned. The gonangia, however, are quite different.
Type. In the collection of Mi.ss II. Gatty.
SERTULARELLA TURGIDA (Trask).
(Plate XXII, figs. 2-5.)
Rertiiliir'm tiii'i/iiln TKASK, Proc. Cal. Aca<l. Nat. Sri., 1.S57, p. 11.'!.
Xfi-tti/iiriii hiri/iiln \. AI:\SSI/, Xnrth American Aralep]i;e, Isil.'i, p. 145.
Sirliiliti-i'llii tiii'i/iiln CI.AJJK, Ilyilrniils of the Pacific Coai-t. ls7H, p. L'.")!l.
.s 1 , r/iilin-i'/lii iiii-i/iilii KiiM'iiicxi'Ai-KK, Nordische Gattungen, iss4, p. ,M.
Xi-rliiltii'i'/l<t runirii CAI.KINS, Hyclroiils from I'li^ct Sound. IS! ill, p. :!5SI.
ii ii'iiliiliixn CAI.KINS, Hydroiils from Piiu'ct Sound, Isii'.i. p. :!i;d.
ii tin-i/iilii HARTLAI-H, Revision dcr Scrtularella-Arten, 11100, p. Ii7.
ii lin-i/iilii HAKTI. M'n, Ilydroiden ails dcm Stillcn Ocean, 1!K'I1, p. :;iill.
n Ini-i/ii/ii TURKEY, Ilydroida of the Pacific ('oast, I!)!)!', ]i. Ii4.
7'rt>j>/iiiNii/iii . Colony small, sometimes consisting of an unbranched stem, attaining a height
of about 1 inch in specimens examined. Stem genieiilate. divided into regular short inlernodes,
each of which bears a hydrotheca. Branches, when present, not regularly arranged, few in
number, and resembling the main stem in all respects. Hydrothecse closely approximated, rather
large, stout, subcylindrical, the ends being slightly constricted; aperture large, margin with
three unequally developed teeth, the two outer ones being very strong and equal, the other
smaller. As a rule less than the distal half of the hydrotheca is free.
1,'iiiiiimiini.: Gonangia borne in the axils of the hydrotheca'. large, obovate, terminating in
a small inconspicuous aperture at the summit of a short collar, and with the distal portions
armed with a number of blunt spines, these being much metre numerous in some specimens than
in others. There is also a sort of dimorphism in si/.e which probably corresponds to M>\. the
larger gonangia being female.
l>ixli-ihntinn. Bay of San Francisco, Monterey, Tomales Point, California (Trask): San
Diego, California (D. C. Cleveland); Vancouver Island. ,J. M. Dawson (Clark); Town.scnd
Harbor (Calkins); Oregon (Nutting); J //,////* Station L'sc.l. hit. N. r>4 U', long. W. li". 50',
20-4 fathoms. AU>ii/i-<>xx Station (llydrographic, ::77."i. itl' Japan. .">7 fathoms.
I agi-ee with Ilartlaub in the opinion that the .V. n,nlnl,i>i <-!' Calkins is really identical with
the present species. The specimen from .Japan is more branched and the hydrothecse more
distant and more exserted than in other specimens that I have examined.
5125 PT 204 - 7
96 AMERICAN HYDEOIDS.
SERTULARELLA SIEBOLDI Kirchenpauer.
(Plate XXII, figs. 6-7.)
Sertularella sieboldi KIRCHENPAUEE, Nordische Gatfungen, 1884, p. 49.
Serlulanlla sieboldi HARTLAUB, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 69.
Trophosome. Colony small, branches profuse and irregular. Stem not thicker than the
branches, slender, gnarled, twisted, and annulated, those internodes bearing branches being
generally separated by internodes without branches. Branches partly quite regular and partly
irregular, springing from the sides of hydrothecse. HydrothecsB arise from the flexures of the
stem, sometimes closely approximated, sometimes distant, very irregular, pitcher-shaped,
swollen, with slender necks and three-toothed apertures.
Gono&omc. Gonangia oval, deeply annulated above and below. Aperture with three teeth;
neck slender.
Distribution. Cuba.
In the absence of specimens the above description was compiled by combining points given
by Kirchenpauer and by Hartlaub, who studied the type specimen.
Kirchenpauer 1 s drawings are evidently from dried specimens, or else the annulations, etc.,
are greatly exaggerated, as claimed by Hartlaub. At any rate, no one would suppose that the
drawings given by these two authors were from the same species, much less the same type
specimen.
Type. In museum at Leipsic.
SERTULARELLA SUBDICHOTOMA Kirchenpauer.
(Plate XXII, figs. 8-12.)
Srrliilarrlln subdichotoma KIRCHEXPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, p. 46.
Sertularetta subdichotoma BALE, Trans. Royal Sc>r. Victoria, 1887, p. 107.
Serhdarella subdichotoma HARTLAUB, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 33.
Tropliosome. Colony exceedingly straggling and irregular in growth, sometimes attaining
a height of about 2 inches. Stem not fascicled, branching dichotomously, but in a very loose and
straggling manner. Stem and branches not divided into regular internodes in the proximal por-
tions, but distally divided into long slender internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca.
Hydrothecse small, varying greatly in shape, usually rather distant, short, attached for more
than two-thirds their adcauline side, the free portion being abruptly narrowed; margin usually
with three broad equal and equidistant teeth; operculum of three flaps. There is often an oblique
or horizontal intrathecal ridge.
Gonosome. Gonangia slender, ovoid, annulated rather feebly, with a distal flange-like outer
collar and a slender neck ending in a round aperture. In some cases there is no outer collar nor
inner neck, but a broad, round terminal aperture as figured by Kirchenpauer. 1
Distribution. Bass Straits. Australia (Kirchenpauer); Straits of Magellan (Kirchenpauer);
Patagonia (Hartlaub); Allxtro** Station 2776, lat. S. 52 41', long. W. 69 55' 30", 21 fathoms.
This appears to be an exceedingly variable species in almost every detail of its structure.
Specimens from Station 2776 agree well with one sent me by Professor Levinsen from the Straits
of Magellan. The gonosome, as well as other parts, is very variable, and some of the gonangia
resemble Kirchenpauer's figure, and others the original figure of d'Orbigny for S. milneana. 2
Type. In the Berlin Museum.
1 Nordische Gattungen und Arten, 1884, pi. xvi, fig. 1, /.
2 Voyage dans PAine'rique Meridionale, 1839, p. 26, pi. xi, fig. 8.
THE SERTULARIDJE. 97
SERTULARELLA FILIFORMIS (Allman).
(Plate XXIII, figs. 1-::. i
,s, i-iii/iii-i/i jlliforiiii.t ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Ilydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, pi. xxiv, tig. 1.
Si-rliitin-iii t/nicilix ALLMAN, Challenger Ufpurt, Hyilroiila, 1't. 2, 1SSS, p. fil.
Sertulnri'llii filifiiniiix HAUTLAI'II, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. L'.'i.
:-. Colony of graceful and delicate texture, attaining a height of 5 inches. Stein
not fascicled, slender, flexuose, divided into irregular internodcs. Branches not flcxuose, alter-
nate. themselves often branching like the. main stem in an alternate manner, and sometimes
these branches again divide; internodes irregular, each hearing a hydrotheca or a hydrotheca
and hranchlet on distal portions of colony, while the nodes are generally lacking on proximal
parts. Ilydrothecte tulmlar, gracefully and regularly curved outward, with about their distal
third free, and an oblique intrathecal ridge; margin with three well-defined teeth, and an oper-
culum composed of three parts.
Gonosome. Gonangia borne on the stem and branches in all their ramifications, elongate-
oval, with rather long curved pedicels, and a series of very deep compressed annular ridoes
extending much beyond the general surface, like a series of superimposed dinner plates, the
uppermost being bowl-shaped, and giving origin at its center to a long, slender, tubular neck,
which is slightly expanded at both ends. Aperture small.
Dixti'!l>i.it!<i. Port Famine, Patagonia, hit. S. 53 37', long. W. Tit 5<i'. it fathoms.
(Allman.)
The above description is from a portion of Allman's type, which differs from the original
description in having three well-marked hydrothccal teeth, instead of two. The species is
evidently allied closely to A'. fri<-iixj>i<I<it(i^ but differs in the shape of the hydrothecse and
gonangia.
Tyj/e. In South Kensington Museum, London; also in collection of author.
SERTULARELLA QUADRIFIDA Hartlaub.
(Plate XXIII, ligs. 4-7.)
Thniin-iii ijiiiiilriiji-iis ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Ilyilroida, Pt. 1', 1SSS, p. 66.
.'Kffliiliiri'lln (i/llnix HAKTL.UH, Revision der Scrtnlarella-Arten, I'.MlO, p. 4o.
X i-iiilari'/lu ijiiiiili-ljiiln, new name', HAHTLAI-B, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 120.
. Colon}' attaining a height of about -! inches. Stem not fascicled, flexuose,
divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a branch and two hydrotheca 1 on one side
and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches regularly alternate, themselves often branching
dichotomously, internodes very long, the nodes often being entirely wanting. IIydrotliec;e
rather distant, small, adnate to the branch by more than half their adcauline side, the free portion
forming an acute angle with the branch; margin with three teeth, instead of four, although an
appearance of four teeth is sometimes produced by a reduplication of the margin on the adcauline
side, which reduplicates the single adcauline tooth; oporeuluni of three flaps.
(lii/iiixiniic. Not known.
Dixtr;i>iit;<i. Between (Jape Virgin and Falkland Islands, hit. S. :, 1 M5', long. W. 1)5 ' 39',
70 fathoms.
The above description is taken from Allman's type collected by the Clmll, m/, /. Of course
the presence of three instead of four teeth renders the name ijnii/l i-iriili misleading, but it seems
preferable to preserve the name even at the expense of incongruity.
Hartlaub finds that the name originally given to this species by Allman was preoccupied
by Bale in 18S4V
v. In South Kensington Museum. Fragment in possession of the author.
1 Catalogue of Australian Ilydmid /oi.pliytes, Sydney, l.ssl, p. 11U.
98 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
SERTULARELLA MERIDIONALIS, new species.
(Plate XXIII, figs. 8-9.)
Trophosome. Colony compactly pinnate in shape, attaining a height uf about 2 inches. Stem
not fascicled, flexuose, proximal portion not differing from the rest, not noticeably annulated,
divided into fairly regular internodes by oblique nodes, each internode often bearing a branch
and two hydrothecse on one side and a .single hydrothcca on the other. Branches regularly
alternate, rather closely approximated, constricted sharply at their origins, divided into long and
irregular internodes. Hydrothecse large, closely approximated, tubular, with both proximal and
distal ends expanded, both lower and upper profiles concave; about one-half of the adcauline wall
free; margin expanding, with three strongly developed teeth, and a three-flapped operculum.
Gonosomc. Gonangia quite large, oblong-conical, the distal portion being ornamented with
three to five, usually three, pronounced annular turrets; neck small, tubular, suddenly expanding
distally into a trumpet-shaped termination with a round orifice.
Distribution. Albatross Station 2783, lat. S. 51 02' 30", long. W. 74> OS' 30", 122 fathoms.
This veiy striking species bears considerable resemblance to /S. inilit/nu, but has fewer
annulations and a more suddenly enlarged termination to the neck of the gonangia. The tropho-
some is very much more compact and robust than that of S. : i/i /'///,, ///,/, and the hydrothecse
are quite different in shape.
TI/J>,.- */"/,*. Cat. No. 19767, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 1870!), Museum of State University of
Iowa; also in collection of the author.
SERTULARELLA ELEGANS, new species.
(Plate XXIV, fig. ].)
Tmj>/tofit>i>if. Colony growing from a root stalk parasitic on Ablet tnaria, and attaining a
height of about 3 inches. Stem not fascicled, with several strong annulations on proximal
portion, divided into regular internodes, each bearing a hyclrotheca, which is directed forward,
outward, and upward; nodes very strong and deeply cut. Branches straggling and irregular,
tending to an alternate arrangement, and sometimes anastomosing as in S. jJi nxf<>/it, divided by
deeply incised nodes into rather short, regular internodes, each of which bears a hydrotheca.
Hydrothecse directed forward, outward, and upward, rather closely approximated, tubular,
gently curved, adherent by about their proximal adcauline third; margin expanding, with three
strong and equidistant teeth, and with a narrow border or rim; operculum of three flaps.
Hydrotheciu often with an oblique intrathecal ridge running downward from the anterior
margin.
Gonosome. Gonangia in rows on stem and main branches, exceedingly elaborate in orna-
mentation, oval to round, neck tubular with trumpet-shaped aperture, the usual annulations
produced into raised fluted frills that look like a series of lace collars, giving an exceedingly
ornate, e fleet.
Distribution. Albatross Station 2842, lat. N. 54 15', long. W. 166 03', 72 fathoms.
At first view this species bears a general resemblance to S. tri<'iin]>!<ltitn, but the hydrothecse
lie in two planes, are more crowded and heavier, and the gonangia carry ornamentation to its
greatest length as found in the genus.
Ti/p, -.V//VA-.V. Cat, No. 19752, 19753, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 1S701, Museum State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
SERTULARELLA MILNEANA (d'Orbigny).
(Plate XXIV, figs. 2-5.)
Sertularia. niiliii'iitin D'ORBIGNY, Voyage 1'Amerique Meridionals, V, 1839, p. 26.
S,Tiiilnrillii mi/iii'iiiiii KiRciiExi'Ai'ER, Nordische Gattungen, 1884, j>. 52.
Sertulardla milneana HARTLAUB, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. l!9.
Tropkosome. Colon}' very striking in habit, attaining a height of about 4 inches. Stem
proximally without hydrothecse, slender and with numerous annulations, remainder very slightly
THE SERTULAKIU^E. 99
flexose with distant nodes. Branches irregularly alternate, themselves branching dichotomously,
with exceedingly distant, mules. Hydrothecse closely approximated, tubular. gradually bending
outward, extent of immersion varying greatly, al ..... st the entire adcauline wall being .-omctimes
adnate to the hydrocaulus, and at other times the distal half is free, every intergradation lietween
these extremes sometimes being found in one colony, margin with three well-marked and equi-
distant teeth and a three-flapped operculum.
<ii>iintiiiiiii'. Gonangia la rye, home on all parts of the colony, sometimes aggregated on
distal portions, oblong-ovate, distal third ornamented with six to eight even annular rugosities,
remainder perfectly smooth; aperture small, at the summit of a small tubular neck with a slight
distal expansion.
n. Southern coast of Patagonia. Koss Bay. south of Rio Negro (d'Orbigny).
Station 277<i, hit. S. ^1 41'. long. W. tilt 55' 30", -21 fathoms; Station 1'777. lat. S.
52 38', long. W. H) 10' 30", ll.7o fathoms.
The very characteristic gonangia with smooth walls, save for a few distal annulations. seems
to me to serve at once for the identification of this species. Specimens collected by the U. S.
Fish Commission steamer Albatross agree very well with d'Orbigny's figures and descriptions.
SERTULARELLA MAGELLANICA (Marktanner-Turneretscher).
ll'Uitf XXIV, fiLts. 6-8.)
Calyptothuiaria iiiii</<'//<iiii<;i MABKTANNEH-TDHNEBETSCHER, Ilydroiilen mi* ik-n k. k. naturhist. Ilot'museums, 1900,
p. L'44.
i iiiiii/f/liinirii HAKTI.ACII, Revision der SertulareUa-Arten, I'.iOO, \>. 22.
Trophosome. Colony attaining a height of about 2 inches in largest specimen examined.
Stem not fascicled, with several deep annulations on its proximal nonhydrothecate part, basal
portion tubular, broadening and flattening distally. Branches somewhat irregular, but tending to
an alternate arrangement, narrow at their origin, almost straight, inter nodes long and irregular.
HydrotheciX! alternate, large, tubular, gentle curving throughout their length; differing greatly
in the extent of their immersion, some on the distal parts of the colony having not more than
their distal third free, while some near the base of the main stem are free throughout their entire
length; margin with three large equal and equidistant teeth. Operculum with three flaps.
(.fvnosoiiie. Unknown.
Distribution. Straits of Magellan (Marktanner-Turneretseher); JAWms.v Station 2771, lat.
S. 51 34', long. W. 68, depth 50.5 fathoms.
This species is remarkable in reversing the ordinary condition of affairs among scrtularians
in two particulars: first, the stem widens distally; second, the proximal hydrothecse tend to be
more exserted than the distal.
Type. In k. k. naturhistorischen Hofnmseums. Vienna.
SERTULARELLA MINUTA, new species.
(Plate XXIV, .fige. 9-10.)
Trophosome. Colony exceedingly fragile and delicate, attaining a height of about one-half
inch. Stem not fascicled, strongly genieulate, divided into regular long internodes. Branches
very irregular, often forming a right angle with the stem, branching dichotomously, .-.lender,
very strongly genieulate, divided into regular long internodes each of which bears a hydrotheca
near its distal end. Hydrothecse distant, actually small but large in proportion to the diameter
of the stem and branches, slender, almost tubular, bending gently outward, almost completely
exserted but a small portion of the adcauline wall being adnate to the branch, margin with three
teeth; operculum with three flaps.
Gonosome. (lonangia borne on stem and main branches, small, ovoid, strongly and evenly
annulated throughout, with a short tubular neck and slightly expanded aperture.
Distribution. Albatross Station :'.4sn, lat. N. .VJ or,', long. \V. 171 4.".'. L'^:'. fathoms.
This exceedingly delicate and beautiful -.pecies seems to be quite distinct. In some respects
it resembles a miniature of .S'. tricuspidata, and in others a miniature of X. trapica. It differ*
100 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
from both, however, iu its very long internodes, from the former in the degree of exsertion of
its hydrotheca?, and from the latter in the form and ornamentation of the gonangia.
Type slides. Cat. Nos. 19,771, 19,772, U. S. N. M. ; Cat. No. 18,711, Museum State Uni-
versity of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
SERTULARELLA LEVINSENI, new species.
(Plate XXVI, figs. 1-2.)
Trophosome. Colony very loose and straggling in habit, sometimes attaining a height of 3
inches. Stem not fascicled, slender, flexuose, divided into regular internodes each of which bears
a hydrotheca or a hydrotheca and branch. Branches irregularly alternate, slender, flexuose,
often dividing dichotomously, rarely anastomosing, divided into regular internodes throughout.
Hydrotheca? rather small and distant, stout, swollen below, their adcauline wall adnate for from
one-half to three fourths its length; margin with three well-marked equal and equidistant teeth;
operculum with three flaps.
Gonosorne. Gonangia borne in rows on stem and all the branches, although they are more
apt to be aggregated proximally, small, ovoid, somewhat elongate, with shallow broad annulations
particularly on distal portions; neck short but distinct.
Distribution. Albatross Station 2842, lat. N. 54 15', long. W. 166 03', 72 fathoms.
This species is allied to S. dichotoma in the general appearance of its trophosome, but differs
in having more distant and much larger hydrotheca?, a complete division of stem into regular
internodes, and a different gonosome. It is allied to X. frnjiica Hartlaub in the shape of its
gonangia, but differs in having smaller hydrotheca? which are much more exserted, and gonangia
not nearly so slender.
I take pleasure in naming this species in honor of Professor G. M. R. Levinsen, whose valu-
able papers on the hydroids of northern waters have greatly extended our knowledge.
Type slides. Cat. No. 19,761, U. S. N. M.; Cat. No. 18,706, Museum State University of
Iowa; also in collection of the author.
SERTULARELLA DENTIFERA Torrey.
(Plate XXV, figs. 1-2.)
Serlularella dentifera TORREY, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 61.
" Trophosome. Stem slender, flexuose, branched. Branches arising within or in place of
hydrothecse; similar to stem. Hydrothecse free for three-quarters of their length, tubular,
slightly enlarged at base; margin reduplicated, furnished with three moderate teeth forming a
triangle with apex nearest stem."
Gonosome. Not known.
Disti'tbntiim. San Pedro, California.
1 have not seen this species, and have copied the original description entire, although there
is considerable likelihood that it is identical with S. tr<>j>ic<t Hartlaub. 1 The character given by
Torrey, as, " branches arising within or in place of hydrothecse" occurs as a sort of abnormality
in numerous species of hydroids that normally branch in the ordinary manner, and it is of doubt-
ful value as a means of distinguishing species.
Type. In the collection of the University of California.
SERTULARELLA TRICUSPIDATA (Alder).
(Plate XXV, figs. 3-7.)
H'l-hiliii-iii ti-iriix/iiilnta ALDER, Ann. and Mag., 2d ser., XVIII, 1856, p. 356.
N liii/tiriu trirtixjiidatii AI.IIEH, Cat. Zooph. Northumb, 1857, p. 21.
,s; I'hiliii'in i licoideg MORCH, Rink. Grunland geograph. og statisk beskr., 1857, p. 97.
Sertularia tricuspidata GREENE, Ann. and Mag., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 431.
'See Clarke's description and figures of S. mriabil.it (=/S'. tropicn Hartlaub), Bulletin of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, XXV, 1894, p. 75, pi. iv, fig. 20, and pi. v, figs. 21 and 22.
THK SKRTULARHXE. 101
Sertularia t, ;<.-/,;, I,,/,, ALDER, Trans. Tyneside Field Club, V, 1862, p. 289.
Sertitliu-iit lri<-i(xjiiiliil<i I'A< KAKh, Canadian Naturalist, ISO",, j>. 4.
Cotullini trii'iif/iiilnlii A. AHAS.SI/, North. Amer. Acalephae, 1st 15, p. Mil.
Sertularella trimtfpidata HIM KS, Brit. Hydroid Xuoph.. isos, p. i>.",9.
,\'i-/ii/,ii-i'//n /I'ii-iixji ;,ln/,i VKKKII.L. I'p.c. Am. Assn. Adv. Sci., 1*7."., pp. :!5"., .".59, 364.
sjiidiitit KIKCIIENPAIICH, Xweite deiitsche Nordpolarfalirt, 1st 19-70, II, 1874, p. 416.
i-irtixjiiilntii HIXCKS, Ann. and Mag., 4th SIT., XIII, 1*74, ]p. 151.
Sertularelln trinixjiidula VKRRII.L, Am. Jour. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1874, p. 44.
Serlidarella tricusjiiduta LUTKEN, Arctic Manual, 1875, p. 190.
Kerliilni-iU<i ti-iriixjiiiliita CLARK, Alaskan Hydroids, Is70, p. -.4.
Sertulardla li-inixpii.ln/n SMITH and HARGER, Trans. Conn. A cad., Ill, 1876, p. 7.
Serlitliiri'lln li-ifiixjiidiila. HIXCKS, Ann. and Mag., 4th ser., XX, 1877, p. 07.
\riiiliii-illn ti-ii'iixjiiilatu NORMAN, Ann. and Mag., 5th SIT., I, 1878, p. 190.
Sertulardla trirtiK/iiiluttt MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. and Mai;., 5th SIT., I, 1878, p. 323.
N / -lii/nri'1/ti Irii-tixjiiditln PTnuAX, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., VI, 1880, p. 268. '
Xn-lnlnn-lla triru.yidatii WINTHEH, Naturh. Tidsskr., (Hi, Nit, 1SSO, p. 270.
X i-hi/iinlln ti-ii-iixjiidittii RIDLEY, Ann. and Mag., 5th SIT., VII, 1SS1, p. 455.
Sertularella iricuspidata RATHBUN, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., lss3, p. L'lii.
i ti-ii-tisjiiiliitu TnoMi'S'iN. I'.ijilragi'ii to .!< Dierkunde, Afl. X, 1884, p. 6.
l'i li-ii'iiiijiiiliilii KiRCHEXPAi-EU, Nordische (Jattungen, 1884, p. 45.
Sertularella paUida KIHI'IIEXI'AI'ER, Nordische Gattuzigen, lss4, p. 48.
Serluliinllii trifiixjiiiltita MTRDOCII, Polar Kxpcd. IViint liarmw. 1SS5, p. 16H.
N i'hil<ii'ctl<i ti-iruxjiiJuta LoHENZ, Die intern. Polarforschting, Jan Mayrn, III, 1886, p. 2.
SertulareUatrieuspidataTHOKPSOV, Vega Expedition, Vet. Jarktai:.. IV. lss7, p. :i!>4.
Sertnliiri'l/ii. trii-iixjiiil'ilri P.EUIIII, Groplepolyper fra Kara Havet. 1SS7, ]>. ,":>5.
Serial i nil i trirttxjiiilntit MARKTAXXER-TfRXERETs-ciiER, Hydroiden aus den k. k. naturhist. Hofuuiseunis, 1890, p. 222.
Sertularella {rlcu.--pii.htla FEWKES, Bull. Kssex Inst., XXIII, 1891, p. 88.
Sertulin-illii ti-ii-iixjiiiliita LEVINSEX, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., 1892, p. 59.
fii-rtiilnn-llit. triritsjiiilttta MARKTAXXER-TTRXERETSCIIER, Hydroiden von ost Spitzb., 1895, p. 425.
Sertularellii trifuxjiiilnln . J.VDERHOLM, Bihang svensk. Akad., XXI, 1896, p. 1-.
Sertularella tricusiiidata ROULE, Kiihler, Ri'sultats sr. ( 'anipagne du Caudan, Pt. 2, 1896, p. 301.
Sertuliinlln tririin/iiiliilii PEDASCHEXKO, Trav. Sor. Nat. St. I'edTsbourg, XXVIII, 1897, p. 226.
fjt'i-liiliii-t'l/ii . triciii'jiiiJiitii SINI/.IN, Arl>. '/.< HI]. Inst. Wai'M-hau, 1S9S, ]>. 1'1'S.
Sertularella tricuspidalu BIKTLA, Ann. Mus. I J etersbourg, ls98, p. 203.
Ki'i-tiiltiriltit triciixjii'lti/tt v. ADHLI'.M;, 7ncil. C'cntralblatt, 1899, p. 518.
Sertularella tricuspidata NI-TTIXH, Ilydmids from Alaska and Pugrt Sound, 1899, ]>. 741.
Sertulari'lln li-ii-ux/iidnln P.OXXEVIE, Norwegian North Atl. Kxped., 1899, ji. 78.
X,-itl<irfl/tt ti-iciif/iiiliil/i CAI.KIXS, Hydroids from I'lv.'ct Sound, 1*99, p. 360.
Sertularella trii-itxjii/lu/u THTET and BEDOT, Ilydraires de I'llirondelle, 1900, p. 222.
Seiiiiliiri'llit ti-iriifsjiidalu HARTI..M-H, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 23.
Xt'i-hiliiri'l/it li-lfiix/iidnlii HARTLAFU, Ilydroiden aus di-in Stillcn Ocean, 1901, p. 354.
l-!i-i-lii!iiri'l/ii ti-iriixjiii/i/td NUTTING, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 302.
injiiiliiiii Xi'TTixii, Harriman Expedition, the Hydroids, 1901, p. 183.
trii.-tisjiiilattt HAKGITT, Amer. Naturalist, 1901, p. 391.
Sertularella tricuspidata WIIITEAVES, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 20.
iVrrtiitiin-llii trlciix/iiiliitu S I:MI \nssn\-. I'.idra;.' til ICundskaben islandske Hyilroider, 1902, j>. 68.
Sertulitri-l/ii lii-Kjii-rii.i TORUKV, Hydroida of the I'acitic coa-t, 1902, ].. 63.
Trophosome. Colony ;i nnittcd muss of shoots and twigs soinotimos sittaining 1 a height of 5 or
6 inches. Stem not fascicled, slender, divided into intcrnodc* carh of which hears a hydrotheca
or a branch with its axillary hydrotheca. Branches irregularly alternate, often branching
profusely either alternately or dichotomously, divided into regular internodes each of which
bears a hydrotheca, some of the nodes being double and oblique, which gives a twisted appear-
ance to the branch. IIydrothec:c distant, small, cylindrical, without corrugations, the distal half
or more being free; margin with three strong, equal and equidistant teeth: operculum composed
of four flaps.
Gon-O80tne*Gcou8.ngiin borne profusely on the main stem and branches, laro-e. oblong-ovate,
marked throughout with very prominent compressed annular ridges, the uppermost of which
forms a bowl-shaped structure from the center of which arises the tubular neck which ends in a
slightly everted margin and ro.md aperture.
Distribution. Abundant throughout the north polar and north temperate regions of the
world. New England coast (Verrill); Gulf of St. Lawrence (Dawson): Labrador (Packard);
102 AMERICAN HYDR01DS.
Alaska (Clark); Aleutian Islands (Clark); St. Pauls Island (Clark); Puget Sound (Nutting);
Port Townsend (Calkins); San Diego Harbor (Torrey); Greenland (Winther); Polar Sea
(Bergh); Iceland (Hincks); Spitzbergen and North Cape (Bonm-vie); British Islands (Hincks);
Gulf of Gascony (Bedot); A/f><rfi;>*x Station 2557, lat. N. 39 53' 10", long. W. 71 31', 154
fathoms; Station 2850, lat. N. f>4 52', long. AY. 15i 46', 21 fathoms; Station 2857, lat. N. 58 05',
long. W. 150 46', 51 fathoms; Station 285S, lat, N. 58 17, long. W. 148 36', 230 fathoms;
Station 2865, lat. N. 48 12', long. W. 122 : 4t', 40 fathoms; Station 2860, lat. N. 48 09', long.
AY. 125 03', 171 fathoms; Station 3225, lat. N. 54 48' 30", long. W. 165 49', 85 fathoms.
The bathymetric distribution of this species is phenomenal, being from shallow water to 1,375
fathoms.
S. tricuspidata, like all other wide ranging species, varies greatly, especially in the size of
the hydrotheca?. Clarke found specimens in the material collected by Dr. Dall in Alaska that
were very much larger than the typical form. (See Plate XXV, fig. 6.)
S. hesperia- Torrey appears to be a synonym for this well-known species. His figures are
exact!}' matched by specimens of S. tr!cuxpi(l<tt in my possession. The size also agrees, and I
am unable to find anything in his description by which I can differentiate his species.
Type- I' 1 Museum of Nat. Hist. Society, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, England.
SERTULARELLA TROPICA Hartlaub.
(Plate XXVI, figs. 3-4. )
rariabHii CLARKE, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XXV, 1894, p. 75.
d tropirn HARTLAUB, Revision cler Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 41.
Trophosome. Stem sometimes simple, sometimes compound, slightly flexuous, main
branches few and irregularly disposed; a pinnate arrangement of the small branches is in some
cases well marked. Color, light horn. The hydrothecaj are alternately arranged, usually one to
an internode; they are largest near the base, have a tricuspid margin, which is generally
thickened and provided with a three-lobed valve; they are strongly divergent and veiy much
exserted. The degree to which the}' are embedded in the stem varies greatly; in some cases they
are scarcely more than attached to the side of the stem, and in others are embedded more than a
third of their length.
Gonosome. The gonangia spring from just below the hydrothecse, are much elongated,
length two and a half to three times their width, the upper portion marked with five or six rings,
the opening terminal and tubular, the pedicel extremely short.
Ditstiilutwn.Alliitroxs Station 3357, lat. N. 6 : 35', long. W. 81 44', 782 fathoms; Station
3384, lat. N. 7 31' 30", long. W. 79 14', 450 fathoms; Station 3388, lat. N. 7 06', long. W.
79 48', 1,168 fathoms.
I have not seen this species, and have copied the above description entire from the original
by Dr. Clarke, The name given by Dr. Clarke was preoccupied by Bale in 1888 l and by Clarke
himself in 1876 ~ and Hartlaub gave the species the name S. tropica.
The depth from which this species was dredged is quite exceptional for the genus, and
indeed for the family Sertularidse.
Type. In Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SERTULARELLA CLARKII Mereschkowsky.
(Plate XXVI, fig. 5.)
Ki-i-liiliirillii cliii'kl! MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1878, p. 447.
M-rtiiltiri'Hd darkii HARTLAL'B, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 25.
' ' Trophotsoine. Hydrorhiza forming a compact layer of hydrophytons. Hydrocaulus straight,
long, cylindrical, not angularly bent, with regular internodes, destitute of branches to the apex,
where the width of the axial tube suddenly diminishes considerably, and it at the same time gives
'Proceedings of the Linna'an Society of New South Wales (2), III, p. 764.
- Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, p. 1876.
THE SERTULARID/E. 103
origin to the branches. Branches divided into internodes. ratln'i- short, issuing from all sides of
the principal stem, one from each of the internndes. ramified in their turn so that each branch
internode gives off a secondary branch, which is divided once or twice: and all these secondary
brandies are turned toward the axis of the colony (inward). Hydrothecae tubular, a little con-
tracted at the extremity; aperture broad, oval, furnished with two large teeth arranged unsyin-
metrically; arrangement of the hydrothecse, although biserial, not in the same plane, having at
the first glance the appearance of being unisonal."
(idiiiKinn, . Unknown.
I>'is1i-'tl,,t1'tnn. Unalaska (M. Petelin), 1847.
I have not been able to secure a specimen of this species, and have copied the original
description entire, as well as the drawing.
Type.\\\ collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
SERTULARELLA EPISCOPUS Allman.
( Plate XXVI, fi K . 7. )
tScrtvlarin fusiform!* Ilnrox, Trans. New /calami Inst., V, 1872, )>. 257.
^rliilinrllii I'liixi-iijinx Ai, I.MAN, Journ. Linn. Sue. /mil., XII, 1874, p. 263.
Ssrtefarta./ugiformtsCouGHTHHnr, Trans. New Zealand Inst., VII. 1S7"), p. 285.
i^i-i-liiliirin Iniiffii'instii CnriiiiTREY, Ann. and Ma^r., 4th ser., XVII, 187fi, p. 28.
Si'iinlili-i/lii I'/iiwnyiii.v KlRCIIENI'Al'ER, Nonlisclle < i;'.ttuilf, r ell, 1 8S4, p. 51.
f</-iiiiliii-i-/lii fjiixrupuH BALE, Trans. IJnyal Sue. Victoria, 1887, p. lo:;.
Ku-riituriii jiixij'iiniiix I'PEFPEB, Die niedere Tierwelt dea Ant. Ut'er<reli., isn:;. p. 568.
Sertularella i-jiixrn/mx V. \n<ir.uiR, Trans. New Zealaml Inst., XXVIII, ISliii, ji. -Iii4.
ti'i'tiilin-i-l/H i'/>!t:rn]>iiH HAKTLACH, Revision der Sertulurella-Arten, 1900, p. 4!i.
t'. Ilydrocaulus attaining a height of about an inch, simple, given off at short
intervals from a creeping ramified tubular fibre. Ilydrothocu- tuhiform. springing from the
distal end of the supporting internode, to which they are attached by their fundus. free in the
remainder of their height, and strongly diverging from the stem; orifice deeply cleft above and
below, so as to present a mitre-like form, bordered by a thickened margin, below which, on the
side facing the internode, there is a thickened involution of the walls of the hydrotheca.
11 Cfonosbme. Qonangla elongated, ovoid, with one wide and shallow and two narrow and
deep longitudinal depressions, which extend from the summit to the base, supported by a short.
thickish peduncle springing one from each internode at the side opposite to that which carries
the hydrotheca. "
Distribution. New Zealand, Lyall Hay (Ilutton); Straits of Magellan (Pfeffer).
I have not seen specimens of this species and have copied the above description from that
given by Allman. The form of the gonangia as figured is unique, I believe, among the species
of this genus, reminding one of certain ones in the genus Al>'ti nnria.
SERTULARELLA MAGNA, new species.
(Plate XX VI I, li- 1.)
Tropfaosome. Colony (fragmentary) about 3i- inches high, not fascicled, internodes irregu-
lar, long. There is but. a single dichotomous branching near the top, the usual axillary hydro-
theca being present; but several of the proximal branches are produced into much annulated
shoots which resemble the so-called stolons found in various groups of hydroids. Hydrotheca-
enormous for this group, being many times as large as those of S.polyzonias, alternate, tubular,
doubly curved, the distal extremity being turned slightly upward, about thedNtal two-thirds free;
margins several times reduplicated, cither smooth or with two or three or sometimes four low
inconspicuous teeth. Operculum thick, conspicuous, a simple membrane of a single flap where
the margin is even, with two flaps when there are two evident teeth, sometimes apparently with
more than two flaps, but thev are not well defined, probably because the teeth, when three or
four, are very low and inconspicuous.
Oonoeome. Not known.
104 AMERICAN HYDKOIDS.
DixtrHmt!,,,,. -All.iffons Station 3180, lat. N. 52 06', long. W. 171 45', 283 fathoms.
Bering Sea.
This species bears some resemblance to S. gigantea Mereschkowsky, but the hydrothecse are
quite different in shape. No better example could be found of the futility of basing generic
distinction on the number of parts to the operculum. One branch of this species could be
placed in three different genera were that criterion to be used.
Type. In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
SERTULARELLA FORMOSA Fewkes.
(Plate XXVII, figs. 2-4.)
Sertularella formosa FEWKES, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., VIII, No. 7. ISsl, p. 130.
Si'iinlnriit inli -i/rilhcca ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroidu, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 60.
Sertularella formosa NUTTING, Bahama Expedition, 1895, p. 88.
Sertnlarella integrltheca VEKSLUYS, Hydraires de 1'Hirondelle, 1899, p. 37.
,S'i ///' i ;<//(( cylindrithfcii HARTLAUB, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77 (part).
Trophosome. Colony attaining a height of about 6 inches. Stem not fascicled, sinuous,
interuodes not evident. Branches regularly alternate, there being three hydrothecffi between
adjacent branches on the same side, divided into regular internodes each of which bears a hydro-
theca. Hydrotheca 1 ! entirely exserted, cylindrical, set nearty at right angles with the stem or
branch, sides nearly parallel; aperture perfectly round and smooth, except for a submarginal
annulation or rim, which is not always present. Operculum apparently wanting. Sometimes,
however, it appears in the shape of a thin membrane stretched like a drumhead across the
aperture.
Gonmonte. Gonangia oblong-oval, inserted on the bases of the hydrothecse, with smooth
walls and a truncated distal end closed with a four-flapped membranous operculum.
Distribution. Off Granada, 170 fathoms; off Martinique, 357 fathoms (Fewkes); off Habana,
Cuba, abundant, 100 to 200 fathoms (Nutting); Testigos Island, 11 meters (Versluys); Albatross
Station 2157, lat. N. 23 10' 04", long. A^ 7 . 82 21' 07", 29 fathoms; Station 2324, lat. N. 23
10' 25", long. W. 82 20' 24", 33 fathoms.
Having secured a portion of Allman's type of S. integritlieea, and compared it carefully with
S. furni/iK/i Fewkes, I do not hesitate to consider the two species as identical. Hartlaub 1
regards S. imtegritheca and S. cylindritheca Allinan as identical. Having seen both types, I am
unable to agree with him, and the matter is perfectly plain when the types can be consulted.
Tujw. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SERTULARELLA HARTLAUBI, new species.
(Plate XXVII, fig. 5.)
Trophosome. Colony (fragmentary) about 2 inches high. Stem straight, dark colored, not
fascicled, divided into fairly regular nodes by very faintly marked oblique nodes, each internode
bearing a hydrotheca or a hydrotheca and a branch. Branches alternate, given off at right
angles to the stem from just below the bases of the hydrothecse, sharply constricted at their
bases. Only the stumps of branches remain in the type specimen, but another specimen from
a widely different locality consists apparently of detached branches, which are long and slender
with obscure nodes. Hydrotheca} exceedingly shallow, shaped like the base of a low, truncated
cone, with its axis forming nearly a right angle with that of the branch; margin perfectly
smooth and even; operculum in some cases an adcauline flap, in others apparently an irregularly
ruptured membrane stretched straight across the aperture like a drumhead.
Not known.
AtlHiti^xx Station 2136, lat. N. 17 43' 40", long. W. 75 38' 25", 52 fathoms;
Station 2796, lat. S. 8 5', long. W. 78 51', 33 fathoms.
'Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1900, p. 77.
THE SERTULAKID^E. 105
This very peculiar species is with doubt referred to the genus X/ /////<//, Ra. I take pleasure
in naming it in honor of Doctor Hartlaub, who has done more than any other one man to bring
order out of chaos in this very perplexing genus.
Type slides. Cat No. 19760, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18705, Museum State University of
Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
?SERTULARELLA NANA Hartlaub.
(Plate XXVI, tig. 0.)
Sertulardla nana HABTLAUB, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. 361.
Trophosome. Colony unbranched (fragmentary), about 5 mm. high. Stem not fascicled,
slender, divided into irregular internodes Toy usually distant nodes, proximal hydrothecate nodes
smooth, short, not sharply separated from each other; the following internodes longer, bearing
as many as four hydrotheciv. Hydrotheca' lying in one plane, alternate, inserted below the
internodes, deep, distal portions strongly narrowing and gracefully curved, with convex adcau-
line side, base somewhat swollen; margin with two teeth, or perfectly smooth, in which case the
aperture is beveled so as to be nearly vertical; operculum present.
Gonnxome. Not known.
DtKti'ilnifiii/i. Found growing on LafoSa t/r<t<-iUiintt at Bare Island, Puget Sound.
I have not seen this species, and have drawn the above description from that of the original
describer. It is almost certain that it is not a X, /////<//< //it, and would probably go more prop-
erly in TJuiiaria, as used in this work. I do not feel justified in disturbing its position, however,
without more evidence.
Type. In the collection of Professor Schauinsland?
DICTYOCLADIUM Allman.
Trophosome. Colony flabellate in form. Branches anastomosing and forming a rudely
reticulate structure or network. Hydrotheca? on more than two sides of the stem. Aperture
without conspicuous teeth. Operculum variable.
Gonosome. Gonangia borne in the bifurcations of the branches and marked with annular
rugosities.
This genus was instituted by Allman to accommodate one of the many new types secured
by the < 'lull, m/er. ' It was also recognized by Marktanuer-Turncretscher.- although at that
time but a single species was known. The one herein described shows more evident relation-
ship to the genus .SV rt/i/t ircllii than did the original type dredged by the ('/mil, n</, /, especiallv
in the operculum. which is essentially of the Sertula/retta pattern. Allman makes no mention
of this structure, but it is plainly evident in D. tfal>Jl un^ being composed of four distinct naps,
although the teeth are so small as hardly to be evident, being represented merely by four corners
to the margin which have the structural effect of low teeth.
DICTYOCLADIUM FLABELLUM, new species.
(Plate XXVIII, figs. 1-3.)
Trophosome. Colony flabellate in form, attaining a Height of about 4 inches and branching 1
in a strictly dichotomous manner; few evident internodes on stem or branches, the onlv annu-
lations or constrictions ordinarily being tho.se at the origins of branches or branchlets.
Branches straight, not flexuose, themselves dichotomously branching in the same plane, the
ultimate branches often anastomosing with other branches, forming a rude reticulate pattern.
Hydrotheca 1 arranged in four longitudinal series on stem and branches, so as to form an
ascending spiral, tubular, about the distal one-third free, curved gently outward, margin
' Challenger Reports. The Hydn.id:i 1't. 1', 1SS8, p 76.
2 Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hol'museums, 1890, p. 219.
106 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
irregular, but usually with a quadrilateral outline, with the corners of the quadrilateral very
slightly, if at all produced into four very low obscure teeth; operculum with four Haps.
Gronosome. Gonangia borne in bifurcations of the branches, very large, ovate, body with
shallow broad obscure annulations; neck in the form of a long truncated cone with a round
terminal aperture.
DitstrHmtluii.AnH-ttriiKx Station 2842, lat. N. 54 15', long. W. 166 3', 72 fathoms; Station
2874, lat. N. 48 30', long. W. 124 57', 27 fathoms.
Type xlklcx. Cat. No. 19780, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. Is721, Museum of State University of
Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
DIPHASIA Agassiz (modified).
Troplioxonu'. Hydrotheca? biserial, opposite or alternate, aperture broad, operculum evident,
of a single adcauline flap.
Gonosonu'. Gonangia usually differing in the sexes, and marked with spines or lobes; an
internal marsupium usually present in the female.
This genus as proposed originally by Louis Agassiz 1 was very inadequately characterized,
the only definition being in a footnote, as follows: "In the genus Di]>Ii<ixin the fertile hydra?
are deeply dentated." Hincks, in his British Hydroid Zoophytes, 18H8, insists that the main
feature is the marsupial chamber of the female gonangium, in which he is followed by Bale. 2
Four years later Allman 3 called attention to the important character of the lid-like operculum
which is more conspicuous and constant in this than in any other genus of the family. Kirchen-
pauer practically adopted Allman's definition. 4 All of these writers considered the marsupial
chamber in the female gonangium as a necessary character of the genus. Levinsen 5 claims that
this character is not constant, and occurs also in other genera, and liases his diagnosis of the
genus on the characters of the margin and operculum alone, thus including all of the species of
Abietinaria as used in this work. My own opinion is that Ab!<.'t!iir!<i is a good genus, based on
the shape of the hydrotheca 3 , and can very well be differentiated from Diplutsnt on that character,
there being but one form, at least among American species, that cannot readily be relegated to
one or the other of these genera, and that is D. piilcltni Nutting, which in general texture is
more closely allied to Dipluu<!a, which usuallj* lacks the rigid clear-cut sturdy hydrothecal outline
that appears to be characteristic of Aliletlnarni.
KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OP DIPHASIA.
Hydrotheca? in strictly opposite pairs borne on sides of hydrocaulus.
Margin sinuous, but not toothed, hydrothec.t not regularly annulated.
About one- third of hydrotheca free rosacea.
Less than one-third of hydrothecre free, aperture very wide j'<i//<i.<:
Margin with three teeth, hydrotheca; slender, tubular tamarisca.
Margin not toothed, hydrothecal walls regularly annulated Im/iicn.
Hydrotheca; in opposite pairs, borne on front of hydrocaulus , digitalis.
Hydrothecie not strictly opposite, at least on branches.
Branches arising from all sides of stem, forming a spiral piilrhrn.
Branching pinnate.
Each internode of stem bearing a pair of opposite, hydrotheiw ]ianr>iumni.
More than two hydrothecjp to eacn internode.
Gonangia wit h two or more lateral spines corniculata.
Gonangia wit hout spines kincaUli.
Contributions to the Natural History of the United States, IV, 1802, p. 355.
2 Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, Sydney, 1884, p. 98.
"Challenger Report, Hydroida, Ft. 2, London, 1888, p. 63.
4 Hydroiden des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, 1890, p. 237.
''Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider fra Groiilauds Vestkyst, Copenhagen, 1893, p. 196.
THE SKKTI'LARIDiE. KI
POIXTS OF INTKIKiU. \DATIuN I'.KTW KKN IMI'HASIA AXI> ( >TH Kl; ( i KXKKA.
With X I'fuliii'ni, in the general form of the bydrothecse, as in It. t/-<>j>I<-<t, and in the e/eneral shape
and appearance of tin- ^onano-ia. as in 1>. l-in--<ii<li.
With Tliii'nn-in, in the alisenee of regular internodes, as in I). /,//, i-,i/i//'. and in the narrow di-tal
end of the hydrpthecae, as in />. /ml, -lira.
With Aliiiti iKirtu, in the adcauline opereulum, and in the narrowed distal extremity of the hvdro-
thccsv, as in D. jmli-lu'ii.
DIPHASIA POSACEA (Linnaeus).
(Plat.- XXVIII, lifrs. 4-5.)
l.ilii nf Pomegranate flowering <'nm/liin' F.LLIS, Kssay, 1755, p. s.
i'iii i'nxni','11 LIXX.KCS, Systema Xatur.-r, 175s, p. snT.
i i-iixiin'ii IIor-m-YX, Xatuurlyke Historie, XVII, 1761, p. 525.
Sertula/ria nigellastrum P.M. LAS, Elenchua ZoophytOrum, 176<>, p. 12!i.
S/'i'tiilnrin I'uxiii'i'ii LINX.KTS, Systema Nature, ll'lh <<!., 17H7, p. 1306.
,\'i'liilnriii nii/i //iinlriini BoDDAERT, Lyst ilcr I'laiit-1 >ii'i'i'ii, 17(>S, p. llil.
Sertularia rosa MAKATTI, De Plantia Zoophytis, 1776, p. LV>.
S< liiiliirin riKiimi KLLIS ainl SOI.AXDEK, Nat. Hist. Xonpli., 17St>, p. :','.).
iiii/i'l/iixti'inn Wn.Kixsanil HERBST, Charakteriatik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 168.
rosacea KSI-KK, l>ir Ptianzenthiere in Abbildungfii, III, 1788-1830, p. 194.
Sertularia rosacea BERKESHDIT, SyimpH. Xat. Hist, (treat P.ritain, I, 1789, p. 215.
,\i-l uli fin roxaci'ii POIRET, Vuyage en Barbaric, II, 17SH, p. t; c .i.
Sertularia rosacea ESPER, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 1794-1806, pi. xx.
x,','ii<liir'in rosacea Bosc, Hist. Xat. Dt-.s Vers, III, 1802, p. !H.
&'i'tii/,n-iti ruxiii'i'ii TrKTox, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.
X'l-liiliii'iit ro<i<-eii JA.MKSOX, f'atali"_'nc Animals Class Venues, 1811, p. 564.
J>i/iiiinii'iin (.S'.r'/<t,-m) i-iis/ii-i'ii L\Mi>n:i|-x, Bullet, pliilniiiatiqiie, 1812, ]i. 1st.
NigellaetTV/m (Xi-rtulnriii) niiiillnxlrinn <>KEX, Li'lirbnrh <ler Xatnr<;eseliielile, 1815, p. 93.
Nigellastrum i x linlnrin ) mxnn-n OKKX, Lehrbuch iler Naturgeechichte, 1815, p. '.el.
Sertiil<ii-iii rnx/ii'i'ii L.v.MAKeK, Hist. nat. anim. sans Vert., II, 1816, p. 119.
DynntntiKi nixnini LA.MOI'ROUX, Hist. <les Pnlypiers, 1816, p. 17s.
Sertularia rnmu',,i SII:\VART, Elements nat. hist, animal Kini;<lnm, II, 1.817, ]i. 440.
Dliiiitnciin rnxni-i'ii Fi.EMiXd, British Animals, 1828, p. ."i44.
Si-i-lnliiriti rosacea I'x^e. Hist. nat. iles Vers, III. 183(1, p. 1(15.
Si-rlnlin-in i-ii.ini'i'ii .IniiNsTcix, Trans. Xat. HUt. S...-. Xnrtlmmli, 1S32, ]>. 255.
Dyntimt'iui nis<nv<i DE BLAIXVII.LK, flannel d'Aetinc.loLric. 18:i4, p. 484.
\'i-ln/iiriii rosacea I.AMAKI-K, Hist. nat. anim. sail- vert., I'd ed., 18.'!<3, ]>. 145.
fu'iiii/iii-iii rosacea II \SSAI.L, Ann. and ^la.i:., VI, 1841, p. Hi7.
Sertularia rosacea M \ci.n I.IVKAY, Ann. and Mat:., IX, 1842, p. 4(i:;.
Si-rliilm-iii rii.--iii'i-ii OUAV, List. I'>ritisb Animals, 1847, p. till.
x< i-liiliii'iii. rosacea JOHXSTON, Hist. Brit. Zooph., 1847, p. ill.
rosacea DALYELL, Rare and Remark. Animals of Scotland, I, 1847, p. 159.
ii-fii (iuss, Ilcvniisliire ('.past, 1S57, p. 4:!4.
Sertularin rosacen ALDER, Cat. /uoph. X'urtlinmb. , 1857, |i. 24.
Dijiluixiit ,-iiiuii-i'ii L. AriAsM/, C.,nt. Xat. Hist. I*. S., IV, l8f,L>, p. :;55.
Si'iiiiliirin i'nxni-,-11 PACKARD, Canadian Naturalist, Dec-. 186.",, p. 4.
Di/iiiinii'iiii rfiMici'ii KiRciiExi'.M'Ei;, Xeiir Sertulariilen, 18li4, p. 7.
T>i]ilnifiin riixiiri'ii AdAssix, Xortli Amerii'au Aealepha-, 1SIJ5, p. 142.
JlijilitisSii i-iisticfii IliMKs 1 , British Hydroid ZciDphytcs, 18iis, p. L'45. .
I)ij,lni.ii,i rosacea VEKRILL, Proc. Am. Assn. Adv. Sri., 187:1, p. 364.
Dijilitiitiii riiiaii-i'ii AlcIxTosn, Ann. and Mai;., 4th ser., XIII, 1874. p. 212.
n>.svvn SCHULZE, Xordsee 1'lxped., 1874, p. 132.
t i-iinmrii VKRHILL, Amer. Journ. Sei., X, 1S75, p. 43.
Di/,h(ixiu i-iMii-i'ii WIXTIIKK, Xaturliist. Tidsskrift, 1880, p. 265.
i rosacea DKIKSIII, Tektmiisclir Studien, 18110, p. 213.
x!!! ruHiinii MARKTAXXEK-TrRXEKKTseiiER, 1 1 yilr, liden des k. k. naturb. Hi.l'museiims. I8!t(l. p. 238.
i niKiiirii I.ICVINSKN, Vid. I'db. " 1 latii-hs" Tn^ter, 18II3, p. 371.
'Authors before Ilincks i ISUS i ,li,l nut distinguish J>. i-nxm-ni t'mm /'. nil, , mil,,, and lieiu-e we can only assume
that they refer to the originally deseriheil form.
108 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
i CRAWFORD, Ann. and Mag., 6th ser., XVI, 1895, p. 261.
Dynuinfnn rosacea BONNEVIE, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 79.
ia rosacea NUTTING, Hydroids of the Woods Hole Region, 1901, p. 361.
HARGITT, Amer. Naturalist, 1901, p. 392.
Diphasia rosacea WOITEAVES, Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, 1901, p. 26.
Diphasia rosacea S.EMUNDSSON, Islandske Hydroider, 1902, p. 66.
Tniphoxome. Colony attaining a height of 3 or 4 inches, of very delicate texture, trans-
lucent. Stem not fascicled, its proximal portion smooth and without hydrothecffl, no regular
internodes; remainder divided into regular short internodes, each bearing a pair of opposite
hydrotheca* and sometimes a branch. Branches alternate, distant, often irregularly spaced,
proximal internode without hydrothecse, others bearing a pair of opposite hydro thecse; branches
themselves often divided into branchlets. Hydrothecse strictly opposite, long, tubular, the two
of a pair not contingent in front but with their proximal adcauline sides parallel, upper one-third
to one-half free and bending abruptly outward and forward and ending in an oblique margin,
which is sinuous but not toothed. Operculum of a single adcauline flap, usually situated just at
the margin, but when closed sinking considerably below the margin, especially on the adcauline
side. Nodes of the branches just between the distal divaricated portions of the hydrothecse.
Gonosome. Gonangia borne in rows on the upper sides of branches, male gonangia long,
slender, narrowing very gradually proximally to a short curved pedicel and very abruptly
distally to a small tubular neck and minute round aperture; sides ornamented with eight com-
pressed longitudinal ridges ending in points on distal end of gonangia. Four to eight spermaries
are seen in a row through the transparent gonangial walls. Female gonangia larger, more robust,
pyriform, with eight conspicuous longitudinal ridges ending in lamellate processes which curve
inward toward a common center, and two of which, on opposite sides, are much larger than the
other six; apparently an internal marsupial chamber of globular form can be seen in mature
gonangia. 1 When immature the gonangia are obconical in form, with eight regularly spaced
projections around the top.
D!stril)ut!<m. New England coast, common (Verrill); Labrador (Packard); Gulf of St.
Lawrence (Whiteaves); British coasts (Hincks); Denmark (Winther); Norway (Levinsen); Iceland
(Samiundsson); North Sea (Schulze).
Albatrox* Station 2250, lat. N. -0 17' 15", long. W. 69 51' 45", 47 fathoms.
This is a well-known shallow water species, occurring from tide level to about 50 fathoms.
DIPHASIA TAMARISCA (Linnaeus).
(Plate XXVIII, ligs. 6-7.)
Sen tamarisk ELLIS, Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 4.
Sertuliii-in liiniiirigcti, LiNN.Ers, Systema Natune, 1758, p. 808.
Kn-tiiliiriii I'l/iini-ixrii HOUTTUYN, Natuurlyke Historic, XVII, 1761-1773, p. 533.
Serlulitria tttmarixrn PALLAS, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1766, p. 129.
i Iniiinrixi-ii LINN.EUS, Systema Natune, 1767, p. 1307.
i Inniiirixra BOBDAERT, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. 160.
(Si rlnlnriiL tmnnrixrux MARATTI, De Plantis Xnophytis, 1776, p. 26.
Tiiiiiiirixru. GRONOVITS, Zoophyladuin gronovianam, 17M, \>. 357.
tiiiiini'ixfii, ELLIS and SOLANDER, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 1786, p. 36.
Sertutaria tamarisca WILKINS and HERBST, Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen, 1787, p. 167.
Si-Hnliii-iii liiiiinrlxca GMELIN, Systema Natune, Liniueus, I, 1788-1793, p. 3845.
tii'rtuliii-ia liniiiirisfii. BERKEXHOI'T, Synops. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 1789, p. 216.
Ki'1'lii/ni-iti tiniiiirixi-ii OLIVI, Zoologia Adriatica, 1792, p. 288.
Sertiilariit. linimrixcn. LAMARCK, Systeme des anim. sans Vert., 1801, p. 382.
i-iii liiiiinrixi'ii ISnsc, Hist. nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. 92.
i-lii, lamarisca TURTON, British Fauna, 1807, p. 212.
/iuiiirixcn LAMOUROUX, Bullet, Philonmtique, 1812, p. 184.
\'i<iflliixirinii (Sertutaria) tamariscaOKEV, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815. p. 93.
X rliiltn-in titi/Hii-ixi-ii IvAMoi-Koi-x, Hist. nat. des Polypiers, 1816, p. 188.
'See explanation of this appearance on pp. 30-32.
THE SERTULARID^E. 109
Sertularia tamarisoa STEWMIT, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal Kingdom, II, 1817, i>. 441.
Jliiiiiiiii'iin Idiiiiirixi'n DE BI.AIXVII.I.E, Manuel d' Aetinnlogie, 1MI4, ]>. 4s:i.
Serlularin tnmariscn LAMABCK, Hist. nat. anim. sans Vert., ls:;r>, p. ].">:;.
iSertufaria tamariwa HASSAI.I., Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. 168.
Di.namena tamarisca FLEMIXC;, British Animals, 1842, p. 543.
Serlularia trtmarifru MACCII.MVRAY, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1S42, p. 1(54.
Sertulnrla tamariicn GRAY, British Animals, 1S4:!, p. 72.
i liiuKirini-ii JOHNSTON, Hist. Brit. Zooph., IS47, p. 74.
i STIMPSON, Marine Invert. (Jrand Chilian, 1854, p. 8.
fierln/ariti tuinnrixi'ii AI.DKR, Cat. Zooph. Northumh., 1S57, p. 25.
Si'i-liil/irin tuiitiirisca AI.LMAX, Ann. ami Mag., 3d ser., Ill, 1S5!(, p. 238.
Itijilnixiit liiiiiiii-ixi-d AiiAssix, Cunt. Nat. Hist. I*. S., IV. lsii2, p. :;55.
fSertulariaproducta A. A<;ASSI/, North American Acaleph.-e, IStio, p. 145.
Jti/iliiixin tiniiiirixi-ii HIXCKS, British Ilydroid /oophytes, 1S6S, p. 254.
Dijihnxia tamariska SARS, Bidrag til Knndskahen, 1873, ]). 19.
Dijiliiixin tnmarixca SCHTLZE, Nordsee Exped., 1S74, i>. 132.
Dijiliuxiii linnnrixcii (V\ wroitn, Ann. and Mag., 6th 8er., XVI, 1895, p. L'lil.
l>i/iiniiiena tamarisca BOXXEVIE, Norwegian North Atlantic Exped., 1899, p. 81.
"Shoots stout and erect, irregularly branched, the branches commonly alternate, sometimes
opposite, long, .simple or variously branched. Hydrothoca- very large, cylindrical, the upper
half free and divergent, with a wide tridentate aperture; gonothecse (male) connircsscil.
obcordate, attenuated below, broad and truncated above, with a small spine at each side, and a
central tubular aperture; (female) elongate, oval below, above three-sided with a pyramidal
summit, the edges of the pyramid serrated and its basal angles produced into spines."
Distribution. ? Grand Manan (Stimpson); Great Britain (Hincks); Adriatic (Olivi); North
Sea (Schulze); Norway (Sars); Bay of Biscay (Beltreuiieux, teste Hincks).
I have not seen this species, and the above description is taken entire from that of Hincks,
which seems to be the best one available. The species may not be American, and is introduced
here because it seems that the Sertulana j>/'<i<lu<-t,i of Stimpson is this form, a view entirely con-
sistent with his description, which is as follows: "Cells opposite, elongated, curving outward,
with ovate apertures. Vescicles slender, elongated, subtruncate and covered with spines at their
extremities. It differs from S. in/ir<j<ir<fn Hassall, in having more numerous spines at the lop
of the vescicle and none on its sides." It seems evident that Hincks regarded >'. j>r<><ln<'fii as a
synonym of D. tamarisca, although he does not say so directly. He does, however, assign it to
Grand Manan on authority of Stimpson, in his account of the distribution of the species, and as
Stimpson does not mention I>. tiinmrix,;^ but does describe the species .V. j>i'o<lti<-t<i. which answers
to the description of D. tiunnrixcn , it seems certain that Ilincks regarded the two as identical
species.
DIPHASIA FALLAX (Johnston).
(Plate XXIX, iius. L'-ii.)
KI.EMINC;, Hist. I'.rit. Animals, 1S2S, p. 545.
/liiiiialu JOHNSTON, British /onphytes, ISI'.s, p. 127.
Sertula/ria pinnaia MACIMLI.IVUAY, Ann. and Mag., IX, 1S4J, ]>. 463.
Sertulariti Jullii.i- JOIIXSTOX, British Xonphytes, IS47, j). 73.
,S', i-lii/tir!ii Jiil/iti STIMPSOX, Marine Invert, (irand Manan, 1S54, |>. '.i.
rin j'nlln. i- ALDER, Cat. Zoojih. Northumli., 1x57, p. 24.
liHxiit f/il/n.r A. AIJASSI/, North American Acale]ih.-e, lX(i5, p. 142.
Diphaaiafallax'H.TXtCKB, Britisli Ilydroid /nop hytes. IXlis, ],. i_'l!i
J>ililiiiniiijiillii.i' VERKILL, Prop. Am. Assn. Adv. Sci., 1873, p. :!M.
Diphasia fattax VERKII.L, Amer. .lonrn. Sci. and Arts, VII, 1S74, p. 44.
jyijilinniii fiillnj- VERRILI., Amer. .lonrn. Sci. and Arts, VII, IS74, p. 504.
M/./m.wi /.f//<;r KEWKKS, Bullet. Essex Inst., XXIII, IS'.H. p. 38.
Itijilinxin j'ulliij: LEVINSKX, Vid. Medilel. naturli. P'oren., 1S1H', p. 55.
Di/naiiii mi J'n/lii.i- BOXXEYIE, Norwegian North Atlantic Expi-d., 1899, p. 78.
lHji/uixiii j'lil/ii : Nrrrixd, Hydroids of the Womls Hole Region. 1H01, ]>. 361.
Diplxixiii jiilln.r IlAUdiTT, Ameriean Naturalist, IH01, p. 391.
Diphagiafpttax \VIIITEAVES, ^Marine Invert. Kastern Canada, liMll, p. 'Jii.
Diphasia jattax SJ^.MUNDSSON, Islaudske Hy<lroider, 1902, p. 66.
110 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Tfujiliiixiiiiii'. Colony attaining a height of 3 or 4 inches. Stem not fascicled, proximal part
smooth and without regular nodes, remainder divided into regular internodes each of which bears
a pair of hydrothecse and sometimes a branch. Branches irregularly alternate, the proximal
internode bearing a pair of hydrothecse as do all the others; branches often terminating in a long
hooked, tendril-like process and often dividing into branchlets. Hydrotheca 3 opposite, tubular,
rather short and stout, those of a pair rather widely separated, adnate to branch for about
three-fourths their height, the distal one-fourth being abruptly divergent and ending in a large
broadly sinuous margin, the aperture reaching nearly or quite to the branch. Operculum a
single large adcauline flap.
Gonnxiniii . Gonangia borne in rows on front of branches. Female gonangia oblong-ovate
in general outline, the summit crowned by four long pointed lobes or flaps of equal size,
converging above. The appearance of an internal marsupial chamber is present in mature speci-
mens. Male gonangia much smaller, summit quadrangular, with each angle produced into a
tubular process and the center occupied by a small tubular neck terminating in a minute aperture.
Distribution. New England coast (Verrill); Grand Manan (Stimpson); mouth of St.
Lawrence (Whiteaves); British coasts (Johnston); west coast of Greenland (Levinsen); Tromsoe,
Norway (Sars); Iceland (Ssemundsson); U. S. Fish Commission Station 770, Narragansett Baj 7 ,
Si fathoms.
This species seems to be confined to shallow water.
DIPHASIA TROPICA, new species.
(Plate XXX, fig. 1.)
Tropkosome. Colony unbranched, arising from a creeping root-stalk and attaining a height
of one-fourth inch. Stem slender, not fascicled, divided into regular internodes, each of which
bears a pair of strictly opposite hydrothecae. Hydrothecse tubular, five-sided, contingent in
front for nearly half their length, scarcely touching each other on the posterior side of stem.
Three of the sides of each hydrotheca are seen from the front and two from behind. Distal half
free and curving regularly outward and a little upward. Margin circular, aperture closed by an
operculum which is adcauline in position. The hydrothecse are ornamented throughout by
pronounced compressed external ridges running entirely around the walls, closely set and parallel
to each other, forming a conspicuous and unique ornamentation. Pairs of hydrotheca? are
separated by about their own height.
ffonosome. Not known.
Distribution. Shallow water between Eleuthera and Little Cat Island. Collected by the
Bahama expedition from the State University of Iowa.
The beautiful and regular annulation and the five sides to the hydrotheca' arc features that
render this species peculiarly striking and distinct.
Tyj" */"/< .*. Cat. No. 1980-1, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18729, Museum State University of Iowa;
also in collection of the author.
DIPHASIA DIGITALIS (Busk).
(Plate XXX, iigs. 2-7.)
ilii/iln/ix BI-SK, Voyage of Unltli-siinh.; I, 1852, pp. 387, 3! 13.
inii/Hlii'cn ALLMAN, Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool., V, No. 2, 1877, p. 26.
iliijilnlix BALE, Australian Hydroid Zoophytes, 1884, p. 101.
Desmoecyphus acanthocarpus ALLMAN, Challenger Report, Hydroida, Pt. 2, 1888, p. 73.
Tropkosome. Stem not fascicled, attaining a height of about 4 inches, divided into regular
but obscure internodes, each of which bears a pair of opposite hydrotheca} and occasionally a
branch. Branches irregularly alternate, arising from short processes which spring from the
postero-lateral surface of the stem, rigid, divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a
pair of hydrotheca' on its anterior face. Hydrotheca? borne on front of the stem in pairs the
individuals of which are contingent on their adcauline sides for almost their entire length, long,
THE SKRTrLARID^E. Ill
tubular. squarish in cross section, closely approximated, parallel to each oilier and to the branch
for nearly their entire length, their short free distal ends bending outward and forward: margin
sinuous, hut not toothed; aperture la rye. directed more nearly upward than is usual in this
"Vims; operculum very conspicuous, forming an arched cap over the aperture.
(riiH^fi,,,,!, . ( ionangia attached to the hack of stem, small, pellucid, oblong-oval, with a short,
tubular neck and with the walls beset throughout with small, sharp, thorn-like spines.
Distribution. West Indian region and Florida keys, Bahama expedition from the Slate
University of Iowa; off Bahia. Brax.il. ( '/mil, nil, r; Key West (Allinaii): I'rince of Wales
Channel, Torres Strait (Busk); .|AW,v,. Station _>:;_':;. lat. X. _':; lu' 51", long. W. M' lit' (>:;".
If,:: fathoms; Station !>::>>, lat. N. L':', In' 36", long. W. s-j In' li>". Kill fathoms; Station 2350. lat.
N. 2:-5 ID' Hit", long. W. x-2 ->\\' 21", i't:: faihoms.
Having examined Altaian's type of Desmoscyphus acanthoca/rpus and compared it with his
Desmoscyphus longitheca, I have no hesitation in declaring them identical. Bale' calls attention
to the close resemblance between I>. /n/ii//'f//.<-ft Allman and X. <l!t/!f<ilix Busk. The drawings and
descriptions of this latter species given by Bale agree exactly with the type of />. ,/,-,//,//,, w,y///.x
Allman. Busk's description has the priority. and the other two must be regarded as synonyms.
Typ< . In South Kensington Museum. London. Fragment in possession of the author.
? DIPHASIA PULCHRA, new species.
(Plate XXXI, tins. 1-3.)
TrnjilKixonti.'. Colony attaining a height of about ;"> inches. Stem strongly geniculate, divided
into fairly regular internodes, at least in distal part, each internode giving forth u branch, the
nodes being just under the processes which support the branches. Branches arranged in a spiral,
rising gracefully from the main stem, forming a dense. symmetrical, bushy tut't. giving a verv
elegant appearance to the colony; branches divided into long internodes, each of which bears
several hydrothecii'. Hydrotheca 1 rather distant, subalternate, long, pitcher-shaped, the distal
end narrowed and terminating in a mouth like that of a pitcher; margin with two broad opposite
teeth, and a sinuation or excavation on the adcauline side, where the one-napped operculum is
attached.
( iii/ioxoiin . --Not known.
I)',x1r'il,,it'i,,n. -Mlnitraxx Station I'si;:-',, hit. N. 4s >*', long. W. li.':! lo', (57 fathoms.
This graceful species bears considerable 1 resemblance to certain forms of Thn/nr'ni, but seems
to have more affinities for Itt^Jnix'ni. where it is provisionally placed. When the gonosouie is
discovered it may be necessary to place it in another genus.
TI/II, .s-//V<.v. -Cat. No. I'.tT'.tit. I'.isiH), U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. Is7i'4. Museum of State ("niversity
of Iowa; also in the colleeti< ..... f tho author.
DIPHASIA PAARMANNI. new species.
( Plat.- XXXI, li-.-. 4-6.)
Ti-iijilinxiini, . Colony erect, rigid, plumil'orm. attaining a height of about :'. inches. Stem
stin'. straight, the proximal unbraitched part smooth and without nodes, the remainder divided
into obscure but regular internodes. each of which bears a pair of opposite hydrothcra- and a
branch. Branches strictly alternate, still', divided from the stem by a sharp basal constriction;
internodes regular, each bearing two alternate hydrothecie and divided by oblique nodes. Hydro-
thecie alternate on branches, opposite on main stem, rather distant, about the distal one-third
free, tubular, curving gently outward, ending in a sinuous margin shaped like the mouth of a
pitcher. Operculum adcauline. consisting of a single nap.
(iitnuKiinn . (ionangia borne in rows along the front of branches. Female gonangia large,
oblong-ovate, proximal end narrowing to a short slender pedicel, distal end dome-shaped and
consisting of four large lobes with contiguous or coalesced edge-, arching o\ er to form the dome;
'Australian Hy.lmi.l /.,... pliylr-. lss|, p. 101.
5125 IT 1' 04 - S
112 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
an internal marsupium is present in mature specimens. Male gonangia rather slender for this
genus, oblong conoid, with six to eight longitudinal ridges becoming more prominent distally
and ending in a circle of six to eight elevated points, which surround the slender tubular neck
which occupies the center of the distal end of the gonangium.
I>;xtr;i,,it;,,n. An><iti-xx Station 24i:>, lat. M. 30 44', long. W. ?. I'll', 44o fathoms; Station
2663, lat. N. W 3!t', long. YY. ?. 4:i', 4'Jl fathoms: Station *\M, lat. X. ;>,(> 47' :io", long. W.
79 4!', -J7) fathoms; Station -JtJf.s, hit. X. M 5S' :-!()". long. W. 7l'-' 38' 30", a4 fathoms.
This species seems to lie the most southerly in its distribution of all of the typical Diplmx'ni
species, and is also found in deeper water than is usual in this group. It is probably nearest
I). jtiiuiKtii, from which it differs in having a sharp constriction at the base of each branch,
alternate and more distant hydrotheca-. and in the character of the male gonangium. I take
pleasure in naming this verv beautiful form in honor of Mr. .1. H. Paarmann, who has done
much to elucidate the structure of the operculum in this family of hydroids.
TyjH xl!<l,x. -Cat, No. l!7i7. I'.S.X.M. Cat. No. js7L ; <l, Museum of State University of
Iowa; also in collection of the author.
DIPHASIA CORNICULATA (Murray).
(Plate XXIX, fift. 1.)
Si'rliiliirin rnriiiriiliiln Mi'RKAY, Ann. ami Man., 3d ser., V, 1860, p. 251.
I>iji/i<ixiii rnriiifiiiiitii A. AciAssi/, North American Acalepluc, isii.'i, p. ]4:i.
Kerliiltiriii r/iriiii-ii/iiln CLARK, Hydroids nf the Pacific Coast, ISTfi, ].. 251.
" Cells not quite opposite, sometimes nearly alternate, forming an open cup resting on the
stem: lip not distinct; exterior margin somewhat projecting at tip; a single one in the axilla of
each pinna. Vescicles pear-shaped, with two long points projecting like horns at the thick end;
aperture between them."
Distribution. "Bsij of San Francisco (Murray).
I have not seen this species, and copy tlie above description, which is entirely inadequate,
from the original by Murray. His tigure. which I also copy, shows that the gonangia, or at
least one of them, resemble that of I>. tuiin/rixi'i/, but. the hydrothecse seem much stouter and
more nearlv opposite,
DIPHASIA KINCAIDI (Nutting).
(Plate XXXI, lij;s. 7-!l.)
Tliiiinriii 1'li'i/iiiin Nrrrixi;, Ilydroids <>f the Ilarriinan Isxpi-ilition, 1001, p. 1S7.
Thninriii kiiirniili Nl'TTixn, American Naturalist, Sept., 1901, p. 7S9.
Tliuinriu i'/,'i/inix TOHRKY, Hydrnicla of the Pacific Coast, l'.KI2, p. 14.
Trophosome. Colony plumose, attaining a height of about (J inches. Stem not fascicled,
with a row of hydrothec-e on each side, divided by oblique nodes into long and irregular
internodes; in distal part, each internode bears from two to four branches. Branches irregularly
alternate, unbranched for about their proximal half, the distal portion dividing into a number of
branchlets, the whole giving a very elegant plumose appearance to the colony. Branches
divided into irregular internodes by oblique nodes, each internode ordinarily hearing more than
two hydrothecse. liydrotheca 1 subalternate, short, stout, pitcher-shaped, the abcauline outline
being a double curve and the adcauline a single curve; margin sinuous, like the mouth of a
pitcher. Operculum consisting of a large, slightly vaulted adcauline Hap. The top of one
hydrotheca is separated by a considerable space from the bottom of the one immediately above it.
tin/KiftiiiiK'. Gonangia arranged in crowded double rows along the distal parts of the stem
and branches, small for this genus, rather slender, oblong-oval, the distal end truncated and
entirely occupied by the large round aperture. There is an internal distal plug which appears as
a dark collar in fresh specimens. The gonangia have no spines or external projections of any
sort.
Distribution. Berg Inlet and Dutch Harbor, Alaska (Nutting). Collected bv the Ilarriman
Alaska Expedition.
TI/JX- xlnl.x. -Cat. Nos. L!t7H;">, l'.7'.tf,. I'.S.N.M. Cat. No. ls7i'.">. Museum of State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
THK riEETULAKID^K. 11M
ABIETI N ARI A Kirchenpauer (modified |.
Trophosome. Hydrothecse not strictly opposite, more or less bottle -shaped (the proximal
portion turbid, distal portion nan-owed), oprivulum of a single adcauline flap, niaryin usually
without Irctli.
IriiiioxiniK . Gonangia plain, corrugated or ribbed, without lateral spines and without an
internal inarsupium.
This yenus \vas proposed by K irehen])uiter ' to include a few species allied to X, i-tulm-in
nhntiini of authors, his formal characterization beiny as follows, freely translated:
Sertularians with branched stem. .Stem or liranch bearing pinnate branches. Ilvdrother;e
flask-shaped, decidedly bulyiny (ventricose), with a tubular neck, and aperture directed laterally.
Neither Kirchenpauer nor Marktanner-Tnrneretscheiv who adopted this yenus. reeoyni/ed
the important character of an adcauline operculuni, the latter writer expressly stating that
Al>i<tiinii-it< is composed of nonopeivulate forms. Levinsen, on the other liand. placed yreat
stress on the operculum, as we have seen, and included all species with a single-flapped adcauline
operculuni in the ovnus liiji/mxlii." Here, ayain. it seems to me, that reliance on a single character
lias been misleading and has resulted in an unnatural association of species.
The yen us as above defined appears to be a fairly natural yroup. and one easily identified in
nearly all cases. Of course the operculuni is sometimes difficult to make out by the novice, but
any yood observer should be able to detect it and to decide whether it is adcauline or abcauline.
thus differentiating between Aliiftimiriii and Ttuiiiiriii in cases where other characters fail. In
most cases the yeneral shape of the hydrotheca.' will at once determine the matter.
ruINTS OF INTFKiiKAIiATIuX I'.KTW F.KX AJ',1 KTINAKI A A\l> nTIIF.R < i K.NKKA.
With Thiiliii'iii, in general shape of hvdrotheca, extent of immersion of hydrotheca'. and
character of margin and aperture, as in .1. (mnulata, Kirchenpauer, .1. turgida ('lark, and
..1. gigantect Clark. In all of these cases the operculuni is evidently of a sinyle adcauline flap.
With /)if>lin.tiii, in the character of the margin and operculum. This prevails throughout
the yenus. and makes it necessary to consider other characters that are yiven in the definition of
the yenus .\!ii<>i/nii'ii/. particularly the shape of the hydrotheca'. In those cases where the
hydrotheca' arc not typically bottle-shaped, as in .1. hir<ji<l<i and .1. i/ii/iiiilfii. the orifice is still
much more constricted than the bodv of the hvdrotheea 1 . and in none of these cases does the
yonosome resemble that which is characteristic of I)!j>lum!<i.
This ye nils is essentially arctic and north temperate in distribution, a yreat majority of
species occurring in particularly luxuriant colonies in the cold waters of Alaska. Not a sinyle
American species is found in tropical seas, and none extends south of California, on the Pacific
coast, or south of New Knyland, on our North Atlantic coast. ()ne species, A. <il>i< timi. extends
to the Mediterranean, on the east shores of the Atlantic.
KKV I'ci TIM \\IKiac \\ M'KIIKS ill' THK (.EM'S A HIETINAIil A.
Mi'fi' than niii'-fniirtli uf ;nlraiiliiic wall free.
llyilriithfc.-i' not leaning forward in notii-caMc df.'rrr.
Internoiles of sti'in fairly n^nlar. cadi l'carin;;a hruiii'li.
1 lydiMt'ii-i'.-r laru'' 1 ami fairly robust.
Gonangia not top-shapeil nor annulated.
Not more than one-third of hydro! In 'fa I \\:\\\ adnale nli'n Una.
At least half of adcauline wall adnate.
( M.naii.L'ia \\ illi broad aperture i;n'inlii/ix.
( ioiiaii^ia with narrow a pert lire nu-niixtiiii.-s.
< ionaiii.'ia top-shaped, with annular rui;o.-ities en, i.
llyilrothei-ir small and delicate, nearly opposite (r
"Nonliselie (i;ittiinen uinl Arten, 1SS4, pp. L'U
llie Hydroiden des k. k. natnrliistorisehen llofmiisenni-. Is'.Mi. pp. -JJu. _')-).
: '\'idenskal)C'liL'e Mcddelelser fra den natiirhistoriske Fofenini.', Kjiibenhax n. Isirj. p. PHI.
114 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Intel-nodes of stem irregular.
Distal ends of hydrothecif very greatly narrowed, hydrothe&e very short trunk! .
Distal ends of hydrothecse much compressed - amphora.
Distal ends of hydrotheivr not greatly re impressed.
More than one-half of adcauline wall adnate aiiguiim.
Aliout one-third of adcauline wall adnate gracilin.
Hydrothec;i' leaning forward in noticeable degree.
Ends of liydrotlieiw much compressed compresmi.
Ends of hydrothecse not noticeably compressed.
Hydrotheca> not curved alexmideri.
Hydrothecrt- distinctly curved.
II ydrothecal margin with two adcauline teeth in some cases, and without teeth in
others, in the same colony. < tonangia annulated yreenci.
Margin always without teeth, gonangia with longitudinal ribs i-mttnin.
Less than one-fourth of adcauline wall free.
Stem very dark, thick, and woody, m it translucent uiniiilatu.
Stem thick, but not woody, horn color, translucent.
Stem with regular internodes, each bearin.tr a pair of hydrothec.-i- turglda.
Stem with irregular internodes ; gigantea.
ABIETINARIA ABIETINA (Linnseus).
(Plate XXXII, figs. 1-3.)
Sea fir ELLIS, Essay Nat. Hist. Cor., 1755, p. 4.
Sertnlariit dbielin.fi LixN.Ers, Systema Natune, 1758, p. 808.
Sertitlnriii alni'tiiui LIXX.EUS, Fauna Snecica, 1761, p. 540.
Serttilnr'ni nliii'lina HOUTTUYN, Natuurlyke Historic, XVII. 1761-7:!, p. 534.
Sertitlrii-iti nliii'tinn RASTER, Dissertation de Zoophytis, 1762, ]>. 11.'!.
ficrtulnriii nliii'lina PALLAS, Elenchus Zoophytorum, 1760, p. 133.
i uliii'tiiia Lixx.Krs, Systema Xatune, 1767, p. 1307.
abietina BODDAERT, Lyst der Plant-Dieren, 1768, p. ItiH.
nbietiiia OI.AFSF.X and POVEI.SEN, Ri'jse igiennem Island. Sortie, 1772, j>. 40.
fiertiilai-in nliii-linn MARATTI, De Plantis Zoophytis, 1776, p. 27.
Srrtiilnri abietina Mr LLER, Zoologise Danicie, 1776, p. 255.
&'rtnt(irin uliietinn FABRinrs, Fauna Urci-nlumlica, 1780, ]i. 44..
!\,ftiilnrin ahii-tinn (TROXOVIVS, Zoophylacium gronovianum, 1781, j>. 357.
S,-i-/ii!iiriii uliii'tiiiii ICLLIS and SOLAXDER, Nat. Hist. Zooph., 17SH. p. 36.
i uliii-tiiin. \ViLKixsand HEKMST, Charakteristik der Thierptlanzen. 17S7. p. 172.
riii iiliitliiia G.MELIX, Systema Natune (Linnteus), 1"SS-!I3, p. 3S45.
Serlitlaria abietina ESPER, Die Pflanzenthiere in Abbildungen, III, I7.ss-]8oii, p. 171.
t iiliii-tiiin BERKEXHOUT, Synops. Nat. Hist. <ireat Britain and Ireland, I, 1789, p. 216.
i nliiiiiiin POIRET, Voyage en Barbarie, II, 17811, p. 70.
i iilii<ii>ni ESI-EK, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 17H4-1806, pi. i.
riii uliirtiiiii Bosc, Hist. Nat. des Vers, II, 1802, ji. U2.
\'i-tii/iirin 'iliii'iiiialvKTon, British Fauna, 1807, [>. 212.
i iiliii'liiKi JAMKSON, Cat. Animals Class Venues, 1S11. p. 5H4.
! ah id i an LAMOUROUX, Bull, philomatiqne, 1812, p. 184.
' Nigellastrum nhii-inunn (.)KEN, Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte, 1815, p. 9o.
Xn-tiiliiriii iiliii'liiiu LAMARCK, Hist. nat. anim. sans vert., II, I81t>, p. I Hi.
Xfi-tuliiriii nliii-tiiiu I.AMOi'ROi'x, Hist, des Polypiers, 1816, p. 1S7.
Srrliilnrin nliii'tinn STEWART, Elements Nat. Hist. Animal King., II, 1817, p. 441.
St'i-tiilin-iii iiliSi'timi Si IIWEIGGER, Handlinrh drr Naturgeschiclite, 1820, p. 427.
St'i'tiilitrin nliii'tinn LAMOI uorx, Exposition Mi'-thodique, 1821, p. 12.
s,-i-tiilni'!(i iilniiniii HE I>LAixvii.LE, Manin'l d'Actinologie, is:!4, ].. 480.
Sirtiiliiriii iiliiftitiii OKEX, Allgemeine Naturgeschichte, 18.".">, p. so.
Si'i-1iiliiri<i if/iiiiiiiii LAMAUC'K, Hist. nat. anim. sans vert., 1836, p. 141.
i nliiiiiiin (liiAY. British Animals, 1841, p. 72.
fi/iiiliu'i II\>SM.I, Ann. and Mag., VI, 1841, p. His.
i iiliii-liini Fi.KMixii. British Animals, 1842. p. ">43.
iiliii-tiini M AC (in.i.iVRAY, Ann. and Mag.. IX, 1S42, j>. 464.
i iiliifliiiii HVXD.MVX, Ann. and Mag., X, 1842, p. 20.
X, i-in/iiriii iiliii-liini D.M.VEI.I., Hare ami Hemark. Anim. Scotland, 1S47. p. l.~>0.
S,'i-iii/in'i<i nliii'tinn JOIIXSTOX, Hist. British Zoopliytes, 2il ed., 1S47, p. 7">.
Si'i-tnlnrin nliietiiin < iosSE, Devonshire coast, 1853, p. 434.
THE SEKTt'LARID^E. 115
X, rtiilnri'1 iiliifliiKi AI.DEK, Cat. Zooph. Xorthumli., ls."i7
x< rhiliiriii nliiiiinii ALE.\AXIIKI; Ac; \SM/, North American Aralepha-. I si;.\ p. ]43.
Xrrtu/iiriti nl>iiiina HEI.I.KK, /ooph. and Krhimulcrmeii, I Mis, p. .'H.
SertlUaria abietina VAN BE\I:I>I:\, Fauna Litlnralr. Isilii, p. |s.">.
i ii/iietiiin HIM KS, British llydroids, ISiiT, p. L'liti.
btetina SCHPLZE, Xonlsee K\prd.. IS;L', p. I:;L'.
Serlularin nbietinn Mcl.vrosii, Ann. ami Mai:., 4th SIT., XIII, 1S74, p. :>13.
S,iiii/nrin (iliiftinn MERKSI HKOWSKY, Ann. ami Man., -""Hi SIT.. 1. ls7s. p. :;i'l,
Xi'i'liiliinit uli'ii 'linn WIXTHKK, Xatnrhist. Tids.-kril't, ls7H-sn, p. I'.MI.
Abietinaria abietina KiitcHKxr.u-Eu, Xordisrhe i iattniiiri-n. lss4. p, :;i.
rin nliiiiinii BEKIMI, (iriplepolyper fra Kara llavrt, lss7. p. :;.",.Y
riii n/ii,'liiin AI.I.MAN, Cliallfiincr Report, llydroida, I't. L', ISSs, ],. c,j.
<il,i,1inii DHIKS( n, Tektiiniwlif Studii-n, IS'.io. ].. L'IL'.
lii iilili'iiiid MARKTANNER-TURNEEETSCHEB, llyilmiden dcs k. k. natin-lnst. llipininscunis, isiio, p. i>4, r ).
i nliiitina BofRNE, Hydn.ids of Plymouth, isntl, ],. :>!I7.
<iliii'tiiKi LEVIXSE.N, Vid. Mcddel. naturh. Forcn., ISHL', p. .Mi.
s,-i-lnliifin ii/iii'Hiiii CKAWKOKH, Ann. and Man., nth SIT., XVI, IS!)"), p. jiil.
\rtnlaria iifiii'tina HAKTI.ACB, Hydroincdnscn Hrl^olands. 1.SH7, p. 4"il.
Tlniiitrin nliiftiini HoNXEViK, Xurwi-fiian Xorth All. Expcd., 1S1IH, p. HI.
Mrtuluri'llu nliiiiinii Xi-rriM;, Hydroidsof tlu- W Is Holt- IVnion, 1SKI1, p. Mill.
SiT/i/l'ii-i'i ii/ii,'tinn WHITKAVICS, Cat. Marine Invert. Eastern Canada, liiill, p. l!. r i.
IHjilmxiit iiliirlinii S.KMrxnssoN, Bidran til Kundskalien inn islandske Ilydroider, p. MIL', p. li").
7'riij>/i(>xiiii . Colony sometimes attaining ;i heio-lit of 12 to 1-1- inches. Main stem heavy.
Hexuosp. or feebly geniculate, divided into fairly regular internodes liy oblique nodes, eaeh
internode bearing a branch and two liydrotliera 1 on one side and one hydrotheca on the
other. Branches regularly alternate, })innate. themselves >ometimes branched, divided into
internodes of very irregular length, bearing from two to many hydrothecee. Hydrotheca' very
large, subopposite to alternate, flask-shaped or bottle-shaped, gibbous below, narrowing above
into a gracefully curved neck ending in a round smooth margin which incloses an aperture
directed upward and slightly outward; distal one-third entirely free from the hydrocaulus;
operculnm (seldom seen in preserved specimens) consisting of a single adcauline flap.
(jnitiixiinii . Gonangia borne on the upper sides of the branches, rather small in comparison
to the hydrotheca', oval, with a very short pedicel, a short collar, wide terminal aperture, and
an operculum. Some specimens are more or less amiulated.
DixtrHiittlon. One of the common species on European and British coasts. Woods Hole
Region (Nutting). Newfoundland (Stimpson), (iulf of St. Lawrence (Whiteaves), Labrador
(Packard), Mediterranean (Pallas), Adriatic (Heller), Belgium (van Beneden). British coasts
(Hincks), North Cape (Sars), North Sea (Schul/e), Polar Sea (Bergh), Iceland (Ssemundsson),
(ireenlaiul (Fabricius), Alaska (Lieut. ( reo. M. Stoney, I'. S. Navy), Bering Sea (,l/////vw,x
collections), off Washington (Albatross collections); . I ll><ifrxK Station _;s(i4, hit. N. 4.s i'i', long.
W. U-2 :>!'. -is fathoms; Station SI. '.it, lat. N. :!T 47' i'o", long. \V. li':i In'. i'T fathoms; Station
:-54-i:-!. lat. N. 4.s i:r 30", long. W. W 11' L'n", <T fathoms Station S:,4i. lat. N. 54 !_''. long.
W. Uir," 42', 3<l fathoms; Station 3552, lat. N. 5f, L'S'. long. W. Kin i'S'. 54 fathoms.
This species flourishes best in northern waters, and 1 have no record of its occurrence south
of Massachusetts on our east coast nor ~nuth of Washington on the Pacific. The Mediterranean
record of Palla-> >eems somewhat doubtful. It appears to thrive lies) in depths of Mil to .100
fathoms.
ABIETINARIA VARIABILIS (Clark).
ll'late XXXII, tins. 4-7.)
Nertulnrin mrinliiHit CLARK, Alaskan Ilydroid.-, 1S7U, ]i. _-l.
ruriiiliHix KIUCIIENP AIKK, Nordische Gattungen, issi, p. ;!">.
i rnrinliiHx Xt'TTlxo, llydroids of Alaska and E*Uget Sound, IS'.KI, p. 741.
i nii-inliilix Xi TTIM,, llydroids of the Ilarriinan Kx]ied.. I'.inl, p. Is.').
nii!'. Colony attaining a height of about 5 inches in largest specimens. Stem stout,
rigid, flexuose, divided into fairly constant internodes each of which bears two hydrotheca' and
a branch on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other in -ome specimens, while in others the
internodes are long and irregular and the branches far apart. Branches alternate typically, but
116 AMKRK'AN HYDKOIDS.
sometimes vorv irregularly so. often divided into internodes each of which boars two hydrothecao,
but in other cases with no nodes at all, unless the constriction of the base be regarded :is such.
Hydrothecse exceedingly variable, those in typical specimens collected by Dr. Dall are vorv short
and stout, subalternate, swollen below, rapidly constricting throughout their free distal third,
and ending in a smooth circular margin and aperture directed upward and outward. There is
often a sharp constriction or indentation just below the margin on the adcauline side. The
operculum could not bo seen in specimens examined, hut is doubtless present in fresh specimens
and consists of one adcauline flap. All intergradations occur between the hydrotheca above
described and one much more slender with distal one-half free and aperture horizontal.
OonOKo/ne. Gonangia ovate, small, borne on upper sides of branches, with a largo distal
aperture and a row of chitinous points some distance below the aperture. Another form described
by Clark is pyriform instead of ovate.
I>ixtr/lniti<iii. Abundant on Alaskan coasts, Aleutian Islands, Boring Sea, San Miguel Island,
California (Dall); Allmtr<i Station 2S57, hit. X. 5s 05', long. W. 15<> 4>', 51 fathoms; Station
2St>4, hit. N. 4s L'2', long. W. li 51', 4s fathoms; Station 2sr>fi, hit. N. 4s <>!'. long. W.
125" 03'. 171 fathoms; Station 28SI1, hit. N. 4: J . 5'.)', long. W. 124 50' 30", :.o fathoms; Station
3231, hit. N. 58 35', long. W. 157 2s' 5(1", 12 fathoms; Station :-;4C,5. hit. X. 4s -21', long. W.
123 14', 4S fathoms; Station 359!t, hit. N. 52 : 05', long. E. 177 40', 55 fathoms; Puget Sound
(Nutting).
This is one of the most variable species known, and it is fortunate that Dr. Dall secured a
large series showing the intergradations between the extreme forms. The species ranges from
shallow water to a depth of 171 fathoms.
'////". In the collection of the U. S. National Museum.
ABIETINARIA INCONSTANS (Clark).
(Plate XXXIII, %s. 1-1'.)
fii'i-tiiliii-in uii-aiiKlans CLAKK, Alaskan Hydmids, ISTii, ]>. 1'L'l'.
Aliii'Hiiiirin . iiiriiiixiinix KIRCHENPABKR, Nordische Gattungen, lss4, p. :>ii.
TropJwsome. Colony attaining a height of about 1 inch in specimens examined. Stem verv
stirt and course, dark colored, divided into numerous sharply separated internodes on proximal
unbranched portion; branched portion divided into regular intornodos by oblique nodes; inter-
nodes each hearing a branch and two hydrothecse on one side and a single hydrothoc-a on the other.
Branches erect, almost parallel with main stem, forming a dense tuft, alternate, basal portion
marked by several sharp annulated constrictions, internodes short usually bearing one or two
pairs of hydrothec.e. Ilydrotheeie very similar to those of A. p'limln, but much heavier and
coarser, although not attaining anything like the size of ^1. ultii'tinn^ swollen below, the distal
third free, narrowing' to a circular margin beneath the adcauline side of which is a constriction
and thickening of the hydrothecal wall; aperture facing upward. Sometimes there is a chitinous
tooth projecting inward from the adcauline margin. Operculum not seen, but doubtless of the
regular Abietwarna pattern.
(iiniiixiuiie. "The gonangia show the greatest amount of variation of any species that 1 know
of; it is impossible to describe their form, for there is not one of them that seems to agree with
anv other." 1 "Sessile, large, orifice terminal, small, discoidal: outline vorv irro<ndar. taporiii"'
r^ ^ . rt I 1~>
usually at the base; borne in two rows on distal portion of main stem." The present writer has
not seen the gonangia.
DixtrUnititni. Unalaska beach (Dall). This species can readily be distinguished from its
nearest ally, A. jil!<-iilii, by its thick, dark stems, and very deep annulations and nodes, as well
as by the heavier and denser hydrothecse and ascending branches.
T///H. -In the collection of the I'. S. National Museum.
H'lark. Alaskan Ilydrnids, IsTli, p. 21':!.
THK sKicrri.ARin.K. 117
ABIETINARIA COEI I Nutting I.
i Phiti- \X\I1I, li'.'s. :; :>. ,
Tliiii/n-iii fiu'i Xn-nxr,, Ilydrnids (if the I lamnian Kxpeditinn. I'.ml, p. IS.'i.
Trophosmne. Colony attaining a height (if :'. inches. Stem \vith several deep annulations
near its base, which is constricted; above the.-,e annulations the .-tem is straight, divided into
regular short internodes, each bearing a pair of nearlv opposite hydrothecse; above the origin of
the first branch the stein becomes geniculate, divided into regular internodes. each of which bears
a branch and two hydrothecse on one side, and a single hydrotheca on the other, tranches alter-
nating, not branching again, rigid, divided into irregular, rather short internodes. each of which
usually bears more than one pair of liydrotheea-. although in many terminal branches there is
seen the regular sertularian arrangement of an internode to each pair of hydrotheca 1 . Hydro-
thecre of the p'l/cnlii type, subopposite. proximal end swollen, outer edge straight or with a
simple curve, distal one-half free and gradually narrowing to the round aperture which opens
upward. There is a slight constriction and thickening of the hydrothecal wall on the adcauline
side, and a regularly curved chitinous thickening <>n the inner side of the hydrotheca. Oper-
culum consisting of a single Hap attached to the adcauline side of margin.
(riiiiiixniiK-. (lonangia large, borne on front of main stem and upper sides of branches; top-
shaped, with a broad collar and large 1 terminal aperture; proximal portion with broad annular
corrugations; and narrowing rapidly to a curved short pedicel.
Distribution, I hitch Harbor, Alaska. Collected by l)r. YV. H. Coe of the Ilarriman
Expedition, after whom the species is named: Tledis Village, near Susk. British Columbia,
.lames G. Swan.
Tyjx- *I!i1,'x. --Cat. No. I'.MHi-i, r.HHMi, I'.S.N.M. Cat. No. Is74'.i. .Museum of State I'liiversity
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
ABIETINARIA FILICULA ( Ellis and Solander).
(Plate XXXIV, tin. I- I
i-iii Jilii -iiln KI.I.IS anil SCII.AXIIKK. Nat. Hist, Xunphyles, I 7sii, p. 57.
riit lilirn/n UMKI.IX, Systenia .Naturae ll.iuna'US), 1 7SS !i:;, ),. :;s.">:;.
l,ifi,i jil',,;,ln P.,.sc, Hist. Nat. .Irs Vers, III, 1SUL', p. 117.
riii Jilii-iiln Trim ix, British Fauna, 1SH7, p. L'l.'i.
X, iinl,iriti Jilii-ii/ii JAMKSOX, Cat. Aniin. Class Venues, Isll, p. "iii-l.
H,-i-li</<n-i<i liliftilit I.XMAKCK, Hist. Nat. Aiiim. sans Vert., II, 1SK1, ji. ll!l.
.v. rtiilnriii tiliciil,! LAMciniorx, Hist, ilcs IVilyjiiers, ISHi, p. Iss.
SertulariajtticulaSTEWA'Kr, KlenientM Nat. Hist. Animal KinLnloiii, II. ISI7, p. 14.">.
Si'i-iiiliii'in lilinilii L\Miiiun[-\, IsNpi.sitiiiii M6thodique, isi'l, p. 12.
N liiiltiriii lilii-iiln P.I.M', Hist. Xat. iles. \'ers, IS.'it), p. 114.
,\-i-itiltn-in jilintlii Die P.LAIXVII.I.K, Manuel il' Artiimlnsrie, is:u, p. 4s:;.
Si'i-lii/in-i/i /ilini/ii 1, \M\iicK. Hist. 'i'at. Anini. sans Vert., '_M eil.. IS.'Iii, p. 14ii.
S,;-lii/ni-iii lilifiiln 11 \ss.\t. i., Ann. and Majr.. \'I. IS4I, p. liis
IHiKitiii 'in i Ji/iriiln FI.KMIXC, P.ritisli Animals. IS4L'. p. 544.
S,'i'liil<ti'iu jHii'ii/ii M \CI.II.I.IVHAV. Ann. and May., IX, IS4'J. p. 4ii4.
Xi-i'titliii-in li/ini/ii .IdiixsTux. Hist. I'.rit. /imph.. 1S(7, p. 7(1.
X,-i-titliiriii tiHriiln I ii(\v. List P.ritisli Animals, 1S4S, p. 7_.
Si'fliiliirin filii-n/ti S'l'iMi'sus, Marine Invert, (irand Manan, Is.'il, p. S.
Xt'i'tiiliiriii iHirii/ii AI.IIKH, Cat. Xnoph. Ncirtlnnnli., Is."i7, p. L'.'i.
X,-i-tii/iiriii Jilii-iiln HIXCKS, Ann. and Mat:., .'id set-., X, 1M1L', p. :!til.
l>i/n<tiiii'iin Jilii-nln KiKciiKxi'U'KK, Xeue Sei-tularideii, lsi;i. p 7
Si-i-tiiliirin tilii'ii/'i A. AI;ASM/, Xnrth American Araleplia 1 . |si!."i, p. I4"i.
S,',iiilnri:i lil/rii/i, HixcKs, Hrit. Ilydniid /nnpliytes. ISliS, p. L'ii4.
Xi-rlii/nr!ii lilirnln McIxTusn, Ann. and Matr.. 4th ser., Xlll. IS74. ]. L'l:!.
Si'fliiliifin Jilii-iiln CI.SKK, Alaskan Hydrnids. IS7l>, p. -111.
S,Ttiil<iriit lilinilii Mi-aiKsciiKowsKY, Ann. and Ma^.. ."'th ser., 1. ls7s. p. :;_':;.
\-rliiliti-iii jilifiiln WIXTIIKH, Xaturliist. TidssUrit'l, Is7'.i su. p. L'77.
.[liliiiiKifiii lilii-n/ii KinciiKM 1 M ER, Nordische Gattungen, lss4, p. :;_'.
.lliii'Umiriit li/ii-iiln M MtKT \\M-:i:-Ti i;\ i:i:i:isrin:K, I lydruiden des k. k. naturh. Hol'museiims. ISilO. p. L'4. r i.
118 AMERICAN HYDR01DS.
i jilii-nlii I.EVINSEN, Vi.l. Meduel. natnrli. Koren., 1SH2, p. .57.
n til/ruin Cmwronn, Ann. ami M:t<_' . lilli SIT., XVI, ls'.i. r i, p. 2U1.
Tliniiiriii Jiliniln I'XIXXKVIK. Norwegian Ncirtli Atlantic Kxpecl., ISil'.l, p. S4.
Tlniiiirin iiliculn WIIITKAVKS, Cat. Marine Invert. Kastern Canaila, 1001, p. 2'
i liliniln TOUIIKY, Hy.lroida of 1'arilic Coast. 1H02, p. US.
Tropkosome. Almost an epitome of A. ithi,'t!iui. Colony attaining ;i height of about 2
inches. Main stem straight on proximal unbranched portion, geniculate throughout the rest <>f
its extent, divided into fairly regular internodes in the branched portion, each internode bearing a
branch and two hydrothecse on one side and a single hydrptheea on the other. Lower portion
with long and irregular internodes. Branches often branching again, divided into irregular
internodes which usually bear several hydrothecse each. Hydrotheca? more nearly opposite than
in A. iiliiitiini^ and not so closely approximated, slender, delicate, bottle-shaped, the proximal
portion being gibbous, and the distal one-half to one-third narrowing into a slender recurved
neck ending in a round aperture which points almost directly upward and is furnished with a
one-flapped operculum attached to the adcauline side. Immediately below the attachment of the
operculum is a sharp constriction or indentation of the hydrothecal neck.
(juniiKoiiu: Gonangia pyriform, with a short, narrow neck ending in a small, round aperture.
They are found both on the stem and branches.
Distribution. New England coast, ('ape Cod to Gulf of St. Lawrence (Yen-ill); Grand
Manan (Stimpson); Labrador (Packard); Alaska (Clark); AIln it ><>** Station 2S<>r>. lat. N. -is 12'.
long. W. 122 49', 40 fathoms. Great Britain, north of Scotland to Cornwall (Hincks): White
Sea (Mereschkowsky); Christiania (Marktanner-Turneretscher); Greenland (Levinsen); North
Atlantic (Bonnevie).
I have not seen this species on our Atlantic coast, although I have examined a great deal of
material from that region. If it occurs there it is probably rare. Kirchenpauer ] considers that
the specimens from Alaska described by Clark are a distinct variety from the British form. I
can see no material difference between the two. The resemblance between this species and ^1.
iiliiitiini is so exact in all except size that they would doubtless be regarded as identical, could
intergrading specimens be found. Such specimens, however, are not forthcoming, and hence
the two species must be held as good.
ABIETINARIA TRASKI (Torrey).
(Plate XXXIII, liir*. 6-11.)
Si I'lnltirin Irrixki TOKREY, Hyilroids of Paciiie Coast, llKll', p. il'.i.
Trophosome. Colony attaining a height of about (i inches. Stem straight, thick, not
fascicled; lower portion without branches or hydrothec.-e. smooth, divided into irregular, nsuallv
long internodes by deep nodes; upper portion with a double row of hydmtheca- and alternate
branches, there being three hydrotliecie between adjacent branches on the same side. Branches
much more slender than the stem, alternate, with a deep constriction near the base, nodes
entirely absent or distant. Ilydrotlieca- alternate, rather distant, short and thick, with subtri-
angular bodies and constricted neck ending in an even margin which is flattened on the adcauline
side: aperture directed upward; operculum consisting of a single adcauline flap.
(liiiKiKiinn.- -Gonangia small, ovate, sessile, without ornamentation of anv kind; aperture
large, round; no collar.
Dixti'iliilinii. San Pedro, California (Torrey); Albatross Station 2S<11, lat. N. .M 14', long.
W. li".i 50', 1'H4 fathoms; Station L'ST: 1 ,. lat. N. 4s 30', long. W. 124 57', 4<> fathoms; Station
I'sstl. lat. N. 4M :>'.', long. W. 124 ;>(.;' :',(>", ."() fathoms; Station 3192, lat. N. ?>;"> :?:',' 4n", long.
W. li'l l.V. lol fathoms.
This species seems quite distinct, the difference in size between stem and branches and the
triangular shape of the hydrothcca- being the main diagnostic features.
Type. In the collection of the rniversity of California.
(iattnngen unil Arten. Iss4, p. 32.
THE SERTlTLAKMKt:. 11',)
ABIETINARIA AMPHORA, new species.
I Plate XXXIV. liirs. 2-4. i
f. Colony aliout 4 inches high, consisting of a single straight stcni pinnately
branched. Stein neither sinuous nor llcxuose, proximal unbranched portion deeply but irregu-
larly annulated and without hydrothecse; distal branched portion with distant and very irregular
internodes. and usually with three hydrothecse between adjacent branches; branches not dividing
into branchlets. nodes sometimes entirely absent. usually very distant, there often being but one
on a branch, besides the basal constriction. Hv drotheca' suboppositc to sulialteriiate. nuich more
closely approximated than in .1. <-<it,it,i (which has si similar gouosome); basal portion Mask-shaped.
distal one-half free and curved outward and then upward; margin without teeth, often bearing
colla])sible tubular membrane: distal end of hvdrotheca' dorso-ventrally compressed; aperture
oval,' directed upward and slightly inward: opercidum consisting of a single adcauline Hap.
CrOnO80me.Gona,ng\& borne on front of stem and sometimes on basal parts of branches,
very la rye. slender. with long neck and round terminal aperture. There are four or five strong
longitudinal ridges or crests running from base of neck to near the pedicel.
J)ixtriliii1inii. , \llinf rim* Station 2S4-1, lat. N. .">4 Is', long. W. !''>."> 55', 56 fathoms; Station
-'still, lat. N 7 . 4S Kit', long. W. 1 1'.". <>:','. 171 fathoms; Whidley Island. Fuget Sound (specimen
from 1'rol'essor Trevor Kincaid).
This species closely resembles A. <>/ .r<nnl< ri, but its hydrothecse are not straight, but curved,
as is common in the genus. The gonosomes of the two species are entirely different.
TIJI>, -xl ;,!,. Cat. Nos. I'.tsi'l. I'.i'.iui). I'.S.N.M. Cat. No. ls74.". Museum State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
ABIETINARIA ANGUINA | Trask).
I Plate XXXIV. liL's. :.-7.)
Si-i-iiil/ii-i<i iiiii/iiinii THASK, I'roe. ('ill. Aead., 1S57, |>. 111'.
Xi'i-tiiliii-iii Inln-iilii MriiHVY, Ann. and .Maj;., :>d !-., V, ISlill, ].. L'.M).
fv'i-tiiliirin iii/i/iiiiin A. AiiAssi/. Xcirlli AIIMT. Anilfplia-, lsii.">, ]i. 144.
Sertularia anguina var. roftzisfa CLARK, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, ls7ii, ]i. iVi.
Alii<'tiiinr!ii /'tliiu/n KincHKNi'Ai'Rii, Xnrdischr < iattiuiircn. 1SS4, p. -\-t.
Ti'iijiliiixiini, . -Colony attaining a heiglit of about ."> inches. Stem geniciilate excejit on proxi-
mal unbranched portion, where it is straight and diviiled into unequal internodes. distill branched
portion divided into unequal internodes. the tendency being to have a branch and two hydrothecse
on one side and a single hydrotheca on the other side of each internode. Branches alternate,
divided into unequal internodes. the tendency being to have a pair of hydrothecse to each inter-
node. As a rule the branches do not subdivide into branchlets. Hydrotheca' large, of the
iiliii-tinii type, subopposite to alternate, basal part swollen, distal one-third to one-half narrowing
and curving to the round, partially everted margin surrounding the aperture which is usually
directed upward; in some cases the margin is distinctly everted all the way around, while in others
there is no eyersion whatever; operculum adcaulinc. of a single flap.
(iniuixniiK . (ronangia small, ovate, with short collar and small aperture, curved slightly in
upper part; collar marked with short, spine-like vertical internal projections, (ionangia borne
on front of stem and upper side of branches.
ItixtrHiiiti'nn.- San I >ieyo. California (Hemphill); Monterey Bay (Anderson): Vancouver
Island (I)awson); San Francisco (Trask): Bering Sea (A/fxifrnxx collections): . I ///,/// .. Station
L'S4'_', lat. N. 54 l.V. long. W. Kill n:;'. 7-_' fathoms; Station :'.i':',u, lat. N. :>s :;r :'.i>". long. W.
1T.7 18' 8(1", 8(1 fathoms; Station 8.V.i'.. lat. N. :.-_' (>:.'. long. \V. 177 4o'. :.;. fathom-.
The specimens that I have seen are from Santa Barbara. California, and Bering Sea. and
they all agree well with I >octor (lark's description of \, ,-t uliir'ni iini/iiiim var. r<>lntxf<i. The .1.
Jiili/iitit Murray of Kirchenpauer (incori-ectly spelled liil>i,it,i by Kirchen])aiier) cannot b(> iden-
tified with certainty by his description, but it may perhaps be identical with .1. ooei Nutting. I
am unable to agree with I >octor Torrev in considering this species identical with .1. ifHi-uln. 1
Mlydniida of the faritir Coa^l. p. tis. It i?- pnssilile that the 1 name itmjiiiii'i >lmuld In- retained for the var.
lii of Clark, \vhieli is apparently distinct.
120 AMKRICAN HYDROIDS.
ABIETINARIA GRACILIS, new species.
Troji/Hixoiiii'. The largest colony examined was about ."> inches high. Main stem straggling
in habit, nearly straight below the lowest branch, the branch-bearing portion being geniculate,
divided into irregular internodes, the tendency being to have a branch and two hydrothecsa on
one side and one hydrotheca on the other. Branches distant, irregularly alternate, often dividing
into brandilets, usually arising from near the base of a hydrotheca, but sometimes springing
from the lumen of the hydrotheca as in the specimen figured; divided into irregular internodes.
some of which bear but one or two hydrothecse. Hydrotheca 1 subopposite to alternate, more
distant than in other species of the genus and more slender distally; basal portion flask-shaped,
more than the distal half free and gracefully narrowing until near the end, where it expands into
an everted rim around the aperture which is abruptly turned upward; operculum consisting of
one adcauline flap. '
(riiiiii.f/n/if. (lonangia borne on front of main stem, flask-shaped, with short neck and round
aperture, ornamented externally with about six conspicuous longitudinal ridges.
D;*tr;itt!<>ii. An>fitr<>xx Station 2873, lat. N. 48 30', long. W. 124 57', 40 fathoms; Station
3480, lat. N. 52 tt>', long. W. 171 45', 283 fathoms; Station 359!), lat, N. 52 1 " 05', long. E. 177
40', 55 fathoms.
The hydrotheca- of this species are among the most elegantly formed that I have seen among
the Sertularidae. The whole structure of the colony is much less compact than in its allies,
bearing more distant branches and hydrotheca' and having a more straggling habit of growth.
The hydrotheca' are about the size of A. ^Hn-ulu, but their shape is entirely different, as can be
seen by comparing the figures.
Tiy,,' *//V/,x. Cat. Nos. I'.t'.tU. 1!!15, ILS.N.M. Cat, No. 18754, Museum of State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
ABIETINARIA COMPRESSA ( Mereschkowsky).
(Plate XXXV, li s s. 3-4. )
Krrliiliirin fiiiiijiri-iuai MKRESCIIKOWSKV, Ann. and Ma^.'., oth ser., II, 1.H7S, p. 446.
it Trophasome.- -Hydrorhi/a in the form of stolons. Hydrocaulus short, erect, not angular,
rather rigid, divided into irregular internodes, only giviii"' off very few ramifications. Branches
e o / B B *.'
arranged alternately and regularly on two sides of the principal stem, straight, also divided into
irregular internodes. Ilydrotlieca- arranged alternately, subopposite, one to three pairs on each
internode, the base inflated and rounded, the upper half strongly compressed in a plane vertical
to the plane of ramification of the colony. Aperture oval, compressed, long but narrow, with
two angles on the two sides, and two very slightly developed teeth."
I i i, a i KI inn-. Unknown.
Locality. Port Ajan (M. Wosnessensky).
I have not seen this species, and have copied the original description entire. 1 am unable to
rind any mention of Port Ajan in the atlas at my disposal, and the species may not be American,
although all specimens described by Mereschkowsky in the article referred to are from the North
Pacific.
Type. In the collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
ABIETINARIA ALEXANDERI, new species.
(Plate XXXV, %s. n-H. )
Tropkosome. Colony attaining a height of about ii inches. Main stein straight, divided into
fairly regular internodes, each of which ordinarily bears a branch and two hydrotheca' on one
side and a single hydrotheca on the other. Branches alternate, rarely giving forth branchlets,
divided into irregular internodes each bearing several hvdrotheca-. llvdrotheca 1 subalternate.
THK SKKTri.AKin^E. 1'Jl
straight, the basal part being flask-shaped, and the distal portion tubular and not curving as in
allied .species, about tlic distal lull' five, ami both upper and lower outline- of free portion-, em
cave; aperture oval, margin without definite teeth, although il is often more or less sinuous and
sometimes with several reduplications; hvdrntheea 1 directed forward, upward, and oiit\\ard;
<>])erciduiii a single adcauline valve.
Gono8om.e. -Gonangia l>orne mostlv in rows on upper sides of distal (tranche--, small, ovoid,
without neck; aperture oltscurely polygonal, marked by four or live line dark meridional lines
giving the eH'cct of radial canals on sessile medusa'.
///..TV///////,-/,. --.l//W/v.v Station i's41. lat. N. ,M Is', long. \\ . n;;, ;,;,'. ;,r, fathoms; Station
:i.V.t',', hit. N. ;>i' 5', Ion--. W. 177 4u'. ;,;, fathoms.
This tine sertularian ditl'ers materially from others of the genus in having the hvdrolhee;e
standing out rigid and straight, without the gentle curve to the distal free portion that u'ives
such grace to the other species of the germs Abietinaria. The margin is apt to lie jagged and
have the appearance of being toothed, hut this is not constant. The medusa-like appearance of
the gonangia is often quite striking. I take pleasure in naming this species after my friend,
Mr. A. B. Alexander, whose long and faithful service on the I'. S. Fish Commission steamer
Alliiitnixx has done so much for the cause of deep-sea investigation.
TI/J>. *//</.*. Cat. No. r.tsl'.i. t'.isi'o I'.S.N.M.iCat. No. H-744. Museum of State Cuiver-ity
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
ABIETINARIA GREENEI I Murray).
(Plat i- XXX VI, tiirs. 1-8.)
Si'i-liilin-iii lr!ciiK]iiil<il<i .MruiiAY, Ann. and Ma;,'., '.'\ SIT.. V, isiill, ],. L'.iil.
.S'i lin/nriii '/''"'"' -Mi'UKAY, Ann. and Ma>;.. .'id scr.. V, ISliO, j>. ."iit-1.
( 'iiliiliini i/riTni i A. AIIASSIH, Xiii'th American Arule|i!i:i j , ISIi.'i, ].. 117.
K'l-lti/iti-iii greenei CI.AUK, Ilydrniclc ( 1'acilic Cnast. IS7ii, ]i. L'.'i".
Ki'rtiiliti-i'llii i/ri'ini-i HAKI'I.AI n, Kexisinn dcr Scrtiilai'dla-A rten, 1!M)(I, p. 14.
Sertularia tfreeneiToRRFA', II ydmida ni' I'ac-iiic Cnasi, I '.MIL', ]>. i>'.i.
'I'/'o/i/ioxii/in.- ( 'olony a dense cluster of erect stems. Stem attaining a height of ahout 4
iiK'hes, not fascicled, slightly sinuous, with a few annulations at its Itase. \\ith a double row of
Subopposite to subalternate hydrotheca- throughout its length, divided into very irregular inter-
nodes by straight nodes. Hranches rather distant, alternate, erect, each with a deep constriction
at its base, divided into irregular internodes. but distallv with a tendency to a regular division,
with a sinirle pair of h vdrothecie to each internode. Branches often subdividing into alternate
branchlets, and often ending in a dichotomous branching. Hydixxthecse subopposite to subalter-
nate, flask-shaped, the freo distal portion narrowing and curving upward so that the aperture is
horizontal, margin varying from a perfectly round plain rim to the production of two strong
teeth on the abcauline side. The operculum consists of a single adcauline Hap.
< ri/iiiixoiiii'. (ionangia borne on front of branches, conical to oblong-oval in shape, rather
feebly but distinctly anuulaled throughout, ending in a short tubular collar and round aperture
which is often surmounted bv an acrocvst when the sexual products are mature.
DistTibtition. Tomah's Point. Monterey, Punta Keves, San I'"rancisco. and Santa ('ru/
(('lark): N'aneouver Island (.1. M. l>awson): Point Kenfrew. \'ancou\-cr Island I.Mrs. (\. (iibbs).
This is a most puzzling species. It can not go into- .the genus iStf/^M/awe^a, as here defined,
and the extreme variability of the marginal structures makes it djlliciilt to decide whether it
should go into T/n/i/ii'in or . \/><< fimii-in. The teeth. howe\c>r. arc not lateral, but alteauline. and
often the margin is perfectly round, in which case we have the typical abietinarian structure.
Both margins are found in everv colonv that I have examined, the smooth-rimmed hydrothecue
being more abundant in proximal ]iarts of stem and branches, and those with teeth in the distal
parts. Yerv rarelv a three-toothed margin is seen. I am indebted to Mi's. (i. (iibbs for excel-
lent specimens from which the above description and the drawings were made.
122 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
ABIETINARIA COSTATA (Nutting).
(Plate XXXVI, tifis. 9-12.)
Thuiaria coslata NUTTING, Hyilroids of the Harriman Expedition, 1901, ]>. 187.
TwijiliiixoiiK. Colony attaining a height of about H inches. Main stem straight, the
proximal part unbranched and divided into regular internodes, each of which bears a pair of
subopposite hvdrotheca. 1 , nodes oblique, the upper part of main stem divided into regular inter-
nodes, each of which bears a branch and two hydrotheca? on one side and a single hydrotheca on
the other. Branches alternate, dichotomously branching several times so as to form a dense
tuft; internodes unequal, each bearing several pairs of subalternate to subopposite hydrotheca'.
Ilvdrotheca? resembling' those of A.Jtlicula. and A. incmistcms^ as large as the latter, but not so
thick and heavy, leaning forward so that their distal ends are not in the same plane with the
branch; distal one-third free, constricted, narrowing to a round aperture, which points upward
and often a little inward toward the, stem; perisarc thickened on the inner wall just below the
margin, furnishing the base of attachment for the one-flapped operculum. A chitinous thickening
projects downward from the inner and lower corner of each hydrotheca.
(TOIIUXIDIK:. (ronangia very numerous, borne on both faces of the stem, and often on basal
parts of branches, oblong-ovate, with a small tubular neck and round aperture, sides marked by
about live meridional ridges, the crests of which are colored black, making a conspicuous marking.
Distribution. Yakutat, Alaska (Nutting).
Although this species is doubtless allied to ^L inconstant, it differs considerably in detail,
being much less woody and heavy, and the branches subdividing to a much greater extent. The
gonosome is quite distinct. The only specimens known were collected by the Harriman Alaska
Expedition.
In its trophosome this species is quite similar to ^-1. cod Nutting, but the gonosomes of the
two are widely different, the longitudinally ribbed gonangia of the former being of a rare type
in this genus.
Tyjx .v/,V, x. Cat. Nos. 19907. 1990S, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. 18750, Museum of State Univer-
sity of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
ABIETINARIA ANNULATA ( Kirchenpauer ).
(Plate XXXVI, fij;s. l.S-lo.)
Thiiliiriaiiiiniiliiln KIHCHENPAI-ER, Nardiwhe ('iattuiigen, 1SS4, ]>. I'll.
Trophosome. Colony about 4- inches high. Main stem and branches exceedingly thick and
woody, black in color; the main branches spring from near base of stem, and the whole colony
greatly resembles that of the plumularian .\mlitln-cii dnUi in general appearance and habit of
growth. Stem and main branches straight, divided into irregular internodes, each of which bears
several closely approximated and upward-directed branches each with an axillary hydrotheca;
internodes with wide shallow and equidistant annotations, which in a general way correspond in
number to the hydrotheca- on each side of the internode. Branches divided into irregular and
distant internodes. each with several hydrotheca^ on each side.
Ilvdrotheca 1 subopposite, very closely approximated, short, stout, tubular, with slight! v
constricted distal ends: margin even, aperture nearly round, and either horizontal or slightly
inclined toward the stem. Operculum of one flap attached to adcauline side of margin.
Gonosome. Not known.
Distribution. The original description was taken from a specimen without a label indicat-
ing locality. The above description is from a specimen in the U. S. National Museum, Albatross
Station 3o4i, lat. N. 5-1 !:>', long. W. 1(J;1 -ki'. ?>(> fathoms.
This species has an exceedingly thick and coarse annulated stem that at once distinguishes it
from any other . [/>/> tiiini'iii that I have seen.
Type. In Leipsic Museum.
THE SKKTULARID^:. 123
ABIETINARIA TURGIDA iClark).
(I 'lair XXX VI I, li-s. [, 2.)
'I'hn, iirm Inri/i'/'i ( 'I.\HK, Alaskan Hydniids. IX7H. p. L'L'll.
Tliniiiriil Ilinjiilil K.IBCHENPAUER, Nordisclll' I iattlllljflMl, 1SS4, p. L'l.
Tlininriii liiri/iiln . XVrrixi;, Hydruids fniin Alaska ami Panel Smiinl. IS'iit, p. 741.
'/'liiiiin-iii . liiri/liln NCTTIM., Hydniids of tin- Harriinaii Kxprdition, I'.Mll, p. ISH.
Ti'i>i'iliiixiiiin-. Colony attaining ti height of about s indies. Stein rather stout, glazed.
divided into sliort stout regular Intel-nodes by oblique nodes, cadi intcrnode bearing a pair of
suboppositc hydrothecae. Main branches irregularly alternate and few in number, originating
from distal part of stem, constricted near point of attachment, and resembling the main stem in
their proximal portion, while distally they give origin to alternate liranddets. one being borne
on each internode of the branch. Brandies dichotomously dividing, with very long internodes
divided by oblique nodes. Hydrother-e subopposite, tubular, almost wholly immersed, distal
end but slightly constricted, terminating in a round margin pointing obliquely outward and
upward; the top of one hydrotheea usually reaching just to the base of the next one above.
Open-iilum of a .single flap attached to the adcauline side of margin.
(iniinxnni, . -Gonangia large, oblong-orate, attached to the base- i if the branchlets so as to
form a densely set double row on the front of the brandies. There is a short collar, round
terminal aperture, and operculum. Sides of gonangia ornamented with stout longitudinal ridges,
three to five in number.
Distribution. Abundant throughout the Alaskan coasts and Aleutian Islands and Bering Sea.
All of the specimens known were collected either by Or. Hall and party (Clark), or the Harriman
Alaska Expedition (Nutting).
This species is most like .1. y/V/i///A / (Clark), but the hydrotheea' are much smaller and
more crowded than in the latter species, and the gonangia are quite different.
. In the collection of the V . S. National Museum.
ABIETINARIA GIGANTEA ( Clark).
(Plat,- XX XVII. tins. :;-.).)
Tliniiiriil. ijii/iintrii CI.AKK, Alaskan Hydroids, 1S7H, p. L'lill.
Thuiaria gigantea KIKCMKXI'.U'KH, Nordische Gattungen, lss-1, p. i'l.
Tliiiiiirin ijiijuiilifi NCTTIXI., Ilyilmiils fnnii Alaska ami Punet Smitid, ISitlt, p. 741.
Tliiiiitrin i/ii/iiiihn XrTTiNti, Hydruids nf tin- Harriman F.xprditimi, Hull, p. isti.
Tri'jilii'xiHiK Colony attaining a height of about s inches in the largest specimen examined.
Stem undivided, with very distant and irregularly plaeed nodes and two rows of hydro! hccse
along its entire length. Brandies irregularly alternate, constricted at their origins, occasionally
bearing one or more branchlets, with no nodes or one ur two very distant ones, and bearing
dose-set rows of hydrotheea' on opposite sides. Hydrotheea' very large and stout, immersed
almost to their margins, and with a distinct bare space on the intcrnode between the to]) of one
and the bottom of the next one above: margins elliptical, the horizontal axes being the longer, and
sinuous on lateral aspect, giving the appearance of a medium blunt tooth above. Operculum
with a single adcauline flap.
(iniioitniii,-. (tonangia comparatively small, borne in dense double rows along Ihe upper
sides of the branches, oblong-ovate, with large terminal round aperture and without collar or
longitudinal ridges.
I)!xfi-!liiit!iin. Alaskan shores and Aleutian Islands, Bering Sea. I Iagmei>tcr Island,
Akutan Pass, Kyska Harbor (Clark); ( )iva and Kadiak. Alaska (Nutting): Belkotlsky (Dall);
Ml>,,t,-<>xx Station -_'Si;4. lat. N. 4s -Ji''. long. W. \^2 51', 4s falhom>: Station :Ui-k lat. X. Is
14', long. \V. 1 _':-: L'II' 40". 4<> fathoms; Station M.HH. lat. N. :>4 li''. long. W. H:ii' 4i'\ 36
fathoms; Station :!.V>7. lat. N. ."-7 O4'. long. W. 17o -_M'. _'! fal horns.
TIJI><-. In the collection of the V . S. National Museum.
124 AMERICAN HYDKOIDS.
HYDRALLMANIA Hincks (modified).
Trojih'ixHiiit'. Hvdrotheea.- in groups all on one .side of the branches, their bases aligned and
closely approximated, their distal ends lient alternately to the right and left. Operculum
apparently of a single adcauline flap.
Go>ift//ii: Gonangia oblong-ovoid, without lateral spines or marsupium; aperture large,
round.
This is a perfectly well marked genus, consisting of a few species that agree in the
peculiar position of the hvdrotheca' and in the special character of the alternate flexing of their
distal ends to right and left when viewed from the front. The only species known at the time
preceding Ilincks's great work had bc-en for a long time placed in the genus Plumulceria hy many
authors. The absence of the sarcosiyle was sufficient to differentiate it from the family
Plumularidse, and other characters served to settle its affinities with the Sertularidse.
Since the genus was instituted by Hincks in ISfiiS 1 it has been recognized by practically
every writer that has discussed it or had occasion to mention the type species. Mr. Paarmann.
who carefully investigated the opercula of this and other Sertularichv, found that the operculum
consists of a single functional adcauline flap, and that the margin was produced into a stationary
"collar" on the adcauline side.
KEY To THE A.MEKICAX SI'ECIKS OF THE fiEXI'S H YIIKALI.M ANI A.
Hydrothec;e distinctly flask shaped, distal ends much constricted, aperture round
Hydrothec;e more nearly tubular, distal ends not distinctly constricted and not round.
Each hydrotheca in a group reaching above the middle of the one next above it
Each hydrotheca in a group not attaining the level of the middle of the next one above -
HYDRALLMANIA FALCATA | Linnaeus).
(Plate XXXVIII, tigs. 1-4.)
,sVr/./< <;,i-nlliin- EM. is, Essay Nat. Hist. Corallines, 1755, p. 12.
l^i'i-lnlnriii Jnli-ntii bixs.Ki's, Systema Xatunr, 175s. p. SIO.
Sertularia slipulata I.INX.KI s, Systema Natune, 175s, p. ,si.'!.
Si'i-liilni-iii f<ilr<il Lixx.i'.rs, Systema Natune, 17H1, p. 541.
Sn-liiliiriii J'lilmln Horrrrvx, Natuurlyke Historic, XVII, I7K1-177:;, p. 546.
Sertularia falciitii P.U.I. AS, Klenchus Zoophytoruni, 17I>(>, ]>. 144.
Si-rliilnriii Jnlriiln LiXN.Kfs, Systema Xatunr. ll'th ed., 17117, ]i. 13011.
Serliiliii-in fiilriiln BODDAKUT (I'allasi, Lyst der I'lant-Dieren, 17HS, p. ISO.
Si-fliilin-'ni Jiili-iiln MAHATTI, I>e I'lantis /oophylis, 177(i, p. .SO.
Serlularia falcata GRoyovivs, Zoophylacium gronovianum, 17.SI, p. .'15!i.
Xi'i-iiiluriii J'lili-nln EI.I.IS and SOI.AXDKH, Nat. Hist, /ooph., 17SH, p. 42.
Si-i-liiliii-iii jii/i-iilii Wn.Kixsand HEUIJST (Pallas), Charukteristik der Thier]iHan/.en, I7S7, ]i. 183.
X,;-iiil,ii-iiij'ti/i'<ilii <;.MEMX, Systema Xatnni', Kith ed., 17SS, p. 3849.
Plumularia falcata KSPKR, Die Prlanxenthiei'e in Abhildungen, III, 17SS-ls:;o, p. 1'24.
Si'i-titliii-iii J'lilriitu HEKKEXMOCT, Synoi>s. Nat. Hist. Great Britain, I, 17SSI, p. 217.
Sertularia falcala Esriou, Fortsetzungen der Pflanzenthiere, II, 17!M-|soii, pi. n.
SiTtiiliiriiiJ'iili-iilii I'.osc. Hist. mil. des Vers, III, ISIIL', p. !>5.
Sertularia falcatu TI-I:TON, British l-'auiui, IS07, p. 213.
Sertularia fnlcala 3 \ME&oy, Cat. . \nirn. Class Venues, isll, p. 5ti4.
J'l'iiiini-iii (Sertularia) fitlcata (>KKX, Lelirbuch der Naturgesrhichte, 1S15, p. !I4.
Pliiiiiiilurin jnlriilH L\M\KIK, Hist. nat. des aniiii. sans Vert., ISlli, p. 125.
Ayln<t/ilit -ilia full-ill, i l.sMornorx, Hist. nat. des, Polypiers, ISKi, p. 174.
S,'i-lii/tii-iti j'li/rnlii STE\V urr, Elements Nat. Hist. Aniin. Ivingd., II, 1S17, p. 44.S.
,S'i i-lnliii-iii fiili-iilii SCIMVEKIGER, Handbuch der Natnrgescliiehte, 1S20, ]i. 427.
r/Hiiiii/'ii-i'i j'llrntti FI.EMIM,, British Animals, 1S2S, p. 54(i.
Si-rtiiliirin Jnlnilii BOM, Hist. nat. des Vers, KSliO, p. Mil.
riiniiiiliiriiij'iili-iilii JOHNSTON, Trans. Newcastle Society, II, 1S32, p. 25!i.
Pliiiiniliiriii fiilriiln i IK T'.I.AIXVII.I.H, Manuel d' Ac-tinoldgie, is:!4, ]i. 477.
'British Ilydroid Zociphytes, Isiis, p. 27M.
THK SKKTULAKIDJi.
.Si i-iii/Hi-iii fnlfiiln <>KEX, Allfrenieinc Xatnr>.'cscliichie, lx:;.">. p. 7'.'.
/'liii/iii/ni-iii fiilniln LA.MAKCK, Mist. mil. des :uiini. -ans Vert., I'd ed.. II. |s:!il, p. Hii
PlumularwfalcataCovcR, Comisb Fauna, 111, ix:;s. \<. :;o.
riiiniiiliirin jii/mlii HAS,- u.i. , Ann. ami Ma;;., VI, Isj], p. Hid.
I'/iiiiniliii-iii Jnli-'il'i MAC ciiu.iviiAY, Ann. ami Ma-;.. IX, 1X4L', p. -Hi-t.
r/llilllilili 'ill J'llli-illil IIVXDMAN, Allll. alld Ma;.'.. X. 1X4-'. I'. -'"
Si-rliiliiriii ( I'/iininliiriii I fiili-utn Itu.YKii. Kaivatid Remarkable Animals ot Scotland, 1X17, p. I7li.
I'/iiiiuiltiriii j'nlnilii .JoFix.vrox, British Xoophytes, I'd cil., 1x47, p. lid.
I'liniiiiliifiii f'l/aitti STIMI'SOX, Marine Invert. <irand Manan, lx.">4. p. x.
Plumularia falcata I'M KAI;I>, Canadian Naturalist, Dec., Ixii.'!, ]i. 4.
.s'. liii/ni-iii ill/ruin A. Aii\s*i/, North Ameriean Acalepli;c, lsr,,">, |>. 141.
I'/iiiiiii/iiriii fnli'iilii v\x IIKXKDKX, l''anna litturale de l!i>l<_'iiiue. ixild, p. |X7.
1/i/ilruHiiiiiiiiii l'<ilr<itn HIM KS, British Ilydmid Xnophytes, ISlix, p. i'7.'i.
ffydrallmcmia falcata VEKHII.I., Invert. Vineyard Sound, 1X71-7L', p. 40x.
lli/i!i-iilliiiiiiii<ijiilnil,i(',. (>. Svio, Ilidrai: til Kiiiidskaln-n, 1X7:;, p. is.
Hydrallmania falcata VEKHII.I., I'roc. Am. Asti. Adv. Sri., 1x7:;, p. :;ii4.
llil'li-iilliinniiii fiili-iilii Sc'Hi'i.XK, Nonl^ee l-]xped., 1X74, p. 1:11'.
Ifilili-iil/niiiiilii fnli'iitii McIxTcxii, Ann. ami Ma>:., 4th Ser., XIII, 1X74, p. L'14.
Hydrallmania falcata VEKHII.I.. Amer. .loiirn. Sri. and Arts, VII, 1x74, p. 44.
Ili/ili-iit/miiiiiii j'li/i-itlti \VI\TIIKH, Naturhist. Tid-skrift., 1XXO, p. L'.">1.
Ili/ilni/liiiiiiiiii jn/i-'ilii r.EHiiii. ( ioplepolyper 1'ra Kara Havel, IXX7, p. :;:17.
ffi/ilriil/iiiiiiiin fn/riilii DKKIWII, Tektonische Stndien, ixllll, p. L'Olt.
Hydrallmania falcata MARETANKER-TUKNERETSCHER, Hydroiileii des k. k. natnrliist. HHI'IIIIIM-IIIMJ-, ISIKI, p. i':;."i.
ITiiilnil/iiiiiniii fn/nilii I.KVINSKX, Vid. t'dli. "Haiiehs.", Tou'ter, IX'i:;, p. :;x7.
Hydrallmania falcala ( 'IMHTIPKN, Ann. and Mau'. , (>lh ser., X\'l. ls<r>, p. I'til.
Ifi/ili-nlli iniiiiii j'nli'iilii IlAKTL.M'H, llydriniii'diisi'ii Ilel^nhiiuls, IX'.C, p. 4"il.
lfil<li-ii//iii<iiiiii jit/ruin BOXXEVIK, Norwegian North Atlantic Kxped.. IS'.Kt, p. xs.
Ilililnil/iii'iuiiif'ilriiln Xrrnxc, Ilydr.ii.ls of the Woods Hole Region. IlllH, p. :iiil.
Ifi/ili-iil/iniiiiiii f'lli-nln IlAUiiriT, American Naturalist, I'.Mll, p. '.'M'2.
Ifiiilriil/iiiiiiiiii Julmln IlAHTi.Arn, 1 1 yd HiiiU'ii ans dt-iii Sti lien ( leean . 11MI1, p. :!.V>.
Ifiiili-ii/liiiiiiiin fiilfiitii WHITBAVKS, Marine Invert. Ivistern Canada, liilll, p. -7.
Hydrallmania falcata S.KMIXDSSOX, Hid raj; islandske Hyilroidi-r, IIMH 1 , p. i;:;.
lfililr<il/i>Kiiiin fiili-iitii TOHUKY, Hydroida of the I'ai'itic- Coast, 1!M)L', ]>. 1:!.
Trn]>/int!i>i/ii . Colony when typically developed :ixsiimino an exceedingly graceful panicled
form, iitid attaining :i ln-iylit of a foot of more. Main stun not faxrirlrd. ,-])irally twisted, desti-
tute of hydrothecsB, divided into irregular internodes, the tendency being to bear a branch to
eaeli interiiode, hut there is an occasional intermediate internode. Brandies arranged in a more
or less regular spiral, and themselves jfiviny; forth reyularly alternate liranchlets \vhich occupy
two planes which meet the branch at nearly a ri'ht anyle. Briinelies and liranchletx hearing
hy<lrothecie an<l divided into rather irregular internodes. each of which bears a number of
hydrothecie. 1 lydrothecie tubular, arranged in yronps on front of branches and branch] ets, their
bases in line, their distal portionx bending ^racefnlly to the riylit and left alternately, as viewerl
from above, the top of one reaching above the middle of the next one above, directed upward
and forward a> viewed from the side. Aperture oval or lunate, the side of martrin nearest stem
beiny flattened; opevculum consisting of a single tlap.
fr'iiiiiixiiiii,-. -(Joiiiiiiiria borne usually on distal parts of branches and proximal parts of
brauchlets, ovate, with several indistinct longitudinal lines or ribs, ending in a short tubular neck
and round aperture.
/)ixf filiation. - N'erv abundant in rather .shallow water on New Knj/land coast: Labrador
(Packard); (trand Manan (Stimpson); British coasts (Allman); Belgium (van Beneden); Nor-
way (Sars); ILdyoland (llartlaub); Polar Sea (Bergh) ; Iceland iSa'inundsson); Denmark ( Winther).
Although usually found in shallow water, this .species was found at a depth of 1,101) fathoms
by the Norwegian North Atlantic Kxpedition (Bonnevie).
126 AMERICAN HYDRO1DS.
HYDRALLMANIA DISTANS Nutting.
(Plate XXXVIII, liirs. 5-9.)
Ilililrnlliiiiiiiiii fiilniln CALKINS, II ydroids from 1'ufjet Soun<l, 1.S99, p. Mli2.
Ifi/ilnilliiiintiii ilixtiniH Ni-rrixi;, Hydroids from Alaska and I'lifii-t Sound, isnvi, |>. 74(i.
Ili/ilriilliniii/iii ilixlinin HAKTI.AIB, Hydroidcn ans dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, ]>. :'..V>.
HydraUmania df'sfans TORREY, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. 70.
Tfi>j>/ii>xi>iin: Colony of erect, straggling habit, attaining ; i height of about <i inches. Stem
not fascic-led, spirally twisted, .slender, wiry, divided into irregular, usually long internodes,
the tendency being to have a branch on each internode. Branches distant, spirally inserted in
full-grown specimens, irregularly alternate in young specimens, borne on processes from the
stem in the axils of which a hvdrotheca is often, not always, found; divided into branchlets which
are regularly alternate and divided into regular internodes each of which bears three hydrothecse
on its anterior or upper face, and a branchlet; branchlets divided into irregular internodes, each
of which bears from two to six (usually four) hydrotheciv on its upper side. Hydrothecte tubular,
flattened, not noticeably gibbous below, inserted in a line on the upper sides of branches, their
distal portions bending gracefully to the right and left alternately, the top of one not reaching to
the middle of the one immediately aboye it; margin much flattened, the cornel's angulatod; aper-
ture a much flattened oval or crescent. Operculum of a single abcauline Hap.
'Gonosome. (Not heretofore described.) Gonangia borne on front of branch, broadly ovate,
flattened, with a wide aperture, distinct pedicel, and apparently without the meridional lines seen
in //. fiili-iita.
Distribution. Puget Sound (Nutting). Dredged by the Young Naturalists' Society.
Since this species was originally described 1 have obtained additional material through
the kindness of Prof. Trevor Kincaid, and have very carefully compared it with specimens of
II. fiili-ntii from Plymouth, England, with the result of confirming me in the opinion that the dif-
ferences pointed out before are quite constant, and that //. dixtaxx is a good species. The shape
of the hydrothecas of II. frniK-ixciinii, as described and figured, is constantly different from thai
of //. iltKttuix, being flask-shaped and twice as broad in the gibbous lower portion as at the aper-
ture. But a single gonangium has been found, and it is possible that it may have been flattened
artificially, making the figure misleading.
Ti/j>, slides. Cat. No. l!sox. I". S. N. M.' Cat. No. l.s7H-J, Museum of the State I'ni-
versity of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
HYDRALLMANIA FRANCISCANA (Trask).
(Plate XXXVIII, fi K . 10.)
I'liinniliiriii j'riiiirisriiiui TKASK, Proc. Cal. Acad. Sri., I, 1S57, p. 11M.
Plumularia gracilis MCRRAY, Ann. and Max., Sd ser., V, ismi, p. 251.
Ki-rtiilni-iii ijfucilif, AIIASSIK, North American Acalephae, 1S65, p. 145.
HydrattmaniafranciseanaCLASK, Hydroids of Pacific Coast, is7ii, \<. L'MO.
Hydrattmania franci&cana HARTLATB, Hydroiden aus dem Stillen Ocean, 1901, p. ;tf>5.
Hydrattmania frandscana TORREY, Hydroida of the Pacific Coast, 1902, p. IS.
"Polypodom tl or S inches high, color corneous, alternately branched, the branches pinnated,
one branch to each internode of the stem. The pinna; rise one above the other, are pointed, and
support three cells at each joint. On two specimens four cells have been met with, but may be
regarded as an exception rather than otherwise. The pinna' are dichotomously branched in adult
specimens. Cells laginculate, smooth, free, slightly decumbent; the attachment of the base is
marked by a slightly elevated rounded rim; apertures round and smooth."
''Bay of San Francisco, among rejectimenta of the beach."
I have not seen this species, and have here inserted the original description.
Plumularia </r<trilix Murray is doubtless the same species as TT. fra-nciscana^ss Doctor Clark
concludes. If the character given by Murray, three cells at each joint, is at all constant, the
author can not regard //. fnniciscana as a synonym of //. fulcutn, in which the average is
THK SEKTL'LAKlli.i:. 127
uniformly much higher. Moth Murray :inl Trask speak of tin- hydrothcc;e be'ino- supported
liy a sort <>t' triangular butlre-s (Murray), or a sliylilly ele\ated rounded rim (Trask). 1 Murray
adds that the gonangia arc. oblong-oval.
SELAGINOPSIS Allman (modified).
Trophosome. Ilvdrothec;e arranged in inure than tw<> longitudinal -eric-, at Ica.-t on di-ta)
parts of branches, or in two or more scries each of which lias (he distal ends of the h vdrother;e
turned alternately to the riylit and left. ( )perculuin of a single alicauline (lap. Intel-nodes lmi<j
or aliscnt.
(iniiiiKiHii, . (ionano'ia Usually ol>o\ ate, without internal marsupium or external ornamen-
tation. 9
Tliis dctinition of the o-enns is more comprehensive than I he original by Allman.' This
writer proposed two new genera at the same time, Selaginopsis to include forms with several
rows of liydrotliec;e set on simple branches, and /' ficliiiliniii to include form- with several row-
of hvdrotheca' set on liifurcatiny ramuli. In ls?s Merescbkowsky, without having seen Allman 's
paper, proposed the e.-enus Polyseriasko include sertularians with hydrothecse arranged in several
rows (iii the liranchcs, but which arc hiserial on the stem. Later. but duriny the same year, he
wrote another paper' in which he acknowledged the priority of Allman'- ovneric name S,l,ni'ui-
<yi.v/'.v, lint proposes to include in that ycnus the forms that Allman pul in /' r'icl<nHii m . \ little
later. Is'.in, Marktanner-Turneretscher 5 reeooni/cd the o-enus substantially as dctincd by
Mereschkowsky. In iv.i:; Levinsen' in pursuance of his policy of rclyiny entirely on the char-
acters of the hydrothccal margin and operculum, included the species here considered as belong
inn- to X l,iiiiniifixix in the jjfeniis 77; uitir'ni. on account of the single-flapped abcaiiline o[)crcnlum.
The yvmis Selaginopsis as abo\ c defined seems to me to be a perfectly tenable <_;Toup. indeed
one of the best genera in the family Sertularidse. Lts affinities are evidently with Tlm/in-iii. from
which, however, it is shar|)ly differentiated by the ai'rangemenl of the hydrotheca'.
There are no points of iritersradation between this grenus and others that need offer anv
IT O O
difficulties in the allotment of sjiccics to this o'cniis as here defined. In most species the hydro
thecaj of the stem arc arranged in two opposite series, as in Tlminriii. and in some, cases this is
true of the proximal parts of branches. But in these same species the hydrotheca' on all but the
proximal parts of the branches are poly serial, furnishing a perfectly evident character for
generic identification.
KEY TO AMERICAN M'KIIKS OK TMK (.i:\IS -KI.Ai . I M )l'.-l>.
The tydrothecee in :i Driven m\\ not turning alternately to rii/lit ami li-ft.
Distal ends of livlrollirc.-r distinctly exscrti'il.
Miiririn ith two distinrt Iceih uitniliHi.*.
Margin without tcctli jiiimxl' r.
Distal ends of \\\ drotliiv;i- not greatly exsiTti-d.
Hydrotlici'ii' in tliive rows I rim ri'i/i*.
llydrotlici-r in four rows.
Stem and liranrhes u'cniciilatr, branching regularly Compound />////i inn is.
Stem and liranrhes not L'enirnlate, branrlirs not regularly compound:
Two pairs of lira] n -lies to cadi intcrnodc of stem cedrina.
Sti'in very lieavy and w oody. Nodes ilrcp, ai inpanii'd 1 iy ami illations /liinuihi.
Co-uosarcal canals in liranc-hes very regular and four in number, (ionanjria with niiiiiei-niis \ei-y
long cnrveil processes nrnnhi.
'Annals an 1 Ma^a/.ine, :;d ser., V, pi. \n, tii.'. 1", represents cadi internodc of the branch as bearing three
hydrotlicc;c, in one case tw o, which nmliniis Trask's description and ti'.nire.
-The known exceptions ainon;_' American species arc N. uriniln and N. i-nlrinn.
3 Journal of I he I, inn.' can Society, /oology. XII. Is7 I. p. L'7L'.
1 Xew llydroida from dchotsk. Kamtschatka. and other ]iarts of the North Pacific ( lei -an. Annal> and Ma'ja/.ine
of Natural History. :>th ser., II, ls?s, p. I:; I.
5 Ilydroiden des k. k. natiirhistorischcn 1 lolmii.-enms. Is! HI. p. L'lL'.
6 Meduser, Ctenophorcr o._' llydroidcr fra < imnlands \"<'stkyst, p. 193.
5125 PT 204-
128 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Hydrothecic normally in more than four rci\vs.
llydrothee:e in four or six rows ..ri/liiuli-mi.
Ilydrothecie in six or eight rows - ."''Wc/.r
Ilydrotheiw in rows, distal ends turning alternately to tin- right and loft as in Hydrallmama.
Hydrothec;e in four rows ..li<ii-l/<inh,.
Ilydrothecic in two rows - ""' mitlnvi,.
SELAGINOPSIS MIRABILIS (Verrill).
I Plat.- XXXVIII, tigs. 11-12.)
nifilinxin iiiinili'ilix VERRILL, Anicr. .Icmni. Sci.. :!d ser., \', IS72, p. !).
J>il>liiiiu niii-'iliilix VKRKILL, Trans. Conn. Acad. Arts and Sci., Ill, Ft. I, 1X75, p. is:!.
rHjihuxiii inii-ti/iiHx ('LARK, Alaskan llydmids, 1S7H, p. -HI.
1'oliix, -i-liix liincl;x'ii MKUESCIIKOWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 4tli SIT., XX, 1S77, p. 22s.
iiiirnliilin XIIRMAX, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., I, 1S7S, p. :',:!5.
s niii-iiliilix MKKI:SC JIKOWSKY, Ann. and Mag., 5th ser., II, 1S7S, p. 445.
iiiii-iitiilix KmcnENPATKR, Xordisehe (iattnngen, 1SS4, p. 12.
s,/,n/iiiti/aix iiiirnbilix BERUII, < niplepolyper t'ra Kara Havet, 1SS7, ji. .".:!7.
Srrliilitriu inii-iiliilix LKVINSEX, Vid. Meddel. naturh. Foren., IS'.K!, ]>. l!i|.
Selayt no/ mix niii-nliilix BOXXEVIE, Xorwegisi-hc Hydniiden, IS! IS, p. 11'.
! iiiiriiliilix XrrriNi;, Ilydroids from Alaska and I'ngct Smiiiil, IS'.l'.i, ]>. 741.
inifiilii/is BONXEVIE, Xorwt'gian North Atlantic Exped., isini, p. s.">.
Selriginopsls mirnlii/ix HAHTLATH, Ilydroiden ans dem Stillen Ocean, 190], p. 355.
SelaginopmmirabilisfoJiKEf, Hydroida of Pacific Coast, 1'JOL', ]>. 7u.
Si'i'tii/iirid inirnliilin S.EMr.NDSsox, Islandske Hydroider, 11102, p. (i.'l.
Tfiiji/Kixn/iii: Colony phnno.se, attaining a height of 4 or "> inches. Stein thick, not fascicled,
sinuous or weakly geniculate, without nodes for the most part, although an occasional one is to
be seen. A row of hydrothec-iv on opposite sides of the stem, there being three between
adjacent branches. Branches alternate, occasionally dividing into branchlets, with a shallow node
dividing them from the stem process on which they are borne and which bears two opposite hydro-
thecse on the proximal side of the node. Ordinarily there are no other nodes, llydrotheca' in
six series, immersed for only about half their length, the distal portion curving outward and
ending in an oval margin with two pronounced lateral teeth. Operculum of two valves or flaps.
Gonosome. Gonangia borne on the branches, obconic when young, when mature oval, and
having a very broad, round terminal aperture.
DlNtrilmtiiDi. La Have Bank, Nova Scotia (Verrill); Hagmeister Island, Bering Sea (Clark);
Popoff Straits, Shumagin Islands (Clark); Puget Sound (Nutting). White Sea and Polar Sea.
60 fathoms (Mereschkowsky) ; Polar Sea (Bergh); Norwegian Coast (Bonnevie); West Coast
Greenland (Levinsen); Iceland (Sa>mnndsson); AHmtr".^ Station I'.V.i'.t. lat. N. >U -I.V L'H". long.
W. 75 3S' 10", -25 fathoms; Station L'Sf,',. hit, N. -is : 1^'. long. W. 1'2'J 4'.)', 40 fathoms.
This is a \QY\ well-marked species, and the only one of the genus that I have seen with
hydrothec;v on the process that bears the branches.
TIJJ>C. In the collection of the V . S. National Museum?
SELAGINOPSIS PINASTER (Lepechin).
(Plate XXXVI II, lig. 13.)
Sertularia pinaster LEPECHIX ', Arta Acad. Petropolitanse, 17s:i, p. '2'2'.'>.
,S', i-ln/iii-iii jiiniix (i.MKi.ix, Systrnia Xatnr.-r, I.iniurus, I7SS, p. :|S4(1.
Xerliiliirin jiiims Bosc, Hist, Nat. des Vers, III, 1802, p. ill!.
Si rliilin-iii /liiinxti-i- LA.MOI-KOUX, Hist, des Polypiers, ISlti, p. 1!)7.
Sertulnria pimis KIRCIIKXI-AI-KR, Nordische Gattungen, lss4. p. 11.
''Danach erheben sich ans kriescheuden Wur/.elfasern, meist einfachc, suweilcn unten geteilte
cylindrische Staininclien bis (i Zool hoch. Sie sind his gegen die Mitte ihrei' Ilohe. dunkel-braun,
'The name ,\-rl<i/<irin /liiiimln- was used for another species, m>\v fiijilmxitt /liimx/ir ( Kills and Solander), and
was in general use at the time that Gmelin prepared the thirteenth edition of the Systema Naturae (1788). The
Si ilnlnr'ni /linnxler of Lepechin was not then generally known, ami ( inielin retained the name for the N I'liilm-in /linaxli'i-
of Ellis and Solander, giving a new name. ,S'. /ihnix, t" I.ejieehin's spec'ies. The law of priority, however, makes it.
necessary to retain the name Xcrtuluriii jilnaster for Lepechin' s species,
THK SKlMTLAKin.V. 129
werden ;il XT nadi oben /n heller mid sind unregelmassig gefiedert. Die Fiedern sind fftdlich,
schlart' und mil mehreren, ot'Hi Keihen von Ilvdrotheken beset/t. l>iesesind eiformig. sind aber
oheu mit einem vorragenden Hals versehen, auf welchem sich die .Mundotl'nung hetindet. I>ie
(lonotheken sind schlaucharl ig (ut riculares), mei-tens angeschwollen, fast durch>ichtig. haben
eine runde, von einem wulstigen Rand uuigahene ( Hl'nung und sir/en oi't xn beiden Seiten der
/weige. dicht gedrangt, fast daelmegelfOrmig."
Distribution. Siberian Polar Sea (Lepecliin): St. J'aul's Inland (A. and A. Kraiisr).
The. identity of this peeie- i- doubt I'ul. Tlir foregoing description is quoted entire from
Kirchenpauer and is the only good description that I can rind. Kirchenpauer bases his descrip-
tion on a fragmentary specimen found in the collection made by A. and A. Krause in Bering
Sea. His drawing, which I have copied, shows an irregularity in the distribution of hydrothecae,
which a I'e represented as not in regular vertical serie^. nol found in other species of the genus.
Otherwise it would seem likely that X. pinaster and .s'. cylindrica Q&rk were identical. It
does not seem likely that S. pinaster is the same as /' i-i<-/it<l!inii li'nl, nliitnm. as Miggested by
Kirchenpauer. the latter species having well-marki'd lateral hvdrothecal teeth, which are not
indicated in Kirchenpauer's description or drawing of .V.
SELAGINOPSIS TRISERIALIS Mereschkowsky.
( I'lat.- \X\I\. li-!-. 1-1'. I
,\-liti/iiiii/Ki.< Iran i-inli.-i M I:KK.M HKO\\>K\ , Ann. ami Ma-j.. ."itli>er. . II, 1ST*, ]'. 4:!.").
Selaginopsis trigerialis K.IRCHEKPAVER, Nordische Gattungen, lss4, p. 14.
Si'i-liiliii-in iimiiii/i'iiii TnuitKV, Ilyilniiila nf the 1'ariMr masl, I'.IIIL', \<. ii!l.
Ti-iij>/ii>xniin'.- Colony attaining- a height of about 1' inclie.>. Stem straight, with distant and
irregular nodes, and two rows of completely immersed hydrothecse on opposite sides. Branches
with a pinnate appearance, but really arranged in an open spiral, borne on short processes from
the, stem that do not bear hydrothec;e, with very distant node-, or none, llydrothcca' in two
rows on proximal portion and in three rows on distal portion of each branch, where they also
follow a spiral arrangement, more distant from each other than is common in the genus, there
being often a considerable space between successive hydrotheeje and also between the rows,
almost entirely immersed, only a very short moiety of the distal end being free: aperture nearly
round, without teeth or noticeable angles; opercuhim a single adcauline Hap.
(r'ti/iiifsntiir . A single distorted gonuiigimn \\as present in the specimen described; oblong-
oval in shape, with a large terminal aperture. I believe it has not been described before.
I)i>;1 r'lltiiiinn. Kamchatka (M. Kastilsky); San Pedro, California (Torrey); Albatross Station
L".MIS. hit. N. :'4 I'.V 25", long. W. I '2" -_'n'. :',! fathoms.
This is the most southern locality for tlii> genus on the Pacitic coast. Torrey regards this
form as showing an intergradat ion between 77m/<ir/ii and S, /,/,//' /mjixix. Sevei'al species of
Xil,i,/iii<ii>x!x< however, ha\e but. two rows of hydrotliec;e on the proximal part of tli ! branches,
the other rows being intercalated distally.
Ti/jii . - In the collection of the Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg.
SELAGINOPSIS PLUMIFORMIS, new species.
I I'late \.\\I.\, M-. :!. >
Ti'nj)/i,ixin/i, .- Colony branc-hing in a regular symmetrical compound manner, and attaining
a height of about I inches. Stem regularly geniculate. irregularly annulated in proximal
portion, divided into vcr\ irregular internodes by distant nodes, \\ith a row of immersed
hydrothecse on each side. Primary branches alternate, borne on short proce.-ses from the >tem,
there being three hvdrothec;e on the stem between adjacent processes; a \er\ short liasal
internode intervenes between this process and the first hydrotheca of a branch; otherwise there
are no regular internodes. the primary branches resembling the main stem in all particulars and
bearing a row of immersed hydrothecse on each side. Secondary branche- regularly alternate.
130 AMERICAN HYDROID8.
borne on processes from the primary branches, not divided into internodes. Hydrothecaa in
four equidistant rows, tulml:ir, larger liclow. almost completely immersed, margin oval,
compressed into angles at the sides, the bottom of one hydrothcca usually being below the level
of the top of the one below it. Operculum of a single abcaulinc Hap.
Cronosomt . Not known.
r)!xfi-i1>iit!iin. The, only specimen known was found in the I'nited States National Museum
collection, labeled lat. N. 60 22', long. W. It is 45', Lieut. George N. Stoney, U. S. Navy.
This species almost exactly agrees with .S'. y^v>Vi/ Mereschkowsky in the shape and
disposition of the hydrothecte, but differs strikingly in the mode of branching, 1 icing the only
S,III,/!HI>JIX!K that I have seen with true compound branching in which the stem, primary branches
and secondary branches bear the relations to each other that we find in the shaft barb and
barbules of a feather.
TI/J .V//V/.V. Cat. No. I'.islti, U. S. N. iM. Cat. No. ls74(i, Museum of the State University
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
SELAGINOPSIS CEDRINA (Linnaeus).
Merlulariti. rfilriiiii LI.XNMCI s, Systi'iiia Xatur.-i', 175S, p. S14.
i i-i'iii-iiiii IIoi TIVYN, Xatunrlyke Hist., XVII, 17lil-7:i, p. ">77.
ri'ilriii'i PALI, AS, Klcnrhus /iiphytorum, 170ti, p. !.'!!>.
Hi-rliil<iriii i-i'i/riiin LIXN.KIS Systcuia Xatur.-r, 17t>7, p. 1313.
Sertularia cedrina ]'>I>I>I>AEUT, Lyst dcr l'lant-1 lirivn, 17HX, p. 17o.
S,'rliilnri<i ri'iti-iiiii \\'n. KI\S ami HKKHST, Charakti-nHtik del- Tliirrpllan/.rn, 17S7, p. 177.
,s',r/H//-ir( i;-ili-iii<i (J.MEi.iN, Systema Natura?, (Linnaeus), 17SS-!t:;, p. :;s."i7.
SerMaria cedrina I'.usc, Hist. Xat. ilcs \\-rx, III, 1802, IJ, p. tun.
.\'ii/i//sl,-inii I X i-li/lin-iii ) ci'ili-iiin OKKX, Lfhrlmrh ilrr Xatui-fri'srliirlilr, Is 15, p. ill!.
i'ili-iiiii LAMOUROUX, Hist, des Polypiers, 1816, p. 1!H>.
jHirijim MERESCIIKOWSKV, Ann. and Ma^., otlt SIT., II, 1S7S, p. 4:)s.
Xi'/ili/iiio/ixiK i-i'ili-iilil KlRCHEXPAUEK, Nordiscllr ( ial tnil'.'CIl, 1SSI, p. S.
"Troplioxoiin'- Hydrocaulus slightly curved, divided into regular intcrnodes. liranches
arranged alternately on two sides of the principal stem, two pairs on each internode, divided into
five internodes, constricted at the point of attachment and at the internodes. Each branch bears
one or two, rarely five, secondary branches. Hydrotheciv cylindrical, almost entirely immersed
in the substance of the axial tube; aperture oval, with two angles (not teeth); hydrothecse
arranged in four regular series, and at the same time in a spiral, the hydrothecse of each series
following one another immediately without leaving any free space or interval.
" GUIXIXOIIII . Gonangia arranged in two or three series, of an oval form, narrowing gradu-
ally toward the base, and truncate at the apex. The surface is ribbed."
Distribution. Kamchatka (Linna-us); Metschigman Bay (Mereschkowsky); India Point,
Bering Sea (Kirehenpauer).
I have not seen this species, and have copied the most complete description that I could find,
that of Mereschkowsky. Kirehenpauer 1 presents such strong evidence that the 8. jmc/p'/'/i of
Mereschkowsky is identical with s, rtnl<ti'iii ml rum Linmcns that I have here conformed to his
view.
SELAGINOPSIS PINNATA Mereschkowsky.
(Plate XXXIX, tig. 6.)
Selaginopsig pinnata MERESCHKOWSKY, Ann. ami Mai:., ">tli ser., II, 1S7S, p. 4:;ii.
Selaginopsis pinnata KIRCIIENPAUER, Nordische Gattungen, 18S4, p. 14.
Tri>j>/n>tuiiii<: Colony plumiform, attaining a height of about ti inches. Stem not fascicled,
but very heavy and woody, divided into internodes which are fairly uniform in length on prox-
imal portion and less so on distal portion: nodes very deeply cut. each accompanied by two or
more regular annotations; stem bearing two opposite rows of hydrotliee.-e and two opposite rows
of branches. Branches borne on very short processes of the stem, and very deeply constricted at
'Xordische Gattunpi-n iiml Arten, 1SS4, pp. 8 and 9.
THE SKKTULAKID^E. 131
I he proximal node. those on the I wo side- iif i In- atom apparently not arranged with any reference
to each other, being somet inics oppo.-ite anl sometimes -uboppo-ite. subalternate or alternate; no
nodes. Hydrothecse in four series forming regular vertical row-, those in a given row being
separated by alioiit onc-t'onrlli their length, the four scries being placed so that not only a vertical
lint al-o a ,-piral arrangement of hydro! heca' can lie traced; individual hydrothe.-e rather short
and stout, broader below, with a bracket -shaped chitinous thickening at the bottom, and an oval
aperture which sometimes ..hows slight angles at the sides; opcrculnm a single abcauline lla]i.
,: Not, known.
i. Port Ajan(M. Wosnessensky); St. Paul- Island. -i'.\ fathoms (Kirchenpauer);
AH><itroxn Station :;.Vi>., lat. N. .Ml ;..s'. long. \V. 17u u;r. ;.';, fathoms.
The specimen from Stiition :i.V>s answers i|iiitc exactly to the original description of
Mereschkowsky, except that the arrangement of the branches seems less regular than his
description would indicate. The color of the colony is light brown, lightening on distal parts
to a brownish buff.
'////' In the collection of the Academy of Science-.. St. Petersburg.
SELAGINOPSIS ORNATA, new species.
I I 'laic XL, li-s. 1-3. i
Ti'nj>Ii<ixtini,'. Colony plumose, attaining a height of about 4 A inches. Stem, straight, thick,
more attenuated in proximal portion, divided into irregular internodes b\- usuallv distant nodes;
ccenosarc canaliculated. Branches on opposite sides of stem and borne on short and inconspic-
uous jirocesses. iri-ei;'iilar iii disposition, being either opposite or alternate, closely approximated,
there lieinjf reu'ularly but two liydrotheca' lietwecn adjacent branches; cci'iiosal'c of branches
very regularly canaliculated, there being four canals running through each branch, each canal
supplying a row of livdrothecie; branches not divided into internodes, but themselves often
branching to form terminal branchlets. Hydrothecae in four regular and equidistant rows, aud
also in spirals, cylindrical, almost entirely immersed, nothing but the margins being free; aper-
ture oval, nearly round, with shallow lateral teeth and evident sinuations; operculum a single
abcauline Hap. The top of one hvdrothcca does not reach quite to the bottom of the one above.
(to/Kixmii, . Gonangia borne in ro\\son front of branches, each being' inserted just below
the base of an liydrotheca. obconical, long, produced into a rather slender pedicel below, and
bearing about eight remarkably long, bifurcated arms or processes above, which curve inward
toward each other at their distal ends so as to form a sort of pseudo-marsupium above the body
of the gonangium.
lUx/i-Hiiit ;<>n. A llHih-nxx Stat ion ^ !: :;. lat. N. 53 .M/. long. \V. Hi.-) 5ii'. 45 fathoms.
In its trophosome this species is clo-cly allied to >'. jiiiunif/i, from which it differs in the
rei'-iilar ai'ran"'eiuent of coenosarcal canals in the branches and also in bavin"- but t wo hydrothecffi
. > O D
bet ween adjacent branches.
Ti/]>, slides. Cat. No. insn. C.S.N..M. Cat, No. 1S7MS. Museum of the State I'niversity
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
SELAGINOPSIS CYLINDRICA (Clark).
I ]'I:M.' XXXIX. li'JS. 7-80
Tliii'tiii-in ,-iirniilfi<-ii Ci M:K. Alaskan 1 1 y.lr, .i.l^. |s7ii. p. 1'L'li.
iS'i7i/i/i(i/)s/x I-I///HI Irii-ii MKHICSC 'iiKdWSKV, Ann. ami Ma-_'., "illi >cr.. II. 1S7S, \<. I l.'i.
Si/ni/liiii/ixiii i-i/linili-ii-ii KIKI m-:xru 1:1:, Nunlische i ialtunirni, Iss4, \<. l_.
Tliiiiiii-in i-i/liiiilrini ^Ii IMIIICII. K\iieililiiin I.. I'nim I'.arnnv. lss."i, p. Kin.
i-ii/iii< Irifii MARKTANNER-TURNEEETSCHER, Ilyilmiilen llni'mnsi-'iinis. is'.io. p. 1*4:;.
i-n CU.KISS, Some llyilniiils fniiii I'lifict Smuul. I Mm, p. ::iiL'
i'iili,ii/i'i'-'i HAUTI.U-I:. llycli'iiiili-n ans dcin Stilli-n <><vaii. I'.MII, p. :;54.
ii,:-- Colony attaining a height of about .". inche-. plumose. Stem slender basally,
enlarging distallv. iuleriiodes long and irregular, regularly genicnlate. a row of hydrothecie on
132 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
opposite sides. Branches alternate, borne on short, thick processes from the stem, sometimes
unbranehed, often dividing once and occasionally bearing regularly alternate branches, as does
the stem; nodes very distant or absent. Hydrothecffi tubular, arranged in four rows on proximal
parts of branches and in six (rarely eight) rows on distal parts, closely approximated, entirely
immersed, narrowing toward the distal curved portion and ending in a smooth toothless margin
and oval aperture; operculmn a single abcauline valve. The number of rows on a branch is
suddenly increased from four to six by the intercalation of two new rows between the old ones.
(fdiKixuii'ii'. Unknown.
I>ix1rilni1idii. Port Moller. Alaska; llagmeister Island. Bering Sea; Chirikott' Island,
Chiachi Islands (Clark), Puget Sound (Calkins). Bristol Bay, Alaska (collected by C. L. McKay),
Arctic Ocean (Murdoch). Depth ranging from the shore line to IT fathoms.
This appears to be a well-marked species, about which there has been little difference of
opinion. It is the one most abundant on the North Pacific coast.
Ti/j>f. In the collection of the I'. S. National Museum.
SELAGINOPSIS OBSOLETA (Lepechin).
(Plate XXXIX, li-rs. 4, :< XL, liir. 4. )
,S', iiii/iii-iii nlisolei'i LEI-ECHIX, Arta Acini. IVtrnpol.. 11, 177S, 1't. 1', p. 1M7.
,Si i-liilin-iii nliKiilelii (iMEi.ix, Systrma Xatnni- I LimiM-nsl , I7SX-I71G, p. .'!S4li.
,\rlnl,n-i<i ,iliK,il,-l<i !'.< isc, Hist. Nat. iles Yrrs, ISO:!, p. 93.
Xei-liiliiriii ulixiililn LAMIHKOCX, Hist. Pulvp. Cnrallii.'riies, islti, |.. 197.
Polyserias glacialis MEKESCHKOWSKY, Ann. anil Ma;.'.. 1th scr. , XX, 1S77, ]i. L'28.
Pdli/xi'riim hint-/.-.*!! MKUKsniKim'sKY, Ann. iunl Maj;., "ith SIT., I, 1S7S, p. :;:;7.
>SWm/i/'"/'- s '' s liii/i'kxii MEKESCHKOWSKY, Ann. ami Alaj;., ."itli SIT., II, 1S7X, p. 444.
Si'liii/iiiii/ixix uliiaih'tii KiifciiExi'Ai-EK, .Niinlisrlie (iattuii'.'cn, ISS4, p. 10.
Trophosome.GfAony attaining a height of about i inches. Stem thick, slightly geniculate,
divided into irregular internodes, the tendency being toward an arrangement in which there are
two branches to an interuode, with an occasional very deeply cut node, particularly on the distal
portion, and also very shallow annulations that are much more numerous than the real nodes.
Branches alternate, closely approximated, springing from short processes from the stem from
which they are separated by very deep nodes; otherwise the nodes are almost entirely absent.
Hydrotheca- arranged in six regular series so that they form both vertical rows and spirals,
tubular, rather short, broader at the base, and narrowing distally to the smooth margin and oval
aperture; there are no marginal teeth, and the operculum is composed of a single abcauline Hap.
There is usually a distinct space intervening between the top of one hydrotheca and the
bottom of the one immediately above it.
"Gonophores in a young state in the form of a reversed cone, just as in /'. in!i'<il>!l!x, but
generally smaller. In the adult state thev retain their conical form, but the cone becomes larger
and more elongated; below, it is attached by a short peduncle; above, it is truncate, with the
margins much rounded, and furnished with a tube of very inconsiderable length, which is
scarcely observable, and much narrower than in the preceding 1 species. The gonothecie of this
species are never present in such abundance as in /'. m!i'l>/lix."
D!xtr!liul!i>>i. Polar Sea (Lepechin); White Sea (Mereschkowsky) ; St. Pauls Island. Bering
Sea, 23 to 25 fathoms (A. and A. Krause): .l/iW/v.v Station :-'..">o.s, hit. N. 5s :::-!', long. YV.
164 49', :>:', fathoms.
Kirehenpauer, who had access to the type specimens of .V. nlxul, f,i in the Leipsic Museum,
declares that the A'. />///</ .,-// of Mereschkowsky is a svnonvm of this species.
Not having the material upon which to base a decision, the pre.-ent writer adopts the position
taken by Kirehenpauer, as that writer had the advantage of studying Lepechin's type. The
above description of the gonosome is quoted entire from Mereschkowsky. 1
'////"' In Leipsic Museum.
'Annals anil Magazine of Natural History, ."itli scr., I, ls7s, p. ;;:!,.
TIIK .SKKTULAKIUJC. 133
SELAGINOPSIS ALTERNITHECA i Levinsen )
(Plat.- XI., ti^. :> 7.
Tliiiinriii nil* riiitln -en LI:VI\SKX. Vi.l. Mc.l.l.-l. naliirh. l-'.nvn., ISHL'. p. :;i'.
Trnji/iiixniii, . Colony attaining a height of about .". inches. Stein spirally twisted, very
thick and coarse, divided into long and irregular internodes. IVanehes springing from all sides
of the stem, dividing dichototnonslv sometimes three or four times, making a Habellate -t rin-t ure
resembling somewhat the branches of /'// ///<?//(/ //////'./. Nodes usually aliseni. except that there
is a sharp constriction al the liase of each liranch and hranchlet. Hydrothecffi very stout, much
liroadei 1 below than aliove, arranged in two rows on the sides of the- flattened branch. each row
thus occupying an edge of the liranch. the hvdrotheca- of a given row having their distal cuds
bent alternately to the right and left as in ////i/i-ii// in iiniii; margin without teeth, aperture round,
operculum a single abcauline flap. The top of one hydrotheca rises a little above the base of
the one next above.
( i ininxiiiix . Gonangia borne on basal portions of branches, elongate oval, abruptly truncated
al distal end. with a very broad aperture and no neck.
Distribution. l>avis Straits. IIHI fathoms (Levinsen).
The aliove description of the main stem and manner of branching is taken from Levinsen's
account and (inures, tlie remainder being from a specimen (fragmentary) from the tvpe locality
kindly sent me bv 1'rofessor Levinsen. The specie.-, is a verv well marked one and looks like a
double llijdrtill am ii'ni .
TI/JI, .v//./,x. Cat. No. I'.iso'.i, I'.S.N.M.; Cat. No. IsT::^, .Museum of (he Stale I'niversity
of Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
SELAGINOPSIS HARTLAUBI, new species.
i Plate X I., liu'. S. I
Trophasome. -Colony in type specimen, which is incomplete, about 4.V inches high. Stem
divided into very lone; and irregular intcrnodes. Two rows of completely immersed hydrotheca'.
which do not have their distal portions inclined alternately to the right and left, are on opposite
sides of the stem. Mranches irregularly alternate, not ordinarily dividing into branehlets.
inlet-nodes long, divided from the very short processes of the stem by a deep constriction.
Ilydrotheca' in four TOW S, each of which resembles j,, arrangement those found in Hydrattmania,
where the distal cuds of the hydrotheca' are bent alternately to the right and left. Individual
hydrothcca- stout, tubular, completely immersed, with the distal ends much constricted: margin
oval, without teeth or angles. The bases of the hydrothecie in a given row are not in alignment,
as in llijili'nU iiiiinni. and in some places the alignment is so disturbed that the effect of eight.
instead of four, rows is produced. In places but two rows are visible in looking -it a branch
from above, and the hydrotheca' look is if implanted in pairs, the two of a pair having their
distal ends inclined the same way. as in tig. S.
<iniiiixi>iiii>. Not known.
I>;sii';i>iit!<ni.--Atl>ii1rtii<x Station ::.M;n, hit. N. .Ml 4u'. long. W. Iti'.i i'u'. depth 4:', fathoms.
This remarkable hvdroid bears a curious resemblance to what might be called a " four ply"
IIii'li'iill niiin in. The type specimen is much damaged and overgrown with bryo/.oa. and
unfortunately lacks the gonosome.
T;/j>. slides. Cat. No. I'.tsli', T.S.N.M.: Cat. No. Is7:'.r,. Museu ..... f the State t'niversity of
Iowa; also in the collection of the author.
SYNTHECIUM Allman (modified).
Ti'<'j>/itiKui,i, . Branches opposite, nodes regular. Hydrothecae opposite or alternate, margins
smooth, round, often rimmed or reduplicated. ( )perciilum apparently wanting.
(iaiitixiniii . -Gonangia springing from the interior of liydrothecse, where thev replace
hvdranths.
134 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
Allman's original description of this genus was as follows:
"Tr/>li<>xi>n: Hydrocaulus divided into interiiodes, cadi intcniodc carrying a pair of
opposite sessile hydrothecffi.
"Gonosome. -(Jonangia. supported on peduncles which spring from the cavity of certain
hydrotlicca', where they take the place of the hydranth." '
In his ('/mil, /n/,r Report, the same writer found reason to modify this definition, at least so
far as the trophosome is concerned, as follows:
Hvdrocaulus divided into definite internodes, each internode carrying a pair of opposite
hvdrotheea-, or a single hydrotheca which alternates with those of the internodes on each side of
it. Hydrotheca' adnate for a greater or less extent to the internode.'" "'
This genus was recognized by Bale in lss.s :i ami by Marktantier-Turneretscher in is'.to,'
who instituted the family Syntheeiidaj for the accommodation of the genus. Torrey takes just
the opposite view, and considers the genus untenable, 1 "since it wrenches from their nearest
allies such diverse species as Sertularella altemans and Sertularia campylocaTpwn^ and unites
them on the basis of a feature which is chiefly interesting to the physiologist." When such a
character, however, is associated with others, such as the absence of an operciilum, the smooth
margin, the strictly opposite branches, all in a very definite group of species, we. have a perfectly
well-deh'ned generic group. The main point of difficulty with the present writer is to determine
whether or not this group is of family rather than generic value, as held by Marktanner-
Turneretscher. The basing of genera on single characters is a proceeding that is very likely to
lead to error, while the grouping of several characters for generic differentiation is a much safer
and loo-jcal method. As to the gonosome being chiefly interesting to the physiologist, it must
he said that in so far as this character is a morphological feature of great usefulness in classifi-
cation, the systematist would be most unwise to relinquish it.
KEY TO AMERICAN SPECIES OF THK OEM'S .SYNTHECIUM.
Hydrothcra- opposite.
llydrothera- tubular, curved in the ijuadrant of a circle, orifice round.
Each iuternode of stem bear! us; a pair of hydrot IK-CM- tiiliitliu-nin.
Internodes of stem without, liydrotlu-ca- ft d tun.
Hydrot IM-CM- doubly curved, orifice triangular marginatum.
HydrothrcM- short and stout, deeply immersed robustum,
Hydrot hei-M' alternate I'lilhulrlctim.
POINTS OF INTER! iRADATION BETWEEN SYNTHEGIUM AND OTHER l.ENERA.
With .S', rtnliii'iti, in the strictly opposite hydrotheca? and reguhir internodes. The resem-
blance to such species as ,S'. flfxmonl, x Torrey is quite close. The gonosome, however, is entirely
different.
With Si'ft tiliii-i/lti. in alternate hydrothec;e, as in <V. cylhttlrlrinii. In this case the entire
absence of an operciilum will serve to identify the genus to which a given species belongs.
When the gouosome is present there is no trouble of course.
SYNTHECIUM TUBITHECUM (Allman).
(Plate XU. fitf. 1.)
Snlnlnrin liihilln'fii ALI.MA.X, Mem. Mils. Gump. Zool.. V, Xo. L', 1ST7, p. LM.
Sertularia tubitheca FKWKES, Hull. Mus. Coinp. /ool., VIII, No. 7, lss|. p. 128.
Sertularia tubitheca Nrrnxc;, Nan-alive Hahama Ex]-il.. isn.'i, p. ss.
Trophosomc. Colony consisting of a monosiphonic stem with strictly opposite liranclies,
attaining a height of 1 i inches. Stem cylindrical, divided into regular, long internodes, each of
'Journal of the Linna-an Society, XII, 1.S7-1, p. l'i;'>.
'Challenjier Report, The Hydroida, Pt. L', isss, p. 77.
"I'rocecdiiiL'S of the biniiM-an Society of New South Wulrs, I'd series, III, ISSS, p. 700.
' Ilydroiilen des k. k. naturhistorischen Hofmuseums, isno, p. ms.
llydroida of thi- I'ai-itic Coast of North America, IDOL', p. 02.
THK SKRirLARID-S. 135
\vliicli bears a pair of branches on its distal mil. below which arc one or two pairs of bydrothecse.
Branches opposite, with a const rid ion al ihcir origin. di\ ided into regular internodcs. each of
which hears a pair ol' bydrotheCffl near its distal end. 1 1 ydrotlici-c opposite. IOHL:'. tubular. i-ej.ni-
lai-ly ciirvril so as to form nearly a quadrant of a circle: margin round, llaring. often several
time- reduplicated, in some cases with i[iiite constantly a single reduplication, a- described b\
Allinan. Operculum not evident.
(inn i>s,n,,,. - (ionanjria springing from the lumen of hydrotheca. oblong-oval. annulated
throughout. When examining the type specimens in the Museum of Comparative /oology the
writer found one specimen in which tin- gonaiigium was growing I'roni the hydro! heca. and uas
of characteristic x///////< ////// type.
AV/v7,,,,//,,/,.-Tortiigas. is fathoms (. Mlman): .!//<,///,* Station i':!LI. lat. N. :',-2 55', Ion--.
W. 77 54'. 7'.i fathoms: Station 2331, lat N. L':; In' :',!". long. \\ . >i' I'- 1 ' ''"'". 114 fathoms:
Station i'41n, lat. N. _'() 47' J'.u". long. \Y. ,s:i 25' L5", -'* fathom-: Station -_'41".. lat. N. *> . long.
W. M.' 57' 30", -'4 fathoms; Station L'414. lat. N. i':. ti4' 30", l.m.ir. \V. s_' :.!' l.V, L'f, fath<.nis.
Ott' Harliados. 7i fatl ..... is (Fewkes).
Tin- presonce of pairs of hydrotheca' on the stem .-eeins to lie the lie,-t character liy which
this species can lie separated from .V. /-,,////,,.
TI/JH. In the .Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SYNTHECIUM RECTUM, new species.
( Plate X I.I. !!_'. 1'. i
Tropkosorne. Colony consistinu' of a monosiplionic stem, with strictly opposite branches
attaining a height of aliout three fourths of an inch. Stem straiu'ht. tubular, exceedingly
transparent, with distant and irregular nudes, or none. Uranches opposite, oriifiiuiting from a
tubular process of the stem, from which a branch springs like a section of a telescope. This
feature, however, i- not constant. Brandies divided into regular internode-. each of which bears
a pair of hydrothecse on its distal half and does not become noticcablv attenuate near its proximal
end, branches in many cases forming a riirht anjj-le with the stem from which they spring. Ilydro-
tlicca- I u l ilar. cylindrical, regularly curved throiiLi'li a quadrant of a circle, the aperture opening
di'-ectly outward, not contingent in front, free- for more than their distal half; margin entire.
sometimes slightly everted, and usually with a distinct narrow rim: no operculnm. There are no
hydrotheca 1 on the branch-bearing portion of the stem.
(riHiiixnni, . Not known.
Distribution. T)redged near Habana. Cuba, by the Bahama Kxpedition from the State
I'lmer-itv of Iowa: . !/////v.v Station iMlii, lat. N. Ml i'f,'. long. W. 77 o7'. L'7i! fathoms.
This species has been compared \\ ith Allman's tvpe of X ////< ///</ tubitlieca in the .Mu-eum of
('omparative Xoolo^-v and found to be quite distinct. l>cin- much more trail-parent in structure
and not having jiair- of h vdrotlieea- rej;-ularlv distributed on the stem.
Tijj>. slides. Cat. No. l'.7i:>. l".S.N..M. Cat. N.>. lM',71. .Museum of the State 1'iiiver-ity of
Iowa: also in the collection of tin 1 author.
? SYNTHECIUM MARGINATUM (Allman).
(Plate XI. I, liir. ::. )
:\l-/ll/in-iil llllll-llilllllil Al.I.M\\. MlMll. Mils. C..lli|,. /i ml.. V. N'n. L', 1 S77. p. -'.',.
" Ti'iiji/K'xoiin . Ilydrocaiilu- attaining a height of aliout an inch, simple: internodes elon-
gated, attenuated below every pair of hydrotheea-. llydrothec.e o]iposite. dee]), tubular, free
and divergent above for about three-tifth- of their height, slightly tumid below, orifice entire,
with a broad rim formed by close st ri:e. \\ Inch run in a circular direction round the di-tal end of
the hydrothec.-e."
I i, miixinii, . Not known.
IHxti ;/,/;,,. Oil Florida IJeef. :'.L'4 fathoms (Allman).
13G AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
I have nut seen this species and him- ropied the description of Allnian entire. The species
evidently belong to the Xi/iitlm-im/i group. and appears to be an exceptionally well-marked form.
TIJI. In the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts.
SYNTHECIUM ROBUSTUM, new species.
(Plate XLI, figs. 4-6.)
Tropkosome. Colony attaining a height of '2$ inches. Stem not fascicled, straight, without
hydrothecse In-low the proximal branches, hydrothecate above, divided into irregular internodes.
Branches strictly opposite and divided into branchlets; main branch straight, giving off pairs of
strictly opposite branchlets and bearing as a rule three pairs of hydrothecse between adjacent
branchlets: internodes variable, the must common arrangement being one for each pair of branch-
lets. there being two pairs of hydrothecse above and one below the branchlets: branchlets straight.
with a tendency toward an internode to each pair of hydrothecse. Hydrotheca- tubular, short,
stout, extensively immersed, only a small part of the distal adcauline side being free; margin
neither constricted nor flaring, and without ornamentation, but sometimes broadly sinuated;
aperture round, sometimes subtriangular. No operculum.
Gonosome.- (Jonangia springing from the interior of hydrothecie. terete, heavily annulateil.
witli a very small tubular neck and round aperture. The specimens were dried, and the gonangia
greatly distorted, making it necessary to attempt a somewhat uncertain reconstruction in the
drawings.
D!x1ril>i(l!<ui.All><itr><x Station U7T(i. hit. S. :,-2 41'. long. W. U'.P 55' 30", 21 fathoms.
This species has shorter and more extensively immersed hydrotheeie than any of the others
of the genus thus far described.
TI/JI, xl!<l,x. Cat. No. 1071-i, U.S.N.M.; Cat. No. iscTo. Museum of the State University
of Iowa: also in the collection of the author.
SYNTHECIUM CYLINDRICUM (Bale).
(Plate XLI, \\j>. 7.)
Serliiliinllii i-i/liiiilfii-ii 1! M.I:. 1'roc. Linn. Sue. New Si;}iitli Wales, :M. ser., Ill, isss, p. 765.
,v, i-iiiliin llu rii/lmiririi HARTI.AI-B, Revision der Sertularella-Arten, 1HOO, p. r>r>.
SertuHaretta luilf-inu TORREY, Hyilrniila of the Pacific Coast, 1902, ]>. 61.
'' Hydrocaulus about half an inch in height, simple or slightly branched, divided b\- oblique
joints into internodes of moderate length, each bearing a hydrotheca on its upper part. Ilvdro-
theca- adnate nearly half their height, large, stout, cylindrical, smooth, usually somewhat rounded
at the base, curved outward: aperture looking outwards and upwards, not contracted, margin
entire, very slightly everted, peristome often double or triple.
" Gonosome. Gonothecse (male) arise from within hydrothecae; long, tubular, somewhat
broader than hydrothecae, and five or six times as long as broad. A single tubular gonophore."
'I)!xtril>iit!i>i,. Port Jackson, Australia (Bale): San Diego Bay, California, 5 to l~2 fathoms
(Tor rev).
The description and figures of X r1ul<ir< U Jmli <-in/i Torrey almost exactly agree with those
of *S'. <-i/l unli'ii-,1 Bale, leaving no room for doubt of the identity of the two species. Hartlaub 1
suggests the probable identity of X. i-yliiiilrim and X, I'fiilnrtii int< i/i'ii Allnian.'' The original
figures of these two species are so different that one is at a loss to imagine why this suggestion
was niade.-
1 have not seen this species, and have copied the above description of the trophosome from
Bale, and that of the gonosome from Torrey.
. 111 the Australian Museum '..
'Revision ilt-r Si-rtularclla-Artt-n, I'.ion. p. ti.'i. Mniii-iiul "I tin- Linnn-an S..cii-ty, XII, 1*7-4, pi. Mil, fig. 4.
ANNOTATED BT1 5LIOG 1 1 A I 'I FT.
The author has included in I hi 1 liihlio^raphv fur this section:
first. Tin' works contain hi;; original descriptions of tlic genera of Sertularidffl, ami also those coiitaiiiiiiL' original
descriptions of species of this family that have hern found in American waters.
Second. All works containing important discussions of the embryology and morphology of the characteri-t ic
features of the Sertnlarid.-e.
Third. All works containing an important systematic discussion of t his '_'rou|>.
Fourth. All works \\ hic-h contain original and important data Concerning the geographical distribution of the
Sertnlarida'. This does not include mere fauna! lists, unless they pertain t a ideographical region not covered hy
the other works included ill this hihlioLrraph y, or i;ive a new ijeoirrapliical raiiL'e for American species of Sertularid:e.
Aii.vssi/.. AI.KV.VXIIKU North American Acaleph:e. (Illustrated Catalogue of the Museum of Comparative
/oology at Harvard College. No. 1 1, ('aiuliridu'e. 18
( 'ontains a mention of all North American Sertularid;c known at that time, as
well as a bibliography of each species.
AOASSIX, Lor is Contri hut ions to the Natural History of the I'nited States of America. Second Mono-
graph, IV, Boston, ISIiL'.
Contains a heantil'iilly illustrated study of ,s'. jiiniii/n and a complete liihlioi.'-
raphy of the I lydroida.
AI.IIKK, .losni'A \ Catalogue of the Xoophytes of Northumberland and Durham. (Transactions of the'
Tyne-Side Naturalists' Held Clnh, Newcastle-on-Tync, III. ls.,7, p. I.)
('ontains the original descriptions of Si-rliilnn-lln li-inix/iii/nln and S, i-tnlm-iUn
I: III /III.
The same species, together with the same plate", were described and li'.'ured
the preceilin.ir year in the Annals and Ma>ra/.ine of Natural History. I'd scries.
Will, pp. .'!.~>i!-:;.">7, in a paper entitled A Notice of soini' new irenera and spccic-
of British llydroid Xoophytes, hy Joshua Alder, esi|.
AI.I.M vx, < i 1:01:1, K .1 V Monograph of the < iymnohlastic or Tiilinlarian llydroids. In two parts. I 'art I,
The Hydroida in General. (Ray Society, London, 1S71, pp. l-i'.'il.i
t 'ontains a u'ooil account of the development of llij,/i,ifin mum-ni ami SiTliilnrin
/!'< Ill // .
AI.I.MAV, I II:OI:(;K ,1 lMa'_'iiosis of New Ueiiera and Species of llydroiils. I Read IVcemher 17. 1S7-).)
i.Iournal of tin 1 Linn.-caii Society. Xoolo'j-y, Nil, p. L'."d . I
Original ilorriptinns of the net i era N///I//H c,//i and .S7n;/i/iri/i.s/.v and of .s'> rtn/nr-
i Ha i piscopits,
A I.I.MAN. I iKoiic.K .1 Doscrijitinns of some New Specie.: of II ydroida from Kerjuelen Island. i Annals ami
Maira/ine of Natural History, 4th series, XVII, 1S7H. p. II'!'.
Contains the original description of S,-,-tiiltir<lln niiilnl,-i-<ili.t.
AI.I.M \s, < iKoiii.i: .1 Keporl on the Hydroida collected duriiiu' the Kx).loration of the < iulf Stream hy I.. I-'.
de l'oiirtales, assistant, 1'nitc-d States ( 'oast Survey. ( Mi'inoirs of the .Museum o|
Comparative /oology at Harvard Co|le'_'e, \". No. _', Camliridue, 1S77. )
Contains original descriptions of x /Y/.IC<//./ ..,.,,,,, > amphorifera, Synth
iinii-i/iiiiitinii. N. liiliillitrti, .V, i-liiliii-iii liiiiiiiln, X. exigwt, N. rullilmiii i under name oi
Tliinm-iii !H'i'iiiliii-nii,l,x\, ,v. /i,, iir/iii, -.*! t nniler name of Sertidaria distant), Tlminriii
/i/nniii/ifi'i-ii, and N< i-lnlnri'/ln ilisliiiix.
AI.IMAX, (ii-:oi:i;i: .1 I)i'Si-ription of Australian, Cape, and other llydroids. mostly new, from the Collection
of Miss II. (iatty. Uead March ]'.). Iss.'i. i.lonrnal of the Linn:eaii Society:
/oology, N IX, p. i:;_. )
Original description of the L'enus Tin <"< linliiini, and of .s, rln/nn II* i iiniri/iii-i/iii-ni.
.X. iliil'ntii , and 't'lin in rm i'tniixixx<inti.
137
138 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
ALL.MAX, GEI;E J JThe voyage of II. M. S. I'lml/i'iii/n-. Zoology. Report mi the Ilydroida dredged by
II. M. S. CAaifrnyer during the years 1873-1876. I 'art II. TheTubnlarina', Cory-
murpliiire, Campanularinse, Sertularin.-e, ami Thalamophora. Isss.
i iiiuinal descriptions of the genera Stin-<ill-<-n and nirfi/ui'liiiliiiin, and of ,S'<r?-
lui-illti jilifiiniiix, ,V. rliuixii, ,v catena, X i-iilimli-iilimi, ,S'. quadrifida (under name of
Tlininriii ijinnlriili'iiK), Si'ilnlnrin rluillfiii/rri (under name of Desmoscyphus /irrlinu-
/nx), Si'i'liilnriii ri'i-x/i'i/ai ( under name nf Desmoscyphus gracttis).*
BALE, W. M On the Hydroida of Southeastern Australia, with descriptions of supposed new species.
ami notes on the genus Aglaophenia. Melbourne, 1SS1. (Journal of the Micro-
scopical Society of Victoria, II, p. 1)
Valuable as recording occurrence in Australia of a few American forms.
BALE, W. M Catalogue of the Australian Ilvdroid Zoophytes. Sydney, Iss4.
Contains g 1 systematic discussions, and descriptions of Serlularida'.
I'.AIE. W. M Some new and rare Hydroida in the Australian Museum Collection. I 1'roceedin^s of
Ihe I,inn;ean Society of New South Wales, I'd series, III, June L'7, ISSS, p. 745.)
< 'untains original description of Xi/>il]n-i-iinii ri/liiii/i-iriiin.
BEDOT, MATHICE, and I'ICTET, R&ultats des Campagnes Seientifiques aceomplies sur son Yacht par Albert ler, Prince
C\MII I.E. S.Miverain de Monaco. Fascicule XVIII. Hydraires provenant des campaniles de
1'IIirondelle. ISSIi-lSSS. Monaco. 111(111.
Unrivaled as a perfect sample of illustration and of bookmakiin;, so far as the
literature of the Ilydroids is concerned.
]!EI:I;II, K. S Goplepolyper ( Hydroider) fra Kara Ilavet. 1SS7, p. 331. (The serial in which this
was published is not indicated in the copy in possession of the author.)
K\ tends tin' kimu n distribution of several sertularians to the Arctic Sea.
HOSVKVIK. KKISTINE The Norwetrian North Atlantic Expedition, 1876-1878. /oology. Hydroida. Chris-
tiania, IS'.i'.i.
A valuable work, especially in adding to our knowledge of both the treiiirrapli-
ical and bathymetric distribution of several sertularians.
CALKINS, <iAUY N Some Ilydroids from 1'uiret Sound. (Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural
History, XXVIII, No. 1.".. January, IS'.I'.I, p. 333.)
Kxtends known range of several species of ,V, rlnl(iriil;i .
CLARK, S. F Report on the Hydroids collected on the coast of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands by
W. H. Dull, T. S. ( 'oast Survey, and Party, from 1S71 to 1S74 inclusive. (Proceed-
ings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1876, p. 200.)
An important paper containing original descriptions of Tlminfin ilnl/i (under
nsxae of Sertularia nt/n-i.-ifuiilx}, A/'iiiimn-in r<ir!<ilii/is, .1. iiinnixtttiis, Tlmim-iu Iliiiin-
riiiiili's. 'J'. i-iiliiit:ln, T. iiliiiiiiimi, Alii' : liu<iri<i luri/iijii, .1. i/ii/nnli-n, Sci'l nlnnlln /linniiln.
It also extends the known ireoirraphical distribution of a number of well-known
species of Sertularida-.
GLAJJJJ, 8. F The Ilydroids of the Pacilic Coast of the Tinted States, south of Vancouver Island.
With a Report upon those in the Museum of Yale College. (Transactions of the
Connecticut Academy, III, 1S7(i, p. L'49. )
(iives a list of seven species of serliilarians, some of which had not been
before reported from the Pacific coast.
CLAJ:KE, S. F Report on the Ilydroida collected during the F.xploration of the' Gulf Stream and
(inlf of Mexico by Alexander Agassi/., 1S77-7S. (Bulletin of the Museum of Com-
parative Zoology, V, No. 10, 1879, p. 239.)
Kxtends known range of Herlnlariu mrnirinu (under name of >S'. mn</ili'.r ) and
of several other sertularians.
CLARKE, S. F j Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Gala-
pagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of
Alexander Agassi/,, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission steamer Alluitroxx
during isitl, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. Navy, commanding. XI. The
Mydroids. (Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, XXV, 1SH4, p 71. )
( >riginal description of X, ,//(//</// 1 lrn/ii<-n ( under name of ^/Hulnrin rnrinliilix).
C<iri;irn:EY, MlLLEN Critical Notes on the New Zealand Ilydroida, Suborder Thecophora. (Annals and
Maga/.ine of Natural History, 4th series, XVII, 187ti, p. '22.)
Finds Xi'i-tiiitiriti juiiiiilii in New Zealand.
DKIESCII, HANS Tektoiiische Studien an II ydroidpolv]ier, Jena, IS'.IO, p. IS!).
Discusses the mode of branching and the order of sm ssion of the persons of
the hydroid colony.
1 When both the generic and specific names have been changed, Ihe original name is given. Where the generic
name only has been changed, the original name is not given.
THK SKRTULAK1D.K.
DTKitAX. \V. S. M 'I'lic 7,..olo._'y of Ma rents Sea. i Annals :unl Maua/.ine of Natural History, ."illi B61
VI, IS.MI, ],. 253. )
A i Ids several species nf hydroids to those known i :cur in the Arctic Ocean.
KI.LIS, JOHN \n Kssay ton an 1 a Natural History of the ( 'oral lino, and other Marine Productions .if
the like Kind, Commonly f.iund (hi the Cnasts oi (.leal I'.rilain and Ireland,
l.i Hid. in, 17-Vi.
A iiiimiimeiital work, L'ivini: original descriptions' of a iniinlKT of specie-, hut
under Knglish names, the liiiimnial system not having at that time lieen adopted.
Ki, i. is, .hi ii x, and Sot. \NHKK. . .The Natural I listory nf many en ri. ins and 11 IK 'in nun m /ii.i|iliytes, eulleeted from var'mns
PAXIEL parts of the globe by the late John Kills, es<|., I-'. K. S. London, 17sii.
In this work the species ileserilieil in the preceding, and others, receive their
liiniiniial designations. l,inn:ens had, in the meantime, however, applied these
liinomials, and so receives ilie credit of heiug the original deserilier according to
onr present system. The \\ork contains strictly original descriptions of Tlmim-in
lonckUiSf Abtetinario liltfii/n, and Pasyth^Q qvutdTidentata.
KABKICITS, OTHO Fauna < in.cn lam lica Systematica sistens Aiiiinalia-, Ml X '('I, XX X.
Contain- the earliest report regard iir_' tl -currence of Mime of Ihesertula-
viaiis in (treenland.
FKWKK.S, J. WALTKU Reports mi the He-nils ..f Prediring under the Supervision nf Alexander Agassi/ in the
Carihliean Sea, in IS7N, l>.7'.>, and aloirj the Atlantic Coast ,.f (ho United Stale--,
during the Summer of ISSIt, hy the I'. S. Coast Survey Steamer "/,'///,." Com-
mander . I. 1!. Martlet!, I'. S. N., ciiinniandiiiL'.
Iteport on the Acaleplia-. ( Mulleliii of the Musetmi of Comparative /ooln^v,
VIII, X.i. 7, 1SSI, p. IL'7. I Contains the original description of .\, -In/in; lln i'nnn, ixn.
KKWKKS, .1. WAI.TKK \n aid In the Collector of the C.elenterata and Kchinodcrmala of New Kngland.
(Midlctin of the Msscx Institute, NXI11. Nos. I. L'. S, 1S!M, p. 1.1
I lesiijned for popular use.
FOKBK.S, K (In the Morphology of the Reproductive System of the Scrtularian /oophytes, etc.
(Annals and Mai:a/ine of Natural History, XIV, 1S44, p. :!S5. )
Interesting as a Scientific Curiosity. The writer discusses the analogies hel \\een
the reprodncth e ay stem 6 of plants and hydroids.
(iofi.n, ArcrsTis A \ report on the Invertelirata of Massachusetts, coin]. rising the Mollusca, Crustacea,
Annelida, and Kadiata. ('anil.ridge. 1S41. Reports Sertularid pinnaia I'allas.
( .1; \v. JOHN Kiuv M:H. List of the Specimens of Mritish Animals of the' Collections ..f the i'.ritisli Museum.
I 'art I, Radiated Animals. London, ISI7.
Contains the original description of the irenus N. rlnlni-illn.
HAMASX, Orro Per Organismus der Hydroidpolypen. i Separat-Ahdrnck an- der .Icnaischen /.cit-
schrift fiir Naturw is-ciischaft. XV, Xew Series VIII, Jena. ISSL', pp. I-7L'. I
A general morphological discussion of the Ihdroida.
II ARC; ITT, CIIAUI.ES \V Synopses of .North American l.ivertehrates. XIV. The Ilydromedns,-e. I'art 1 1, p. :17'.I.
(American Naturalist, XX N V, liiOl.)
A compilation. I'seful in determining the common species of the Xew Kng-
land .'oast, hut far from complete.
HARTLAUB, CLEMENS Die Ilydroinedusen IlelL'olauds. L'. I.erichl. I Mcitriige y.nr Meeres-laiina von Ilelgn-
lands. X. \Vissenschaftiche Meeresuntersuchungen herausgegeben von der K<>m-
missioii 7.\ir QnterSUChtLng der deutschen Mcere in Kiel und der hioli iL-ischcn
Anstalt anf llel-oland. n. f., II, Heft. 1. \hth. 2.) IS'.C.
A valualile work, hut containiiii.' little of intiTest coni-erning the Scrtularida-,
except a small faunal list.
HAKTI.AI n, ( 'I.KMHXS Revision der Si-rtnlarella-Arti'ii. (Sonder-AI.il ruck aus Maud XVI. der Ahhandlungen
aus dem (.ehiete der Nat ur\\ i enschaften. Merau-_'e'_'eln-n \on \atnr\\isseu-
si'hafllichen Verein, llamhur 1 .', I!")]. .Reprinted from a separate dated I'.IOO. )
A work of (lie highest rank. Xo original descrij. lions, hut new names arc'
given in three ca-cs, .\ i-i'ii<ti-'/lii ^niiiii-'ii'i:'. (for Diuiaria </>m</. /'/,,, Allnian),
,S'. fliiliii'i-l/n nil inn ni I for N. i-/ n /in-ill a n i /i i/i i-ii/ix Allman I, and N. tru/iim I for N. r.i,
Clarke i. The work ci mlains an excellent systematic discus-ion, extensive tallies
of synonymy, and complete record of the kno\\n i;eoL'raphical and hathymetric
distril.iilion of the irenns.
11 \UTl.AfB, ( 'I.KMEXS II yd roi. li'ii aus dem St i Hen Ocean. Krgehnisse einer K.-ise nacli dem I'acilic iSc hail ins-
land, IV"'. 98). (Zoologische Jahrbucher: Mitln-iluni; fiir Systemalik. ( icnuraphie,
Und Mioloilie der Thiere. .lelia, \la\ 31, l'.ll. p. 349.)
Largely a com [illation. Contain- I he original description of .
140 AMERICAN HYDROID3.
HEI.I.KK, CAM Die /oophyten und Echitioderineii der adriatischen Meeres. (Herausgegeben von der
k. k. zoologisch-botanischen Gesellschaft. YA'ieii, 1S6S.)
Interesting, mi ace-mint of geographical distribution of some well-known ser-
tularians.
HINCKS, THOMAS II A Catalogue of tin- Zoophytes of South Devin and Smith Cornwall. (Annals and
Magazine of Natural History, M series, VIII, ISlil, p. 251.)
Contains the original description of Si-rlnlnnlln iiixit'nriiiix.
HINCKS, THOMAS II ..A History of the British llydroid Zoophytes, London, ISiiS.
A very important work. Original deseriptioii of the genus Iliiilrnlliiiiiiiin.
HIXCK.S, TIIO.MAS On Peep-water Hydroida from Ireland. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History.
4th series, XIII, 1*74, p. 140. )
Contains the original description ol Serlularellu geniculala.
JOHNSTON, (tKuKriK A History of the British Zoophytes, I'd ed., London, 1S47.
< )ne of the British classics.
KiRciiKxr.M EH, <;. II Xene Sertulariden aus verscliiedeneii Hamburgischen Saramlungen, nel>sl alL-eim-incn
P.emerkmigen iiber Lamoiiroux's ( lattnng Dyiuiineiia. Dresden, 1SH4.
A systematic discussion of iSfrtutoria and /'///mmr/m. Excellent figures.
KiRcHENPAi'Kii, <;. II ...Xordische (iattnngen und Arten von Sertulariden; (Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete
der Naturwissenschaften herausgegeben von Naturwissensehaftlichen Yerein in
Hamburg. VIII, 1't. ::, 1SS4. )
Contains descriptions of many sertularians. Proposes the grnns Aliiiliiinrin.
Original description of Thuiarid, elegans, T. iliinnlnln, .V, rlnlun l/n miilm-lil, N. itlliitlii,
,v. niiliilirliniiiiiiii, N. sieboldi.
LA.MAHCK, .1. B. P. A. de Histoire naturelle des aniniaux sans vertehres. 2nd edition, ls:iii.
A classic work. Restricts the genus Sci-liilnrin l>y setting off the genera
Aiiti'iniiiliiriii and Plumularia.
L.\.Morn6ux, J. V. F Kxtrait d'nn nienniire stir la classification des Polypes oralligenes non entiereineiit
pierreiix ( Xouveau Bulletin des Sciences par la Soetete philomatique de Paris, III).
Paris, 1X12.
An important paper. Defines Dynamena, Sertularia, and I'lixijlhrn, and sets
aside the ( 'ampanularians and Plumularians from the Sertulariilie.
L.S.MOUROU.X, J. "V. F Histoire des Polypiers coralligenes flexiblea vulgairement nommes Zoophytes. Caen,
1816.
Contains descriptions of all sertularians known at that time. Xo ne\v species.
A good bibliography.
L.\Mon:orx, .1. V. F Exposition m^thodique des Genres de I'ordre des Polyjiicrs, avec leur dcscri]ition et
eelle des principales esjieces, figun'es dans S4 planches, etc. Paris, IHL'I.
Original description of Sertularella </utii.
LENDENFELD, R. VON The Australian Hydromedusa\ (Proceedings of the Linn:ean Society, New South
Wales IX, X. 1S84-5, pp. 2IIH-241, 401-420). Contains an elaborate systematic
disc-ussion of the Ilvdroiila, and reports some species of sertularians that are also
found in American waters.
LKVINSEN, (i. M. 1! Meduser, Ctenophorer og Hydroider Ira (irdnlands Vestkyst telligemed Bein;crkniiif;er
om llydroiderncs Systematik. (Saertryk af Videnskabelige Meddelelser fra der
naturhistoriske Forening, 1XH2. Kjiilienhavn, 1X112, p. 1.)
A very valuable paper, especially in its masterly systematic discussions and
investigations concerning the operculum. Contains original description of J'/niim-in
jiilir'n-ii and Selaginopsis <i/ii-ruitlii'<-<i.
LEVIXSEX, (i. JI. R Om Fornyelsen af Ernieringsindividerne hos Hydroiderne. (Same publication as
above, 18JI2, p. 12. )
Another pajier containing a discussion of the operculum, and also of the
reduplication of the hydrothecal margin.
LINN.IIS, C Systema Natune per Regna Tria Xatur;i' sci-unduni Classes, Ordines, (ienera, Species,
cum characteribns Differentiis, Syiionymis, Locis. 10th edition, 1758.
Our present nomenclature lieiiifr based on the system of Linna-us, this work
is an indispensable classic. It contains the original binomial descriptions of the
following species: Kfi-liildi-iu /uniii/a, ,V. up, i-i-nlnln, I>i/>li<ix!n rnmiri'n, ft. Ininnrisra,
Tlniiiii-iil riijii'ixaiiiil, '/'. <tri/i-ii/i-ii, T. thuja, lli/ili'ill/iiKiiitil fiili'iiln. Alihihiiiriil illiii'limi,
Xi-rliiliii'flln i' 1 1 i/i, .11 1. ,s - . i,i,h/:i,ni,ix, ami Xi'/n</int>]>xix i-i'ili-imi.
KU^, .IOHN (iyninophthalmata of Charleston Harbor. (Proceedings of the' Elliott Society, I,
Xo. 1, 1858, p. lo:;. ,
An American classic. Original description of ,\-rlii/<irin cnrnii-'nin.
THE SERTtTLARID^E. 141
MARKTANNER-TURNERET- hie llydroiden des k. k. naturliistonschen Hoi'museum-. i \nnalen desk. k. natur-
.-i IIKI!, (ioTTI.IKIl. hi.-tol -i-chrll I 1 . .fill I Iscllll IS, \', I 't . -, ISilll, 1 1. 195
All important work, especially in its systematic di.-en-sion.-. Proposes the
genera. Calyptotlmiaria and I/.-, /,,/,,.,,,,) that are not adopted in this work. Contains
a L_'ood bibliography, ami original descriptions "f >' rtnlnrin tii/tnli/rii-iiii.* ui\<[ Serlu-
Ifll-f /Ill Illlini-llnitil-ll.
MEKKM iiKiiusKY, C New Hydroida from ( ichotsk, Kamtschatka, and other parts of the North Pacific Ocean.
( Annals ami Maj,'a/.ine "f Natural Ilistmy. .",ih series, II. IS7.S, |. -I:!".. I
A comprehensive treatment of .v, lui/iiKi/mi.*. Original descriptions of .v << .-' i-in/u,
N. /liiinnlii. Alfif/iiinrin roni/ir'xx'i. ami .Vc/i/Airi lln ctorkii.
MEYKX, K. .1. V licit r:ii:e /.ur /oolouie, iiesammell anf einer Kcise HIM die- Krde. Kaiserlicho I -
poldmo-CaroIinisohe deutsche Akademic dn- Naturforscher, NVII. is:;.">, pp. i rj;,.
Contains the original ilc'sn-ipiimi <>i Sertulan I In /lifln.
MURRAY, ANDREW Descriptions of new Sertularidze from the Caliiornian Coa^t. i Annals ami .Ma^a/inc
of Natural History, :M serii-s, V, isiin, p. I'.MI.)
<)ri>;in:ll description of X rlnlnri I In ;//.,//,/' i under name of ,s, rln/nrin li-n'iix/ii<l<t'\
and I>!/>lius!ii niriiii-iilnlii.
NIIUMAV, A. M Noli' on Selaginopsis ( 1'iiliim-ri'ix li'nn-l.-xi'i. Menwlikowsky i and on the circumpolai
distribution of certain Hydrozoa. (Annals ami Mai;a/.im- of Natural History, 5tli
series, I, 1S7S, p. Isil. I
Contents denoted liy title.
Ni'Ti-ixii, C. C Bahama Expedition. i I'.ulletiiis from the l.alioraloric s of Natural History of the State
I'liiversity of Iowa. III. Nos. I and L'. IS'.i.'i. I
( Iriu'inal description of Sertularelld '/mn/ni/d.
NurriMi, C. C II yd mil la from Alaska ami I'liL'et Sound. ( 1'roi'eedinL's of the I'. S. National Museum,
XXI, No. 1171. IX'.i'l, p. 711 |.
(Iri^'inal descri]itiou of Hydrallmcmia ilixlnns. I>iscus--es i;eo^raphieal distrilin-
tion.
\i i IINI;, C. C The II yd roids of the \Voods Hole Region. I I'.ulletin of the I". S. Kish Commission for
is'.i'.i. I'.mi, p. :!!:>. i
Serves for identiliealion of sertularians of Ihe region.
NfTTiNCi, C. C Papers from the llarrinian Alaska I''.xpeditioti, XXI, The II yd roids. ( I'roi-eediuu-s of
tin- Washington Academy of Sciences, III. pp. ]:.7-L'lli. May, I'.iOl.)
Oiscusses fauna) regions of Nortli I'acilie Coast, and cireumpolar distrihulion.
( iriu'ilial descriptions of .[liiilinni-in i-uci, l>i/>/msi<i l.-!nni!ili ( under nanieof Tlniinrin
i/ii/iiiis}, and Ali'iliiniriii mxltiln.
n'( >i;BI(,N\ , AI.CIDK Voyage dans 1' Aim'rii|iie Mi'riilionale, exec-iiti ; pendant les anm'es lS'_'n. 1SJ7. I S-JS,
isi'ii, is:;n. 1831, IN::I F . el is:;:;, V. I't. 4: /.....phytes. 1'aris, is: in ,-t is4ii.
( )rij;inal descriptions of Hci'luln/in jiiilrlii-lln. .N'i rlnliifi-llii jailrii/i,iiii-if, and N.
Hiillii-iliin. Kxi'ellellt li'jures.
I'ACKARD, A. S., Jr \ List of Animals dredged near ('aril ion Island, Southern l.ahrador, diiriiitr July and
August, I si in. i ( 'anadian Naturalist and ( ii'rilojiist. liecemlier. ISi;::.
Indicates new ranire for some well-known s]iecies.
is.KMfNnssoN, B Bidrai; til Kundskaben om de Islandske Hydroider, r.'HL 1 .
Valuahle mi account of data reuardiiiL' L-eo^raphical distribution.
SAKS. (i. o liiilrair til Kundskaben mn Noises llxdmider. is.-erskilt aftrykt af Videnskabelige-
Selskaliets Forliandlim.'er for IS7.", p. 1.1
i ontaing valuable data on distribution, and tin- oriiiinal description of Th aim-in
if iffi-ii.
Si nxEiDER, KARI. CAMII.LO. . .Hydropolypen von liovifjno, nelist I'eliersicht iilier das System dcr Hydropolypen im
AIL'emeineii. ( /oolo^isi-he Jalirliiieher, AlitheiliniL.' fiir Systematik. X, ISH7,
p. 471'. I
Contains a'_'o,,d systematii- discussion of (he relationship of the lamilii-~ of
Ilydroida. and the L'enera of the Sertnlarid.-e.
S, IM-I.HK, KK\X/ IMIIIMII. ...Nordsee l-'.\pedition. 1S7'J. 1 1 1. Co'lenterati'ii, IS74, p. I'.'l.
Contains extensive tallies sliowini; '-'eo'jrapliical and liatliymel ric distriluil ion.
Sri MI-SON, \V i I.I.IAM Synopsis of the Marine Invertelirata of ( iraiid Ma nan, or the region about the Mouth
of the May of Fundy. New Mrnnsuick. i Smithsonian Contriluitioiis to Knowl-
edge. VI. Article V, IS.VI.)
C'ontains original descriptions i \\itluiut livriiresi of Tlmim-i'i Inl'msruln. and
".*', ,-iiiiiifii i jn ,, iiii-ii i " \\hich seems to be a synonym of /'/////" fa tamat
THALLWITZ, JOHANNES Teller <lie Entwicklung der Mannlichen Keim/elleu Uci den ll\droidcn. i.lenaische
/eiischrift. XVIII. lss:i, p. :;.s:,. i
Iiisen.-ses the oriu'in of the spermatoxoa in N, rl, ,/, /In pi
142 AMERICAN HYDKOIDS.
THOMPSON, J>'Ai;rv AV ....... ( >n some new :unl rare Ilydroid Zoophytes (Sertulariidic ami Thuiariid;e) fnun Aus-
tralia and New /calami. (Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 5th scries,
II. 1S7S1, ]>. !)7. )
I 'escribes tlic only known ,^i : lni/iiiii/ixix from tin' Southern IIcniis[)licrc.
TnoiiNKi.v, I.AI i;.\ Kosroi: ____ The I lydroid /oophytes cnlleeted by Doctor Willey in the Southern Seas. (Reprinted
from A. Willcy's Zoological Results, Part IV, j>. 456. Camhridgc University Press,
181IH. )
(Jives new record for , Si rlnlnr'ni jiiiiiiiln and J'nni/llii-n i/iinilriili'iiln/ii.
TOKKKY, HAUUV BKAI, ........ The Bydroida of the 1'acilie Coast of North America. ( University of California Publi-
cations, /oology I, pp. 1-104. November, I'.IOL'. )
An important work, containing discussion of geographical distribution on the
Pacific coast, and original descriptions of Si-i'tnlnri'Iln ili'iiliin-n, Xriinlni-iii ili-xmuiili-x,
and .(liii'tin/ii'iii. trttski.
V SKKNNK, A XIIKK DK ......... Kec hen 'lies snr la Reproduction dcs Polypes llydraires. ( Archives ile /oologie ex perl -
mentalc et gcncrale, X, Paris, 1SS2, pp. 1-100.)
Includes an account, of the embryology of ^ lin/m-in jiiiiiiiln.
VKIIKII.I., A. !',., and Keporl upon the Invertebrate Animals of Vineyanl Sound and Adjacent Waters,
SMITH, S. I. with an Account of the Physical ( 'haracters of I hi' 1 legion. ( lieport of the ( 'om-
inissioner of I''isli and Fisheries, 1S71-71', pp. L".l.")-478.)
A valuable work, giving the habitat and local distribution of many sei I i.
riaus.
VKKIULL, A. K .............. Preliminary Check-list of the Marine Invertebrata of the Atlantic Coast, from Cape
Cod to the Gulf of St. Lawrence. (Prepared for the U. S. ( 'ommission of Fish ami
Fisheries, Is7'.l. Author's eilition, New Haven, June, 1S71I, pp. 1-^L'. )
Contains a list of ^11 species of sertiilarians, many of which are tirst reported in
America in numerous shorl papers by the same author.
VKHSU'YS, .1. JUNK ......... Hydraires Calyptoblastes recucillis dans la Merdes Antilles pendant I'une <les ( 'hoisieres
accomplis par le Comte R. de Dahnas sur son yacht <'li<i:<t/ii: ( Mcmoiivs de la
Soi-ii'-te /oologic|iie de France, XII, Pt. 1, ]>. L'!l, Paris, 1899.)
Contains the original description of Si'rtnlnr'xi IH-I rir-i/nlli .-,-.
WEISMANN, AII.IM- .......... Die eiitstehung dc'r Sexualzellen bei den Hydromedusen. /ugleich <'in ISeitrag znr
Kentniss lies llaus und der Lehenserscheinungen dieser (iruppe. Jena, 1888.
. Contains a goo.l account, of the origin of the sex cells in X* rlnhirin /iniiiiln and
WHITKAVKS, .1. F ............ Catalogue of the JIarine Invertebrates of Eastern Canada Mieological Survey of
Canada), lilOL'.
Valuable for material on geographical distribution. (Jives new locality for
Si.'i-liilnri lln fiHiijiirinix.
VVlNTHKK, (tEoUfJ ............ ( >m Interiiodicts Ilyirning og sanimens.-clning hos Sertularierne. | Naturhistonsk Tic 1s-
skrift, 1S7'.I-SII, p. :;il4. I
Discusses variation in internodes and position of liyilrothec;e in live well-known
species of Sertularidse.
LIST OF WORKS TO WHICH REFERENCE IS MADE IN THE SYNONYMIES IN
THE SYSTEMATIC PART OF THIS WORK, 1JIT WHICH HAVE NoT I5KKN
CONSn/rEI) 15Y THE AUTHOR.
When llu- title is preceded liy an asterisk 1*1 the references lu that work arc made mi the authority "f
Ilartlanli's Revision der Sertularella-Arten. Otherwise the references are mail i the aiitlmrity "i M. Heilut's
Materian\ pmir servir a I'l listuire des 1 1 ydruides.
I'.KNMCT and VAX OLIVIEU. Naamlijst van Wurmen, in N'cderland aan\\iv.i^. i NatnnrknndL'e VerhanileliiiL'i-ii
van de llullandsche Maalsehappy der Wetenschappcn te Haarlem. l>. X\', _, p. l-'J.Vi. i Isi'ii.
I'.KK'KEXllucT. Synopsis <if the natural history nf .L-reat- IJritain and Ireland, i-milainint.' a systematic arrangement
and e -ise description uf all the animals, ve;_relaliles, and fossils which have heen hitherto discovered in these
Kingdoms. I, i union, 17H."i.
* I'.KTKNroritT. Les Ilydraires dn l'as-de-('alais. (Bulletin Scieutifique de la France et il<- la r.el<,'ii|tie. ) 1SSS.
. Denxieme lisle <les Ilydraires dii I'as-de-Calais. | Truvaiix de 1' Institute maritime de 1' Institute Xiiiilii'jii|i'e
dc' Lille et \Vinierenx, VII, |>. 1.) IS'.lll.
IliiiuiAEKT, I'. In: Pallas, I'. S. I.yst der 1'lant-J lieren. Yertaald, en met Aamiierkinu'eii en Atheeldin;,'en vixirxicii
dour I'. IliiildaiTt. I'treeht, I7iis.
('in i;i ikitK. Histoire naturelle des Vers, I. (Encyclope^iie methodique. ) 1'aris, I7s;i.
*('AKrs. Prodromus Faunae Mediterranete, 1. Stuttgart, 1SS5.
CAVOLINI. Memorie per servire alia storia de I'nlijii marini. Xapoli, 17s5.
*CniA.iio, DELI.E. Memiirie sulla st..ria e niitmnia dffili animali sc-n/a \erti-l.re del n-jjim di Nu|mli. Xajmli, ISL'S.
*DEsi.<>X(isciiAMi-s. /iiippliytcs (Ilistoire natnrelle des Xncppliytes nn animaux rayonneM par Lamuuruux). (En-
cylop^die methodique, Histnire Natnrelle, I'aris, 17SU.)
EDWABDS, GEORGES. Gleanings of Natural Ilistury. ." vnls. l.undun, 17."is-l7ii-i.
Ksi'Kii, K. ,1. (.'. Fi>rtsctxiinj;i-i) der I'llanxi'iitlihTf. 1't. L>. Xiimbi-rj;, 17!M-lMi.
. l>ie Ptlanxenthiere in Aliliilduntceii naeh der Xatnr niit Karhcn crlrurliti't. '' Mils., Nnrnheri:, I7ss-ls;;(l.
*v. Ivrx.ici.. ( iri'iiilainl, geographisch nml statistiseh ln'srlu-eilien. Aua diinischenQueIlschriften. Stuttgart, 1 sin p.
* K.MujrAiin. List nf Xew /ealand Ilydmida. tTranslatinns nf the Xew /c\iland Institute, \\VIII, p. l"i:i. Is'.i.'i. i
*<iUAEKl- - E. tlbersicht der Seetierel'anna des ( inll'es vmi Triest. (. \rlieiten an- dem /i mli iloiiiselien Institute, U'ieii
nml Triest, v, p. :;:;::.) lss4.
< iiiiiMivirs, L. T. Ziinphylaeinm gronovianum. Fasciculus 3, exhibena Vermes, Mnllnsea, Testaeea, et /.nnplivta,
qnae in Mnseu sun adservavit, examini snlijerit. LiiLrduni BatavOrum, I 7M .
* HKKKI.IITX. DC- Week.lieivn en lau'ere Itieren II. i Natnni lyke I listi >rie \ an Nederlaml. I Amsterdam, IS7H.
* lIii.iiEXiiiiur. On the hydroids of the Nei^hlmi'li 1 uf Ihinedin. (Transaetimis uf the New /ealand Institute,
XXX, ].. L'Olt. i 1MI7.
*lli>i.T. Survey i if Fishing < in mm Is, West Cuasl uf 1 1 eland, l.s'.lll-'.ll. I I'ruceedinv's uf the l!u\al S,,eiety uf I Mil il in,
VII, ],. L'LT.. ) 1S1IL'.
llufrrrvN, M. Xatimrlykc hislurie uf nitvuei -i^e hesi'hry\ inu r der Dieren, I'lanten en Mineralien vulu'eiis het
sameiistel van den Ileer Linna us. Krsle Heels, Hieren. Amsterdam, !7lll-7">.
.1 AMI.'SIIX, It. Catalivue uf animals uf the elass N'ermes fuiind in the Frith nf Furth and nther parts ul Seutlaml.
(Mcnmirs uf the Wernerian Sueiety, I, fm- the yeai-s Isii7-lsl(i. ) I'Minlmivh, 1SI1.
LEi'Ki'illN, .1. Xuv.-e I'ennatnl.-e et Sertulari:e species ileseripta-. I Aeta Arademia Srienl iarnm Imperialis Pel mpu-
litana prn aium 177S. ) 17M .
LEi'Efiiiv, .1. Sertnlari.'e species du:e deteniiiiiat:e. i Aeta Arademia Seient iarnm Imperialis Petropolitawe prn a mm
1780.) 17*:;.
*Li'TKEX, ('nil. A revised ( 'ataln^'Ue nf the A nt In 1/1 ia and ( 'alyen/ua nf ( ireenland. ( 'I'. Knpi 1 1 .lune.- Manual nf the
Xatnral History, ete. of (ireenland and the neighbouring reruns, prepared fur the use- nf the Aivtie Kxpeditimi
of 1S7-"). ) Lunduii, 1S7.V
*M.\n'LAXl>. Systematisehe lic'sclirijviiijr der 1 lieren \\elke in Xuonl-Xi'ilcrlaiiil of ;uwi desxelf- Kn-ten vurkumeii,
etc. Leiden (L'te Cit^ave I, 1^1.
M \K.\TTI, .1. Fr. De Plantis Zoophytis et Lithophytis in Man Mediterraneo viventibus. Kmn.-e, I77i'>.
*>li'iuirs. I'lier die Thiere der Srlilesw iu'-lmlsteinisehen Ansternlianke. ete. (Sitzungsberichte der kniiiirlirli
I'renssisehen Akademie dcT Wissensehafteii y.n I'erlin, .lahrL'aiiL' l^'.i.".. p. (17. ) Is'.i:;.
* Mimm. Fortci;nelse over ( iri'in lands Illuddyr. Mullnsea ( iruiilandiea in: 1 link < ir. mland :_'enu'rapli. <'_ statisk ln-kr.
l>. L', ].. 7:.. 1857.
512") IT 204 10 I i:;
144 AMERICAN HYDKUIDS.
MULLER, O. F. Zoologhe I>anic;e prodromus, sen :iiiiiiialiuin 1'ani.r et Norvei:i.-i- iudigenanun characteres, i ..... lina
et synonyma iniiiriniis popularium. Ilaunhe, 177H.
*Niriioi>'. Hydrozoa (Iladdon, First Report on the Marine Fauna of the South West. of Ireland). (Proceedings
of the Royal Irisli Academy (2), IV, Science, p. (515.) issii.
OLIVI. Zoologia adriatica. I'assano, 1792.
*PFEKKER. Zur Fauna von Sud (Jeorgii'n. (.Ialirl>iu - li Hamburger Wissenschaftliche Anstalt, .lalirfran^ VI, p. .'!".)
1889.
Die niedere Tierwelt des antarctischen ri'cr^i-biclcs. (Neuroayer, Ergebniase der liriitsc-licii I'olar-
Expedition, II, p. 455.) isn:;.
*PIEPER. Erganxun.m-n zu Heller's /onpliyteii ctr. drs adriatisclu'ii MIMTIV. ( Zoologischer Anzeiger, VII, p. J,s">. i
1884.
*R.\i>nE. Die Sammlungen des Kaukasischen .Museums, 1. Tillis, l.sii'.i.
* RIDLEY, St. O. Ctulenterata from the Straits of Magellan and of I lie coast of I'ataironia. ( I'roi-i-edings of the
Zoological Society of London, issl, p. MIL', i issl.
SAVICNY, J. 0. et AUDOUIN, J. V. Explication snminaire des ]ilanelies de 1'olyprs de 1' Kgyple et ile la Syrie, jiiililiees
par J. C. Savigny. (Description d'e 1' Kgypti' en llcem-il clcs observations et des reelierehes (pii ont ete faites en
Egypte pendant I'.expedition de 1'arinee franeaise. llistoire naturelle. I, Pt. 4, p. 225.) Paris, isn'.i.
*STOUM. Hidrag til Kundskab om Throndhjeinsfjordens Fauna I. (K. Norske Viilenskahi-ligf Selskabets Sl<rifU-r.
Jahrgang 1878, p. 9.) 1879.
*TEMI'LETON, J. Catalogue of Irish Annulose and Rayeil Animals, selected from the papers of the late J. T. by
Robert Templeton. (London's Magazine of Natural History, IX, p. 466.) ls:;ii.
WILKENS, C. F. and HERBST, I. F. AV. Pallas, P. S. Charakteristik der Thierpflanzen aus dem Lateinischen ubersetx.t
und mit Anmerkungen versehen. Niirnberg, 1787.
EXPLANATION <)F PLATES.
Unless otherwise indicated all uf the lignres iii thr i il all's \\ ere drawn by Mr-. Lilian Hulsebus Crone after origi-
nal camera luciila sketches from nature by Prof. ( '. ( '. Xi it ting. Where li'_'mvs were copied from tin- Works uf 1 her
authors tin' source is indicated, ami thr copies were mailf l>y Mrs. Crone.
Tin- text figures illustrating tin- stem, liydranths, ami gonophmv,-. unless otherwise indicated, were drawn by
Mr. .1. II. I'aannaiin after camera lueida sketches liy the author. All nf the ntlirr texi figures were drawn hy Mr.
Paarmann with tlie aid of the camera lucida, except \vhen copies were made In. in other publications, in which case
Ihe sniirce is indicated in the exjilanatimi nf the ligurcs.
I'I.VTK I.
Kn;. 1. K' rln In riii /nnni/n Linn.-cus. I'nrtinn nf main stem and branches ( enlarged i.
'2. ,^1-iiiiliii-in /iiniiilii. Side view nf branch, slinwin;,- :_'nnani;ium I enlarged I.
3. Si-i-liiliiriii /nun iln. I 'air nf Imlrnthec.-e and expanded hydra ntli i greatly cnlarj.-' I ).
4. Sertularia n-ivlui/x! Xutlin^'. I'nrtinn nf main stem and branches lenlanjeil ).
"i. Hfrtnliii'iii I't'ivliii/.ii. I'ai-t nf liranch (enlarged .
II. Si-rlnliii-iii i-i'ivliiii.*!. P.ranch fmni aimther ccilmiy (cnlaruedi.
7, S. !l. S,-,'lnlni-ni 1-,'iv/ni/xi. Pairs of hydrotlie.'.'i- i greatly cnlarL'ed ).
1'I.ATK 11.
FK,. 1. Sertularia,. chattengeri Nutting. I'nrtiim nf siem and branches from Allman'a type of Demnoscyphus pectinalw
. Mlmaii i. enlarged i .
1'. Si'i-liiliiriii <'liti//i-iii/fi'i. I 'art nf branch from same specimen (greatly enlarged I.
:;. K'rtiiliii'iu ii/i,ri-iiliilii LiniKciis. I'nrtinn nf branch with gnnangiuin lenlargeil .
4. Srrhilnrin n/>,-i-i-iiliiln. A pair nf hydrothec.-e (greatly enlarired I.
5. Hi-1-lnliirin njii'ri'iil'ilii. Side view of hydrntheca (greatly enlarged i.
(i. Sertularia pulchella id'Orbiguy). Portion of branch with L'onanginni (enlarged), i Lfter d'Orbigny.)
7. Sfi'tnliiriii /mli'li, Iln. Part of branch with gnnangiuin (enlarged). (After Clarke's drawing of Serlularia
fm-nitii Trask. i
s. ,v, lin/m-iii liix/iiiHisii ((irayi. '"art of branch (enlarged).
0. Si-rlnlnriii liiitjiiiKiiai. Pair of hydrothec;r (greatly enlarged).
10. Si-rliiliirin l>!x/i!iiint. Side view nf branch (enlarged).
11. &i-ltiliii-i,i liix/iiiinxii. Side view of hydrntheca ( u'reatly enlarged ).
PI.ATU III.
FK;. I. Sertularia desmoides Torrey. Part of branch i enlarged i.
L'. Si-rliilitrin ili'xiiiniili-x. Pair nf hydrnthecie I'jreatly enlarged I.
3. Xi'i-lii/in-iii ili'xiiiiiiili 1 *. Knd of hydrotheca, showing a]ierlure iL'i'eatly enlar.'edK
4. .^'rln/iiriii i-iillilmni Nnlting. I'nrtinn of branch i cnlar.-cd I.
5. Ki-rliiliirin rnllilmiii. Pair of liydrotlieca- (greatly enlaru'cd i.
I), 7. Sri-hiliiriii riilliliinii. Lateral views of hydrothec.-r, slm\vin : _. tridentale margin- ii;really i-nlarircd ).
s,;i. Si'i-liiliii-!ii i-iillilmii!. Two other \ie\\s nf mar.'ins i. irreatly enlaru'i-di.
In. SiTtnltir'ni ,/nifilix Hilicks. Part nf branch with gnnangiuin (enlarLrcd).
PI.ATI. IV.
Kn.. I. Xir/ii/i iriii I'lirniriiiii \ Mel 'ready ). Cnlnny with gnnan^'ia and expanded hydranlhs. Drawn Inun
(enlarged |.
L'. Si'rtiiliiriii riiriiiriiin. Pair of hydrntlicc.-c i^'reatlv enlaru'cd ).
:i. Sertularia carnicina. Gonangium (enlarged).
4. H'rtiilitriii corntcina. Side view of colony with parasitic campanularian and its gonangium i enlaiv
."i. Sertularia comidna. Pan of same colony i enlarged i.
l \5
14t) AMERICAN HYDKOIJDS.
PLATE V.
FIG. 1. Srrlulnrin iiini/i ri Nutting. P.asai portion of colony (enlarged).
'2. Sii-inlnrin mayeri. Distal part of stem (enlarged).
3. Ki'rliilnria nini/i'ri. Side view of stein (enlarged).
4. XrrtiiUtrin nint/ri'i. Hydrothecie \vitli collapsible tiilnilar extensions ( en larked).
5. Sertularia pourtalesi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged).
II. Si-rlnlnrin aliHil.-1-i/i Nutting. Part of stem anil gonanginm (enlarged).
7. ^rtnlarin xtnuki'i/i. Pair of hydrothecse (greatly enlarged).
PLATE VI.
FIG. 1. >V( r/nlnrin hrrrici/ntlnix Yersliiys. I 'art .of stem (enlarged).
2. Srrlitlnrin lii-rrii-i/nllinx. Side view of stem (enlarged).
:!. ,\'i-ln!ni-in jinn -i -i:ii Nutting. Part of stein (enlarged).
4. H-rliilnriaJInirrrsi. Side view of stem (enlarged)
5. Si'i-lnlnrin liniiiiln Alhnan. Pair c>f hy(lrcithec:e (enlarged). (After Allman.)
6. Sarttiluriii c.riijnii Alhnan. Pair of hydrotheciu (enlarged). (After Allman. )
PI.ATK VII.
FIG. 1. Tlmumii tlmja (Limiieus) . Part uf lirani'li (enlarged).
2. Thuiarin llmjii. Two hydruthei-.-e (greatly enlarged).
3. TJniuir'ni lli'iju. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
4. Tliniin-iii I'/i'i/iuix Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )
5. Thiii, ir'ni i-uliiixtii. C'lark. Side view of branch (enlarged).
6. Tliiiiitri/i i-tiliiixlii. Front view of branch (enlarged).
7. Thuiarin rnlniKln. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
PLATE VIII.
FIG. 1. Tliniariit tliiiiiiriniili'x (Clark). Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
2. Tliiiinrin Iliiiiiii-iniili'x. Pair of hydrothec:r (greatly enlarged).
3. Tlmiarin Ihiiiariwilca. Single hydrotheea, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).
4. Tluiiariu tliniiiriuiili-it. Part of branch (enlarged).
5. (i. Tliiiinrin tliniiiri/iiili'x. Gonangia (enlarge<l).
7. Tliiiitii'!ii.]Hih/i-iii'jHi (Kirchenpauer). Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
8. Thuiaria polycarpa. Part of branch (enlarged).
9. TlinidriiijHili/nirjin. Siile view of two hydrotliee:e (enlarged).
PLATE IX.
FIG. 1. Tliiiinrin kiiril.r (Pieppig). Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Tliiiinrin kurihi'. Single hydrotheea, showing margin (greatly enlarged).
3. Tliiiinrin ininti'rsii Nutting. Part of branch '(enlarged ).
4. T/ininrin iiiiuti'rsn. Hydrotheea! (greatly enlarged).
5. Tliiiinrin Iniirtiitis ( P'llis and Solander) . Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
6. 7, 8. Thuinrin /unrliilix. llydrothec;e, showing variation on margin (greatly enlarged).
9. Tliiiinrin /ilumtilifira Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).
10. Tliiiinrin /iliimnlifrrn. Part of another colony (enlarged).
11. Tlininrin /i/n uiiili/'irn. Part of main stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
12. 13. Thuiaria plumulif era. Ilydrothecie, showing margin (greatly enlarged).
PLATE X.
FIG. 1. Thtiariadiffu.ua. (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged).
2. Thuinrin ilifftiKit. Two hydrothecie (greatly enlarged).
3. Thuinrin i/ift'iiKii. Single hydrotheea (greatly enlarged).
4. Tlininrin ilnl/i Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).
5. Tlininrin ilnlli. Part of stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
6. Thuiarin ilalli. Two hydrothec:e (greatly enlarged ).
7. Thuinrin xiniilix (Clark). Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
8. Tlininrin xiiiiili.t. Hydrotheea/ (greatly enlarged ).
\i. Tlitiinrin Kimi/ix. Four hydrntheca- (greatly enlarged).
THE SKUTI I \I:II),E. 147
I 'i. ATI: XI.
Fin. 1. Tliiiinr'ni liiliiilij'uriiiin (Marktanner-Turneretscher). I 'art l cnlony, shmviiit; main sicin ami lirancli origin
(slightly enlarged ).
2. Thiiiin-'ni liiliii/ifni'iiiix. Part nf hranch (enlarged).
'.',. Tliniiirin liilni/ijnriiiix. I'art nf hrancli with L r "nani:inin (enlarged).
4. Tliiiiiii-in liiliiiUfnnnix. Side view uf tw<i liydrntheca- iLTeatly enlarged ).
5, (i. Tliniiirin liiliiili/'nrii/ix. Knds nf hydrothecffi, slmwing margins (enlarged).
7, s. Thuiaria tubulifrrrmis. (innanu'ia I enlarged. !
!1. Tli niiiriti I, -in i'n iSarsl. 1'art nf cnlnny (enlarged I.
III. Tliniiirin li-in-rii. I'art nf liranch I enlarged ).
II. 12. Tliniiirin fin: rn. Knds nl' hydrnthrc.-e, slmwing niap_'ins I greatly enlarged ).
I'l.M'K XII.
Fid. 1. 'lliiiiiii-'iii jiiln-ii -ii ' \ 1,1-viiiM'n ). Part of liranch (cnlari,'ci]) .
2. Tlnilttriii Jiiliririi. I'art nl' liranch with i_'inianu r ia i cnlarL'cil ).
:i. Tliniin 'in ni'i/i nti'ii (Linnaeus). lOntin- liranch, showing ramification (slightly enlarged).
4. Tliiiinriii iii-i/i'iili'ii. Part uf hrancli ( ciiliir;_'cil ).
5. Thuiana argentea. I'istal part nf hvancli i cnlaivcil ).
Ii. Thninriii iiri/i'iili'ii. Tun hyilrntln'ca' I greatly ciilar^cil).
7. Tliiiini'iit .in-i/i nl, 'ii. lly.lranth I'xpandcil, ilrawn frmii life I'.'n-atly ciilarL'C'l i.
8, it. Tlmii irin uriii 'iili'n. (innannia (cnlartrcd I.
PHTK XIII.
Fin. 1. Tliniiirin ni jiri'fxi mi ( Linna'iis). Part nf lirancli I ciilari_'c<l I.
2. Tliniiirin rii/iri'xsliiit. Ilyclmtlicc;r I'.'rcatly ciilari.'1'il ).
.".. 'I'liiiiiii'in I'H/ii'i'Kxiiin. (innaii^ia I cnlartrcil) .
4. fiiKi/llirii i/iiiiili-iili-iilnlii \ Mllis ami Sulainlrr |. Trn|ilinsiime (cnlargoil).
">. I'lixiilhi-n ijiiin/i'ii/i iiliiln. llyilrnthccM' ami ^nnaiiL'iuiu (greatly enlari,'c(l).
6. fiixiiilii'H quadridentala. Side view nf ^mnp nf In-drnthci-c (enlarged).
7. /'imi/llii'ii i/iiinti-iili'iiliilii. Side view nf t\\n hydrntlircie (greatly enlarjed I.
I'l.ATK XIV.
Fid. 1. Si'ftiilnri'llii i/in/i ( I.aniniirniix ). Part nf lirani'h I enlar'_ r ed i .
2. tirrtiiltirrl/ii t/iiit/. Part of branch with gonangiom (much less cnlar'jed ).
.",, 4. ,v i-ln/ni'i 'tin .'/".'" Hydrntlieive, showing operculum (enlarged).
5. KiTlnlin-i'Uii i/iiiii. ( idiiaHL'iuiii (enlarired).
Ii. Si'i-liiliiri'lln </"'/< (var. rolmxln . UlmatiK Part nf liranch with gonangium (enlarged).
7. Si'rliilin;llii '/".'/' (var. rnlnixtn}. Part nf enliiny nvergrnwii with Fili'lliim serpeiU (enlarged}.
PLATE XV.
Fin. 1. \rlnl, ii'i'l/n i'iui',,'11 Allinan. Part nf liranch (enlarged).
2. Ki'rliilni'iilii I'niiirii. Vii'W nf margin and npercnlmn (enlarged).
::. N, rlii/in-i II" rnli mi (Allinan). Part nf Allman's type specimen \\itli gnnan^ia ( cnlariri'in.
4. \'i-lnlni-i/lii i/iiiiili-iilii Xutting. Part nf liranch (enlarged).
5. ,s'i .iii'nn'i lln i/nnili-nin. Single gonangium with parasitic campanularian (greatly enlarged).
(i. Si'iinliii'i'llii ijiiiiili'nlii. Part nf liranch with irnnaiiL'ia lenlaix'cd).
PI.ATI: XVI.
Fid. 1. Si'i'lnliirilln liiiiin'i'i Xutting. Part nf liranch ( enlarged ).
2. Si'rlnltiirllii iji'iiiriilnln Ilinc'lis I enlaivi'iU. (After Hindis. I
:;. *,'i'tii/iii'i'//<i iinliii/iinirii (d'( Irhigny I (enlarged). ( Al'lcr d'l Irhigny. )
PI.ATI: XVII.
Fici. 1. N iiii/iii'i'l/ii I'III/IIKII ( I.iniia'iisi. Part nf branching colony (enlarged).
2. Si-fiiiliircllii I'liijusn. Colony with gonosome (enlarged). (After Xntting.)
'A. Si'i'liilin-illii rmjiixa. Three hydrnthec;e (gri'atly enlarged). (After Nutting.)
I. Xi'i-tii/in-i'llii riii/naii. Single livdmlheca (greatly enlarged). (After Xntli-ng.)
."). Si'i-liilin-i'llii I'lii/iixu. Tup nf gnnanginni, shnwini; teeth \ enlarged i . (After Nutting.)
r,. ,s', liii/m; ll.i areyi Xntting. Part nf mluiiy (enlarged).
148 AMERICAN HYDRO1DS.
PLATE XVIII.
Fir;. 1. Sertularella i.-m-lln (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged).
1'. Nn-tiiltii-i-/li.t Irii, /In. F.nd nf hydrotheca, showing operculum (greatly enlarged).
:;. H,i-ltil,i,;-/lii iilliniiiii Ilartlanb. Part of colony (enlarged).
4, "). H-i-tiiliii-i-l/ii nHuKiiii. Ilydrotherae, showing margin and npercnlnm (greatly enlarged).
li. Sertularella allmani. Gonangium (enlarged).
7. S:-Hiiliii-i'/ln i;,ni, 11-1,1 Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).
8. Siiiiilnn-llu i-niilni-lu. Hydrntheca, slmwing margin lirreatly enlarged).
9. Si-i-li'liirillii mull ii-ln. Gonangium (enlarged).
10. ,sv -,-tiiliii -i-l/ii lulu (Male). Part nf branch (enlarged).
PLATE XIX.
FK;. 1. Xfi-tii/iti-i-/lii iilliii/,1 Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged).
'2. N i-lii/in; /In iilliiiln. Branch with gouangium (much less enlarged).
:;. s,'i-liiliii-i'lln j,ii iiiii/ii-it Hartlaub. Part nf branch, slmwing hydranths (enlarged). (After Allman.)
4. K,-iin/in-,'U,i i-i/liiiiiri/liii-n I Allman ). Part nf branch (enlarged). (From Allman's type specimen.)
:"i. Sii-liiliirilln ilixlimx (Allman). Part of branch (enlarged).
li. Si'i-lnliii'i'llti ilixlimx. Two hydrothecae (greatly enlarged).
7. X rln/iin -lln i/ii/iiiili-<i Mereschkowsky (slightly enlarged). (After Mereschknwsky.)
PLATE XX.
Fie. 1. Sertularella amphorif era Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).
1'. Sertularella amphorifera. Knd nf hydrntheca (greatly enlarged).
::. S,'i'liilin-,llii j'uxifiiniiix llincks (enlarged). (After llincks.)
4. Sertularella Jusiformis. linnanginm (enlarged). (After Hincks. )
fi. SiTliiliri'Hn /lirln (Meyen). Part < if colony (enlarged). (After Meyen. )
(i. Sirlii/ni-i'/lii /lirln. Single hydrntheca I greatly enlarged I. (After Ilartlanb. )
7. Hi' ill i In i; Hi i jiii'lu. Part nf branch with gonangium (enlarged ). ( After Hartlaub. )
8. Si-rliiliri'lln iHi i i/ii.itiii/t<i Nutting. Part nf branch (enlarged I.
!i. Xi-i-tii/iin-llii ini-ijnxliiniii. Part nf branch with gonangium (enlarged).
10, 1 1. Kn-ln'iii'i'/lii xnliliii-iii Nutting. Single hydrothecie (enlarged).
PLATE XXI.
FIG. 1. S,-rliiln;llii /i,i/i/:nninx ( Kills and Si dander I. Part nf branch (enlarged).
i'. Sertularella polyzonias. Gonangium (enlarged).
.'!. Si'iinlii-i'lln I'/imxii ( Allman ). Part of branch from Allman's. type (enlarged).
4. Sirtiilun-lli i-liiiixn. IMK! nf liydrntlieca, slmwing npercnlnm, frnm Allman's type (greatly enlarged).
,~i. \'i-lii/ni;'l/ii fiiiiijili'.i'ii Nutting. Part nf branch (enlarged),
li. Si-fliiliii-i-lli i-iiiiiji/i i;i. Knd of hydrntheca, slmwing npercnlmn (greatly enlarged).
7. Sertularella c.omplexa. Gonangium (enlarged).
8. SI. Si-rtiilin-i-llii i-niii/i/i'i-ii. Gonangia viewed frnm abnve, slmwing teeth (enlarged I.
10. Si'rlnlin-ill'i jiiiiiinlii ( 'lark. Part of colony with gonangia (enlarged I.
11. N liii/iirrl/ii jiiiiniilii. Part nf branch, front view (enlarged).
IL'. Sertularella pinnata. Single hydrntheca (greatly enlarged).
PLATE XXII.
Fin. 1. Si-rliiliri-lln iiKtri/Ki-iiiiri'ii Allman. Part nf branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Allman. )
i'. Sii-iiilui 'I'llu lurijiili (Traskl. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
:'.. x, i-iiiliri-llii tiinj'ulii. Distal part of branch (enlarged).
4,5. Sertularella Im-i/liln. Knds of hydrotheca?, showing teeth (greatly enlarged!.
6. Sfrtnlnn'llii xii'laihli Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer.)
7. .s 1 . i-hi/in;llii xi,l,nlili. ( iouangium (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer.)
s. X. i-liiln; Hi Kiiliilii-liiiliiiiin Kirchenpauer. Part nf cnlnny, slmwing liranching (enlargedl.
9. Sertularella milxHi'liiitniiiii. Hydrntheca, slmwing margin (greatly enlarged).
10. Hi'i-iiiliin-llii subdichotama. I'-nd nf hy<lrntheca, slmwing nperculum (greatly enlarged).
11,11'. Xi-rliiln-i-llii xiilH<-liiitii;iin. (iiiuangia (enlarged).
PLATE XXIII.
Fi::. 1. Si'flnliirillii ji/ifiii'inix i Allman). Branch with gonangium, from Altaian's type specimen (enlarged).
I',.'!. K-i-liilni-fllii lilij'i' i-niix. IIydrnthec;r, frnm same specimen (greatly enlarged).
4. Sertularella i/innli-ijiiln Ilartlaub. Part nf Allman's type nf Xi-rlu/nrid i/nmlriili'iix Allman (enlarged).
5. Sertularella i/inn/i-ijiiln. Three hydrothecae frnm same specimen (greatly enlarged).
li, 7. x,;-tiiliti;-/ln i]iiinli-(tiil,i. Hydrntliec.-r frnm same specimen, slmwing teeth and npercnla (greatly enlarged).
8. H, i-iiiliii'i-lln nn-i-iiliiiiiii/i.-: Nutting. Part of branch with g<manginm (enlarged).
Si. Ni i-lii/iii'i'l/H meridional-is. Single hydrntheca, slmwing teeth and n]iercnlum (enlarged).
THE SERTULAKID.K. 149
Pl.ATK XXIV.
Kn.. I. Ki-rliiliii'illii i/i't/tiiix Xnttini:. Part ,.!' enlnny with .'iiiuiiiL'iuiii i enlar;_'i-d ).
L'. Si'i'liiliii'i'lln iiiiliii'iinn i d'l irlii'.'ny i. I 'art i if hraneli I enlar'.'ed . .
.'I, I. Si'i-liilin-illii iiiiliiniiin. Kndsnf hydrothecae, showing teeth ami npemila ('.-really enlar'.'eil I.
5. Ki'rlnliii'i-llii iiiiliiiiiiin. < H.nani_'iiini ( enlarged I .
II. S,'rttil<iri:ll<i iiiiii/i-llniiii'ii I .Markluimer-Tiinieretseher ). Lnwer part .if nil. my I enlarged I .
7. Sertular* 'In magellanica. I'istal part nf enlnny (enlarged |.
s. Sertularella magellanica. Kinl nf hydmtheea, *hn\\inL r teeth 'enlarged).
11. ,s'o7/.j, ,-//</ iiiiiniiri Xnttin<_ r . Part of colony with gonangium U'nlap.'edi .
II). Sii'liilni-t ll't i/iiiiii/n. Kinl df hydriitheea, slmwiii'.' teeth ij_'reatly enlarged).
I 'i vn: XXV.
Fin. I. Ki-rluliin-llii ./. /////././ Turrcy. 1'ai't < mlnny lcnlar:uil). ( AffiT Tnrn-y. i
L'. X 1-lnlni-i-llii ili'ulifi rn. T\VII liyilrnthrr.-i-. slmxviiii; rcdnplicati'il inaru'iiis (nilar^'fil ) . (After Torrey.)
'.',. Sertularella tricuspidaia i. \lili-rl. 1'art of i-ul(iii\ i mlapjc'il i.
I. ."i. Sertularella tricuspidata. ( nmaiiu'iii i i-nlar^cd).
II. Xii-tii/tii'i'l/n li-irii.i/iiilitln I lar^c' fiinii fnun Alaska i. I Part nf i-nlnny culaiu'cil. I
7. Sertularetta tricuspidata. Single liydnithci-a (greatly enlarged) .
I'l.A'IT. XXVI.
Fie. I. \'iiii/ni'i//n li-i'iiixi'ni XiitliiiL'. I'art nf colnny with <;c>iiaiiL'ia I cnlaix'i'd) .
L'. Sfrtiiliiri'lln /ii-iiixi iii. l'',ml nf liv'lnitluva I'.'ri'ally riilari;i'il ).
:'.. Si'i'lti/iii'i'llii li'ii/iii'i/ llartlauli. 1'art nf rnlnny li'iilamrd ]. I AftiT ( 'larke. )
I. ,SV 'Hiiliii'i'/lii li-ii/iit'ii. < ;.iiiaiiL.'iuni (ciilar^fil i. ( Aftt-r ( larkr. i
5. Si'i'iiiltirilln .7,i,7.i'/' MiT'>i'hkn\\ <ky. Part nf rnlnny (enlarged), i AI'IIT Mereechkowaky.)
II. X. rln lin-i II, i niiiiii llartlauli. Part nf liranrli i riilav."''! ). I Aflrr I lart lanli. I
7 Si-r/iilui-i/lii i/ii-ii'iijiiix Alhnan. Part nf cnliiiiy with i_"mani;la i I'lilaiW"! I. (After Alliuan.)
PLATE XXVII.
Fin. I. Sir/iiliiri-ltn iiini/iiii Xuitiu<;. Vwn hyilrnthcca 1 ( iini.-li less enlarged than other figures).
L'. ,s f i 'i-iii/iii -I'l/ii fin-Hi ,,.v,i Fc\\ki's. Iiranrh <ivrp_'m\\ n with parasitic Campannlarian icnlarmMl).
.". Sertularella formosa. Pan nf Allmau's tyi ..... f \. ,/,,/,, r,',/ /',,//,-,v/,,,-,/ Alhnan (enlarged).
4. Sertularella farmosa. Part nf sti-m with gonangia (enlarged).
"i. Si'iiiiliii'i'/ln li'ii'llniilii Nuttinsr. Part nf strni shnwinj.' hranrh "iri-jins U'lilar^fil).
Pi MI: XXVIII.
Fn;. I. IHi'li/iti'liK/iiim iliilii'l/mii Xiittini:. Part <if r.ilnny \\itli i.'nnani.'ia (rnlarcil).
L'. Dictyodadium flabellum. Part nf hranch I i'iil.-ii-L'''.l i.
:;. l>t,-/iit>r/,i<ltiini Jtitl'i/linii. J-'nil nf hyilrnthri-a, shnuini: trrtli and ii|invnhim I rnlaix-i', 1 1.
4. IH/i/iiixiii ,'inau'i-it ( I.inn.Tiis i. I'ranrh with female gonangium icnlar^i'd i.
">. l>iji/inxi,i rosacea. si.lr \-ir\\ nf liranch with gonangium i cnlaix'i'd i.
ii. lii/iln mil i limn ii-ixrn i IjniLi'N- ' . Two pairs of hydrothecse u-nlarfji-ili. i After llinrks. i
7. Itijilinxiii tiniiiii'ixi'ii. P.irlinii nf c'liliiny with -;niiantria i rnlar_'rd ). (After Ilinrks. )
PI.ATI: XXIX.
Fin. 1. l>i/>ln ixin I'lii-iiii !!/<//, i i Murray i. Part of colony (nilar^ed i. i Alter Murray. )
L'. Ili/i/ii min fill/in' i.lnhnstiin). Part nf rnlnny. slmwin..' lirain-hin^ lenlar'.'ed I.
M. lHjiliiixin j'lllur. Fnnit view nf hraiieh (enlarged I.
4. Diphasia fallax. Part nf l>ranrh with gonangium (enlaivi'd '
5. lii/ilmxiii fiilln.r. Pair nf liyilnithiM-.'e i irreai ly eidari;ed
Ii. I Hji/inxin fit/In. i. Kml nf hydrotheca, clnmini: n|ierenliiiii i'_'i-i'all\ I'nIarL'eil i.
PLATE XXX.
Fin. 1. IHjilitiKin li'n/iii'ii Niittiiii.'. Part ..f rnlnny i enlarL'ed .
L'. l>i/iliiifiii ilii/itnli.i il'iii-K,. l-'miit view nf hraneh I enlarL'ed i.
o. DipJuuia digitalis. Side view nf hraneh (enlarged).
4. l>i[i/inxiii i/ii/iln/ix. Part nf Alhnan's ty| ..... f DesmoseyphlM acantkocarpUt Allinan I cnlar;.'ed ).
"i. liijiliiiKiii ilii/iliilif. IHstal ends nf Iwn hydn ithee:e, slmwinjr the hnnd-like nperenlnni i '.'really enlar;.'i'd I .
ii. lii/,liiixi,i ,li:i'il,ilix. Single hydrntheea. >lmwinL' what appear In he npeivular ninsele- (..'really enlarged).
7. IHjilitmiit iliijili ilis. Goiianj.'iiun (enlarged I.
150 AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
I'l.ATK XXXI.
FKI. 1. nifilinxlii pulclirrt Nutting. Two hvdnilhec:r (greatly enlarged).
2. JHjiliiixiii juilrlirii. Part of colony (enlarged).
3. DijiliuKin jiiilr/n-n. Part of branch (enlarged).
4. Dijilnixiii iHiiiriiiiiiiiii Nutting. Part of branch with male gonangia (enlarged).
5. Diphasia paarinanni. Female gonangium (enlarged).
(>. filjiJiiixin jHiiii-niinnii. Kml of hydrotheca, showing opcrculum (much enlarged).
7. Di/iliiixin iiiimiiji (Nutting). Distal end of branch, with gonangia (enlarged).
8. Dijiliaxiu Hxcriitli. Four hydrothec;e (greatly enlarged).
II. lHjiliiixin l.-inniiili. (.ionangium (greatly enlarged).
PLATE XXXII.
FIG. 1. AbieHnarianbirlinn (Linn.Tns). Part of colony (enlarged).
_'. Abii-iiiiin-iii iiliii-tiiin. Part of a branch nmich less magnified).
.'!. Aliifliiniriii iiliiiiiiin. Two hydrothecic, showing operculum (mucli enlarged).
4. Aliiiiiiniriii i-in-iiiliilix (Clark). Part of colony, showing hranching (enlarged).
5. Aliii-liiiiii-in rni-iiibilix. Four hydrotheca^ (much i-ulargcil ).
I). Aliii'liiini'iii I'lirinlii/ix. Group Of gonangia (enlarged).
7. Alili-iiiinrin mri'ilii/is. Gonangium (greatly enlarged).
PLATE XXXIII.
FIG. 1. Abietinaria inconstant (Clark). Part of colony (enlarged).
2. Aliii'liiini-lii iiii-iiiixlniix. Part of branch (enlarged).
3. Aliii'liiiin-iii i-ni'i (Nutting). Part of branch, with gonangia (enlarged).
4. . I liii'liniifin nii-i. Single hydrotbeca, showing sinuation of margin (enlarged).
">. Aliiiiiiiiirin fin-!. Top-shaped gonangium (enlarged).
6. Alii,ihiiir/ii li-iix/.-i (Torrey). Part of colony, showing branching (enlarged).
7. Aliii-liiiin-in trtixki. Two hydrotliecic (greatly enlarged).
8. II. Abit'lli, uriii Iniski. Kinls of hydrother;e, showing opercula (greatly enlarged).
10. Abii'liiiiiriii li-itsH. Branch, with gonangium (enlarged).
11. Aliiclhinrin triixki. Three hydrotbec;e from another colony (greatly enlargi'd).
PLATE XXXIV.
FIG. 1. Aliiiiiiiiirin iHirnlij (Ellis and Solauder). Part of lirancli (much enlarged).
~2. Abii-tiniiriii iniijiliiii-d Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).
3. Aliii'liiiin-i/t iiiiijilini-ii. Distal part of branch (enlarged).
1. . l/i// tnmriii iiiiijiltnrii. Part of branch, with gonangium (enlarged).
5. Aliiiiiinii'iii iiiii/iiiini (Trask). Part of branch, with very slender h yd rotheese (enlarged).
('. Aliii-liiiiii'in niii/iiiiiii. 1'art of branch with gonangia (enlarged I.
7. Abiiiiiiin-iii ungiiinii. Single gonangium (enlarged).
PLATE XXXV.
FIG. 1. Aliii-liniifin f/rr/rilis Nutting. Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
2. Aliiiiiiiiirin f/nicilix. Four hydrotbeca^ (greatly enlarged).
!!. Abietinaria compressa (Mereschkowsky) . Part of branch (enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky.)
4. Abii/ii/iirin niiiijin-xxii. Single hydrothecae (much enlarged). (After Mereschkowaky. )
5. Aliii'liiini-iii ii/i.i'in/'li'i-i Nutting. Part of stem and branches (enlarged).
<>. Alii/iiiKii'in iil,.iiuli-ri. Part of branch and gonangium (enlarged).
7. Aliiiliiiiifiii iili'.iiniiln-i. ( ionangium, showing meridional lines (enlarged).
s. Abietinaria alexanderi. <ionangium (much enlarged).
PLATE XXXVI.
Fin. 1. Aliii'/iiKiriii i/ri'i in'i t Murray). Part of branch (enlarged}.
2. Aliii-linin-iii ijri't'ini. Four hydrotbeca/ (enlarged).
3. A/iiitiiiiii-in iji-irin-i. Pair of hydn>thec;e with toothed margins (much enlarged).
4. A/iitliitm-iii i/i-iini'i. Pair of hydrothei-e with even margins (much enlarged).
5. Aliii-Hiuiriit //finii'i. Side view of hydrothecre (enlarged ).
6. Alii' limn-in (/''<"'". Side view of hydrotheeje (much enlarged).
7. 8. Aliiitiiiiii-ln i/i-i-i-ni'i. Gonangia (enlarged).
'.i. .\liiiiiiiin-iii rnxlnlii (Nutting). Part of branch (enlarged).
10. Aliii-lii/iiriii i-iixliiln. Part of main stem, showing branch origins (enlarged).
THE SERTULARIDJ3. 151
Fie;. 11. Aliii'liniiriii i-iisliilii. Four hydrotliec.-e liniicli enlaorcn').
11'. .\liii-limn-iiii-iislnlii. ( ironp nf f.'. inaiiL'ia I enlarged i .
1.'!. .[liifiiiiiii-iir muni/Hill i Kirchenpaner). Pait of main stem and branches (enlarged).
14. .lliii'liiuiriii inniiiliilii. Part of branch (enlarged).
15. .lliii'liniii-iii iiiniii/iilii. Side view cif three hydrotbec.-r i enlarged I.
Pi. ATI: XXX VI I.
Fid. 1. .\liirlhiiirin liiri/ii/n (('lark). Part of stem and liram-li i enlarged ).
1". .\liii-limii-in liirijiilii. ( iniiaiiu'iiiiii (enlarged).
.'!. Abieli-naria (figanlea i Clark). Part nf lirancli (enlarged).
4. Abietinaria i/ii/mili-ii. Side view nf branch with i. r 'inaii'_'ia (enlarged),
"i. .\liii1iiinriii ii'i'i'iiil'-n. Side view nf Iliree liydn>thce.-c i enlaived I.
I'l \TK XXXVIII.
Fin. 1. Hydrattmaniafalcala(UmiiK\iB). Bide view of branch (greatly enlarged).
'_'. ffydrallmania falcata. Gonangium (enlarged).
:>. Ili/ilrnl/iiiiiiiiii J'li/rnlit. Frmit vii'W <>f end nf branch (i-nlar^'i'd i.
4. Hydrallmania falcata. Side view of eml nf liranch i enlar^e<l).
Ti. Ili/ilriil/iiniiiin ilixlini.t Xnttini.'. Part nf hraiich, side view ( enlarged I.
(1. Hydrallmania dixtans. Front vie\\ nf branch (enlarged).
7,s. Ifi/ilntl/muiii'i ilixiuiix. Front view of hydrothecK (milch enlarged).
!i. Tfydrallmania distans. < imian^iuni (cnlaiverl ).
10. Ili/ili-ii/ltiiiiiiiii J'l-inii-iti-iiiiti (Trask). Part ofi'nlniiy ( cnlarj;ed). I After Trawk. )
11. Selaginopgif mirabilis (N'errill). Part nf branch icnlarijcd !.
r_'. ,sv/((f//i;nywi's mi riiiiilia. Gonangium (enlarged).
13. Selaginapsis pinaxter ( Lcpci-hin i. Part of branch i cnlaru'cd i. (After Kirehcnpaner. )
PI.ATI: XXXIX.
Fir;. 1. ,S'i/fi(/i/ in/ifi:, ti-iu'i-iii/i.i Mere^c-hki>\\sky. Part of branch (enlar<;ed).
2. iS(7i(//i';i/ixi.s trisi'riitlis. I!asal ]iart nf branch i enlarged) .
.'!. Selar/inopsis plumiformts Nutting. Part nf main ^tem, branch and branchiate, showing manner of bram-h-
inj; (rnlarj,'cd I.
1. ^/iii/iiin/ixiit nl,,tii/,'l,i ( l,e[iechin ). Part of hranrli (enlarL'ed ).
5. Selaginopsis obsoleta. Cross section of branch (enlarged).
fi. Selaginopsis pinnaia Mereschkowsky. Part of branch (enlarged).
7. X /niiiiiiijixix ri/liiiili-ii-ii (Clark I. Part of brancli (fiilarjreil ).
s. .^/iii/um/ixiK i'1/liinli-ii-n. SiiiL'le byilrotheca ('.'really enlarired i.
PI.VTI: XI..
Fin. 1. Selaginopsis ornata Nutting. Part of stem, showing canaliculated coenosarc (enlarm'il).
2. Miii/iim/mix ni-iiiiln. Part of branch (enlarged).
.">. N7n;//ii//'.s' Hi-mil, i. ( innaii'_'iiim (cnlap.'i'cl).
4. Xi-lm/iiiniixis nlixn/,l,i I Le| iccliin) . Part of branch (enlarged). I After Kirehenpauer.)
fi. ,^i-/ii;/im>i>xi.i ,1/li-riiillii-i-n I I.evinsen). !' rout view of part of branch I enlarged ).
ii. Selaginopsia alterntiheca. Side view of pan of brand, i eular_'i'd).
7. Selaginopsis alternitheca. Gonangium (ciilar_'<'di.
5. ,sWrii/i'mi/iWs Iiin-l/iinlii Nnttiiif.'. Part of branch (enlarged ).
PI.ATI: XL I.
Fin. i. Synthecium tubithecum (Allman). Part of colony, showing opposite branches (enlarged).
1". Siiiilliii-iinii i-i-i-lniii Xiittinj;. I "art of colony (enlarged).
.",. .'Xi/ii/ln-riiim iminjimilinii (Allman). Part .if branrb ienlari;ril). ( After Alhnan.)
4. Siinllin-'niiii i-nlmxlniii Nutting. Part of colony with u'onan.u'ia (loss cnlarucil I.
"i. Xiiiitlii-riinii riiliiixlum. Part of branch, front view (eiilai-u'ed ).
(i. Xi/iil!iii'iiiiti i-ii/'ii.-ilinii. Part of branch, side view i enlarged).
7. Siinllii;-iiiiii i-i/liiiilririnii (P.alcM. Part of branch (enlarged ). I Afli-r I'.ale. i
EXPLANATION TO PLATE I.
Fie;. 1. fii'iitiliirin jiiniiiln Limueus. Portion of main stem and branches (enlarged |.
'_'. Serlularia pumila. Side view of branch, showing gonangium (enlarged).
:;. Si -rtiihn-lii jiitniil/i. Pair of hydrothene and expanded hydranth (greatly enlarged)
4. Hci-liilin'iii I'l'ivlin/xi Nutting. Portion of main stem and branches (enlarged).
5. Si'i'liiliiriii.mvliii/xi. Part of branch (enlarged).
('.. ti'i-liiliiriti ivrdiiitxi. Branch from another colony (enlarged).
7, S, !l. St'iiiiliii-iii i-i'i'diti/xi. Pair* of hydrothccvc (greatly enlarged).
152
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE I.
A
-
<s
'
r
H
9
SERTn.AKin.i:.
EXPLANATION TO PLATK II.
FIG. 1. Srrtiiluriit i-lntUrinjcri Nulling. Portion of stmi anM brandies from Allman'a type of Desmoscyphus pectinctins
Allman (enlarged).
;.'. Xi-rliiliii-i<i rlinl/i'iii/i-ri. Part of branch from same sjieciinen (greatly enlargcil).
:;. SiTlii/nriii iijii'i-i'iil/iln Liiiincus. Portion of branch with gonangium (enlarged).
4. fv'iin/iiriii (i/H'i-i-ii/iilii. A pair of hyilrothccM- (greatly enlarged).
.">. ,s; I'tii/in-iii njH'i-rii/iilii. Side view of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
6. 8ertnlttr!(i jtnlrhcHa, (d'(lrbigny). Portion of branch with gonanginm (enlarged). (After d'Orbigny.)
7. Serlularia pulchella. Part of branch with gnnangium (enlarged). (After Clarke's drawing of ti'i
fiirrutn Trask.)
8. Serliifiii-in bixjiiiiofsn (Gray). Part of branch (enlarged).
9. Si'i-liiJni-in liixjiiiiuxii. Pair of hydrothecaj (greatly enlarged).
10. Sertularia bispinosa. Side view of branch (enlarged).
11. K'litiliiriii liix/, inum. Side view of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
156
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE
SEHTULARID r.
EXPLANATION TO I'l.ATK III.
Fu;. 1. Hi-i-tiilrii'iit i/fxiiiiiiilfxTorrey. Part of branch (enlarged ).
i'. Si'i-tiil'ii-Ki ilixintiiilt-x. Pair of hydrothecae (greatly enlarged i.
.",. x liiilm in i/miniinli'x. End of hydrotheca, showing aperture (greatly t'nlartml ).
4. .s< rliilurin i-iilhliiini Nutting. Portion of branch (enlarged).
"i. .^rtiilfirin nitlilniiii. Pair of lmlrothec;c (greatly enlargeil).
6, 7. H<-rtiili<riit nitlilnmi. Lateral views of hydrothec.-e, showing tridentate margins (greatly enlarged).
s, 11. S,'i-lul,iri<i nilliliiini. T\vo /ither views of margins (greatly enlarged).
in. \, i-lii/iii-iii iinii-ili.t Hincks. Part of branch with gouangium (enlarged).
160
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE
i
"
'
8
f
l
M:I;I i i.AUtn.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE IV.
FIG. 1. ftertiilnrin, roriiiriiiri (MoCready). Colony with gonangia ami expanded hydranths. Drawn from life
(enlarged).
2. Sertularia cornieina. Pair of hydrothec4i- (greatly enlarged).
3. Rrrliiluriii /'uniiriiiii. (lonangium (enlarged).
4. fli'i-liiliirin riiniiciim. Side view of colony with parasitic rampanularian and its gonaiigium (enlartred).
5. Sertularia cornicina. Part of same colony (enlarged).
164
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE IV
.
SF.KTI I.\I;JI>.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE V.
Fin. 1. firrlalariit min/eri Nutting. Basal portion of colony (enlarged).
2. Si'i'ltt/tiriii niiii/i-ri. Distal part of stem (enlarged).
3. Sertii/Ki-iii mnyi-ri. Side view of stem (enlarged).
4. Sertulitriit iiinifrri. Hydrothec-;e with collapsible tubular extensions (enlarged).
5. Seriular'iu janirtnlixi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged).
6. Sertulartit xtoi>/;,'i/i Nutting. Part <if stem and gonangium (enlarged).
7. Serin/aria stuokeyi. Pair of hydrotheo.'e (greatly enlarged ).
168
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE V.
SERTTJLARTIXE.
EXPLANATION TO PLATK VI.
Fn:. 1. ,^.Tliiliirin lii'i'i'ii-i/nlliiix Versluys. Part nf stem (enlarged).
_'. Xi-i-tnlttriti liirririiitlliiix. Side view of stein (enlarged).
:',. N Hiilin-iii jliinri-xi Nutting. Part of stem (enlarged).
4. Xt'i-tuliii-iit. Jlnnrrxi. Sidi- view nf stem (enlarged ).
5. Si'rliiliiriii ttniiiilit Alhnan. Pair of hydrothecae (enlarged). ( After Allman. )
tj. ,S./ iiilnrin i-.i-it/ii'i Allman. Pair of hydrotheca? (enlarged). (After Alhnan. |
172
NUTTINGAMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE VI.
SERTVLAI;II>.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATK VII.
. 1. Tliiiini-iii Iliii/n (Liiuiit'us). Part of branch (enlarged ).
'2. T/iiii<ii -i'i llinjii. Two hydrothecse (greatly enlarged).
M. Tliiiiiirin llinjit. Single hydrotheca (trn-atly I'lilarjri'd).
-I. Tlniiiii-iii rliyuiix Kirchenpauer. Part of branch (enlarged). (After K.irchenpauer. )
5. Thninrin rulmxln Clark. Side view nf liraiirli (ciilar^c'cl ).
6. Tliiiinriu nilnialn. Front .view nf liranrh (cnlarsri'd).
7. Thitiiiriii rnliiisla. 1'art of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
170
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE VII
6
SERTULAKIU.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE VIII.
Fie:. 1. Tliiiinnii Iliiilfii-iniili'x (ClarUi. Tail of .-trm, slmwinu' liranrh nriiriii (cnhiVfreil).
2. Tliiiiin-iii thiiiiiriiiiili'x. Pair nf liyilnitlu-i-.T (irrrutly ciilarfri-d ).
:;. Tliiiinriii iliiiiiiriniil, .s. single liy.ln.tliiTa, -hnviiiL' "piTruliini (greatly enlarged).
4. Tliitiiiritt tlniiiiri/iiili'a. Part uf liranrh
">, (i. Tliniiii-iii iliiiini-iiiiil, x. (iniiaiifiiti
7. Tliiii/ifiii /HI/IICIII-/HI (Pn'iipi-;). Purt "f ftrni, showing brancli nriiiin (enlarged).
s. Thuiarui polycarjxt. Part of branch (enlarged).
<i. Tliiiiin-iii /ailiiriir/iii. Siilc vii'\v nf t\vn hyilriithera- (enlarged).
180
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE VIII.
\1
^
6
r J
'
.
8
SEHTV I.AKIII.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE IX.
FIG. 1. Tliiiiiii-in kurila' (Pieppig). Part of branch (enlarged).
. 2. Tliiiiiifin l:uril;i . Single hydrothcca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).
3. Tlniiin-iii iiiniii'i-xu Nutting. Part nf branch (enlarged).
4. Tliiiiiifin iiiniirrsit. II ydrothecic (greatly enlarged).
5. Tliiiini-iii luiifliilix (Ellis and Snlander). Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
t>, 7, 8. Tliiiini-iii Innrliit'iK. Hydrothecie, showing variation in margin (greatly enlarged).
9. Thuiaria plumulifera Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).
10. Thuiaria plumulifera. Part of another colony (enlarged).
11. Tliiiiiii-in /iliiiiin/il'i'i'ii. I'art, of main stem, showing branch origin (enlarged).
12. 1!'.. Thuiaria plumulifera. Hydrothecse, showing margin (greatly enlarged).
184
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE IX.
\ ,
- v
10
fl f
12
\
'
T
.
11
EXPLANATION TO PLATE X.
Km. 1. Tliiiini-iii il(tl'nii (Allnian). Bart of branch (enlarged).
2. Tliiiiiirin ilijl'iixn. Two hydrotlircM' (greatly enlarged).
3. Tliiiiiirin ilijl'iixn. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
4. Tliiiiiirin ilnlli Nutting. Part of branch (i-nlarfrcd).
5. Tliiiiiirin ilnlli. Part of stein, showing liranrh origin (enlarged).
6. Tliiiiiirin ilnlli. Two hyilrntlH'iw (greatly enlargfil).
7. Thuiaria similw (Clark). Part of colony with gonangiuni (enlarged).
s. Tliiiiiirin ximi/ix. Hyilrutlu-cM 1 (greatly enlarged).
!). Tliuinrin niinilix. Four hydrothec;c (greatly enlarged).
188
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE X.
7
OERTULARIDuE.
KXPLAXATloX To PLATE XL
Kn.. I. Tliii'vii-i" ini'Ulifnriiiix (Marktanner-Turneretscher). Part of colony, showing main stem and liranrh
i si ghtly enlarged i.
L'. Tlniiin-'iii liiiiii/ijurntis. Part of ln-ancli (enlarged).
:;. Tlinii'i - ' l!<''iilifiii-itiix. Part nf liraiu-h with iiniian^iuiu (enlarged).
4. Thiii'ii-iit liil'ii/ij'ui'iiiix. Side view of two liyilrotlicr:c (greatly cnlar^i-il).
5 i'i. Tltt'i'iriii Inliiilifiiniiix. Ends of hydrotlicc:!-, showing margins (enlarged).
T.s. Tli "(/// Itiliiitift' i-iiiis. ( ionangia (enlarged).
!i. Tlm^irlii I: iii-i-n (Sars). Part of colony ( enlarged).
in. Tlii'^ii'in Intern. Part of branch (enlarged).
II, lL'. 'I'lnii'ii-'iii IniiTii. Ends of hydrothecee, showing- margins (greatly enlarged).
192
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XI.
f 'Y
*
EXTLAXATIOX To IM,ATK XII.
1. Thuiaria fabricli I Lfvinscn ). I'art. nf branch (i-nlargcil ).
:.'. Tiininrin jtilii-i<-ii. I'art nf liranch with gonangia (enlarged).
:!. Tiininrin nri/i'nti'ii I I.iniia'iis). Entire branch, shriwinjr raniilicatimi (sli^litlv c'lila
4. Thuiaria argentea. I'art nf branch (enlarged).
">. Thuiaria argentea. Distal part of branch (enlarged).
15. Tiiiiiiirin in-i/i-iili'ii. T\MI liyilriitlu'cn- (greatly enlarged).
7. Tiiiiiiirin iin/aili-ii. llyilrantli cxpainU-il, drawn frnni life (irrcally i-nlart;i'il ).
5, !l. Tiiiiiiirin (iri/i'iili-n. I innaii'jia I cnlai'ucil ).
196
NUTTING-AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XII.
. '
/
SKIJTII.. \iMn.i-:.
EXPLANATION To IM.ATK XIII.
1. Tliiiiiirin I'lijiri'Kxiiin ( Linna'iis). Part of branch (cMikiru" 1 '! )
1'. Tliiiinriii i-iijiri'XKiiiii. llydrnthrcvi- (!_ r mitly rnlaivcd ) .
!!. Tliiiinrin nijii-i'uxiiin. Gonangia (enlarged).
). Pasythea quadridentata ( Kills ami Solandcr). Trci])lifisci]]ic (rnliir^ecl).
."i. I'lixiiUn'ii ijiiinli-iili'iiliilii. IlyclrnthcMM' ami jionanL'iuin (greatly enlarirfd ).
ii. I'lis/i/lini quadridentata. SicU> vii'W of jfrouj) of hydrntln'i-ir fcnlar_'c'il (.
7. I'ux/illii'ii i/iniilriili-iiliitii. Sidr vir\v of two liydrotliefa- (^ri-atly enlarged).
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XIII
-
y
6
Sl'.KTl I.AKIP.K.
KXI'LANATION To I'LATK XIV.
Fin. !. Srrliilnrcllii </"//'( LaiiHiuroiix ). Part of branch (enlarged).
_'. N i-lii/in-il/ii ;/'iiii. Tart <il branch with pinanixium (inucli less rnlar^ecl).
:!, 4. iV, i-liilin-fl/ti ijni/i. Hyclrntlii'cir, showing operculnm (enlargeil).
5. NI i-iniiin '/In ijni/i. Gonangium (enlarged).
li. X,,-ttil,i,-i//ni/iiiii ( var. rnliiix/ii Allnian). Part (if branch \vilh ^<niani;iiiiii ( cnlap.'ccl ).
7. Si-i-tiiliin'lln ;/".'" (var. mlnixln). I'art of colony overgrown with Filellu in wr/u'itx (enlarged).
204
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XIV
c
.-,
I
-,
'
N*
.
?tfL
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XV.
Fit,. 1. SerteZoreHo conica Allman. Part of branch (enlarged).
1'. Sfrlnliii'i-llii ''iniii-n. View nf margin anil cii>rrru]iim ( fiilurt,'' 1 '! ).
3. M'l-ttiiiti-rl/ii i-iiiciin (Allman). Part of Allman'a type Bpecimen witli jxunaiiiria (cular^i'il ).
4. Sertularella quadrata Nnttiiifr. Part of branch (enlarged).
."i. ,s. i-iiiliin'llii i/muli-Hiii. Single j-(iiiaiij.'iuni with parasitic campanularian (greatly enlaiged).
li. X. flnliiri'Hn i/iinilratii. Part of branch with gonangia (enlarged).
208
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XV.
f
7
SERTULARIJXE.
EXPLANATION TO PT,ATF, XVI.
Fa:. 1. fifrliitfiri'Hn luiiin ;/' Nutting. Part of )>rancli (enlarged).
1'. Si rliiliin-llii i/riiii-ii/iitti IlinckH (enlurged). (After Ilincks.)
:;. Hn-itil<iirl/<i jiiitiHjiiitii'ii (d'C)rbigny) (enlarged). (After d'Orbigny.)
212
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XVI.
SEKTUI.ARID.E.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XVII.
Fi<i. 1. X,-rtiit<ir<-tli< i-i.i/nxii ( Linn.Tus). Part of branching colony (enlarged).
L'. Si'i-liilnri'llii i-ii'/iixn. Colony with gonosoine (enlarged). (After Nutting. )
:'.. Sfrtnlnnllii riKjnxii. Three hyclrotlH-cn- (greatly enlarged). (After Nutting. )
4. Hfrlnliiri'ttii i-iii/nnn. Single hyilrothecii (greatly enlarged). (After Nutting.)
, r >. Sirliilni-i-llii i-iii/nmi. Top of gonangium, slmwing teeth (enlarged). (After Nutting. )
it. \i-hiliir</ln uri'i/i Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).
216
NUTTING-AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XVII.
I
6
EXPLANATION T<> I'LATE XVIII.
Fi,.. I. ,V, ///.//,/ l,,,,-ll lAl.lcri. Part (il'n.liiiiy
1'. ,S'i rliilni'illii li'in'lln. Kml iif livilmtlicca, *hi>\vinx oprmiliim (iircatly
:!. Si-i-ln/iii-i'llii iillinniii Ilurthiuli. Part nf culony ( rnlaiwd ).
4,">. Ki'rtiilri-llii iil/uiiiiii. Ilydrutlu'i-.'i-, ^!ni\viii^ niavinn ami ii|nTi-iiliini (iirratly
(i. Serlularella allmani. (iunanxinin (cular^cil ).
7. Si'rliilnri'llii rtnilorta KirchenpauiT. I'art <il lu-anrh inilarncil i.
S. ,S','i-//<in//-i riniliirla. Hydruthci-a, shuwiiiLr margin (greatly enlarged).
;i. Serlularella, contortd, Gonangium (enlarged).
Id. SerlulareUa lota (Bale). I'art nf branch I I'
220
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XVIII
V
/
f:
^J-_J
X
f'^L
' '
6
SKKTULAKID.E.
EXPLANATION TO PLATK XIX.
FIG. 1. X rinhin UK iilli'nln Kiirheii]iaiicr. Part of lirancli (enlarged).
1'. N ,!, tin', lit n/liiiln. Branch with gnnangiuin (much less enlarged).
:;. ,s'u 'liilm (//<( /iiiiiii'ji-i-ii Jlarthtul). Part of branch ^h<i\ving hydrantbs (enlarged). (After Allman. )
4. Sertularella cylindritheca (Allnuin). Part of brain'li (enlarged). (From Allman's type specimen. )
5. ,S', i-lnliii-i'llii ilixtitiix (Allman). Part of branc-li (enlarged I.
li. ,S'. i-lii/iii'i'/lii ilixliinx. Two hydrotlicM-.-c i ^iv:itly i-nlarvcil |.
7. .sv/7///i//'iV/</ i/ii/iiiilin Mereschkowsky (slightly enlarged). (After Mereschkowsky. )
224
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XIX.
4
'''
'
SKUTI i.Ainn.K.
EXPLANATION To I'LATK XX.
Fie;. 1. Si-i-liilin-i /In iiiii/ilin riji'ni Allnian. Part of brancli (enlarged).
2. Ni-i-liilni-i-llii inii/iliorij'i-i'ii. Knd nf hydrotheea (greatly enlarged) .
:!. Sci-litliii'i'llu Jiixij'iii-ntis Ilincks (cnlarfjt'd). (After Hincks. )
4. ,s'i rlii/iii-i /In fiixijunnix. (innaiigiuin (enlarged). (After Ilincks. )
'. Hi'i-tnlitivllit jiii-lit (Mi-yen). Part nf colnny (enlar<;ed). ( After Meyen.)
6. Sertularella picta. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged) . (After Hart lauli. )
7. Serlularella picta. Partof branch \vitligipnaiifjiinn (enlarged). ( After Ilartlaiih. )
s. Serltdarella megastoma Nutting. Part of branch (enlarged).
9. Sertularella nmjnxloma. Part nf lirancli \vitli fionangiuin (enlarged).
II), II. Si-rliilnn-llii .inlitiiriii XnttiiiLT. Single hydriitlii-c.'i' (enlargeil).
228
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XX.
SEKTULAIMK.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXI.
FIG. I. ,S' ( rtiiliiri-llu }niltt:nniiin (Klli. ami Solander). Part of branch (enlarged).
L'. Sertularella polyzanias. Gronangium (enlarged).
:!. XfHiiliii'fllii f/iniMi (Allman). Part of branch from Allinan's type (enlarged!.
4. Si-ftiiliiri'llii rliiiiKii. Enil nf hyilriithc'ca, shoxvinj; operculum, fnnn AlhiiMii's tyjif (irreatly
5. Xfi'tnliii'fllii fuiiii>li:i<t Xuttiiij;. Part of branch (enlarged).
II. Si'iiuliii'i-llii i-uiii/i/f.rii. Kml nf hyclmtlicca, shmviiif; upcrculiiiii I'-'rcatly enlarged).
7. Sertularella complexa. Gonangium (enlarged).
s, (t. Si-rliiliifi-lln i-ii,-ii/i/i.i-ii. Gonangia viewed from above, showing teeth (enlarged).
10. SiTliiliin-llii /liniiiiln Clark. Part of colony with 'jonantria (enlarged).
11. Serlulardlapinnata. Part of branch, front view (enlarged I.
1'2. Si-rliiluffllii /ilannlii. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged i.
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXI.
'
-
11
EXPLANATION To PLATE XXII.
KM;. 1. H,rlii/iii-illii niiii-iiiii-iliii-i-ii Allinaii. Part of branch with gonangium (enlarged). (After Allmau.)
L'. Si'i'tiiliircUti luri/iilii (Trask). Part of colony with gonangium (enlarged).
3. Ni'iiii/in-i //a luri/iilii. Distal part nf liran'rh (enlarged).
4. 5. Si-rliilnrellii hin/iiln. Ends nf liy.lnithec;!', showing teeth (greatly enlarged).
(i. Si-rliiliin-llii xi, linlili KirclnMipaticr. Part of branch (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )
7. Ki-i-iii/iii-i-llii xii/Hi/ili. < iuiiaii^iiun (enlarged). (After Kirchenpauer. )
5. Hi-i-tiilin-i-l/ii xiilitlirliiitiiiiin Kirchenpauer. Part of colony, showing branching I enlarged).
!i. ,V;-//i<jv// xiilitlirliiiltiniii. Ilydrotheca, showing margin (greatly enlarged).
III. K-rltilin-i'llii aiiliilii-liiiln inn. Einlof hydrotlii-ca, showing operoulum (greatly enlarged ).
11, li'. Si-i-itiliiri /In xn/iiiii-liii/iiuifi. Gonangia (enlarged).
236
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXII.
10
12
f
i
I
r
Sl-:i!Tl LAIIID.K.
EXPLANATION To 1'LATK XXTII.
. I. SertulareUa Jiliformis (Allmanj. Hruneh with gonangium, imm Allman's type specimen (enlarged).
1', :!. !<i-i-l<tli<ri-ll<ijili(<iriiii*. II \ ' In >t her;.', frnin same spiTiincn i v'r;itly ciilar^ud i.
4. \-iiiilin-illii tjiiiiilrijiilit Ilarthiuli. I'urt of Allman's type of &r<itZaria i/iKnlriili'im Allman ( cnhirui''! I.
">. /S'i ///< i r<7/ i/nuili-ili'/n. Thtvc liyclviitliccM' from sann- ^in-ciiiii'ii (greatly enlargi-il).
ii, 7. ,S'i i-liilin-illii i/iiiiili-(liilii. IIyilrntlnr;i' from same specimen, slmwinfr teeth ami opereula (irreatly en
.^. *i rf/ifri I't'llti tneridionalis Nutting. 1'art of lirnnrh \\~itli gonangium (''iilar'je'l i.
:l. ,S('/V/iici I In in, i' i iln mi 1 1 '.-'. Single liyilrotliei-a. -liowiii'_ r teeth and open-ulum I en lapsed i.
I'll I
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XXIII
\
I
>I.K I L I.AKll).]..
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXIV.
Fin. 1. ,S'i liiiliinilii i'li-t/<tiifi Nuttinsr. Part of colony with gonangium (cnlan,'t'il I.
'2. Si-rliiliin-llit iiiiliifiiini (d'Orbigny). l':irt of liranrli icnhirgccll.
3,4. Sii-lnlui-illii iiiilin-iiiiii. Kinls nf liyilri>tliiM';r, sliowinir ti'rtli iinil ippiTclila (jrrcatly t'liUirgeil ).
">. Sertularella, mikneana. Hiiiaii^iiini icnlarjjrcil i.
(>. M rtiiltii'i/lii iiiiii/ilttiiiirn (Marktanner-Turheretscher). Lower jiarl nf culuny
7. Xirltiliiri'llti iiiiiijilliniii'ii. I list;)] [iart (if coldiiy (ciilaiycil ).
s. Sertularetta magellaniea. End of hydrotheca, slmwinir tcdli (rnlarirt'il i.
!i. .s'< liiilin-il/ii iiiiiiiiin NuitiiiL'. I'art i if culi my \vith gonangium (enlarged).
HI. Si-iinlitn-lln iii'iiiiiln. End nf liydmllicca, slidwinj; tet'tli (irroatly
244
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXIV.
'
V
10
,'
,
d
7
-
/
SERTri.AKID.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXV.
Fie. 1. Sertularella dentifera Torrey. Part of colony (enlarged). (After Torrey.)
2. Scrtnldn'Ilii i/enlij'i'r/i. Two hydrothecse, showing reduplicated margin? (enlarfteil). (After Torrey.)
3. Serlularella tj^euspidaia (Alder). Part of colony (enlarged).
4, 5. Sertrdarella iricuspidata. Gonangia (enlarged).
it. Sertularella tricuspidata ( large form from Alaska). Part of colony (enlarged).
7. Xi-rhiliii'i'llit Iriruxjiidiitii. Single hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
L'48
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXV.
N x
>
. V
<
l>
-
\
-
SERTn.Ai;n>.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXVI.
Kin. 1. Hi-rti<l<tri-ll<t lfi-iii.ti'iii Nullin;.'. 1'urt nl' rnlnny with
i'. s.i'ininnlln levinaeni. End of hydrotheca (greatly enlarged).
:;. Serlularella Iropica Hartlauli. Part nf n.lmiy U'iilarj:i'<I ). ( Alter Clarki-. )
4. &'rtiituirlli< /)/'''". (iiniaiifiiuiii (enlarfinl). (After Clarke. )
."). S,i-liilin-i'll'i darkii Mfn-srlikousky. Part nf mlony ( I'lilarfjcil |. ( After Meivsrlikmvsky. )
li. K-Hiilnir/1,1 ,KII, Ilartlanli. Part nf l.randi (eiilarfieil ]. ( After Ilartlanb. )
7. ,s,r//-r,7/r> ,/.)/ Allinan. Part nf cnlmiy \vitli :,'nnan;_'ia (enlargeil). (After Allinan. )
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XXVI.
SKKTl/LARIDJi.
EXPLANATION To PLATE XXVII.
FIG. 1. St'i-ln/in-i'/lii null/nil Nulling. Two liY<lrotlii'i-,-i- (much less rnlai^vd than other fijjimv).
L'. ,sv -liiilni -I/In (nniiiixii 1'Vwkcs. Ilranch (ivci't;niwu with parasitic cam panularian ( rnlan:.^! ).
:;. ,V. ,-lnliiri //'i j'-iniinxii. Part of Alhnan's type nf Si-rluhii-iit inli'i/rilln'rii Allinaii I cnlarwd ).
4. K-i-liiliiu-l/'i jiiriuiHui. I'urt of sti'in \\ ith L'MiiaiiL'ia ( cular^i-il ).
5. Si'rliil<ii-i'//<i liiii-llitii/ii Xuttilifr. 1'art of ste'iu, i-howini; lirauch ori^in^ ( rnlargi'il ).
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXVII.
EXPLANATION To I'LATK XXVHI.
Fn;. 1. Dictyocladium flabellum Nutlinj.'. l':irt <if culimy \\itli jionanjiia (enlarged).
L'. Diclyocladium flubellum, 1'arl nf lirancli (fiilarjii'd |.
'.',. Dictyocladiumfabettum. End uf hydmtlicca, ^Imuiiii: tci-th and ripcreiihiin ( ciilanjcd).
4. IHfilius'iii fiixiin-ii (IJiiiia-us). Hranc'li with female gonangium (rnlarLvdl .
"i. I>i/>h<i>;i<i 1-iixnrrii. Side view of lirancli \\ith <;niuinL,'inm (enlarged),
(i. Diphania famnrisca (LiniiM'usi. Two pairs of hydrothecse i ndartrcd ). (After Ilincks.)
7. HI/I/IIIXKI tamarisca. 1'nrtimi nf c'dlmiy with trmuintria (i-nlarged). (After Ilincks.)
260
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXVIII
-
>
r
\
SKIITI I.MMK.K.
EXPLANATION To I'LATK XXIX.
FK;. 1. Diplifiain cnrnimlnlii (Murray). Part of colony ( rnlar_'c<l) . I After Murray.)
'2. Ili/ilinaiii fn/lii, i- (J.iliiisldii). Part of colony, .sln>win<_' linuirliiiii: (cnlarircil).
H. l>i/iliiixln fn/ld. i . Fronl view of branch (I'nlarired ).
4. Diphasia fallaa: Part of liranch with gonangium (cnlarL'i''l |.
5. I>!J>IHIK!II I'lilliu . Pair of hydrothecse (greatly enlarged).
6. l><i,lt<i>sii< fiiHu.i: End of hydrotheca, showing bperculum (L'lvatly mlaiLM'il).
264
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXIX.
/ r
OERTl I. MM I >.K.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXX.
Km. I. Di/iliiixin Irn/iii-ii Nutting. Part nf colony (enlarged) .
'2. Diphasia digitalis (Busk). Front view of branch (enlarged).
:!. Jjijiliiixin ilii/iliilix. Side view of lirunrh ( enlarged ).
1. r>ijili<ix!ii tlii/itiilix. Part of .Vllinaii's type of Desmoscyphus acanthocarpus Allnian (mlanied).
5. Di/i/inxiii ilii/ilii/ix. Distal c'lids of t\vo hydrothecse, chowinj; the h 1-likc operculum (iireatly ( j nlariri'i.l).
li. Dijilutxin ilii/itdlix. Singh.-, livilrothft-a, showing what appear to be opercular niuscley (greatly
7. Dijiliiixin ,liijitn/ix. Gonangiuni (enlarged).
268
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXX
[
'
EXPLANATION To PLATE XXXI.
Fie. 1. Diphasia pulchra Nuttiiij;. T\\ hydn>tlKv;r (greatly enlarged).
'1. Diphaaia pulehra. Part i>f rolmiy (enlarged).
:\. DipJiasia pulchra. Part of branch (rnlarf.'rd i.
4. mjilnixiii. jiiiiii-iiiiniiii Nutting. Part of liranrh with mule ^'manjria (cnlarfii-il ).
r>. iiijtiimsin imiii-iiiiiiiiii. Female gonangium (cnlaryi'd).
il Dipliasia paarmanni. l\ml nf hyilmtlicc-a, showing operculum iimn-h (.nlarjicil).
7. Ili/iliiixin l.-iiiniii/i ( Niitliii'jl. Histal end of liraiich \villi ^miaiij;ia I cnlar_'i j il).
s. l>i/ih<ixiti l.-iiiriiiili. Kcnir hyilnillii'i-i' (irrfiitly I'li
it. niiilixxiii kiiicuiili. (iiiiiainiiuin (itruatly ciilarjird
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXI
SlCKTfLAltin.K.
EXPLANATION To PLATE XXXII.
Km. 1. Abietinaria abietina i Linn;rus). Partof colony (
l'. Aliiitiiitn-iii iiliiilimi. I'art of a ]>nmrli (imn-li less magnified).
3. AliiitiiiHi-iii iiliiiliiin. T\VH liv<lnitlier:r, showing Operculum (liillch I'lihivji'il I.
\. .{liiiiiiiiifiii riiriiiliHiit (Clark). Part of culmiv, sliu\viiii_ r linincliinir ( cnhirL'i'il |.
5. Aliii liinn -in rui-iiiliilix. Knur livclr<>tlirr:r (much enlarged).
liii-iiii'ii'in niriiiliilix. Group of gonangia (enlarged).
liiiliinii-in i-iii-inliilix. ( Miiiiinjriuiu (greatly onlarircil ).
276
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXII.
A
' -
-
/
>
JL
Sr.i.-n I.AKID.K.
EXPLANATION TO I'LATK XXXIII.
FKJ. 1. Aliir/iiinrin iiirfinKlfiim (CUirk). Part of colony (enlarged).
.\liii-liiini-iii niriiiixliiiix. Part of l>ram-li (enlargi'il ).
Miii-liiini-iii CIH-'I (XuttiiiL'). I 'art nf liranrh with <ronani.'ia (i-nlartrnll .
4. Aliii'liiiiirin cod. Sinjilr liyilmtliiTa, showing sinuation of margin (enlarged).
"i. . I liii-iiiiiii-in i-iH'i. Top-shaped gonangium (rnlar^fil).
li. Aliii'lintirifi truxLi iTurrcy). Part, nf mlnny, showing branching (cnlap_'ci| i.
7. .\liii-liiiiirin li-iixli. Two liyilrotliei-i' lu'ivatly I'nlarged).
s, !i. .(liii-tiixiriii inixl.-i. Ends of hydrotheca;, uliiiwint: opcrrnla (greatly enlarged).
in. .\liii-liiiiii-in Irnxki. Ilranch with gonangium ( 'I'lilarjji'ili .
1 1. Aliii'liiiiii-in Im.ilci. Thn-i' livilrothwiu from another i-olony (rratly iMilari.'i-il I.
280
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXIII.
11
\.
<
'
I
'.
W
\
10
SKI.-TI i.AK-in.K.
EXPLANATION To I'LATK XXXIV.
l-'n,. 1. AliiiliiKii'in lil/cnlii (l\l[\f and Siilainlcr). Part of branch (inucli enlarged)
'2.. Abietinaria amphora Nntlini:. Part of branch (enlarged).
.'!. Aliii-liiiiirin niii/iliiirii. Distal part l liranc-h ( enlarged ).
4. Aliictiiiin-i'i initjilitirii. Part nf lirancli with gonangium (enlarfii-il).
."). Alili liiKH-iii iniijniiiii (Traskl. Part of liram-li with very slender hydrothecse d-nlarxcd I.
li. AliiiiiiKirin iinijniiKi. Part nf liranrli with fionan^ia (enlarged).
\iii,-iiiiiirin iiiiijiiiiin. Single gonangium (enlarged).
i .
284
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XXXIV.
EXPLANATION TO PLATK XXXV.
1. .\lnrtintiriti ijriici/ix Nuttiiu,'. 1'art of rolmiy with L. r <inani_Mii]ii I cnlaru'i 1 '! I.
L'. .\hiriiiinriii i/fiir!/ix. Four liyilriitlirr.M' iirivatly enlargeil).
.'!. Alrielinaria comjrreisa (ilercsclikowsky ). I 'art of \> ranch (ciilaiwili . ( Al'lrr Mnvsrlikoxvskv.
4. Aliiitinnriii cniiijiriaini. Siiii;]c hydnillirra (niucli rulafircil ). (After Jlcrrscliki >\\ sky. )
5. .[liliiiiinriii iili'.i-iiinln-i Xuttinj;. Part of ctcin ami liranrlics (fiilarncil i.
il. .[liii'iiiKifiii ii/i'.i'iinili i-i. 1'ai't iii' liranrli and gonangiuni (cnlai'f.'cil ).
7. .[liiiiiimriii iili-.i-iiinli-ri. Gonangiuni, showing meridional line" (enlarged).
s. Aliii'/iniii'in uli-.i-iiiiili //'. Gonangiuni (greatly enlarged).
288
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXV.
*
-
r
/
.
7
J
7
'
\
8
SEBTTJLAEID^;.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XXXVI.
Fie. 1. A!iiiiin/iri/i //i-n-iii'i I Murray ). Part of branch (enlarged).
-. Al'ii'liii'irin iji'i'i'in'i. Four hydro! hce:e (enlarged).
:>. Abielinaria ;/''"'"'- I "air of hydrothecse with toothed margins (much enlarged i.
4. Abietinaria </n"'". 1'air <>f liyrli-dthcca' with rvi'ii margins itrrcatly ctihirwil ).
">. Aliiiiiniiriii i/i'i'i-ii,'i. Side vi^w nf liyilmtlifc;r (enlarL'c'l ).
ii. .iliii'liiiiti-iii <jri'i ur'i. Side virw of hydrothecse (miifh enlarged |.
7, s. Abietinaria greenei. (nuian^iu ( cnlarjrcd).
!l. .lliii'lititiriir fiixi/itii ( Nnttiiiir ). 1'o.rt of branch (enlarged).
II). Alii/'tin/irin I'/mt/ilii. I 'art of main *trin, slmwiiif,' branch origins (enlarged ).
11. .lliii'tiiiiiriii nialiilii. Four liydrot hci':r (jrrcatlv cnlariri'd I.
12. Abietinaria costata. Group of gonangia icnlargcil i.
1.".. Abietinaria armulata (Kirchenpauer.) Part of main stem and branches ( en lamed).
14. Abietinaria annulata. Part of branch (enluri;edi.
In. AIrietifiari.1 anmilata. Side \ie\\ of three hydrothee.-e I I'lilaiX'ed )..
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXVI.
4
f
4
n
10
\ \
,
15
14
OERTl I.AIMH.K.
EXPLANATION" To I'LATK XXXVII.
Fin. I. Abietinaria turgida (Chirk). Part of stem and branch ifiilar^iMl ).
2. Abietinaria turgida. ' iipiianjjiiiiM (cnlarfii-il).
3. Aliii'liiiin -in ;/ii/"'"M Clark). Part nf luanch (enlar<;eil ).
4. Abietinaria gignntea. Siilc vifw nf ln-anrli, \vitli .irmian-jia i mlm-gcil ).
5. Aliii'liiiiii'in i/ii/inilt'ii. Si<le vicu- nf thrtv liyclrotlifi-r 1 i-iihirirt-il )..
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXVII.
v
'
SKI:TI I.AIMD.K.
EXPLANATION Ti > 1'LATK XXXYI1I
KII.. I. Ili/ili-ii/lniiiiiiii j'lili-ntii ( LiniKensi. Side view of branch iirivatly enlarged i
i'. Hydralhnania falcala. Gonangiuui (enlarged).
''>. Hiiili'iiltinitiiiii fulnihi. Fmiit view nf finl t)f liruiu'li
4. Jfi/i/rii/liiiniiiii Jiilcnlii. SicU 1 vii-w iil'cnd uf lirancli
.">. Jliiili-iilliiiniiiii 'liatn us Nutting. 1'ai-t i if liranch, side view (eii];iri_'eil ).
ii. Hydrallmania ilixtmis. Front view of liraneli (enlargeill.
7, S. Iliiili-iilliiiiinin ilixlinix. Frcnit view nf liyilrotliee.-e ( iiiueli eiilaru'i'd I.
'.i. Iliiilnillni < n lin ilix/inif. Gonaugium (enlarged).
in. ffydralhnanmfra.nci8ca.na ( frask). Part <>!' enloiiy u-nlarjieil i. ( After Trask. i
11. X Ini/iiKi/isix iiiinilii/i.i I Verrilli. I'art nf liraneli (enl:ir_'eil i.
li'. Sehiginopxis tnirabilis. ( Minaiiu'iniM i enlarged ).
I.". \'liri/in<i/i.<ii! jiiiinxli'i- ( Le]>eehin I. I'art nf liraneli i enlaiveil |. i Alter Kirehc'iipaiier.
300
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XXXVIII.
f
10
,
8
:
v
1
1
11
EXPLANATION To PLATK, XXXIX.
Fie,. 1. Hf/iii/itui/isix Irixiriiilix Mcrc^chkowskv. Part "I branch (cnlaix'eil).
L'. ,s'i ini/iiiiiji.fi.1 ii'ixi'i-iii/iit. I!asal ]iart nf branch (enlarged).
3. Selaginopsis plumiformis ^tutting. Part of main sk-m, branch and branchlets, slmwiiiL' maiiiK j r of
4. Selaf/inopsis obsolela ( Lrpfi'liin ). Part <>{ braudi (enlarged).
'>. Ki'/iii/inn/ixix nlixi,l,'lil. Crn.-s srrticjn nf brancll (rllUll'unl I.
(i. ,s'i7nr/i)/(iyii,s /ii,n/iilii ilci-fK'hkuw.uky. Part of branch (rnlarirci
7. Selaginopsis cylindrica (Clark). Part <>( branch (enlarged).
s. SdaginopsAs cylindrica. SiiiLrlc hyilrnthcca i^ivutly cnlargL'il ).
304
NUTTING AMERICAN H/DROIDS.
PLATE XXXIX.
!
V
,
K;
!5EKTt LAKlli.lC.
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XL.
I. Selaginopsis ornata N'uttini:. Part nf stem, showing canaliculated nenosarr (enlarged).
'1. Selaginopsis ornata. Part of a lirunch (enlarged I.
'.\. .si liti/inn/ixix iiriintn. Gonangium (enlarged).
4. Selaginopsis obsolete (Lriircliin). Part of liranrh ( I'nlarjri'd ). (After Kirchenpauer. )
5. Selaginopsis alternilheca (Lcvinsrn |. Front view of part of branch (<'nlan;e<l).
(i. Selaginopsis allernitheca. Side view of part of hranch leu larked).
7. Selaginopsix alternitheca. Gonangium (enlarged).
s. Sclatfinopsis Jiartlaubi Nutting. Part of liraneh (i-nlartred) .
SOS
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS
PLATE XL.
f
\
'
',
v.
8
1
6
EXPLANATION TO PLATE XLI.
FIG. 1. Synthecium inliiUii'i-inn (Allman). Part of colony, showing opposite branches (enlarged).
2. fii/iitlii'ciinii ri'i'liini Nutting. Part of colony (enlarged).
3. f Synthecium marginatum (Allman). Part <if branch (enlarged). (After Allman. )
4. SiitiHii'i-iiun rnlinxtiiin Nutting. Part of colony with gonangia (less enlarged).
5. Synthecium rnltuslmn. Part of branch, front view (enlarged),
(i. Niiiitliri-iiint i-nliiixliiiii. Part of branch, side view (enlarged).
7. Ni/iilhi'ciniii ci/liiiilrii-iint (Kale). Part of branch (enlarged). (After Bale.)
312
NUTTING AMERICAN HYDROIDS.
PLATE XLI.
2 X
SKirrri,Aitn>.K.
x .
[The fiKUix-s in Hark-fami M [.< iniln ah references '<> 'in 1 h>nn;ii li'
v in i h. - u
p.-i ri MI ill.-
I'au'r. I'hitr.
Al.ietinaria ......... ....................... 11, 17,20,23,39,41,43,44,50,62,76, Km. In7. 113, 121. 122
al.ietina .................................................. II, Hi, 45, 5<>, II:;, 114. IK.. K.u XXXII
alexanderi ............................................... Hi, 17, 35, 45, 114, ll!i, 120, 150 XXXV
amphora ........................................................... 36,45, 114, 119. ir.n XXXIV
annuina ............................................................... 45, 1 14, 1 19, 150 XXXIV
annulate .................. ........................................ 45, 1 1 :i, 1 14, 122, K> 1 XXXVI
coei ..................................................... 33, 34, 3>. 4.'., 1 13, 1 17, 1 Hi, 15u XXXIII
compressa ............................................................. 4. r i, 1 14. 120, 1 5i i XXXV
costata ................................................. 32,33,35,36, "i, 76, 114, 122, K.n XXX VI
nli.-ula ......................................................... 4.-,. .11 1, 1 1 :;, 1 1 7, 119, 150 XXXIV
gijrantea ................................................... 5, 32, 33,45, 1 13, 114, 123, 151 X X XV 1 1
-ra.-ilis .................................................... 4. Hi. :!ii. \\ 114,120,123. I .Mi XXXV
greenei .................................................... 15,32,33,41,45, 114, 121, ir>o XXXVI
ineonstuns .................... . .................................... 4\ 1 13, 1 16, IL'L', l.Mi XXXIII
(lal.rata) ........................................................................ lln
traski ........................................................ 1 1, Hi, 17, 4:., 1 14, 118, 15(1 XXXIII
tursiida .......................................................... 33, 37, 4.'.. 114.123.151 XXXVII
variabilis ........................................................ K>. 3(i. 45, 1 1 3, 1 1 5, 15i i XXXI J
Accessory tubes. ........................................................................... 5
Acre .cyst ................................................................................... '27
AL-H-^IX, Alexander ..................................................................... 37.41, 137
Agassiz, Louis ................................................................... .'>. in, II. .".(i. 137
on Diphasia ........................................................................ H;
Au'laophenia ................................................................................
Alaska, center of distril.utii.n nf the Sertulariila- .............................................. 4S
A laskan region ............................................................................. 47
Albatross .................................................................. ............... 48
Alder, Joshua ............................................................................. 1 !i, 1 37
(fali-ata) ....................................................................... I'-'l
Alexander. A. 1! ................. ........................................................... 121
Allman, George J ................................................................ 12,4(1. )2, i::7. I3S
on classilicatii.n nf Si'i-tularid.'e ..................................................... 61
on Dictyocladium ................................................................... Hi".
on Selai;iiii.].sis .......... . .......................................................... 127
on Sert n la i vl la ..................................................................... 7'i
on Sertularella margaritacea ......................................................... '.15
on Syiitheeiiini ..................................................................... 134
on the diaphragm .................. ............................................... '-'">
on the L'enera nf the Sertularid;.' ..................... , ...............................
(Ill the L r "llnsoliie of I>i|ihasia ........................................................ .",1
on the perisi|ilii>nic stem ............................................................ 7
on Thuiaria raninsissiina ............................................................ 68
American Sertularidse, distribution of ........................................................ 45
( Amphisbel ia I ............................................................................. -1 1 , 5(t
n|"-n-iilata ................................................................... 54
(Amphitrcichai ...................................... . ...................................... 41,50
eineta ..................................................................... S2
rugosa ...................................................................... 82
315
316 INDEX.
I'.-mr. ' Plate.
Antennnlaria - V. ,M i
Arctic 1 legion 47
A rev. M. F SM
Australia, sertularian fauna of 48
Axial tnl ie 5
Hale. \V. M 48,138
on Diphasia digitalis Ill
on Scrtularella 7U
on Synthecium 134
on Thuiaria <il
I lathy metric distribution 4! I
IVdol, Maurice 51
IV. 1, ,t, Maurice, and I'ictet, Camille I Ms
IVnnet en van ( llivier 143
IVnrh, II. S IMS
IVrkenhout NM
I '.last . >style . .' L'li
Boddaert, I' 143
Hi iniiex ie, Kri stint.' 1, 138
on I ly ilroii Is of (lit- North Atlantic Kxpedition 48
Bottle-brush Coralline <i'2
I low ers, < Jeorirc M 1
I Irani 'lies, Morphology of 8
r.ra/ilian Kt"_'ioii 47
British Museum (Natural History I 1
I'.ritish KeL'ion _ 47
F.mw lie, I'M ward T 1
[.niLtuielv 14M
I '.un i pus, 11. C 1
Calamphoi-ii Sit
California!! l;ei,'ion 47
( 'alkius, ( iary N 138
on Sertularia aryeiitea ( A net. ) 71
( 'alyplcr. >bla>tea L'5
( ( 'alyptot huiaria) : 20, Mil, IM
i Can i pa mil ai re rUL'eux ) 82
( lampanularia 50
verticillata 4
Campannlari.Ue 4, IM, _'.">, :;7
< 'aiiadian Keiiion 47
( 'aiialicnlated c. enosarc 7
Cams 143
( 'a vi >lini 143
( ( 'ellaria ) thuja <>3
Chiaje, I >elle 143
Cladocarpns paradisea 5
( 'larke, S. F 4s, 1 MS
Clytca nijrosa S2
Coe, W. E 117
( '. >lla| isil ile tul iu 25
Continental Ite'.'ion 47
M'otiilina) 41,50
ixreenei 121
polyzonias ill, ! 12
< '( infill ivy, Milieu 138
1 tall. Win. II 5, 48, 116
I >aw son, Sir William 1
I leek en plat te '26
Deslonggchamps 143
( Desmo-cy i ilms ) 3S, Mil, 43
acanthocarpns Ill, 110, 111
brevicvathus 60
INDEX.
317
(DesMicisryplnisi dalmasi 57
urarilis 5:;
PfSMiuscyphus fjronp I. I .. I I .is
infhitus '>:',
InUL'ithera lli>, 111
peetinatus (Allinan) I'.i, 51
Pevfliipiiit'iit of the Sertnlarida- 37
Diaphragm _i!
morphology i -5
nirtyiirladiuni 11. 1':;. :;s. :;;i, 4_', -| I. 1O5
ilii'liiitoiiuiiii s
llabelluni 4, S, L>4, I'll, Ml', :;:;. 45, 105. I4! X X VIII
(DinaniLMia) cnpressina 7:;
lilirula 117
rosacea 107
tamarisra HI! I
Diphasia 11, 19,23,36,37,38, in, II, I:;, (4,50,61,76, 106, 111'. 11:;
al 'let ina 1 l. r >
acanthocarpus 7(i
.(irni.-iilata 4'>, lor,, 112, I t'.t XXIX
iliKitalis 13,23,35,36,45, Hi. 110. 1 Hi XXX
fallax 15,16,24,30,31,33,37, I.'., I'.i.liiii, 109. I 1:1 XXIX
lilirula 1 is
(iiinnsoiiiu of :;o. :;i
kincaidi L's, _'!!, :;:;, ::7, l.">, mil, 107, 112, loo XXXI
( in i ralii I is) li's
paannanni 16,32,35,36, l">. lor,. 111, 1 .Ml XXXI
(pinaster ) Us
piniiata Ill'
pulrlira I.'). 1IH1, 107, 1 1 1, 150 XXXI
n.sacea 4. in, 17, L'4, _:>, :;o, :;i, :;i', :;:>, l.">, ion, 107, los, I4!i XX VI 1 1
wniMK-trifa "i(i
tamarisca -15,411, Hill, 108, !(, 11L', 1 lit XXVIII
tn.pini 17,45, lot;, 107, 110, Mil XXX
Distribution nf American ScTtularicbr _ 4",
1 trirsrh, llai^ 1 :;s
I f I'rl ,an, \V. S. M l ; ji
(Dyuamena) 41, II. lit. 5n
al lift ina Ill
arneiitea 71
1'ispinosa 5ii
5s
;,'i
fasi'iculata 51
li lie -11 la 117
operculata 5 1
piMiiata 1 1 1', i
puk'hclla 55
puinila 5L'
nwaci-a li 17. los
(Srrtnlaria) opfn-nlata 51
(Scrtularia) puinila 5i'
(Sfi'tularia ) rosacra , 1117
laniarisca lo:i
tiilnilifdi-Miis J "0
Kd wards, Georges 1 4:>
Kills, .]< ihM i :;n
Kills, John, and Solaiuli-r, Daniel 67,139
l^sper, 10. .1. ( ' 14:;
v. ,n Ktzel 1 4:i
Faliri.'ins, ( Kin , 1 ::n
Fari|iiahr 14:;
Fascicled stem 5
318
INDEX.
Page. 1'liitr.
, .1. Walter I :!!i
Fleming. John 37, 50, 67
Flowers, Charles B 60
Forbes, E 139
( i il >1 >s, Mrs. G 121
Gonangia 28
corrugations on 34
of the Sertularidte 33, 34, 35
Gonangial aperture 36
Gonaiigimn, morphology of 32
i iiiiiuphore 28
Gonosome, morphology of 26
( ii mill, Augustus A 1 :i
Graeffe 143
( iraniniaria 3! I, -):;
Gray, John Edward 139
on Sertularella . 75
Great Tooth Coralline 90
Gronovius, L. T 143
Gulx-rnarula 28
Haleeida; 49
Halei'ium 1 7, 50
Hamann, Otto 139
Hargitt, Charles W 1 39
Harrinian Alaska expedition 48
Hartlaub, Clemens 1 , 4, 19, SO, 97, 105, 136, 139
on lining of hydrothecse 18
on Sertularella 76
on Sertularella allmani 85
on Sertularella genirulata 81
on Sertularella nodulosa Calkins 95
on Sertularella sieboldi 96
on the blind sack 10, 12
Heller, Cam 139
Herklotz 143
Hil'jc.uilorf 143
1 1 inrks, Thomas H 19, 37, 140
on Diphasia - 106
on Diphasia tamarisca 109
on genera of Sertularidii 1 38
on Hydrallmania 124
on Sertularella 76
on Sertularella fusiformia 89
on Sertularella gigantea 87
on Thuiarialonchitis.. 67
Holt 143
1 1 out tuy n , M 143
Hydrallmania 11, 14, 38, 39, 40, 41, 44, 50, 124
distans 46, 1 24, 126, 151 XXXVIII
faleata 4, 14, 24, 26, 28, 30, 33, 37, 46, 124, 125, 126, 151 XXXVIII
frandscana 46,124,126,151 XXXVIII
Hydranth, morphology of 8
size of 12
Hydrotliei-if, morphology of ; 13
Hypopyxis 38, 39, 43
.la i ni 'sou, R 143
Johnston, George 37,50, 140
Key to American species of Abietinaria 113
Diphasia 106
Hydrallmania 1 24
Selaginopsis 127
Sertularella 77
Sertularia.. 51
INDEX. .S
1'llUi-. 1'lllt,-
Key tip American species of Syntliecinin KH
Thuiaria '. . . (,_'
the genera of American Sertnlariilie 44
Kincaiil, Trevor .1, 12
Kirchenpaner, (i. II si. 14(1
on Aliietinaria 11.'!
on Ahietinaria li lie MI la 1 is
nil Selaginopsis eeilrina 1 ".II
mi Selaginopsia oiisoleta i:!2
on Selai_'inopsis pinaster U'!i
mi Tliniaria lunch itis (>7
Lafoea -Mi
Latoeidic ">li
Lamarck,. I. B. P. A. de ."id, 1 III
I.amonronx,.!. V. F l!i..".n. 74. I in
I.ellilenfelilt, K. Vull 140
Lepecbin, J 14.'!
Levinsen, (i. M. It I. I'.i, L'.'i, 41, .">('>, ii."i, (is, 7n. s."i. Inn, !:;:;. 1411
mi classification of Ilie Sertnlari<l;e .'!H, 40
mi I liphaMa 100
mi Selaginopsis 1-7
on the ii]iercnhiTn -II. --. -''
on Thuiaria lil
<m Tliniaria lonehitis 'i~
Jjlirary of ( 'o7ij;reHs 1
Lily or I'mne'-'ranate llo\\ erini: ( 'oral lint- 1117
I, inn; ens, (' 1411
l.ntken 14:;
Me<Yea.ly,.!olin :-!7, 140
Maitlan.l 14:;
Marat ti,. I. Fr 14:;
Marktanner-Tnrneretseher. (iottlieli 4O, I to
on Aliietinaria 113
on I'asyt'nea 74
on Selaginopsia lL'7
on Synthecinin IM4
on the rlassi Meal ion of t he Scrt ula rii lie 39
on the opercnlnin '_'n
Mediterranean Ke^ion is
Meresrhkoxvsky, (' Ill
on Aliietinaria rompressa 1-0
on Selaginopsis 1-7
on Sertnlarella jjiirantca S7
Meyen, F..I. F 141
Moiiins ... 1 1: 1 .
(Mon.iponiai L'O. :i!i. ).'!
Mor.'h 14:;
Morphology of the Sertnlariil.-i- :;
Mnller, O. F.... 14.",
Murray. Ainlrew 1-7
Nematophorus <rramlis sn
Nichols 144
( Niu'd last rin n aliieti nu in ! 114
enpressina 7:;
I Sertnlaria i artirnhita (id
i Sertnlaria I eeilrina 130
(Sertnlaria I nii_'el last ruin 107
(Sertnlaria ) pi in li la '<-
{ Sertnlaria i rosaeea hC
I Sertnlaria I tainarisea 108
I Sertnlaria I thuja li:;
IIMleoicles 54
5125 IT 204 21
320
1NDKX.
Page.
Normal i, A M 141
North Atlantic Ue<_'ion '. 47
N in litl lira dalli 122
Xuttiiur. ('. (' 47, 141
Ulivi 144
Opercular muscles 12
Operculuni 22
as a systematic character 42
morphology ill I '.I
.rnrhiirny, Aleiile si, 141
( Iri^'in of the sex cells 37
I'aarmann, .1. II 20. ] |-J. IL'-I
mi class! lii 'at inn ni' the Sei tula riila 1 40
mi the ii|ierciihini 22
1'ackanl, A. S., jr 141
I'allas on Thniaria Imicliitis 67
Pasytheu 14, Mil, 4 1 , 4M, 44, 5(1, 74
liexoiloll _ 74
philippina '. 74
i|iiailriilentata 5, Hi, 4(1, 74, 75, 147
( Sertularia | quadridentata - 75
I tulipier I 74
Patagonian KcLtion ; 47
I'ennaria (Sertularia ) falcata 1-4
i rericlailiiiiii i 3s, I 27
l.iileiitatnni I2!t
Perisiphonia 7
IV rNi | ill i mil lie 7
I 'h .ffer 144
I 'leper ! 144
Pluniularia 5(1, I L'4
echinulata -7
( falcata ) 1-4, L'5
( franciscana i I'll
(gracilis) 21;
riuniulariila- 7,!l, :'.7. 47. 4S. 4!l, 5(1, L'4
Points of interi;railatioii het ween Ahietinaria ami other genera 13
between Diphasia and other L'enera 107
I iet \\eei i Scrtiilarclla ami other genera 7li
In 'tween Sertularia ami other genera 50
hetxveen Thuiaria ami other irenera li-
between Synthecium tun I ot her Lien era 134
( I'nlyserias >_'lacialis ) - . 132
liinck-ii ll'S, 132
I'oly/nnias <lroup SI
Protractor of the hyilranth Id
Ka.l.le 144
Ileiluplicalion of the map_'in L'4, L'5
Ri.lley, St. 144
Hitter, Win. K 1
Hii'-'osu < Jrniip 17, SI, 89
Sjeiimmlssnn, I! 141
Sars,G.O 141
SaviL.'iiy. .1. ( '., et Ainlniiiii 144
ScMiiilinavian I legion 47
Schneiiler, Carl Camilln I4L'
nu elassi Heat inn of the Sertnlariilte 41
Scliul/.e, Frann Kilhunl 141
Sea-( 'ypress 72
Sea-Fir... 114
Sea-Hair/ 54
Scu-< >ak ( 'nralline 51
Sea-Spleen Wort or I 'ii|y pin ly , , I '<> '
Plate.
XIII
IMiKX.
321
I'l.-il.-.
Sea-Tamarisk los
Selafiinopsis 7,11,14,17,23,38, ::o. 41, 4L', -44. 127. li'o, ISO
alternitheca 4d. ill. l.'s. 133. 15] XI.
ci'ilriua 4d, I L'7. 130
cylindrica Id. 41. 4ii. IL'S. iL'll, 131. 151 XXXIX
ili-cruiM'rialis 14
harthuilii 4d. ll's, 133. 151 XI.
(hincksii i I::L'
miral'ilis 41,4(1, l'_>7, 128. i:>l A XXVIII
iilisoli-ta Hi. iL's. 132. 151 X X \ IX. XL
..rnata 35,36,46, 127. 131, 151 XI.
(paoifica) 130
pinaster 4d, lL'7. 128. lL'0. 151 XXXVIII
pimiata IS. 4d. 1L'7. 130, l.'.l XXXIX
plmiiifi.rmis 4(i. 1L'7. 129. 151 XXXIX
Irisi-rialis 4(1, IL'7. 129, l.'.l XXXIX
Scrtulardla II. 19, 23, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 44, 50, 61..68, 75, 76,77, lo:.. li'l. I.-.4
I al lii-t ina ) 115
(a Hi M is | 07
allii.la L>4. L'O. :!4. 4H. 77. 86. 1 4s XIX
alliiiaiii 14. :!L'. :I4, 4(1. 77, 84. 14s X VI 1 1
alti-nuuis KU
;uii|ih(irifi-ra 4(i. 77. 88. I4S XX
'.' aii^nlnsa _ S4
( antaivtica I S4. v,
an-yi Hi, 17,24,411.77.83, 147 XVII
catena 7, 1 7. :;:!. 4(1. 77. 80, 1 47 XV
darkii 4(1, 7H. 78, 102. 14! XXVI
i-liiusa 411, 4!l. 77, 93. I4S XXI
(nmpK-xa 24, 28, 29, 34, ::n. :17. 4d, 77. 94. 14S XXI
ri mica 17. 4(1, 77. 79. !i5. 147 X \'
i-i.nti.rta 18,34,36,46, 77.85, 14s XVI II
c\ lindrica l:iil
cylindrithcca HI. 4(i, 77. so. 87, 104, 14s XIX
.l.'iitifi-ra 4. 17. 4(1. 7s. 100. 1 In XXV
ilirhnt. mill S. 1 L'. !M
( 1 1 iff lisa ) (is
ilistans '. 14. 17. 1(1, 77,88, 14S XIX
1-1,-itaiis s. :;L>. :;:;. :;4, .-,5. 411. 77. 98. 140 XXIV
episcopus... 1(1, is. 4(1. 7(1, 7S. 103,140 XXVI
liliforniis 15, is. L'S, L'O. :;L', :!4. :in. 411. 77. 97. 14s XXI 1 1
f.imn.sa 14, 15,17,24,32,33, lo, in. 76,78, 104. 140 XXVII
( fniticnldsa i 0-1
fusiform is Id. :iil. Ill, 7". 89. on. 14S XX
ira.vi 5.1!. 7, IL'. 17. L'4. 4d. 77. 78, o::. 1 17 XIV
trayi. var. rnlinsUi .".4
reiiii-nlata Id, 4d, 77, 81. i SL' i. 147 X\'I
gigantea hi. 17, 4d. 77. 87. ss. mi. us XIX
(}rri-i-ni-il 121
I liaK-rina i 1MU
hartlaul.i 14, Id, 17. 40, 4(1, 7s. 104. 1 10 XXVII
llii-s]irriai - . 101. 10-J
I implcxa ) 01'
I inti^rithrra I .' I o 1
latii 7. 14. 18,46, 77. 85. ss. us XVIII
li-vinsi-ni 10,34, id. 7v 100. 140 XXVI
mai.'1'llaiiica lo. II. 4d. 7s. 99. 14O XXIV
matrua Id. 7s. 103. 140 \\VII
mar.L'aritacca 4d. 77.95. 14s \ \ ||
nii'iiast a 7. 10. l: 1 ,. :!(i, 4d. 77, 90. 1 |s -\ \
mi-riilinnalis :;_'. :: I. :id. Id. 77. 98. 14S XXIII
milneaiia 4d. 7s, 98. 140 XXIV
miniita.. .. 4d, 7S. 99. 140 XXIV
322
INDEX.
Pago. Plate.
S.M-tnlarella nana 46, 68, 78, 105, 149 XXVI
( nod nl< isa) 95
(pallida) 101
patagonica Hi. 46, 77, 81, 147 X VI
picta 46, 77, 90, 14S XX
pinnata 14, 15, 17,18,33,34,46,77 (?86),94, 148 XXI
pinnigera 7, 18, 46, 77, 86, 148 XIX
poly/onias 13, 19, 24, 29, 34, 36, 37, 46, 75, 77, 88, 90, 91, 92, 93, 148 XXI
var. giganti'a 87
(proteeta) 85
quadrata 14, 15, 16, 17, 35, 36, 46, 77, 80, 147 XV
quadricornuta 87
quadrifida 46, 77, 97, 14S XXIII
(rolmsta ) 86
rugosa 4, 14, 15, 16, 19, 24, 29, 34, 46, 77, 81, 82, 83, 147 XVII
(.suvata) 83
sieboldi 46, 77, 96, 148 XXII
(simplex) 92
solitaria 13, 46, 77, 89, 148 XX
subdichotoma 34, 46, 77, 96, 148 XXII
tanneri 16, 17, 46, 77, 8 1 , 147 XVI
tenella 19, 46, 77, 81, 82, 83, 84, 148 XVIII
tricnspidata 15, 18, 19, 24, 32, 36, 46, 49, 78, 97, 99, 100, 101 , 102, 149 XXV
tropica 7, 4ti, 49, 78, 99, 100, 102, 149 XXVI
turgida 18, 24, 36, 46, 76, 77, 95, 148 XXII
( unilateral!* ) 84, 85
Sertularia 11, 12, 17, IS, 25, 38, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 49, 50, 61, 62, 107, 134
(abietina) 1 13, 1 14, 1 15
aeanthostoma 18
(anguina) 119
var. rolmsta 119
(argentea) 4, 50, 61 , 71, 72
(artifulata) 67
1 lispiix isa 46, 50, 51 , 56, 145 II
brevicyathus 21, 46, 50, 51, 60, 146 VI
campylocarpum 134
(catena ) 80
( cedrina ) 1 27, 1 30
challenger! 46,50,51, 54, 145 II
( ciliata) 91
(clausa) 9.".
(complexa) 30, 58
(compressa) 120
(Coperculata ) 54
cornicina 13, 15, 21, 29, 33, 34, 46, 51, 58, 145 IV
(eornieulata ) - 112
( cnpressina) lil . 71 , 72, 73
( cupressoides) 6s
(cylindritheca I 87
dcsinoides 16, 17,41,46,50,51,56, 134, 145 III
(diffusa ) (is
(digitalis ) 1 1 II
( distans ) 59
( Dyiiaincna) | mini la 52
echinocarpa 35, 36
(cllisii ) 91 , 92
(criroides) - 91, loo
exigua 4(5,51,61, 146 VI
(fabric!! ) 71
(falcata ) 50, 1 24, 1 25
(fallax ) 1 09
( S:\\ iftiata ) 71
(fllicula) 1 1 7, 1 1 s
INDEX-
I'ai;.-. I'liil.'
Srrtnlaria ( filiformis) ....................................................................... "7
(flexuosa) ................ . ....................................................... '"'
tlmversi .................................................................. 4(i. 51.60, 14ii VI
( fnn-ata I ......................................................................... 55
( fusif. .rinis) ..................................................................... sn. 1 1 r,
( ile (iay ) ......................................................................... 7s
(gayi). ........................................................................... 7*
fjrarilis ......................................................... :>, 4l>, 5], 57,117, IL'U. 145 III
( ^reenei ) ........................................................................ 1-1
(inrnngrua) ...................................................................... '-"'
(inron>taiiM ...................................................................... 1 Hi
) .................................................................... 104
i lal >iata ) ......................................................................... Hi"
i lal >rata ) ......................................................................... 11!)
( latiiiHriila ) ....................................................................... <
( liclicnastruni I ................................................................... tin
(Iniu-hitis ) ....................................................................... tiii. H7
( 1. mgin .sta I ...................................................................... 1 0::
(niar^arita I ..................................................................... III'.'
I mar<;inata I ...................................................................... 135
maytTi ............................................................. Hi, L'5, 4ti, 51. 58, 14(> V
(milneana i ....................................................................... us
(iniral)ilisi ....................................................................... JL'S
(nigellastrum) ........... . ........................................................ 107
(obsoleta) ........................................................................ 1ML'
operculata ........................................ l.'i, is. L'l , L'H, lil 1 , :;:',, 4ti, 5(1, 51 , 54, 55, 1 45 1 1
(patagonica) ............................... ...................................... 81
( picta I ........................................................................... ! i
( iiinastiT ) .................... . ................................................... 12S
(pinnata) _____ ................................................................. !i], lihi
1 1 linn." ) .............................................. . ........................... 1 1's
(plumularia) ( fali'atai ............................................................. iL'5
(liiily/.oniiis) ................................................................... (II). HI, Hi'
(polyzonias, \ ar. /i.) .............................................................. 7x
jmnrtalesi ................................................................ 4(i, 51, 59, 14ti V
( pnxlucta) ....................................................................... 109
pnlclii-lla ................................................................. 4(i, 51 , 55, 1 45 1 1
pmuila ................ :;, 4, ;i,i i, i:;, L'ti, L'l , i"_', i':;, i'ii. L>T, i'!i, :;n, :;i , :;L', :, H7, 40, 4t>, 5 1, 5i'. 14:. i
( pun i i la, var. ft. ) ................................ ................................ 57
(pupa) ........................................................................... 51
(<|iiaclri<li-ntata I ............................ . ...................................... 75
ratlilmni ........................................................... IS, 47. 5(1, 51, 57. 145 III
(rosa) .......................................... . ................................. 107
(msai-ea) ......................................................................... 1H7
i isa I .......................................................................... S2
o.sa, var.) .................................................................... s;;
ila I ........................................................................ S4
(si in ills ) ......................................................................... mi
(sti])iilat;i i ....................................................................... 1J4
stookeyi... ................ 4. L'H. :;_'.::::, 47, 51. 59. 14t; v
(taiuarisi-a .............................................................. :!1,52. I (is, lii'i
(tciii-lla) ......................................................................... s:;
(ti-ncra) ............................................ ............................. 7d
(tliiiiarioidcsl ................................................................... 114
(thuja) ............................ . ............................................. liL', (i:;
(traski) .......................................................................... I Is
(tricuspiilata i ............................. . Kin, KM. P.'l
( tuhitlieca ) ....................................................................... l;!4
tiiniida .................................................................. 47.51.60. I4U VI
i tnrgida ) ........................................................................ 115
I unilateralist ..................................................... . S4. s5
324
INDKX.
Page.
Sertnlaria ( nsneoides ) .">4
( variabilis) 102, 11.")
verslnysi . 1 1 , ].",, Hi, 1 7, 47, 51, 53, 14."i
Sertnlaridfe il, 25, Ml', 37, 40, 47, 4S, 4!l, 75, 1 24
discussion of ^client 41, 42
gonophores >( .. :12
Sex cells, origin of 37
Sickle Coralline llM
Snail-trefoil Coralline 82
Spadix 'I :!0
Spermary 27
Si|uirrel's-t:iil 71
Stanrotheea 39, -12, 44
Stem, morphology of _ f>
Stiinpson, on Sertnlaria producta
Stookev, S . .
Plate.
KIH
_ I II I
Storm 144
(Symplectoscyphus) 39, 43
Syiitliecimn 11,14, 17, 25, 38, :!!), 42, 44, 133, i:U
campylocarpum _ _ .'!.">, 36
cylindricnin 14,47, 134, 136, 151
marijmatuni ....1 17, 47, 134, 135, 151
rectum 14, 17,47, i:!4, 135,151
rolmstum 47, 134, 136, 15]
tubithecnm 17,47,134,151
Systematic discussion of Serf n lurid; c :!7
Templeton, J 144
Thallwitz, Dr. Joliannes .4,14]
Th fn icladiinn 4, 39, 41', 44
(Tlioa) 411
Thompson, D'Arcy \V 1, 141
Tliornely, Laura Koscoe 141
Thuiaria 11, 14, 17, 19,23, 25, 36,38, 39, 40, 41,. 42, 44, 61, 68,69, 76,86, 1(15, 1(17, ll:i, ll'l, 127, 129
(abietina) 115
(alternitlieea ) 133
(annulata) 122
ar<rentea 1:1, is, :;<i, 47, lii', 71, 72, 147
(articulata ) (iii, (i7
(costata) 122
cnpressina 4,21,47, 50, (12, 72, 73, 147
(cupressoidcsl HI, (17. IIS
(cylindrical 131
< lal li 47, (i2, 68, 14(i
diffusa 17, IS, 47, 62, 68, 14(>
( distans ) ss
cle<_Miis is, 47, 1)2, 64, 112, 141!
fabricii (il',71. 147
(tilicnla) UK
(giganti-a 1 15, 123
(hyalina) s5, si;
ininicrsa Hi, 47, lil', 66, 141!
(kincaidi) 112
knrihe.. IS, 47, f>2, 65, 14li
( lata ) 85, 86
latiiiscula 47, lil', 69
lone] lit is 47, ill'. 66. 7M, 14(>
plnmosa 47, 02, 74
plumulifera 18,47,62,67, 14li
polyi-arpa 15, 47, 62. 65, 141)
(qnadridens j !I7
raniosissima 47, 62, 68
rnluista 11, 15, 21, 26, 2(1, 35, 47, lil, 62, 64, 146
I sertnlarioides) 57, lil
XL
XL
XL
XL
XL
XII
XIII
VII
XII
IX
IX
IX
IX
VIII
INDEX.
Page.
Thniaria siinilis 47, Hi', 69. I til X"
1,-nrra is, 47, ti-', 70, 1-17 XI
thniarii.i.lcs . 1':;. :;n. 47, ill', 64, 14H VIII
tlmj:i 4,32,33, 17, 62, ii::, (14, 14ii VII
tiihiilii'i.rinis Hi, is, L'l, L'.'I. ::-'. ::::, 47. n.'. 70, 147 X I
ttnririila I 1.:;
i \arialiilis I I l.'i
'I'M \ re >H'\ pirns :'>7
Tr.rrcy, I Liny HIM I l.7'.i. 141
mi Sylllhrrilllll II! I
Tvask ' I-J7
TM i] 'I HIM M i ic, morphology "I I
I Tnli|i:iri;i i|ii:iclriili'iilal:i I 7")
Van line, A in lie ilc , 4. I )'_'
V.-rrill, A. !:., an.l Smith, S. I I4J
Vci-sliivs, .1. .In nr ">".. 1 I L'
on Sertnlaivlla ryliil'lril lii'ra X7
\Valiiisl.'y, K. M 58
\Yri-n KIM n, AII-II>| 2H;L'7. L'S, L'd. II-
cin nri^'iii "f 'X rrlls '.M
\\'csl I in I km ri"_'imi 17
\V I litra vfs, -I . S 1 , 1 4L'
Wirkham, II. F 1
Wilknis, C. F., ami I Icrhst, I. K. W 144
\VintlnT, ( Jeiirs.' Hi!
o
4 *
