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THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

archaeological 3!njstttute of America

AMERICAN
JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY

g>econti Aeries

THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

VOLUME v
1901

NORWOOD, MASS.

PUBLISHED FOR THE INSTITUTE BY

Efje Wortoootr ^ress

NEW YOKK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.

V/.S

American Journal of Archaeology

SECOND SERIES

THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

Vol. V, 1901

(BDitorial Board

Editor-in-Chief
JOHN HENRY WRIGHT,

Professor in Harvard University.

Associate Editors

JAMES R. WHEELER and J. R. S. STERRETT (for the
American School at Athens),

Professors in Columbia and Cornell Universities.

ALLAN MARQUAND (for the American School in Rome),
Professor in Princeton University.

HAROLD N. FOWLER,

Professor in Western Reserve University.
HENRY W. HAYNES,

Late Professor in the University of Vermont.

Honorary Editors

JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE (President of the Institute) ,
Professor in Harvard University.

THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR and JAMES R. WHEELER (Chair-
men of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens),
Professors in Yale and Columbia Universities.

ELMER TRUESDELL MERRILL and ANDREW F. WEST,
(Chairmen of the Managing Committee of the School in
Rome),

Professors in Wesleyan and Princeton Universities.

Business Manager
CLARENCE H. YOUNG,

Adjunct Professor in Columbia University.

Eottortal Contributors
Miss MARY H. BUCKINGHAM, Professor JAMES C. EGBERT, JR.,

Classical Archaeology. Roman Epigraphy.

Professor HARRY E. BURTON, Dr . GEORGE N . OL

Roman Archaeology. Numismatics.

Professor JAMES M. PATON,
Classical Archaeology.

JZT

CONTENTS

PAGE

Council of the Archaeological Institute of America xi

Officers of the Affiliated Societies ....... xiii

Managing Committee of the School at Athens ..... xvii

Managing Committee of the School in Rome . . . . . xix

Managing Committee of the School in Palestine .... xxii

Foreign Honorary Members of the Institute xxiii

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA :

Notes on the "Theseum" at Athens. WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES 37
A Jonah Monument in the New York Metropolitan Museum.

WALTER LOWRIE 51
THE CRETAN EXPEDITION OF THE INSTITUTE :

XI. Three Cretan Necropoleis: Report on the Researches at
Erganos, Fanaghia, and Courtes (Plates VI-IX).

FEDERICO HALBHERR 259
XII. Notes on the Necropolis of Courtes. ANTONIO TARAMELLI 294

XIII. The Vases of Erganos and Courtes (cf. Plates VI, VIII, IX).

Lucio MARIANI 302

XIV. Notes upon the Skulls of Erganos. G. SERGI . . . 315
XV. The Starlus in the Cretan Inscriptions. G. DE SANCTIS . 319

XVI. Report on the Researches at Praesos (Plates X-XII).

FEDERICO HALBHERR 371
XVII. Ruins of Unknown Cities at Haghios Ilias and Prinia.

FEDERICO HALBHERR 393
XVIII. Fragments of Cretan Pithoi (Plates XIII, XIV).

LUIGI SAVIGNONI 404
XIX. A Visit to Phaestos. ANTONIO TARAMELLI . . . 418

XX. A Visit to the Grotto of Camares on Mount Ida.

ANTONIO TARAMELLI 437

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS :
Excavations at Kavousi, Crete, in 1900 (Plates I-V).

HARRIET A. BOYD 125
iii

CONTENTS

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS Continued:
Fragment of an Archaic Argive Inscription.

JAMES DENNISON ROGERS 159

AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES IN ROME :

The " Trajan-Reliefs " in the Forum. ANNA SPALDING JENKINS . 58
The Roman Aqueducts as Monuments of Architecture.

HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER 175

ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS AND DISCUSSIONS (July, 1900-June, 1901).
H. N. FOWLER, Editor:

NOTES OF RECENT EXCAVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES ; OTHER NEWS 83

Oriental, Classical, and Christian Archaeology: General and Mis-
cellaneous, 83, 329 ; Egypt, 84, 330 ; Babylonia and Assyria, 85,
332 ; Syria and Palestine, 87, 333 ; Asia Minor, 89, 334 ; Greece,
91, 337; Thrace and Scythia, 336; Italy, 102, 348; Spain, 108;
France, 108, 355; Germany, 109, 356; Austria-Hungary, 111,
358; Bulgaria, 112; Servia, 112; Great Britain, 112, 358; Africa,
114, 359; United States, 115, 360.

Byzantine, Mediaeval, and Renaissance Art: General and Miscella-
neous, 116, 366; Italy, 116, 120, 366; France, 117, 369; Germany,
119, 122, 370; Africa, 120; Portugal, 121; Austria-Hungary, 122;
Spain, 368; Belgium, 369; England, 370; United States, 122, 370.

SUMMARIES OF ORIGINAL ARTICLES CHIEFLY IN RECENT PERIODI-
CALS 453

Oriental, Classical, and Early Christian Archaeology: General and
Miscellaneous, 225, 453 ; Egypt, 227, 455 ; Asia, 228 ; Babylonia,
456 ; Syria and Phoenicia, 456 ; Asia Minor, 457 ; Greece, 229,
458 (Architecture, 229, 458; Sculpture, 230, 460; Vases and Paint-
ing, 236, 468 ; Inscriptions, 239, 470 ; General and Miscellaneous,
240, 474); Italy, 242, 477 (Architecture, 242, 477; Sculpture, 243,
477; Vases and Painting, 244, 478 ; Inscriptions, 244, 479 ; Coins,
244, 479; General and Miscellaneous, 245, 479); Spain, 480;
France, 246, 481 ; Germany, 246; Great Britain, 481 ; Africa, 481.

Late Christian, Byzantine, and Mediaeval Art: General and Mis-
cellaneous, 246, 482; Greece, 483; Italy, 248, 484; Spain, 250;
France, 250, 484 ; BelgiAm, 251, 485 ; Germany, 251, 485 ; Great
Britain, 252, 485.

Renaissance Art: General and Miscellaneous, 252; Italy, 253,
486 ; France, 256, 487 ; Netherlands, 256, 488 ; Germany, 256,
488 ; Great Britain, 489.

CONTENTS

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BOOKS (1900).

H. N. FOWLER, Editor 201

General and Miscellaneous . . 201

Egyptian Archaeology 206

Oriental Archaeology ....... 207

Classical Archaeology ........ 208

Greek and Roman ......... 208

Greek (I, General and Miscellaneous, 209 ; II, Architecture, 211 ;
III, Sculpture, 211; IV, Vases and Painting, 212; V, Inscrip-
tions, 212; VI, Coins, 212) . . 209

Roman (I, General and Miscellaneous, 212 ; II, Architecture, 215 ;
III, Sculpture, 215; IV, Vases and Painting, 215; V, Inscrip-
tions, 215; VI, Coins, 216) . . . . . . . .212

Christian and Later Art . . . . . . . . .216

(I, General and Miscellaneous, 216 ; II, Byzantine and Mediaeval,
218; III, Renaissance, 221.)

Abbreviations used in the News, Discussions, and Bibliography . . 123

GENERAL MEETING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMER-
ICA, PHILADELPHIA, December 27-29, 1900 . . . .149

PROCEEDINGS, WITH TITLES AND BRIEF ABSTRACTS OF PAPERS
AND ADDRESSES :

Oscillations and Nutations of Philological Studies.

B. L. GlLDERSLEEVE 1

Address. SARAH Y. STEVENSON ....... 2

Inscription B of the Blau Monuments. G. A. BARTON ... 2

-The Old Temple of Athena on the Acropolis. W. N. BATES . . 3

Recent Discoveries in Crete. W. C. WINSLOW 4

Sculpture in Northern Central Syria. H.C.BUTLER. ... 5

The Publication of the Results of the American Excavations at the

Argive Heraeum. E. L. TILTON ....... 6

Some Artistic Types familiar to a Roman Country Gentleman.

K. P. HARRINGTON 6

An Early Christian Representation of Jonah, in the Metropolitan

Museum. WALTER LOWRIE ........ 7

Excavations in Palestine. J. B. NIES ....... 7

A Ruined Seljuk Khan compared with Anatolian Khans of To-day.

J. R. S. STERRETT 8
The Connection of Phidias with Pericles and his Buildings.

H. N. FOWLER 9

CONTENTS

Interpretation of the Scene and Inscription on the Praenestine Cista

at Paris. GEORGE HEMPL 10

The 'Upfiai of Hellanicus and the Burning of the Argive Heraeum.

BERNADOTTE PERRIN 10
The Work of the German Reichslimeskommission.

MARY H. BUCKINGHAM 11
The Leaning Facade of N6tre Dame as compared with that at Pisa.

W. H. GOODYEAR 12
Houses and Tombs of the Geometric Period at Kavousi, Crete.

HARRIET A. BOYD 14

The Material of the Tunica and Toga. M. R. SANFORD ... 15
Some Contents of Early Etruscan Tombs, and their Connection with

Greece and the Orient. A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR 17

The Discovery of a Doric Temple at Locri, Italy. S. H. CHAPMAN . 18
The Publication of the Work of the Expedition to Assos in 1881-

1883. W.F. HARRIS 18

The Archaeological Work now in Progress under the Auspices of the

University of California. B. I. WHEELER ..... 19

^ Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum. S. B. PLATNER . . 20

New Aspects of Mycenaean Cultus. Louis DYER . . . . 20

The Composition of Apelles's Calumny. JOHN H. WRIGHT . . 21
Color on the Parthenon and on the Elgin Marbles : Recently Discov-
ered Facts and Resultant Theories. E.P.ANDREWS ... 21
The Garrett Collection of Oriental Manuscripts. PAUL HAUPT . . 22
Slavery and Servitude in Homer. T.D.SEYMOUR .... 23

Aristotle's Theory of Sculpture. MITCHELL CARROLL ... 24

The So-called " Plummets." CHARLES PEABODY .... 25

Shield Devices among the Greeks. GEORGE H. CHASE ... 26

" Satan's Throne " and Michelangelo. E. S. SHUMWAY ... 26
j Did the Triumphal Arch originate with the Romans or the Greeks ?

A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR. 27
The Mediaeval Chapel of the Sancta Sanctorum at the Lateran in

Rome. A. L. FROTHINGHAM, JR. ....... 28

A Bronze Statue of Hercules in Boston. J. R. WHEELER . . . 29
The Statue of Meleager in the Fogg Museum of Harvard University.

EDMUND VON MACH 29

The Excavations of the American School in Corinth. A. S. COOLEY 30

'Ewl rrjs <rK-r)vr)s and Similar Expressions. EDWARD CAPPS. . . 31

j An Unidentified Building near the Forum next to S. Adriano.

G. D. KELLOGG 32
Some Peculiarly Constructed Conduits in the Roman Forum.

CHARLES O'CONNOR 32

The Magical Papyri and Ancient Life. ERNST RIESS ... 33
Notes on Some Important Objects in the Egyptian Collection of the

University of Pennsylvania. SARAH Y. STEVENSON ... 34

Titles of Papers withdrawn 35

PLATES

I. Typical Vases from Tomb 3 on Thunder Hill, Kavousi . . .125

II. Typical Vases mainly from Tombs 1, 2, and 4 on Thunder Hill . 125

III. Hydria from Tholos Tomb on liusty Ridge : Left Side . . . 125

IV. Hydria from Tholos Tomb on Rusty Ridge : Right Side . . .125
V. Terra-cotta Animals from Citadel Slope, Kavousi .... 125

VI. Mycenaean Vases from the Necropolis of Erganos .... 259

VII. The Hill of Courtes (Courtokephala) 259

VIII. Vases from the Necropolis of Courtes (Nos. 1-9) . . . .259

IX. Vases from the Necropolis of Courtes (Nos. 10-17) .... 259

X. Terra-cottas from Praesos 371

XI. Terra-cottas from Praesos 371

XII. Terra-cottas from Praesos 371

XIII. Fragments of Pithoi from Prinia 404

XIV. Fragments of Pithoi from Prinia and Haghios Ilias .... 404

ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT

Plan of the Roof of the Theseum as it exists To-day 38

Frames on West End of Theseum 39

Frames on South Side 40

Opening in Frame, from above 41

Cross-section of Opening, with Lid in Place : Theseum .... 43

Letters from Frame K, Actual Size 44

Proposed Method of introducing Light into the Theseum .... 48

A Jonah Monument in New York : Front 52

A Jonah Monument in New York : Rear 53

The Suovetaurilia in the Roman Forum 59

The Trajan-reliefs : the Western Screen 60

The Trajan-reliefs : the Eastern Screen 61

Kavousi Plain and Village : from the Citadel 128

Fibulae from Tomb 3, Thunder Hill 136

Bronze Bracelet from Tomb 3, and Bronze Ring from Tomb 4, Thunder Hill 136

Iron Sword from House, Thunder Hill 137

Citadel of Kavousi : Plan and Vertical Section 139

Citadel of Kavousi : Wall and Doorway between Rooms 9 and 10 . . 140

vii

viii ILLUSTRATIONS

Stone Table for Game, and Game Counter, from Citadel, Room 1 . . 142

Beehive Tomb at Rusty Ridge near Kavousi . 144

Jug from Beehive Tomb on Rusty Ridge 146

Piece of Bronze Plate from Beehive Tomb at Kavousi . . . . . 147

Designs on Bronze Plate from Beehive Tomb at Kavousi .... 148

Plan of Buildings of Azoria Hill, near Kavousi 151

Archaic Argive Inscription on Bronze: from a Photograph .... 159

Archaic Argive Inscription on Bronze : Facsimile from a Squeeze . . 161

The Aqua Marcia and the Aqueduct of Minturnae 179

The Aqua Claudia . 183

The Aqueduct of Minturnae, looking toward the Hills 188

The Aqueduct of Minturnae, near the Castellum 189

The Aqueduct of Minturnae, Lower Arches of Long Section . . .192

Aqua Neroniana and Aqua Alexandriana 194

Erganos and Vicinity 264

General Plan of Erganos 265

Plan of Ancient House at Erganos 268

Plan of Tower at Erganos 269

Tombs at Erganos 271

Ground Plan and Elevation of a Tomb at Erganos 272

Tomb at Erganos 279

Steatite Pendant from Embaros 282

Cornelian Pendant from Embaros 282

Steatite Vases from Embaros . 283

Tomb at Panaghia : Ground-plan 284

Tomb at Panaghia : Section 285

Tomb at Panaghia : Exterior 286

Whorls from Crete 286

Courtes and Vicinity 288

Steatite Seal from Courtes 289

Slab from Courtes 290

Tomb at Courtes 290

Ground-plan of Tomb at Courtes 291

Tomb at Courtes 291

Tomb at Courtes 292

Ossuary from Courtes 293

Stamnos from Courtes 293

Tholos-tomb at Courtes, restored 296

Tholos-tomb at Courtes, restored 297

Tholos-tomb at Courtes : Ground-plan and Elevation, restored . . . 298

Galopetra from Courtes 299

Tomb at Courtes 300

Vase from Courtes 308

Vases from Courtes . 309

Globular Vase from Courtes 311

Crater-shaped Vases from Courtes 312

Vase with Feet from Courtes 312

Vase of Cypriote Type from Courtes 312

Small Vase from Courtes 313

Fragment of Vase or Cover from Courtes 313

Mycenaean Skulls from Erganos in Crete (Female) : Side View . . . 316

Mycenaean Skulls from Erganos in Crete (Female): Front View . . 316

ILL USTRA TIONS ix

PAGE

Bird's-eye Plan of Praesos and Vicinity ' . 373

Fragment of a Tile from Praesos 373

Inscribed Fragment of a Tile from Praesos . 374

Inscribed Fragment of a Brick from Praesos . . . 374

Stone with Mason's Mark from Praesos 375

The Summit of the Acropolis C at Praesos ... . 376
Terra-cotta Figurine from Praesos .... .381

Terra-cotta Figurine from Praesos 381

Cylindrical Terra-cotta from Western Crete : now in. Oxford . . . 382

Terra-cotta Head from Western Crete : now in Oxford .... 382

Vase from Praesos , 333

Ring of a Tripod from Praesos . 383

Votive Cuirass from Praesos 384

Terra-cotta in Candia . 386

Terra-cotta Head from Praesos 387

Terra-cotta Head from Praesos 388

Terra-cotta Figurine from Praesos 388

Terra-cotta Figurine from Praesos 389

Terra-cotta relief from Praesos . . . . 390

Terra-cotta relief from Praesos 390

Terra-cotta from Praesos . 391

Terra-cotta Ornament from Praesos 391

Terra-cotta Fragment from Praesos : Sphinx or Griffin .... 391

Terra-cotta Pinax from Praesos : Nude Youth 392

Terra-cotta from Praesos : Warrior 392

General Plan of Haghios Ilias 394

Geometric Fragments from Haghios Ilias 395

Geometric Fragments from Haghios Ilias . 395

Inscribed Brick from Haghios Ilias 395

Island-stone from Praesos 395

Bronze Figurine from Haghios Ilias 396

Haghios Ilias : Acropolis 396

Inscribed Stone from Haghios Ilias 397

Archaic Inscription from Haghios Ilias 398

The Site of Prinia 399

Plinths from Prinia .... ....... 400

Hellenistic Grave-chambers at Prinia 401

Archaic Inscription from. Prinia 401

Fragment of Pithos from Cnossos 406

Fragments of Pithoi from Praesos 409

Phaestos and Vicinity 422

The Acropolis of Phaestos : Bird's-eye Plan 424

Camares and Vicinity . 440

Tholos Tomb near Camares 441

Entrance to the Grotto of Camares . . . . . . . . 445

The Grotto of Camares : Ground-plan 446

Entrance to the Grotto of Camares : Section 447

Bronze Youth discovered at Pompeii in November, 1900 .... 466

Head of the Bronze Youth discovered at Pompeii in November, 1900 . . 467

archaeological Slngtitute of americar

COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE

1901-1902

President

PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D., Harvard Uni-
versity, of the Boston Society.

Honorary Presidents

PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Harvard

University, of the Boston Society.
HON. SETH LOW, LL.D., New York, of the New York Society.

Vice-Presidents

MR. EDWARD D. ADAMS, New York, of the New York Society.

MR. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, A.M., Boston, of the Boston Society.

PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D., Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society,

PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., University of Michigan, of the
Detroit Society.

PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Yale University, of the Con-
necticut Society.

Treasurer

MR. JAMES H. HYDE, A.B., 120, Broadway, New York, of the New York
Society.

Editor-in-Chief of the Journal

PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, LL.D., Harvard University, of the Bos-
ton Society.

Other Members of the Council

MR. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A.B., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.

PROFESSOR FRANK COLE BABBITT, PH.D., Trinity College, of the Con-
necticut Society.

MR. SELDEN BACON, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the Wisconsin Society.

PROFESSOR GEORGE A. BARTON, PH.D., Bryn Mawr College, of the Penn-
sylvania Society.

PROFESSOR F. O. BATES, Detroit, of the Detroit Society.

MR. GEORGE W. BATES, A.M., Detroit, President of the Detroit Society.

xii ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., Lixx.D., University of Michi-
gan, of the Detroit Society.

MR. HOWARD P. EELLS, A.B., Cleveland, President of the* Cleveland Society.

PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., Western Reserve University, of
the Cleveland Society.

PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., Princeton Univer-
sity, of the Baltimore Society.

PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Johns Hop-
kins University, President of the Baltimore Society.

PROFESSOR JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN, PH.D., Bryn Mawr College, President
of the Pennsylvania Society.

MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., Chicago, of the Chicago Society.

MR. THEODORE MARBURG, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society.

PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of
the New York Society.

Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society.

PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., Columbia University, of
the New York Society.

MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., New York, of the New
York Society.

PROFESSOR JOHN PICKARD, PH.D., University of Missouri, President of the
Missouri Society.

PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., Western Reserve University,
of the Cleveland Society.

MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.

PROFESSOR JOHN C. ROLFE, PH.D., University of Michigan, of the Detroit
Society.

MR. JULIUS SACHS, PH.D., New York, President of the New York Society.

PROFESSOR CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D., University of Wisconsin,
President of the Wisconsin Society.

PROFESSOR CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D., Harvard University, of the Boston
Society.

MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania
Society.

PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D., University of Chicago, President
of the Chicago Society.

PROFESSOR J. HENRY THAYER, D.D., LITT.D., Harvard University, of the
Boston Society.

PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., College of the City of New
York, of the New York Society.

PROFESSOR CHARLES C. TORRE Y, PH.D., Yale University, of the Connecti-
cut Society.

PROFESSOR JAMES C. VAN BENSCHOTEN, LL.D., Wesleyan University,
President of the Connecticut Society.

Miss ALICE WALTON, PH.D., Wellesley College, of the Boston Society.

PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., LL.D., Princeton University, of the
New York Society.

PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New
York Society.

MRS. H. WHITMAN, Boston, President of the Boston Society.

PROFESSOR THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D., Cambridge, of the Boston
Society.

PROFESSOR CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D., New York, of the New York
Society.

"affiliated Societies
of tfye Srefjaeological
Institute of America

OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETIES

1901-1902

BOSTON SOCIETY

President
MRS. H. WHITMAN.

Vice-President
PROFESSOR HENRY W. HAYNES, A.M.

Secretary
MR. ERNEST JACKSON, A.M.

Treasurer
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B.

NEW YORK SOCIETY

President
DR. JULIUS SACHS.

Vice-Presidents

DR. MORRIS K. JESUP.

REV. JOHN P. PETERS, PH.D., Sc.D., D.D.
RT. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, S.T.D., LL.D.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D.
MR. HORACE WHITE, LL.D.

Secretary
PROFESSOR NELSON G. McCREA, PH.D.

Treasurer

MR. EDWARD L. TILTON.
xiii

xiv ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

BALTIMORE SOCIETY

President
PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L.

t Vice-Presidents

MR. MENDES COHEN.
Miss ALICE C. FLETCHER.
PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D.
MR. WILLIAM W. SPENCE.

Secretary
PROFESSOR KIRBY F. SMITH, PH.D.

Treasurer
MR. EDGAR G. MILLER.

PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY

President
PROFESSOR JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN, PH.D.

Vice-Presidents

MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D.
DR. TALCOTT WILLIAMS.

Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR WILLIAM N. BATES, Pn.D.

CHICAGO SOCIETY

President
PROFESSOR FRANK BIGELOW TARBELL, PH.D.

Vice-Presidents

MR. JOHN J. GLESSNER.

HON. FRANKLIN MACVEAGH, A.B., LL.B.

Secretary
PROFESSOR CLARENCE F. CASTLE, PH.D.

Treasurer
PROFESSOR EDWARD CAPPS, PH.D.

OFFICERS OF THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES XV

DETROIT SOCIETY

President
MR. GEORGE WILLIAMS BATES, A.M.

Vice-Presidents

PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., Lixx.D.
HON. DEXTER M. FERRY.
HON. WILLIAM E. QUINBY.

Secretary and Treasurer
MR. PERCY IVES.

WISCONSIN SOCIETY

President
PROFESSOR CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D.

V ice-President
Miss ALICE G. CHAPMAN.

Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR MOSES STEPHEN SLAUGHTER, PH.D.

CLEVELAND SOCIETY

President
MR. HOWARD P. EELLS, A.B.

Vice-President
MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B.

Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, Pn.D.

xvi ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

CONNECTICUT SOCIETY

President
PROFESSOR JAMES C. VAN BENSCHOTEN, LL.D.

Vice-Presidents

PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, A.M.

PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D.

Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M.

MISSOURI SOCIETY

President
PROFESSOR JOHN PICK ARD, PH.D.

Secretary
PROFESSOR J. C. JONES, PH.D.

Treasurer
PROFESSOR W. E. GRUBE, A.M.

American Scfjool
of Classical Studies
at

MANAGING COMMITTEE

1901-1902

Chairman
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University.

Secretary
PROFESSOR HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M., of Yale University.

Treasurer
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.

PROFESSOR H. M. BAIRD, D.D., LL.D., of New York University.

PROFESSOR A. C. CHAPIN, A.M., of Wellesley College.

PROFESSOR EDWARD B. CLAPP, PH.D., of the University of California.

PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D., of the University
of Michigan.

PROFESSOR EDGAR A. EMENS, A.M., of Syracuse University.

PROFESSOR O. M. FERNALD, A.M., of Williams College.

PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., of Western Reserve University.

PROFESSOR ABRAHAM L. FULLER, PH.D., of Adelbert College of West-
ern Reserve University.

PROFESSOR HENRY GIBBONS, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.

PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Johns
Hopkins University.

PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard
University.

PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of Chi-
cago.

PROFESSOR ALBERT HARKNESS, PH.D., LL.D., of Brown University.

PROFESSOR JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College.

PROFESSOR GEORGE E. HOWES, PH.D., of the University of Vermont.

PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, LITT.D., of the University of
Pennsylvania.

PROFESSOR ABBY LEACH, A.M., of Yassar College.

PROFESSOR GEORGE DANA LORD, A.M., of Dartmouth College.

Miss ELLEN F. MASON, of Boston.

xvii

xviii AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS

PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, Lixx.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard

University.

PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D., of Yale University.
PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., of Columbia University.
MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., of New York.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM CAREY POLAND, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR LOUISE F. RANDOLPH, of Mt. Holyoke College.
PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, PH.D. (ex officio, as Director of the

School), of Athens.

PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., of Yale University.
PROFESSOR HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, PH.D., of Harvard University.
PROFESSOR J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT, PH.D., of Cornell University.
PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR FITZ GERALD TISDALL, PH.D., of the College of the City of

New York.

PROFESSOR HENRY M. TYLER, A.M., of Smith College.
PROFESSOR JAMES C. VAN BENSCHOTEN, LL.D., of Wesleyan University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., LL.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of

the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), of Princeton University.
PRESIDENT BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, PH.D., LL.D., of the University

of California.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., Lirr.D. (ex officio, as

President of the Institute) , of Harvard University.

PROFESSOR SAMUEL ROSS WINANS, PH.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, LL.D. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief

of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.

American Scijool
of Classical Studies
in i&0me

MANAGING COMMITTEE

1901-1902

Chairman
PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., LL.D., of Princeton University.

Secretary

PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., of Western Reserve Univer-
sity.

Treasurer

MR. C. C. CUTLER, A.B., of New York.

MRS. WILLIAM F. ALLEN, of Madison.

MR. ALLISON V. ARMOUR, A.B., of New York.

PROFESSOR SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., of Union University.

MR. ROBERT BACON, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of New
York.

PROFESSOR G. E. BARBER, A.M., of the University of Nebraska.

PROFESSOR H. J. BARTON, A.M., of the University of Illinois.

PROFESSOR CHARLES E. BENNETT, A.B., of Cornell University.

MRS. EMMONS BLAINE, of Chicago.

PROFESSOR D. BONBRIGHT, LL.D., of Northwestern University.

PROFESSOR J. EVERETT BRADY, PH.D., of Smith College.

MR. WILLIAM H. BUCKLER, of Baltimore.

PROFESSOR HENRY F. BURTON, A.M., of the University of Rochester.

PROFESSOR J. S. CLARK, A.B., of the University of Minnesota.

RT. REV. MGR. THOMAS J. CONATY, D.D., Rector of the Catholic Univer-
sity of America.

MR. FREDERIC R, COUDERT, J.U.D., LL.D., of New York.

PROFESSOR W. L. COWLES, A.M., of Amherst College.

PROFESSOR A. 1ST. CURRIER, LL.D., of the State University of Iowa.

HON. HORACE DAVIS, LL.D., of San Francisco.

PROFESSOR S. C. DERBY, A.M., of the State University of Ohio.

PROFESSOR JAMES H. DILLARD, LITT.D., of Tulane University.

RT. REV. WILLIAM C. DOANE, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of Albany.

PROFESSOR MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE, PH.D., of Barnard College.

PROFESSOR JAMES C. EGBERT, JR., PH.D., of Columbia University.

MR. LOUIS R. EHRICH, A.M., of Colorado Springs.

XX AMERICAN SCHOOL IN EOME

PROFESSOR ALFRED EMERSON, PH.D., of the University of California.

PROFESSOR HENRY P. EMERSON, A.M., of Buffalo.

PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., of Western Reserve University.

PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., of Princeton University.

His EMINENCE CARDINAL JAMES GIBBONS, of Baltimore.

MR. SAMUEL S. GREEN, A.M., of Worcester.

PROFESSOR ALFRED GUDEMAN, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.

PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of

Chicago.

PROFESSOR ALBERT G. HARKNESS, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR KARL POMEROY HARRINGTON, A.M., of the University of

Maine.

PROFESSOR SAMUEL HART, D.D., D.C.L., of the Berkeley Divinity School.
PROFESSOR ADELINE BELLE HA WES, A.M., of Wellesley College.
PROFESSOR G. L. HENDRICKSON, A.B., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, PH.D., LL.D., of the College of

the City of New York.

PROFESSOR JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams College.
RABBI EMIL G. HIRSCH, PH.D., LL.D., of Chicago.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON, A.M., of Bowdoin College.
MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., of Chicago.
MR. JAMES H. HYDE, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of New

York.

PROFESSOR GEORGE E. JACKSON, A.M., of Washington University.
PROFESSOR H. W. JOHNSTON, PH.D., of the Indiana University.
PROFESSOR J. C. JONES, PH.D., of the University of Missouri.
RT. REV. MGR. J. J. KEANE, D.D., Archbishop of Damascus.
PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., of the University of Michigan.
CHANCELLOR J. H. KIRKLAND, PH.D., of Vanderbilt University.
HON. ERNEST B. KRUTTSCHNITT, A.M., of New Orleans, La.
COMMENDATORE PROFESsoRE RODOLFO LANCIANI, of the University of Rome.
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.

MR. ELLIOT C. LEE, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of Boston.
REV. CHARLES STANLEY LESTER, D.D., of Milwaukee.
PROFESSOR T. B. LINDSAY, PH.D., of Boston University.
PROFESSOR GONZALEZ LODGE, PH.D., of the Teachers' College, New York

City.

PROFESSOR JOHN K. LORD, PH.D., of Dartmouth College.
PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. MERRILL, PH.D., L.H.D., of the University of

California.

PROFESSOR J. LEVERETT MOORE, PH.D., of Yassar College.
REV. R. J. NEVIN, D.D., Rector of the American Church in Rome.
MR. CLEMENT NEWBOLD (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of Phila-
delphia.
PROFESSOR RICHARD NORTON, A.B. (ex officio, as Director of the School),

Rome, Italy.

RT. REV. MGR. O'CONNELL, Bishop of Portland.
PROFESSOR E. M. PEASE, PH.D., of Leland Stanford Jr. University.

MANAGING COMMITTEE xxi

PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, A.M., of Yale University.

PROFESSOR W. E. PETERS, LL.D., of the University of Virginia.

PROFESSOR EDWIN POST, PH.D., of De Pauw University.

Ex. REV. HENRY C. POTTER, D.D., LL.D., Bishop of New York.

HON. WILLIAM POTTER, of Chestnut Hill.

HON. J. G. SCHMIDLAPP, of Cincinnati.

PROFESSOR EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, LL.B., PH.D., of Columbia University.

PROFESSOR EDGAR S. S HUM WAY, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.

PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER, PH.D., of the University of Wisconsin.

PROFESSOR FRANK SMALLEY, PH.!)., of Syracuse University.

PROFESSOR CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D., of Harvard University.

PROFESSOR KIR BY F. SMITH, PH.D., of Johns Hopkins University.

PROFESSOR W. O. SPROULL, PH.D., LL.D., L.H.D., of Cincinnati.

MR. GEORGE R. STETSON, of Washington.

MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., of Philadelphia.

MR. WALDO STORY, A.M., of Rome.

PROFESSOR LEWIS STUART, A.M., of Lake Forest University.

MR. THOMAS THACHER, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of

New York.

PROFESSOR HENRY VAN DYKE, D.D., of Princeton University.
COMMENDATORE PROFESSORS ADOLFO VENTURI, Director-General of the

National Galleries of Italy.

REV. MARVIN R. VINCENT, D.D., of the Union Theological Seminary.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR T. WALKER, A.M., of the University of Kansas.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR MINTON WARREN, PH.D., LL.D., of Harvard University.
HON. II. B. WENZEL, A.B., LL.B., of St. Paul.

PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. WHEELER, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the

Managing Committee of the American School of Classical Studies at

Athens), of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D. (ex officio,

as President of the Institute), of Harvard University.
MRS. HENRY WHITMAN, of Boston.

VICE-CHANCELLOR B. L. WIGGINS, A.M., of the University of the South.
PROFESSOR MARY G. WILLIAMS, PH.D., of Mt. Holyoke College.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, LL.D. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief

of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.

Smrrtcan School

for rtental Stitog anto

in Palestine

MANAGING COMMITTEE

1901-1902

Chairman

PROFESSOR JOSEPH HENRY THAYER, D.D., Lirr.D., of Harvard Univer-
sity.

Secretary

PROFESSOR THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D., of Cambridge.

PROFESSOR H. G. MITCHELL, PH.D., D.D., of Boston University.
REV. JOHN P. PETERS, PH.D., Sc.D., D.D., of New York.
REV. WILLIAM HAYES WARD, D.D., LL.D., of New York.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D. (ex officio,
as President of the Institute), of Harvard University.

BOARD OF COUNCILLORS

REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FOLLOWING INSTITUTIONS :

ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

AUBURN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

BOSTON UNIVERSITY.

BROWN UNIVERSITY.

BliYN MAWR COLLEGE.

COLGATE UNIVERSITY.

COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.

CORNELL UNIVERSITY.

EPISCOPAL THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL, Cambridge.

GENERAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, New York.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

HEBREW UNION COLLEGE, Cincinnati.

JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.

McCORMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.

PRINCETON UNIVERSITY.

TRINITY COLLEGE.

UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, New York.

UNIVERSITY OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK.

UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.

YALE UNIVERSITY.

xxii

MANAGING COMMITTEE xxiii

AND THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS :

PRESIDENT JAMES B. ANGELL, D.D., LL.D., of the University

of Michigan.

REV. E. T. BARTLETT, D.D., of Philadelphia.
MR. JAMES C. CARTER, LL.D., of New York.
HON. T. JEFFERSON COOLIDGE, A.M., of Boston.
Miss MARIA L. CORLISS, of Providence.
PRESIDENT DANIEL C. GILMAN, LL.D., of Baltimore.
MR. JAMES LOEB, A.B., of New York.
MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, of New York.
MR. M. TAYLOR PYNE, A.M., LL.B., of Princeton.
REV. EDWARD S. ROUSMANIERE, A.M., of Providence.
MR. JACOB H. SCHIFF, LL.D., of New York.

archaeological
Institute
of America

FOREIGN HONORARY MEMBERS

PROFESSOR ALEXANDER CONZE, PH.D., German Imperial Archaeological
Institute, Berlin.

PROFESSOR WILHELM DORPFELD, PH.D., LL.D., German Imperial Archaeo-
logical Institute, Athens.

PROFESSOR PERCY GARDNER, Lixx.D., University of Oxford.

SIR RICHARD JEBB, Lixx.D., D.C.L., LL.D., M.P., University of Cam-
bridge.

PROFESSOR GASTON MASPERO, D.C.L., College de France, Paris.
PROFESSOR THEODOR MOMMSEN, PH.D., J.U.D., University of Berlin.

xxiv

Archaeological
Institute
of America

GENERAL MEETING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

DECEMBER 27-29, 1900

THE Archaeological Institute of America held a general
meeting for the reading and discussion of papers at the Uni-
versity of Pennsylvania, in Philadelphia, Pa., December 27, 28,
29, 1900, taking part in a joint congress with The American
Oriental Society, The American Philological Society, The
Spelling Reform Association-, The Society of Biblical Litera-
ture and Exegesis, The Modern Language Association of
America, and The American Dialect Society. The separate
meetings of the Institute were presided over by the President
of the Institute, Professor John Williams White, except Friday
morning, when Professor T. D. Seymour presided. At the
joint session of all the societies, the presiding officer was
President Daniel C. Gilman of Johns Hopkins University.
At the joint session of the Institute and the American Philo-
logical Association, President White of the Institute and
Professor Samuel Ball Platner, President of the American
Philological Association, presided.

A resolution was passed thanking the authorities of the
University of Pennsylvania for the hospitable reception given
to the Institute.

In the evening of Thursday, December 27, Professor B. L.
Gildersleeve, of Johns Hopkins University, delivered before
the Affiliated Societies an address entitled "Oscillations and
Nutations of Philological Studies." 1

1 The Johns Hopkins University Circulars, No. 150, March, 1901.

2 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

There were five sessions at which papers, many of which
were illustrated by means of the stereopticon, were presented.
Brief abstracts of the papers, prepared for the most part by
the authors, follow.

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 27. 9.30 A.M.

Address of welcome by Mrs. Sarah Y. Stevenson, President
of the Pennsylvania Society of the Institute.

1. Professor George A. Barton, of Bryn Mawr College,
Inscription B of the Blau Monuments (Am. J. Arch. First
Series, IV, pi. v, 2).

When Dr. William Hayes Ward was in Babylonia as the director
of the Wolfe expedition, he saw two most interesting little objects
in the possession of Dr. Blau, formerly of the Turkish medical
service. Dr. Ward took wax impressions of these objects, and pub-
lished them in wood cuts in the Proceedings of the American Oriental
Society for October, 1885, p. Ivii, and again by a photographic process
by which greater accuracy was secured, in the Am. J. Arch. First
Series, IV (1888), pis. iv, v. As these monuments are inscribed in
a form of the Babylonian character more archaic than that of any
inscriptions previously published, they attracted immediate atten-
tion. Later in the same year Menant republished them in the
11. Arch., and sought to prove them fraudulent. His argument
was based on the formation of the* human figures represented on
the objects as well as the form of the written characters which
they contained.

The progress made in recent years in the interpretation of old
Babylonian inscriptions, by the study of the inscriptions from Telloh
and Nippur, have placed the genuineness of these objects beyond
question. They were republished in 1896 by M. Francois Thureau
Dangin in the Revue Semitique. He translated the inscription on
monument A with considerable success. He speaks of the inscrip-
tion on B as "beaucoup plus obscure," and attempts no translation
of it, contenting himself with some remarks upon the identity of
some of the signs. Following in Thureau Dangin's footsteps, and
having the aid of his Recherches sur Vorigine de Vecriture cunei-
forme, published in 1898 and 1899, I am able to offer a translation
of the inscription which I believe to be substantially correct. It
reads :

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900

GANA NINNU LU SAL BA NIN-GIR-SU
G I- M E N
G A - G A - ?
ALAN-NI SU
G I R GIN

ES KU.

That is: "A stated sacrifice of 50 sheep, a gift to Ningirsu, I
Khakha . . . appointed ; his monument of preservation, a lance, I.
brought, in the beautifully built temple I placed."

Although these objects were found near Warka, the ancient Erech,
the fact that this one was dedicated to Ningirsu, the chief god of
Shirpurla, shows that they were originally connected with that city.
The archaic character of the writing is evidence that they record the
earliest act of worship there which is as yet known to history. If.
Ur-kagina lived about 4500 B.C., 5000 B.C. is the lowest date at which
we can put this inscription.

2. Dr. W. N. Bates, of the University of Pennsylvania,
The Old Temple of Athena on the Acropolis.

Professor Dorpfeld, followed by many others, believes that the
old temple of Athena on the Acropolis at Athens was rebuilt after
its destruction by the Persians in 480 B.C., was used as the state
treasury during the greater part of the fifth century, and remained
standing perhaps down into the middle ages. There are, however,
several pieces of literary evidence which seem to disprove this
theory. Lycurgus, Diodorus, and Pausanias all have accounts of an
oath which the Greeks swore before the battle of Plataea not to
rebuild the temples destroyed by the Persians. In Plutarch's Life
of Pericles, there is an account of how Pericles called a meeting of
all the Greeks to deliberate about the burnt temples. This was
about 450 B.C. The purpose of this meeting was to revoke the oath.
The evidence of the extant remains of temples shows that no temple
destroyed by the Persians was rebuilt before this date. The temple
at Eleusis is the most striking example. This temple, which was
one of the most important in Greece, was allowed to lie in ruins for
a full generation after its destruction; that is, until the time of
Pericles. The passages referred to, together with the archaeological
evidence, prove that the old temple of Athena on the Acropolis was
never rebuilt, but that a generation after the Persian Wars, when
the oath had been revoked, a new temple, the Parthenon, was built
to take its place.

4 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

3. Rev. Dr. William C. Winslow, of Boston, Recent Dis-
coveries in Crete. The paper dealt with the discoveries made
by Mr. A. J. Evans at Cnossus (see Am. J. Arch. 1900, p. 491),
with special attention to the evidences of Egyptian influence
in Crete.

Daedalus, according to Diodorus, built the propylaeum of
Hephaestus at Memphis. The palace at Cnossus has striking points
of resemblance to Egyptian buildings. The dark and white chequer
squares in architectural elevations upon the wall paintings vividly
recall those over a doorway of the sixth dynasty (Maspero, Manual
of Egyptian Archaeology) p. 21), and there is a structural parallelism
in the insertion of the rectangular cushion between the capital and
the beam. The backing of the fine painted plaster, simply clay and
rubble, suggests the baked Nile mud behind the finished frescoes at
Tell-el-Amarna, etc. Cretan and Egyptian paint are equally durable.
Two charming motives blend in a tall stone lamp : Mycenaean folia-
tion upon a pedestal of lotus form.

Mr. Evans notes that the indebtedness to Egyptian instruction
in technical processes is very marked. The vitreous paste of pale
green and brilliant blue, the green, black, and purple glazes, all recall
Egypt. Rondels upon the floor have the style and tone of those at
Tell-el-Gahadiyeh. The Cretan artist made the same preliminary
use of vertical and horizontal lines divided into small squares for
the guidance of his brush as did the Egyptians. The motives in the
landscapes of flowering reeds and running water, and fish beneath
the plants, are Nilotic in the extreme. Nevertheless, the Cretan
artists were by no means slavish imitators.

Perhaps of all the points of contact nothing is so Egyptian as
the succession of life-size human figures upon the corridors at the
southwest entrance of the palace. "Here," says Mr. Evans, "we
see large processional scenes of strikingly Egyptian character " (Arch.
Report Eg. Ex. Fund, 1899-1900, p. 63). The conventional flesh
colors ruddy brown for the men, white for the women are the
same, as is the general attitude of the youths, as seen, e.g., on
the walls of the tomb of Rekhmara, Governor of Thebes under
Thothmes III.

There is a marked analogy between the pictographic Cretan
script found at Cnossus and Egyptian hieroglyphics, though Cretan
scripts do not, as a rule, closely resemble Egyptian writing. An
Egyptian diorite statue found in the eastern court of the palace at
Cnossus is regarded by Mr. Evans as evidence for the date of the

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 5

palace, and for the intercourse of Crete with Egypt from 2500 to
2000 B.C. Possibly, however, the statue may have been imported
much later than the date of its execution.

4. Mr. Howard Crosby Butler, of Princeton University,
Sculpture in Northern Central Syria.

Since the publication, nearly forty years ago, of the important
-work of Count Melchior de Vogue, almost no archaeological research
.has been carried on in central Syria, except by a few German epigra-
phists. Neither M. de Vogue nor his followers have mentioned any
important remains of sculpture excepting in connection with archi-
tectural details.

During the year 1899-1900, an American expedition, conducted
'by the speaker, was at work in the country explored by M. de Vogue,
.and in the neighboring regions which have never before been visited
by archaeologists, and found, in addition to a great number of in-
scriptions and monuments of architecture, considerable remains of
sculpture of uncommon interest. The sculpture is all in the form of
reliefs, and usually appears in connection with funeral monuments,
although specimens were found adorning other buildings, as the pedi-
ment of a Eoman temple or the lintel of a private dwelling, while
,some reliefs were standing in the open country and not connected
with tombs or other buildings. The most important reliefs were
found in the rock-cut tombs of two ruined and deserted cities, Dehes
,and Frikya. In the former the receptacles for the bodies were
carved to represent Roman couches. Above these were portrait
busts. Other decorations consisted of small reliefs representing
various mythological scenes and personages. In one of the tombs in
the latter place is an elaborate group representing a funeral banquet ;
two . figures, of life size, reclining on a couch before a table, and
attended by servants and members of the family. Above this group
is a frieze of small figures in procession toward an altar. Opposite
it is a line of portrait busts. In this tomb there are inscriptions
furnishing names and the date. The other tomb in this place is
.adorned with statues of Graeco-Roman deities, and one of some high
dignitary, in niches, all cut in the living rock. All of these reliefs
are executed in excellent late classic style. A much mutilated
relief, standing in the open c.ountry, represents a figure, slightly less
than life size, mounted upon some kind of an animal. Another free
standing relief represents a man in armor, with a lion on one side
and a huge serpent on the other.

Some of the sarcophagi are ornamented with reliefs, usually busts,

6 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

although one was found with the conventional genii and garlands
carved upon its side. The faces of the reliefs have been mutilated,
in every case presumably by the Mohammedan natives of present
and mediaeval times.

5. Mr. Edward L. Tilton, of New York, The Publication of
the Results of the American Excavations at the Argive Heraeum.

The Argive Heraeum occupies a low foot-hill of Mt. Euboea a
few miles north of the Gulf of Argos. A massive Cyclopean wall
retains the upper terrace upon which was built the old temple, whose
remains indicate it to have antedated the Heraeum at Olympia. The
old temple was destroyed by fire in 423 B.C., and a new temple built
upon a lower terrace constructed for the purpose by levelling the
ground and building a retaining wall on the southern side, against
which a beautiful Stoa was constructed about coeval with the new
temple. Many interesting proportions developed in connection with
these fifth century buildings. A unit of measurement of 0.326 m.
prevails throughout both, and coincides with the unit discovered by
Dr. Dorpfeld at Olympia. Another noteworthy structure was the
so called " West Building," possibly a hospital, dating from the
sixth century B.C. Two of the rooms contained stone couches simi-
lar to those found at Aegina in a rock-cut grave (Expedition de
Moree, III, 40). A third room was closed by a stone door resembling
the marble door of a grave at Palatitza (see HEUZEY, Mission Arche-
ologique de Macedoine, pi. 21). The occupation of the sacred site
under Roman rule is marked by a late building, with floor construc-
tion similar to that in the baths at Pompeii.

6. Professor Karl P. Harrington, of the University of Maine,
Some Artistic Types familiar to a Roman Country Grentleman.

Perhaps nobody in the Augustan age comes nearer to the ideal of a
Roman country gentleman than the poet Albius Tibullus. Unlike
Propertius, Tibullus does not mention either works of art or artists
by name. But he possessed a pictorial imagination, and evidently
reproduced in many cases what he had seen in concrete form in
marble or in painting. Especially in his references to the gods, and
other personages of mythology, it is clear that he had in mind
certain definite types with which he had become familiar through
works of art. Since he never was in Greece proper, and spent most
of his life at or near home, most or all of these types must have
been those with which he had become familiar at Rome or in the
vicinity. Of these, some may be identified with a reasonable degree

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 7

of certainty, others may have a respectable argument made for them,
and in a considerable number of instances a reason may be dis-
covered for the conjecture as to the existence of works of art to us
otherwise unknown.

(1) Types apparently to be identified are : the Apollo Citharoedus
of Scopas, described, practically, at the beginning of the fifth
elegy of Book II ; the capitoline bust of Dionysus, referred to in
connection with the horns in II, 1, 3 ; the original from which
the Mars and Rhea Sylvia episode is copied, on the Ara Casali;
the Scopas relief exhibiting the great-winged Death on the drum
of the column of the temple of Diana at Ephesus ; the Nike of
Paeonius combined with that of Samothrace, and the Sibyl restored
by Messalla, near the Roman rostra.

(2) Probable types are found in the Demeter fresco in Pompeii,
the Artemis of Versailles, the Apollo Belvedere, Apelles's painting
of Venus Anadyomene in the temple of the Divine Julius, the bow-
stringing Eros, the Pompeian fresco of the Parcae, and others.

(3) In several cases the existence in the times of Tibullus of
works of art, especially frescoes, may be conjectured, as of Pales,
Tantalus, a prototype of the modern Aurora, Thetis riding on a
dolphin, the Elysian Fields, Bellona (probably a fresco) in the
temple of the goddess, and Vertumnus.

It appears from these instances that we may draw two conclusions :
(a) the works of sculpture best known to Tibullus were those of the
Praxitelean epoch, as is natural, when we consider the society in
which he moved ; (6) there were surely many fine frescoes at Rome
of which we have now no knowledge save through such hints as
these which Tibullus gives us in his elegies.

7. Rev. Walter Lowrie, of Philadelphia, An Early Christian
Representation of Jonah, in the Metropolitan Museum.

[This paper is published in full below, pp. 51-57.]

8. Rev. Dr. James B. Nies, of Brooklyn, Excavations in
Palestine and what may be expected from them, and some observa-
tions made in 1899, during a series of journeys which covered the
greater part of Eastern and Western Palestine.

In many places tombs are robbed by the fellahin, and such places
as Caesarea, Jerash, and Ammam are ieing rapidly destroyed by the
Bosnian and Circassian colonies. While surface exploration has
been done with considerable thoroughness by travellers and previous

8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

surveys, especially in Western Palestine, excavations have scarcely
been begun. Of the hundreds of mounds or tells covering ancient
towns and cities, and of the hundreds of other ruins which exist
there, only Jerusalem, Tell el Hesy, and about half a dozen other
unimportant sites have as yet been attempted, and that not in a very
thorough manner. Such important places as the Philistine cities,
Samaria, Beth Shean, Megiddo, and the whole East-Jordan country
are virgin soil for the spade of the excavator.

Dr. Nies spoke of the need of combining excavation with the other
work of the School for Oriental Archaeology, recently established at
Jerusalem, and of the necessity of augmenting the $4000 a year thus
far pledged by an endowment of at least $200,000 for this purpose,
in order to carry on this work in a rapid and scientific manner.

Among objects not, to his knowledge, previously described, he
observed a large circle at the eastern end of Mount Carmel, a dolmen
near Ras el Abyad on the road to Tyre, a well-preserved stone circle
on the slope of Jebel Osha, beside the road leading from Salt to
Nablous, six uninscribed Roman mile-stones on the road from Pella
to Ajlun, formerly part of the road from Pella to Jerash, also four
inscribed Roman mile-stones southeast of Yajuz. He found a late
Greek inscription at the Ramet el Khalil near Hebron, and identified
four large fragments of bulls recently found by the American
missionaries at Sidon, while digging for foundations for a new
building, as being Persian bull-capitals similar to those which sur-
mounted the sixty pillars of the throne room of Artaxerxes at Susa.
Finally, he discovered a low hill, with ruins and numerous large
caves and cisterns, near Mashita, now bearing, among the Arabs, the
name Mashita ; the name of the latter place being the Khan.

Remarks were made by Rev. Dr. John P. Peters, and Rev.
Dr. J. H. Thayer.

THURSDAY, DECEMBER 27. 2.30 P.M.

At the joint session the following papers of archaeological
interest were read.

1. Professor J. R. Sitlington Sterrett, A Ruined Seljuk
Khan compared with Anatolian Khans of To-day.

Sultan Khan (= Royal Khan) lies about thirty miles west of Ak
Serai (Archelai's), in the arid, treeless waste known as the Lycaonian
desert.

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 9

The Arabic inscriptions on its portals inform us that in 662 A.H.
;(= 1264 A.D.) Alan-eddin, the eleventh and last of the Seljuk
sSultans of Iconium, gave orders for the construction of the Khan.

The ground plan exhibits a building whose total length is 121.62 m.
The building consists of two great quadrangles separated by a
wall. The front quadrangle is 66.75 m. long and 43.32 ni. wide.

On entering we find ourselves in a great open court, along whose
; southern side is a series of chambers varying in size and lighted
only from the doors, which open directly upon the court. On the
north side of the court is a series of intercommunicating arcades.
In the centre of the court is a Kublak resting on four pillars and
supported by groined arches.

A portal in the centre of the western wall of the court gives
entrance to an annex 54.87 m. long and 36.85 m. wide. This annex
is a spacious stable whose roof is supported by lofty groined arches,
-above which rises a tower intended to insure proper ventilation, for
the stable has no windows and only the one doorway from the
court.

The Khan, which faces east, is massively built of well-hewn
stones, and on the outside shows a dead, windowless wall more than
2 m. in thickness. But to make it still more secure, it is supported
by ten buttresses at suitable intervals.

The building has but one entrance, through a lofty and richly
decorated portal in the centre of the eastern facade. The portal
of the stable, which opens from the court, is smaller, but richly
decorated.

Though it marks the very end of the Seljuk empire, the Sultan
Khan is one of the finest specimens of Seljukian architecture.

2. Professor Harold North Fowler, of Western Reserve
University, The Connexion of Phidias with Pericles and his
^Buildings.

The belief that Phidias was the general overseer of building
operations under Pericles is based upon the statement of Plutarch
in his Life of Pericles, chapter xiii. This is derived from Ephorus,
who in turn derived it apparently from Stesimbrotus of Thasos, a
thoroughly untrustworthy writer. It is probably no more true than
are the reasons given by Aristophanes for the breaking out of the
Peloponnesian War. There is, therefore, no reason for connecting
Phidias with the sculptures of the Parthenon, unless the style of
the work shows that he was the artist who created it.

10 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28. 9.30 A.M.

1. Professor George Hera pi, of the University of Michigan,
Interpretation of the Scene and Inscription on the Praenestine
Cista at Paris.

[New interpretations of some of the figures and inscriptions on
the early Praenestine cista at Paris (cf. Mel. Arch. Hist. vol. X) were
offered.]

2. Professor Bernadotte Perrin, of Yale University, The
" Hiereiai " of Hellanicus and the Burning of the Argive
Heraeum.

The testimony of Pamphila (Aulus Gellius, XV, 23) to the relative
ages of Hellanicus, Herodotus, and Thucydides, may be, and proba-
bly is, factitious in its exact figures; but there is no convincing
reason to doubt its general truth. Hellanicus may have been a
slightly older contemporary of Herodotus, a much older contemporary
of Thucydides, and may have survived even the latter. Thucydides
certainly, and Herodotus probably, drew much material from prior
works of Hellanicus, though both looked down upon his methods
as far inferior to their own. Hellanicus passed through the choro-
graphical and genealogical methods of composing history to the
method of the chronicle and annal, but beyond this method, in spite
of the brilliant example of Herodotus, he never advanced.

Of the ten great works to be attributed with certainty to Hellani-
cus, none is wholly exclusive of the others either in method or mate-
rial, and it is clear that he reworked much of his material as he
passed from one predominating method of composition to another.
This is not surprising.

It is surprising, however, to find that the two great chronological
works of Hellanicus, the Hiereiai and the Atthis, cover much the
same ground, and follow the same method. Both have a mythical
and legendary period, where the chronology is reckoned by genera-
tions, a unit of thirty -three years ; and both a historical period,
where the chronology is reckoned by recorded lists of public officials.
In the case of the Hiereiai, the official is the priestess of Hera at
the Argive Heraeum ; in that of the Atthis it is the annual arch on
at Athens. Both covered the recent history of the Peloponnesian
War, but with the remarkable difference that the Hiereiai gives us
no fragment (i.e. is cited by no later writer) for any event later than
the opening years of the war, while the Atthis gives us fragments for

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 11

much later events, such as the Sicilian expedition (415 B.C.) and the
battle of Arginusae (406). To all appearances the Hiereiai was dis-
continued and superseded by the Atthis, and both were Hellenic
chronicles.

The catastrophic burning of the Argive Heraeum in November,
423 B.C., which Thucydides narrates with remarkable detail (IV, 133,
2, 3), furnishes a reasonable and natural explanation why Hellanicus
should abandon the chronological thread for his Hellenic history
which had been supplied by the archive lists of temple priestesses ;
and the boundless prestige of Athens during the years between her
great triumph over Sparta at Sphacteria (425) and the Peace of
Nicias (421) made it equally natural for him to select, as a new
chronological thread on which to rearrange the old material of the
Hiereiai and arrange the new material brought by the advancing
years, the archive lists of annual archons at Athens. No basis of
chronology bade fairer to win national currency than this.

In the chronological passages II, 2, 1, and V, 20, 2, in Thucy-
dides, we may, on this explanation, see veiled reference to both the
Hiereiai and the Atthis of Hellanicus ; in the later passage I, 97, 2,
to the Atthis alone, which was then recognized as the final form of
the great national chronicle. For neither has Thucydides a kindly
word.

3. Miss Mary H. Buckingham, of Boston, The Work of the
Grerman Reichslimeskommission.

The frontier of the Roman Empire between the Rhine and the
Danube has been the subject of a systematic investigation under the
sanction of the German government, since 1892 ; and the work, now
nearing completion, has greatly enlarged our knowledge of the nature,
the position, and the history of the boundary and of the structure
connected with it. It consists of two parts : the frontier of the
province of Raetia, running west from, a point on the Danube above
Regensburg, and that of upper Germany, which starts from the
Rhine about midway between Bonn and Coblenz and meets the other
line at a right angle, some twenty-five miles east of Stuttgart. The
general course of the line, with the positions of many of the forts and
watch-towers which guarded it, was already well known, as was also
the main distinction that the Raetian boundary was marked by a
stone wall, and the German, by a rampart of earth with a wide ditch
in front. Now, however, at least two earlier stages have been dis-
covered for both portions, one when the actual limes or patrol-path
connecting the forts and guard-houses was protected on the side of the

12 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

enemy by a fence of stout posts with an interlacing of branches, and
another when the main barrier was a stockade or palisade of tree-
trunks or half-logs set close together in the ground and bound by
crosspieces. This palisading was replaced by the stone wall in
Raetia, but was retained when the earthwork was constructed for
Upper Germany, and always formed the chief barrier for that prov-
ince. To these early stages also belongs a series of entrenched
camps and wooden guard-houses, afterwards superseded by the stone
structure to which the visible remains belong.

The first part of the boundary to be laid out was probably that
north of the Main, and the date, the time of Domitian's war with
the Chatti, in the year 83 A.D. To Hadrian may perhaps be assigned
the change to more substantial fortifications and with it the altera-
tion of the route from an irregular line, keeping along the high
ground, to a system of straight lines. The pottery, coins, and in-
scriptions are important guides for dates. Many forts have been
discovered, both along the frontier and in the whole region between
it and the river. Detailed studies of some of these military posts
are the only part of the definitive publication that has yet appeared.
The territory in question was retained less than two centuries, the
frontier being again withdrawn to the Rhine and the Danube under
Gallienus (260-268 A.D.).

4. Professor W. H. Goodyear, of the Brooklyn Institute
Museum, The Leaning Facade of Notre Dame as compared with
that at Pisa.

In the facade of Notre Dame at Paris is a constructed outward
lean in the lower story, amounting to about 9 inches and of uniform
character throughout the whole front. This is a provisional estimate
obtained by plumbing the lower part of the fagade, as related to a
rough estimate of the height of the first gallery; but it is rather
under than over the exact measure. Above the gallery of statues
the facade becomes vertical, thus showing that no settlement has
occurred since the construction of the building. A uniform settle-
ment after the completion of the first story, against the thrust of the-
buttresses, and extending to the line of the side walls, would be
hardly conceivable.

A similar construction of a leaning lower facade which straightens
back to the perpendicular has already been proved to exist in the
Cathedral of Pisa. The outward lean at Pisa amounts to 17 inches,
San Michele at Pavia and San Ambrogio at Milan have the same
peculiarity of a front leaning forward to about one half the height,

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 13

and then bending back to the perpendicular. The lean at Pavia is
about 12 inches ; in San Ambrogio it is about 18 inches.

In all these cases the fact of the bend or return to the perpendic-
ular is more significant than the fact of the lean, considered in itself,
because it antagonizes the hypothesis of settlement after completion;
and the gradual character of the bend at Pavia is wholly inconsist-
ent with settlement during construction. The front of San Michele
has no galleries, and here the bend is a veritable curve, and at Pisa
the diminution of lean in the second gallery and final return to the
perpendicular gives the result of a curve. In the Cathedral of Fer-
rara the inclination of the facade is roughly estimated to be about 9-
inches (probably more), but here there is no return bend, and there-
fore a settlement is more easily assumed for such a case. There are,,
however, no indications of such partings, or repairs of partings, in
the side walls at Ferrara as a settlement and forward lean of 9 inches
would have involved. Careful search for such evidence of accident
was also made in vain at Pavia, but the side masonry is inaccessible
in the case of San Ambrogio. The wholly convincing and apparently
impregnable evidence of intentional construction is furnished by the
Pisa Cathedral.

My first observations on the masonry construction at Pisa were
made in 1870 and were published in Scribner's Magazine for August,
1874. Very careful and elaborate surveys of the masonry of the
Pisa facade were made in 1895 and were published in the Architec-
tural Record Quarterly for March, 1898 (vol. VII, No. 3).

The surveys were made on behalf of the Brooklyn Institute and
under my direction by a professional architect and surveyor, Mr.
John W. McKecknie, who was assisted by another architect, Mr,
Nelson Goodyear. These gentlemen have verified and corroborated
the original observations of 1870. Since the measurements taken in
1895, no expert has, so far, to my knowledge, disputed the inference
that a bending fagade was purposely constructed at Pisa. As Paris
is nearer than Pisa to the sphere of frequent visits on the part of
American experts, the observation on Notre Dame may draw their
attention in a larger degree to the remarkably convincing measure-
ments made at Pisa. These measurements relate to the masonry
courses of black and white marble along the bays of the side walls
and to the angles at which they enter the corner pilasters of the
facade. As taken at various points and various elevations these
measurements refute the suggestion of settlement at any point or
period of construction. Taken collectively, they prove that each
stone was cut for the position which it now occupies j and this proof

14 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

has been duplicated by photographs taken in such detail as to show
the cutting of each individual block of masonry on the side walls of
the Pisa Cathedral. (The Brooklyn Institute Survey made, alto-
gether, fifty-five photographs of this Cathedral.)

Much stress is laid on the above measurements because the con-
struction of a leaning or bending facade is so wholly foreign to the
mental attitude and artistic ideals of the nineteenth century. Even
the possibility of the existence of another ideal at certain centres,
and during certain periods, of the Middle Age has hardly dawned as
yet on the historians and critics of mediaeval art. It is only, how-
ever, when many related phenomena are carefully studied and are
found to come under the same general explanation of a thoughtful
consideration of aesthetic or artistic effect, that any one of them
assumes really important proportions, in a general view of the
history of the Mediaeval Art. Hence the leaning or rather bending
facade of Notre Dame, if it be considered intentional, must be viewed
in relation to a large number of other facts wholly aside from facades
and relating to ground-plans, arcades, and dimensions in general.
Many such facts have been published in the Architectural Record
Magazine on behalf of the Brooklyn Institute Survey of Italian
Mediaeval Buildings. (See Am. J. Arch., 1897, pp. 440 f., 1898,
pp. 339 f., 1900, pp. 170 ff.)

5. Miss Harriet A. Boyd, of Smith College, Houses and
Tombs of the Geometric Period at Kavusi, Crete.

During the year 1900, the attention of all students of Greek
antiquities has been drawn to Crete by the brilliant discoveries of
the English archaeologists at Cnossus and Psychro, which reveal
Crete at the height of her greatness in the second millennium B.C.
At the same time, some light has been thrown on the obscurer period
which followed the Golden Age, by excavations at Kavusi, a village
about sixty miles east of Cnossus.

In Crete as well as in Cyprus, it seems true that whereas the
Mycenaean princes preferred the lowlands, their successors withdrew
to the mountains. The sites investigated at Kavusi are steep, almost
inaccessible, heights.

Earliest in date are a house and a small necropolis of " bee-hive "
tombs on " Thunder Hill," where iron swords with hilts of a late
Mycenaean type, bronze fibulae, and vases of Mycenaean shape with
geometric ornamentation, were found.

Of somewhat later date is a little castle perched on the "Citadel,"
more than 2000 feet above sea-level. Stone corn-rubbers and bowls

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 15

for pounding corn, stone and clay weights for looms, milk-bowls,
trumpet-shaped funnels, a stone table with a clay counter for play-
ing a game, are relics of the simple life of these mountaineers.

Contemporaneous with the castle is a "bee-hive" tomb, 2.90m.
in diameter, 2.10 m. in height. Here the geometric style is fully
developed : swords and knives are iron ; the only bronze weapons
are arrow-heads ; fibulae have disappeared, probably superseded by
buttons, of which there is one example in gold. The vases are varied
in shape, have a good glaze over the pink clay, and are elaborately
ornamented. The most unique is a hydria, on one side of which the
artist has painted mourning women, on the other a charioteer. These
.subjects as well as the general decoration recall figured vases of
Athenian manufacture in the Dipylon style, but certain differences
may be considered characteristic of Cretan art. First, the survival
of Mycenaean influence in a rhomboid-pattern which has been traced
loack to gold ornaments from Mycenae : second, the greater natural-
ism of the figures as compared with the Dipylon style. Of special
interest are fragments of thin bronze plate, engraved with a well-
executed design. The motive is Oriental, but the style is Greek.
The field is divided into bands, in Oriental fashion, and is filled with
sphinxes with backward-turned, helmeted heads. Grifnns with up-
stretched necks, a fine heraldic type, and a recurring pattern of a
man with one or two lions rampant. With superb mastery, the
artist has given individual expression to each tiny figure : one of the
lions is especially remarkable as a picture of snarling, reluctant
obedience, drawn in miniature with a few lines. The human figures
are strong, lithe, and dignified. The style resembles that of a gold
diadem found in a grave at the Dipylon, to which German archae-
ologists have ascribed a Greek origin.

Evidently the mountaineer chieftain buried in this tomb was a
man of taste. If it is worth while to study the Dark Ages of history
as well as the brilliant epochs, and the lives of humble folk as well
as of princes, the houses and tombs of the Geometric period at
Kavusi are not without value.

6. Professor Myron R. Sanford, of Middlebury College, The
Material of the Tunica and Toga.

With the passing of the simple toga and tunica of the early years
to the more ornate and complicated forms of dress, there came to
Eome many new fabrics to vie with the wool. Many Latin writers
tell of the use of linen, cotton, silk, and various mixed stuffs. The
impression received by students, however, in examining the common

ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

monographs on the subject is misleading, since the idea is usually
conveyed that rarely did the newer material actually supplant the
wool in making up the various articles of clothing. This inference
probably often a heredity of expression from one authority to
another, rather than a lack of knowledge on the subject is un-
fortunate. It is clear enough to those who have looked up the
references that even the toga, which, of all the garments belong-
ing to the Roman life, seemed least capable of dissociation from
the wools of Apulia and Canusium, was occasionally cut from other
fabrics.

No one seems to have undertaken the formidable task of an elabo-
rate study of the existing paintings and statuary representing the
Roman dress to determine how far the artists intended to suggest
various materials in their drapery. In some of the portrait statues
and Poinpeian paintings it is unreasonable to believe that the
clumsy, thick folds do not represent some form of wool, and
the lighter and sometimes diaphanous folds one of the thinner
fabrics. Frequently in painting, and not rarely in statuary, dif-
ferent materials are to be seen in the clothing belonging to the
same figure.

For several years the Latin department at Middlebury College
has been interested in experimenting with considerable variety of
material in imitation of some of the well-known figures. Besides
coming to certain conclusions regarding the graceful or stiff folding
of different cloths, these students have realized a fact insufficiently
emphasized in the manuals, namely, that no material, from heaviest
wool to the most delicate silk, will, of itself, take the beautiful fold-
ing of the ordinary statue or painting. The drapery in the latter is
always one of two results: it is either taken from the plaits and
foldings of the clothing of the model prepared beforehand with the
most painstaking care, or it is the conventionalizing of the artist.
Not until a trial is made will one realize how elaborate the process
must have been to produce the appearance of the toga of a Horten-
sius, for the accidental disarrangement of which on the crowded
street he sent to his friend a challenge. Often the simplicity of
certain effects is after elaborate effort. For example, the Com modus
of the Vatican collection seems to have the drapery dropping upon
the body in the most natural manner. But an attempt to imitate
will show that it is a case of art concealing art. The simplicity is
apparent only. Occasionally no imitation with material of any sort
whatsoever can follow the contortions in the drapery of certain
classic figures.

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 17

7. Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., of Princeton Univer-
sity, Some Contents of Early Etruscan Tombs and their Connec-
tion with Greece and the Orient.

Not many important points appear to remain undisclosed for the
period of undivided Greek influence in Etruria, beginning in the
sixth century B.C., but for the preceding four centuries a great deal
is still obscure. The collections and excavations made recently
under the writer's direction largely for the Etruscan section of the
new museum of the University of Pennsylvania, have advanced some
new facts in this field. Its series of Villanova urns the early
form of cinerary urn is most complete and varied both for form
and decoration, the examples extending through a period of over
four centuries. They give the key-note for early Etruscan pottery.
The museum also contains a number of pieces that show how the
terra-cotta vases and vessels were derived from bronze prototypes.
During the excavations at Narce, the Tomb of a Warrior (eighth
century) was found which is, perhaps, with the exception of a few
discovered at Vetulonia, the most important early tomb found in
Etruria for several decades. It contained a decorated high-crested
bronze helmet which stands at the head of its class, and a bronze
breastplate with similar decoration which is unique in that none
other has yet been found in Italian graves. Even the bronze accou-
trements of the warrior's horse were buried with him. This armor
dates from the close of the Homeric age. Its relation to Oriental
and Greek antiquities is not yet clear and would be most interesting
to investigate. On the other hand, another tomb of the eighth cen-
tury yielded the earliest Caryatid figures known, in rude supports
placed around the central bulb of two of the vase-holders that served
as primitive ovens. Here we already see Greek influence, for the
idea of the Caryatid is certainly not Etruscan. These Caryatids are
unique in early Etruscan pottery.

But that Oriental art continued to affect Etruria even in the suc-
ceeding (seventh) century is shown in a new manner by four vases
of identical shape found in a tomb at Corneto-Tarquinii. The first
pair are imported Phoenician vases of glazed Egyptian ware with
figures in low relief, the most perfect of this rare variety yet found :
the second pair were of Etruscan black ware, evidently made by a
native potter from a mould taken of the imported vases. This is
the first time that the direct copying of an imported object by
Etruscan artisans has been proved, and it opens up a wide field of
possibilities. The most fruitful is the development of styles in terra-

18 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

cotta through the moulding of metal objects, either as a whole, or in
the form of applique ornaments set into terra-cotta vases. A later
analogous fact is the making of Aretine terra-cotta ware from moulds
of Alexandrian silver ware. It is becoming clearer every day that a
large proportion of so-called Etruscan jewelry and bronzes are of
Greek workmanship or imitations of Greek originals, and the origi-
nality of the Etruscans is being curtailed.

8. Mr. Samuel Hudson Chapman, of Philadelphia, The Dis-
covery of a Doric Temple at Locri, Italy.

In May, 1897, and as proved by further examination during March,
1900, Mr. Chapman discovered a Doric Temple on the site of Locri-
Epizephyrii, Calabria, about 2 miles or 5 km. south of the present
town of Gerace, lying directly inland from the tower (II Torre di
Gerace) of the sixteenth century, still standing on the coast road.
In a series of pits sunk in line, he was able to trace the broad
stones of a Greek stylobate for a distance of 60 feet ; and found one
capital and a drum of a column. The capital has a straight echinus,
showing it to be of the latter part of the fifth century B.C., and
measures : abacus, 35 \ inches x 6 inches (0.895 m. x 0.152 m.) ;
echinus, 6 inches, encircled by ribbon of five incised lines; flutes
(twenty), 4 inches (0.105 m.) from centres ; circumference, 83 inches,
diameter, 26 inches = 0.66 m. ; shaft, one drum, length 45 J inches x
29f inches x 28^ inches = 1.14 m. x 0.745 x 0.725. The surface is
planed 4| inches to 4J inches, but the flutes are not cut in.

Within a radius of 100 yards from the temple platform, he found
one walled tomb (rifled), and graves of three types:

(1) Greek of the fourth century with terra-cotta sarcophagi of
large tiles, 20 inches square, with heavy rims.

(2) Greek. Walled with fine grooved bricks and covered with
large tiles with a V groove in the centre. Bodies had been cremated
in the graves.

(3) W r alled with brick, and covered with tiles from Greek graves
of the first class.

Several coins of Locri of the fourth and third centuries were
found. About two hundred yards north of the Doric temple, Mr.
Chapman found a section of wall and two fine Corinthian capitals
of a temple, and determined the site of a Corinthian temple.

9. Mr. William Fenwick Harris, of Harvard University,
The Publication of the Work of the Expedition to Assos in IS 81-
1883.

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 19

The book will be the most important contribution to the knowl-
edge of the monuments of classical antiquity made by America,
and it will represent many Greek civic buildings, such as have not
been found elsewhere. It will be of large folio size, 21 inches by
14 inches, and it is proposed to issue it in five sections, each to con-
tain about twenty plates, with brief explanatory letterpress. The
price will be five dollars for each part. The work will consist of
the plans, drawings, restorations, and photographs of the site of the
city, and of the buildings investigated, and will give all those details-
and measurements which may be of service to students of ancient
art. It has been prepared by Mr. Francis H. Bacon, a member of
the Expedition, assisted by Mr. Robert Koldewey, one of the most
eminent of living archaeologists, who also took part in the original
expedition.

Subscriptions may be sent to any member of the Committee, or
directly to the treasurer, W. E. Harris, at 8 Mercer Circle, Cambridge,
Massachusetts. Subscribers may pay for the parts as issued, or may
facilitate the publication by paying in advance either wholly or in
part.

The work is one of such great importance that the Committee in
charge feels justified in asking for the active cooperation of every
member of the Institute.

10. President Benjamin Ide Wheeler, of the University of
California, The Archaeological Work now in Progress under the
Auspices of the University of California.

President Wheeler spoke of the archaeological work undertaken
by the University of California (cf. Am. J. Arch., 1900, p. 477),
especially of that carried on by Dr. Uhle in Peru, and by Dr. Reisner
in Egypt. In Peru, near Huamachuco, are remains of an ancient
town, probably antedating the empire of the Incas. Here, at Cerro
Amaru and Marca-Huamachuco, walls, tombs, and wells were investi-
gated. Remains of sculpture were comparatively slight. At Viva-
cochapainpa, the type of walls and houses is later. Dr. Uhle thinks
the inhabitants of the country were forced to settle here in the plain,
and to give up their mountain cities, when they were conquered by
the Incas. Work will be continued.

In Egypt, at Coptos, numerous remains of the early period were
found in the ancient cemeteries. At Der el Ballas, a palace and
other remains of the later Theban empire were found, including some
relief sculpture, many personal ornaments, and other objects. At El
Ahaiwah, two cemeteries were investigated, one archaic, the other

20 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

of the twentieth dynasty or later. In both, many specimens of
pottery, ivory work, bronze, etc., were found. Dr. Keisner's work
will be continued. A more detailed report is in the New York
Sun, December 30, 1900.

FRIDAY, DECEMBER 28. 2.30 P.M.

1. Professor Samuel Ball Platner, of Western Reserve Uni-
versity, Recent Excavations in the Roman Forum.

This paper gives an account of the excavations in the Roman
Forum, which were begun in November of the year 1898, at the
instance of the Italian Minister of Public Instruction, Guido Baccelli,
and which have been directed most successfully by Cav. Giacomo
Boni, a Venetian engineer.

Commencing with the restoration of one or two of the ruins, and
the gathering together of architectural fragments which belonged to
the same structures, the work has developed until new excavations
have been made in almost every part of the Forum, and many most
valuable results, both topographical and archaeological, have been
obtained.

The chief discoveries have been made in the Basilica Aemilia, the
area of the Comitium and adjacent part of the Forum, the precinct
of the Vestal Virgins, the upper Sacra Via, and just recently beneath
the level of ground previously occupied by the church of S. Maria
Liberatrice.

Many perplexing problems have been introduced, the solution of
which cannot be reached until further excavations have brought
more light.

2. Professor Louis Dyer, of Oxford, New Aspects of Myce-
naean Cultus.

Professor Dyer showed with the stereopticon twenty-four slides,
by way of presenting new material bearing on Mycenaean Cultus.
This material is soon to be worked up by Mr. Arthur J. Evans,
Keeper of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. It consisted of four
groups of pictures. The first group, of four pictures, represented
the relics of the remotely prehistoric worship of monoliths found at
Hagiar Kim in Malta. This worship had affiliations with Hottentot-
like figures such as those at Hagiar Kim. These resemble Pro-
fessor Cartailhac's Palaeolithic Venus of Brassempouy. Mycenaean
cultus was far later, but had affinities with that at Hagiar Kim,

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 21

which appeared in Mr. Dyer's second. group of pictures, eight in
number. Two were of Mycenaean gems, and six were from the
recent excavations at Cnossus. A Cnossian fresco showed the
religious associations of the familiar sculpture over the Lion's Gate
at Mycenae, and these associations were worked out into further
detail by the two remaining groups of pictures, which represented
published and unpublished Mycenaean gems.

3. Professor John H. Wright, of Harvard University, The
Composition of Apelles's Calumny.

Many writers have denied that Apelles's Calumny and her Crew,
which Lucian says he saw in Egypt, and fully describes in his de
Calumnia, was a real picture. The speaker, however, contended for
its authenticity. He argued that the court scenes painted in fresco
on the frieze of one of the large rooms in the ancient Roman house
excavated in 1878 in the gardens of the Villa Farnesina (Mon. d. Inst.
XI), which are of Egyptian origin, are variations on the same theme,
and may therefore be used in the reconstruction of the original
picture. One of these in particular exhibits almost exactly the same
symmetrical composition, the same arrangement of lines and dis-
position of light and shade as the Calumny. The Aldobrandini
Nuptials, which is clearly a copy of an original of about the time of
Apelles, shows similar features in its composition. Hence the origi-
nal picture, as described by Lucian, even when regarded solely from
the point of view of composition, may well have been a work of the
late fourth century B.C., and since it exhibits other characteristics
of Apelles should not be denied to him. The paper was illustrated
with lantern slides, including diagrams.

4. Mr. E. P. Andrews, of Cornell University, Color on the
Parthenon and on the Elgin Marbles, recently Discovered Facts
and Resultant Theories.

In 1897, Mr. Andrews discovered on some squeezes made on the
east architrave of the Parthenon, traces of fine, carefully incised
lines, running either horizontally or vertically, and at regular inter-
vals. These appear only when the surface of the marble is well
preserved. These lines suggested that the architrave may once have
borne a painted pattern. Further investigation will be necessary to
determine the question.

In the summer of 1898, he made squeezes on all places on the
Elgin marbles where the surface is well preserved, and where a

22 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

painted pattern may reasonably be supposed to have existed. He
found no such lines as appeared on the architrave squeezes. Near
the edge, however, of the robe spread over the couch on which the
figure of the east pediment lettered M by Michaelis reclines, were
found plain traces of a painted border. The traces are in the form
of two parallel bands, and appear on both the front and back of the
statue. The question of color on the Parthenon pediment statues is
therefore no longer a matter of theory.

5. Professor Paul Haupt, of Johns Hopkins University,
The G-arrett Collection of Oriental Manuscripts.

Professor Haupt exhibited some of the most beautiful specimens
of the twelve hundred Oriental manuscripts recently acquired by
Messrs. John W. and Robert Garrett, of Baltimore, including a very
old Arabic manuscript bound in parchment and written about 1000
A.D., an exceptionally valuable old manuscript written on parchment
and containing, in beautiful Maghrabin characters, a considerable
portion of the manual of Malikite jurisprudence, edited by Malik's
most eminent disciple, Ibnal-Qasim, who died at Cairo in 806 A.D. ;
an interesting old Arabic manual of botany with pictorial illustra-
tions in colors; a superb manuscript of an astrological treatise,
written for the library of the famous opposer of the crusaders,
Sultan Saladin (1137-1193 A.D.) ; and some handsome specimens of
Oriental bindings.

The Garrett collection comprises 1171 Arabic and 23 Turkish
manuscripts, also a magnificent Persian manuscript with several
additional Turkish and Persian treatises bound up with some of the
Arabic manuscripts. A considerable number of them are very scarce,
and several of them absolutely unique. There are nearly one hun-
dred autographs.

All the various branches of Arabic literature are well represented :
poetry and other polite literature, history, biography, geography,,
travels ; lexicography, grammar, metrics, poetics, rhetoric, dialectics;
philosophy, logic, encyclopedic works ; astronomy and astrology,
mathematics ; magic, medicine, zoology, botany, mineralogy ; Koranic
exegesis, Mohammedan tradition, jurisprudence and theology, prayers
and other religious and miscellaneous works.

We shall hardly ever have a chance again to acquire a similar
collection. It is almost impossible at present to secure valuable
manuscripts in the East. Now that the United States has become
an Oriental power, we must devote special attention to the languages,
institutions, and antiquities of the Eastern nations. About half a

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 23

million of the inhabitants of the Philippine Islands, in the Sulu
Sultanate, and in the Islands of Palaiian, Balabac, and Mindanao,
are Mohammedans. Several Sulus still make the pilgrimage to
Mecca, and our " ally," His Highness the Sultan of Sulu, still recog-
nizes the Turkish Padishah as the Commander of the Faithful. The
Koran is the religious, moral, legal, political, and sanitary standard
for nearly two hundred million Mohammedans, from the Black Sea
down to Zanzibar and from Morocco to the Philippine Archipelago.
The United States ought to follow the example of the European
Governments in promoting the study of Eastern languages and
institutions, and establish, in Washington, an Oriental Seminary,
with native teachers under the direction of scientifically trained
American Orientalists, for the study of modern Oriental languages,
not only for Arabic, Persian, Turkish, Hindustani, Malay, Siamese,
Chinese, Japanese, but also for Tagalog, Visaya, and the other Phil-
ippine dialects. Benevolent assimilation without due regard to
native institutions is impossible.

G. Professor Thomas D. Seymour, of Yale University, Slav-
ery and Servitude in Homer.

Three characteristics of a slave have been named by recent writers :
A slave may not marry, nor hold property, and he is liable to be
sold. All these three marks of servitude are absent from the servi-
tude of the Homeric age. Eumaeus has a servant of his own, and
thus has commercium ; Dolius has a wife and children, and thus
connubium; while no slave is sold away from his home by Greeks.
The ordinary Greek word for slave does not appear in Homer in its
masculine form, and its nearest equivalent is cognate to the word
which is applied to the free soldiers who are subject to Agamemnon
on the plain of Troy. Nothing indicates the existence in Homeric
Greece of a class of men who had been the owners of the land, but
who (or whose ancestors) had been reduced to a state of servitude
by a conquering tribe. The three other main classes of slaves exist :
(1) slaves by descent, (2) slaves by capture in war, and (3) purchased
slaves ; but no class is inferior to the others in privileges or estima-
tion.

The Homeric family is patriarchal, and in general the interests
of master and man are counted identical. Male slaves are not known
to the household life of the Homeric age. Not even a porter is
found at a palace gate. The Achaean chieftains took no body ser-
vants with them on their expedition against Troy, nor the Argonauts
when they went fo 1 * the Golden Fleece. Slave labor has not yet

24 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

driven out free labor. Princes cook their own food, tend flocks, and
build their own houses. Princesses fetch water from the public
spring, and assist in laving the family linen, in addition to spinning
and weaving. The constitution of society on Olympus in this agrees
with that on earth: the gods had no servants. Athena does not become
a dressmaker by fashioning the robe of Hera, nor Hebe a waiting-maid
by bearing the cup of nectar and preparing the bath for Ares.

The slave trade, so far as it exists, is in the hands of Phoenicians
and Taphians, the chief traders, and the most notorious pirates
of the poems. The purchased slaves of whom we read in Homer
are only three in number. A tradition that the early Greeks had
no slaves is quoted with approval by Herodotus, and by other early
writers. Certainly, little which we should call slavery is known to
Homer, but the condition of the weaker depended largely on the
will and power of the stronger.

7. Professor Mitchell Carroll, of the Columbian University,
Aristotle's Theory of Sculpture.

Aristotle, who is the founder of the science of aesthetics, has
nowhere treated specifically the art of sculpture, yet the Poetics is
replete with observations stated primarily for poetry, that Aristotle
applies equally to painting and by implication to sculpture, as is
shown by passages in his other works.

Thus to treat for the moment sculpture merely he regards
it as one of the modes of mimesis, which, according to his theory,
constitutes the essence of the fine arts ; he finds the origin of sculp-
ture in the instinct of imitation ; he notices briefly the nature of the
pleasure derived from this art; as to the manner of imitation, he
finds color and form the vehicles of expression in sculpture (and
painting); he treats at great length the objects of imitation or the
subject-matter of sculpture, and defines three schools applicable to
this art as well as to poetry and painting Idealism, Realism, Cari-
cature. As he prefers plot to character-drawing in poetry, so he
prefers drawing to coloring in the formative arts. He distinguishes
between an idealism of expression and an idealism of technique ; of
the former examples are Sophocles and Polygnotus and Phidias,
of the latter Euripides and Zeuxis and Lysippus.

In this day when aesthetic theory has reached such extensive
development, the observations of Aristotle no doubt seem trite and
crude, yet in the formative arts, as in poetry, we must confess that
he has laid along certain lines the foundation on which later aesthetic
critics have built up their theories.

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 25

8. Dr. Charles Peabody, of Cambridge, Mass., The So-called
"Plummets"

These articles are found in nearly all parts of the United States.
The series may be said to begin with long flat pendants, continue
through the literally plummet-shaped objects, and end in the thick
globular or lozenge-shaped specimens that themselves merge into
sinkers. The size may vary from a length of an inch or less to three
or more, the great majority lying between. The material is for the
most part local, and may vary from ordinary stone to slate, hematite,
and even quartz. The objects have been found in greatest abundance
in Maine, Massachusetts, Florida, and California, while many of
the finer specimens are from the mound-building civilization of the
middle west. They occur in graves, in mounds (in Florida), and as
surface finds. Their occurrence as a whole tends to strengthen the
theory that they had some peculiar value attached to them.

The uses suggested, or which may be suggested, for them may be
classified as follows. I. In connection with fishing : (1) drag line
sinkers, (a) above the hook, (2) drag line sinkers, (6) below the
hook, (3) fishing-line sinkers, (4) net sinkers, (5) bait and hook
combined. II. In connection with the chase or warfare : (6) sling
stones, (7) black jacks, (8) the bolas. III. In connection with
textiles : (9) twine or line twisters, (10) spinning weights, (11) net-
ting weights, (12) weaving weights. IV. In connection with hitting
or grinding : (13) pestles, (14) hanging pestles, (15) paint stones,
(16) rubbing stones, (17) hammers. V. As ornaments: (18) ear-
rings, (19) pure pendants. VI. With superstitious significance :
(20) amulets, (21) charm stories, (22) lucky stones. VII. (23) As
drum rattles. VIII. (24) As plummets. IX. (25) As game stones.
In favor of their use in fishing is the fact that they nearly all come
from near possible fishing grounds, and that they are fairly well fitted
for the purpose. Against this is the fact that in many places other
undoubted sinkers are found at the same time, and such, or mere
notched pebbles, are almost always more easily procured and are
quite as well adapted to the purpose. In favor of their use in hunt-
ing, etc., we have some statements from early pioneers and the
analogy of the Esquimau bolas ; to the contrary stand the meagre-
ness of direct evidence and the ease with which most of the " plum-
mets" could be lost or broken. For their use in spinning, etc., is
the analogy of many foreign primitive peoples, but again there is a
great lack of direct evidence. On the other hand, there is a good
deal of evidence direct and from analogy that they were used as

26 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

charms or talismans. It is not improbable that in Maine and Florida
some were sinkers, in Florida, too, some ornaments ; in Maine some
may have been used in bolases; throughout the middle west they
may be called weaving-weights, perhaps, and in California, charm
stones. It seems very likely that all, whether used originally in
daily life or not, gathered about them later some aspect of super-
stition.

SATURDAY, DECEMBER 29. 9.30 A.M.

1. Dr. George H. Chase, of St. Mark's School, South-
borough, Mass., Shield Devices among the Greeks.

The use of shield devices among the Greeks goes back to prehis-
toric times, for we find them represented upon monuments of Myce-
naean date. We can distinguish two classes of emblems those
which were intended simply for ornament (decorative devices), and
those which were intended to make the shield more terrible in
appearance ("terrible" devices or apotropaed). The same two classes
may be recognized in Homer's descriptions of the shields of Achilles
(decorative), Athene and Agamemnon (terrible). With the histori-
cal period (from about 700 B.C.) our sources, both literary and monu-
mental, became much more copious, and reveal no less than ten
classes of devices, as follows: (1) Purely decorative devices.
(2) Devices intended to inspire fear (apotropaea). (3) Devices
which have reference to the worship of a god or goddess. (4) De-
vices chosen with reference to the nationality of the bearer, among
which we can distinguish : a. devices borne by private individuals ;
b. devices borne by whole armies. (5) Devices chosen with refer-
ence to some personal characteristic. (6) Devices which refer to
the deeds or the fortunes 0f the bearer. (7) Devices chosen with
reference to the descent of the bearer. (8) Devices which are copies
of works of art. (9) Devices which are symbolic of the bearer's
name. (10) Devices chosen from mere caprice, with no especial
significance.

2. Professor Edgar S. Shumway, of the University of Penn-
sylvania, " Satan's Throne " and Michelangelo.

The aim of the paper is to indicate a certain parallelism as well
as an historical connection between Greek Eomanticism and the
Romanticism of Michelangelo. It briefly describes Pergamon, giv-
ing some salient points in its history, including the origin of the
" first-bloom" of Pergamene art, and of the altar of Zeus, which is-

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 27

lield to be the throne or " seat of Satan " referred to in the book of
Revelation. Certain characteristics of the art of Pergamon are
given. That art is classed as essentially belonging to Romanticism.
The gap between Michelangelo and Pergamon is traversed. The
development of the romantic in his art is indicated. Attention is
called to the fact that the marbles which most interested him were
from the Pergamene School, or by artists under the Pergamene
influence. The assertions of writers on Michelangelo, that he had
no progenitors in art, and that his art is the direct opposite of Greek
.art, are claimed to be ill-based. The question regarding the real
difference between "classicism" and "romanticism" is raised, and a
parallel drawn between Greek and Florentine artists.

3. Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., of Princeton Univer-
sity, Did the Triumphal Arch originate with the Romans or the
Greeks?

A passage in Pausanias's Attika indicates that triumphal and me-
morial arches were not an original Roman invention without Greek
prototypes. In the course of his itinerary through Athens Pausanias
says, in connection with the Agora, or Market-place : " On the way
to the colonnade which from its paintings is called the Painted Col-
onnade, there is a bronze Hermes, called Hermes of the Market, and
near it is a gate. On this gate there is a trophy of a cavalry victory
of the Athenians over Plistarchus, who was in command of the cav-
alry and mercenary troops of his brother Cassander." Now, it is
known that this Plistarchus commanded the Macedonian garrison at
Chalcis in 312 B.C., though the exact date and circumstances of this
Athenian victory are unknown.

What Pausanias describes, therefore, is a free-standing gateway
in the market-place of Athens, surmounted by a group of sculpture,
and commemorating a victory. It appears to have been flanked by
a line of hermae on both sides, and probably stood in the centre of
the square, with the street passing beneath it, though it may possibly
have been on one side of the square. There is nothing in the text
of Pausanias to indicate whether the gate was arched or not, but this
is a secondary consideration. The probabilities are that it was
formed (like the Augustan entrance to the Roman market at Athens)
of an architrave surmounted by a gable and resting on a group of
columns or a pier at each end. The earliest Roman arches extant
though nearly three centuries later show how such a Greek
monument may have been shaped, if we remove the arcade inserted
by Roman architects within this framework. Such are the Julian

28 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

and Augustan arches at Orange, Aosta, and Rimini. It is well
known how in the colonnades, basilicas, theatres, amphitheatres, and
other public structures the Romans adopted the Greek scheme with
the insertion of arches under the architrave.

It has been already proved that the other two forms of Roman
memorial monuments the memorial column and the trophy
spring from Graeco-Macedonian prototypes ; and this now becomes
probable also in the case of the third and most important group of
the Memorial Arches.

4. Professor A. L. Frothingham, Jr., The Mediaeval Chapel
of the Sancta Sanctorum at the Lateran in Rome.

Before the Renaissance the Popes resided at the Lateran Palace,
and its chapel of S. Laurentius (/Sancta Sanctorum) occupied the
same position as Papal Chapel that the Sistine Chapel has since
occupied at the Vatican. Also, from its numerous important relics
ahd sacred objects, this chapel was held in unsurpassed veneration
there was no holier place in the world, says its inscription. In
the destruction of the Lateran by the Renaissance Popes this chapel
has alone remained, at the head of the Scala Santa, but it is practi-
cally unknown, as access to it has been forbidden since the Renais-
sance, even to the clergy that tend it. By special Papal permission
almost never granted the writer was enabled to enter and study
it, finding it to be the greatest gem of mediaeval art in Rome. The
original chapel appears to have existed in 600 A.D. or earlier, but the
present structure, including the immense base on which it is reared,
dates from Pope Nicholas III, about 1277 or 1278. The artist who
built and decorated it was Cosmatus, of a famous family of Roman
artists.

The chapel is apparently the earliest known example of the tran-
sition in the Roman school from a Neo-Classic to a Gothic style in
both architecture and painting. It is unique in its variety of vault-
ing methods in place of the usual Roman wooden roof, and is the
only remaining example of a mediaeval vaulted concentric structure
in Rome. Its apse has a low ellipsoidal dome ; its vestibule a barrel
vault ; while the chapel itself is surmounted by a high Gothic ribbed
cross- vault. The ornamentation is rich, perfect in detail, and covers
every inch of surface, reminding one, in this, of early Christian
structures at Ravenna. The mosaic patterns of the floor are more
varied and delicate than in any other Roman pavement : the walls
have, first, a high dado of beautiful marble slabs ; then, a blind gal-
lery of trefoil arches resting on exquisite twisted columns, each arch

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 29

enclosing a figure in fresco ; and finally, eight large fresco composi-
tions cover the wall spaces beneath the vaulting compartments,
which themselves are frescoed with the four Evangelists on a starred
blue ground. Mosaics, as was usual, decorated the apse, especially
the small dome. ' Notwithstanding restorations under Sixtus V, this
whole scheme of frescoes and mosaics is of especial importance for
the history of the revival of painting, because recent criticism has
made it probable that Giotto, instead of being Cimabue's pupil, was
trained in Koine (not Florence) and developed to a higher perfection
the style of some Roman master, perhaps this very Cosmatus, whose
works at the Sancta Sanctorum were executed when Giotto was a
boy of eleven or twelve.

5. Professor J. R. Wheeler, of Columbia University, A
JBronze Statue of Hercules in Boston.

This is a statue 1.01 in. in height, and represents the hero with
the right hand extended, very likely in friendly greeting, with the
club in the left hand and the lion-skin over the left arm and shoul-
der. The view was taken that the statue is a Roman work, presum-
ably of the Republican period, and that it shows a modification and
adaptation of Greek types of the fourth century.

6. Dr. Edmund von Mach, The Statue of Meleager in the
Fogg Museum of Harvard University.

The statue of Meleager now in the Fogg Museum of Harvard
University was excavated at San Mariuella near Rome in 1895, and
deposited in Cambridge as an indefinite loan by Mr. E. W. Forbes
(Annual Report of the President of Harvard College, 1898-1899, p. 284).
It was mentioned in Not. Scavi, 1895, Rom. Mitth. X, p. 92, and briefly
described by R. Norton, in Harvard Graduates' Magazine, June, 1900.

A careful examination of the statue shows its superiority over the
Berlin torso, and also over the Medici head. In the Harvard Meleager
the teeth are represented and carefully undercut from the upper lip
and the roof of the mouth behind. The shape of the head is less
bullet-like than the Medici head, and in actual measurements agrees
more closely with the Vatican head. The modelling of the entire
statue is superb: "its nobility and beauty," it is said, "as a whole,
seem to warrant the belief that it is Greek work of the fourth
century." This, I believe, is contradicted by the abundant use of
marble supports (eight or more) and a few signs of carelessness. I
believe the statue to be a work of the time of Augustus. An
interesting parallel is found on a slab from the Ara Pacis Augusti

30 ABCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

(Wickoff, Roman Art, pi. ii). The statue is a copy, or more probably
an adaptation, of an earlier type. This type must be later than
Scopas on account of the treatment of the hair, and the peculiar way
of expressing character by the lips (cf. a head of a woman from
Pergamon in the Berlin Museum, Cast in the Boston Museum,
Kobinson, Catalogue, 162).

7. Dr. A. S. Cooley, of Auburndale, Mass., The Excavations
of the American School in Corinth.

Dr. Cooley treated of the topographical aspects of the work at
Corinth, presenting a map of the village and excavations made from
his surveys in 1898 and 1899, and, based on this, a conjectural plan
of the ancient Agora and adjacent parts, showing locations of objects
mentioned by Paiisanias (II, 2, 5-4, 7), so far as these have already
been found or can be pointed out with probability.

The boundaries of the Agora and of the temenos of the temple of
Apollo were determined from data given by ancient remains, certain
natural conditions, and indications from present streets and walls,
which last it seemed legitimate to regard, as there has been a con-
tinuous settlement here since the refounding of Corinth by Julius
Caesar, and no modern " improvements " have caused changes. In
fact, these indications agree well with the data given by remains
from antiquity.

The Propylaea and a paved road discovered in two trenches
determine entrances to the Agora on the north and south. Those of
the roads to Cenchreae and Sicyon, as well as the roads themselves,
were indicated on the plan conjecturally.

The probable sites of the temples of Fortune and of All the Gods
are indicated by their proximity to the unique fountain recently
discovered. The temple of Hermes probably occupied the site of
the old church of St. John, while that of Octavia, " above the Agora,"
stood where the present village church stands.

We can now reconstruct the Propylaea by which Pausanias left the
Agora, going, north on the grand avenue, which is forty feet and more
in width, paved with slabs of white limestone. This is certainly the
" straight road toward Lechaeum," and has been partly uncovered.

A possible location for the statue of Heracles outside the Propylaea
was pointed out, and a glance taken at Pirene the great court
before the facade of six cave-like chambers, 011 the other three sides
semi-circular buildings with niches for statues, one of which has
b3en found,, and in the centre a circular basin.

The next object in the description is a seated Hermes with the

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 31

ram. Dr. Cooley has identified its location a short distance north
of Pirene and close to the paved street, a coin of Antoninus Pius's
time (Gardner, Types of Greek Coins, pi. xv, no. 24) furnishing most
valuable evidence.

Further groups of statuary and the famous Baths of Eurycles,
together with those erected by Hadrian, can be located within
narrow limits.

Of the objects on the Sicyon road the temple of Apollo, the
fountain of Glauce, the theatre, and Lerna may be regarded as
established beyond reasonable doubt, and by the aid of these fixed
points we may easily determine where to search for others not yet
discovered, the monument to Medea's children, the Odeum, and the
temples of Athena Chalinitis and Jupiter Capitolinus.

The following papers were read by title :

1. Professor Edward Capps, of the University of Chicago,
'E-TTt TT}? cr/crjvfjs and /Similar Expressions.

During the last ten years the use of the word o-Krjvrj with eTrt, SLTTO,
and other prepositions has played a part in discussions relating to
the stage of the Greek theatre. Although a knowledge of the exact
meaning of these expressions is manifestly of the highest importance
for a critical estimate of the force of the arguments based upon them,
yet no one has undertaken to collect and analyze the numerous pas-
sages in Greek literature in which they occur. In the classical
period the usage is practically confined to Aristotle's Poetics. A
study of the context in each instance shows that Aristotle does not
intend to designate the position of the actors as opposed to that of
the chorus, but includes both elements in the expression, which is
equivalent to " in the theatre." There is, therefore, no implication
of height in the preposition liri The same thing holds good for
later times. eVt TOV Otdrpov is found as a parallel phrase, and even
lv rfj o-Krjvfj occurs. The explanation of this use of (TKrjvrj in the gen-
eral sense of " theatre " is found in the history of the two words
a-Kyvr) and dtarpov. In view of the strict limitation of Oearpov in early
times to the meaning " spectators," the word o-Krjvrj was naturally
chosen for the general idea of " theatre," " dramatic or mimetic per-
formance." The modern expressions " on the stage," " auf der Buhne,"
etc., while exact idiomatic equivalents of c-rrl rfjs ovcr/v^s, unfortunately
import into the ancient phrase a connotation derived from the
arrangement of the modern theatre, and have thus helped to perpetu-
ate an error concerning the Greek theatre.

32 AECHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

2. Dr. George Dwight Kellogg, of Yale University, An
Unidentified Building near the Forum next to S. Adriano.

The site of the recently excavated Basilica Aemilia is occupied in
part by a late structure of the time of Theodoric. In the corner of
the basilica next to S. Adriano there is a bit of wall standing, having
on the interior a niche facing a small square chamber, on whose
diagonals are the springings of brick arches. In the manuscript of
Orsini, Vat. 3439 fol. 46, there is a drawing of the corner of the
entablature of this building, probably by Panvinio, whose almost
undecipherable note is as follows : T. Vulcani hand procid a foro-
paulo supra. Dionysius Hbro 2, ubi hodie S. Hadriano ubi inventus
lapis Farnesiorum spoliatus a Bellaio et Cesarino. Ornamenta portici
eius ex Tibertino, foderatus (sic) ex marmore nobili. In nichio ante
porticum fuit vas porpliyreticum quod fuit res apta aedibus, postea ad
uUlam luliam. Pes eius ferreus est. Bellaius naufragio periit. The
first part of this note, with an account of the building, may be found
in Huelsen's article in the Annali, 1884, pp. 323 ff., also in Lanciani's-
monograph on the Senate-house. This corner of the basilica looks
as if it had been changed in late times into a private mansion. We
may have here the domus palmata (see De Rossi, B. Com. Roma,.
1887, p. 64, Jordan, I 2 , pp. 258-259, etc.) mentioned by Cassiodorus,
Var. IV, 30. Theodoric writes to Albinus, a Roman noble, granting
him permission to erect new buildings near the Forum near the
Senate : curbae (al. legunt Curiae) portions quae iuxta domum palma-
tam posita forum in modum areae decenter indudit, superimponendis
fabricis licentiam condonari. The Domus Palmata is of some inter-
est, as it is mentioned several times. Lanciani (Ruins and Excava-
tions, pp. 239-240) considers it the same as the house of Anicius
Glabrio Faustus " quae est ad palmam," from which the Codex Theo-
dosianus is said to have been promulgated in 438.

3. Mr. Charles O'Connor, of Iowa College, Some Peculiarly
Constructed Conduits in the Roman Forum.

Among the structures uncovered during the recent excavations in
the 'Forum are three conduits which look like sewers but have the
lower half of one wall projecting into the interior so as to form a
ledge or shelf about 0.30 m. wide and 0.65 m. high. The conduits
themselves, which are built of large blocks of ash-colored tufa and
arched with the same material, are about 1.50 m. high and 1.00 m,
wide. One lies beneath the stairway of the Temple of Saturn, one
partly beneath the approach of the Temple of Concord and partly

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 33

under the Clivus Capitolinus, and the third, which is a branch
of the second, is also under the Clivus Capitolinus. Their
general direction is from the Temple of Vespasian toward the
Rostra.

In spite of their general resemblance to drains, it is hard to believe
that these conduits were drains. The ledge could serve no purpose
in a drain, the bottom and sides, although constructed of soft stone,
show no signs of erosion, and in descending the conduits divide
while drains would unite. Several' lines of lead pipe, lately un-
covered near the monument of Stilicho, which extend toward the
Rostra, a fragment of lead pipe lying in a channel of tiles at the end
of one conduit, fragments of a small stone channel or trough still
containing a calcareous deposit, which was destroyed in building the
larger conduits, and fragments of a similar channel lying on the
ledge of one conduit, all indicate that at various times a supply of
water was brought down from the Capitoline through this place.
So it seems reasonable to conclude that the conduits were built to
carry water pipes and that the pipe was laid upon the ledge to
preserve it better and to facilitate the work of the plumber. Some
method like this was desirable in order not to disturb the pavement
of the Clivus Capitolinus, or the temple foundations, by which nearly
the whole space was filled, when a water pipe burst. Where the
third conduit branches from the second, there is a small opening
from one to the other at the level of the ledges, through which the
pipe passed, and an arch in the lower part through which the
plumber could creep.

The position of the conduits, which all seem to have been built at
about the same time, with reference to the foundations of the temples,
shows that they were probably built just before the restoration of
the temples of Saturn and Concord under Augustus.

4. Dr. Ernst Riess, of Manhattan College, The Magical
Papyri and Ancient Life.

The paper undertakes to show the interest attached to these much
neglected remains of ancient writing.

The edict of Diocletian in 296 A.D. intended to put an end to
all witchcraft. Evidently, however, he did not succeed, or the books
before us would no longer exist. But they found a safe resting place
in the tombs of the dead.

Then the question is discussed to which age these papyri belong,
and the conclusion is reached that the two centuries after Hadrian's
death is the most likely time. This must be understood, however,

34 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

only of the collection as a whole, for it is evident that the single
components must have circulated for some time before.

Who were the authors of these papyri ? Three nationalities seem
to have been the main contributors ; viz. Jews, Egyptians, and Greeks.
This seems to point to Alexandria and its inhabitants. The writer
tries to show, however, that this assumption is not binding for the
elements of the collection. The three sources and their traces, in
the beliefs and customs mentioned in the papyri, are discussed in
detail. Attention is also called to the remarkable absence of Roman
influence.

The question is then taken up, what can we learn from our books
about the way of living, and the feelings and thoughts of the authors?
The estimate reached is a pretty low one. This is partly offset, how-
ever, by some elevated and high-spirited passages, one of which is
given.

The paper closes with an outlook upon the religious vista opened
up by the papyri.

5. Mrs. Sara Y. Stevenson, of Philadelphia, Notes on Some
Important Objects in the Egyptian Collection of the University
of Pennsylvania.

Mrs. Stevenson referred to objects recently received from Mr.
Flinders-Petrie's excavations for the Egypt Exploration Fund at
Abydos. Six out of eight of Manetho's Kings for the first dynasty
have with more or less certainty been identified and a full series
of fragments inscribed with their names is now in Philadelphia.
Although the relative archaism of these texts is striking, the execu-
tion of the engraving on hard stone and on certain rock crystal frag-
ments is amazingly fine, and the pieces of ivory inlay betray a wealth
of decoration which sets back certain familiar decorative motives of
industrial art to the dawn of History. The use of elegant furniture
also points to a degree of refinement quite beyond that of a primitive
stage of society.

Many points of interest will be raised by the new texts. One of
them is the relation borne by the standard upon which stands the
divine hawk to the hieroglyph for " Neter," i.e. God. This has hith-
erto been regarded as an axe. An objection to this view has always
been that, as an object, it differs from the known types of Egyptian
axes. On the Abydos fragments of the first dynasty, the ideogram
for "Neter" is depicted as a pole from which two horizontal bars
stretch forth, the upper one of which is slightly bent upward,
quite unlike the later blade-like form of the " Neter " ideogram (see

GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER, 1900 85

Amelineau, p. xxxvii; also Petrie, XXV, 51, XIX, 7; XII, 2),
whilst the axes contemporaneously represented already assume spe-
cialized forms unlike the "Neter" sign.

It therefore appears that this important ideogram was not an axe
as is constantly assumed. What it was is still doubtful, but the new
texts furnish a suggestion worthy of notice. On a fragment of the
reign of Merpaba in the Philadelphia collection is represented the
Horos hawk standing on his standard, and here the standard assumes
exactly the form of the ideogram for God " Neter," only streamers
hang from the rear. The same form recurs on other fragments
(Amelineau, VIII, and Petrie, VI, 4-V, 12, and also 79 and 80). In
the latter examples, dating from the last reign of the first dynasty,
and from that of Perabsen (second dynasty ?) no streamers occur.
Such is the similarity that such signs on certain texts of Kha
Sekhemui have been read " Neter," but are now seen to be the
standard under the sacred bird (Petrie, p. 19).

In the detailed hieroglyphs of Medum the " Neter " ideogram was
often drawn with two and once even three bars, and was painted
yellow, and Mr. Petrie has called attention to a lack of resemblance
to an axe and to the fact that this ideogram was grouped among tex-
tile offerings. The recently discovered archaic specimen of the
sacred standard on which stands the Hawk which in the Pyramid
texts is used as equivalent for God tends to indicate that the
frame of the sacred object divested of its textile adornments under-
went a conventionalizing process until its simple outline became in
current use the ideogram for the divine. However this may be, to-
day as when the Pyramid texts were discovered in 1884, a new and
difficult chapter in the history of Egyptian palaeography is being
opened to scientific ingenuity.

Of the following papers, which were withdrawn, no summa-
ries have been furnished :

6. Dr. Edgar James Banks, of New York, Ur of the Chaldees
and its Excavation. 7. Dr. Joseph Clark Hoppin, of Bryii
Mawr College, Aglaophon's Portrait of Alcibiades. 8. Pro-
fessor James M. Hoppin, of Yale University, An Inquiry
Respecting the Alleged Works and Place of Scopas in Greek
Sculpture. 9. Professor W. S. Ebersole, of Cornell College,
A Favorite Representation of a Greek and an Amazon in Con-
flict. 10. Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of the Peabody Museum,

36 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA

Cambridge, Mass., The Significance of the Garment. 11. Pro-
fessor Allan Marquand, of Princeton University, The Morgan
Collection of G-old Objects recently Presented to the Metropoli-
tan Museum. 12. Professor Marquand, Robbia Pavements.

13. Mr. Edward Robinson, of the Boston Museum of Fine
Arts, The Arretine Pottery in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.

14. Professor W. S. Scarborough, of Wilberforce University,
Observations on the Topography of Pylos and Sphacteria as
Described by Thucydides, Book IV. 15. Professor John Wil-
liams White, of Harvard University, Tzetzian Scholia on the
Aves of Aristophanes in Cod. Vat. Urb. 141.

'Urdjaeoloipftcal
Institute
xif America

NOTES ON THE "THESEUM" AT ATHENS

I. THE COVERING OF THE PTEROMA

OF all the remains of ancient architecture to be found to-day
in Athens, the most interesting, in many respects, is the Doric
temple commonly known as the Theseum. This building is
not only the best preserved Greek temple in existence, but
what is of especial importance to the archaeologist the only
one of which any considerable portion of the upper part remains.
The ancient roof, which was of wood, has of course long since
disappeared, but the greater part of the ancient covering of the
pteroma and of the front and back porches still exists as it was
in antiquity. It is a study of this portion of the building
which I propose to make in this paper.

The part of the Theseum still standing consists of the whole
of the cella wall and of the peristyle with its entablature in-
cluding the front and back porches with the pediments, and
considerable portions of the frames with openings (^ar^co/iara)
which cover the pteroma and the porches. The arrangement of
the roof as it exists to-day may most easily be understood by
referring to the accompanying diagram 1 (Fig. 1).

1 Cella covered by modern pitched roof of wood.

Portico at east end covered with a coating of clay.

Dark squares indicate openings having covers on them.

X on Frames A and D denotes lids of terra-cotta from Byzantine times.

DIMENSIONS

Total length 32.62 m.

Total width 14.595 "

Width of coping of pediment 1.42 "

Width of side wall 1.45 "

American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 37

Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. V (1901), No. 1.

WILLIAM NICKERtiON BATES

A B

NOTES ON THE "THESEUM" AT ATHENS

It will be noticed that the covering of the pteroma consists
of a series of rectangular frames extending from the cella wall
to the top of the colonnade, and that every frame, except the
one at the southeast corner, has ten square openings in it. This
one frame has eight openings. The frames over the porches
are longer. Those on the west have sixteen openings each;
and those on the east, twenty. The latter cannot be seen from

FIGURE 2. FRAMES ON WEST END.

above, as they were covered with a layer of clay in Byzantine
times. The size of these frames varies somewhat. Those over
the west porch are approximately 0.96 m. x 322 m.; and those

Frames on west end, length 3.22 m.

Frames on west end, width .... 0.96 m. to 0.97 "

Frames on north and south sides, length . . 2.18 "

Frames on north and south sides, width . . . 0.96 "

Beams separating frames vary from 0.26 m. to 0.31 m. in width, but the
average is 0.30 m.

Square openings in frames vary from 0.25 m. x 0.25 m. to 0.26 m. x 0.265 m.

WILLIAM NICKEKSON BATES

over the pteroma, 0.96 m. x 2.18 in. They are not cut out of
a single slab of marble, but are usually of two pieces for the
pteroma and three for the porches. 1 The size of the openings
in the frames also varies, from 0.25 m. x 0.25 m. to 0.26 m. x
0.265 m. Each opening has a shoulder cut in the frame, and
a square cover of marble fitting in closely and completely cov-
ering the hole (Figs. 2 and 3). These covers, and the openings

FIGURE 3. FRAMES ON SOUTH SIDE.

which they cover, each bear a letter or figure, that on the cover
corresponding to that of the opening into which it fits (see
Figs. 4 and 5). Some of these letters were seen by Ross, and

1 The divisions in the frames remaining in whole or in part are as follows.
The numbers indicate the number of openings in the frame, the upper number
always being the part toward the cella wall.

ABC
4 4
066

H I J

6 6 (6)
4 (4) 4

NOTES ON THE "THESEUM" AT ATHENS

commented on by him ; l and later on a fuller, though not com-
plete, list of them was published by Gurlitt. 2 The letters as

FIGURE 4. OPENING IN FRAME, FROM ABOVE.

they exist to-day, both on the lids and on the frames, and their
positions in the different frames, are given below. The upper
part of each frame is the part towards the cella wall.

FRAMES

t>
w

a m

1 Eoss, Das Theseion und der Tempel des Ares in Athen, pp. 55 ff.

2 Gurlitt, Das Alter der Bildwerke und die Bauzeit des sogenannten Theseion
in Athen, pp. 75 ff.

8 In this section the characters are not inside on the shoulders, but outside to
the left of the openings, except , which is on the frame between the opening
where it is placed in the diagram and the one above it.

WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES

E(?)

In addition to these, letters appear on several fragments of
frames, as follows :

FRAGMENT 1. FRAGMENT 2.

FRAGMENT 3. FRAGMENT 4. FRAGMENT

0(?)

1 The three lower letters on the right ( > ^1 >) are on the frame to the right
of the openings ; the E (?), on the frame to the left.

2 The six upper letters are above the openings, the other three are below. At
a short distance to the right of the lower part of this frame are cut 1L.

3 The four lower figures are to the right and left of their openings respectively.

4 H is to the left, V below, and ^ and Q to the right of their respective
openings.

5 The ^y is above its opening.

6 Letters are to the left and right of their openings, respectively.

NOTES ON THE "THESEUM" AT ATHENS

All the letters, except where otherwise indicated, are on the
inner parts of the frames, as shown in Fig. 4 above. The
way in which these letters are arranged is peculiar. Some-

FIGURE 5. CROSS-SECTION or OPENING, WITH LID IN PLACE.

times there is a regular sequence, as in frames B, D, or F ;
and again, there is none. This may be partially accounted
for by the division of the frame into two parts, thus causing
a break in the series. Some few openings have two letters,
as in frame D, but in these cases one of them must be intended
as a correction of the other. The actual size of the letters is
shown in Fig. 6, where the two forms are drawn from squeezes.
The characters on the lids are on the under side, with the
exception of those on frame C, which are on top. 1 Lids which
cannot be moved are marked *. The letters are as follows:

LIDS

1 It seems likely that ( this frame, and perhaps also those parts of the others
where the letters are outside of the openings, belong to later restorations of the
roof. The work appears less careful than in the other cases.

WILLIAM NICEERSON BATES
H I

On a lid which is broken in two is a K.

It will be noticed at once how elaborate this system of letter-
ing is. Every one of the small openings, as well as the lid
which covers it, has its letter. In some few cases, it is true,
these letters do not correspond, but that is because some of the
lids have been moved from their original places. What can be
the object of this careful lettering? It has been suggested
that the letters are simply masons' marks, as, for example, by
Gurlitt, 1 but this is not a satisfactory answer. No mason, or
body of masons, would have taken the trouble to cut this elabo-
rate set of letters, unless they were to have some practical use ;

FIGURE 6. LETTERS FROM FRAME K, ACTUAL SIZE. FROM SQUEEZES.

and as far as the cutting of the frames and the covers is con-
cerned, they were quite unnecessary. We cannot suppose that
they were intended to aid in fitting on the lids after the frames

1 Op. cit. p. 75. No mention is made of them, however, by Otto Richter, in
his work, Ueber anlike Steinmetzzeichen.

NOTES ON THE "TUESEUM" AT ATHENS 45

had been put in place, for the small number of letters used
would have been a cause of confusion rather than a help. Fur-
thermore, no lids could have been put in place on the building
until all the frames were laid and the roof -beams in place, other-
wise they would have been in great danger of being broken.
Putting these facts together, it seems likely that the letters on
the lids, at any rate, were cut after the frames were in place,
and that few forms were used, because the lids were to be moved
only short distances from their places. Accuracy in lettering
was, however, required, as is seen by the use of two letters in
some of the openings, one of the letters being a correction.

Another point, too, must be noticed. The forms of the letters
do not date from any one period, but some are much earlier than
others. For example, is not found in inscriptions later than
the sixth century, and not later than Olympiad 83, according
to Kirchhoff. 1 B too and + are much earlier than EE. These
forms have been taken to indicate the early date of the temple, 2
but, on stylistic grounds, the building is assigned by Dorpf eld a
to a much later date than the presence of these letters, if found
in inscriptions, would permit. How it was possible for these
forms to be used on the building has not been satisfactorily
explained. They may be understood, however, if we regard
them not as letters, but as figures. In figures there seems to
have been a tendency to retain old forms, as is shown by the
use of the lost letters ? and ^ (^ and 1* in Greek papyri 4 )
during the later classical period. We should not, therefore,
be surprised to find archaic forms used as figures in the last
half of the fifth century.

1 Studien zur Gesch. des Gr. Alphabets, 4th ed., p. 94 ; also Roberts, Greek
Epigraphy, p. 100, VI.

2 Ross, op. cit. p. 56 ; also Adler, Arch. Zeit. 1873, p. 109.

3 Athen. Mitth. 1884, p. 336. The view is approved by Durm, Baukunst der
Griech. 2d ed., p. 220. The most recent discussion of this point is by Sauer,
in his book entitled Das sogenannte Theseion und sein plastischer Schmuck.
He thinks (p. 211) that "Das Hephaisteion ist junger als der Parthenon, also
nicht vor den dreissiger Jahren des 5. Jahrhunderts entstanden," and (p. 213)
that the building was fully completed at the outbreak of the Peloponnesian War-

4 Kenyon, Palaeography of Greek Papyri, app. IV, pp. 155 f.

46 WILLIAM yiCKKBSOy BATES

II. THE LIGHTING OF THE THESEUM

I have shown, so far, that the openings in the frames and
the lids which covered them were all carefully numbered; that
these lids were intended to be moved, and moved only short
distances. I now propose to seek an explanation of these open-
ings. No one, I think, has attempted to explain them, up to
the present time. But we naturally ask why the architect of
the Theseum went to the trouble of having these holes cut in
each slab of the marble covering of the pteroma and porches,
and then of having lids made for them, all carefully numbered,
instead of using solid slabs. Solid slabs were used in some
buildings, and it would certainly have saved a great amount
of trouble and expense to use them here. It might be sug-
gested that there would be some saving in weight, but this is
not the case. The lids are, if anything, a trifle heavier than the
amount of marble cut out would be. Or that the openings
were intended for ventilation. But in that case so many of
them would not have been required. That the architect had
some practical object in view is apparent ; and that object, I
believe, was the introduction of light into the interior of the
temple.

The question of the manner in which ancient Greek temples
were lighted is one of the oldest problems connected with Greek
archaeology. The hypaethral temple of Vitruvius, discussed so
vigorously years ago, has long been looked upon with suspicion,
and is now generally abandoned. The ingenious proposal of
Fergusson for admitting light by means of a clerestory, and
various other devices brought forward and advocated at differ-
ent times, have all failed of acceptance, because no one of them
had sufficient evidence to support it. The view generally held
; to-day is that all exterior light which entered a Greek temple
j came through the door. This, however, is far from satisfactory.
There must have been many days when the light from the door
was very inadequate ; and on those occasions it would be neces-
sary to resort to the use of lamps, if there were no other method

NOTES ON THE "THESEUM" AT ATHENS 47

of introducing light from without. For these and other reasons
many archaeologists have felt dissatisfied with the prevailing
view, but have been forced to accept it for lack of anything
better. The question is not, however, a dead one, as a paper
on this subject, read at a meeting of the German Archaeo-
logical Institute in Athens, in 1897-98, testifies. 1

Before proceeding to discuss my theory in detail, it will,
perhaps, be not out of place to consider briefly the question
of the use of lamps in Greek temples. That small 'lamps were
used by the priests for moving about the temple after dark
must, of course, be taken for granted. But lamps large enough
to light the whole interior were very exceptional. The lamp
of Callimachus in the Erechtheum, described by Pausanias (I,
26, 6) and mentioned by Strabo (IX, p. 396) seems to have
been such a lamp, but it is quite likely that the chief object in
this case was to preserve a perpetual fire, rather than to furnish
light. 2 We know that this lamp was always kept burning, but
that during the siege of Athens by Sulla it was allowed to go
out for lack of oil. 3 The peculiar structure of the Erechtheum
might also be adduced as another reason to account for the
presence of such a lamp in it, as practically no light could enter
the inner compartment through the door. 4 With this excep-
tion, we have no mention in ancient writers of a large lamp
among the furnishings of a Greek temple. This is a significant
fact, and one which cannot be passed over lightly. It could
hardly have been the case if it was customary to light the
temple by artificial light.

The method by which, I think, light was introduced into the
Theseum was by reflection through the openings in the cover-
ing of the pteroma and porches. The light would come from
below, by reflection from the stylobate and the ground about
the temple, pass up through the openings, and then into the

1 BerL Phil Woch. 1898, p. 318 ; also Atheneum, 1898, p. 317.

2 See Frazer, Pausanias, vol. II, p. 341, and vol. IV, pp. 441 f.

3 Plut. Sulla, 13.

* Dorpfeld, in Athen. Mitth. 1897, pp. 159 ff., argues that the lamp of Calli-
machus was in the old Athena temple.

WILLIAM N1CKERSON BATES

cella (Fig. 7). The effect would be much the same as in a
room with the blinds closed and the slats partially opened.
The light which enters, in that case, is a light reflected up
from the surrounding objects outside. When it is considered
that in the Theseum there were over six hundred of these
openings in the covering of the pteroma and porches, each
opening about 10 inches square, it will be seen that the
Greeks had a means of introducing a con-
siderable amount of light into the building.
This is all the more apparent
when it is remembered how in-
tense the light is in Greece.

The lids covering the open-
ings are not heavy, and can be
easily removed with one hand.
The priest in charge would mount
to the top of the pteroma, by
means of a ladder, uncover
as many of the openings as
he wished, and descend. In
Sicily, in the so-called Tem-
ple of Concord at Girgenti,
there is a stone staircase, still

existing, leading up to

FIGURE 7. PROPOSED METHOD OF INTRO- fafe p arfc o f t ^ e temple.

DUCING LIGHT.

A neater way of in-
troducing light into a Greek temple could hardly be imagined,
for it is effected without doing violence to any of the construc-
tive principles of the building, or introducing any opening for
which we have no archaeological evidence.

The conclusions arrived at presuppose free passage for the
light from the top of the pteroma to the interior of the temple.
In other words, the cella proper could not have been covered
by a second or ornamental roof, as has sometimes been assumed
from a passage in Pausanias. 1 In this passage, Pausanias relates.

1 V, 20, 4.

NOTES ON THE "THESEUM" AT ATHENS 49

the story, told him by one of the guides at Olympia, that on
one occasion, when the roof of the Temple of Hera was being
repaired, the body of a hoplite was found (/terafu) TT}? re e?
evTTpeTreiav (rr&yifi /cal rr)? ave%ov(Tr)S TOV /cepa/jiov. He goes on
to say that the man was one of those who had engaged in a
battle against the Lacedaemonians, fought in the Altis, when
the men of Elis climbed upon the temples and other high
places, and so fought their adversaries ; and he imagines that
the man, when wounded, crawled into the place where his
body was found, and died. The expression r^9 e? evTrpeTreiav
crrey^ has been taken to mean a covering or second roof over
the cella, but this interpretation is not a necessary one. The
words might refer perfectly well to the covering of the pteroma.
The whole passage, however, is far from clear, as Pausanias
neglects to explain how a man fighting on the roof of a temple
could get inside and die under the roof. It must be remem-
bered, also, that the Heraeum at Olympia was a very old build-
ing, peculiar in many respects, and what might be true of it
would not necessarily apply to other temples. It would be
quite in accord with Greek ideas to leave the cella without
additional covering, and to adorn the inner edge of the cella
wall with anthemia and other ornaments. What is more, the
lack of a ceiling in a temple near Tegea is proved by a passage
in Xenophon's Hellenica. He tells how the men of one faction
at Tegea take refuge in a temple, and how their opponents
climb on top of the temple, break open the roof, and pelt those
inside with the tiles until they force them to surrender. 1 This
would not have been possible if there were an inner roof cover-
ing the cella.

Since, then, we are justified in assuming that in some Greek
temples, at any rate, no second covering of the cella existed,
there is nothing to hinder the admission of light in the way
already described, wherever the ceiling of the pteroma was
constructed as in the Theseum at Athens. The door would,

1 Xen. Hell. VI, 5, 9: oi 5 /u,era5twaj'Tes ^x#poi avT&v avafidyres tiri rbv ve&v
KO.I rrjv 6po<f>r)v 5if\6vres eiraiov rats

50 WILLIAM NICKER SON BATES

of course, always remain one source for the admission of light ;
but in any temple having a peristyle, or even a portico, this
other system of lighting could be employed.

The statement is sometimes made that the cella wall of a
Greek temple was raised above the covering of the pteroma as
high as the rafters of the roof. What the evidence for this
statement is I have been unable to ascertain. As far as the
Theseum is concerned, that certainly is not the case. The
highest course of the cella wall is level with the covering of
the pteroma. What is more, the arrangement of the ancient
roof of this building may be seen at a glance by any one who
mounts to the present roof. On the inner side of each pedi-
ment are three holes for large beams, cut near the three corners.
These beams ran across the building from east to west, and
rafters extended from the two lower beams to the upper one.
The roof tiles were laid upon these rafters.

In this paper I have called attention to the peculiar con-
struction of the roof of the Theseum as it exists to-day.
I have tried to show that the architect had a practical object
in view in covering the pteroma and porches as he has cov-
ered them. Finally, I have tried to make it clear that his
object was the admission of light into the building, and that
the same system might be employed in any temple having a
surrounding colonnade or even a porch.

WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES.

Institute
of America

A JONAH MONUMENT IN THE NEW YORK
METROPOLITAN MUSEUM

THERE is an interesting monument in the New York Metro-
politan Museum of Fine Arts, the true character of which has
not been correctly identified. It is displayed on the ground floor
of the Museum, immediately to the right of the entrance. It is a
piece of sculpture in white marble, about 2 feet long, and 1 foot
8 inches high. It represents a ship containing four men ; three of
them are naked, and are engaged in letting down another naked
man into the jaws of a conventional sea dragon. The dragon is
a second time represented casting forth the man upon the shore.

Both the front and back views of this monument are shown
in Figs. 1 and 2. It will be seen that the hull of the ship is
completely finished in the round, whereas the human figures
upon it are executed neither altogether in the round nor merely
in relief, but half-way between the two. They are evidently
not meant to be seen from behind ; and the sail, we must sup-
pose, was only finished in front. The dragon and its victim
are, in both cases, executed in relief.

The monument is much damaged ; the sail is gone, together
with the upper parts of the men on deck and the roof of the
cabin on the poop. The lower part of the stone is cut in
the shape of a pedestal ; but this work is evidently recent,
and it therefore affords no indication of the use to which this
sculpture was originally put. From the character of the frac-
ture at the back, it appears as if it had formed part of a larger
monument, though it is difficult to conjecture what ornamental
purpose it may have served.

American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 51

Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. V (1901), No. 1.

52 WALTER LOW HIE

This monument furnishes an interesting illustration of ancient
ship-building. The ship is girded from stem to stern ; and at
the stern it has, in addition, an under-girding. Such a girding
of wood was commonly employed in ancient ship-building, and
it cannot be taken to indicate stress of storm and shipwreck
such as would require under-girding with cables. The only
sign of storm which can be detected is the extreme elevation

FIGURE 1. A JONAH MONUMENT IN NEW YORK: FRONT.

of the stern to judge from the slant of the cabin table. No
oars are represented, though a row of oar-locks is carefully
executed; a single rudder projects near the stern. The inte-
rior of the cabin was carved with curious care ; the round
table, in the centre, is cut free on all sides, and the difficulty
of the execution will be apparent when it is remarked that
the opening on the side was originally not so large, but was
divided by two thin walls into three narrow slits. The three
sailors, as well as the man who is being cast into the sea, are

A JONAH MONUMENT IN NEW YORK

naked ; the helmsman or master, who stands near the stern,
was evidently clothed, though nothing is left of him save the
lower part of his garment, and that is somewhat confused with
the wall of the cabin.

This monument, as it stands in the Museum, is described by
a card, as follows : " Votive ship. Graeco-Roman. Found at

FIGURE 2. A JONAH MONUMENT IN NEW YORK : REAR.

ancient Tarsus, 1876. Presented to the Museum, 1877, by John
Todd Edgar, Late U. S. Consul at Beirut."

The simple designation, " votive ship," seems to express the
notion that the monument represents a shipwreck, and was
erected out of gratitude for deliverance. If this is the inter-
pretation, it is manifestly far-fetched. It would be a fantastic
stretch of symbolism to represent the dangers of the sea in
terms of a dragon which swallows a man and casts him forth
again upon the land. We have seen that there is no sign of

54 WALTER LOWRIE

wreck about the ship, and no very clear indication of storm.
It is clear, on the contrary, that the man is intentionally thrown
overboard by his comrades.

There is no need to puzzle over the interpretation of this
subject, for any one who is at all acquainted with early Chris-
tian art will recognize it at once as a representation of the
story of Jonah a theme which was more popular than any
other during the third and fourth centuries, and which was
always depicted substantially in the same fashion as here. It
is found about forty times among the frescos of the Roman
catacombs, and it occurs several times upon the sarcophagi of
the fourth century, although it was a theme which could not
readily be depicted in sculpture. 1

The subject would, no doubt, have been recognized at once,
were it not for the strange sea monster which is here found in
the place of the familiar whale. The story in the Hebrew calls
the creature simply a monster, without designating more piar-
ticularly its character. In early Christian art the monster was
invariably represented by the figure of a fabulous sea dragon
with capacious jaws and terrible teeth, usually with fore legs,
and always with a serpentine tail writhed in massive convo-
lutions. This creature had its obvious prototype in classic art,
in representations of Perseus and Andromeda, etc. It was
first called a whale 2 in an early Latin version, perhaps in the
fourth century ; but this interpretation had no influence at all
upon art during the whole of the early period, and the non-
descript monster held its place unchallenged until the Middle
Ages, when it was replaced, not by the whale, but by a great
fish.

We have, in this monument, two successive episodes of
Jonah's story combined in one picture, an economy of mis

1 Most of the frescos are yet unpublished, but a number of characteristic
examples are to be found among the plates of De Rossi's Roma Sotterranea
or, indeed, with any book which deals with early Christian art. The best
representation of this theme in sculpture is on a sarcophagus in the Lateran
Museum.

2 Cetus but even this word may denote an indeterminate monster.

A JONAH MONUMENT IN NEW YORK 55

en scene which was common in early Christian art, particu-
larly in Bible miniatures. In the frescos, however, these two
episodes were usually treated separately and framed apart.
The story was commonly completed by another picture, which
represented Jonah lying naked in the shade of the gourd.
When, on account of lack of space, the series had to be
abbreviated by the omission of any of the scenes, it was
usually the scene with the gourd which was retained. This,
though the least dramatic of the three subjects, evidently
constituted the. point of the story. And this apparently
strange preference is explained by the fact that the story
was depicted in Christian art solely with a symbolic or
allegorical interest, as a representation of the resurrection;
Jonah, lying naked under the gourd, represented the soul
delivered from death and in the enjoyment of the bliss of
paradise. Johah's nakedness under the gourd is significant,
because it is not by any means to be derived from the story
itself. Jonah's posture under the gourd seems to have been
inspired by the representations of Eiidymion in classic art ;
his nakedness is evidently meant to signify idyllic repose in
paradise ; the original prophetic lesson of the gourd is ignored
(it is only once represented as withered), and it is taken to
represent the heavenly garden. In our monument, Jonah, as he
issues from the monster, holds his hands in the early Christian
attitude of prayer. This may have been meant to suggest the
prayer which he offered in the belly of the monster ; but this
posture was also characteristic of the orans, the early Chris-
tian symbol which represented the soul, after death, suppli-
cating the mercy of God, and there can be no doubt that
this signification was here expressly intended.

To understand the popularity of the pictures of Jonah in
early Christian art, and to comprehend the sepulchral sym-
bolism which they expressed, it is necessary to consider this
theme in its relation to a whole range of Old and New Testa-
ment subjects which were taken as examples of signal deliv-
erance. Several of these subjects are sometimes conjoined in

56 WALTER LOWRIE

art, and almost the whole list is several times enumerated in
literature. The classical example is a passage in the Apostolic
Constitutions (Book V, 7) : " He who raised Lazarus on the
fourth day and the daughter of Jairus and the son of the
widow, and rose also himself ; who after three days brought
forth Jonah living and unharmed from the belly of the whale,
and the Three Children from the furnace of Babylon, and
Daniel from the mouth of the lions, shall not lack power to
raise us also. He who raised the paralytic, and healed him
who had the withered hand, and restored the lacking faculty
to him who was born blind, the same shall raise us also."
The Roman Breviary (in the Ordo commendationis animae)
contains a still more complete enumeration, couched in the
terms of a litany. Each petition is in this form :

" Deliver, O Lord, his soul as thou didst deliver Daniel from the den of
lions."

Here, however, Jonah and Lazarus are omitted, evidently
because they were most expressly types of the resurrection,
whereas the prayer is for deliverance from bodily death. In
the Ada Sanctorum, petitions of the same character are sev-
eral times put in the mouths of martyrs at the moment of
death. This reveals a type of thought which was very
familiar in the early Church, and it sufficiently explains the
predilection for pictures of Jonah.

The story of Jonah was especially appropriated to sepulchral
decoration, and we may suppose that our monument formed
part of the decoration of a tomb. It may, however, have been
a votive monument, erected for the repose of a soul. In either
case whether it served for the adornment of a tomb or of
a chapel it is difficult to conceive just how it may have
been employed.

The style of the figures is rude ; it is probable that the
monument belongs to the fourth century, though it may, con-
ceivably, be as late as the fifth.

The interest of this monument does not consist solely in the
fact that it is the only antique representation of the subject in

A JONAH MONUMENT IN NEW YORK 57

America. It has a special interest as coming from Tarsus, the
birthplace of St. Paul, and as the earliest representation of
Jonah which has yet been found in the Orient so far as my
knowledge goes. Beside this, it is one of the few examples
we know of early Christian sculpture in the round, and the
only one of the sort on which Jonah figures. It is unique in
another sense, for it is the only monument of early Christian
art which shows so curious a combination of sculpture in the
round and in relief. As a minor point, it may be remarked
that it is the only case in which Jonah is represented descend-
ing feet foremost into the jaws of the monster though he
always comes out head first.

WALTER LOWRIE.

Smertcan School
of Classical StutJtes
in J&ome

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM

SELDOM do excavations on a well-known Roman site bring to
light any of its ancient art treasures ; still less often is a monu-
ment of historical interest found, whose existence no extant lit-
erature records. Most ruins when laid bare are best described
by the Renaissance epigram, " Quod non fecerunt barbari, fece-
runt Barberini." The discovery, therefore, in the Forum, in
September, 1872, of two beautiful marble screens or plutei, was
one of great interest to all students of archaeology. They stand,
at present, midway between the Column of Phocas and the
remains of the street known as Ad Janum. Each screen meas-
ures 1 5.37 m. in length, and 1.75 in. in height ; they are 2.95 m.
apart, parallel to the front of the Rostra and to each other.
Each is composed of several blocks of white marble, carved in
relief on either side. These blocks vary greatly in size, the
largest ones, however, being always placed at the ends. It
appears that the artist took materials already on hand, rather
than wait to find single blocks of the requisite size. The join-
ing of the different pieces was doubtless so well done that each
pluteus appeared to have been cut from a single stone. The
inner surfaces of both present the same subject the three ani-
mals offered in the suovetaurilia (Fig. 1). The ovis, sus, and
taurus, each exceptionally well fed and sleek, are adorned

1 The measurements are given in detail, both because essential in later discus-
sions, and because frequently incorrectly stated. In the description which fol-
lows it is to be noted that upon the foundations of rough travertine, upon which
the parts still in situ were found, blocks of modern marble have been placed in
order that the whole might be solidly reset ; these latter are not considered in
the description.

American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 58

Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. V (1901), No. 1.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 59

with the sacrificial fillets, and the first and last named have, in
addition, broad girdles, fringed on the ends and embroidered
throughout their entire length. Above this design comes the
cornice, which runs along both sides and across the ends of the
screen. It has first a foliated cyma, then the corona decorated
with a double maeander, below which is an egg and dart mould-
ing, a foliated cyma reversa, and a pearl astragal. The whole
effect is of luxuriant decoration, each member having some
form of ornamentation.

The scenes on the outside of the plutei are cut in higher
relief than the inner ones, and have suffered much more from

FIGURE 1. THE SUOVETAURILIA.

the lapse of time or wilful mutilation. On the western screen
(Fig. 2) we see in profile a platform, with the adornment of a
ship's beak upon its front. Upon it stands a man clad in a
toga, attended by six men, at least three of whom hold the
rods of the lictor. The group upon the ground before the
rostra is composed of thirteen men, wearing short, full togas,
with their right hands uplifted in sign of applause. This
scene occupies a little over half the screen.

Next to it is a square or rectangular suggestum, upon which,
on a draped seat, sits the emperor, clad in the usual toga ; his
foot rests upon a footstool. Before him, upon the same plat-

ANNA SPALDING JENKIXS

form, stands a woman ; her figure is somewhat obscured in
places by mutilations, but there seems to be no doubt that
she held on her left arm a child, while with the right hand
she led an older one. On the right of this tribunal stand
four men dressed in the same fashion as the group before
the rostra. Beyond these men is a fig tree, with leaves
and fruit, having a cubical base; next to which, on a simi-
lar base, is the nude booted figure carrying a wine skin,
known as Marsyas.

FIGURE 2. THE TRAJAN-RELIEFS: THE WESTERN SCREEN.

The outside of the eastern screen (Fig. 3) shows, beginning
at the left hand, the fig tree and the Marsyas ; then nine men,
each of whom carries upon his shoulder some object which is
evidently to be deposited upon a pile of similar objects toward
which all are walking. Behind, and at the right of the pile,
stand two other men likewise bearing burdens, and beyond
them are four others, who are, judging by their dress, of higher
rank than the rest. Beyond these officials the large end block
of the pluteus is missing ; we can see only the front of a plat-
form with fragments of a seated figure. The background of

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 61

each of these groups on the outside of the plulei is composed
of buildings of various styles and sizes.

That much interest was at once aroused by these reliefs is
easily understood. Aside from the fact that they were previ-
ously unknown, and so offered an unusual field for investiga-
tion, it was immediately surmised, from the rostra appearing on
each of the outer reliefs, that the scenes were in the Forum,

FIGURE 3. THE TRAJAN-RELIEFS: THE EASTERN SCREEN.

and the buildings forming the background those belonging to
this place. The question arose, Will the buildings date them-
selves, and so give us an idea of the Forum at a definite period,
or will the reverse be true ?

A full discussion of the screens, therefore, must consider
them from the points of view of both the historian and the
topographer, and must include a study of their probable use
and position.

Historical Interpretation of the Reliefs. Our knowledge of
the buildings and adornments of the Forum under the Repub-

62 ANNA KPALDING JENKINS

lie makes it most improbable that the screens can belong to that
period. Under the Empire, a -private citizen would hardly have
been distinguished by so unique a monument. The dress,
position, and attendants of the main figure in each group, as
well as the attitudes of those before him, and the fact that on
the eastern screen the figure upon the rostra was evidently
seated and clad in a toga, make it seem certain that we have
here the commemoration of some notable act on the part of an
emperor. Critics have suggested that he was either Domitian,
Trajan, or Hadrian, because in the life of each of these there
occur certain events which these scenes might be considered to
portray. The arguments in favor of each interpretation will,
therefore, be reviewed.

Visconti 1 appears as the chief exponent of the view that two
scenes from the life of Domitian are here represented. That
emperor is known to have promulgated, among other acts, one
against eviratio? and one abolishing the libelli famosi.^ The
promulgation of the first edict might well have taken place
from the Rostra, especially as Suetonius says : 3 u ius diligenter
et Industrie dixit, plerumque et in foro pro tribunali, extra
ordinem." Moreover, according to Visconti, some of the men
in the groups on the western screen wear the pallium, but most
of them wear the paenula, which is particularly the garment of
slaves or of those who have no right to the toga. The curious
object carried in the hand of one of those in the front rank
(similar ones may have been held by others) he takes to be a
basket, which would indicate the servile condition of the one
by whom it is carried.

The group upon the square tribunal is considered by him to
be without doubt a personification of Fecunditas, as she appears
upon the coins of the younger Faustina 4 and of Lucilla, 5 thus

1 Visconti, Deux actes de Domitien.

2 Suet. Dom. 1 ; Stat. Silv. 3, 4, 73-77 ; 4, 3, 13-15 ; Mart. 9, 6.

3 Suet. Dom. 8.

* Cohen, Description historique des Medailles imperiales romaines (1883),
III, p. 143, 93-105.

5 Ibid. Ill, p. 216, 20-26.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 63

suggesting the beneficent effect of the edict which the whole
commemorates.

Turning now to the eastern screen, we are told that this is a
representation of the suppression of the libelli famosi mentioned
by Suetonius. 1 The man upon the rostra is probably the empe-
ror, the one in the toga next to the rostra must be some magis-
trate, and the one wearing the cothurni either a centurion or a
tribune charged with the duty of applying the torch. This
cremation of condemned articles took place according to Livy 2
" in comitio" which our critic considers to be the same as " in
foro." A coin of Hadrian, 3 commemorating the remission of
old dues, represents the emperor in somewhat the same position
applying the torch to a mass of papers.

These are the arguments from history which assist Visconti
in deciding that it is Domitian whose acts are here commemo-
rated. The reliefs upon the inner surfaces he regards as par-
ticularly appropriate, because they would call to mind the fact
that the edicts were promulgated by Domitian chiefly in his
character as censor, for it was by this official that the solemn
.sacrifice of the suovetaurilia was usually offered.

( Taking up the question of date as determined by art, Vis-

conti points out that each member of the moulding has its
appropriate decoration, and that the simple, unadorned mem-
bers found in the days when taste in such matters was purer,
.are lacking. The height of bad taste in cornices was reached
during the reign of Domitian, as may be seen by a comparison
of those of the Forum Transitorium with those of the Arch of
Titus. Later, Trajan's good taste did much to correct this
degeneration, and the Forum of Trajan, the temple of Venus
and Rome, and the temple of Antoninus and Faustina show how
great was the change from Domitiaii's time, for they present a
style as good as that of the Augustan age.

1 Dom. 8.

2 Livy, 40, 29. It may be noted that Tac. Agr. 2, says, " monumenta clarissi-
morum ingeniorum in comitio acforo urerentur."

3 Cohen, II, p. 209, 1212.

64 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

The cutting of the reliefs, in Visconti's opinion, points to the
first century of the Empire ; the movements of the figures are
easy and natural, the folds of the drapery are in good style,
the composition of the whole is simple and uniform, showing
but two planes of relief. The high polish so much used in the
time of Hadrian is also lacking. In addition to these argu-
ments from history and art, it must be remembered that Domi-
tian's reign was signalized by much rebuilding, particularly in
the Forum and upon the Capitol. 1

These facts and inferences leave no doubt in the mind of
this critic that the reliefs should be assigned to the reign of
Domitian.

Brizio, 2 who has supported the theory that certain acts of
Hadrian are perpetuated upon these plutei, argues as follows :
" The acts represented belong, without doubt, to one man, who,
in this period, can have been none other than the emperor.
The enthusiasm with which his words are received indicates
that some largess or work of beneficence is being promised.
The group on the suggestum in the western screen is to be con-
sidered as monumental and allegorical, because () the sug-
gestum lacks any indication of steps, which makes it necessarily
a pedestal; (5) the woman is quite Greek in her dress, and
stands upon the same level as the emperor's throne. Therefore,
although this group has a connection with the other, it does
not cease to be allegorical. If the first group is applauding
some generous act of the emperor, this one must personify
liberality or a kindred virtue. Now we know that under the
Empire it became common to represent the emperor in the
guise of some virtue or in connection with a personification
thereof. This was especially true of designs on coins, of which
several exist very like the group in question. 8 It also bears a
marked similarity to the design on a coin of Trajan which
records the AL\Menta ITAUae. 4 As Hadrian increased this

1 Jordan, Topographic der Stadt Rom im Alterthum (1878), II, p. 29.

2 Ann. Inst. 1872, p. 309. 3 Cohen, II, p. 184, 949.
4 Cohen, II, p. 19, 15.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 65

donation, 1 the significance of the group would be easily
understood."

The scene on the eastern screen Brizio compares with cer-
tain coins of Hadrian, representing a lictor burning a mass of
papers. 2 These bronzes commemorate an act of Hadrian in
118 A.D., when he caused the syngrapha representing the debts
owed to the fiscus to be solemnly burned. This act is recorded
by Hadrian's biographer ] and also in an inscription, 3 as well
as on the coins mentioned. 2

There is one difficulty in the way of this interpretation,
which, however, does not seem to Brizio insurmountable. Spar-
tianus, speaking of the burning of the accounts, says expressly
that the act in question took place in the Forum of Trajan.
Aurelian, however, burned accounts later in the same Forum.
Our critic, therefore, thinks it likely that Spartianus confused
the two events, and so spoke of Hadrian's action as occurring
in the place made famous by the cremation under Aurelian.

He feels that all difficulties would be solved could we see
the head or face of the emperor. From the fragment of head
still remaining on the seated figure of the emperor, it seems
likely that it was bearded. This would at once set the date
as not earlier than Hadrian's time, since he was the first
emperor to wear a beard. This inference is further confirmed
by the fact that all of the lictors and some of the citizens
have beards.

In considering these reliefs from an artistic point of view,
Brizio finds them much better than the sculptures on the Arch
of Claudius, or on that of Titus. While on the latter the fig-
ures are confused and show no attention to the law T s of group-
ing, we have here a harmonious arrangement both of individuals
and of the whole. It is also noticeable that they so far lack the
quality of statuesqueness found in the'figures on the Arch of
Titus as to seem to have been executed under the influence of
an entirely different and much more artistic principle. This
is just what would be expected in Hadrian's time ; for, as a

1 Spart. Had. 7. 2 Cohen, IT, p. 208, 1210-1213. 3 C.I.L. 6, 967.

66 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

result largely of his influence, the art of sculpture underwent a
strong revival along Greek lines during his reign. Both art
and history are thus seen by him to agree in assigning these
reliefs to the time of Hadrian.

A large majority of the scholars who have studied these
plutei agree in referring them to Trajan, for reasons which may
briefly be stated as follows :

One of the most popular acts of Trajan's reign, and one
which was commemorated on an arch as well as by coins and
inscriptions, was the enlargement (amounting practically to the
founding) of the system of alimentation begun on a small scale
by Nerva. The large number of coins 1 which refer to this
system of relief, as well as the fact that it was mentioned on a
triumphal arch, show the great interest which it had for the
people. Another almost equally popular measure was the
remission in certain cases of the tax on inheritances (vicesima
hereditatmm).^ (This would be represented by the burning
of the accounts as shown on the eastern screen.) We have
thus two acts of this emperor which might be represented by
these reliefs. From the point of view of art it is argued, e.g.
by Henzen, 3 that in the abundance of detail, in the use of
" three planes of relief," 4 in the tendency to particularize, and
in the vivacity of the figures, we have elements found elsewhere
on monuments which are indubitably of Trajan's time. To
this must be added the further confirmation given by the simi-
larity of arrangement of the dress, beard, and hair of the dif-
ferent figures to that on reliefs known to be of this period,
which proves that the screens cannot be assigned to an earlier
date. Any one who would attribute them to Hadrian, must
assign them, as Brizio 5 did, to the first years of his reign when
the artists of Trajan's day were still living.

There are thus three- theories as to the historical import of
the reliefs, referring to the acts of three different emperors.

1 Cohen, II, pp. 18, 19 ; 7-19.

2 Plin. Paneg. 40 (ed. Keil). * Cf. statement on p. 64.
8 Bull. Inst. 1872, p. 276. & Ann. List. 1872, p. 309.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 67

It is necessary, in the first place, to examine in detail some of
the premises upon which these conclusions are based.

Almost every one who has written about these groups has
discussed the question, Have the men beards? It has been
said that they were bearded, and that they were not ; and that
if they were, the reliefs must date from Hadrian's time and not
from Trajan's. A careful study of the faces, particularly of
those on the western screen, on which the heads are less muti-
lated, shows that the full clean outline of the chin can be traced
on many of the figures, and that it is hardly possible that these
were bearded. Certain others it is equally clear were bearded ;
for example, the lictor who stands next to the last man on the
rostra. The question, then, is whether the presence of some
bearded men proves the date to be as late as that of Hadrian's
reign.

In Cicero's time and after (possibly also before), many men
wore beards, and only men over forty were clean shaven. 1
Spartianus 2 speaks of Hadrian as wearing a full beard (pro-
missa barba) to cover scars upon his face. Dio Cassius 3 also
speaks of him as the " first " to wear a beard. He is not the
first emperor whose bust shows him to have allowed the hair
upon his face to grow, but he is the first one represented as
wearing a full beard. Evidently, therefore, Hadrian did not
introduce beards, but only the custom of wearing them long
and full. On Trajan's Column there is a representation of
the emperor sacrificing at an altar ; many of the men who
appear in the scene are bearded, but by no means all of them. 4
Again we find a scene wherein the seated emperor is sur-
rounded by attendants, some of whom are bearded. 5 In still
another group, Trajan is standing with a roll in his hand,
addressing his men, and again we see both bearded and beard-
less men among those who stand before him. 6 On the rectangu-

1 Marquardt, Privatleben der Romer, p. 600 ; Cic. Cat. 2, 10.

2 Had. 26. 3 68? 15>

4 Cichorius, Die Reliefs der Traianssaule, Taf. xxxviii, xxxix.
6 Ibid. Taf. liv. * Ibid. Taf. Ivi.

68 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

lar reliefs of the Arch of Coiistantine we find that the men
accompanying Trajan are bearded, even when he and they are
clad in the toga. The arch at Beneventum shows in the same
group lictors and comites both as bearded and beardless.

It would seem a fair deduction from these examples that in
Trajan's time one might expect to find among any group of
men a number who would be represented as wearing beards.
That some of those on the reliefs in question have beards, is
not, therefore, a proof that the work dates from Hadrian's time.

Of all the possible subjects which have been suggested, the
two edicts of Domitian are the least probable. They are not,
as far as at present appears, recorded on any monument, nor
are there coins 1 which commemorate them. They passed ap-
parently unapplauded and unnoticed by the general public ;
it is to literature, and especially to poetry, that w T e owe our
knowledge of them.

Hadrian's claim to recognition lies in the fact that he burned
the syngrapha ; but this is expressly said to have taken place in
the Forum of Trajan. While this act is represented on one of
his coins 2 in a manner which would suggest the group upon
the screen, it must be remembered that similar scenes would be
represented in similar ways ; and it is quite as possible that
the design upon the coin was suggested by the monument,
especially since we know of many famous statues which were
thus copied, as to suppose that it was the original of the group,
or contemporaneous therewith. Furthermore, the system of
alimentation, as increased by him, had no special mention upon
monuments of any kind, and is not mentioned upon coins ; l nor
does a study of works of art known to date from his time
yield any evidence in favor of assigning the plutei to his reign.

On coins of Hadrian, two designs are found similar to the
group on the western screen. One, on the reverse of a bronze
which bears the legend,

LIBERTAS RESTITVTA. PONT. MAX. TR. POT. COS. III. S. C.

1 This statement is based upon the coins listed in Cohen.

2 Cohen, II, p. 184, 949.

THE " TRAJAN-RELIEF* " IN THE ROMAN FORUM 69

represents Hadrian seated on a throne extending his hand to a
woman, who holds on her left arm a child while with her right
hand she presents an older one ; she rests one foot upon a
footstool, but another coin is known to exist which is the exact
duplicate of this, only that she stands with both feet upon the
ground, as does the figure on the screen. Another bronze of the
same emperor shows a lictor applying a torch "to a mass of
papers, while the men standing before him applaud with uplifted
hands. 1 On a bronze, bearing the legend, JVDAEA, S. C., the
emperor is standing and extending his hand over two children
who carry palms ; while opposite, near an altar, is a woman. 2
On still another bronze the attitude of the seated emperor hold-
ing a sceptre in his left hand, and a branch in the other, is very
similar to that of the figure on the tribunal. 3

Two coins of Antoninus Pius, one w^ith the legend,* LIBE-
RALITAS AVG. 1 1, and the other with, 5 PIETATI AVG. COS. Mil,
show respectively the seated emperor, beside whom stands
Liberalitas, pouring money from her horn into the hands of a
man who stands before the emperor, and a woman holding a
globe in her right hand and a child upon her left arm, while
two other children stand beside her. Reference has already
been made 6 to the coins of the younger Faustina and Lucilla,
which show Fecunditas typified in a similar way, while Parthia
or Germania is represented on a coin of Augustus as presenting
a child to the emperor, 7 and Tiberius on one of his bronzes is
seated in precisely the same attitude as the emperor upon the
tribunal. 8 It is clear then that while the designs on the coins
of Hadrian bear a great resemblance to these reliefs, certain
ones of other emperors likewise resemble them in many respects,
and tend to prove that these types of a woman with a child,
and the seated emperor, were not uncommon.

There are a number of different coins all bearing the legend,

1 Cohen, II, p. 209, 1212. 5 Cohen, II, p. 331, 624.

2 Ibid. II, p. 179, 871. 6 p. 62.

3 Cohen, II, p. 220, 1386. 7 Cohen, I, p. 87, 174. .

4 Ibid. II, p. 317, 483. 8 Ibid. p. 189, 3.

70 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

ALIM. ITAL, 1 commemorating the system of alimentation car-
ried out under Trajan. (It should be remembered that the
system as begun by Nerva is not mentioned on any of his
coins. 2 )

There is therefore reason for attributing these reliefs to
Trajan, on the ground of the abundant recognition which the
system of alimentation received. It is also established that
the group upon the tribunal is not unusual in arrangement or
symbolism, and is capable of reference to some such beneficent
act of the emperor as the establishment of this system.

One point frequently urged against the claim that these
scenes pertain to Trajan's reign, is the presence of the three
animals of the suovetaurilia, which is said to prove that the
reliefs date from Domitian's time and not later, because he was
the last to offer this sacrifice as censor. But the suovetaurilia,
while peculiar to the office of censor, does not, by its presence,
necessarily indicate a lustration following a census. Tacitus
records its being offered at the rebuilding of the Capitoline
temple, 3 and when the army crossed the Euphrates. 4 The Arch
of Constantino shows Trajan clad in a toga, sacrificing these
animals, and on the great column in his forum he is repre-
sented as about to offer this sacrifice. 5 A base, now in the
Forum near the Arch of Septimius Severus, showing in relief
the sus, ovis, and taurus, and, as the inscription proves, set up
to commemorate some decennaliaf is universally dated much
later than the plutei, being assigned to the reign of Diocletian, 7
or Constantius and Maximianus. 6 The presence of these ani-
mals, therefore, does not prove that the screens must date from
the reign of Domitian or earlier ; they may belong to the time
of Trajan, so far as historical probability is concerned.

We see, therefore, that when Trajan's acts are considered, a
very different state of affairs is found from that which exists in

1 Cohen, II, pp. 18, 19 ; 7-19.

2 This statement is based upon the coins listed in Cohen.

3 Hist. 4, 53. e c.LL. 6, 1203.

4 Ann. 6, 43. 7 Rom. Mitth. 1893, p. 281.

5 Cichorius, Taf. xxxviii.

the case of the other emperors. There is nothing in the line of
documentary evidence against his having made the proclama-
tion in regard to the system of alimentation in the Roman
Forum.* Public cremation of condemned articles had taken
place here, so that it is most improbable that Trajan's Forum,
even if completed at the time when the plutei were set up,
would have been chosen as the place for this solemn destruc-
tion. The costumes accord with those depicted upon monu-
ments of his time, and the suovetaurilia is a sacrifice which he is
represented more than once as offering. The system of alimen-
tation was commemorated by an arch and by coins and inscrip-
tions, in a way that shows its immense popularity and makes it
more than probable that some lasting memorial thereof would
be erected. Finally, the workmanship of the monument and
the fact that it is in relief, point at once to a reign wherein good
art and a fondness for relief work were prevalent.

Topographical Interpretation of the Reliefs. The historical
or artistic features of the monument by no means monopolize
the attention of the student. The Roman Forum has always
been a favorite field of the topographer, and the prospect of a
possible solution of some of the many disputed points in con-
nection with the buildings in and around it aroused every one
to an earnest study of the buildings which form the back-
gr0und for the two principal groups. The most important of
the theories thus far advanced will therefore be presented and
their probability considered.

Nichols, 1 in discussing the topography of the Forum as indi-
cated by the reliefs, calls attention to the fact that on each
screen we find the tree at the left of the statue, while the
rostra changes sides. From this he infers that the scenes are
continuous, as follows (beginning at the right hand on the
eastern screen): the temple of Vespasian, that of Saturn, an
arch of the loggia of the Tabularium, and the Basilica Julia,
which is continued on the western screen, on which we have
the Basilica Julia, a space indicating the Castor temple (which

i Nichols, Tlie Roman Forum, p. 67.

72 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

is not shown because hidden from the spectator by other monu-
ments), the temple of Julius Caesar, and the Arch of Augustus.
The position of the Rostra after its removal from its old site 1
he thinks has never been ascertained, " except in so far as the
sculptures before us enable us to do so."

According to Middleton 2 the following buildings and arches
are represented : on the western screen (beginning at the left),
the Arch of Augustus, the temple of Castor and Pollux, and
the Basilica Julia ; on the eastern screen, the Saturn temple, an
arch of the Tabularium, and the Vespasian temple.

Visconti, 3 deeming the reliefs of themselves "sufficiently
clear," gives the following explanation of the buildings rep-
resented. On the western screen the emperor is evidently
speaking from the rostra of the Capitol. The arch directly
behind him must be one of those leading to the Forum, and it
is possible to take it as one which passed over the present Via
Marforio. Beyond the vacant space which intervenes is the
Curia Hostilia (or Julia). The vacant space to the right of
this is that of some open way corresponding to the present Via
Bonella ; beyond it is the easily recognizable Basilica Aemilia.
The suggestum which is before it must be that of the praetor,
situated toward the short side of the Forum near the Arch of
Fabius. The vacant space following is evidently that of the
area of the Comitium because of the presence of the Ficus
Ruminalis, which is a certain indication thereof ; moreover, the
statue of Marsyas is also here near the Rostra Julia and the
tribunal of the praetor. 4 This position of the Comitium, which
we know was once before the Curia, he explains upon the sup-
position that it was transferred under the Empire to the lower
end of the Forum.

On the eastern screen the rostra is turned in the same way
(i.e. toward the lower end of the Forum); so we have still the

1 Dio Cassius, XLIII, 49.

2 Middleton, fiemains of Ancient Home, I, p. 346.
8 Visconti, Deux actes de Domitien.

* Senec. de Benef. 6, 32 ; Schol. Hor. Sat. 1, 6, 120.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 73

rostra of the Capitoline. The temples of Vespasian and Saturn
must be the ones next given, while the arch between them
serves to indicate in the most positive way a road ; possibly it
is the Porta Pandana, which is known to have spanned a road
leading to the Capitol. Next to the Saturn temple stands the
Basilica Julia, beyond which is the open space indicating the
Vic us Tuscus, and the fig tree and Marsyas complete the cir-
cuit. But this time the statue precedes the tree because " it is
natural that the person who looks at them the long way of the
Forum would see them in a reverse position from the one who
looks at them from the side which is opposite to them."

" The spectator, who, standing in the middle of the Forum,
facing the Rostra, should direct his eyes from left to right would,
after surveying the upper end and side of the same, find at the
lower end the fig tree and the Marsyas statue ; if now he begins
with them, and takes another survey from left to right, he will
see the other long side of the Forum and return inevitably to
the Rostra, with which he began." This is the explanation
which Brizio 1 gives of the topography, and he would name
the buildings as follows : The arch behind the rostra (on
Fig. 2) is either a triumphal one or a Janus, for these two
forms are much alike in reliefs. (The latter is perhaps the
more probable explanation.) Next to it is the Senaculum of
Domitian, then the Basilica Aemilia. On Fig. 3 (beginning
at the left) the Basilica Julia and the Saturn and Concord
temples are easily recognized. The appearance of the Basilica
Julia here is very different from that on the Arch of Constan-
tine, which may be due to repairs made upon it at a later
period.

In Marucchi's Foro Romano, pp. 104-108, the eastern screen
is said to show the temples of Vespasian and Saturn, and the
Basilica Julia. As the Marsyas and fig tree appear on each
side, only in reversed positions, they must be used as hyphens
and indicate that the scenes are continuous ; and this interpre-
tation is confirmed by the fact that the basilica arches on the
1 Ann. Inst. 1872, p. 317.

74 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

two screens are "identical in form and dimension." We have-
therefore on the western screen the Basilica Julia, the Vicus
Tuscus (indicated by the vacant space), the Castor temple, the
Arch of Augustus, and the rostra of the Aedes Divi Juli.

Jordan's explanation 1 may be briefly stated thus : On the
eastern screen, beginning at the right, the Vespasian temple,.
an arch (either that of Tiberius or an arch of the Tabularium),
the Saturn temple, the Basilica Julia ; on the western screen
an unknown arch, the Curia, a street (shown by the blank),
and the Basilica Aemilia.

Gardthausen 2 has supported the view that we must orient
the plutei from north to south, and trace the buildings accord-
ingly. This theory seems largely based on two premises : first,
that the screens are in situ ; secondly, that the Basilica Aemilia,
being the most beautiful building in Rome, could not have
been represented merely by a few pilasters and columns. It
may be answered that the travertine foundations are utterly
unworthy of the plutei, and even if veneered with marble are
a most unlikely base. As for the second reason adduced, it is
hard to see how doubling the number of pilasters and columns
makes a more adequate representation of the most beautiful
basilica, nor why this same argument would not compel one to
consider the representations of the temples as equally inade-
quate. This view therefore has not been considered in the
final summary.

In comparing the various theories which have been thus
briefly stated, it will be seen that our ideas as to what buildings
are represented will depend, on the one hand, upon the view
we adopt as to the meaning and use of the Marsyas and the fig
tree ; and, on the other, upon what we consider to have been
the artist's conception of his background. A study of temples,
arches, and other buildings, as represented upon coins and
reliefs, leads to the conclusion that, while one can never look
for absolute accuracy in such representations, nor even for
correctness of detail (such as the number of columns of a
1 Jordan, I, 2, p. 224. 2 Hermes, 1874, p. 129.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 75

temple), one may not assume, without good proof, that the
artist has taken unusual topographical liberties with anything
but his perspective. The Arch of Augustus, as shown on
coins, is a good example of the freedom thus exercised.
Recent excavations have proved that this was a triple arch
like that of Septimius Severus. On coins it appears as a single,"
double, or triple arch, but always surmounted by a quadriga. 1

On the Haterian reliefs 2 (which date from the third century
of this era) we find a series of buildings indicated as being
upon the Sacra Via, one of which is entirely unknown to us,
while the remainder are treated in a conventional and, at the
same time, a free manner. For example, the temple of Venus
and Rome is represented simply by the goddess, who is sitting
under the Arch of Titus, her own temple not being shown.
Only two stories are given to the Colosseum, while the temple
on the right hand, has, as often on coins, its statue not within
the cella, but in full view. The artist evidently felt himself
justified in conventionalizing his representations, but not in
adding edifices which were out of sight or in omitting a promi-
nent building. Remembering, then, that one is not justified
in hasty assumptions as to the artist's having made arbitrary
changes, nor yet in requiring photographic accuracy, we may
now proceed to consider the topography of the reliefs.

As two objects appear on both plutei, namely, the fig tree
and the Marsyas, they have naturally constituted the point
.around which the topographical questions centre. It is there-
fore necessary to learn all we can about them at the outset.

Oil the familiar passage in Horace, 3

" Obeundus Marsya, qui se
voltum ferre negat Noviorum posse minoris,"

the Commentator Cruquiaiius remarks : " Marsyas statua erat
pro rostris ad quam solebant converiire causidici ; " Aero says :

1 Cohen, I, p. 82, 123, 229, 230, 231, 235, 544.

2 Helbig, Fuhrer durch die offentl. Samml. klass. Alterth. in Rom, I, pp.
515-520.

3 Sat. I, 6, 120.

76 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

" Marsyas statua erat pro rostris." Martial l gives a still more
vague indication of its position in the lines,

" Fora litibus omnia fervent ;
Ipse potest fieri Marsya causidicus."

Seneca, 2 speaking of Julia, daughter of Augustus, implies that
the statue stood near the Rostra : " Forum ipsum ac rostra ex
quibus pater legem de adulteriis tulerat, filiae in stupra placu-
isse, quotidianum ad Marsyam concursum." In the elder
Pliny reference is made to it in two connections : " P. Muna-
tius cum demptam Marsyae coronam capiti suo imposuisset
atque ob id eum duci in vinculi triumviri iussissent, appella-
vit tribunes plebis. . . . Apud nos exemplum licentiae huius
non est aliud quam filia divi Augusti, cuius luxuria noctibus
coronatum Marsyam litterae illius dei gemunt." 3

It would seem, then, from the testimony of these ancient
writers that such a statue stood in the Forum, and presum-
ably near the Rostra. The meaning of this Marsyas or Silenus,
when standing, as was usual in Italian cities, in the market-
place, is uncertain. Servius, commenting on the word Lyaeo,
says : 4 u Lyaeo, qui, ut supra diximus, apte in urbibus liber-
tatis (ubertatis?) est deus. Unde etiam Marsyas eius mini-
ster in civitatibus in foro positus libertatis (ubertatis?), qui
erecta manu testatur nihil urbi deesse." It was probably origi-
nally connected with the idea of fulness or wealth (ubertas)
before it came to be considered a sign of the city's freedom.
This latter use seems to have developed in the seventh 5 cen-
tury of the city. One of the earliest representations of the
Marsyas known to us is on the reverse of a denarius of the gens
Marcia (B.C. 84), 6 and agrees with the description given by
ancient authorities. The figure has a tail, and is nude except
for his boots ; his right hand is uplifted, while the left grasps

1 2, 64, 8. N.H. 21, 8-9.

2 De Benef. 6, 32. * Aen. 4, 58.

5 Bauineister, Denkmdler, art. " Marsyas " ; Jordan, Marsyas auf dem
forum.

6 Babelon, Monnaies de la Eepublique romaine, II, p. 195, 42.

THE "TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 77

a wine skin. Certain coins of cities in Asia Minor show a
similar design, as used much later (ninth century of the city). 1

In this use in the Forum the figure seems to have no con-
nection with the .story of the contest between Apollo and
Marsyas, but to be a Silenus who carries a wine skin, not a
victim being flayed.

This leads to a consideration of the tree which in both scenes
stands next to the Marsyas.

The Ficus Ruminalis, under which Romulus and Remus had
been found, had been, according to Roman tradition, transferred
from its original site to a place " in foro ipso ac comitio " 2 by
the augur Attius Navius. Tacitus mentions it as " Ruminalem
arborem in comitio." 3 From the reverence with which it was
regarded, and on account of its position, it became one of the
natural landmarks of the Forum, so that its presence in any
scene would indicate clearly that the place of action was the
Forum.

We have thus, as the most prominent features of these scenes,
two of the oldest and most sacred landmarks of the Forum and
Comitium, namely, the Marsyas and the Ficus Ruminalis. Each
is depicted with a cubical base, thus indicating its symbolical
meaning. The suggestion of Hiilsen 4 that, as on the western
screen the cubical figure upon which the tree appears to stand
has incised lines on both of the sides which are shown, we must
therefore consider it not a base but a square enclosure, does
not seem warranted by the facts; for we find these same lines
shown on both bases of the eastern screen, and on one side of
the Marsyas base on the western screen. Its absence on the
other side appears to be a concession to the obvious difficulty
of cutting lines upon that particular part. The two bases may,
therefore, be taken as part of the conventionality of the group,
simply indicating its allegorical use.

Hence, it may be safely assumed that the artist, wishing to
delineate a scene in the Forum, took, as a means of indicating

1 Cohen, IV, p. 283, 278. 3 Ann. 13, 58.

2 Pliny, N.H. 15, 77. 4 Rom. Mitth. 1892, p. 287.

78 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

this place, three of the most prominent objects therein, the
Rostra, the fig tree, and the Marsyas ; and, desiring an arrange-
ment of each scene which should be harmonious and yet not an
exact repetition of the other, he placed the group at one end
and the Rostra at the other, varying the position of the two
objects which compose the group so as to avoid a sameness, as
needless as it would have been inartistic. On the eastern
screen we see a further proof of this motive for change in the
composition of the group, in the way in which the tunic of the
last man blows back against the statue, while on the opposite
side we have the quiet harmony of the long lines of the drapery
of the standing figure and of the tree by which he stands.
The decorative effect which is to be produced by the fig tree is
further shown by the way in which it is used in each cas3 to
cover by its leaves and fruit as large as possible a portion of the
otherwise blank space, which would have formed an unpleasant
contrast to the rest of the background, which is fully occupied
by buildings.

Since the Marsyas and the fig tree have only a symbolical
and decorative but not strictly topographical purpose, it is
possible to discuss more intelligently the question as to what
buildings in the Forum are represented. The buildings which
suggest themselves as easiest of identification are those repre-
sented on each screen by a series of arches and pilasters or
columns. Various scholars 1 have argued that these must be
representations of the same building, especially as the Marsyas
and the fig tree appear at the end of each. But, as we have
concluded, the latter are not used with any strictly topographi-
cal meaning. Moreover, it seems unlikely that the artist would
have drawn two scenes which are so inharmonious when placed
together, as taking place before the same building. It is also
to be noted that the two differ much in drawing. Only one
fragment remains which shows the top of the arches of the
basilica on the eastern screen, but it is sufficient to give the

1 E.g. Middleton, Remains of Ancient Rome, I, pp. 346-347 ; Marucchi, Fora
Romano, pp. 105-107.

THE "TRAJAN- RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 79

diameter and height of the arch, which differ respectively by
3 cm. and 3.5 cm. from those of the western screen.

Having, then, two basilicas, we find it ea^sy to identify them
as the Basilica Julia and the Basilica Aemilia. That only one
story of each is given, while we have reason to believe that they
exceeded that height, is due to the license employed by all
artists when adapting buildings to designs for coins or archi-
tectural spaces. As has already been stated, 1 on the Haterian
reliefs the Colosseum is reduced in height as well as distorted
in its proportions. On the western screen the ship's beak
adorning the front of the platform from which the emperor is
addressing the people indicates at once that we have here the
rostra of the Forum Romanum. This we know to have been
changed in Caesar's time to a place at the foot of the Capitol,
now happily identified. Although at times the steps of the
Castor temple and the platform before the Aedes Divi luli 2
were used as rostra, this one, even though transferred from its
ancient position, retained its place in the hearts and language
of the people as "the Rostra." Its appearance upon the Arch
of Constantine is evidence of its long-continued importance.
In this position at the foot of the Capitol, it was probably
entered from the rear 3 by a sloping ascent, the terrace render-
ing stairs unnecessary.

If the emperor is standing upon the Rostra, the buildings
represented as upon his left hand must be the Curia and the
Basilica Aemilia. This agrees with all that is known as to the
relative positions of the two buildings, and the space between
them would naturally indicate the street separating the two.

It has been suggested that we have here the Castor temple,
as the first building. But if we accept the platform with the
ship's beak as the Rostra, this would be topographically impos-
sible ; moreover, it is represented as having steps in the front,
which we now know was not the case with this temple. 4 For
similar reasons, it cannot be accepted as the Senaculum, for the

1 p. 75. 3 Richter, Jb. Arch. Inst. 1889, p. 15.

2 Jordan, I, 2, p. 227. 4 Jordan, I, 2, p. 375.

80 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

latest studies connected with the Forum and Comitium have
proven that the Curia was next to the Basilica Aemilia. 1

This shows that the arch which closes the scene on the left-
is probably one over the Clivus Argentarius, the present Via
Marforio. Whether it was a Janus or some triumphal arch
cannot be definitely proven by any obtainable data. It is evi-
dent from such reliefs as that of the Haterii that arches existed
and were well known, which no extant author has mentioned.

Having decided that the long building on the eastern screen
is the Basilica Julia, it remains to identify the two temples
with the arch between them. But before beginning, it must
be noticed that this pluteus is incomplete and has lost a portion
0.98 m. in length. Comparing the measurements of the rostra
on the western screen, we find that the missing portion was
amply large to have shown a similar one. This fact, together
with the part still visible, suggests a solution of the problem.

The temple with the Ionic columns next to the Basilica Julia
is the Saturn temple, and the one with the Corinthian capitals
is the temple of Vespasian. The missing fragment would not
be more than long enough for depicting the Concord temple,
which was so much broader than either of the other two. The
screens then give us the two long sides of the Forum, begin-
ning each time with the Rostra. To consider the last temple
now visible on the pluteus as the Concord temple would leave
no building which could have filled the missing portion of the
scene behind the Rostra, and require us to imagine that so
prominent and beautiful a building as that of the Vespasian
temple was purposely omitted, an illogical and unnecessary
conclusion.

The arch between the two temples remains to be identified.
It has been called an arch of the Tabularium, the Porta Pan-
dana, and an arch of Tiberius. The latter was erected " propter
aedem Saturni "; 2 Jordan 3 places it, therefore, at the west end

1 Rom. Mitth. 1893, p. 278 ; Lanciani, Ruins and Excavations of Ancient
Rome, p. 264.

2 Tac. Ann. 2, 41. 3 Jordan, I, 2, p. 211.

THE " TRAJAN-RELIEFS" IN THE ROMAN FORUM 81

of the Basilica Julia, over the Sacra Via, where in 1849 traces
of some such construction were found. 1 From the location
given by Tacitus it seems clear that the arch must have been
either at this point, or else between the Basilica Julia and the
Saturn temple, over the Vicus Jugarius. In either position it
could not have been represented as between the Saturn and
Vespasian temples.

The Porta Pandana or Saturnia Porta, 2 if it was " post aedem
Saturni," as Solinus says, 3 would hardly be represented in this
position. And if it was, as some authorities think, a gateway
on or near the Tarpeian rock, 4 it would have been quite out of
sight.

There remain, therefore, two possibilities : either an arch of
the Tabularium is represented or an unknown one. Its simple
form agrees with all that we know of the architecture of the
Tabularium, while the way in which it is drawn seems to indi-
cate clearly that it was back of the Vespasian temple. As none
of the arches suggested can be proven to have stood here, it is
most probable that the Tabularium is the building indicated.

The background is thus all accounted for, and the arrange-
ment agrees in general with that of the buildings in regard to
which we have any definite knowledge. There are many diffi-
culties in the way of a hard and fast decision in regard to that
which may always remain a disputed point ; but in the present
state of our knowledge this seems the most probable solution
of the topographical problem.

Original Site and Use of the Screens. The questions of the
original position and of the use of the plutei are so closely allied
as to be practically one. It may frankly be confessed that the
two seem incapable of any satisfactory solution. There is no
building or entrance in existence to which they can be certainly

1 As this paper goes to press, advice is received from Rome indicating that
this position of the arch of Tiberius has been definitely proved by the excavations
of 1900-01.

2 Varro, L.L. 5, 42. 3 Solinus, I, 13.

4 Kiepert and Hiilsen, Forma Urbis Bomae ; Gilbert, Topog. d. Stadt JRorn,
I, p. 258 j Jordan, I, 2, p. 122.

82 ANNA SPALDING JENKINS

assigned, while the positions proposed can always be disputed.
As for their position with regard to each other it can only be
affirmed that they belong together. The combination proposed
by any one will seem unlikely to another, and both equally im-
probable to a third.

It is possible, however, in all these matters to content one's
self with something short of complete knowledge, realizing that
to know what style of monument a people erected is of far more
value than to know the precise spot where it stood and the
purpose it served.

ANNA SPALDING JENKINS.

1900
July December

ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS 1

NOTES OF RECENT EXCAVATIONS AND
DISCOVERIES; OTHER NEWS

HAROLD N. FOWLER, Editor

49, Cornell Street, Cleveland, Ohio

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

RUSSIA. The Necropolis of Lutzine. In R. Arch. XXXVI, 1900,
pp. 397-402 (2 figs.), G. Katcheretz gives a summary of an account of dis-
coveries in the necropolis of Lutzine, Vitebsk, by Messrs. Romanov and
Sizov (Materials for the Archaeology of Russia, XIV, 1893; in Russian).
The 340 tombs studied contained utensils, arms, and ornaments of various
metals and other materials. The date is probably the tenth and eleventh
centuries. The custom of incineration seems to have been dying out. The
skulls found are similar to the Esthonian type, but the other objects point
to a Finnish population.

A NEW JOURNAL OF SEMITIC EPIGRAPHY. A new epi-
graphical journal has been started by Dr. Mark Lidzbarski (Giessen :
Ricker), entitled Ephemeris fur Semitische Epigmphik, the object of which is
to impart all new finds and notice all new publications and articles. The new
inscriptions in the first number of the journal consist of some "old Semitic"
seals and weights in the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford, and five Mandaean
magical texts on clay bowls in the Berlin Museum and the Louvre. A
good part of the space in this number is devoted to Carthaginian and Punic
inscriptions already published, principally by Berger and Clermont-Ganrieau.
(Nation, November 1, 1900.)

NECROLOGY. Frederick Davis. Mr. Frederick Davis, a Fellow
and member of the Council of the Society of Antiquaries, died July 14,

1 The departments of Archaeological News and Discussions and of Bibliography of
Archaeological Books are conducted by Professor FOWLER, Editor-in-charge, assisted
by Miss MARY H. BUCKINGHAM, Professor HARRY E. BURTON, Professor JAMES C.
EGBERT, JR., Professor ELMER T. MERRILL, Mr. GEORGE N. OLCOTT, Professor
JAMES M. PATON, and the Editors, especially Professor MARQUAND.

No attempt is made to include in the present number of the JOURNAL material
published after December 31 , 1900.

For an explanation of the abbreviations, see pp. 123, 124.

84 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

1900. He was born in 1843. For several years he had taken a considerable
share in the supervision of the excavations at Silchester. (Athen. July
21, 1900.)

H. A. Revoil. The French architect, M. H. A. Revoil, is dead. Apart
from his professional achievements, the deceased was well known as the
author of L' Architecture Romaine du Midi de la France. (Athen. December
29, 1900.)

Hermann Riegel. Dr. Hermann Riegel, director of the museum at
Brunswick, known by his numerous works on the history of art, died August
13, 1900, in his sixty-seventh year. (Polybiblion, September, 1900, p. 278.)

Konrad Wernicke. Dr. Konrad Wernicke, for some years editor of
the Archaeologischer Anzeiger, well known for his learned arid able articles
on classical archaeology, died at Berlin, after a short illness, August 21, 1900.

EGYPT

EXCAVATIONS IN THE FIRST HALF OF 1900. In Biblia,
September, 1900, is a translation of a letter contributed by Mr. G. Maspero
to the Orientalistische Litteratur-zeitung for July. At Thebes the pylon of the
temple at Karnak was propped up with beams, some work was done for the
preservation of the hypostyle hall, the temple of Ptah was cleared, and
the Ramesseum repaired. At Deir el Bahari a tomb of the eleventh or thir-
teenth dynasty was opened. It contained one royal statue. Xear Memphis,
at Bedreshein, a house^ and a variety of small objects were found. At Sak-
karah the chapel of the pyramid of Ounas was discovered, but only the plan
can be restored. Vaults were found, containing sarcophagi, inscriptions,
etc. Several mastabas here are now protected by railings and furnished
with lanterns and doors. Maspero also searched at Lisht and Zaouiet el
Aryan, at Sa el Hagar, Abu Ballon, Tell-Bastah, Damanhour, and El Bersheh,
but without great results. He mentions briefly excavations by the Germans
at Abousir, by the French at Meir, by Petrie at Abydos (Egypt Exploration
Fund), by Gayet, for the Musee Guimet, at Sheikh Abadeh, Balansourah,
Shech Said, etc., by Grenfell and Hunt in the valley of Gharak, by the
Marquis of Southampton at Kom el Ahmar, and by Reisner at Coptos and
Deir. The Archaeological Report of the Egypt Exploration Fund for 1900,
pp. 1-7, contains brief accounts of the work of the Fund; pp. 12-14, of other
excavations; and pp. 15-16, of the Egyptian Research Account, followed by
a bibliography.

ABYDOS. The Royal Tombs of the First Dynasty. The eigh-
teenth memoir of the Egypt Exploration Fund (51 pp. ; 67 pis.) is devoted
to the early tombs found by Petrie at Abydos. The tombs and their con-
tents are described in detail. The names and, in most cases, the order of
eight kings of the first dynasty are established: (1) Aha-Men, (2) Zer,
(3) Zet, (4) Merneit, (5) Den-Setui, (6) Azab-Merpaba, (7) Mersekha,
(8) Qa-Sen. Among the pottery marks are many which resemble marks
found in Crete, Caria, Spain, and elsewhere. These are not connected with
the Egyptian hieroglyphics, but belong to a separate signary. Some of
them denoted numbers as well as sounds. Many of the plates reproduce
these signs.

In Berl. Phil. W., July 14, 1900, is a brief abstract of part of W. M.
Flinders Petrie's address at University College, London, on discoveries at

BABYLONIA] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 85

Abydos, especially graves of early kings. That of Den-Setui, the fifth king
of the first dynasty, was peculiarly rich. The graves of two hitherto
unknown kings, Meroeit and Qa, were found, and graves of fifty officials
were examined. Among objects discovered were nine jars with royal seals
and tablets of ivory and ebony with inscriptions.

A Twelfth Dynasty Temple. The plan and much of the architecture
of a temple of the twelfth dynasty, dated by cartouches of Amenemhat III
and Usertesen III, have been found at Abydos. (DAVID RANDALL MAC!VER,
Archaeological Report of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1899-1900, pp. 1-2.)

Cemeteries. Cemeteries, dating from the eighteenth to the thirtieth
dynasties, are briefly described by the excavator, A. C. Mace, in the Archaeo-
logical Report of the Egypt Exploration Fund, 1899-1900, pp. 2-3. On p. 2,
D. R. Maclver mentions that he has excavated two prehistoric cemeteries,
which may aid in solving ethnological questions.

ALEXANDRIA. The Topography of the City. In A then. Mitth.
XXV, 1900, pp. 215-279 (pis. ix-xi ; 14 cuts), F. Noack gives a report on
his investigations at Alexandria from October, 1898, to March, 1899. Begin-
ning at a point near the government hospital, trial diggings were made at a
number of points over an area 1200 m. long and 600 m. wide. It was found
that the oldest buildings rest on the natural rock, and are usually from 4 m.
to 5 m. below the paved streets described by Mahmoud el Falaki. At
several points remains were found, which enable four periods to be distin-
guished, the latest of which is contemporaneous with the system of streets.
The first two strata seem to belong to the Ptolemaic period, while the last
can scarcely be earlier than Hadrian, and may well be later. In general
Mahmoud 's plan is accurate, but his figures as to the breadth of the streets
need revision. A system of drainage was discovered, which was modified
at successive periods. The streets laid out by Deinocrates seem to have
followed in general the same lines as the later plan. The paper closes with
a discussion of the situation of the two dyo/oat and the palus a meridie inler-
iecta of Caesar. Special attention is called to the sinking of the ground
since the classical time, attributed in great measure to the earthquake of
August 7, 1303, which destroyed a part of the Pharos. It seems worth
noticing that the side of the large middle tower of the Arabian fort corre-
sponds exactly to the length given for the side of the Pharos by Ibn Batutah.

GHIZEH. A Greek Inscription. In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1900, pp. 173-
176, H. Weil publishes a Greek inscription from Ghizeh, in Egypt. It is
part of a decree ordering the erection of statues of some benefactor. The
date is between 300 B.C. and 1 A.D.

SIWAH. Steindorff's Expedition. In Sitzb. Sachs. Ges. 1900,
pp. 209-239 (3 pis.), G. Steindorff gives a report of his expedition to the
oasis of Siwah and to Nubia in 1899-1900. (See Am. J. Arch. 1900, p. 480.)

BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA

BABYLON. The Great Temple. A Greek manuscript recently
published by de Mely for the Academic des Sciences shows the condition of
the " Tower of Babel " in 335 A.D., when the author, Harpocration, visited
this monument arid measured it exactly. It had been restored in the sixth
century B.C. by Nebuchadnezzar, who says in his inscription that it was built
forty-two generations earlier. We now know that it was still in use in the

86 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

fourth century after Christ. It was 94 km. from Ctesiphon, south of
Babylon. It had a foundation 186 m. square and 80 feet high. On this
rose a tower of six steps, each 28 feet high. At the top was the sanctuary,
15 feet high. The seven stories together had a height of 67 m. The first
step was 43 m. square. The sanctuary was reached by 365 stairs, 305 of
which were of silver, the rest of gold. This description confirms the
hypotheses of Oppert. (D K MELY, C. R. Acad. Insc. 1900, pp. 309 f.)

MUGHEIR (UR). Proposed Excavations. A national expedition
has been organized for the purpose of excavating the ruins of the traditional
home of Abraham, Ur of the Chaldees (Gen. ii. 31), now represented by the
mounds of Mugheir (i.e. 'cemented with asphalt,' Gen. ii. 3), opposite the
modern Babylonian town Nasarieh, on the Euphrates River. A careful
estimate places the cost of carrying on the excavations for the first year at
$12,500. This is for a staff of two Americans (one archaeologist and one
engineer), a Turkish commissioner, a dragoman, and a force of one hundred
Arab workmen. With $3000 more the number of diggers may be doubled,
the pay of a native laborer being about ten cents a day. A subscription of
$25 will enable the Committee to employ an additional workman for one
year. The excavations will be conducted by Edgar James Banks, Ph.D.,
sometime U. S. Consul at Bagdad, Turkey. Subscribers of $5 or more will
receive copies of the Quarterly Reports on the work of the Expedition.
Checks should be made payable to George Foster Peabody, Treasurer,
27 Pine Street, New York City.

NIPPUR. American Excavations. In the Independent, November
13, 1900, pp. 2717-2720 (4 figs.), H. V. Hilprecht briefly summarizes the
results of the latest campaign of the University of Pennsylvania, at Nippur,
which began in the late summer of 1898. The plan \vas to determine these
points : First, the precise extent of the pre-Sargonic settlement at ancient
Nippur and the relative position it held in the earliest period of Babylonian
history. Second, the precise character of the Temple of Bel during the
whole period preceding Ur-Gur, of Ur, who reigned about 2700 B.C.
Hitherto it had been believed that Ur-Gur introduced the stage-tower as a
form of temple in Babylonia. Third, the precise boundaries and extent of
the territory enclosed in the old city walls, and the course of the walls.
Fourth, the position of one or more of the city gates. Fifth, the age, extent,
and exact character of a public building discovered during the first cam-
paign and partially excavated by the second expedition. Its prominent
feature was a colonnade. Sixth, the distinguishing features in the modes
of burial at different times. Seventh, the position and character of the
Temple library, which Dr. Hilprecht believed all along was in the most
southern group of the mounds of the eastern side of the Shatt-el-Xil.
Besides this, the pottery was to be studied and classified by Dr. Hilprecht.
"Now," says Dr. Hilprecht, "we know that the Nippur of the fifth and
fourth millennium had practically the same extent as the Nippur of the
days of Artaxerxes and Darius. We have proved the correctness of my
theory concerning the Temple library by finding it at the spot where for
twelve years I knew it would be unearthed. Nearly ninety thousand docu-
ments have been taken from its rooms and shelves. We have found con-
vincing evidence that the stage-tower I have referred to as introduced by
Ur-Gur existed in Babylonia long before the old Sumeriari race was con-

SYRIA] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 87

quered by the invading Semites. I have determined that the large building
bearing the colonnade was not a creation of the Cassite kings who ruled
Babylonia from about 1700 B.C. to 1100 B.C., as was stated on the authority
of the second expedition. It was constructed about one thousand years later,
near 300 B.C. We have not only solved the problems we set ourselves on
the beginning, but we have made many discoveries having an important
bearing upon the topography and history of ancient Nippur and upon the
religious ideas and customs of the daily life of the Babylonian people "
(Cf. 5. S. Times, December 1, 1900; Berl. Phil. W. November 17, 1900;
Bihlia, July, August, September, October, November, December, 1900 ; N. Y.
Sun, September 2, 1900.)

TELLO. Early Sculptures. In C. R. Acad. 7n.sc. 1900, p. 151, is a
resume of a paper by L. Heuzey, describing a circular altar found by
de Sarzec in a building below the construction of Our-Nina. On the altar
is a relief representing a king who holds a staff or sceptre and presents a
diadem to a young warrior leaning on a lance. This is the earliest known
Asiatic relief.

Early Inscriptions. Mr. de Sarzec has brought from his last excava-
tions at Tello many specimens of Babylonian art, which will enrich the
Louvre. Among his new discoveries are several thousand inscriptions,
among them one on a plate of gold. This disproves the theory that the
Babylonians wrote inscriptions only on bricks and bronze tablets. (Chron.
d. Arts, August 25, 1900.)

ASSYRIAN AND HITTITE RUINS. After the excavations at
Nippur were closed, in May, Professor Hilprecht proceeded to Constantinople
on horseback, through the territories of the Sham mar and Tai Bed'ween,
then at war with each other. He examined the more important Assyrian
ruins, Kileh Shergat, Nimrud, Nebi-Junus, and Kuyunjik (ancient Nineveh),
etc., arid devoted considerable time in June and July to the exploration of
the northern districts of the ancient Hittite empire, and to the Cappadoci;in
mounds, particularly to Kill Tepe, whence he obtained two new Hittite
inscriptions and a large number of cuneiform tablets, together with other
important archaeological objects, for his work on early Cappadocia, which for
some years has been in the course of preparation. (S. S. Times, October 6,
1900.)

SYRIA AND PALESTINE

Travels, Antiquities, and Inscriptions. In the Mittheilungen des
deutschen Palaestina Vereins, 1900, pp. 1-9 (fig.), Dr. Sellin continues his
account of his journey in Palestine in 1899. He describes a number of
sites, a few small objects, including an interesting bronze idol, and publishes
a few fragments of late Greek inscriptions. Ibid. pp. 10-13, G. Schumacher
publishes twelve late inscriptions. One is a milestone, one a Latin inscrip-
tion (R. Biblique, January, 1899, p. 18, No. 20) ; the rest are Greek. Several
have been previously published. In the Z. D. Pal. V. 1900, pp. 1-77,
M. Hartmann continues his 'contributions to the knowledge of the Syrian
steppe,' giving some information about sites.

DEIR-EL-QALA'A. The Phoenician Temples. In C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1900, pp. 232-259 (plan), Rev. Father Ronzevalle described the ruins
of Deir-el-Qala'a, in the Lebanon range above Beyrouth. This was the
centre of the cult of Baal-Marcod, and was as important for Beyrouth as

88 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

the celebrated sanctuary of Aphka, at the source of the river Adonis, was
for Byblus. Besides remains of walls and fragments of sculpture, a few
Latin inscriptions were found. These were apparently all gravestones,
except one dedication to Hadrian.

JERUSALEM. Graeco-Roman Tombs. In R. Arch. XXXVI,
1900, pp. 392-396 (5 figs.), S. Reinach describes four sarcophagi found
December 29, 1899, at the Schools of the Israelite Alliance, about a mile
from Jerusalem. The.stone sarcophagi are massive, and riot richly adorned.
No coins were found, but the date of the tombs is probably not far -from the
time of Augustus.

TELL EJ-JUDEIDEH, THE VALLEY OF HINNOM, THE DEAD
SEA. Excavations and Investigations. The principal feature of the
Quarterly Statement for July of the Palestine Exploration Fund is Dr. Bliss's
illustrated report on the excavations at Tell ej-Judeideh. Extensive remains
of a Roman villa were discovered, and there were numerous pottery finds,
including thirty-seven jar-handles with royal stamps; making, with those
found in other places, sixty-one of these interesting 'remains of a period
from 800 B.C. to 500 B.C. Mr. Macalister describes the series of rock-cut
tombs in the so-called Valley of Hinnom, and their incised and painted
inscriptions, while Mr. Gray Hill reports an attempt to explore the pre-
cipitous eastern shore of the Dead Sea in as mail sail-boat. Dr. Shick tells
of several artificial but significant changes in the surface of the ground
about Jerusalem, through extensive building operations, valleys being
filled and hills removed. (Nation, August 16, 1900; cf. HILPRECIIT, in
jS. S. Times, October 6.) The Nation, August 23, 1900, regrets the meagre-
ness of the results of excavations in Palestine, but hopes for better things,
and calls attention to the American School in Palestine, which opens this
year (1900), with Professor C. C. Torrey as director.

TELL SANDAHANNAH. A Seleucid City. At Tell Sanda-
hannah, Dr. F. J. Bliss, excavating for the Palestine Exploration Fund,
laid bare a Seleucid city. Among other objects, some fifty fragments of
stone tablets with inscriptions in Greek and Hebrew, probably incantations,
were found. The Israelitish city below the Seleucid city was touched at
but, one point. Dr. Bliss thinks it may have been Mareshah or Moresheth-
Gath of the Bible. Dr. Bliss has been obliged to resign, on account of ill
health. (Nation, December 6, 1900, from the October Quarterly Report of
the Pal. Ex. Fund.)

In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1900, pp. 536-541, Clermont-Ganneau discusses a
fragmentary inscription found by F. Bliss at Sandahannah (Eleutheropo-

lis), in Palestine. The text, LVOJJV ^yd\rjv \ ...tupa rrjv ey /foo-iAews |

. . . /SourtXto-crq?, is restored, so as to show that it refers to Arsinoe, daughter
of Ptolemy and Berenice. The inscription was the dedication on the base of
a statue. A second fragment belongs to a similar dedication of a statue
of Ptolemy IV Philopator. Another fragment, restored [SKOWU]S Kparo>-
vos I [ ATroAA] (ovi f.i>x*l v > i ascribed to Scopas, the general of Ptolemy IV
and Ptolemy V. Clermont-Ganneau refers also to sixteen lead figurines,
which, he thinks, represent the persons against whom the magic incanta-
tions found in the same excavations are directed.

ASIA MINOR] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 89

ASIA MINOR

SITES IN CARIA AND LYDIA. In J.H.S. XX, 1900, pp. 51-80
(13 cuts), W. R. Paton identifies certain ancient sites in southern Lydia
and eastern Caria, publishes ten inscriptions, and describes a Lydian form
of tumulus which prevails in this region, containing flat-roofed double
chambers and surmounted by phallic or globe-topped termini.

SITES AND DATES IN PONTUS. Recently found inscriptions
settle the position of Andrapa-Neoclaudiopolis, east of the Halys, and the
era of this district, 6 B.C., and include an earlier copy than any yet known
of the correspondence of Abgar of Emessa with Christ. Together with
thirteen Roman milestones, dating from Nerva to Constantine, they throw
light on the varying limits of Roman and Galatian Pontus, Paphlagonia, etc.
(J. G. C. ANDERSON and J. A. R. MUNRO, J.H.S. XX, 1900, pp. 151-166.)

MERSINLI. A Metrical Epitaph. In the Revue des Etudes
Anciennes, II, 1900, pp. 253-255, is a publication, by A. Fontrier (from
the Courier de Smyrne, June 6, 1900), of a metrical epitaph in four parts
on four sides of a marble block, found halfway between Mersinli and
Bouriiabat, near Smyrna. It was in honor of Paula (HoiAAa), wife of
Victor (BiKTtop). It may belong to the early third century after Christ,
but, as Paul Founder (ibid. pp. 255-258) observes, the date cannot be
accurately determined from the forms of the letters, the clumsy style, or
the mixed dialect.

MILETUS. The Decree in Honor of Hippostratus. The excava-
tions of the Berlin Museum, at Miletus, have yielded a complete copy of the
decree of the lonians in honor of Hippostratus of Miletus, a friend of King
Lysimachus. (See DITTENBERGER, Sylloge 2 , 189.) The new inscription
shows that the decree does not fall between 295 B.C. and 287 B.C., but
between 287 B.C., the founding of Arsinoeia, and 281 B.C., the death of
Lysimachus. (C. FREDRICK, * Hippostratos von Milet,' Athen. Mitth. XXV,
1900, pp. 100-106 ; pi. iv.)

PERGAMON. The Gate and the Agora. Mr. Charles H. Weller
writes that, at the meeting of the German Institute at Athens, held on
January 2, 1901, Dr. Dorpfeld gave an account of the excavation of the
later surrounding wall and the agora at Pergamon. The wall showed
traces of three gates on. the north slope of the hill, where the most perfect
remains are found. It can be traced around to, and through, part of the
modern city. The chief point of interest is the large main gateway just
to the south of the " Armenischer Friedhof" marked on the earlier maps.
The gateway has well-preserved foundations, and the general outline can
easily be traced. The gate consists of a large, square court, flanked by
strong towers on the south or outside corners. There is a small entrance
(for a foot-path) on the lower side, but the main doors are on the west.
Three towers afforded ample protection for the exterior doors. Close
along the eastern side of the court runs a line of octago.nal columns,
forming part of a facade which met the gaze of persons entering the court
from the city or from the plain. Here seem to have been the mouths of
numerous water channels, remains of which are found higher up the
slope. In its doubling of functions, this gateway resembles the Dipylon
at Athens.

90 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

Stone pavements of two different periods, belonging to the main road,
have been found. On both sides of the road above the gate are numerous
bases of votive offerings. Each course of stone in the walls consists of a
series of " headers " and " stretchers," arranged so that the " stretchers "
are in pairs, having a " header " on each side of the pair. The founda-
tions of the walls are carried down over a metre below the surface of the
rock, the softness of which made this precaution necessary to prevent un-
dermining. In Roman times the plan of the interior of the gateway was
somewhat changed, and some small rooms were formed on the north and
east sides. (According to Chron. d. Arts, November 24, 1900, the gateway
is probably the work of Eumenes, sou of Attains, and dates from 197 B.C.
Cf. Berl. Phil. W. December 1, 1900.)

The other spot excavated was the agora, almost directly north from the
gateway. This was a long, rectangular court, surrounded within by a row
of columns; the portico thus formed was in front of a row of shops, which
formed the four sides of the court, extending through most of the circuit.
They were two stories high, except at the northwest corner, where the rock
forbade. The south side is high above the natural level, so that the road
leads up to a stairway near the northwest corner, there being another entrance
almost diagonally opposite. The colonnade is Doric. At the northwest
corner the Roman inhabitants built a platform, from which one could look
down the adjacent porticoes, which were then arched over.

Various inscriptions and sculptural remains were found. One of the
" shops " was a perfect storehouse of Roman lamps. The most important
sculpture found is a head of Alexander, of excellent style.

SMYRNA. A Metrical Epitaph. In the Revue des Etudes A nciennes,
1900, pp. 359 f., A. M. Fon trier publishes an epitaph from Smyrna. On the
stone is a relief representing a child. The date (125 or 126) is 42 A.D. The
inscription reads :

NT/TTIOS iv Tv/JLJ3<i> Tt's ap l<70' w&z w?
Xeipcriv yAaKTom/yet fjuaarw CTri/ce'/cAiTe.
OVVO/JUL Mvyvoye'vr;? /xoi, ere'/ci/awrei/ 8e //.e

vc'ov TrevOci o-rvyepo) TrpovAiTTOv ev /zeA.a$poi?,
(f>Ei> [AOiprjs et/cata /cpiTT/pta a>? dAoyarTw [5]
aKT/a[s] /cat Trarpiovs 0aAa/>tovs.

Aphrodite Stratonicis. In the Revue des Etudes Anciennes, II, 1900,
pp. 251-253, and II. Arch. XXXVII, 1900, pp. 160-162 (from the Courier de
Smyrne, May 30, 1900), A. Fontrier publishes the following inscription, found
at Bounarbaslii, near Smyrna: Te^ei/os \ itpov \ 'A<poSn-r;s \ 2rparoiW8os |
6f.ov. 'H Be.Ka.Tr) KOL \ TO TrapaTrcTrpa/Ae'jvov O.TTO TWI/ TT\ \0patv Kararao-crc| [rat
cis ras tepas | Mryrpos 63ov's] . The latter part is restored with the aid of
a similar inscription (C.I.G. 3156), also published. The new inscription is
of the time of the Diadochi. The two texts show the existence of two
sanctuaries of Aphrodite Stratonicis, one at the "Koula" of Mortakia,
the other at Bounarbashi. She was evidently an important deity.

The Baths of Agamemnon. In the Revue des Etudes Anciennes, II,
1900, pp. 249-251, is a discussion of the site of the baths of Agamemnon,
about five miles from Smyrna, by A. Fontrier (from the Courier de Smyrne,
May 23, 1900). The hill above the baths has been erroneouslv called

GREKCE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL -NEWS, 1900 91

Korakion. A temple of Apollo, not of Aesculapius, was near the baths. The
temple of Aesculapius was southwest of the city, where is now a Jewish ceme-
tery. Here several fragments of ancient marbles have been found, including
one with a dedication <re] /Scurru) Kaura[pt.

YORTAN. An Ancient' Necropolis. At Yortan, in the valley of
the Ca'icus, near the site of ancient Stratonicea, Paul Gaudin has discovered
a necropolis belonging, apparently, to the same period as the pre-Mycenaean
settlements at Hissarlik. The bodies were buried in large jars. The pot-
tery found resembles that of Hissarlik. Other objects, idols, etc., are similar
to those found at Hissarlik. This discovery strengthens the arguments of
those who believe in a connection of race, or at least of civilization, between
the primitive inhabitants of Asia Minor and seek in Phrygia the centre
of the civilization which extended to Cyprus. (M. COLLIGNOX, C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1900, pp. 269 f.)

GREECE

ARCHAEOLOGY IN GREECE IN 1899-1 90O. The most im-
portant event of the year has been the finding in Crete of the vast Mycenaean
palace at Cnossus, with its corridors, store-chambers, throne-room, east and
west courts, marvellous frescoes, and library of clay tablets in Mycenaean
characters. The contemporary pottery and the styles that preceded and
followed it in Crete were also found at Cnossus and in a post-Mycenaean
settlement farther east. In the Dictaean cave of Zeus, the adyton, a very
remote lower cavern, has been found, and numerous small objects, bronzes,
etc., brought to light both here and in the upper cave. Further excavations
at Goulas (Lato) add to the interest of that site. Search for Mycenaean
remains in the Ionian Islands supports, at least negatively, Dr. Dorpfeld's
doubts about the historic identification of the islands of the Odyssey. The
publication of Hiller von Gaertringen's book has not prevented further
work in Thera, producing new inscriptions, pottery, etc. In Euboea, the
fortress of Dystus has been studied, and buildings, inscriptions, and archaic
sculptures found at Eretria.

On the mainland, beehive tombs with geometric pottery, cist graves with
Mycenaean contents, and a very early neolithic settlement have been ex-
plored in Thessaly. In Aetolia, a vast bed of sacrificial remains is found to
underlie the temple at Thennon. Work continues at Delphi in the temple
of Athena, at Sunium,. in Athens, the Stoa of Attalus being finally cleared,
at Megara, where the sixth century waterworks have been found, and nota-
bly at Corinth, where more ancient reservoirs and fountains have come to
light with numerous pieces of architectural sculpture. The entire precinct
at Epidaurus has been cleared up and a museum built. The discoveries
since 1893 are embodied in P. Kavvadias's new publication. In Asia Minor,
the work at Priene has been finished. That begun at Miletus promises well
and has already yielded inscriptions of wide range of date. At Ephesus a
Greek monumental gateway is found which combines lintel and arch con-
struction. A bronze statue of an athlete, found in fragments, has been put
together at Vienna. Aegean pottery going back as far as 4500 B.C. is among
the contents of first dynasty tombs at Abydos, Egypt. (R. C. BOSANQUET,
J.H.S. XX, 1900, pp. 167-181.)

Work of the Greek Archaeological Society in 1899. In HpaKTi/ca
for 1899, pp. 9-24, is a sketch of the work of the Greek Archaeological

92 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

Society in 1899. Excavations were carried on at thirteen places : the Stoa
of Attalus, Colonus, Peiraeus, Suniuin, Plataeae, Thermopylae, Thermon,
Epidaurus, Mycenae, Eretria, Cephallenja, Rhenea, Marmariani in Thes-
saly. The results of these excavations are mentioned elsewhere in this
JOURNAL. Work was also done for the preservation of the Parthenon and
the monument of Philopappus at Athens, and the temple of Poseidon at
Sunium.

Work of the French School at Athens in 1900. In C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1900, pp. 486-487, Mr. Homolle gives a sketch of the work of the=
Ecole d'Athenes in 1900. Mr. Chapot undertook the investigation of th&
Roman Limes Syriacus, but an accident stopped him just as he announced
the discovery of some milestones. In Bithynia, Mr. G. Mendel found three
hundred inscriptions, fixed the site of Adrianopolis, and gained information
about ancient roads. In Thrace, Mr. Seure investigated tumuli near
Philippopolis. Objects found ranged in date from prehistoric times to the
Roman period. The old Bulgarian city Tirnovo and the Roman Nicopolis
have been investigated. In Crete, Mr. Demargne excavated at Itanus-
(Eremopoli) and in the archaic acropolis of Goulas. Several walls, the gate
of the road to the agora, the agora itself, the prytaneum, several temples,,
offerings of gold and silver, and a treasure of Attic coins have already been
found. A plan of the city has been made. At Delphi, after the temple,,
the stadium, the theatre, the fount of Castalia, and the gymnasium had
been laid bare, attention was turned to the hippodrome and the temple of
Athena. After the site of this temple and the place of the doors had been
found, the foundations of a marble treasury of the fifth century B.C. were
uncovered. It resembles the treasury of Cnidus. A round marble temple
and a stone temple were also found. These buildings were adorned with
sculptured friezes.

ANTICYTHERA. Antiquities found in the Sea. At a small
island called Anticythera, between Cythera and Malea, the right hand of a.
bronze statue of more than life size was found by divers. The statue may
have represented Poseidon. The work is good. ('Eorta, November 23 =
December 6, 1900.) The place at a depth of water of about 30 or 35
fathoms, and about 10 m. from the steep, rocky shore was found by the
divers to contain a treasure of ancient remains. Evidently a vessel contain-
ing them had sunk here. The following objects have been brought to
Athens : two marble male torsos of excellent workmanship, one of life size,
the other smaller ; many fragments of marble and bronze statues ; all sorts-
of terra-cotta and bronze vessels ; part of a bronze hand bound with a cestus ;
a bronze head of a boxer, which seems to belong to the same statue as the
hand just mentioned, a work of about 300 B.C.; part of a right foot of
marble, of excellent work ; a bronze sword of late date. The work of the
divers was hindered by bad weather, but is to be resumed. (*E<rria, Novem-
ber 27 = December 10, 1900.) Among numerous fragments, one almost,
perfectly preserved life size bronze statue of a youth has been found. The
youth is kneeling on his right knee. His right hand hangs down. The left
arm is wanting, but probably the left hand was held as a shade for the eyes,
as the youth gazed at something in the distance. ("Ao-, December 13 =
26, 1900.) Cuts of the marble youth and a bronze head of a bearded man
are published in TO "Aorv, December 29, 1900 (^January 11, 1901). IIL

GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 93

TO "AOTV, December 28 ( = January 10), the discovery of a bronze statue,
probably Apollo or Hermes, is reported.

ATHENS. The Stoa of Attalus. The excavations of the Greek
Archaeological Society at the stoa of Attalus, in 1899 (cf . Am. J. Arch. 1900,
p. 488), are described, with two plates, by K. D. Mylonas, Hpa/cn/cci for 1899,
pp. 70-75. The plan and structural details of the building are now clear.
Several inscriptions, fragments of architectural members and of sculpture
were found. Most interesting is a head of Athena resembling the one
formerly wrongly placed on the torso of the " Lemnian " Athena in Cassel.
(Clarac, pi. 4G2 F, No. 867 A, Muller-Wieseler, pi. XX, No. 210.)

The Wall of the Acropolis. Parts of the wall of the Acropolis are
in danger of falling, and a commission is trying to discover the best means
of preserving it. ( Y Acrru, December 13 = 26, 1900.)

Graves. At Athens more graves of the fifth and fourth centuries have
been found near the necropolis described by Briickner (Aihen. Mitth. XVIII,
1893, pp. 443 if.). The conditions made it possible to examine carefully
only a few. In one case at the bottom of a deep pit were four skeletons,
and in the shaft above remains of three burnt offerings, evidently sacrificed
to the dead below. Remains of walls of sun-dried bricks belonging to an
unintelligible structure also appeared, but could be only partly cleared, and
are now covered. At the Dipylon a small tumulus has been opened, which
contained many tiles and children's terra-cotta sarcophagi, of which a few
were opened, without finding much of value. (R. DELBRUCK, A then. Mitth.
XXV, 1900, pp. 308-311 ; 1 cut.)

An Ancient Cemetery. In the neighborhood of Callithea, between
Athens and Phalerum, about 150 graves have been examined. The necropo-
lis seems to have been used for the interment of prominent persons. Among
objects found is a fine, well-preserved marble relief of the fifth century B.C.,
representing a young couple, the man standing before his wife, who sits on
a chair and holds a child in her arms. The inscription reads : Gigostrates-
Besides this many white lecythi, for the most part broken into large pieces,
and numerous other vases came to light, in many cases with remains of gild-
ing. A decree on a plate of lead, a bronze dish, many silver rings with
reliefs, and two inscriptions, one of which mentions an Apollodorus of the
derne Cholleidae, the other an Apoilodorus of the deme Cytherus, were
found. (Berl. Phil. W. December 22, 1900, from the Vossische Zeitung.)

Apollo from Keratea. Dr. H. F. De Cou writes from Athens that
the archaic figure recently discovered at Keratea and now in the National
Museum is of unusual interest. He says :

"It is a statue of about life size, belonging to the early archaic standing
nude male type. The left hand and both feet are missing, the legs are
broken in pieces from a little below the body, the right hand is damaged,
and there is an abrasion on the left side of the chin. Otherwise the preser-
vation is excellent. The material is a large-grained, fairly translucent
marble. The statue is a carefully modelled and finished specimen of its
type. . . . The shoulders are high and square, as in the Ptoon figures. The
arms, which are but slightly separated from the body, hang stiffly down,
the preserved right hand being attached to the thigh. In the modelling of
knee and shin the sculptor displays considerable anatomical knowledge,
though the statue does not, in this respect, quite reach the stage of the

94 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1001

' Apollo ' of Tenea. The left leg is advanced. . . . The 63*68 are large,
superficial, and slanted inward. The clearly cut lids meet at the outer cor-
ners without any overlapping. The corners of the mouth are drawn upward
in a smile, which suggests the Apollo of Thera, but the chin is stronger
than in that statue. The prominent nose, with its slightly bulbous end,
calls to mind some of the early Attic reliefs. In the arrangement of the
hair the statue resembles the other figures of its type. About the front is
a heavy band or diadem, beneath which the hair falls over the forehead in
wavy locks, somewhat like those in the head from Ptoon (Kavvadias, No. 15),
but less mechanically carved."

The Votive Statue of Euthydicus. Mr. Charles H. Weller writes
from Athens that a Danish lady, Miss Kyar, has shown that the base in the
Acropolis Museum, inscribed with the name of Ev0u'8iKos (Jb. Arch. 7, 1887,
p. 219; Lolling, KaraAoyo? rov 'ETiryp. Movo-etW No. 146), connected by
Winter (Jb. Arch. I., I.e.) with the bust published Musees cVAthenes, pi. xiv
(CoLLiGNON, Hist, de la Sculpt. Gr. I, pi. vi ; cf. OVERBECK, Plastik* I,
p. 197), really belongs to the statue published B.C.H. 1890, pi. vi.

The Russian Archaeological Institute. The Athens correspondent
of the Allf/emeine Zeitung states that the Russian Archaeological Institute
has secured a permanent seat in that city. Rooms in the Petraki monastery
have been gratuitously placed at the service of the Russian Embassy for
the purposes of the Institute. (Athen. December 15, 1900.)

COS. Various Discoveries. The Vossische Zeitung reports that a
theatre of the Greek period, large buildings of Roman times, an archaic
domed tomb, a temple with cella and throne (probably sacred to Asclepius),
and part of the ancient waterworks have been found at Cos. (Berl. Phil. W.
December 22, 1900.)

ARCHAEOLOGICAL STUDIES IN CRETE. In Mon. Antichi, IX,
1900, pp. 285-428 (75 cuts), A. Taramelli describes some thirty ancient sites
in Central Crete, chiefly Mycenaean fortified positions, with suggestions as
to their actual and mythological relation to Athens, etc. An Appendix,
pp. 429-446, summarizes the present knowledge of Cretan script. In Rend.
Ace. Lincei, 1900, fasc. 5-6, pp. 304-313, L. Savignoni reports the work of
the Italian archaeologists in Crete from November 9 to December 13, 1899.
The exploration of the western provinces was completed and also the exca-
vation of Axus and the study of the material discovered there. The ruins
of Kantanos and Hyrtakina were explored and the neighboring necropolis.
Nothing of the Mycenaean period was found. Near Palaeochora, the
necropolis of the ancient Kalamyde and another at Haghios Kirkds were
visited. Roman baths and other ancient remains were studied at Suja.
Unpublished inscriptions and works of art were found in various places.
(Cf. Am. J. Arch. 1900, p. 490.)

CNOSSUS. The Ancient Palace. In Arch. Anz. 1900, 3, pp. 141-
151 (pi. ; 6 figs.), P. Wolters describes in some detail Mr. A. J. Evans's
Cnossian discoveries of last spring (see Am. J. Arch. 1900, p. 490), and
gives views of the throne-room, its anteroom, a store-chamber, showing
rows of pithoi and the lead-lined sunken treasure-boxes, the court and
corridor, on whose walls were the frescoes of life size figures in proces-
sion, and specimens of the stone-carving, pottery, and inscribed clay
tablets.

GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 95

Mr. Evans's discoveries are briefly described from a letter from the dis-
coverer in C. R. Acad. Insc. 1900, pp. 266-268. Cf. Berl. Phil. W. July 14,
1900. In Biblia, September, 1900, one of Mr. Evans's letters in the Athen.
is reprinted, and (p. 202) the importance of the various objects found is
emphasized. Another communication from Mr. Evans and Mr. D. G.
Hogarth is published in Biblia, January, 1901. In the Archaeological Report
of the Egypt Exploration Fund for 1900, pp. 60-06 (pi.), Mr. Evans writes
of 'The Palace of Knossos in its Egyptian Relations.' Strong Egyptian
influence upon Cretan (" Minoan ") civilization is evident, but the Cretan
artists were not servile borrowers. In Biblia, November, 1900, is a reprint
from the London Times of part of a letter by Mr. Evans, dealing especially
with the early writing. See also Biblia, December, 1900; the Nation,
August 2, 1900 (Louis Dyer) ; the New York Tribune, Sunday supplement,
November 18, 1900 (a description reprinted from the London Times} ;
Boston Transcript, November 24, 1900.

An association called the Cretan Exploration Fund has been organized
under the patronage of H. R. H. Prince George of Greece for further work
at Cnossus and elsewhere in Crete. Contributions may be sent to Mr. George
A. Macmillan, St. Martin's Street, London, AV.C., or to Messrs. Robarts,
Lubbock & Co., Lombard Street, London, E.G.

EFIDAURTJS. The Excavations and the Waters. The excava-
tions at Epidaurus being finished, P. Kavvadias publishes several photo-
graphic views of the ruins, with brief explanations, in HpaKTiKa for 1899,
pp. 103-105 ; pis. iii-vi. A chemical analysis by A. K. Damberges, showing
that the Epidaurian waters are slightly alkaline, and would be useful in
some diseases of the bladder and stomach, is appended.

The Stadium. The entrance to the stadium and the entire side of the
starting-place have been uncovered. This completes the excavation of the
stadium. Several important inscriptions and a mosaic have recently been
discovered. The work is now given up for the season. ("Ao-ru, November
16 = 29, 1900.)

EPIDAURUS LIMERA. Three New Decrees from the Temple
of Apollo Hyperteleates. In 'E<. 'Ap^. 1900, pp. 153-160, K. Kourouni-
otes publishes three honorary decrees of the Kotyrtatae, whose town was
probably one of those of the Eleutherolaconians. The decrees were bought
with those published in the Dialekt-Inschriften of Collitz and Bechtel, III,
Nos. 4543-4544. They are in honor of Aristagorus, son of Agexenus, a
Lacedaemonian, Peiitas (?), son of Cratesinicus, of Asopus, and Archagoras,
.son of Archagoras, of Cythera, respectively.

ERETRIA. Excavations in 1900. The following account, dated
November, 1900, was sent by Mr. Benjamin Powell.

The excavations of the Greek Archaeological Society, undertaken at
Eretria under the superintendence of the ephor, K. Kourouniotes, were
concluded for the year November 17, after a campaign of six months.

A long line of tombs was excavated on each side of the road which
passes out toward Vathya, southeast from Eretria ; others, in the hollow
between the foot of the Acropolis and the conical hill to the northwest of
it, which contains the chamber tomb described in *E<. 'Apx- 1899, p. 221
(cf. Am. J. Arch. 1900, p. 492); and others, by the side of the road which
leads to Chalcis.

96 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

Many vases have been discovered in these tombs, the most important of
which are several beautiful white lecythi, bearing Lieblingsnamen, and some
interesting fragments of geometric ware, with the customary types of men,
horses, and chariots. The tombs contained several gold ornaments and
necklaces of great beauty, one necklace, consisting of gold beads in the
form of acorns, with a large gold bull's head as a pendant centre-piece, being
especially fine.

A curious foundation wall, of large square blocks and architectural frag-
ments, has been uncovered at a short distance to the west of the so-called
temple of Dionysus, which was excavated in 1894 by the American School.
Mr. Kourouniotes takes it to be the substructure of a large tower, through
which the road from Chalcis passed into the city. The road seems to have
gone through a gateway in the outer face of the tower, and then to have
turned at right angles inside the tower, finally passing out through the side-
A large passage, which goes under the entire structure, was probably a
waterway for a small brook which comes down from the hillside.

Trial excavations on the slope below the gymnasium, which was exca-^
vated by the American School in 1895, have brought to light only a few
unimportant walls. No great retaining wall was discovered, such as it was
thought might exist.

The foundations of a small sanctuary, halfway up the southern slope of
the Acropolis, have also been laid bare. It consisted of merely a naos and
pronaos, surrounded by a peribolus wall, which latter seems to have served
also as a retaining wall on the lower side. Mr. Kourouniotes found many
small terra-cotta figures in the spaces between the foundation walls, but
nothing by which the sanctuary could be identified.

In the plain, on the eastern outskirts of the modern village, a lloman
bath was found, at a depth of but one foot under the modern surface of the
ground. It consists of two contiguous, circular courts, paved with mosaics.
About each court is a row of low seats, facing inward. In front of each
seat is a small, shallow, circular basin of marble. These basins are not
more than a foot in diameter, and can have served for hardly more than
foot-baths. The ring of basins is separated from the mosaic flooring by a-
low parapet of tiling.

By far the most important discovery during the season's work at Eretria
was that of the foundations of a large temple, in the middle of the modern
town. The temple platform, which alone remains, is of large dimensions,
approximating those of the old temple of Athena on the Acropolis at Athens.
This has been laid entirely bare, except at one corner where the land has
still to be expropriated. Only one capital of a column has been found to
show that the temple was Doric in style. It has been identified, by inscrip-
tions found among the ruins, as the temple of Apollo Daphnephorus. The
axis of the temple runs nearly north and south, and the entrance seems to
have been at the southern end, for here was found a line of bases for statues,
as well as many slotted supports for inscribed stelae. The interior plan of
the temple is complicated, and has not yet been determined ; for the large
temple seems to have been built upon and to have enclosed the ruins of an
older and smaller structure. The remains of the older temple probably date
from the time of the destruction of the city by the Persians.

Several pieces of sculpture were discovered among these ruins, and are

GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 97

believed by Mr. Kourouniotes to have been parts of the pediment groups.
The largest is the body of a horse, with the large veins clearly depicted ;
but the most important are a well-preserved torso of Athena, with the aegis
on her breast, and a group representing a man carrying off a maiden, pos-
sibly Peleus and Thetis. The style of these works is archaic, with some
peculiarities in the treatment of the hair and face.

[See also R. DELBRUCK, A then. Mitth. 1900, pp. 311-312; ibid. p. 116; cf.
Berl. Phil. W. July 14 and November 10, 1900.]

Inscriptions and Sculptures. In 'E<. 'Ap^. 1900, pp. 6-26, K. Kou-
rouniotes publishes a relief from the sanctuary of Artemis Amarusia at
Kretria, and two reliefs from Larisa, representing Apollo, Leto, and Arte-
mis. Not far from the northeast corner of the wall of Eretria two in-
scriptions, 'ATToAAwvos | A^Aiov | ArjTovs | 'Apre/uSo?, and opos | tepov, were
found. These show the site of a sanctuary of the Delian Apollo, of which
few traces have as yet come to light. Two torsos of Artemis one in
long flowing drapery, found in the city of Eretria, the other in Amazon
costume, found near the inscriptions mentioned above are published in
half-tones. In the IIpaKTi/ca for 1899, pp. 34-37, Kourouniotes gives an
account of the excavations of 1899.

MEGARA. The Fountain of Theagenes. In December, 1899,
R. Delbriick and K. G. Vollmoller excavated at Megara, in search of the
fountain of Theagenes (Pans. I, 40, 1). The conduit was laid bare in three
places, one manhole was opened, and parts of the fountain itself and the
escape-pipe were discovered. The conduit was lined with stone slabs, and
originally covered by similar stones, but these have generally disappeared.
The water was at first brought through a clay pipe, but later a clay gutter
was used. The fountain- itself, so far as it has been excavated, consisted of
a large basin for the water, containing apparently thirty octagonal columns,
and at the south end a narrow basin from which the water was drawn, as is
shown by the balustrade, which is deeply cut by the ropes used for lowering
the jars. The excavations are to be continued, if the modern houses can be
secured. ('Das Brunnenhaus des Theagenes,' Athen. Mitth. XXV, 1900,
pp. 23-33 ; pis. vii, viii ; 5 cuts.)

MYCENAE. Two Tombs. In July, 1899, Chr. Tsountas, being at
Mycenae, excavated two chamber-tombs south of the so-called treasury of
Atreus. The contents were not rich. Most important were four gems
(three with representations of women, one with a lion and a man), several
gold ornaments, five stone jars, a small nude female torso of bone, and some
objects of " Egyptian porcelain." (Cmi. TSOUNTAS, Hpa/crtKa for 1899,
pp. 102-103.)

OENIADAE. American Excavations. Mr. Benjamin Powell sends
a summary account of some excavations at Oeniadae conducted by Dr. For-
man, Mr. Sears, and himself in the autumn of 1900. The theatre was found
to have seats, for the most part, cut from the solid rock. The circle of the
orchestra was bounded by a row of limestone blocks, originally held in place
by clamps. The curb of the orchestra is about 9.40 m. high, and finished at
its upper and lower edges with a simple moulding. The orchestra is 15.37 m.
in diameter, and is filled with pebbles laid in cement. The form of the
stage-buildings is easily traced. The line of the two parascenia projects
only 0.49 m. from the proscenium proper. Each parascenium had three

98 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [You V, 1901

doors, or pinakes, at least. In the proscenium proper is space for three open-
ings of 1.25 m. and a door 1.62 m. wide in the middle. The columns between
these openings have the form of three clustered half-columns. The stage-
building seems to have been one large room, the roof of which was supported
by columns, and two small side rooms. On a hill within the city walls,
foundations of a large building, of at least fifteen rooms, were found. Its
purpose is not clear. A few terra-cottas, including a late archaic head of
Helius, and some other objects, were found here. The foundations of a
small temple, consisting of naos, pronaoi and opisthodomus, were excavated
on a promontory near the harbor. A circular building near the upper end
of the harbor was found to be a bath or a spring house, with bowls in the
flooring of white limestone. Excavation here was stopped by the flowing in
of water. The examination of the ship-sheds was begun, and they were
found to resemble those of Peiraeus ; but the corning on of rain and bad
weather forced the excavators to delay further work until spring. A tile
stamped 4>IAQNO^ suggests connection with the architect of the arsenal at
Peiraeus. Tiles marked 4>| A IPIfDOY]] are from the towers of the city wall
built in 219 B.C. by Philip V.

PAROS. An Inscription relating to Archilochus. F. Killer von
Gaertringen ('Archilochosinschrift aus Paros,' Athen. Mitth. XXV, 1900,
pp. 1-22 ; pis. i-iii ; 2 cuts) publishes a fragmentary inscription from
Paros which seems originally to have formed part of a building erected
in honor of the poet Archilochus. The document seems to have contained
an account of the life of Archilochus, based on the work of Demeas, an
hitherto unknown chronicler, apparently of the first part of the third cen-
tury B.C., who is said to have arranged the poems of Archilochus under the
respective archons of Paros. The stone contained, also, citations from the
poems of Archilochus, but most are too fragmentary for any certain restora-
tion, though col. 1, 11. 46-49 are read,

...... TTCUS

av[8]pa[s . .]a>V<o . . . as, avAov /cat XvprjV avrjp ayaiv
eis atrov cf> . cri | pr)ll;iv Stop'

Kear the beginning stands the story of the rescue of Coeranus by the grateful
dolphin (Plut. de soil, animal. 36, pp. 984-985 ; Aelian, Nat. amm.VIII, 3 ; Athen.
XII I, GOO, </-/). The cave of Coeranus is identified with a grotto on the north-
east coast of Paros, still called by the natives TO <nrj)\aiov rov '

PEIRAEUS. The Walls and Harbors of Munychia. In
1900, pp. 91-102, J. Ch. Dragatses publishes an inscription found in an ancient
quarry, discovered in March, 1900, near the theatre of Munychia. It is a law
relating to the building of the walls of Peiraeus, and especially of Munychia,
providing for the payment and management of the necessary funds, the qual-
ity and workmanship of the stones, etc. The date is the time of Lycurgus.
To this period belongs the part of the wall now existing. The inscription
helps to settle some details of the topography of Peiraeus. In IIpa/criKa for
1899, pp. 37-39, Dragatses describes excavations at the harbors of Munychia
and Zea, in 1899; and ibid. pp. 37-41, excavations at the harbors <E>avapt
and Ilao-a-aAt/xavt. Some details of the topography of the harbors were
cleared up.

GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 99

PLATAEAE Excavations. Tn 1899, excavations were carried on
at Plataeae by A. N. Skias, for the Greek Archaeological Society. The
results were largely negative, but may be of value in future investigations.
A few fragments of sculpture were found, among them part of a sarcophagus
with a representation of the death of the children of Niobe. Among inscrip-
tions was a large one on bronze, of late date. Pottery, from pre-Mycenaean
times down, was found, showing that the citadel was settled very early.
A marble head, from a relief of the early fifth century, and a fragment of a
later relief, showing two hands each holding a staff, should also be men-
tioned.

RHODES. Inscriptions. A then. Mitth. XXV, 1900, pp. 107-110, con-
tains the continuation of the publication of Rhodian inscriptions, by F. Hiller
von Gaertringen and Stylianos Saridakis (cf. Athen. Mitth. XXTIT, 1899,
pp. 390 f. ; Am. J. Arch. Ill, 1899, p. 531). Three records of honors paid to
various persons are published. No. 107 seems to show definitely the order
of the documents in /. G. Ins. I, 155.

SAMOS. Sculptures in the Museum. Under the title 'Antike
Sculpturen in Samos ' (Athen. Mitth. XXV, 1900, pp. 145-214; pis. xii, xiii ;
70 cuts; also published separately), Th. Wiegand publishes a catalogue of
the sculpture in stone in the Pythagoras Gymnasium at Vathy, Samos. The
collection was formed in 1895, and has grown so rapidly that a new building
is planned. I. Fragments of Archaic Figures. Nos. 1-6. Noteworthy is an
" Apollo " torso, with an old Ionian inscription, Aev/aos aveOrjKcv ra> 'ATTO'A.-
(A)wvt; a small head, of poros stone, in style between the Samian head of
the Acropolis and the Samian bronze from Olympia ; a male torso, probably
found near the Heraeum, and belonging to the latest archaic type, forming
the transition to the "Apollo on the Omphalus." IL Figures of Divinities.
Nos. 7-24. Among them are statuettes of Artemis and Dionysus, in tolerably
good preservation ; a torso of Dionysus (?) which seems to be an original work
of the fourth century ; and a head of Aphrodite which suggests a type belong-
ing to the school of Scopas. III. Other Sculptures in the Round. Nos. 25-42.
Among these are a torso of a boy, of the fourth century ; a Roman portrait,
either of Augustus himself or some member of the Julian family ; and the
head of a youth, with a scowling expression, which recalls that of the Olym-
pian pugilist. The style recalls the revival of archaic forms which is found
in the head of Artemisia from the Mausoleum. IV. Dedicatory Reliefs. Nos.
43-54. Only 43 is remarkable. It is a fragment of a large (1.72 m. high)
relief, representing apparently a victor adorned by Nike at the moment when
he offers his prize to a seated figure, who must have been the Samian Hera.
The relief is a brilliant example of Ionic art, as touched by Attic influence,
at the end of the fifth century. V. Funeral Feasts. Nos. 55-87. These
reliefs form a large part of the collection, and show little to distinguish them
from the usual type. Some, however, have the ground of the relief filled
with weapons, household utensils, or other articles, indicating sometimes the
profession of the heroized dead a peculiarity which seems to distinguish
the Greeks of the East from those of the mainland. VI. Grave-reliefs.
Nos. 88-105. Most are late Hellenistic or Roman examples. No. 88 repre-
sents a mourning youth seated on a rock, of the type referred by Usener
(Sintfluthsagen, p. 217) to the idea of the Leucadian rocks. VII. Decorative
Sculpture. Nos. 106-122. VIII. Sarcophagi and Architectural Fragments.

100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

Nos. 123-133. No. 123 is an archaic sarcophagus, in the form of an Ionic
temple, with two columns in low relief at each end, and three on each side.
It seems to belong in the sixth century, and is the oldest example of the
type of the sarcophagus of the mourning woman at Constantinople.

SUNIUM. The Sanctuary of Poseidon, the Temple of Athena,
Inscriptions. In 'E<. 'Apx- 1900, PP- 113-150 (pis. v-ix; fig.), B. Staes
publishes the results of his excavations at Sunium in 1897, 1898, and 1899
(cf. Am. J. Arch. 1899, p. 532). The temple of the fifth century, formerly
called the temple of Athena, but now known to be that of Poseidon, stood
on earlier foundations. The early temple had interior columns, but no trace
of such columns in the later temple was found. Only one fragment of the
frieze was discovered. The quadrangular peribolus of the temple was
entered by propylaea consisting of two Doric porches, each with two col-
umns. Beside the propylaea was a stoa 25 m. by 9 m., with six interior
columns, extending to the corner of the peribolus. On the adjacent side
of the peribolus was a narrow stoa, one-half the width of the first. These
were probably built soon after the temple of the fifth century. About four
hundred paces from the temple of Poseidon, on a hill toward the harbor, a
temple was found, the peculiar plan of which recalled Vitruvius IV, 4. An
inscription found in the temple previously known proved that that was the
temple of Poseidon. The newly found temple was therefore that of Athena.
It was 19 m. long by 15 in. wide, the cella being 16 m. long by 11.50 in.
wide. It was entered from the east. The roof was supported by four inte-
rior Doric columns, and there was an exterior colonnade on the eastern and
southern sides. Within, the western part of the cella, in which was the
statue of the goddess, was separated from the rest by gratings. The foun-
dations of the temple are poorly built, and the walls were probably of crude
brick. The columns, of which hardly any fragments remain, were of local
poros stone. The epistyles were of marble. The temple was surrounded
by a peribolus, the wall of which is earlier than the fifth century B.C., as
was probably also the temple. Six inscriptions are published. No. 1 is a
decree in honor of Cephisodotus, son of Euarchides. He is mentioned also
in an inscription of 330-329 B.C. (C.I.A. IV 2 , 179 b , 51), which gives an
approximate date for this inscription. It is provided that the stele with
the inscription be set up in the temple of Poseidon, and the discovery of
this inscription in the temple formerly regarded as that of Athena shows
that it really belonged to Poseidon. The remaining inscriptions are also
more or less fragmentary honorary decrees. In HpaKTiKa for 1899, pp. 98-
100, Staes gives a brief account of the w r ork in 1899.

TEGEA. Sculptures of the Temple of Athena Alea. The temple
of Athena Alea at Tegea has been uncovered by the Greek Archaeological
Society, and fragments of sculpture have been found, including a female
head, a head of Heracles, and a head of a dog. As these sculptures are
attributed to Scopas, the discovery is important. ("Aoru, November 22 =
December 5, 1900.)

THEBES. Inscriptions on Bronze. In 'E<. *Apx- 1900, pp. 107-
110, K. Kourouniotes publishes inscriptions on fragments of lebetes from
Boeotia. Both were bought at Thebes. The inscription on the first reads :
Ae/zo$eps liuipov 'ATrdXovos Kapv/cc/rtb. The god worshipped as K^/ovKeTos is
seen to be Apollo. The second lebes has three inscriptions : (1) hiapov TO

GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, WOO 101

HvOto ^107:081905 ave'0e/ce ; (2) CTTI 'E/orpo7roi (from right to left) ; (3) roV
eV . . . The rough breathing on the first lebes is formed thus, B ; on the
.second thus, .

THERMON. The Temple and Other Structures. 'E<. 'Ap X . 1900,
No. 4 (pp. 161-212; pis. x, xi; 4 supplementary pis.; 11 figs.), is entirely
devoted to an account of the excavations at Thermon (see Am. J. Arch.

1898, p. 115, 1899, p. 260) by G. Soteriades. The temple of Apollo, the
foundations of which were first found, dates from the end of the third cen-
iury. Traces of an earlier temple of the sixth century were found under
the remains of the temple of the third century. Still lower were remains
of two still earlier structures. At all times the temple was a wooden build-
ing. Roof tiles and antefixes of the sixth century and of an earlier date
were found, and are discussed in detail. These early terra-cottas are of local
manufacture, but the art of making reliefs in terra-cotta was derived from
Corinth. The temple at Thermon from which the earliest of these terra-
oottas are derived was one of the earliest temples now known. Its impor-
tance for the history of early Greek architecture is unparalleled, and the
terra-cottas are of almost equal value for the history of early relief work.
The excavations during the summer of 1899 are described in the IIpa/criKa
for 1899, pp. 57-66.

THERMOPYLAE. Excavations and Investigations. In 1899
P. Kastriotes undertook excavations at Thermopylae at the expense of the
Greek Archaeological Society to look for the graves of Leonidas and his
men. No trace of their graves was found, and careful reading of Herodotus
shows that they must have been buried by the Persians, therefore without
any especial honors, not by the Greeks. (P. KASTRIOTES, IIpa/criKa for

1899, pp. 76-97; 2 plans.)

THESSALY. Inscriptions. In 'E<. 'Ap X; 1900, pp. 51-74, G. D.
Zekides publishes sixty-one inedited Thessalian inscriptions, chiefly from
Larisa and the neighborhood. Most of them are short and late epitaphs.
A few are dedicatory or votive inscriptions. No. 1 is a fragment of a decree
of the Crannonians, in strongly Thessalian dialect, relating to setting up a
column; No. 2 is a fragment of an honorary decree of the Crannonians.
Several new proper names occur, as Meviras, Bpo X us, 'Ap X apra, Mvao-apera,
EiVoros, Zler^aXos, Ti/xo/cAcas, e/>ucr nW, "Api/as. IlavTaTrovos, 'A(rro<uA.O9,
TaSatos, and IIayKA.eas. No. 18, EvavSpos Euai/Spov Bepoauos eTroi'e(i), gives
a new artist's name of one of the first centuries after Christ. Some remarks
are added, ibid. p. 91.

The Tumulus of Pilaf-Tepe". A peculiar tumulus in the vicinity of
ancient Pherae, opened in 1899, was found to contain, beside the small urn-
chamber of date about 150-100 B.C., the tomb of a ram, suggestive of the
Phrixus legend and other mythology of the neighborhood. (C. D. EDMONDS,
J.H.S. XX, 1900, pp. 20-25; pi.; 5 cuts.)

THURIA. A List of Names. In 'E<. 'Ap X . 1900, pp. 151 f., Adolf
Wilhelm publishes an inscription from Thuria, containing a list of thirty-
eight names, each with the father's name.

VARIOUS MINOR DISCOVERIES. A then. MittTi. XXV, 1900,
pp. 117, 126, contains a series of notes from the following places : Salonica,
a statue dedication ; Samothrace, the lower part of the honorary inscription
in Conze, Reise aufden Inseln des thrakisclien Meeres, p. 66; Daskalio, near

102 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

Lesbos, columns and capitals, a sun-dial, a small grave stele, and some frag-
mentary inscriptions ; Dorylaeum, a votive inscription ; Smyrna, a statue
dedication ; Sardis, a very fragmentary honorary inscription ; Urganli,
between Cassaba and Sardis, the inscription from a tomb, containing the
names of those for whom it was erected, and forbidding burial to any others ;
Philadelphia, nine inscriptions, five from graves, two from statues, and
two honorary ; Tralles, an altar with bucrania and an inscription ; Kara-
ular, a relief of a nude athlete with a palm-branch and a ram beside him,
and a laudatory inscription ; Alabanda, a Roman grave-relief, with inscrip-
tion ; from the plain of the Cayster, two grave inscriptions. Several minor
discoveries made at Volo at various times since 1884 are mentioned, ibid.
pp. 116, 117. At Leonidi (Cynuria) a fragment of an Attic grave vase,
with sculpture in relief, and part of the lid of a sarcophagus with a frag-
mentary inscription have been found. (Ibid. p. 114.) In the territory
of the ancient Andaiiia a mosaic of Roman times, representing a fight
with wild beasts, has been found. A large peribolus is near this. Kavvadias
thinks this may be the site of the Karnasion. (Ibid. p. 115.) Near Lyco-
sura a stele with badly damaged inscription has been discovered. (Ibid.
p. 115.) Near Almyrus a colossal bearded head has been found. The face
is mutilated. A garment covers the head. The work is said to be archaic.
(Ibid. p. 115.)

ITALY

ALSENO. The Terramara. Excavations during the past few years
in the terramara Montata dell' Orto, near Alseno, prove that this station had
the same peculiarities as t>hose of the plain, the encircling embankment
and ditch, the primigenius sulcus, and, on one side of the settlement, an
unoccupied area. (L. SCOTTI, Not. Scavi, 1900 pp. 118-127 ; 5 figs.)

ARDEA. Recent Excavations. In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 53-69 (11
figs.), A. Pasqui discusses the topography of ancient Ardea, describes and
illustrates the primitive subterranean dwellings there existing, and gives
the results of recent excavations in the necropolis.

BOSCO RE ALE. A Building -with Frescoes. At Bosco Reale a
large building of a period earlier than that of Pompeii has been found.
The walls are covered with frescoes of great beauty, perfectly preserved.
(Chron. d. Arts, October 20, 1900.) Twenty-four rooms have been opened.
All are decorated with frescoes, which represent, for the most part, scenes
of rural life, gymnastic contests, and the like. (Ibid. November 10.) The
frescoes belong to the late republican period. Three pictures are especially
noteworthy. One represents a lyre player twice as large as life, the second
an old gladiator telling a woman his exploits, the third a woman in listening
attitude. (Berl. Phil. W. November 17, 1900.)

CETONA AND CHIUSI. Anthropoid Vases. The contents of
ten tombs found near Cetona and Chiusi, consisting of anthropoid ossuaries
and other objects of native and foreign manufacture, dating between
800 B.C. and 500 B.C., are described by L. A. Milani in Mon. Antichi, IX, i,
1899, pp. 149-192; 49 cuts.

CHIUSI. Etruscan Tombs. Near Chiusi, two Etruscan tombs
have been opened, containing inscribed sarcophagi and urns ; among them, a
finely carved marble urn, representing a temple. (G. F. GAMURRINI, Not.
Scavi, 1900, pp. 215-217; 1 fig.)

ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 103

CORNETO. Tombs. Near Corneto, in the district called Chiusa
degli Archi, several tombs have been recently reopened, and objects neglected
by former explorers have been found. Most noteworthy are fragments of
inscribed cippi, an inscribed marble bust, and an inscription of some length
painted on plaster on the wall of a tomb. (A. PASQUI, Not. Scaii, 1900,
pp. 83-87; Ing.)

BSTE. Various Discoveries. In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 76-83 (2 figs.),
A. Frosdocimi describes objects recently found at Este and neighboring
towns, many of which have been placed in the museum at Este. He men-
tions particularly tombs, pre-Roman and Roman, sepulchral inscrip-
tions, inscribed vases, and remains of Roman buildings. Two interesting
bronzes have been found at Este, a fibula in the shape of a horse and a
grotesque statuette of a nude man. At Baone, near Este, are sixteen sec-
tions of a stone pipe that formed a part of an ancient aqueduct. (Ibid.
pp. 155-159; 3 figs.)

NOLA. Inscriptions, Sculpture, and Vases. In Not. Scavi, 1900,
pp. 100-110 (4 figs.), G. Patron! describes the following objects found at
Nola since 1894: sepulchral inscriptions, including one of doubtful reading,
already published by De Petra in Atti della Comm. di Terra di Lavoro, 1896,
p. 30 ; a marble torso, possibly of Augustus ; a marble bust of Clodius Albi-
nus; many vases, found in pre-Roman tombs, among them a small Attic
amphora, with a picture of Cadmus and Athena. The vases represent two
epochs ; the first ends at the close of the sixth century, the second begins in
the middle of the fifth century B.C.

PALESTRINA. Recent Discoveries. In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 89-
95, A. Pasqui gives an account of explorations in the necropolis of Pales-
trina in the year 1898, adding a list of the objects found. The discovery
of many votive offerings proves the existence of a shrine on a road which
connected the Via Praenestina and the Via Labicana.

PANTELLERIA (COSSYRA). Ancient Remains. In Hon.
Antichi, IX, ii, 1900, pp. 449-540 (8 pis.; 77 cuts), P. Orsi describes the
tumuli (Sesi) and other relics of a prehistoric neolithic people in Pantel-
leria, the ancient Cossyra, with a sketch of the Africo-Mediterranean theory
of migration. He also describes remains of the Phoenician-Roman period.

PASSERINA. Pliny's Villa. The site of Pliny's villa " in Tuscis "
has been identified by Gamurrini with the locality called Passerina or Colle
di Plinio, halfway between Citta di Castello and S. Giustino. Here a
votive inscription has been found put up by a Plinia Chreste, also mosaic
pavements and great substructures, and fragments of statuary ; above all
several tiles inscribed with the name of the dominus praedii, C. P. C. S.
(Caii Plinii Caecilii Secundi). (R. LANCIANI, Athen. December 8, 1900.)

PERUGIA. Etruscan Tombs. Several interesting Etruscan tombs
have been found at Perugia. In one tomb of semicircular form with a rich
doorway, the architrave of which was ornamented with bronze, was a sar-
cophagus with a black vase painted on the lid. On the lid were placed a
comb of bronze and a necklace of about fifty gold plates. In the sarcopha-
gus, with the bones of a woman, were a diadem of gold with ornaments in
relief, ear-rings, bracelets, necklaces, and other objects of gold ; a bronze
vase, the handle of which is a graceful female figure ; a candelabrum in the
form of a winged woman, whose head and wings support a conical vase and

104 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

whose hands hold cups, while a sea horse is at her feet ; and finally a mirror,
upon which episodes of the legend of Venus and Adonis are engraved.
(Chron. d. Arts, November 17, 1900; cf. WILLIAM MERCER, Western Daily
Press, Bristol, England, October 30, 1900.).

POMPEII. Excavations in the First Half of 1900. Excava-
tions at Pompeii are described by A. Sogliano in Not. Scavi, 1900. In Feb-
ruary the excavations were continued south of the Basilica, and on the
Barbatelli estate, north of the town. In the former place, a bronze statu-
ette of Zeus-Serapis was found. The exploration of the drains was con-
tinued (pp. 70-72; 1 fig.)- In March, work on the drains was continued,
and also the excavation of Reg. V, Ins. IV. (pp. 98-100). In April the
exploration of the drains was continued and the excavation of Reg. V,
Ins. IV. (pp. 146-148). In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 199-203 (2 figs.), A. Sogli-
ano describes two wall paintings in Reg. V, Ins. IV. One represents Mico
and his daughter Pero in prison. These names are affixed to the figures.
In a corner is an epigram of three distichs. The other picture represents
the killing of Neoptolemus on the altar of Apollo at Delphi. In the exca-
vation of Reg. V, Ins. IV, a utensil for heating liquids has been found, the
nature and use of which are discussed by A. Sogliano in Not. Scavij 1900,
pp. 236-240. In the same article, the writer describes (plan) the two rooms
situated at the northern extremity of the west portico of the Forum, which
were cleared in June, 1900.

A Bronze Statue. A bronze statue of a youth, 1.19 m. high, excellent
work in the style of the fifth century B.C., is said to have been found
November 28 in the group of buildings north of Pompeii, w r hich probably
means in the neighborhood of Bosco Reale. (BerL Phil. W. December 22,
1900.)

ROME. Discoveries in the Forum. In A then. December 29, 1900,
R. Lanciani gives a connected account of the discoveries in the Forum, near
the temple of Castor, prefaced by remarks on the disastrous floods in the
early part of December. The account is here somewhat abbreviated.

The fountain of Juturna flows from the Palatine at the northern corner
of the hill overlooking the Forum. After the Forum was drained, the water
of the spring was gathered into a pool. The water could be drawn from a
well or drunk at a fountain or lacus connected with the well. Both well and
fountain have been found in good preservation. The well is nearest to the
rock. On its fine marble puteal are two copies of the same inscription,
M(arcus) Barbatius Pollio aed(ilis) cur(uli8) Juturnai sacrum rest (ituit) puteal.
This magistrate became Quaestor of L. Antonius in 41 B.C., and propraetor
and curule Aedile under Augustus. The puteal could be approached only
from the north side, being in contact on the other with an aedicula or
shrine ornamented with a diastyle front. On the architrave, supported by
the two columns, the dedication IVTVRNAI SA(cr) was written with
letters of gilt metal. The lower portion of a female marble statue has been
found lying at the foot of the shrine, which seems to pertain to a figure of,
Minerva, altered in the third or fourth century into that of Juturna [cf.
BerL Phil. W. November 10, 1900]. In front of the puteal of M. Barbatius
a marble altar has been found, the relief of which represents a young woman
with a veil on her head and shoulders, turning to the left toward a man in
warlike attire, to whom she offers her hand : probably Juturna taking leave

ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 105

of her brother. Whether the shrine and well just described were archi-
tecturally connected with the fountain or lacus discovered 60 or 70 feet
to the north, is as yet not determined. It seems that there are traces
of a portico or covered passage between the two, supported by a colonnade
on the street side, and giving access on the inner side to one or two halls,
the walls of which contain niches for statuary. The lacus itself, which faces
the east side of the temple of Castor, has the shape of a square basin or tank
sunk deep in the ground so as to reach the low level of the spring. In the
middle of the tank, which measures about 16 feet by 16, rises a square
pedestal, on the top of which a marble altar has now been placed, which
probably has no connection with it. The altar, an indifferent production
of the second century after Christ, is covered with reliefs on the four sides,
representing Jupiter shaking the thunderbolt; the Dioscuri, without the
horses and with the stars of the morning and of the evening crowning their
conical caps ; Leda and the Swan ; and Diana Lucifera.

This ara was found at the bottom of the fountain, having fallen in from
the portico by which the fountain itself was covered and surrounded on
three sides. In the same place were found many fragments of the figures
of Castor and Pollux leading their horses to the sacred spring. The head
of one of the horses is perfectly beautiful and well preserved, and I believe
it (and the whole group) to be a genuine Greek work of the fourth century
B.C. which once stood on the square pedestal in the middle of the pool.
Over two hundred water-jugs have been recovered from its bottom, of the
pattern and shape and make commonly used in Rome from the eighth to
the eleventh century ; and the ground near the edge of the basin was cov-
ered with fragments of glass bottles and goblets. I imagine that all through
those centuries (the Lacus Juturnae disappeared after the pillage and fire of
the Normans, 1084 A.D.) the spring was held in the same estimation in which
the Acqua Acetosa and the Acqua di S. Giorgio are held in our day.

In Atlien. September 15, 1900, Lanciani says that just south of the well
are remains of a structure where many inscriptions mentioning curatores
aquarum have been found. The main hall has niches for statues, consider-
able fragments of which were lying on the ground. The central niche
seems to have been occupied by Aesculapius, the two side ones by Apollo
and Hygeia. The Aesculapius is a good copy of a better original; the
Apollo probably a copy from a bronze model.

An aqueduct of very early construction has been found in the Forum
which is evidently earlier than that hitherto called the cloaca maxima. Per-
haps the newly found aqueduct may really be the famous sewer of the time
of the kings. (Cf. Berl. Phil. W. November 17, 1900.) New rostra, of opus
reticulatum, have been found, which seem to be earlier than the semicircular
structure near the arch of Severus. The newly discovered foundations may
be those of the rostra moved by Julius Caesar to the middle of the Forum.
The rostra previously known appear to date from the period between the
Flavian emperors and Trajan. (Chron. d. Arts, November 24 ; Berl. Phil. W.
December 1, 1900.) According to La Tribuna, October 28, 1900, the new foun-
dations are at the side of the semicircular structure called the Graecostasis,
near the point where the miliarium aureum was supposed to be, and belonged
to a portico with small arches, each about 1 m. in height and breadth. This
portico is the rostra of Caesar. The ships' beaks were built into the arches.

106 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 143-146, L. Savignoni describes briefly the objects
found under the niger lapis in the Roman Forum. The whole mass of votive
and sacrificial material, representing a period from the seventh or sixth cen-
tury to the first century B.C., was evidently deposited there at one time.
G. Boni, Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 159-191 (52 figs.), describes in detail the
results of the recent excavation of the temple of Vesta the various parts
of the temple, the different periods represented, the newly discovered archi-
tectural fragments, and the remains of sacrifices and of votive offerings.

Various Discoveries. The following minor discoveries have been made
at Rome : On the Via Labicana, remains of ancient tombs and sepulchral
inscriptions ; in the mediaeval wall with which the ancient door of the Curia^
was closed, sculptured and inscribed fragments ; under the Via di S. Fran-
cesco a Ripa, an ancient paved road. (G. GATTI, Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 47-
50.) On the Via Labicana, the wall of a tomb and sepulchral inscriptions ;
under the Via Anicia, an ancient road following the same direction as the
modern one ; in the same place, an inscribed fragment of a marble sarcopha-
gus, from the Jewish cemetery of the Via Portuense; by the Via Prenestina,
two female statues of good workmanship. (G. GATTI, Not. Scavi, 1900,
pp. 87-89.) In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 192-194, G. Gatti gives several sepul-
chral inscriptions recently found in or near Rome. Ibid. pp. 230-231, he
reports that in the restoration of the Church of St. Cecilia, a Greek inscrip-
tion and several brick stamps have come to light. Underneath the Scala
Santa, besides a tufa wall of republican period, various mediaeval remains
have come to light, (O. MARUCCHI, Not. Scad, 1900, pp. 217-219.)

Relief Map of the Forum. In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 220-229 (plan; 6
figs.), G. Boni explains the construction of a relief map of the area between
the Colosseum and the Tabularium, recently made by the R. Scuola d' appli-
cazione dec/It inycyneri di Roma. With the article are a plan, showing eleva-
tions, and six reproductions of photographs taken from a balloon.

SICILY. Various Discoveries. The very scanty architectural and
ceramic remains of ancient Camarina, with the surrounding cemeteries,,
dating from about 600 to 200 B.C., are published by P. Orsi in Mon. Antichi,.
IX, i, 1899, pp. 201-278 ; 72 cuts. In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 245-248, P. Orsi
gives a brief summary of the results of a three months' campaign at Gela.
Besides excavating 494 tombs of the necropolis and finding numerous sar-
cophagi and vases, he explored the surrounding country, which is rich in
antiquities. At Lentini, P. Orsi has opened a number of Sicel and Greek
graves. The former yielded many vases, some of local manufacture, others
imported, all of which are described in Rom. Mitth. 1900, pp. 62-98 (39 figs.).
This necropolis was not used after the beginning of the seventh century B.C.
The Greek necropolis is composed of three groups of tombs. The first, in
the Predio Pisano, was explored in 1884, and many objects of gold, silver,
bronze, etc., were found, including a bronze basin, decorated with rams'
heads. These tombs are of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. The sec-
ond, in the district La Maddalena recently excavated, was unproductive, but
vase fragments show that it was in use before the fifth century B.C. The
third, the necropolis of Piscitello, also recently excavated, contained many
vases, especially lecythi, indicating that it was in use from slightly before
500 to slightly after 400 B.C. In B. Paletn. It. 1900, pp. 164-174 (pi.; fig.) r .
P. Orsi calls attention to collections of bronzes, chiefly arms, found buried

ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 107

in Sicily, and describes a number of such objects found in 1898 at Modica,
near Syracuse. In Mon. Antichi, IX, i, 1899, pp. 33-146 (11 pis.; 52 cuts),
P. Orsi describes the remains of a palace and of two very extensive moun-
tain cemeteries of rock-cut tombs at Pantalica and Cassibile, in southeast-
ern Sicily, belonging to the pre-Hellenic Siculan civilization, about 1400
to 800 B.C., and showing a continuous development through the first three
periods of the island, with slight foreign influences. A Greek inscription on
a terra-cotta vase of the sixth or early fifth century B.C. has been found near
Selinunte. (Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 112-113; 2 figs.)

At Syracuse, in the region called Achradina, two boys found a little
treasure of silver coins, which was quickly divided and scattered. Orsi
was able to examine 128 pieces out of at least 400 which had composed
the hoard. These presented the following types : 3, Alexander the Great
(posthumous issues, 250-200 B.C.); 9, Antigonus Gonatas (277-239 B.C.);
1'3G, Philistis of Syracuse (pieces of 16 litrae and 5 litrae, in many varie-
ties) ; and 14, Hieronymus (of ten litrae). Orsi thinks it likely that the
hoard was hidden when the Romans took Syracuse in 212 B.C., when
Achradina "diripienda militi data ett." (Livy XXV, 31.) A second
hoard, found near Licata, contained about 190 silver coins of Carthage,
with head of Persephone and horse (Head, p. 740), of the period 241-
218 B.C.; and probably was brought into Sicily between 213 and 210 B.C.,
when the Carthaginians were carrying on extensive operations in the south
of the island. (P. ORSI, P.. Num. Ital 1900, p. 85.) At Syracuse, on the
Achradina, a portion of an ancient gymnasium has been excavated. In
January and February, 1900, the excavation of the prehistoric village of
Matrensa was continued, and the natural grottoes of Scala Greca were
explored; two of these were used as sanctuaries. It has been proved by the
discovery of two inscriptions that the heretics and Jews of Syracuse, of
the period from Constantine to Gregory, had catacombs of their own in
the region of S. Giuliano. Tombs of the transition between the first and
second periods have been excavated at S. Paolo in Solarino. (P. ORSI, Not.
Scavi, 1900, pp. 207-211.) A collection of Sicilian coins has been found
near Termini Imerese. (Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 205-206.)

SPOLETUM. Inscriptions. In Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 130-141, G. Sor-
dini publishes thirty-seven inscriptions of Spoletum and its neighborhood.
So:ne of these have been published before, but not from the originals.

VELLETRI. The Via Appia. Between Velletri and Cisterna, on or
near the site of the ruined church S. Andrea in Silice, excavation has
bro'ught to light the pavement of the Via Appia, portions of the church,
which seems to have been at least partly built of ancient materials, and
a fragment of a marble frieze, representing men on horseback. (O. NARDIXI,
Not. Scavi, 1900, pp. 195-198; 2 figs.)

VARIOUS MINOR DISCOVERIES. The following minor discov-
eries are described in Not. Scavi, 1900. Near Amiternum, a Roman necropolis
has been found, containing architectural fragments and several inscriptions
(pp. 149-151). Five sepulchral inscriptions from Brindisi are published
by G. Nerwegna (p. 153). H. De Nino describes various fragmentary
inscriptions, remains of aqueducts and other Roman structures at Casoli
(pp. 242-244). Remains of the ancient forum of Habicum have been found
at Coloiina (pp. 50-51). G. Ue Petra reports the discovery of a hoard of

108 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

167 silver republican coins at Crognaleto (pp. 43-46). E. Gabrici describes
the remains of a laconicum, or assa sudatio, and a columbarium in the Villa del
Balzo at Naples. In the columbarium a sarcophagus was found, with a
third century relief, representing the Muses (pp. 235-236 ; fig.). Fragments,
possibly of an ancient temple, have come to light at Raiaiio (p. 272). A
milestone of the road from Eporedia to Augusta Salassorum has been found
at Settimo Vittone (pp. 41-42). Remains of a Roman villa (p. 52) and
a fine mosaic pavement, perfectly preserved (pp. 96-97), have been found
near Velletri. T. Ashby (Rend. Ace. Lincei, 1900, pp. 217-219; fig.),
reports that on the Via Prenestina an inscribed stone has been found,
which may be the thirteenth milestone of the ancient road, or, possibly, a
cippus of the aqueduct of Gabii.

SPAIN

THREE PRIMITIVE CITIES. In the province of Albacete, at Los
Castillares, Los Altos de Garcelen, and Las Grajas, remains of three ancient
Iberian settlements have been found. The first was a stronghold, with
fortifications of great stones. The others were cities of some size. The
houses, especially at Las Grajas, were of several rooms and considerable
size. Some pieces of Iberian pottery and a few other objects were found.
(PIERRE WALTZ, Revue des Etudes Anciennes, 1900, pp. 346-353 ; 3 figs.)

BANEZA. Hylas and the Nymphs. At the July meeting of the
Berlin Arch. Gesellsch., R. Engelmann showed in photograph and discussed
a mosaic of Hylas and the nymphs, found near Bafieza in Spain, which
resembles that in the Palazzo Albani iu the grouping and accessories.
(Arch. Am. 1900, 3, p. 153; fig.)

BARCELONA. An Iberian Bronze Bull. In the Reeue des fitudes
Anciennes, 1900, pp. 354-358 (pi. iv), Pierre Paris publishes and discusses a
rude bronze statuette of a couchant bull in the museum of Santa Agueda,
at Barcelona. The work is rude, but shows the influence of Oriental art
upon the early Iberians. The effect of " Mycenaean " art is also noticeable.

FRANCE

FINDS OF ANCIENT COINS. Several discoveries are registered by
Adr. Blanchet in R. Num. 1900, p. 104 : (1) At Saint-Etienne des Laiides
(Dordogne), an earthen vase containing over eight hundred Gallic coins of
silver of the usual types struck by the Gallic peoples of the Garonne valley.
(2) Near Verdes (Loir-et-Cher), not far from the newly discovered remains
of a Roman road, a vase with between four thousand and five thousand
small bronze coins of the Tetrici, father and son. (3) At Angicourt
(Oise), in an amphora, fifty-four hundred sestertii and asses, ranging from
Galba to Postumus, in whose reign the hoard was probably buried.

In the same journal (p. 10G), J. Creusot records two other discoveries:
(1) At Rivarenne, on the Roman road between Argenton and Poitiers,
charcoal burners found a hole covered with a slab of stone. Herein lay
eight hundred Roman silver coins, all in a perfect state of preservation,
representing the reigns of Trajan, Hadrian, Faustina Senior, M. Aurelius,
L. Verus, Commodus, Severus, Caracalla, arid Severus Alexander. (2) At
a small village not far from Chateauroux, in the debris of a sand-pit, a
number of coins have been found, partly Gallic (Turones, Bituriges, Lin-
gones, and Aedui), partly Roman (Tiberius to Valentian II).

GERMANY] AECHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 109

AUTUN. Mercury Pantheus. In R. Arch. XXXVII, 1900, pp. 220-
237 (pi. xii ; 3 figs.), Henri Graillot publishes and discusses a bronze statu-
ette of Mercury Pantheus at Autun. It was found about 20 km. from
Autun, in 1896, together with several other objects of Roman date. The
god is nude, but wears a pointed headdress, made of the head of a dog or
wolf. Small wings are seen on his head. He has also large wings extend-
ing up from his shoulders. The points of these wings are connected by a
crescent. In his left hand he holds a cornucopia. The right hand and both
feet are gone. On the wings, the crescent, the cornucopia, and the fruits
and flowers projecting from it are numerous busts of deities, some of which,
as Mars and Venus, are recognizable. Other representations of gods or
goddesses with the busts or attributes of other deities are enumerated and
classified. Votive objects with similar accessories are also mentioned, and
three are published. Such representations and objects have something of
the character of amulets, serving to propitiate many gods at once.

CHOUSSY. Bronze Relics. In R. Arch. XXXVII, 1900, pp. 125-
127 (4 figs.), Abbe Breuil publishes fragments of a casque and a vase of
bronze found with various other objects at Choussy (Loir-et-Cher), probably
after 1889.

PARIS. Cameos and Intaglios. Baron de Baye has given the Cabi-
net des Medailles eight engraved stones from Transcaucasia. One is a cameo
with three heads (Jupiter and two goddesses?) and an eagle. The others are
intaglios, representing Fortuna, Venus, a lion, a stag, a Capricorn, and a but-
terfly. These are imitations of Graeco-Roman types executed in the Orient
in the first centuries after Christ. Among the acquisitions of the Cabinet des
Medailles is a magnificent head of Lucius Verus in relief on white agate.
This cameo was found last year in Egypt, and is a fine specimen of Roman
work of the second century after Christ. (Chron. d. Arts, August 11, 1900.)

Acquisitions of the Louvre in 1899. In Arch. Anz. 1900, 3, pp. 155-
160, is a list of the acquisitions of the Louvre in the department of Greek
and Roman antiquities, for the year 1899. It comprises objects in marble
and stone (102 Nos.), bronze (84), precious metals and stones (14), glass,
terra-cotta, ivory, lead, etc. (129). Noteworthy are a collection of terra-
cotta flasks with Christian devices from Smyrna, and one of painted plaster
relief busts from sarcophagi from Upper Egypt.

GERMANY

EXCAVATIONS IN THE PALATINATE. The following excava-
tions are described by C. Mehlis, Berl. Phil. W. December 15, 1900 : (1) At
Grosser Stiefel, near St. Ingbert, are remains of a fortified building. This
was found to be mediaeval, but the materials used were derived in part from
a late Roman villa. In a small Roman villa called " Schlangeiithal " similar
materials were found. (2) At Etschkopf or Handschuhkopf, near Kalten-
bach, a terrace wall was investigated. It is prehistoric, and doubtless served
as a refugium. (3) At Heidenschuh, near the Klingenrniinster insane
asylum, is a double wall 63 in. and 81 m. long, built of unhewn stones
without mortar. (4) At Walastede a Merovingian castle of the seventh
or eighth century is being investigated. Much pottery and many other
objects have been found. (5) At Kirrweiler, Bann Lachen, Bezirkstadt
Neustadt a. d. II., a Roman villa has been examined. It is of considerable

110 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

size. The inner walls were red, with borders of blue and green stripes.
Many fragments of terra-cottas, vases, etc., were found.

DISCOVERIES IN THE RHINEL AND. Excavation at Asberg
lias brought to light remains of the wall and gates of the Roman camp at
Asciburgium. Below these are traces of an earlier fortification, probably
built by Drusus. An aqueduct has been found, the ancient harbor located,
and the whole neighborhood explored for evidence of Roman occupation.
(H. BOSCHHEIDGEN, Jb. V. Alt. Rh. 1899, pp. 136-163: 1 pi.; 23 figs.)
G. Mestwerdt publishes in Jb. V. Alt. Rh. 1899, pp. 112-11G, a list of inscrip-
tions on ancient vases in the municipal collection at Kleve. Traces of an
ancient fortification have been found on a hill near Munstereifel. (CoN-
STANTIX SCHULTEIS, Jb. V. Alt. Rh. 1899, pp. 65-60 ; 2 pis.) Vases found
in a late Roman necropolis at Reims are described in Jb. V. Alt. Rh. 1899,
pp. 186-188 (11 figs.). Ibid. p. 188, the discovery is reported of a Roman
bathing establishment and a pottery at Bertrich. The following discoveries
are reported by Hans Lehner in Jb. V. Alt. Rh. 1899, pp. 164-174 (7 figs.) :
At Cobern, graves of the bronze age and Roman structures of the second
and third centuries. At Coblenz, four milestones, two of them inscribed,
of the years 97 A.D. and 98 A.D. In the Coblenz Stadtwald remains of
Roman buildings, graves, and a temple dedicated to Mercury and the Gallic
Rosmerta. At Andernach, a Roman hypocaust, and nearby, on the Krah-
nenberg, remains of a pre-Roman house. At Efferen, near Cologne a vaulted
chamber tomb, containing two sarcophagi.

REPORT OF THE REICHSLIMESKOMMISSION FOR 1899. -
The eighth year of the Commission for investigating the frontier defences
of the Roman Empire between the Danube and the Rhine brings the work
near completion. Thorough study of the position and character of the
various constructions and of the objects found among them has made it
possible to trace with tolerable certainty the successive stages of the
boundary line, from Dornitian's first campaign against the Chatti, in 83 A.D.,
to the final abandonment of the territory beyond the two rivers. (E. FABRI-
cius, F. HETTXER, VON SARWEY, Arch. Anz. 1900, 2, pp. 79-99; 1 cut.)

BERLIN. Acquisitions of Utensils and Coins. The antiquarium
of the Museum has acquired some seventy objects of glass, ivory, clay, and
bronze from Bosco Reale, in part from the villa in which the silver vessels
now in the Louvre were found, in part from a neighboring villa. Of the
bronzes, a crater with a separate foot (in all 0.65 m. high), several buckets,
vases with handles, and a shell-shaped vessel are of artistic value. Other
objects show the utensils of a wealthy Pompeian house. The bronze fittings
of a bed, richly adorned with silver, two candelabra, a lamp-stand with a
lamp and a lantern, deserve mention. A shallow dish of terra sigillata and
a glazed goblet are among the best terra-cottas. The " Miinzkabinett " has
acquired the collection of coins of Imhoof-filumer, consisting of 22,041 coins,
of which 292 are of gold or electrum, 7019 of silver or potin, 14,728 of bronze
or copper, 2 of lead. (Berl. Phil. W. October 27, 1900.)

NEUSTADT A. D. H. Necropolis of the Hallstatt Period. In
the Benzenloch, near Neustadt, is a group of twelve tumuli. Six of these
were examined in the spring of 1900. Some showed incineration, others
inhumation. Skeletons, bronzes, and other objects were found. Evidently
the tombs for inhumation belong to the earlier Hallstatt period (800 B.C.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 111

to GOO B.C.), while those showing incineration belong to the next period
(600 B.C. to 400 B.C.). Both groups belong, however, to the same tribe, the
Nemetes. (C. MEHLIS, Berl. Phil. W. October 13, 1900.)

STOCKSTADT. Roman Fortifications. The sites of six Roman
forts in the region near the Main have been determined by the Limeskom-
mission. Of exceptional interest are the river fortifications laid bare at
Stockstadt, not only because they are unique of their kind in Germany, but
also because their position proves that the Main must have followed a more
westerly course during the Roman period than it does now. (Athen.
December 1, 1900.)

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

APULUM. Inscriptions and Marbles. In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I.
Ill, 1900, Beiblatt, pp. 179-193 (3 cuts, 21 figs.), J. Jung reports some
inscriptions and other marbles from Apulum. The inscriptions are taken
from Albert Cserni's previous publication in the Jahrb. des historisch-archaeolo-
gischen Vereins in Karlsburg, 1897, pp. 46 ff. They are dedicatory, but yield
some information in regard to the Roman legions. Among the marbles are
included the statue of a Roman, much mutilated and of little value, and a
small replica of the type of the Apollo Belvedere.

CARNUNTUM. An Ancient Bakery. In the neighborhood of
the ancient magazine of arms which was discovered last year at Cam un turn,
an ancient bakery has now been discovered. The room contained two bak-
ing ovens, and amongst other articles " a row of charred, but nevertheless
completely preserved bread loaves." The flat, cake-shaped loaves had a
diameter of 29 to 32 cm. Ancient bread hitherto had only been known
from Pompeii. (Athen. October 20, 1900.)

NEDINUM AND FODGRAZJE. Various Discoveries. In Jh.
Oesterr. Arch. I. Ill, 1900, Beiblatt, pp. 212-218 (16 figs.), J. von Bersa pub-
lishes some votive and sepulchral inscriptions, an architectural fragment,
and a bronze lamp-figure. Most of these were found between Zara and
Benkovac in Dalmatia at the ancient Nedinum, and at Podgrazje. The
bronze is in the museum of S. Douato.

POLA AND BRIONI. Various Discoveries. In Jh. Oesterr.
Arch. I. Ill, 1900, Beiblatt, pp. 193-204 (4 figs.), R. Weisshaupl publishes
some discoveries from Pola and Brioni in South Istria. This is a further
account of excavations noticed in the Beiblatt for 1898, pp. 97 ff., and 1899,
pp. 80 ff. In the former place, the excavation of some houses and the find-
ing of a street are reported. A few small objects of domestic character were
also found. At Brioni, on the east side of the island, in the Val Catena, a
caldarium and hypocaust have been excavated.

SALON A. A Dionysus and an Aphrodite. In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I.
Ill, 1900, Beiblatt, pp. 203-208 (2 figs.), F. Bulic and R. v. Schneider pub-
lish a statuette and a statue from Salona which are now in the museum at
Spalato. The statuette is a Dionysus of late type, the statue a torso of
Aphrodite (Medicean type). A small figure of Eros looking up is attached
to the support on the left of the statue. This was discovered in 1838 and
was published in the Denkschriften der Wiener Akademie, VII, 38, Taf. 4.
It is not in Reinach's Repertoire.

THE BOUNDARY OF DACIA. In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. Ill, 1900,
Beiblatt, pp. 219-220, a short summary is given of the investigations of

112 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

Major Josef Ornstein into the western boundary of Dacia. These are pub-
lished in the Jahrb. des Vereines des Szolnok. Dobokaer Comitates fur Literatur,
Geschichte und Ethnographic, I, 1900.

BULGARIA

KARA-AGATCH. A " Thracian Horseman." In C. R. Acad. Insc*
1900, pp. 362-365 (pi.), is a letter from A. Degrand describing a statue
found at Kara-Agatch, near Philippopolis. A mounted, bearded man, clad
in a tunic. and floating chlamys, and wearing high shoes, is preparing to-
strike (probably with a lance) a lion, only the front part of which is seen.
The lion has pulled down a bull. A panther skin is spread upon the back
of the horse upon which the rider sits. The work, probably of Roman
times, is poor. The right side is much better finished than the left. Reliefs
of the " Thracian Horseman " are not rare, but this is the first statue discov-
ered. The person here represented is probably a heroized mortal regarded
as a companion of the great Thracian god.

ROMAN ANTIQUITIES IN BULGARIA. In R. Arch. XXXVI,
1900, pp. 414-424 (fig.), A. Merlin publishes eight inscriptions from Bulga-
ria. All but one are Latin. One, from Lorn (Almus), reads: Nemesi
Aug(ustae), pro s(alute} Imp(eratoris) Ma[ximini? or Macrinif] Auf/(usliy
Caesidius Amandus b(ene)f(iciarius) v(iri) c(larissimi) co(n}s(ularis) v(otum,y .
p(psuit). One is a dedication to Jupiter Optimus Maximus Dolichenus, for
the welfare of Caracalla. One, in Greek, from Oescus, is a heading of a-
decree in honor of Fl. Pompeius Montanus. The others are from tomb-,
stones, except one, from Berkowitza, which reads : Silva\no et \ Silvest\ri s.
Iuli\anus cuw(. ? ) me [. . . ?]. This is cut between two figures in relief, rep-
resenting Silvanus with his dog, his pine branch and his pruning knife, and
a long-robed female figure, Silvestris. Elsewhere Silvanus is accompanied
by three long-robed nymphs, sometimes called Silvanae. (Cf. C.I.L. Ill,
10,460.)

SERVIA

NISH. A Head of Trajan. At Nish, in Servia (the ancient
Naissus, the birthplace of Constantino), workmen unearthed the head of a
bronze statue, which showed traces of gilding, together with a gold pin and
a star in which jewels had been set. The bronze bust was immediately sent
to the Servian National Museum at Belgrade, where the Servian archaeolo-
gist, Dr. Wittowic, declared it to represent the Emperor Trajan. (Athen.
October 6, 1900.)

GREAT BRITAIN

ROMAN BRITAIN IN 1900. In Athen. January 5, 1901, F. Haver-
field gives an account of discoveries of Roman antiquities in Great Britain in
1900. At Silchester the neighborhood of the north gate has been examined,
and progress has been made toward excavating the entire area. Some iron
tools were found in one well and a wooden ladder in another. At Caerweiit
some interesting buildings have been explored and two inscribed fragments
found. From different places five Roman villas are reported. At Rich-
borough the Roman fort has been reexamined. The concrete platform in
the centre may have been the foundation of a great trophy or tower. At-
Cardiff Castle, in Wales, it appears that there were Roman walls of two-
dates. Another Roman fort has been found at Gelligaer, 14 miles north

GREAT BRITAIN] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 113

of Cardiff. At Chesters, in the valley of the North Tyne, it appears that
there were two successive Roman bridges of different dates and that there
was a wall of turf succeeded by the stone wall, as at Birdoswald. Perhaps
Hadrian built one, and Severus the other. The camp at Lyne, near Peebles,
is now seen to have been a Roman fort. Remarks on Roman roads in
Wales and Scotland are added.

CARDIFF. Roman Coins. A laborer at work on the Sully Moors,
near Cardiff, October 17, 1899, turned up an old metal vessel containing
many Roman coins and several gold rings. Part of the hoard was quickly
scattered, but a total of 7 gold and 301 silver coins and 4 gold rings was
secured and sent to the British Museum for examination. Mr. H. A.
Grueber gives a detailed and critical description of the hoard in Num.
Chron. 1900, pp. 27-65. The coins belong to two groups : the first con-
sisting of silver denarii and Antoniniani of twenty-nine reigns, from M.
Aurelius (180 A.D.) to Postumns (ca. 267 A.D.) ; and the second, of gold
coins of Diocletian and Maximian (286-306 A.D.), with one silver denarius
of Carausius (287 A.D.). It is evident that the hoard was buried shortly
after 306 A.D. The silver coinage of Carausius, who set up an independent
sovereignty in Britain under Maximian, is strangely in contrast with the
base metal put forth in the rest of the Empire. Observing that all the silver
of Carausius bears the mint mark RSR (for which he suggests the explana-
tion, Rutupiae stativa, or static, Romana), and recalling the fact that the
Germans, and probably the other barbarians on the outskirts of the Empire,
would not accept the debased Roman money of the period, requiring instead
the older and purer coins, Mr. Grueber supposes that these silver denarii
were a purely military coinage struck in the important garrison-town of
Rutupiae (Richborough), headquarters at this time of the Legio IIII Fuf-
minata (not Fulvia, as he mistakenly completes the name), and intended
to pass in currency with the older denarii still in circulation both in Britain
and along the Rhine. The coins of the hoard are in fine preservation, and
include some hitherto unpublished types, among them a splendid unique
double-aureus (" medallion ") of Diocletian, commemorating the last Roman
triumph in history that of the year 303.

CHESTER. Roman Remains. At a meeting of the British Archae-
ological Association, November 7, 1900, Mr. Robert Newstead lectured on
recent discoveries at Chester. Numerous remains of walls have been found
off Eastgate Street, one of which, belonging to a semicircular structure, had
three coats of different grades of plaster. A slip of bronze has the inscrip-
tion VTERE FELIX. Several drains have been found, one of which is
inscribed: IMP. VESP. Vllll. T. IMP.VII. COSCN. IVLIO AGRICOLA
LEG. AVG. PR. PR. The date is said by Mr. Haverfield to be 79 A.D.
(Athen. November 17, 1900.) In Reliq. 1901, pp. 45-51 (5 figs.), Mr. New-
stead describes lead pipes, pottery, sandals, antefixes, etc., found at Chester.

HARLYN BAY. A Neolithic Cemetery. In Athen. September 22,
1900, James Baker describes a neolithic cemetery accidentally discovered at
Harlyn Bay, Cornwall. Some fifty graves have been found, with cists of
slate. Few stone implements were found, and no pottery.

STOCKTON HEATH. A Roman Potter's Kiln. In Reliq. 1900,
pp. 263-269 (4 figs.), Thomas May describes a Roman potter's kiln found
in 1898 at Stockton Heath, near Warrington. Remains of Roman fortifica-

114 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

tions were also found at this place. Numerous vases and fragments were
found, but none with names inscribed upon them. In the writer's posses-
sion and in the Warrington Museum are, however, inscribed fragments of
vessels resembling those found at Stockton Heath, and several inscriptions,
BRVCI, BRICOS, BRVCVS, FECIT, BRC, and FE are published.

AFRICA

RECENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN NORTH AFRICA.

In Arch. Anz. 1900, 2, pp. 62-79 (3 cuts), A. Schulten gives from his own
inspection and from a mass of published material an account of the newer
discoveries in Tunis and Algeria. Among the points noted are the extent
and character of the Roman occupation of the country, with traces of the
African limes ; the independence and accurate study of nature shown in the
African mosaics, from which many details of local life are gleaned ; the sur-
vival of ancient forms in Arabic use to-day, not only in architecture, burial,
etc., but in weaving, jewellery, and pottery, the last perhaps showing Greek
influence from Cyrene ; the unchanged character of Berber civilization, in
spite of a temporary Roman or Punic surface-culture ; the secret practice of
pagan worship in the early Christian period ; the pagan origin of certain
Christian symbols; the probable origin of the Phoenician pyramid-topped
mausoleum from the stelae or cippi of that form placed above shaft-graves.
Besides mosaics and the sculptures at Cherchel, the Roman military reliefs
of native troops, the tomb of the Mauretanian kings near Tipasa, the Colos-
seum at Thysdrus, and a remarkable rock-scratched picture of lions, proba-
bly Libyan, are most interesting.

CARTHAGE. Excavations at St. Monica. In C. R. A cad. Insc.
1900, pp. 488-511 (1 pi.; 13 figs.), A. L. Delattre gives a report of his exca-
vations in the Punic necropolis near the hill of St. Monica, Carthage, for the
first -six months of the year. Painted terra-cottas, censers in the form of
heads of goddesses, figurines of women, bronze razors with Punic inscrip-
tions and engraved representations of human beings, birds, etc., in Egyptian
or Egyptizing style, amulets of all sorts in gold, silver, and ivory, and vases
in the forms of birds and beasts are the most important and interesting
objects found in the many tombs opened.

The Odeum. P. Gauckler has discovered the Odeum, which was built
by the proconsul Vigellius Saturninus, and is mentioned by Tertullian. It
has a semicircular form, and was evidently furnished with extraordinary
luxury and splendor. It was destroyed by the Vandals. Dr. Gauckler has
traced the whole architectonic ornamentation of the stage, the Corinthian
columns, cornice-mouldings overladen with ornaments, and inscriptions which
leave no doubt as to the character and use of the building. There are also
several statues of Parian marble of Graeco-Roman origin, bearing indica-
tions of coloring, portrait busts of the Caesars, two busts of Faustinus, and
a statue of Hadrian in heroic costume. The whole of the sculpture has been
sent to the museum of Bardo. (A then. December 8, 1900.)

Engraved Metal Plates. In C. R. Acod. Insc. 1900, pp. 176-203 (2 pis. ;
3 figs.), P. Gauckler describes discoveries at Carthage, especially some thin
plates of gold and silver rolled up in little cylindrical gold cases intended to
be hung round the neck. These cases are surmounted by a head of a lioness
or a cat with an uraeus and solar disk. On being unrolled, the plates were

UNITED STATES] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 115

found to be covered with mythological and funerary scenes finely engraved.
Similar rolls found in Sardinia are described, and one in Cagliari is pub-
lished. The engraving is Egyptian in style, but with Oriental peculiarities.
Undoubtedly the work is Phoenician or Carthaginian. Two of the rolls
have inscriptions; one is read by Ph. Berger (pp. 203-207), "Protect and
guard Hillecbaal, son of Arisatbaal." These and various other objects were
found in tombs of the seventh and sixth centuries B.C. The tombs and
many objects found in them are briefly described.

DOUGG-A (THUGGA). Excavations. A member of the French
School in Rome, Mr. Homo, has excavated at Dougga, in Tunisia. The
Capitoline temple was situated in a large paved court, flanked on two sides
at least by a colonnade. An exedra was at the south of this court. The
pavement of the part of the court in which the temple and the exedra stood
is of mosaic. A second open square with mosaic pavement is at a lower
level than the first, with which it is connected by stairs. Still lower is a
third court, separated from the second by a colonnade. The whole may be
the forum of Thugga. Several fragments of inscriptions, fragments of a
frieze representing a sacrifice, a headless draped statue, and a bronze statu-
ette of a satyr were found. The Mel. Arch. Hist, will contain a detailed
publication. (C. R. Acad. Insc. 1900, pp. 388-395; plan.)

KSAR-GHELANE. A Roman Castellum. The French Lieutenant
Gombeaud has excavated the castellum at Ksar-Ghelane, in the Sahara.
The ancient name of the place is found to be Tisavar. The Roman fortifi-
cation belongs to the second century after Christ. Several inscriptions and
other objects of interest were found, including a well-preserved bronze vase
representing the head of a laughing child. (P. GAUCKI.ER, C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1900, pp. 541-547; cf. B. Arch. C. T. July, 1900, p. ix, and Berl. Phil. W.
December 8, 1900, where the modern name of the place is given as Elf-
Hagneuf.)

SAINT-LEU (PORTUS MAGNUS). A Relief, Representing
Epona. In R. Arch. XXXVII, 1900, pp. 260-261 (fig.), S. Gsell publishes
a relief found two years before at Saint-Leu. Epona is seated, holding in
one hand what seems to be a cornucopia, in the other a patera. At one
side is a horse, at the other apparently a mule. At each side of her head
is a flower. The work is rude, but the relief is interesting, being the first
representation of Epona found in Africa.

SOUKRA. A Punic Grave. At Soukra, about halfway between
Tunis and Carthage, Count Kerembriec has found a Punic grave, with
intact brick sarcophagus. At the foot of the skeleton were a lamp, a plate,
objects of glass, nails, etc. A Punic necropolis was probably here. (Berl.
Phil. W. December 8, 1900.)

UNITED STATES

BOSTON. Forged Tanagra Figurines. In the Boston Transcript,
November 26, 1900, Edward Robinson, curator of classical antiquities in the
Museum of Fine Arts, announces that twenty-five out of twenty-eight beau-
tiful figurines, twenty-three of which were given to the Museum by the late
Thomas J. Appleton, in 1879, are forgeries. They contain many ancient
fragments cleverly pieced together and supplemented with plaster and paint.
In some cases the greater part of the figure is modern, in others the ancient

116 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

parts are more considerable. As these figurines came from a dealer of high
standing, they had not been so carefully examined as later acquisitions.

BROOKLYN. Greek Coins. A series of articles is contributed by
Frank Sherman Benson to Am. J. Num., beginning with No. 167 (Vol.
XXXIV, No. 3), descriptive of his collection of ancient Greek coins now
preserved as a loan in the Museum of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and
Sciences. The articles are cursory and general in their nature and without
claim to originality, but well illustrated; and the coins treated are fine and
representative types.

NEW HAVEN. Egyptian Antiquities at Yale University. The
Peabody Museum of Yale has just received the Egyptian collection obtained
at Abydos by the Egypt Exploration Fund Association. It contains an
inscription from a royal tomb of the first dynasty, alabaster vases of the
Rameses period, a chair-leg of wood fitted with ivory pegs, scarabs, gold
ornaments, and other relics. (Public Opinion, November 29, 1900.)

EGYPTIAN ART IN AMERICAN MUSEUMS. In the Am. Ant.
1900, pp. 245-252, is a description by William C. Winslow of Egyptian
monuments in museums in the United States (6 figs.), followed by an
Appendix, describing additional monuments in Chicago, by the editor,
S. D. Feet.

BYZANTINE AND MEDIAEVAL ART

. GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

MONUMENTS OF BYZANTINE ART. The French Byzantinists,
notably Bayet, Diehl, Miintz, Omont, and Schlumberger, have united in the
publication of a new periodical called Monuments de V 'Art Byzantin, of which
the first volume, containing a study of the cloister of Daphni, near Athens,
has already appeared, and six further volumes in the series have been
announced. The purpose is chiefly to furnish new material for study. The
publisher is Ernest Leroux, Paris. (Nation, December 13, 1900.)

ITALY

ALBENG A. Restoration of the Baptistery. Important restora-
tions now going on in the baptistery at Albenga confirm the popular belief
in its great age ; i.e. that it belongs to the fifth century. Removal of the
existing pavement has disclosed the ancient pavement of precious marbles,
with remains of the primitive baptismal font and the ciborium that covered
it; while simple cleaning about the altar niche has laid bare mosaics similar
to those of the mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna, which dates from
440 A.D. The earth about the baptistery has been removed, uncovering
several tombs, Roman as well as Christian. Remains of painting and
sculpture, the pierced marbles filling the windows, a feature of great rarity,
and the construction now, for the first time in centuries, made evident
render the building of great interest to the archaeologist. The restorations
(by the Ufficio Regionale for Piedmont and Liguria, corresponding to the
French Commission des Monuments Historiques) are being conducted with
intelligence and conscience. (Nation, December 13, 1900.)

ROME. Congress of Christian Archaeology. The Second Congress
of Christian Archaeology was held at Rome in April, 1900. The subjects
treated were classified as follows: (1) Early Christian Art. (2) Mediaeval

MEDIAEVAL ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 117

Christian Art in the West. (3) Mediaeval Christian art in the East.
(4) Liturgies. (5) Epigraphy. (6) Early Christian Literature in its
Relation to Art. (7) Didactic and Practical Archaeology, Instruction,
Popularization, Excavation, Museums. A report of the transactions is
given in R. Art Chret. 1900, pp. 431-438, and in Rom. Quartalschr. 1900,
pp. 217-221.

An Early Basilica. Near the Palatine an ancient church under and
near Santa Maria Liberatrice has been brought to light. Its site was already
known. It is called Santa Maria Antica. At the entrance was a rectan-
gular hall, which may have been the baptistery. Perhaps it received water
from the fountain of Juturna. (Chron. d. Arts, November 17, 1900. Cf.
&erl. Phil. W. November 10, 1900.)

S. Croce in Gerusalemme. In the Rom. Quartalschr, 1900, pp. 177-186,
August Stegensek contributes an article entitled ' Architektonische Unter-
suchung von S. Croce in Gerusalemme in Rom.' He concludes that to the
old hall of Heliogabalus the apse was added by Constantine, that the basilica
without galleries was erected under Gregory II, that the closing of old and
opening of new windows took place at various periods until the round win-
dow in the facade was made in 1370. The baroque reconstruction of 1643
makes it difficult to trace the architectural changes of earlier days.

Excavations under the Sancta Sanctorum. Ph. Lauer of the French
School in Rome has discovered under the Scala Santa remains of a wall of
republican times, parts of three columns, and some minor fragments. In
the halls here are some square pillars built by Leo III. The frescoes of the
eleventh or twelfth century are still preserved on some of these. One rep-
resents the burial of St. John the Evangelist, others represent other saints.
Under the Sancta Sanctorum is a mass of masonry, 13 m. long, 9 m. wide,
and 6 m. high. Within this was a pit containing bones, no doubt relics.
On a wall engaged in the masonry was a fresco, representing a man clad in
tunic and pallium seated at a pulpit. He holds a roll in his left hand. An
inscription reads, Dioersi diversa patres s [ed hie] omnia dixit Romano eloquio
mystica (is) sensa tonans. Evidently St. Augustine is represented. The style
of the painting and the inscription refers them to the fifth or sixth century.
(Pn. LAUER, C. R. Acad. Insc. 1900, pp. 320-324; 2 figs.; DUCHESNE, ibid.
pp. 380-382. More fully, PH. LAUER, Mel. Arch. Hist. XX, 1900, fasc. iii-
iv. Cf. LANCIANI, Athen. December 8, 1900.)

SYRACUSE. Early Christian Tombs. Paolo Orsi publishes in the
Rom. Quartalschr. 1900, pp. 187-209, an account of the Christian tombs
recently discovered near the former monastery of the Cappuccini at Syra-
cuse. Amongst the objects here discovered, the most interesting are the
Jewish lamps and other objects which seem to have been retained in use
after the Sicilian Jews had been converted to Christianity. They seem to
testify also to the relations of Eastern Sicily and Syria.

FRANCE
HOUSES OP THE TEMPLARS IN THE ORIENT AND PRANCE.

A. Trudon des Ormes continues his study entitled Maisons du Temple en
Orient et en France, in R. Or. Lat. 1900, pp. 504-589. The present article
considers the establishments of the Knights Templar in Aquitaine, Poitou,
Entre-deux-Mers, Perigord, Auvergne, Limousin, and Provence.

118 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

MODELS OF FRENCH ARCHITECTURE. M. de Baudot has
completed a series of ten models, giving sections of monuments of French
Mediaeval and Renaissance architecture. The vault, for example, as treated
in different provinces and at different periods is here well exemplified.
The monuments thus far reproduced are the following : (1) Notre Dame
du Port, Clermont-Ferrand ; (2) Church at Rieux (Marne) ; (3) Notre
Dame, Dijon; (4) St. Urbain, Troves; (5) Church at la Ferte-Bernard
(Sarthe) ; (6) Chateau de Dampierre (Charente-Inferieure) ; (7) Stairway
of Chateau de Blois; (8) Tower of Cathedral at Senlis ; (9) Cathedral of
Puy; (10) Cathedral of Beauvais. (R. Art Chret. 1900, pp. 459-460.)

BURGUNDIAN ARCHITECTURE. In the Am. Arch. 1900, for
September 8, 29, October 13, Paul Waterhouse gives an account of an archi-
tectural tour to Sens, Auxerre, Pontigny, Beaune, Autun, Avalon, Semur,
and Vezelay.

AVIGNON. Restoration of the Papal Palace. The French
authorities are seriously agitating the project of a restoration of the Papal
Palace at Avignon, one of the most characteristic specimens of mediaeval
architecture. For about a century it has been used by the government aa
a barracks, as a result of which the structure is in a deplorable condition.
The walls and frescoes are much defaced. The frescoes of the chapel of
St. John, regarded as the work of Spinello (Aretino), which picture the
' Last Judgment ' and the Crucifixion,' are practically lost to art. It is
estimated that the restoration of the building would cost about seven
million francs. (Nation, August 23, 1900.)

PARIS. Congress of the History of Art. At the Congress of
the History of Art, held at Paris in July, 1900, Professor Venturi described
his method of teaching with the aid of phototype illustrations. Salomon
Reinach urged the necessity of centralizing collections of photographs and
the establishment of a central bureau of information. Papers and special
topics were read by Bredius, Dehio, Molinier, Bertaux, Blanchet, and
others. (Chron. d. Arts, 1900, pp. 258, 272.)

Retrospective Exhibition of French Arts. Under the title, L'Ex-
position Retrospective de 1'Art Francais,' the Gaz. B.-A., 1900, publishes a
series of articles. Auguste Molinier treats of the MANUSCRIPTS in Gaz.
B.-A. 1900, pp. 104-121. Various local libraries, such as those at Boulogne,
Havre, Cambrai, Grenoble, Valenciennes, contributed ornamented and illu-
minated Mss. ranging in date from the ninth to the sixteenth centuries.
Some of these contained signed miniature paintings of fine quality.

The BRONZES are reviewed by P. Frantz Marcou (ibid. pp. 121-134).
Some excellent examples of mediaeval bronze vessels, ecclesiastical and
secular, were exhibited, and representative small bronzes from the period
of the Renaissance to the present century.

The GOLDSMITH WORK is treated by fimile Molinier (ibid. pp. 160-172,
349-365). The first article treats of the exhibits of the eleventh and twelfth
centuries from the abbey of Conques, from the old cathedral of Toul, from
the abbey of Saint-Bertin, and from the abbey of Saint-Riquier. The
second article treats in particular of the school of Limoges and of the
exhibits of the late Renaissance period.

The art of ENAMEL PAINTING would seem to have advanced beyond the
cloisonne process in Italy and France independently at the end of the fif-

MEDIAEVAL ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 11<)

teenth century. Enamel painting on glass led the way to enamelling on
copper. The fine exhibit of enamel paintings at the Paris Exposition of
1900 is discussed by fimile Molinier. (Gaz. B.-A. 1900, pp. 422-436.)

The art of French CERAMICS was well represented at the Paris Expo-
sition. Emile Molinier (ibid. pp. 43G-462) emphasizes the French character
in the ceramics of the Gallo-Roman period. In the Middle Ages, French
ceramics experienced the influence of the Orient, especially in the technique
and design of glazed tile pavements. More independent of foreign influ-
ences are the French ceramics of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

The old French IRON WORK exhibited at the Paris Exposition is
described by P. Frantz Marcou (ibid. pp. 307-316). Specially noteworthy
are the iron keys of the sixteenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries,
from the collection of M. Doisteau.

The COINS and SEALS are reviewed by M. Prou (ibid. pp. 63-78). The
collection presented specimens of early Gallic, Merovingian, Mediaeval, and
Renaissance coins, as well as a representative series of seals.

J. J. Guiffrey describes the TAPESTRIES exhibited at the Exposition in
Paris (ibid. pp. 89-103). From Beaune, Mans, Reims, Sens, Angers, were
sent interesting tapestries of the fifteenth century; but extraordinarily fine
are the sixteenth century Flemish tapestries sent by the King of Spain.

In the Gaz.B.-A. (November, 1900, pp. 377-396 ; December, 1900, pp. 537-
562), Georges Lafenestre discusses the EARLY FRENCH PAINTINGS in a study
entitled, 'La Peinture Ancienne a FExposition Universelle.' He analyzes
the 'Coronation of the Virgin '(1453-54), by Enguerrand Charonton, from
the Musee de Villeneuve-lez- Avignon, indicating its half-Flemish, half-
Italian character ; also the fine fifteenth-century triptych from the cathedral,
and four panels from the museum at Moulins. The paintings of the six-
teenth, seventeenth, and eighteenth centuries, being more numerous, are
necessarily treated with more brevity.

Exhibition of Hungarian Art. ' Exposition retrospective de la
Hongrie ' is the title of an article by E. de Radisics in the Gaz. B.-A. 1900,
pp. 265-283. Without confining his attention to the very interesting objects,
especially those of the fifteenth century, exhibited at the Paris Exposition,
E. de Radisics in this article writes as an advocate anxious to establish the
national character of Hungarian art.

Retrospective Exhibit of Japanese Arts. The Paris Exposition
succeeded in bringing to the eyes of the Western world some very early and
valuable examples of Japanese art. The sculptures are enthusiastically
treated by firnile Hovelaque, in Gaz. B.-A. 1900, pp. 317-334. The statu-
ettes of the sixth century, sent by the Emperor, are important, and show the
influences which emanated from India and China. The eleventh and twelfth
century wooden statues of Uima and Monju, emblematic of the severe
thought and of the wisdom of Buddha, are masterpieces.

GERMANY

REICHENAU. Early Paintings. On the island of Reichenau, in
Lake Constance, a great mural painting of about the ninth century has been
found. It represents Christ in glory, surrounded by symbols of the evangel-
ists and Saints Peter and Paul. At the right and left are two seraphim.
Below, framed in arcades, are the apostles and prophets. This is the most

120 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

important painting of this period in Germany. Other paintings, less well
preserved and dating for the most part from the early Gothic period, repre-
sent the Madonna, various saints, and scenes from the life of the Virgin.
(Chron. d. Arts, November 17, 1900.)

SPIRES. Imperial Tombs. It is reported that the excavations
recently made in the cathedral of Spires have resulted in the discovery of
three or four imperial tombs, including that of the Empress Bertha, first
wife of Heinrich IV, 1056-1106, and that of Conrad II, 1024-39. (A then.
September 29, 1900.)

AFRICA

HIPPO. Excavations, 1895-98. In Bull, de L'Acad. Hippone,
1896-98, pp. 29-170 (4 pis.), A. Papier describes minutely excavations of
1895-98 at Hippone. These have brought to light Roman walls of solid
masonry and thinner Byzantine walls of material gathered in the ruins of
the ancient town. Several mosaic floors have been found, among them a
Byzantine work, probably of the sixth century, representing Amphitrite
carried by two marine centaurs, accompanied by two Nereids. The article
includes a general discussion of Byzantine art in northern Africa.

TIP ASA. St. Salsa. At the July meeting of the Berlin Arch.
Gessellsch., Mr. Dessau spoke on the basilica of St. Salsa at Tipasa, dis-
covered by Gsell in 1891, a three-nave basilica containing a mosaic inscrip-
tion from the middle of the fifth century and an earlier gravestone of Fabia
Salsa, possibly that of the saint herself. (Arch. Anz. 1900, 3, p. 153.)

RENAISSANCE ART

ITALY
UNKNOWN OR LITTLE KNOWN ITALIAN PAINTERS.

The following list of little known Italian painters is added by Gerspach in
the R. Art Chret. 1900, p. 428, to the list published in the same journal in
1895: Brandimorte (Benedetto), sixteenth century; Carteletto (Bernardino)
da Massa, fifteenth century ; Cecchi Francesco Antonio, eighteenth century ;
Cimento da Padova, fifteenth century; Giuliano Amadei da Firenze, fif-
teenth century; Coppola (Andrea), 1636; Ghirlando (Agostino) da Firiz-
zano, sixteenth century; Grazia Leonardo, sixteenth century; Marracci
(Giovanni), seventeenth century; Orlando Deodato, thirteenth century;
Pucinelli (Angelo), fourteenth century; Riccio da Siena, 1599; Santi
Bartolomeo, eighteenth century ; Trenta Banduccio da Lucca, sixteenth
century.

DOCUMENTS CONCERNING FIFTEENTH-CENTURY ITAL-
IAN PAINTERS. A series of documents hitherto inedited is published
by F. Malaguzzi in L' Arte, 1900, pp. 144-146. They concern Matteo Pasti,
Baldassare d' Este, Giovanni da Milano, Cristoforo da Cremona, Vincenzo
(Foppa) da Brescia, Leonardo da Cremona, Zanetto, Ambrogio de Predis,
and Antonello da Messina.

ARCETRI. Frescoes of the Fifteenth Century. At Arcetri, near
Torre di Gallo, in a private house, frescoes of the fifteenth century have been
found representing dancers. They are much damaged, but exhibit remark-
able composition and sureness of hand. They may be by Antonio Polla-
juolo. (Chron. d. Arts, September 22, 1900.)

RENAISSANCE AHT] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1900 121

CREMONA. The Painters of Cremona. The Esposizione d' Arte
Sacra, held in Cremona in 1899, brought together a number of paintings of
the Cremona school. Here were paintings by Boccaccio Boccaccino, Galeazzo
ampi, Tommaso Aleni, Lorenzo Becci, Francesco e Filippo Tacconi, Gale-
azzo Rivelli della Barba, Antonio Cicognara, Altobello Ferrari, Gian Fran-
cesco Bembo, Giulio Carnpi, Bernardino Gatti, and others. A study of these
paintings, by Eugenic Schweitzer, is published in L' Arte, 1900, pp. 41-70.

FERRARA. The Paintings in the Ateneo. In the Rep. f. K.
1900, pp. 358-376, Emil Jacobsen gives an account of the paintings in the
Athenaeum Gallery at Ferrara. The earliest are ascribed to Cristoforo da
Ferrara (1340-1404). This gallery contains paintings by Cosimo Tura,
Garofalo, Dosso Dossi, Ercole Grande, and others of lesser note.

FLORENCE. Exhibition of Old Masters. The private collections
of Florence contain many treasures practically unknown. A few of these
have recently been secured for exhibition by M. Cantigalli. Special mention
is made by B. Berenson in the Gaz. B.-A. 1900, pp. 79-83, of a 'Pieta' by
Crivelli, signed and dated 1485, of a 'Madonna' by Alessio Baldovinetti, and
of a charming Donatellesque relief attributed to Desiderio da Settignano.

PIENZA. Works of Art. In his recent journeying through Tuscany,
Gerspach visited Pienza, and describes its works of art in the R. Art Chre't.
1900, pp. 306-318. Besides the objects of interest in the Piccolomini palace,
in the Cathedral, and in the Cathedral Museum, Gerspach publishes several
of the important frescoes by Sodoma in the neighboring convent of Santa
Anna.

VENICE. 'St. Jerome' by Bassano. The director of the Venetian
Pinacoteca, J. Cantalamessa, has bought from a man in Mestre a ' San Giro-
lamo' by Jacopo da Ponte detto il Bassano (1510-1592). San Girolamo is
represented as a splendid old man, half naked, sitting on the threshold of a
cavern, leaning his pensive head on his left arm, and looking up to the cross
which rises at some distance from the cavern. (A then. October 6, 1900.)

'Violante' by Palma il Vecchio. Signer Cantalamessa has bought
for the Venetian gallery a hitherto unknown painting by Palma il Vecchio,
which he regards as a portrait of the artist's daughter Violante. (A then.
September 29, 1900, from the Baseler Nachrichten, September 18.)

A Painting by Alvise Vivarini. The Accademia at Venice has
acquired a tondo representing the Padre Eterno, surrounded by winged
cherubim. It is by Alvise Vivarini, and formerly decorated the ceiling
of the Scuola di San Girolamo at Cannaregio. (L' Arte, 1900, p. 161.)

Two Busts by Alessandro Vittoria. In U Arte, pp. 161-163, A.
Romualdo publishes two busts, one of Francesco, the other of Domenico
Duodo, both the work of Alessandro Vittoria. The busts have been recently
acquired for the Accademia at Venice.

PORTUGAL
LISBON. ' St. Jerome ' by Durer. Professor A. Weber, of Ratisbon,

has discovered in the museum at Lisbon a painting of St. Jerome reading
the Bible, by Durer. This is a picture mentioned in Diirer's journal of his
journey to the Low Countries. The fine crayon drawings of an old man in
the Albertina at Antwerp are utilized for this picture, but the coloring is
rather poor. (Chron. d. Arts, November 10, Atlien. December 1, 1900.)

122 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

GERMANY

BERLIN. A New Diirer. The Berlin Museum has received a new
work of Albrecht Diirer. It represents a young girl with blond hair. She-
has on a toque and a red gown trimmed with green velvet. It was probably
painted when Diirer was at Venice. (Chron. d. Arts, September 22, 1900.)

Portrait by Jan Van Eyck. The Museum of Berlin has recently
acquired a fine portrait by Jan Van Eyck. It represents a Knight of the
Golden Fleece, as may be judged by the enamelled necklace worn by that
order. The portrait is recognized as that of Jean, Seigneur de Rombaix, by
W. H. James Weale in the Gaz. B.-A. 1900, pp. 173-176.

MUNICH. Recent Acquisitions of the Gallery. Among the re-
cent acquisitions of the Alte Pinakothek at Munich noticed by G. Frizzoni
in L 1 Arte, 1900, pp. 72-85, are a signed portrait of Lionardo Armano by
Leandro Bassano ; a portrait by Bernardino Licinio ; a portrait by Hans
Holbein; a 'Madonna' by Antonello da Messina; a tondo by Luca Signo-
relli; a 'Pieta' by Liberale da Verona, and two pictures of St. Gregory by
Michael Pacher.

AUSTRIA-HUNGARY

BUDAPEST. Italian Paintings. In V Artc, 1900, pp. 185-240, A.
Venturi contributes an important study, ' I Quadri di Scuola Italian a nella
Galleria Nazionale di Budapest.' The National Gallery at Budapest is rich
in Italian paintings. Special attention in this article is given to paintings
by Michele Ungaro, Ercole Grande, Scarsellino, Francia, Bertucci da Faenza,
Girolamo da Cotignola, Correggio, Mazzola, Borgognone, Bernardo Luini,
Giampietrino, Boltraffio, Gentile Bellini, Catena, Basaiti, Previtale, Girolamo
da Santa Croce, Lorenzo Lotto, Giacomo Bassano, Feti, Berlotti, Tiepolo,
Kaphael, Rudolfo Ghiiiandaio, Andrea del Sarto, and Bronzino.

PRAGUE. Frau Agnes Diirer. In the ' Rosenkranzbild ' at Prague
Diirer introduced his own portrait. It has apparently escaped attention that
the kneeling woman with a white headcloth is Diirer's wife, Agnes Diirer,
known to us by various portraits. As she could hardly have been with him
when this picture was painted, this is an interesting testimonial to Diirer's
fidelity to his wife. (PAUL WEBER, Rep.f. K. 1900, pp. 316-317.)

UNITED STATES

BOSTON. An Unpublished Masterpiece of Filippino Lippi. In
R. Arch. XXXVII, 1900, pp. 238-243 (pi. xi), B. Berenson publishes a cir-
cular painting by Filippino Lippi, in the possession of Mrs. S. D. Warren, of
Boston, formerly in the Sant' Angelo collection in Naples. The Virgin is
seated in a loggia with a landscape in the background. The Child whom
she holds in her lap is leaning forward to kiss the little St. John, who is
held by St. Margaret. At the left is St. Joseph, leaning on his staff. This
picture has special points of resemblance to the altar piece of San Spirito at
Florence, and both were probably painted about 1493 or 1494.

NEW YORK. The Avery Collection of Engravings. Mr. S. P.
Avery, of New York, has given the New York Public Library his collection of
etchings, lithographs, and photographs, with books illustrated by means of
lithographs and engravings. The collection contains fifteen thousand etch-
ings and nearly eighteen thousand lithographs. (Am. Arch. May 19, 1900.)

ABBREVIATIONS

Abh. : Abhandlungen. Acad. : Academy (of London). Am. Ant. : Ameri-
can Antiquarian. Am. J. Arch. : American Journal of Archaeology. Ami d.
Mon. : Ami des Monuments. Ann. d. 1st. : Annali dell' Istituto. Anz. Schw.
Alt. : Anzeiger ftir Schweizerische Altertumskunde. Arch. Ael. : Archaeologia
Aeliana. Arch.-Ep. Mitth. : Archaol. -epigraph. Mittheil. (Vienna). Arch.
Anz. : Archaologischer Anzeiger. Arch. Portug. : Archeologo Portugues.
Arch. Rec. : Architectural Record. Arch. Hess. Ges. : Archiv fiir Hessische
Geschichte und Altertumskunde. Arch. Eel. : Archiv fiir Religionswissenschaft.
Arch. d. Miss. : Archives de Missions Scientifiques et Litte"raires. Arch. Stor.
d. Art. : Archivio Storico dell' Arte. Arch. Stor. Lomb. : Archivio storico lom-
bardo. Arch. Stor. Nap. : Archivio Storico Provincie Napolitane. Arch. Stor.
Patr. : Archivio della r. society romana di storia patria. Athen. : Athenaeum
(of London).

Beitr. Ass. : Beitrage zur Assyriologie. Berl. Akad. : Preussische Akademie
-der Wissenschaf ten zu Berlin. Berl. Phil. W. : Berliner Philologische Wochen-
schrift. Berl. Stud. : Berliner Studien. Bibl. EC. Chartes Bibliotheque de
1'Ecole des Chartes. B. Ac. Hist. : Boletin de la real Academia de la Historia.
B. Arch. d. M. : Bulletin Archaol. du Ministere. B. Arch. C. T. : Bulletin
Arche'ologique du Comite" des Travaux hist, et scient. B.C.H. : Bulletin de
orrespondance Helleiiique. B. List. Eg. : Bulletin de PInstitut Egyptien
(Cairo). B. M. Soc. Ant. Fr. : Bulletin et Me"inoires de la Socie'te' des An-
tiquaires de France. B. Soc. Anth. : Bulletin de la Socie'te' d'Anthropologie de
Paris. B. Soc. Yonne : Bulletin de la Socie'te' des Sciences historiques et natu-
relles de 1' Yonne? B. Mon.: Bulletin Monumental. B. Arch. Stor. Dal.:
Bullettino di Archeologia e Storia Dalmata. B. Com. Roma: Bullettino d.
Coinmissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma. Bull. d. 1st. . Bullettino dell'
Jstituto. B. Arch. Crist. : Bullettino di Archeologia Cristiana. B. Paletn. It. :
Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana. Byz. Z. : Byzantinische ZeitschrifL

Chron. d. Arts : Chronique des Arts. Cl. R. : Classical Review. C. E.
Acad. Insc. : Comptes Rendus de 1' Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
C.I. A.: Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. C.I.G.: Corpus Inscriptionum
Graecarum. C.I.G.S.: Corpus Inscriptionum Graeciae Septentrionalis. C.I.L.:
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. C.I.S. : Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum.

AeXr. 'Apx.: AeXrfov 'Apxaio\oyiK6v. D. & S. Diet. Ant. : Dictionnaire des
Antiquite's grecques et romaines par Ch. Daremberg et Edm. Saglio, avec le con-
cours de E. Pettier.

Echos d'Or.: Les Echos d'Orient (Constantinople). 'E0. 'Apx-' 'E077/xepts
'ApxatoXoyiK-fi. Eph. Epig. : Ephemeris Epigraphica.

Fundb. Schwab. : Fundberichte aus Schwaben, herausgegeben vom wiirttem-
bergischen anthropologischen Verein.

Gaz. B.-A. : Gazette des Beaux-Arts.

I.G.A. : Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae, ed. Roehl. I. G. Ins.: In-
scriptiones Graecarum Insularum. /. G. Sic. It. : Inscriptiones Graecae Siciliae
et Italiae. Intermediate : Interm^Jiaire de chercheurs et des curieux.

Jb. Alt. Ges. L. P. : Neue Jahrbucher fiir das klassische Altertum, Geschichte
und deutsche Litteratur und fiir Padagogik. Jb. Arch. I. : Jahrbuch d. k. d.
Archaol. Instituts. Jb. Phil. Pad. : Neue Jahrbucher fiir Philologie und Pada-
gogik (Fleckeisen's Jahrbiicher). Jb. Preuss. Kunsts.: Jahrbuch d. k. Preuss.

Kunstsammlungen. Jb. V. Alt. Eh. : Jahrbiicher des Vereins von Alterthums-
freunden im Rheinlande. Jb. Ver. Dill. : Jahrbuch des Vereins Dillingen.
Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. : Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archaologischen Insti-
tutes. J. Asiat. : Journal Asiatique. J. Am. Or. S. : Journal of American
Oriental Society. J. Anth. List. : Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Ireland. J. Br. Arch. Ass. : Journal of the British Archae-
ological Association. J.H.S.: Journal of Hellenic Studies. J. Int. Arch.
Num. : AitOviis 'E^rj^ph TTJS yo/xto-^art/cTys apxaio\oyias, Journal international
d'arche'ologie numismatique (Athens).

Kb. Gesammtver: Korrespondenzblatt des Gesammtvereins der deutschen
Geschichts- und Altertumsvereine. Kb. Wd. Z. Ges. K. : Korrespondenzblatt
der Westdeutschen Zeitschrift fiir Geschichte und Kunst. Kunstchron. : Kunst-
chronik.

Lex. Myth. : Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der griechischen und rb'mischen Mytho-
logie, herausgegeben von W. H. Boscher (Leipsic, Teubner).

Mel. Arch. Hist. . Melanges d'Arche'ologie et d'Histoire (of French School in
Rome). Athen. Mitth. : Mittheilungen d. k. d. Archaol. Instituts, Athen. Abth.
Rom. Mitth. : Mittheilungen d. k. d. Archaol. Instituts, Rom. Abth. Mitth.
Anth. Ges. : Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wieu. Mitth.
C.-Comm. . Mittheilungen der koniglich-kaiserlichen Central-Commission fiir
Erforschung und Erhaltung der Kunst- und historischen Denkmale. Mitth.
Nassau : Mittheilungen des Vereins fiir nassauische Altertumskunde und Ge-
schichtsforschung. Mitth. Vorderas. Ges. : Mittheilungen der vorderasiatischen
Gesellschaft. Mon.Antichi: Monumenti Antichi (of Accad. d. Lincei). Mon.
Mem. Acad. Insc. : Monuments et Me"moires pub. par 1'Acad. des Inscriptions,
etc. Mun. Akad. : Koniglich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Mtin-
chen. Mus. Ital. : Museo Italiano di Antichita Classiche.

N. D. Alt. : Nachrichten iiber deutsche Altertumsfunde. Not. Scam: Notizie-
degli Scavi di Antichita. Num. Chron. : Numismatic Chronicle. N. Arch.
Ven. : Nuovo Archivio Veneto. N. Bull. Arch. Crist. : Nuova Bullettino di
Archeologia cristiana.

Pal. Ex. Fund: Palestine Exploration Fund. UpaKnicd : IIpafCTiKct 7-775 tr
A0~/it>ai.s apxa-ioXoyiKTjs eraipetas.

E. Tr. Eg. Ass. : Recueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie et a 1'arche'ologie-
e"gyptiennes et assyriennes. Eeliq. : Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist.
Mend. Acc>. Lincei : Rendiconti d. r. Accademia dei Lincei. Rep. f. K. : Re-
pertorium fiir Kunstwissenschaft. E. Assoc. Bare. : Revista da la Associacion
artistico-arqueologico Barcelonesa. E. Arch. Bibl. Mus. : Revista di Archives,
Bibliotecas, y Museos. E. Arch. : Revue Arche'ologique. It. Art Anc. Mod. :
Revue de 1'Art ancien et moderne. E. Beige Num. : Revue Beige de Numisma-
tique. E. Bibl. : Revue Biblique Internationale. E. Crit. : Revue Critique.
E. Art Chret. : Revue de 1'Art Chretien. E. Hist. d. Eel. : Revue de THistoire-
des Religions. E. Or. Lat. : Revue de 1' Orient Latin. E. Ep. f M. Fr. : Revue
Epigraphique du Midi de la France. E. Et. Gr. : Revue des Etudes Grecques.
E. Et. J. : Revue des Etudes Juives. E. Num. : Revue Numismatique. E.
Sem. : Revue Se"mitique. Ehein. Mus. : Rheinisches Museum fur Philologie,.
Neue Folge. E. Abruzz. : Rivista Abruzzese di Scienze, Lettere ed Arte. R.
Ital. Num. : Rivista Italiana Numismatica. E. Stor. Calabr. : Rivista Storica-
Calabrese. E. Stor. Ital. : Rivista Storica Italiana. Earn. Quart. : Roinische
Quartalschrift fiir christliche Altertumskunde und fiir Kirchengeschichte.

Sachs. Ges.: Sachsische Gesellschaft (Leipsic). S. G.D.I. : Sammlung der
Griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften. Sitzb. : Sitzungsberichte. 8. Eom. d. Stor.
Pat. : Societa Romana di Storia Patria. Soc. Ant. Fr. : Socie'te' des Antiquaires
de France. Soc. Ant. : Society of Antiquaries. S. Bibl. Arch. : Society of
Biblical Archaeology, Proceedings.

7-775 tv 'A^vai

Wiener Z. Morgenl. : Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes.

Z. D. Pal. V. : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palestina Vereins. Z. Aeg. Sp~
Alt. : Zeitschrift fiir Aegyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. Z. Assyr. :
Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie. Z. Bild. K. : Zeitschrift fiir Bildende Kunst.
Z. Ethn. : Zeitschrift fiir Ethnologic. Z. Mun. Alt. : Zeitschrift des Miin-
chener Alterthumsvereins. Z. Num. : Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik.

124

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. V (1901) PLATE I

OJ
Q E

1 "
* S

2 '"

O "f
a;

CO g
DQ

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. V (1901) PLATE

HYDRIA FROM THOLOS TOMB ON RUSTY RIDGE: LEFT SIDE

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. V (1901) PLATE IV

HYDR1A FROM THOLOS TOMB ON RUSTY RIDGE: RIGHT SIDE

AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. V (1901) PLATE V

American School
of Classical Studies
at Stfjen*

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900

[PLATES I-V]

WITH the appointment of Prince George as Prince High
Commissioner of Crete, HpiyKr)ty r 'T7raTos t A.pfMocrTr)<; rfjs K/^T???,
a new era in Cretan archaeology began. Before that time regu-
lar excavations could not be made because of the turbulence of
the island ; foreign archaeologists, although convinced that a
rich harvest awaited them, were not permitted to put their con-
victions to a satisfactory test ; the Turks and Ottoman Cretans
did not care to make researches which would reflect glory on a
Greek past ; the native Christians were unwilling to dig up
treasure that might be carried off to Constantinople : for these
reasons, Crete remained virgin soil. Hardly had the Prince
landed in Canea in December, 1899, when English, French, and
Italian scholars applied for sites on Avhich they might excavate.

Our own School at Athens was prevented from taking up
a claim by the fact that our funds were wholly devoted to the
excavations at Corinth. Feeling sure in view, in part, of
the encouragement given to Professor Halbherr's memorable
work in 1893-94 on behalf of the Institute, that the step
would be approved, I determined to go over to Crete in the
spring of 1900, to see what could be done with a small sum of
money that remained to me from the Agnes Hoppin Memorial
Fellowship of which I was then the fortunate incumbent.

This idea was beginning to take shape in my mind when Mr.
D. J. Hogarth, Director of the British School, and Mr. A. J.
Evans of Oxford came to Athens on their way to begin the
season's work at Cnossus. I cannot sufficiently express my
gratitude for the serious consideration which these experienced

American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 125

Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. V (1901), No. 2.

126 HARRIET A. BOYD

scholars gave to my immature project. By mentioning sites
both promising and practicable, they at once put me in the way
of doing a useful piece of work.

On the twelfth of April, our party consisting of Miss Patten
of Boston and myself, our servant, Aristides Pappadias, and his
mother landed at Herakleion. Although Miss Patten's interest
lies in botany and not in archaeology, her part in the expedition
was an important one by reason of her tact and good judgment
and her keen powers of observation, which had been trained to
great efficiency by four years of botanical research in the Poly-
technicum at Dresden.

The moment of our arrival in Crete was propitious, for Mr.
Evans's success at Cnossus had put every one in good spirits.
We were fortunate in visiting the Palace of Minos on the day
when " the oldest throne in Europe " was brought to light, and
in seeing the tablets, which, "when deciphered will serve to
make the Mycenaean Age not prehistoric but historic." But
we were not bewildered by the magnificent results attained by
Mr. Evans. Our attention had been called to the humbler
period that followed the Golden Age of Crete, and I felt sure
that our chance of finding a task suited to our means and our
powers lay in investigating some Geometric site.

Cretan Geometric pottery had already attracted notice. In
the Athenische Mittheilungen, vol. XXII (1897), pp. 233-258,
Wide found his chief examples for the "Nachleben Mykenischer
Ornamente " in Cretan vases belonging to the museums at Hera-
kleion and Athens. Orsi in the American Journal of Archae-
ology, Second Series, I (1897), pp. 251-265, discusses Geometric
vases at Herakleion. Finally in the Jahrbuch for 1899, 1 Wide,
taking up again the subject of Geometric pottery, draws most
of his material from the islands, and, in connection Avith Crete,
states his opinion that there the strong survival of Mycenaean
influence prevented a full development of the Dipylon style (I.e.
p. 35). In the present paper this opinion is called into question.

1 S. Wide, ' Geometrische Vasen aus Griechenland,' Jahrb. des 1c. d. Arch.
Inst. XIV (1890), pp. 26-43 and 78-80.

EXCAVATIONS AT K A YOU SI, CRETE, IN 1900 127

In addition to the material used by these writers, the museum
at Herakleion possesses a collection of eighty or more Geometric
vases marked " Kavousi," which came from a tholos-tomb, acci-
dentally discovered in 1895 by a peasant, Theodosios Mitsakis,
who showed it to Mr. Evans, when the latter was travelling
through Eastern Crete in 1899. He, in turn, reported the dis-
covery to the government, and under its supervision the contents
of the tomb were removed to Herakleion where they await pub-
lication at Mr. Evans's hands.

Acting on the advice of British scholars, I made Kavousi the
eastern limit of a ten days' prospecting trip through Central
Crete, in the course of which we visited Gortyna, where we
were hospitably entertained by Professor Halbherr, Anoja
Messaritica, Ligortino, 1 Rotasi (Homeric Rhytion), Viannos,
Mt. Keraton, Vasiliki, Arvi, Hierapetra, and Episcopi. At
more than one of these places I might have been tempted to
put in the spade had it not been for the salutary laws which
forbid unauthorized digging, and for a wish on my own part
to defer judgment until we had seen Kavousi. Here the evi-
dence presented by walls, potsherds, and small antiquities found
by the peasants, when considered in connection with the tomb
discovered five years earlier, seemed to preclude the possibility
of failure. We hurried back to Herakleion by way of Kritsa,
Neapolis, and Chersonnesos, making the journey of sixty miles
in a day and a half (fast travelling for mules), and with the
least possible delay sent our petition to the Minister of Educa-
tion for permission to dig in the neighborhood of Kavousi and
Episcopi. On May 10, I received the official document per-
mitting me "as representative of the American School of
Archaeology at Athens to excavate in the name of the Cretan
government," and three days later we were established in
Kavousi ready to begin work on Monday, May 14. The

1 For Mr. Evans's notes on these sites, see articles published in the Academy
of June 13, 20, July 4, 18, 1896. A resume" of these articles is given in A. J. A.,
1896, pp. 462-467 ; Ligortino, p. 466 ; Keraton, p. 465 ; Arvi, p. 464 ; Hierapetra,
p. 462.

128

HARRIET A. BO YD

campaign lasted little over a month, with a force varying
from ten to forty-eight men, the usual number being between
eighteen and twenty-six.

Kavousi (Fig. 1) stands 1 near the northern end of the low,
narrow isthmus that connects Sitia with the rest of Crete, " a
day's ride east of Psychro," and four hours from Goulas. The
village belongs to the eparchy of Hierapetra, and is the home

FIGURE 1. KAVOUSI PLAIN AND VILLAGE : FROM THE CITADEL.

of about two hundred families, whose tiny white houses cluster
upon a mass of rock at the foot of a steep mountain range
which, rising above the isthmus on the east, extends like a
huge wall from sea to sea. This range, at a height of about
700 m., supports in terrace fashion a mountain plain called

1 Kavousi lies midway between two points whose bearings are given by Raulin,
Description Physique de I' lie de Crete, I, p. 326. These points are the island of
Psyra, long. 23 32' 40", lat. 35 12' 30", and Mt. Aphendi-Kavousi, long.
23 33' 35", lat. 35 5' 20".

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 129

Monasteraki, 1 where many peasants of Kavousi, Epano Chorio,
and the neighboring districts live during the summer, escap-
ing the heat of the lowlands, and cultivating their vines
with success. From the plateau as a base rises Mt. Aphendi-
Kavousi, 2 the highest peak of Sitia (1472 m.), invisible from
Kavousi, though easily reached in a morning's walk. Three
mountains of lesser height, Kleros, Azelakias, and Kapsas,
stand to the east and northeast of the village. Kapsas has
its roots in the sea, and around its northern side winds the
road to Sitia.

In sharp contrast to these bare volcanic mountains lies the
fertile plain of Kavousi, extending northward from the village
two miles to the sea. It is about one and a half miles wide,
separated from the Gulf of Mirabello on the west by a low chain
of hills, 3 which one must cross in order to reach Kavousi's nearest
harbor, " Deepsaod " (Ila^ela "A/A/^o?), at the southest corner of
the gulf. The plain is laid out in olive groves and fields of
wheat and barley.

In this little corner of Crete, sea, plain, and mountains meet
in the perfect combination for which Greek lands are famous.
But beauty alone would not have attracted settlers to the spot

1 Raulin, I.e. I, p. 165, writes of this plateau, where he locates "le village
d'ete de Krephti" (a mistake for Thriphte, 6/3^x77), " le sol forme principale-
ment par des talschistes grisatres est entierement occupe" par des vignes qui
s'e"levent jusqu'a 980 m., plus haut que partout ailleurs en Crete et a la meme
hauteur que sur les flancs de 1'Etna." Compare I, p. 215, " Les vignobles . . .
existent dans les hautes plaines jusqu'a 700 m. a Askyphos, 900 m. a Lassiti, et
rngme 980 m. a 1'Aphendi-Kavousi."

2 Compare Raulin, I.e. I, p. 164. He is describing the view which one has-
soon after leaving Kritsa, on the road to Hierapetra. " La vue est fort belle tant
sur 1'isthme lui-meme, le golfe de Mirabello, que sur les montagnes de Lassiti a
I'Ouest et la grande muraille calcaire que s'e'tend a 1'Est, de Tile de Psyra jus-
qu'au cap Peristera et par dessus laquelle s'eleve la masse conique de 1'Aphendi-
Kavousi." Also I, p. 361 : " Le massif de 1'Aphendi-Kavousi s'e'tend d'une mer
a 1'autre, c'est un plateau terming sur son bord 0-N-O par une pente tres rapide
avec de frequents escarpements. De la plaine de Hierapetra, et du vallon
d'Episkopi, on croit voir une muraille surmonte'e d'une plateforme sur laquelle
dans la partie orientale s'e"leve le cone de Kavousi."

3 The height of these hills is given by Raulin, I, p. 363, " colline cdtiere a I'O.
de Kavousi (niveau) 271 m."

130 HARRIET A. BOYD

for three thousand years. The place has received another gift
from nature, an excellent strategical position commanding
four important roads : the first leads west to Herakleion ; the
second crosses the isthmus south to Hierapetra and the Libyan
Sea ; the third, by a pass east through the mountains, reaches
Upper Sitia j 1 the fourth, following the coast to the northeast,
makes connections with the harbors at the east end of the
island. These four roads are all natural highways and must
have been used from the earliest times.

If, from this brief description, the lay of the land is clear, and
if we bear in mind the fact, which is now pretty well established
for Crete as for Cyprus, that the people of the Bronze Age pre-
ferred to dwell in the lowlands, while their ruder successors at
the opening of the Iron Age retired to the mountains for
security, we may expect to find Mycenaean and pre-Mycenaean
remains in Kavousi plain, and Geometric settlements on the
heights above. Such was our experience of last spring.

At a place called " St. Antony's " ("A 7*09 'Airo)wo?), in the
line of low hills to the west of the plain, we began our excava-
tions. The hillside is steep and very rocky. Our first aim was
to dig back of a well-preserved piece of Cyclopean wall, in hope
of finding a building. Three trial pits were sunk here with no
results, and probably this is an ancient terrace-wall like those
at Goulas. On a terrace about 15 m. above the foot of the hill
we dug nine pits averaging 3 m. long, 1.75 m. wide, and 1.35
m. deep, down to the live rock in every case. At about 0.30 m.
below the surface we came upon fragments of pottery, and these
continued to a depth of about 1m., where they stopped, except
in the case of pit No. 6, where we found them as deep as 1.80 m.
These fragments deserve study. They include many pieces of
coarse unglazed ware, parts of large jars and of pithoi, some-of
them imperfectly baked. These are without pattern except in

1 Compare Spratt, Travels and Researches in Crete, I, p. 157 : " From Vasiliki
the northern road follows a valley opening into the Gulf of Mirabello, to the
northeast to Kavousi, whence begins the ascent, and by a difficult and rocky
mule-path, the mountain barrier to the Sitia is surmounted by a pass."

EXCAVATIONS AT K A YOU SI, CRETE, IN 1900 131

two instances, one a coarse incised herring-bone pattern on
the rim of a pithos, the other a moulded wave-pattern laid on
to a jar. There are also many fragments of finer ware, which
fall within the series of Island Pottery, best illustrated by the
finds of the British School at Phylakopi. 1 The best specimen is
a small bowl about 4 cm. high, 2 of fine light lemon-yellow clay,
glazed, with a pattern of bands and wavy lines painted in black.
Among the decorations, which are painted in red and black on
this finer pottery, are bands, dots, and spirals, several plant
designs, and a dotted fish-scale pattern. In some of the spiral
designs a white line is painted on the red, following the curve.
The fish-scale pattern was found on five fragments that must
have formed part of a large jar. The clay is pink, with a slight
glaze, on which the pattern is painted in reddish black. Un-
fortunately we found at St. Antony's only broken pieces, and
these lying haphazard in the midst of rocks, pieces of the
same vase were unearthed 10 m. apart. The inference is that
at a very early date this broken pottery was thrown in to help
build the terrace.

Although these potsherds gave proof enough that a settlement
of the Bronze Age lay somewhere in the plain, I did not feel
justified in spending much of the short time at our disposal in
looking for it, since the indications above ground were very
slight. We therefore turned our attention to the heights above
the village, where we were sure of finding remains of the Geo-
metric period.

Earliest in date are a house and a necropolis of small tholos-
tombs on " Thunder Hill " (B/?oWa). This hill lies south-south-
west of Kavousi, and rises to about 330 m. above the sea. Our
workmen began digging on the top of the hill, where many bits of
ancient wall appeared above the surface. The space excavated
was about 20 m. x 15 m. Below the crest of the hill, on the
southeast side, is an excellent stretch of wall (1.20 in. high, 13
m. long), and above this what appears to be a storeroom, where

1 Annual of the British School, vols. Ill, pp. 1-30, and IV, pp. 17-48.

2 This is figured on PLATE II, the first piece from the left on the top row.

132

HARRIET A. BO YD

parts of three large pithoi with moulded designs of the common
serpentine patterns were found. Of the principal building on
the summit little can be said. It seems to be a large house with
a forecourt, but the plan cannot be made out in the present
ruined condition of the walls. One room contained a consider-
able amount of iron, one pick, one axe-head, a sword complete
in seven pieces, and numerous fragments.

While the rest of the workmen were engaged in clearing the
summit, with little reward for their labor, four men had been
set to work in two pits, which we thought might be ancient
wells. They soon proved to be ruined tholos-tombs. 1 The
first (Tomb A) had been thoroughly ransacked and yielded
one soapstone whorl only ; the second, 2 although partly fallen
in, was protected by several large blocks of stone, and to this
accident we owe the recovery of thirteen vases practically entire,
two bronze rings, two terra-cotta whorls, and many good frag-

1 The relative position of the tholos-tombs on Thunder Hill is shown by the
accompanying diagram. Scale 1:1000. Letters indicate empty tombs ; numerals

indicate tombs which con-
tained vases. The tombs
are rudely constructed of
unhewn stones, bonded with
clay. The average dimen-
sions are : diameter, 2.10 m. ;
height, 2m.; height of en-
trance, 0.35 m. ; length of
lintel, 1 m. ; width of dromos,
0.80m. In point of construc-
tion, Tomb B is the best.
Here the lower courses form
a rude square, measuring

about 2 m. on a side, made of stones of good size, fairly regular in shape. At a
height of 0.67 m. the square has become a circle, and the dome begins, built of
small, more irregular stones. The top is broken in, but the height of the tomb
must have been about 2 m. The dromos is 0.85 m. broad ; the height of the
entrance is 0.80 m. ; the lintel is 1.10 m. long, 32 m. thick, and 0.75 m. wide
(broken in two pieces).

2 Contents of Tomb 1, Thunder Hill, in addition to thirteen vases, were :

a. Bronze ring, with small hooked points, diameter, 0.035 m.

b. Bronze ring (hooks broken), diameter, 0.02 m.

c. Clay whorl, walnut pattern, diameter, 0.017 m.

d. Clay whorl, plain, diameter, 0.025 m.

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 133

merits of pottery. Parts of three skeletons, including one skull
in good preservation, were taken from the tomb. In the course
of the afternoon, three more tombs were discovered. Of these,
two yielded nothing (Tomb C and Tomb D); the third 1 still
contained a bronze hairpin, parts of bronze fibulae, pieces of
iron blades, and an iron hilt, as well as ten vases and numerous
fragments, some of which can be fitted together. It is strange
that anything should have remained, for the upper half of the
tomb was entirely destroyed and the lower half was filled with
the fallen stones.

On the following day, two boys were digging in a place
which appeared to me quite unpromising; they were new at
the Avork and I did not like to transfer them at once to another
spot for fear of discouraging their zeal, which was admirable.
The trench they were digging was blocked by a pile of stones
jutting in irregular lengths at all angles. Suddenly it was dis-
covered that by removing these stones they had made a window
in the side of a " bee-hive " tomb. The tomb 2 remained as it

1 Contents of Tomb 2, Thunder Hill, in addition to ten vases, were :

a. Bronze hairpin, 0.105 m. long.

b. Bronze fibulae (broken).

c. Bronze fragment, shaped like a fish-hook, probably the end of a pin

or ring.

d. Iron hilt (broken).

e. Iron blades (broken).

2 Contents of Tomb 3, Thunder Hill, in addition to a pithos and forty vases,
re :

a. Bronze bracelet, diameter, 0.065 m.

b. Bronze fibula, 0.05 m. long.

c. Bronze fibula, 0.08 m. long.

d. Bronze fibula, 0.058 m. long.

e. Bronze fibula, 0.07 m. long (point broken).
/. Bronze fibula, broken in two pieces.

g. Bronze ring, 0.02 m. diameter.

h. Iron spear-head, with broad blade.

i. Iron sword-handle.

j. Iron sword-point, 0.14 m. long.

k. Iron spear-head, hollow.

I. Soapstone whorl, with two holes.

m. Clay whorl in form of truncated cylinder, with two incised rings ; height,
0.018 m. ; diameter, 0.02 m.

134 HARRIET A. BOYD

had been left almost three thousand years ago. Looking in,
we saw a large pithos, 1 whole, lying upon its side surrounded
by vases, with four skeletons stretched out beside it, their heads
toward the south, away from the dromos. Three of the skulls
are well preserved, the fourth is partly disintegrated. In the
jar there were no bones nothing, in fact, save earth, a small
quantity of black ash, a broken bronze fibula, and three pieces
of iron blade. There was no regularity in the placing of the
vases ; some of the smaller were set inside larger ones. Forty
vases were handed out through the " window " made by the
pick, but it was necessary to open the tomb from the top in
order to remove the pithos without breaking ; for although the
huge jar must have been brought in through the dromos, it
could not be taken out that way with safety. With the vases
were found parts of iron swords and spear-heads, a clay whorl,
and a soapstone whorl ; and when the earth which had drifted
into the tomb was sifted it yielded a bronze bracelet, five bronze
fibulae, and a bronze ring.

Finally, some distance to the south, we excavated a space
which is called by courtesy a tomb (No. 4), because of the
presence of a lintel and a few stones that formed the sides
of the dromos. The rest of the tomb has vanished, but
by a miracle eighteen vases wedged in between fallen stones
were saved, and among them are some of the best pieces
from Thunder Hill. We also recovered from this place one
bronze fibula and parts of two others, two bronze rings, a
bronze hairpin, three pieces of thin bronze plate with an

1 Pithos, height, 1.11 m. ; six handles, three above and three below ; four
raised bands, the three upper ones decorated by herring-bone pattern incised,
the lowest by vertical lines incised ; around the neck of the jar, an amulet.
Three small square holes have been cut on one side of the vase, one above the
other, in the spaces between the raised bands. These may have served as spigots
if the pithos was originally intended for household use, or they may have had a
use similar to that of the round holes in the bottom of the ossuaries found at
Anoja Messaritica, "qui semblent avoir e'te' perce"s afin de pourvoir a 1'gcoule-
ment des liquides ne"s d'une matiere en decomposition," Perrot et Chipiez, His-
toire de VArt, vol. VI, p. 953. For the use of pithoi as funerary urns, see Ath.
Mitt. XVIII (1893), pp. 133 and 134.

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 135

indented pattern, fragments of bronze and iron, and a soap-
stone whorl. 1

The pottery from Thunder Hill is being studied by Miss
King, the present Hoppin Fellow at Athens, and I shall leave
to her all detailed description of the vases, confining myself to
a few general remarks on form and decoration. (Cf. PLATES
I, II.) The shapes are Mycenaean or even earlier ; they include
three false-necked amphorae (Bugelkanne'), three bird forms,
two gourds, primitive amphorae without base, jugs which are
variants of types found at Troy, 2 a teapot form which is My-
cenaean, low jars developed from a type found at Tiryns 3
and in pre-Mycenaean graves at Corinth, 4 "a flat bowl with
sharply recurved rim," resembling the Melian bowls, 6 a two-
handled cup closely resembling cups from Mycenae and
Rhodes, 6 and finally, numerous examples of the primitive cra-
ter. 7 But although the shapes of these vases were already
popular in the Bronze Age, their decoration belongs to the
period which followed; yet in the Geometric designs painted
on them we observe that curved lines are still preferred to
straight, indicating a time not long subsequent to the Myce-
naean.

This early date receives further confirmation from the metal
finds. In the bronze fibulae (Fig. 3) we have an interesting

1 Contents of Tomb 4, Thunder Hill, in addition to eighteen vases, were :

a. Bronze fibula (point broken), 0.093 m. long.

b. Bronze ring, with small hooked points and knob at middle of the hoop,

diameter, 0.025 m.

c. Bronze ring (one hook broken), diameter, 0.025 m.

d. Bronze hairpin (end broken), 0.072 m. long.

e. Two br6nze fragments, shaped like fish-hooks.

/. Three pieces of broken bronze plates, with indented pattern and holes for

fastening.

g. Fragments of bronze and iron.
h. Soft soapstone whorl, diameter, 0.02 m.

2 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de VArt, vol. VI, p. 900.
" Schliemann, Tiryns, Fig. 7.

4 A. J. A. Second Series, I (1897), p. 320, I, 11, p. 321, II, 2.

5 Annual of the British School, IV, pp. 36 and 43.

6 Perrot et Chipiez, Histoire de VArt, vol. VI, p. 549.

7 Orsi, A.J. A. Second Series, I (1897), pp. 252 ff.

136

HARlilET A. BOYD

development of style from the earliest examples, which, like
certain brooches discovered by M. Kavvadias in a cemetery at
Salamis, are made on the primitive pattern 1 (except that the bow

is much more bent), to a second
variety with a twisted bow, and
to a third which has the bow
flattened. A simple form of
ornamentation occurs on the

O bronze bracelet (Fig. 3), where

the metal is drawn out, twisted,
and knotted. One ring is circu-
lar, the others have hooked ends
which clasp ; in two instances

' there is a knob at the middle of
THUNDER HILL.

the hoop (Fig. 3). Turning

from the bronze ornaments to the iron weapons, we are
surprised by the modern appearance of the pickaxe, but its
claim to antiquity cannot be disputed, since one exactly like it
was taken from the tholos-tomb discovered by Theodosios Mit-
sakis. The iron sword (Fig. 4)
is of an early pattern following
close after the Mycenaean ; hilt
and blade are of one metal, but
a reminiscence of the days when
a blade of bronze was inserted in
a hilt of wood, ivory, or bone,
lingers in the sharp outlines of
the handle and the raised rim,
which is continued on the upper
part of the blade as if enclosing it. All indications justify
us in assigning the house and tombs on Thunder Hill to the
sub- Mycenaean epoch, transitional between the Bronze Age
and the Iron Age. 2

1 Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, p. 163, Fig. 57.

2 For characteristics of this epoch in Cyprus, see Myres and Richter, Cata-
logue of the Cyprus Museum, p. 21. Cf. Orsi on " A Mycenaeo-geometric transi-
tional vase " in the museum at Herakleion, A. J. A., Second Series, I, pp. 252 ff.

FIGURE 3. BRONZE BRACELET FROM
TOMB 3, THUNDER HILL : BRONZE
RING FROM TOMB 4, THUNDER
HILL. Scale 7:20.

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900

137

Of somewhat later date is a little castle perched at the
extreme northern end of the Thriphte range which, as has
been said, rises like a wall behind Kavousi. This peak has
long been called " Citadel" (KdaTpov) by the
peasants, because of the ancient walls which
they noticed on its steep, rocky sides. On the
adjacent slope, ITXa7l rov Kda-rpov, is situated
the tholes-tomb which was reported to Mr.
Evans. Comparing Mr. Evans's estimate with
my own and with altitudes given by Raulin
and Spratt for other points in the same range,
I have given -700 m. as the approximate
height of the Kastro above the sea. The
upward slope from the slight eminence on
which the village stands is exceedingly steep.
It took our mules more than an hour to make
the ascent, and at one point it was necessary
to dismount for pity's sake, as well as for
safety. At the Ridge, the mules had to be
abandoned, and the top was reached by a
hand and foot scramble. This summit is 70 m.
long north and south, and 40 m. wide east
and west. On the north the descent is pre-
cipitous ; the western slope is also very steep,
only one small terrace can be cultivated ; on
the eastern side the ground falls less abruptly,
and at several points has been terraced and
planted with barley. The only approach is from the south
by way of the Ridge.

On this almost inaccessible height an early chieftain built
his house (Fig. 5). The thirteen rooms uncovered by us-
occupy the entire width of the summit and about two-thirds-
of its length. The southern end of the peak is far too rugged
for building purposes, and even in the northern part seven
different levels were necessary, rising from north to south, as-
is shown by the vertical section which accompanies the plan.

FIGURE 4. IRON-
SWORD FROM
HOUSE, THUNDER
HILL. Scale
3| : 20.

138 HARRIET A. BOYD

Probably these rooms do not all belong to one house, but there
is no difference in their construction that would permit us to
assign some to masters and others to servants, as at Tiryns.
Rooms 10, 11, and 12 are more irregular than the others, but
this is probably due to the lay of the land only, since in
Room 11 were found some of the best fragments of pottery.
We are left quite in the dark as to the use of the various rooms,
for the plan of the house is rambling, following no canon
of courts and forecourts, and there is not a single hearth, bath,
or column-base to guide us, nor did we receive any certain
light from the potsherds and few household objects which
were turned up by the spade. 1

Doors and stairs are but scantily provided. Of the latter,
the flight at a is excellent ; the stairs at i are not so good,
while those at k are marked " ste'fs " in deference to the
opinion of the workmen rather thai; from my own convic-
tion, for here the stones stand at a sharp angle and cannot
have been laid in this position, although they may have been
used for going up and down. A goo^. corridor leads along the

1 In the northeast corner of Room 2, at point c, there is a rock platform nearly
square (1.50 m.xl.40 in.), raised a few centimetres above the threshold to
the east.

It has been suggested that Room 6 may have been a portico. The wall which
we found standing, from e to /, was of wretched construction, evidently built
later than the other walls. When destroyed, it left a clean end at /, and a good
threshold from e to /. On this threshold may have stood a wooden column to
support a porch roof. The approach would then have been from the corridor by
means of steps and a platform cut in the natural rock, of which we have remains
at d, through the portico and the door g to Room 5.

In Room 7 we came upon a number of terra-cotta and stone weights used for
weaving. This may have been a workroom for the women of the family.

In Room 8 a large pithos was found almost complete, similar to those in the
storerooms of the palace at Cnossus.

In space h, at a depth of 0.50 m. below the level of Room C, we came upon
many potsherds (among them the top of a ' stirrup jug" and coarse pieces with
moulded patterns) ; charcoal was mixed with the sherds. At point h there is a
natural cleft in the rock, which would make an excellent hearth. This was full
of charred earth and pieces of inferior pottery that seemed to be parts of cooking-
vessels. Possibly we have here the kitchen of the establishment.

On the earthen floor of Room 11, blocks of stone are laid so as to form an ob-
long 0.75 m. x 0.60 m. We raised the blocks, but found nothing under them.

Scale of plan 3 mm. = 1m.
Scale of section 2% mm.= 1 m.

FIGURE 5. CITADEL OF KAVOUSI. PLAN AND VERTICAL SECTION.

140

HARRIET A. BOYD

west side of the upper buildings, and probably there was one
on the eastern side also, but here the ground has fallen away,
carrying with it the eastern walls of several rooms and leaving
no trace of an approach from this direction except a good door-
way in the northeast corner of Room 2. Such a corridor, with
doors leading from it, would have given access to Room 3 and
indirectly to Room 4, which are at present entirely cut off.

FIGURE 6. CITADEL OF KAVOUSI: WALL AND DOORWAY BETWEEN BOOMS

9 AND 10.

The uneven line to the right of the plan represents the edge of
the rock. Room 8 occupies the whole of a second platform
3.20 m. below the level of Room 7, and Rooms 9', 10, 11, and 12
are on a still lower level, from which the rock descends pre-
cipitously on the north. A good piece of wall was excavated
just below point j. The spaces between Rooms 5 and 7 and
between Room 7 and the lower series of rooms have not been
dug out ; they seem to be mere masses of rock. The walls of
the buildings have an average thickness of 0.50 m., and are of

EXCAVATIONS AT EAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 141

wretched construction, being built of slabs of local shale
bonded with clay (Fig. 6).

Among the objects 1 used by the dwellers on this peak were
milk-bowls of the type described by Myres and Richter in their
Catalogue of the Cyprus Museum, false-necked amphorae of the
well-known Mycenaean form but with Geometric decoration,
trumpet-shaped funnels of coarse clay, admirably adapted for
drawing liquids from large pithoi, stone and clay weights for
looms, a soapstone knife-sharpener, pumice for cleaning knives,
large stones for bruising corn, and stone bowls for pounding
corn. That these mountaineers enjoyed quiet amusement is
proved by a stone and clay " counter " found in Room 1
(Fig. 7), which must have been used for some game like
draughts or roulette. The stone is a slab of shale 0.115 m.
thick, which forms a rude square with a diagonal of about
0.50 m. On this stone a circle is marked, and within its cir-

1 The single objects found on the Citadel were as follows :

a. Stone table for a game (fully described above).

b. Whorls : one of soapstone, diameter, 0.035 m. ; four of clay, diameter

about 0.02 m.

c. Four round clay blocks, diameter, 0.04 m. to 0.08 m. ; thickness, 0.01 m.

to 0.025 m. (one with incised lines).

d. Oblong soapstone block (for sharpening knives ?), 0.07 m. long, 0.04 m.

wide, 0.03 m. thick ; two grooves 0.005 m. deep, forming a Christian
cross, are cut on one face of the block.

e. Soapstone knife-sharpener, 0.195 m. long, 0.03 m. wide, 0.025 m. thick.
/. Bronze rivet, diameter, 0.014 m.

g. Stone ring-weight, diameter, 0.09 m. ; thickness, 0.035 m.

h. Clay weight in form of truncated pyramid, with square base 0.10 m. on

sides; height, 0.13 m. ; suspension hole, 0.055 m. above base. Also

two pieces of a similar weight, broken across through hole.
i. Round clay weight, hole in centre.

j. Body of stag (?) in terra-cotta, 0.06 m. long, 0.035 m. high.
k. Clay funnels, trumpet-shaped :

(a) 0.21 m. high (top broken).

(&) 0.25 m. high (broken half across bottom, and handle broken).

(c) 0.18 m. high (ends and handle broken).
I. Large stone for bruising corn,
m. Three stone weights with holes.
n. Three pieces pumice stone,
o. Rudely spherical stone, greatest diameter, Q.047 m. Rudely circular stone,

greatest diameter, 0.075 m. ; thickness, 0.025 m.

142

HARRIET A. BOYD

cumference are ten round " holes," made by scratching circles
and scooping out their centre ; the " board " is divided into
halves by a straight line, five holes on each side. At the ends
of the dividing line and in the centre of the circle there is
a rude attempt at decoration by oblique lines.* The clay

FIGURE 7. STONE TABLE FOR GAME AND GAME COUNTER FROM CITADEL,

ROOM 1.

Length, measuring along line, .50 m., thickness, .115 m. Game counter:
diameter, .033 m., thickness, .0015 .002; of clay, light pink stripes in
bluish black.

counter (diameter, 0.033 m. ; thickness, 0.002 in.) exactly fits
the holes in the stone. We have here, I believe, the earliest
circular " board " yet found in Greek lands. The dividing
line reminds us of the lepa ypa/jL^rj of TreWos, the game which
is being played by the Ithacans when Athena visits Telemaclms

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 143

(Horn. Od. I, 107), the only game Avhose Greek authorship
was undisputed (Herod. I, 94).

Many fragments of pottery prove by their designs that the
buildings date from the Geometric period. Concentric circles
are of frequent occurrence ; a row of them is found on two
fragments which give parts of a floral design that seems to be
an inheritance from an earlier art. We found only one entire
vase on the Citadel. This was an amphora, made of inferior
clay, unglazed, undecorated, which fell into many pieces as
soon as the earth about it was withdrawn. Two small funnels, 1
partially broken, of light grayish brown clay, thin, unglazed,
decorated with incised rosettes sparsely scattered on the field,
attract attention by their delicacy, but in general the pottery
is coarse, such as would befit the daily use of a rude people.

The lord of this castle seems to have saved his best to be
buried with him in a tholos-tomb which lies about half a mile
southeast of the Kastro, on "Rusty Ridge" (S/a>u/5aueW).
The rediscovery of this tomb was the most important result
of our work at Kavousi, since in point of construction and
in the character of its contents it represents a higher stage
of civilization than any other of the remains which have
come to light in that neighborhood. I say "rediscovery"
because a peasant found the tomb forty years ago by acci-
dentally removing the capstone and falling into the vault.
Badly frightened as well as hurt, he did not at first remove the
treasure which was in the hole. Little by little, the secret
leaked out ; an antiquity dealer from Herakleion is said to
have bought ten vases, and these are probably in European
collections to-day; a clever priest took many swords, vases,
etc., and sent them to his son, a priest of the Holy Sepulchre,
who is supposed to have disposed of them in Jerusalem ; sev-
eral villagers claim to have had knives and jars from the same
treasure. At length, having removed all the objects which
seemed to him of value, the peasant replaced the slab and built

1 These are figured on PLATE II, the second and third pieces from the left on
the top row.

144

HARRIET A. BOYD

Plan

his house above it, without knowing anything of the real nature
of his discovery. Mr. Evans had heard rumors of a " cave "
near Kavousi, and in mentioning it to me, he added, " Don't
depise caves; the best things in Crete have been found in
them." When I learned from the villagers that the "cave"

was nothing but a "hole in
the ground" under a peas-
ant's house, it seemed hardly
promising. Yet I deter-
mined to look into it, and by
the Demarch's order, Michael
Kassiotis opened his house to
us and pointed out a large
slab which, he said, covered
the "hole." In order to re-

move the slab it was neces-
sary to destroy part of his
wine-vat, which was well
built and cemented. The
wisdom of doing this seemed
doubly doubtful, because he

<ca!e i- 100

Vertical section

FIGURE 8. BEEHIVE TOMB AT RUSTY
RIDGE NEAR KAVOUSI.

assured us that everything had been taken out of the " hole "
years ago. Curiosity prevailed, however ; the slab was raised,
and we were rewarded by the sight of a "beehive" tomb, whole
and of excellent construction (Fig. 8). The dimensions are:

Diameter, 2.90 m. ; height, 2.20 m.

Width of entrance below, 0.70 m. ; above, 0.38 m. Height of entrance,
1.10 m.

Length of dromos, as far as cleared, 1.70 m.

The lintel is a single stone, curving inward. Its length as far as it pro-
trudes from the wall is 0.88 m. ; thickness, 0.08 m.

There are eleven courses of stone below the lintel and twelve above.

The average size of the stones is : length, 0.40 m. ; thickness, 0.08 m. ; their
width could not be determined as there is no break in the wall. The stones
are not hewn, but are fairly regular in shape ; the chinks are filled not with
smaller stones, but with earth.

The floor is earth.

The capstone is a slab measuring in greatest length, 1.17 m. ; greatest
width, 0.70 m.; thickness, 0.09 m. Shape [].

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 145

A first glance showed that although the tomb had been ran-
sacked, not everything had beeen taken. 1 Two of our best
workmen went down and by torch-light cleared the tomb com-
pletely. We were able to recover a hydria, a barrel-shaped

1 Contents of the tomb on Rusty Ridge were :

a. Hydria, 0.054 m. high ; clay, pink, with lemon-yellow slip ; decoration in
black ; two panels on shoulder, on one side three women with arms
upraised ; on the other a man, lash in hand, driving a chariot. (Put
together out of more than thirty-five pieces.) (PLATES III, IV.)

6. Barrel-shaped vase with four handles, 0.37 m. high ; clay, pink ; decoration
in lustrous black, turning to red ; the concentric circles and the stripes
on the handles are in white paint ; two panels between adjacent handles
have a swan, the two others are plain. (Put together out of more
than twenty pieces.)

c. Amphora with two handles, each handle in three parts ; lower half of am-

phora gone; the remaining part is about 0.35 m. high; clay lemon-
yellow ; decoration bluish black.

d. Amphora same height, same description as c ; only one side remaining.

e. Gold button : diameter, 0.02 m.; height, 0.009 m.

/. Blue glass bead, translucent, diameter, 0.018 m.; height, 0.01 m. Also six
whole beads and one broken bead of this same style, more and less
translucent.

g. Bronze arrow-head, 0.049 m. long, two barbs.

h. Bronze arrow-head, 0.057 m. long, one barb damaged.

i. Two pieces of gold leaf, no pattern.

j. Two pieces of very thin translucent blue glass.

k. Nine pieces of thin bronze plate, with design of men and beasts. (Figs.
10, 11.)

I. Nine pieces of thin bronze plate, curved surfaces, with beaded edge, prob-
ably parts of greaves.

m. Two iron swords ; two iron sword-handles ; one iron sword-point ; two
parts of iron sword-blades ; one iron sceptre-handle (?) ; two pieces of
iron and one of bronze, use unknown.

n. Seven iron lance heads, hollow at lower end, in some instances still con-
taining bits of the wooden shaft ; two iron axe-heads ; one stone axe-
head ; three pieces of silver lead ; one bronze hook ; many broken
pieces of iron.

o. Broken vases (in addition to the ones mentioned above) and many frag-
ments of pottery. The Geometric patterns on these fragments are of
great variety. One P-shaped pattern which, if not unique at Kavousi,
is at least extremely rare occurs also on sherds from the Citadel, and
helps to establish a close connection between the tomb and the Citadel
buidings.

p. Several bones of animals, among them a boar's tusk.

In addition to the above objects, which we ourselves took from the tomb on
Rusty Ridge, we obtained from the villagers, Michael Kassiotis and Christodoulos

146

HARRIET A. BOYD

jar with four handles, two erect and two horizontal, parts of
two amphorae interesting for their decoration, parts of other
vases awaiting reconstruction, numerous fragments of pottery,
as well as iron swords, spear-heads and belt attachments, bronze
arrow-heads and plates of bronze. There were no fibulae, but a
single gold button remained, also pieces of gold-leaf, of translu-
cent blue glass, and beads of blue glass more or less translucent;

fragments of the so-called Egyptian
porcelain seem to indicate transmarine
connections.

In these finds, the Geometric style
is fully developed (see above, pp. 126,
127); sword hilts are of a later type
than the one shown from Thunder
Hill. The vases are of more ad-
vanced form, have a good glaze over
the pink clay, and are elaborately
ornamented. A swan of the familiar
Dipylon style occurs on the barrel-
shaped jar above mentioned. The
most interesting vase is the hydria, on
one side of which the artist has painted
three mourning women, on the other
a man driving a chariot, probably a
pair, although only one horse is seen
(PLATES III, IV). This is the first

Geometric vase with human figures to be found in Crete.
These subjects, as well as the general ornamentation of the
hydria, recall Athenian vases in the Dipylon style, but there

Saridamichaelakis, three vases which had been previously taken from the same
tomb, and which were being used by these men to hold wine and oil.

a. Hydria, 0.54 m. high (top broken) ; clay, light pinkish yellow ; decoration

in black.

b. Jug with double braided handle, 0.44 m. high ; clay, light pinkish yellow ;

decoration in black.

c. Jug, 0.37 m. high ; clay, light red, covered with lustrous black slip ; deco-

rated with fish-scale pattern, painted in white. (Fig. 9.)

FIGURE 9. JUG FROM BEE-
HIVE TOMB ON RUSTY
RIDGE.

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900

147,

are differences, and differences which may come to be con-
sidered as characteristic of Cretan art : first, the survival of
Mycenaean influence in the rhomboid, each point finished with a
double scroll, a pattern which Wide has already discussed in his
" Nachleben Mykenischer Ornamente," where he traces it back
to Mycenaean gold ornaments ; second, the greater naturalism
of the figures, both human and animal, as compared with the
Dipy Ion figures. A similar
fact has been noted in
comparing the Mycenaean

finds at Cnossus with those \ i

from the mainland.

Of special interest are
fragments of thin bronze
plate engraved with a well-
executed design (Figs. 10,
11). The motive is Ori-
ental, but the style is
Greek. The field is di-
vided into bands, Oriental
fashion, and is filled with
sphinxes, having back-
turned, helmeted heads ;
griffins with upstretched
necks (a fine heraldic type),
and a recurring combina-
tion of a man, with one or
two lions rampant. With
perfect mastery of his art,

FIGURE 10. PIECE OF BRONZE PLATE FUOM
the engraver has given BEEHIVE TOMB AT KAVOUSI. (Compare

individual expression to

each figure ; one of the lions is especially remarkable as a
picture of snarling resistance, executed in" miniature with a
few lines; the human figures are strong, lithe, and dignified.
The style appears to me to resemble that x>f a gold diadem
found in a grave at the Dipylon, to which Bruckner and

148

HARRIET A. BO YD

Pernice in the Athenische Mittheilungen for 1893, ascribed a
Greek origin. 1 Evidently the mountain chieftain buried in
this tomb was a man of taste.

FIGURE 11. DESIGNS ON BRONZE PLATE FROM BEEHIVE TOMB AT KAVOUSI.
Drawn by E. Gillieron. (Compare Fig. 11.)

1 Bruckner and Pernice, ; Ein Attischer Friedhof,' Ath. Mitth., XVJII
(1893), pp. 73-191. The gold diadem is given on p. 109, Fig. 7. Compare also
examples of gold repoussee work from the Dipylon, Collignon, Hist, de la Sculp.
Gr., I, p. 87, Fig. 43, and from Eleusis, Collignon, Hist, de la Sculp. Gr., I, p.
88, Fig. 44, and examples of bronze repoussee work from Olympia, Collignon,
Hist, de la Sculp. Gr., I, p. 89, Fig. 45 ; E. A. Gardner, Handb. ofGr. Sculp., I,
p. 63, Fig. 2 (supposed to be Argive in origin).

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 149

Turning back to the southern slopes of the Citadel (H\ajl
TOV Kao-r/oou), one finds himself close to the terraced patch of
barley where Mitsakis discovered the tomb whose contents
Mr. Evans will publish. On this terrace and on three terraces
below it our men dug in the hope of finding other tholos-tombs.
Here and there they unearthed good ancient walls, which led
nowhere ; the earth had all been " worked," and was very
loose, being full of stones, the ruins of broken-down tombs or
houses. A few potsherds and some terra-cotta animals were
our only reward.

These animals are sufficiently curious to excite interest as to
the place where they were found. It is a rocky ledge 10 m.
long by 4.50 m. wide, 40 m. northeast of the tomb just men-
tioned, separated from the terrace by uneven ground. Near
its centre is a piece of old wall, partly fallen, 2.20 m. long,
0.65 m. wide, 0.50m. high. A shorter piece of the same width
and height, in better preservation, lies near the southwest end of
the ledge, and in the southern corner there is another small sec-
tion, 0.80 m. long, 0.60 m. wide, 0.50 m. high, built against the
bank of rock and earth which forms the back of the ledge. These
remains do not look like parts of a tomb, but favor rather the
idea of a small shrine. The animals were found under light
earth not deeper than 0.35 m. Much of the earth was black
from having been burned, chiefly in a line between the first and
third pieces of wall, especially in the southern corner ; mixed
with the charred earth were potsherds and bits of charcoal.
The animals found on Citadel Slope are pictured in PLATE V.
Beginning on the left of the plate, we have:

a. Stag (?), front legs and tail missing; 0.16 m. high to top of head;
0.17 m. long from nose to tail.

b. Bull's head; forehead, 0.12 m. broad.

c. Bull (body and head stuck together, legs broken) ; 0.21 m. long,
0.245 m. high.

d. Bull, sitting on haunches, legs broken; 0.31 m. high.

e. Bull's head and neck; forehead, 0.095 m. broad.

/. Bull's head and neck ; forehead, 0.095 m. broad ; curious mark T on face.
g. Dog (?), one front leg, one ear gone; 0.085 m. high; 0.013 m. long.

150 HARRIET A. BO YD

In addition to these, there are three necks of bulls, with the
pattern J ; incised, as in PLATE V c and e ; the body of a bull
standing, as in PLATE V c ; the body of a bull sitting, as in
PLATE V c?, with a round hole in the top of the neck, as if the
head had been fitted into it ; the hind part of the body of a bull
sitting, as in PLATE V d.

Contemporaneous with the house and tombs on the Citadel
and Rusty Bridge are the oldest remains on Azoria Hill
(Movpl T 'A&pyia), southeast by east of Kavousi, north by north-
east of the Citadel, about 330 m. above the sea. It is a hill with
steep sides and round top, shaped like an old-fashioned sugar-
loaf ; a lower spur juts out to the north, and on the south there
is a small plateau by which the top is reached from the valley.
The etymology of the name Movpl T 'Afapyiti is difficult ; the
peasants do not try to explain it "elvai TOTrodecria" they say,
but I was told by the Eparch of Hierapetra that Movpl means
"hill," and that a&pyia is another name for avdyvpis, a shrub
which grows in abundance on the hillside. Standing at the en-
trance of the gorge through which passes the road to Ronkaka,
Azoria Hill commands the direct route between Central and
Eastern Crete. One is not surprised, therefore, to find that it
was occupied and defended in very early times. On my first
visit to Kavousi, this site had especially pleased me, for the
slope is covered with ancient walls, some of which deserve to
be called Cyclopean, and on the top was a very promising
earth platform. To this platform we directed our attention
early in the campaign. The earth was light. A few hours'
digging revealed intricate walls, a puzzling mixture of curves
and straight lines. I shall not try to describe our surprise as
one circle after another was cleared, or to mention even the
conjectures to which they gave rise, but I will let the plan
speak for itself (Fig. 12), adding only the necessary words of
explanation.

The summit measures 20 m. north and south by 15 m. east and
west, Almost in the centre (1 m. south of the centre) lies the
middle point A of a circular building ('Newest' on the plan),.

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 151

Newest structures (1, 2).
Oldest structures (4, 5, 7, D).

( Intermediate structures (3, 6, 8, 9).

FIGURE 12. PLAN OF BUILDINGS OF AZORIA HILL, NEAR KAVOUSI.

152 HARRIET A. BOYD

which is, at the same time the most noticeable and the newest
structure on the hill. This building consists of walls forming
two concentric circles the inner (1) has an inside diameter
of 2.35 m. and is 0.50 in. wide; the outer (2) is of the same
width and has an inside diameter of 5.35m. Wall 1 (greatest
height 0.90 m.) has five to seven courses of oblong stones irregu-
larly laid ; wall 2 (greatest height 1m.) has seven courses.
The construction of the two walls is the same, very inferior
work. The builders began to lay the courses at different levels,
but certainly not more than two courses of the walls as they
stand to-day were meant to be seen. The stones are laid either
along or across the walls, seldom extending through ; typical
dimensions are 0.41 m. x 0.20 m. x 0.20 m. Much earth is used
for filling.

Within the inner circle and about 0.60 in. below the present
top of wall 1, we came upon straight walls of a very different
style ('Oldest' on the plan). These walls are 0.60 m. wide.
Four courses remain ; of these the two lower seem to belong to
foundations, the upper two were meant to be visible. There
appears to be an attempt at "header and stretcher" construc-
tion in alternate courses. The blocks are rudely rectangular
and there is little earth between them. We dug the pit inside
the inner circle to a depth of 2.70 m., i.e. more than a metre be-
low both sets of walls. The only finds were animals' bones,
fragments of pottery, charcoal, and, at a depth of 1.60 m. (on a
level with the bottom of the straight walls), in a place that
showed distinct signs of burning, five large round-headed iron
nails, all bent at a right angle. Close to this spot but just on
the outside of wall 1, two more nails, precisely similar, were
found. The inference is that the nails were there before wall 1
was built, and are contemporaneous with the straight walls
which I believe to be much older than the circular walls. These
straight walls are continued in the space between walls 1 and 2
and wherever else the shading as in 4 is used in the plan.
Whether BO is also continued outside of wall 1, I cannot say,
since it did not seem best to destroy the platform that makes

EXCAVATIONS AT EAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 153

the entrance to the later circular building, whose doorway, I
may add, faces due east.

To the earliest period belongs also a round, hard, gray stone,
D on the plan, in diameter 0.50 m., in thickness 0.20 m., which
seems to be in situ; also the polygonal wall, 4, of which only
one badly damaged course remains.

A third period, between the earliest and the latest, is repre-
sented by a third circular wall 3 (diameter about 10.30 m.,
width 0.92 m.). Between points a and , six and seven courses
remain on the north side of the wall, and the height in one
place is 1.38 m. But in a large portion of the circle, only the
foundation course is left ; this is often reduced to single stones,
and in the northwest quadrant is interrupted several times.
The foundation course is built in polygonal style, of large rocks
rudely fitted to each other ; typical dimensions for the face of one
of these rocks are 0.65 m. xO.40 m. On this foundation oblong
blocks or slabs are laid (typical dimensions, 0.30 m. long, 0.20 m.
thick). While there are seven on the outer side of this circle
at ab, on the inner side there are only three, for here wall 3
rests upon straight wall 5, which is a part of the earliest
building.

Since wall 6 rests upon straight wall 7 and is itself partly
covered by circular wall 2, I have classed it with the large
circle, of which it is almost a diameter, in the intermediate
period, and to the same epoch I have assigned the walls lying
to the north of the large circle. Finally, the cistern may
belong to either the first or the second period. Its diameter
is 3 m.; the surrounding wall is 0.50 m. thick and is lined
with a firm white stucco, 0.04m. to 0.05m. thick; its height
varies from 0.85m. to 1.60 m., since the upper part is broken
away. The floor of the cistern is made of the same white
stucco as the sides. A bronze hairpin was the only thing found
in the cistern.

At first sight, the position, shape, and construction of the
circular building suggest a windmill, and M. Hazzidakis tells
me that in old times the windmills of Syros all had double

154 HARRIET A. BOYD

walls the space between the two serving as a storeroom
and that one such mill still exists at Melos. 1

But of the antiquity of the building whose walls are shaded as
in 4, 5, 7, D on the plan I think there can be no doubt. Designs
of the early Geometric period with many Mycenaean survivals
are frequent on the pottery turned up on the site, and near one
of these walls, the body of a " sitting bull " was unearthed, which
defied all our guessing until the animals were found on Rusty
Ridge (see PLATE V c?), when it was immediately recognized.
In fact, the only objects that suggest " late " connections are
pieces of a pithos with a pattern that may be Hellenistic, and
three broken lamps. We did not come upon a single coin or
potsherd of Byzantine, Venetian, or Turkish times. 2

A late stage of Geometric art is represented by a few vases
(three whole and five broken) which were dug up at a place
called "Great Boulders" (Xoz^/oo/SoXa/ce?), halfway between
Thunder Hill and Azoria Hill, in shaft graves. There were
four of these graves, close together; their length averages
2.60 m., width 0.70 m., the thickness of the walls is 0.50 m. and
their present height not more than 0.35 m. Only the lower part
of the graves remains. The earth which filled them is black
and as fine as powder, the result of burning ; no bones were

1 Circular towers have been noticed on other of the Cyclades :

Thera, Ross, Inselreisen, I, 43.

Tv'eil, Ath. Mitt., I, 335, and II, 62.
Naxos, Ross, Inselreisen, I, 43.
Myconos, Ross, Inselreisen, II, 31.
Siphnos, Ross, Inselreisen, I, 146.

But these towers are built of squared blocks of marble, and belong to Hellenic
times. The closest resemblance to our structure in place is with a circular build-
ing on Amorgos. See Tsountas and Manatt, The Mycenaean Age, p. 261, Fig. 136.

2 Aside from the bronze hairpin, the lamps, and the body of a bull mentioned
above, the other single finds from Azoria Hill were :

a. Three bronze nails with round heads, diameter of head about 0.015 in.

b. Bronze skewer (?), 0.12 m. long.

c. Bronze hook with three knobs and a cleft end, 0.035 m. long.

d. Iron arrow-head, 0.02 m. long, one barb broken.

e. Soapstone whorl, diameter, 0.025 m.
/. Gray stone, ribbed for rubbing corn.

EXCAVATIONS AT EAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 155

found. A small lekythos" of the well-known Proto-Corinthian
type with Geometric decoration marks the advance in time from
the beehive tombs to the shaft graves.

Finally, in order to complete this report, mention must be
made of later remains in the region west of Kavousi plain.

At Cape Tholos, close to the shore, stands the church of
the Holy Virgin (Ilaiwyia), whose fete (vravifavpis) was cele-
brated during our stay in Kavousi, on Ascension Day. About
3 m. from its northeast corner lies a grave 2.20 m. long, 1.06 m.
wide, 1.10 m. deep, made of the local stone fitted with small
stones and earth, and lined with plaster. The grave may be
either Roman or Byzantine. It had been opened, probably
more than once, and aside from pieces of the slab which once
covered it (0.05 m. thick) and a few bones including parts of
a skull, it contained only earth. In the neighborhood are frag-
ments of tiles and coarse red ware, but nothing that can be
dated with probability before Roman times. The hills close
at hand are rocky, with no depth of soil, and bear no traces
of ancient occupation, but on the point to the north of the
church there are the walls of several old buildings.

About 100 m. south of this church stands the building which
gives its name to the cape. It measures on the outside 57 m.
long north and south by 9.30 m. wide east and west. The
average thickness of the walls is 1.10 m., and their greatest
height to-day 3.70 m. On the east side there must have been
ten buttresses; of these, five, beginning from the northeast
corner, are in fairly good condition (average distance apart,
3.80 m.; average thickness, 1.50 m.), four are badly damaged,
and the tenth has disappeared, together with the adjoining
wall. On the inside there are remains of three cross-walls
(average distance apart, 12.60 m.; average thickness, 1.10 m.).
The structure is certainly Roman, but in some parts of the out-
side walls stones are used which probably were taken from an
earlier building, and which give to these parts the appearance
of Greek work. There is an inner wall of tiles about 0.03 m.

156 HARRIET A. BOYD

thick, neatly laid. The floor is made of a cement of pebbles
about 0.10 in. thick, resting on the live rock. We made open-
ings at several points, in order to learn whether there was any
space below the floor, but found none. Probably the peasants
are not far wrong when they call this an ancient storehouse
(aTroflfj*;?;) ; it may have been one of the granaries from which
Koine drew her food supply. Roman gems have been found in
the neighboring fields.

Following the line of hills to the southwest, we have already
noticed traces of an earlier civilization at the place called St.
Antony's ("Ayios 'Azmowo?). Near the bottom of this hill, in
a cubic foot of space were found three whole lamps, pieces of
eight other lamps, fragments of terra-cotta " icons " and of jugs
all of Roman or late Greek make. The lamps are bowls
closed by a "concave perforated cover, with stamped orna-
ment " ( Cyprus Museum Catalogue, " Lamps Hellenistic and
Graeco-Roman," p. 80); they have a "ring-handle opposite
the nozzle " and in two instances a " scroll ornament on each
side of the nozzle." One shows Zeus Ammon, full-face,
with the eagle wings spread, standing before him (cf. Cyprus
Museum Catalogue, nos. 1385-6, and the illustration in Pash-
ley's Travels in Crete, II, p. 21); another, a goddess wearing
a turreted crown and bearing a cornucopia ; a third, a cock
within a wreath of leaves. On one fragment is a bull ; on
another a sphinx ; on a third, a graceful figure, either warrior
or Amazon, attended by a dog. The " icons " measure about
0.10 m. square, have a moulded frame with a ring by which
they may be hung, and usually represent a horseman.

Still further to the southwest, on the hill called " Little Vil-
lages " (Xo)|Oto8aAaa), we dug out a lime-kiln, a cistern, and a
hydrant of uncertain date, probably Roman. The top of the hill
has good ancient walls, noted by Mr. Evans, but these we did
not touch. A short distance to the south, at " Harbor Head "
(Ke(/>a\d\tyLt^o5), we uncovered some poor house-foundations
and found potsherds among them. A circular pit lying beneath
these foundations contained some pieces of primitive pottery.

EXCAVATIONS AT KAVOUSI, CRETE, IN 1900 157

Close at hand are two graves cut in the rock. The first,
2.15 m. long, 0.75 m. deep, is broken away on both sides, and
contained nothing. The second, 1.90 m. long, 0.75 m. wide,
and 1 m. deep, had also been robbed, but the robber had left
the four skulls and the bones undisturbed. Pieces of at least
five vases remained. In the bottom of one jug lay a plain iron
hoop ring, an iron ring with bezel from which the stone had
been taken, and a coin of the Emperor Gallienus.

It appears that the Romans preferred the coast and the low
hills to the west of Kavousi for their settlements. Perhaps
this land had already been occupied by a primitive people ; but
this remains a point to be settled by future excavations. It is
certain that on the steep heights above the present village,
people made their homes almost three thousand years ago, liv-
ing a life as simple, no doubt, as that of the Sphakiots to-day,
but with an instinct for decorating their possessions that gives
them a place, however humble, in the history of art.

HARKIET A. BOYD.

SMITH COLLEGE, NORTHAMPTON, MASSACHUSETTS,
March 6, 1901.

American

of Classical StuDies

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION

FIGURE 1. ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION ON BRONZE. FROM A PHOTOGRAPH.

THE bronze fragment which is here reproduced from a
photograph and squeeze was found at the Argive Heraeum in
April, 1895. It measures on the upper edge 0.155 m., on the
lower edge 0.135 m., and in height 0.135 m. The plate, 1 which
had doubtless the oblong shape of such bronzes I I, seems
intact at the top and bottom, but is badly mutilated at the
centre and has lost both ends. This inscription, which is

1 Now in the National Museum at Athens.

American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. V (1901), No. 2.

159

160 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

shown beyond a doubt to be Argive by the provenience, the
contents, and the form h presents the best example of early
writing in this dialect. The letters are impressed with care, and
show little variety in form ; beta, phi, and psi are lacking, but
zeta 1 and xi appear for the first time in an Argive inscription
before the fifth century B.C. The writing is boustrophedon.

The Text. LINE 1. The mark at the left I may belong
to any one of several letters, as M, M, 1, ^, etc., but will in
this paper for convenience be transcribed as iota.

LINE 3. At the left the plate is broken obliquely directly
after ^, but the stroke \ was clearly discernible. This stroke
must have belonged to A.

LINE 4. The letter after K was certainly A, as the stroke
/ shows. The next letter, to judge by the shape of the broken
plate, seems to have been a rounded one, as , but I could have
been written, viz. ica Odvarov or /cal avarov.

LINE 5. At the right the reading is certainly e]7rf[T]e^i/w-
iro. At the extreme left the letter before seems to have been
9 or T. ^, S and H are hardly possible, as the vertical stroke
of these letters should have been nearer the mark of punctua-
tion. or Q would hardly have been placed so high. If
probability is to be the guide, 9 or T may be restored.

LINE 6. After TT/OO gamma is almost certain, for the plate
will allow of no other consonant except h

LINE 7. At the right edge the bronze was almost entirely
eaten away, and only & faint outline of the letters $|Q| was pre-
served by the dirt which had formed a crust at this point.
I am positive, however, as to the letters, and my reading was
confirmed by M. Homolle, who very kindly examined the plate
soon after it was found.

LINE 8. The strokes at the right, N 1 , were very uncertain.
After foi e the stroke I is certain, and the shape of the break
indicated that f> had been written, but the letter may have been
M or a similar form.

1 The archaic inscription from Herraione (?), Rev. Arch. 1891, p. 50, may
contain an exception.

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC AEGIVE INSCRIPTION 161

LINE 9. At the right j was just discernible on the bronze.
The letter could hardly have been S, as the stroke is too near 0.
T was probably written.

LINE 10. At the right the slanting stroke / must belong
to A.

FIGURE 2. ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION ON BRONZE: FACSIMILE.

1 pa6/jLara :: r abev :: ha<yvo\

:: ra? a/oa? :: ra?
:: ra? 'Apyeias ':: ra Be irdfjik [viz. Trdfiara

:: A/) aXXo rt KCL^OV :: A
5 ejTrtTe^i/wtTo :: 6 }ipia%eie :: 9o[^a/)09 or To[vrov

.: hols or hoi

09 .:

al &

To i: rot Hu(X)X)9 ' a
10 yds :: 'Apyelas ya :: Karate A

162 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

LINE 11. I at the right belongs almost certainly, as the
shape of the broken plate shows, to x l.

The Date. The inscription belongs perhaps to the sev-
enth century B.C. The alphabet is that of the oldest known
Argive inscriptions. The sibilant has the oldest form, M,
being distinguished from mu only by the length of the fourth
stroke ; chi and theta have the vertical and not the oblique strokes
(4- ), while rho and delta have the rounded (P D) instead of
the angular forms. The tablet was found, together with vase
fragments of the Mycenaean, Dipylon, and Proto-Corinthian
styles, four feet below the surface of the ground, close to the
high terrace-wall at the west of the Second Temple. On the
back face of this wall is an inscription 1 with the three-bar
sigma, but it is quite probable that the block containing this
inscription had been used formerly for some other purpose.
The Berlin inscription, Arch. Ztg. 1882, p. 385, has a more
archaic appearance, but is perhaps not older, as a law written
on bronze would probably exhibit more regular forms than a
votive inscription on stone. Our inscription is much older
than the Argive inscription, Am. J. Arch. XI (1896), p. 42,
which has ^, A =y, P, M = //,, is written from left to right, and
belongs to the early part of the fifth century, or earlier accord-
ing to Professor Richardson. The Hermione inscription, Rev.
Arch. 1891, p. 50, and Man. Antichi, 1891, pp. 593 ff., is consid-
erably later than the fragment before us, but perhaps somewhat
earlier than the one just mentioned.

The Subject. The lines are far from complete, and some of
the words preserved are enigmatical ; hence it is hazardous to
attempt to reproduce even the general sense of the missing por-
tions, but this much may reasonably be inferred : " If any one
[line 2 sqq.] commits a certain crime, he is to be subject to the
curse ; he is to be exiled from Argive territory, and his prop-
erty is to be confiscated. Whoever contrives death or any
other evil against (the exile or the people of Argos) is to meet
with a certain kind of treatment. Certain officials are to man-
1 Am. J. Arch. XI (1896), p. 57.

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION 163

age the sale of the property in a specified manner. In case this
duty is not performed, the tribe Hylleis is to conduct the sale.
If any Argive recalls the exile, it shall be an unholy act in the
sight of Hera."

The inscription, then, is a decree emanating from some high
official source, and as the reading in some parts is so certain,
in other parts so probable, I have felt justified in attempt-
ing to reproduce the thought of the original. In a procla-
mation of this kind it might be expected that the opening
line would contain the familiar expression that " This is the
resolution of such and such a council." The wording of these
introductory formulas varied more than the meaning, as e.g.
Aeolic eyvo) Sa/u-o?, Attic e&o^ev rfj /3ov\fj, Sicilian /SouXa?
ta, Elean a ppdrpa-\- (dative), and Halicarnassian raSe o
6/5ouXeLcrar[o] . . . . ev rfj leprj dyopfj. In padfjiara
\\ r abev ii hayvoi, there are many points of resemblance to the
words of these introductory formulas. a\ia-o-/jia and pa-6^a--ra
have a similar formation and suffix, while fpd-rpa and pa-d^ara
may have the same root. The wording of the Halicarnassian
inscription suggests the explanation that r abev \\ hayvoi may
be part of the expression raS' ev d<yva) iapw ra? f 'H/oa?. On the
other hand aSev may represent Athenian eo%ev. Resolutions
were called ra pepa^riKora (Locris), and a decree aSo? (Hali-
carnassus). Pindar, 01. 3, 1, has the second aorist infinitive
aSelv, and in 01. 7, 17 and Py. 2, 96 d&dvra. These seem to
be cases of Aeolic psilosis, but the smooth breathing was com-
mon enough, as in the following words from Hesychius : aS<w
dpea/ca) : deSovra apeaKovra : aSrjfjia, a'Stayta, aSpa tyrjcfrio-fjLa,
Soy /ma. dSeco of Hipponax is thus defined by Eustathius (1721,
61) : aB^tce /5ou\r;, ijyovv rfpea/ce TO /3ov\ev/j,a. Hesychius has
also eaSev eo%ev, and Homer has evaSev, but here the digamma
is apparent. In view of the numerous forms with the smooth
breathing, and of such Argive forms as "H/oa?, lapopv droves, 1
the form aSev might be taken as the third singular indicative
of a secondary tense from root aS, with neuter plural subject,
1 Am. J. Arch. XI (1896), p. 43.

164 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

-pa0/j,aTa, and followed by the dative hayvoi, which is an
epithet either of the body adopting the resolution or of the
place of adoption, as in the phrase aepvu) evl JaTreSw, I.G.A.
401. But abev in this inscription can hardly be connected with
the root of ai/SaVw, as a dialect which has f and aspirates ij
would doubtless show either p or aspirate. However, since
paOfjiara r aBev hayvot, correspond so closely in words, order,
and syntax to common introductory formulas of similar
decrees, I am strongly inclined to regard them as part of the
opening formula and shall interpret accordingly.

The Interpretation. LINE 1. paB^ara is doubtless for some
word which ordinarily ends in -apa. Kiihner-Blass, Grr. Grr.
329, 30, in regard to this suffix says : " Wenn diese Suffixe
(-yu,o5, -yLta, etc.) an vokalisch auslautende Wurzeln treten, so
tritt bei spateren Wortern oft ein a zwischen Stamm und
Suffix, bei alten aber ein 0, also 0-/-10?, #-yua, 0-^?), . . . cnrd-a-fia,
t-0-yua," etc. 1 If the reading were and not q, the word might
be &a-0-fjiaTa = 8d-cr~fjiaTa (Hesychius). Blass (/>. Phil. Paed.
1891, p. 559) thinks this word occurs in the archaic inscription
from Hermione (or rather from Argos), but the meaning is
strained, and as here there is no reason for changing the read-
ing from p to S. The bronze certainly has p. The vertical
stroke I, to be sure, is at the extreme edge, but the impressed
line was clearly visible, and accordingly pa-O'/nara = pa-cr-para
must be considered. 2 Since this form seems to be connected
either directly or indirectly with crvy^eoi of line 2, its interpre-
tation, so far as meaning is concerned, is comparatively simple.
The application of crvy-^ew to a crime is so limited that it is
possible to get pretty close to the thought of the original.
An action against objects, not persons, is indicated, and such a
crime as murder or assault cannot have been contemplated.
crvyxed) in such connection commonly relates to the deface-
ment of objects, the erasure of letters (much as the verb in

1 Of. also Brugmann, Gr. Gr. (1900), p. 75.

2 The ending -a0/xa occurs also in the Argive inscription, Am. J. Arch. IX
(1894), p. 358, but there is no clew to the full word.

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION 165

the Elean al &e Tip ra ypdfaa a(8)Sa\eoiTo), and, as at
Halicarnassus, to the annulment of a law or covenant, pdafia
(Athen.), dvd-ftpacriAa, d7rd-/3pa<T/j,a, and Kpdcr/jLara must, there-
fore, be rejected on account of meaning. djopda/jLara and
Spdo-fjiaTa (Hesychius), are, however, possible. The former
(cf. dyopdrai, - \eje^ as in Homer) might be the official utter-
ances of the marketplace, being a form in meaning and forma-
tion kindred to Doric dXlaa/jua = 8dyfj,a, from a\ia = tK/c\i]cria.
Spda-fjLara avvd^/jiara is most appropriate here, as I believe
the bronze contains a covenant between certain cities rather
than the law of one state ; but as the orthography is some-
what uncertain, this word can hardly be accepted. The com-
mon term for covenant is prjrpa ; but in spite of the fact that
the stem appears as a in Elean pparpa, Cretan Zevs 'O/oarpjo?
(Cauer 2 , 117, lines 13, 19), Sicilian r Pdrwp (C/.&. 5739), and
in the psephisma from Byzantium (Dem. 255, 21), it is un-
likely that paOpaTa is a formation from this stem, dpdfjios
(Hesychius, epic and tragic poetry) by metathesis
or pdO/jia, would give a form quite appropriate here.
The term oQ^a = 6'yuyua suggested to me ypd6/j.a = (ypdcr/jia)
typd/ji^a. As a matter of fact ypad^a occurs in connection
with 00/jLo, (Anec. Oxon. I, 102, 30), and curiously enough ypacr-
vpaTtov is found in the archaic inscription from Hermione
mentioned above. This form was regarded by Froehner (Rev.
Arch. 1891, pp. 50 ff.) as from 7/oaw, by Blass as standing for
In my opinion the form is certainly for ^pa^a-
, and I notice that Robert (Man. Antichi, I, pp. 594-600)
holds the same view : and cites ' ' ^a^ka^wv = ' A<yajj,fjLva)v, Me-
aUtov = Me//.z>o)z>. G. Meyer (Grram. 3 366) with much proba-
bility refers these forms to ^Afya^eS/jLcov and /^Soyitat. In Elean
f and S have about the same phonetic value (G. Meyer 3 , 370),
and in other dialects there is constant confusion between f, S,
<r, 0. 2 Compare Argive crev re'/oa? for gevrepas = SevTepas, Laco-
nian <rto? = ^609, <ra\,Xet = ^aXXet, e&ijrce = Wr]K, Trapcrevos =

1 Cf. Danielsson, Eranos, I, 30 sqq.

2 Cf. Blass, Aussprache d. Griech. (English trans.), p. 108.

166 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

(Kiihner-Blass, I, 151), Gortyna
(for irpd^ecrOaL) = irpdcraea-Oai, Cretan ofot = OTTO/,
d<rd, Attic "A<r/A6T05 = "AS/^TO?, KaVoy-io? = KaS/zo?, Kcwcr/i/a
= Kao^ua, Arcadian 'OTr^oB/jula and 'O7rAooy,uo<?. ypdcrcr/jLa is,
then, the intermediate step between ypd^/^a and ypdOfjua. 1
in Thuc. V, 29, means the article of a compact ; hence
a here may have the same force or may be the com-
pact itself, the ptfrpa, a term most suitable here and also the
very term which may be repeated most acceptably with a-vy^eoi
of the succeeding line. If, on the other hand, paO^ara is to be
construed directly with o-vy%eoi and in another sense than aw-
drjKi], it would appear to have some such force as eBpaa/^a
aya\fia (Suidas), or lapdo-^ara (by analogy with dy op da par a)
from /a/oo9, viz. " If any one should steal or deface (o-vyx e'oi)
the sacred offerings." Other words might be suggested, but
further speculation is useless. It is reasonably certain that
the first sentence of a public ordinance contained an equiva-
lent to Soyfjia or o-vvQij/cr]* and this term, I believe, is found in

T a&ev. The space between T and a was perhaps reserved
for the fastening. In the archaic bronze from Hermione one
hole corresponds in position to the blank space in T aSei>, and
in fact a small indentation is visible here after r, as if an
attempt had been made to puncture the plate. The bronzes
from Elis exhibit great variety in the position of the holes.
In some instances the nail holes are between the letters of a
word, in one, I.Cr.A. 113 5, the nail apparently has been driven
through a letter, good evidence that the holes were made
after the letters were cut. 2 Our bronze is so thin that the
letters are as legible on the back as on the front, so that a
sharp nail could easily be driven through the plate, and it seems
therefore quite probable that the space was left for the nail

1 So the probable series 661*0. *6o-/xa, 6/j./j.a : *ird0/j.a *7ro<r/na (cf. Cretan
ira<r-Tds beside TreTra/^i'^), ird/i/xa (Tro\virdfj./j.ovo.s), ira^a : (rr^/aaTa *(rTt<r/j.a.Ta

(TT^/X/iOTtt.

2 Roehl thinks the bronze was nailed up before the letters were cut, but this
is very improbable.

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION 167

hole, but for some reason not utilized. 1 aBev has been discussed
above. If it is a separate word, r is hard to explain. It might
stand for r' = rd and have the force of the demonstrative, as
in Epic. But r" = rdSe and aSev from VaS = Vf <z& or Vcr/ra8
present so many difficulties that I prefer to take the form as
Ttt8' ev and the following word as a dative. The preposition
should not, of course, be separated from its case by a mark of
punctuation, and I am reluctant to hold that a mistake has
occurred here, 2 although such an occurrence is not without par-
allels. In the Cypriote inscription, Coll. 60, 12 : 24, 25, the
punctuation occurs even in a compound word, e^\opv^. Com-
pare also ey 8e : TT)? dpt,o-r[eprj]<; : 9 T^V Segitjv I.Gr.A. 499, 5 ;
ev TO? i 7roX6>ft) i C.I. A. I, 433, 2; eirl i 1/1*17 O.I. G. 34. In the
inscription from Naupactus, I.Gr.A. 321 A, even syllables are
separated, as Karate in ov ra. Still more curious is the double
punctuation for the nail hole in the bronze (Jb. Phil. Pad.
1891, p. 559), - ra? O i 'A#am/a<? . Here also the article is
separated from the noun, ra]v j3w\dv \ 3 ; also e ra? i akiav-
o-to? . Even a double consonant is broken, as X ^vvdp^ovre^
(Osann, Sylloge, p. 55). Elision of e in ra8e is common, so
that there is no insurmountable objection to considering r a&ev
as rd$ ev. ha<yvwi is, then, an epithet of the sanctuary. Nor-
mally the article would be employed, but the omission hardly
needs comment (cf. ev /a/oo>, Cauer 2 , 118, 6). Lines 223 ff. of
the Supplices of Aeschylus perhaps deserve to be quoted here :

ev d<yvw 3' ecryito? &>? 7T6\eid8cov
i^eaOe KipKcov ra)v ofjLOTrrepwv <f)6/3q).

LlNE 2. hrj o-vyxeoi, ra? apa? ra? [

The thought here and in line 3 is quite clear, o-vy^eoi is the
last verb of a protasis stating a crime, and the punishment fol-
lows, ra? is doubtless genitive, as the accusative in Argive

1 Cf. the blank space in I.G.A. 113 &, line 6.

2 " Da miissen wir uns, meine ich, erinnern dass die alten Broncen, so die
lokrischen und die eleischen, auch sonst recht fehlerhaft sind." Blass, Jb. Phil.
Pad. 1891, p. 559.

3 Not so in Mon. Ant. I, p. 594.

168 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

shows the nasal form rdvs. The use of the article indicates
some well-known curse which seems not to have been written
on the bronze. The phraseology here corresponds most closely
to the following formulas : al Se rip rd ypdfaa rat /ca(8)$a\e-
OLTO . . ., Iv rrjTTidpoi, K iviyoiTo TGI 'vTdVT jpa^/ji)^evoi, I.Cr.A.
110 (Elis); rb]v VOJJLOV rovrov TJV ris 0e\rj [avyfyeat, rj 7rpo67)ra[i]
tytjcfrov . . ., rd Gv[rd] avrov rr err pi] a 6 a* /cal ra)7r6\\c0v[o$] elvai
lepd fcal avrov favyeiv d[ii] (Halicarn.). For protasis com-
pare 09 av ra(?) <TT/;Xa9, ev faiv rprapq yeypaTrrat, r) /cardget,
77 <f)oiviKi]ia eKKotye\_i\ r) d<f}avea$ TTOf^Ve*, I.Cr.A. 497. The
sentence may be thus restored : al Se TIS ravra (viz. rd <ypd<f>ea
or ypdO/jLara or raws crraXa^?)' \vcrai\ hrj o-wy%eoi, ra?
ra? [/cetyLteVa? or ev rdv ard\av yeypa^/JL^/jieva^ eVo^o?
/cal avrbs rpero) or <^evyerco eV] 7^9 ra9 'Apyeias rd Be rrdfji[ara
avra) TreTrpdcrOct) /cal ra9 Oea) ecrro) hiapd. The word for l prop-
erty ' is doubtless Tra/mra, which occurs in a later Argive in-
scription published by Professor J. R. Wheeler, Am. J. Arch.
IX (1894), p. 358, who cites various forms of the word.

LINE 4. The reading may be /cal dvarov, but is doubtless
/ca Odvarov. The thought here is comparatively clear, but the
person plotted against is uncertain, /ca is puzzling. In Cyprian
/ca = /cat, and also stands for /card. It does not seem here to
stand for #a/, and apparently is not for /card, viz. K,d(6)Q dvarov
(cf. KarOave, /cadO^ev^) as in rolarparayois, etc. /ca must, I
think, be taken with the optative e]7rt[r]e;^&KTo of the fol-
lowing line. The solecistic use of the optative with /ca might
perhaps be explained by the distance between the two words.
But the optative with /ca in protasis is said to occur in the
inscription from Ozolian Locris (I.Cr.A. 322, 4): al /cd&t/ca)(s')
(TV\(O, but /cd&i/cax; may here stand for /cal aStVo)9, and has been
so explained. The use of /ce with the optative in protasis is
found in Homer, but is a rarity in the inscriptions. In the
Hermione inscription already mentioned, we have, after an
optative in protasis, the elliptical expression al Se /ca ^ ; but it
is quite likely, I think, that our /ca is part of iro/cd = rrore: " If
any one should at any time contrive," etc. Line 4 possibly

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION 169

continues the penalty of the preceding : al Be rt? 7ro]r<:[a 6}dva-
TOV hrj aXXo TI Kcfiov h\ono)V TWI ravra TreTroiprjKori ~\TTI>-
[rJe^oHTO, e . . ipia^eie, [?]o[#a/9o<? ecrrco KOI afa'yiuo?. 1 On the
other hand the sentence may contain the main thought of the
law, which associates in Draconian fashion a murderer and any
other transgressor, and pronounces the same penalty on each.
An inscription froai Teos, LCr.A. 497, line 25, contains a simi-
lar association. " The poisoner, the one who obstructs the
importation of grain or disobeys an official, the traitor, the
highway robber, the pirate, and whoever [rt K~\afcov j3ov\evot,

7Tpl T^lj'l'^WV TOV %VVOV e^So)< TT^jOO?] "EXX^m? T) TTpOS /3apj3dpOV$)

d7r6\\va0ai KOI avrov real yevos TO /ceivov." This sentence,
then, may contain the law of an Argive Draco : al Se r/?
7ro]:[a O^dvarov hr) aXXo TL KCL^OV II\JITIVI fjirf^ava lirj re^va
rot? 'Apyelois e] r JTi\_r~\e^ywLTO KT\.

LINE 5. :: e ^ipia^eie ':: is at first sight obscure. One may
evolve here ij POL ft? (F/? lo-^v^ Hesychius) fe/e
forms which recall the Homeric line ovSe pot rjv ft? ou8e
(Od. 18, 3), but the punctuation indicates one word or some
closely related words. The last three letters, etc, suggest an
optative, which seems, however, to be neither the conclusion
of the preceding protasis nor a continuation of eirtTe^v&iro. In
the latter case the first e should be aspirated, viz. htj as above ;
in the former case /cd should appear. The lack of the aspirate
is of course not a fatal objection, as its use in Argive (as seen
above) is not always in accord with expectations ; but there
should be consistency in the same inscription, and hrj should
appear. A wish is hardly possible here, and I suspect there-
fore an expression supplementary to the preceding, as " If any
one should contrive death or any other evil as he may have
strength wherever he maybe living in whatever way he
may know of," or a parenthetical statement, such as u If any
one should contrive death in sooth should he know of it,' r
viz. if he be an accomplice. In such statements concerning
crimes the word et.&o? is found, and /rejfco? of Elis affords a

2 For the conclusion cf. Coll. 213, 19 : a 8t ir6\is dvairios KCU dd/Mos

170 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

clew to the solution of this abnormal form,
^vpaKovaioi (Hesychius) like yoLStjfju is probably a late forma-
tion, but the plural forms ffifiev, to-re, and fcro<, Homeric piSvla,
(cf. G. Meyer 3 , 631), the middle iS/j,cu and fiaa^ev^ai) - elBevai
(Hesych.) justify the association of piv^eie with elSelrj. Con-
cerning erf for f, G. Meyer 3 , 303, says : " Ein etwas alterer
Ausdruck fiir den stimmhaften Zischlaut ist o-f, sowohl fiir f
wie in alt arg. Si/cda-friTo, ejre^ri^io-^ev C.I.A. II, 325 a, 5,
Ova-ido-fav C.I.A. Ill, 73, Beoo-foTo? Coll. 1043, als auch fur
weiches <r wie eV8eV/-tou<?, ai>a/3a<rf/zou9, r Epa<r/-ua, xpfjo-^/jiov" l
Accordingly fia^eie is an Argive form of e/Set'?/, but there is
some difficulty in determining its exact relation to the sentence.
The forms before pia^eie may represent the familiar IJTLVL
Ijirj^avf), viz. eV <wt or e<' a)t, el$ir) ( = ez/ w rpoTrqy el&elrj), or more
likely TJTOL elSei?], " In truth should he know of the evil deed,"
a statement parenthetical to the preceding. What follows was
in meaning either 9o0apb<; eo-rw /cal aa/uo? or TOVTOV Qavar&v
KOI TO 76^09.

LINE 6. This prescribes the manner in which the property
of the exile is to be sold. The reading after -09 was doubtless
7rpo[7]/3o[(]o$ J;7rpud[o-0(o. The spelling ypo(f>o<; for ypa(j)o<;
needs no comment. The writing of over A in the Argive
inscription I.Cr.A. 38, <y~\po^o- may, however, be noted. The
punctuation before 7r/oo'[7]po[(/>]o<? shows that the preceding -05
is not part of the article rou?, which form, moreover, would be
TOI><?. 7rpo'[7]po[</>]o9 is, then, nominative, and explanatory
probably of the preceding word, which is the title of the official
who is to manage the property. From the verb Sa/uo[/o]7cu,
line 7, it may be inferred that the title was Sa/jLuopyos, a word
which occurs in a later Argive inscription (LGr.A. 30). 2 The
official might also be 09 e^o>i> fj.6<yiaTov reX]o9. The meaning
of 7iy)o[7]/3o[</>]o9 is by no means clear. The word,- so far as
I know, does not elsewhere occur, but Trpoypd^co and

1 It is quite probable that the sibilant in Greek represented two different
sounds. Cf. Lagercrantz Zur griech. Lautgeschichte, p. 105.

2 At least it has been with probability so restored.

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION 171

are common. In later writers these words refer especially to
the confiscation of property. The verb means (Lidd. and
Scott) " to proclaim an auction," " to sell at auction," " to write
at the head of the list." Here 7r/9o'[7]/oo[<]o? seems to mean
"written at the head of the list." The demiorgos is to have
the privilege of buying the property, if he wishes, the proceeds
to go into the sacred treasury. The a in e7rpua[<j#&> and
8a/j,uo[p~]yoi confirms the correctness of the double iota in
aXuo? yepav on the Heracles relief from Olympia (cf. Roehl,
I.Cr.A. 34, "* male iterata est "), and strengthens Bergk's
hypothesis (Ztschr. f. Numis. XI, p. 332) of a relation between
Pamphylian and Argive. The doubling of the vowel occurs
here only before a vowel, and the same is true of Pamphylian,
as in Sua, hapv. The before TT is not uncommon. In Ar.
Pax 631 occurs e^eB^vov ; Soph. fr. 876 b, ef Tn^vori ; in Attic
inscriptions, ef TTO&WV as well as e/c TTO&WV. The reading may be
thus restored : ra Be Trd^ara avrw ho Ba/Miopy^os 7rpo\_y^po\_<t>^os
e%7rpiui\_cr6<i) ev TO Safjioo-Lov, al /3a)\oiro.

LINES 7 and 8. a] I Be pfj Bapuo^p^yol rt?, " If the office of
demiorgos is vacant at the time," hols [et?? ra fMeyiara re'Xeo.
ra<? TroXio? r]a? 'Apyeias, " the highest officers of the Argive
state may buy the property," -- /cat hoi POL e\_yyvrara elev eV
yevei, "and (in competition with) the next of kin." In
regard to the reading hols, although the plate showed M , this
form must not be insisted upon to the exclusion of f*l (/x), as
the plate is broken cleanly on the fourth stroke. The clause
may then read : hoi peyia-ra reXea e^oi/ri, as in the Elean
inscriptions, I.Cr.A. 109, oprtp TOKO, 6eoKo\[eoi and I.G.A. 112,
al Je nr)Tri6elav ra i/caia, op /jteyiarov reXo? e^ot /cal rol yQacrtXae?.
But in most expressions of this sort the uniform reading is that
" in case a certain official is derelict in the performance of his
duty, he shall suffer the same penalty as the transgressor." So
a] I Be pr] Sa/jbuo^p^jol TJ? hois (viz. rpoTrois Aot?) ho vbfJLOs
K6\vei, avrov <f>evyev e/c yas ra]? 'Apyeias. On the other hand
hoipot may be a dative, as in the Cypriote inscription, Coll. 59,
3, aty &Lpoi ra? eir^eoXa? eVeTf^e, or oipoi = oiq* (alone), Coll.

172 JAMES DENNISON ROGERS

60, 14. Compare also eol avra) Horn. Od. 4, 38, plv avru>, Gor-
tyna, I, 40, and Apoll. Dysc. de pron., p. 106 (Bekk.), who
quotes from Hesiod, 'lv ' avra> Oavdrov rapid?. Regarded as
a dative, the reading would continue the penalty inflicted on
the guilty official : KOI h&i poi e^l^ev /jLr)8a/j,a /cdOoBov alpei.
But pot, of line 11 is against this supposition.

Line 9 may have read at Be w P(*)\OIVT~]O, rol Hv(X)X?59 airo-
oofji^evoi, TO, trd/jiara ev/3a\\evrc0 (Sozmw) ev TO SCL/JLOCTIOV rav wvdv,
" In case the next of kin do not desire (to purchase the prop-
erty), the tribe Hylleis shall sell it and turn the proceeds into
the treasury."

LINE 10. <ya is apparently the Doric form of ^e. Its use
after 7^9 'Apyeias indicates that the jurisdiction of the coun-
cil (?) is limited. Persons outside of Argos may treat the
outlaw as they please, but the inhabitants of the Argive land
at least are not to recall him.

LINE 11. Troi is probably the preposition. It stands for
TTOT/, according to the Et. Mag. : jrapa 'Apyeiois dvrl rov TTOTL.
d^aipeaei rov r, elra avvo&w. ra<? must be the genitive ra?.
y^vov is perhaps part of ava^vov or o-rvyvov. The thought here
is similar to the thought in Coll. 60, 29, OTTIO-LS /ce ra<? Fpr)Ta$
rda-Be XUCTT;, avocrlja foi <yevoirv. These two lines may have
read something as follows: al Be rts] yd$ (ra?) 'Apyetas ya
Kara/c[a\oi, rov rpecravra (favyovra) ev yav rav 'Apyetav, dva-
y~\vov poi earco TTOL ra? H[?ypa9.

The Source of the Inscription. The law is clearly Argive,
but does not in my opinion emanate from the city of Argos.
A law passed by the people of Argos might, to be sure, be
set up in the Heraeum, but we know that important laws were
kept in the agora. Compare 'AQrjvaiovs iiev ev TroXet, 'Apyeiovs Be
ev dyopa ev rov 'ATroXXwyo? rw /epco, Thuc. V, 47. As to the
government of the city, we learn from Hdt. VII, 148-49, that
there was a king and council, and from Paus. II, 19, that the
Argives very early reduced the kingly power so low that noth-
ing but the title of king remained. The Boule probably did
not hold sessions in the Heraeum, but the epithet hayvoi can

FRAGMENT OF AN ARCHAIC ARGIVE INSCRIPTION 173

hardly refer to anything but the sanctuary where the bronze
was found. The inscription then, I infer, is a compact between
Argos and the other towns of the Argolid. The mention of
Tiryns and Mycenae on the famous column at Delphi, and
the destruction of both cities by the Argives shortly after
the Persian wars, prove that the cities were in a measure
if not wholly independent of Argos at the time of this
statute. The Heraeum was the common sanctuary of the
three cities, 1 and naturally was the meeting-place for the
regulation of matters of common concern. It is quite possible
that transgressors had fled from one to another of these towns,
and that the present statute is the result of a conference to
remedy this state of affairs. Two kinds of criminal action are

indicated, one by a-vyxeoi, the other by Q~\dvaTOv e'jVt-

Te'xywiTo. Either one may represent the main provisions of the
compact, but in my opinion the fragment contains an ordinance
relative to personal violence, which was preceded by the penalty
in store for those who in any way tampered with or sought to
annul its provisions. It is well, perhaps, to repeat that my con-
ception of the first line has been determined by the similarity of
paO/uiara r a&ev hayvoi in words, order, and syntax to common
introductory formulas. Since what we have is so like what is
wanted and what is so often found in the first line of such laws,
there seems sufficient reason for insisting on this interpretation.
The Restoration. It is easy to fill out the lines, but for this
reason exceedingly difficult to restore the original reading.
Something unique and a little disconnected perhaps stood in
the original, and there is therefore little hope of getting at the
exact reading. The bronze was doubtless damaged by the
burning of the Old Temple. Where so much has gone up
in smoke, it is not to be expected that very substantial results
will be obtained by groping about after the missing portions.
The following restorations, therefore, are offered merely as a
help toward the interpretation of the difficult forms.

1 Cf. Dr. Waldstein's view (Class. Rev. 1900, pp. 473 f.) of the relation of
the Heraeum to the neighboring cities.

174 JAMES DENNI80N ROGERS

FIRST RESTORATION

ha /3wX<i tTTOif/iffaTo TO. ]pd0/xara rd8' Iv hayv&i [/itapun rds H^pas. At 5-

^ TIS raOra ccaraXuot ]/i7j <rvyxtoi, rds dpds ras \_tv rat. <7TdXcu aur6$ fjutv
fvoxos f<rTU Kal rptra} CK ]7as ras 'Apyelas- rd 5t 7rd/i[ara aurw Treirpdadw ev

rdv #edp. A 5^ TIS 7rojK[a d~\dvarov hr) a\\o TI Kaibv h{ori.C)v hi) ' Apyflots hrj Tt-
5 pvvdlots hi) Mu/ca^ai f]7rt[T]ex'wtTo ^[ro]t furfcLr) [r]o[i}TOJ/ 1 Qo.vo.rC)v Kal rk

ytvos ' ho 8 5a/AUOp7]6s 7rp6[7]po[0]os (%irpud[ad<j} rd Trdnara avrQ) tv ln-
apbv drjyavpbv, at /SwXotro. Aji 5^ /XT; 5a/*uo[p]7oi rts /io?s [/io v6fj.os /ceXei^et /rot 2 or /iwi ^[av KT\.

aurds rp^rw &c 7as ra]s 'Ap7e^as Kal hoi /rot ^[77i;Tara elev ytvei ej-ir-
pudadwv. At JUT; /3w\otj/r]o, roi Hf(X)X^s a7ro56/x[ei'ot ra Trd/iora
10 rat^ewt. A^ 5^ rt's ?ro/ca ]7as ' Apyelas ya /cara:[aX^ot

/IT; irpodeiro ij/d<pov, &vay~\vov /rot earw ?rot ras H[?;pas.

TRANSLATION

The council adopted the following covenant in the sacred precinct of
Hera. If any one should destroy or deface these covenants, he shall be
subject to the curse that is written on the stele, shall be exiled from the
Argive land, and his property shall be sold for the benefit of the goddess.
If any one should at any time contrive death or any other evil whatsoever
against the Argives or Tirynthians or the people of Mycenae in truth
should he know of it he shall die and his (immediate) family. The demi-
orgos is to have the precedence (at the head of the list) in the purchase of
the exile's property for the benefit of the sacred treasury if he so desires.
In case some one should not perform his public duty, as the law prescribes,
he too shall flee from the Argive land. And the nearest of the surviving
kindred of the exile shall buy the property. But if they do not wish to, the
tribe Hylleis, having sold it, shall give the proceeds to the goddess. If any
one from the Argive land should at any time recall the banished man, or
should offer a vote to that effect, it shall be an unholy act in Hera's sight.

SECOND RESTORATION

ppdrpa. /3wXas. AX rts rd '"Jpd^oTa rd8' Iv hayvwi [hiap&i rds Hrjp-

as /iTj IKKOITTOI ]hrj ffvyx^oi, ras dpas ras [Ketyti^as aur6s fjv tvo-

Xos 0"rw Kal ^eiry^rco K ]yds rds 'Apyelas' rd 8k ird/z[ara aiVra) ras 0eu>

<rra;. At 5^ TS 7ro]K[a d^dvarov hi) &\\o TI Kaibv h^on&v TU>I raOra ireirotfi)-
5 /c6rt ayr6s hr) 81 dtXXw ^TrijVjexi'aHTO ^[i> w]t purfctr) [9]o[^ap6s <rrw trdv-

ra ' ho 8t 5ayLtttop7]6s 7rp6[7]po[0]os ^7rpttd[a-0a; ra Trd/uara ayra) tv rb

5a/x6(rior, al /3t6Xorro. A]t 5^ p-r) 5a/io[p]7ot rts, hoi /j.[yi<rra r^Xea e-

XOVTI ir6\ios ra]s ' Apyeias Kal hoi /rot ^[77^x0x0 elev Iv ytvei tj--

Trpud<r6wv. At /XT; /3wXotJ/r]o, rol Hy(X)Xi7S a7ro56/x[ei'ot Sbvru tv T-
10 dv Bfdv. Al 8t rts ]7as 'Apyelas ya Karax[aX^oi rbv rptvavra hi)

, o-rvy~\vbv poi eorw wot ras H[i)pas.

JAMES DENNISON ROGERS.

KT\. 2 Or /lOtS 7TpO(TT^TaKTai KT\.

American School
of Classical Studies
in i&ome

THE ROMAN AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF
ARCHITECTURE

IT will be well, before beginning this paper, to define its
title. The word architecture is so broadly and so narrowly
used that one may hardly venture to employ it until he has
determined the limit of its application. It is impossible to
eliminate from architecture the factor of usefulness, though
this is larger in some structures than in others. In some it
predominates, and then people are disposed to call it engineer-
ing. But architecture is distinctively the art of design or of
composition, and the term may be applied to structures which,
though they may have no claim to beauty of detail, give
evidence, in the composition arid proportions of their masses,
that their builders had a care for appearances, and purposely
aimed at producing an effect of dignity and elegance suitable
to the character of the monument. It is in this sense that we
shall consider it.

The aqueducts of Rome have been amply and exhaustively
treated by writers in ancient and modern times. They have
been the subject of the most careful study of civil and hydraulic
engineers ever since these two sciences were first developed.
Books and papers have been written upon them from the point
of view of the engineer and of the archaeologist, from Frontinus,
the Curator Aquarum of the Emperor Trajan, to the famous
archaeologists of our day. Architectural writers have either
omitted all reference to them or have mentioned them only to
say that they do not properly belong to the architectural
domain. But wherever stone is dressed and laid in regular or

American Journal of Archaeology. Second Aeries. Journal of the 175

Archaeological Institute of Airier ca Vol. V (1901), No. 2.

176 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

symmetrical courses, the elements of architectural design are in
evidence ; any building in which string courses appear, or in
which the openings are symmetrically disposed, illustrates a
theory of composition and is consequently to be recognized as
architecture ; and where mouldings and decorative details are
employed in connection with symmetrical design a structure
meets the requirements of even the most superficial definition
of the art.

The earliest of the Roman aqueducts that were constructed
above ground, could boast of many, if not all, of these elements;
the first of them, belonging to the republican era, was not only
built of the most carefully cut and fitted blocks of stone, but
consisted of a series of piers and arches, designed with the
utmost regard to symmetry and proportion, was relieved by
projecting string courses, where these were required to break
the monotony of the surface and to give finish and character
to the design, and was embellished at intervals with carved
mouldings.

Later, under the Empire, we find patterns wrought in stones
of different colors to adorn the arches and the side of the water
conduit, and mouldings made by allowing courses of brick to
project and cutting them into a desired form. In short, the
architecture of the best Roman period can be well studied from
an examination of the aqueducts alone. Here we may study
the dry, cut stonework which characterized the republican
period ; the concrete, faced with stone or brick, of the Empire ;
or design as illustrated in the proportions of mass and space, and
in the enrichment of buildings by means of the studied dis-
position of materials.

The Roman architects when they built for pleasure drew upon
Greek art to furnish decorative details, and concealed the true
nature of their construction by a sham of entablatures and col-
umns. When they built for utility they were no longer bound
to employ imported ornament and depended upon their native
sense of symmetry and proportion and upon the use of simple
mouldings or of color to secure a sufficiently pleasing effect.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 177

The aqueducts are thus perhaps the most truly national struc-
tures erected by the Romans, simple, truthfully structural,
without the pretence of columns or ornamental entablatures.

In this paper, therefore, we shall avoid those portions of the
aqueducts that partake of a festal or monumental nature, such
as the Porta Maggiore, the Porta San Lorenzo, and the Arch of
Dolabella, for these depend upon the ordinary architectural
details for their effect, and shall confine our study to the
aqueduct itself.

The aqueducts of the Romans may be divided into three
general groups, according to the materials of which they are
constructed. This classification is the more convenient in that
it conforms very nearly to their chronological arrangement.

The earliest of these monuments that show any architectural
character was built entirely of cut stone, laid dry in regular
courses ; it belongs to republican times, having been begun
144 B.C. and finished very soon thereafter. During the early
Empire the Romans continued to employ tufa and peperino cut
and laid in a similar manner, though with rather less care and
precision. The greatest of all the Roman aqueducts was so
constructed under the Emperor Claudius.

But even under Augustus it had become the custom to
build the smaller aqueducts, and those in the provinces, of
concrete faced with a revetment of stone laid in courses or in
the form of opus reticulatum. Some of the most beautiful speci-
mens of aqueduct architecture were thus constructed. But this
custom did not obtain for any great length of time. Under
Nero the first and finest of the brick-faced aqueducts was built.
This period is well known as the best for brickwork. From
this time aqueducts, in Italy at least, seem to have been made
invariably with brick facing, and all the repairs upon the older
aqueducts were carried out in brick, down to the reign of Alex-
ander Severus, under whom the last of the great aqueducts
was erected. It will thus be seen that the periods of classifi-
cation overlap slightly, whether we make the division purely
chronological, or according as the aqueducts were con-

178 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

structed of free stone, of concrete faced with reticulated work,
or of concrete and brick.

It is impossible in a paper of this character to take up all the
aqueducts built in the Roman domain. We shall therefore
select only the most characteristic examples, wherever found, to
illustrate the three classes of aqueducts mentioned.

I. AQUEDUCTS IN STONE

Aqua Marcia (Fig. A 1 and 2). --The finest and oldest
example of an aqueduct in free stone was built in the year
144 B.C., by Quintus Marcius Rex, 1 and called, from the name
of the builder, the Aqua Marcia.

The few fragments of this great work that remain preserve to
us some of the most perfect specimens of stonework known.
These are found at widely separated intervals between the
ancient Porta Tiburtina near the Porta San Lorenzo, and a
point some distance beyond Roma Vecchia, where the aqueduct
finds the level of the earth. It will not be serviceable for our
purpose to examine this aqueduct where it emerges from the
ground again among the Alban Hills, for here renovation and
restoration have nearly obliterated the original work, which
moreover was inferior to the portions nearer Rome.

Extant Portions. The portions of the Marcia still extant
are found first at the Porta San Lorenzo, where the aqueduct
is carried over the arch of the gate, and where three arches of
stone, to the right of the gate, are visible in a mass of brick-
work. Again, beside the Porta Maggiore, to the left as you
pass out, a portion of the water conduit or specus is to be seen
in the Aurelian wall, over a part of one of its own arches and a
heavy pier built into the wall (Fig. A 2). For a long distance
thence it has been totally destroyed, until we come to the Vicolo
del Mandrione (Fig. A 1) not far from the ancient Via Labi-
cana, where some ten more arches are preserved intact, with the
specus above them. The stonework of these arches is practi-

1 Frontinus, De aquis urbis Romae : I, 7 ; Clemens Herschel, Frontinus and
the Water Supply of the city of Rome, pp. 5-7, Boston, 1899.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE

cally concealed by the restoration in brick of later times, but
enough of the original structure can be seen to make it a very
valuable monument.

Beyond this, the line of the aqueduct may be traced for

FIGURES A AND C. THE AQUA MAKCIA AND THE AQUEDUCT OF

MINTURNAE.

180 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

some miles by that of the mediaeval and modernized aqueduct,
the Aqua Felice, which was built partl} r upon the foundations
and largely from broken pieces of the ancient Marcia. Some
distance beyond the osteria of Capanelli, not far from Sette
Bassi, after the Felice has entered the ground the specus is
again found above two groups of very low arches. These two
groups are separated by only a hundred yards or so, and com-
prise, the one eighteen arches, and the other ten. Only the
crowning voussoirs of many of these arches are now visible
above the soil, but the specus is comparatively well preserved.
From these widely separated remnants it is easy to see by a
comparison of measurements that the aqueduct was constructed
on a practically uniform design throughout.

Materials. The most available material was used in
every part, the main portions being made of tufa and a hard
variety of tufa known as sperone (lapis Crabinus). The still
harder peperino (lapis Albanus) is introduced in the foundation
of piers, in the course at the top, and in that at the bottom
of the water conduit, where travertine is also employed in some
places, as for instance over the arches near the Porta Tiburtina.

Treatment. The working of this material, the cutting and
fitting of the joints and the smooth finish of the exposed surfaces,
can be fully appreciated only where the encasing wall of late
restorations in brick has been recently removed. It is one of
the most interesting and instructive features of the aqueduct,
and is perhaps the finest extant example of the exquisite opus
quadratum of the republican period.

The blocks of stone, practically uniform in size, average
0.60 m. x 0.60 m. x 1.24 m., and are laid in regular courses with
alternate headers and stretchers. No mortar is used, but the
stones are so closely joined that one cannot, even now, insert
the thinnest knife blade between them.

The voussoirs of each arch are cut with the utmost precision
and consist alternately of one and two pieces of stone, the
former extending through the entire soffit of the arch and
measuring 0.54 m. (mean) x 0.57 m. x 1.72 m. The courses of

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 181

stone above and below the specus are 0.25 m. thick, projecting
on either side 0.20 m., and are one stone wide. The walls of
the specus consist each of three equal courses, usually stretchers.
These walls are only 0.47 m. thick. The joints between the
courses of this part are evenly cut and laid dry, but at the ends
of the blocks is cut a perpendicular groove, of semi-circular sec-
tion, 0.12 m. in diameter (Fig. A 2). When two blocks
are in position, a cylindrical bore is formed between them.
This was filled with very fine cement, which, when hard, formed
a most effectual pin, making the courses like a single stone and
affording to the concrete lining (opus signinum) of the specus
protection against earthquake shock. These considerations,
though purely structural, serve to illustrate the care and
exactitude with which the main portions of the aqueduct were
built.

Proportions. We have now to consider the general lines of
composition which seem to have governed the design. The
span of the arches seems to have varied but slightly (5.08 m.
to 5.38 m.), and the width of the piers, measured at right angles
to the long axis of the aqueduct, is constant (2.62 m.). With
these measurements practically fixed, the proportions of the
structure, as affected by the variations in altitude, which are of
course governed by the differences in surface level, are secured
by varying the longitudinal dimensions of the pier and the
distance between the extrados of arches, the soffit being always
flush with the surface of the pier at the spring of the arch.
Thus, near the Porta San Lorenzo, where the arches were raised
only slightly above the surface (though much higher than at
present), the piers measure 1.89 m. to 1.93 m., with only
0.75 m. between the voussoirs of two arches, while at the
Vicolo del Mandrione, where we have the highest consecutive
arches of the Marcia, the same measurement is 3.22 m. to 3.60 m.,
with 2.40 m. from extrados to extrados.

The element of safety doubtless entered largely into this
scheme of proportions, but strength could quite as easily have
been secured by building the higher arches narrower and thus

182 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

varying the span, as was done in some of the later aqueducts
(e.g. Felice); but this would have destroyed the symmetrical,
architectural effect, which the builders apparently wished to
preserve. At the point where the level of the ground rises to
that of the specus and the aqueduct gradually disappears, the
arches are still continued with extrados tangent until they are
completely buried in the soil. This also, I believe, was the
expression of an aesthetic motive on the part of the architects,
for certainly no utilitarian end demanded so much greater an
outlay than a solid substructure, such as was employed in later
aqueducts, would have required.

Mouldings. The uppermost course of the piers is in some
cases, as at the Porta San Lorenzo and the Porta Maggiore,
allowed to project, and is cut to form a cornice (Fig. A 2). But
farther out on the Campagna a simple flat shelf, 0.46 m. wide,
marks the difference in width between the pier and the super-
structure. A narrow course, 0.20 m. high, separates the key-
stones from the projecting course below the specus. Where the
material is travertine this projecting course, with its counterpart
above, is not moulded, but where peperino is used the lower
edge seems to have been chamfered off into a sort of cornice.
But whether these overhanging string courses are moulded or
not, they serve the purpose of breaking up the monotony of
the surface, of indicating the various divisions of the structure,
and thus of imparting to it an architectural character.

Aqua Claudia (Fig. B, 1, 2, 3). The next and last of the
stone aqueducts was the greatest and most imposing of them all.
This is the Claudia, which Frontinus dignifies above all others
as having been completed magnificentissime, 1 and dedicated
August 1, 52 A.D., on the birthday of the Emperor whose
name it bears. This aqueduct was begun under the reign of
Caligula in the year 38 A.D., 2 to supply the increasing demand
for water, particularly in the higher portions of the imperial
city. The scale upon which it was undertaken far exceeded
that of any similar construction that had been previously pro-
1 Frontinus, I, 13. 2 Ibid.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 1 bo

jected. The stupendous work completed some years before at
Nemausus (Nimes), by which a large volume of water had been
carried at a tremendous height over a deep valley, is comparable
in many respects ; but while the Pont du Grard is a lofty

FIGURE B. AQUA CLAUDIA.

bridge of stone some 270 m. long and 49 m. high, wonderfully
conceived and admirably executed, the Claudian aqueduct
manifests a skill almost as daring over many miles of length.

The plan and design of the Claudia are substantially a mag-
nified repetition of the Marcia ; but it is interesting to note the

184 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

various differences which, from the architectural standpoint,
give it a character all its own.

Portions Extant. Large portions of the Claudia stand intact
in groups of from four to eighteen arches, all the way from the
Porta Maggiore to Roma Vecchia, near which place begins an
unbroken series of 155 piers and 154 arches, 1 which continues
almost to the point where the aqueduct enters the ground.
Some of these groups preserve, unrestored, the highest portions-
of the aqueduct, that near the railway beyond Torre Fiscale
being over 27 m. in height. Other groups are supported
between the piers by substructures in brick, the reparations of
the later Empire. Others still are completely encased in the
coarse masonry of the decline. For some distance beyond the
Porta Furba these encasing walls stand free, the stone which
they were built to support having been carried away in old
Papal days.

Material. The stone employed in the construction of the
Claudia differs somewhat from that used for the Marcia ; here
we find a predominating use of peperino with red and yellow
tufa in smaller proportions. The quality of the peperino used
here is not to be compared with that of the older aqueduct^
and in some places it, as well as the tufa, is crumbling to
decay. No travertine or other harder material seems to have
been employed even in the bonding courses.

Treatment. It is doubtless owing to the greater friability of
the stone that the cutting is far less exact than in the Marcia,
although all the stonework of this period manifests less care
than that of the Republic. The courses of stone are not regular,
the joints are not closely made, and the surface seems never to
have been dressed. On the other hand, it may be said that in
some respects the work upon the Claudia is quite as admirable.
The enormous size of the stones used is certainly remarkable.
Some of them extend the entire width of a pier, being about
3.10 m. long. The courses are laid dry and are of unequal
height, averaging about 0.67 m. Of the seventeen voussoirs
1 Lanciani, Comm. di Front., viii, 3.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 185

which form each arch, a few are found to be made of a single
stone ; but there are usually two or three pieces to each vous-
soir in the soffit.

Design. The difference in design between the earlier and later
aqueduct begins to manifest itself at the bottom, where a base of
hard peperino projects some 0.15 m. from the faces of the pier.
The pier is then carried up with a mean width of 3.21 m. and
a longitudinal measurement varying from 3.35 m. to 3.66 m.
It will be seen that the pier is more nearly a square in plan, and
that its proportions are not determined by variations of altitude.
Below the springing of the arches the pier is provided with an
overhanging course which forms a heavy impost moulding
0.35 m. deep. The arches, whose span is about 5.60 m., are
only 2.52 m. wide, and the distance between the intrados of two
arches is 2.60 m., so that the impost is much smaller in section
than the pier (compare Fig. B 1 with Fig. A 1). The course
which forms the bottom of the specus is imposed directly upon
the voussoirs and projects on either side 0.22 m., but is not
moulded. The corresponding course above the conduit is
similar to it. Neither of them is carried through the width
of the specus in single stones, the lower course below the lining*
of the conduit itself consisting of rubble laid immediately upon
the arch, and the upper course being made up of three stones,
with joints not centred upon the specus wall (Fig. B 2).

The specus walls consist again of three courses, each 0.66 m.
high. The walls are 0.65 m. thick. The conduit measures
thus 1.85 m. high by 1.22 m., inside measurement, to 1*65 m. x
0.75 m. of the Marcia.

Mouldings. The only moulding used to embellish the long
stretches of the Claudia is at the impost, where a cap, 0.55 m.
deep, breaks the transition from the pier to the arch construc-
tion. The projecting courses above and below the specus are
uncarved.

186 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

II. AQUEDUCTS IN CONCRETE AND OPUS RETICULATUM

The use of concrete faced with stone in the form of opus
reticulatum, which became almost universal in all forms of
Roman construction with the advent of the Empire, was very
early applied to the building of aqueducts. The two great
aqueducts which were made for the supply of Rome after the
completion of the Marcia the Tepula and the Julia were
constructed largely in this manner, the former 163, the latter 71
years before the Claudia was begun. 1

Aqua Julia and Aqua Tepula. These two aqueducts may be
studied in connection with the Marcia, at the various places
already noted, where the Marcia is intact (see Fig. A 1 and 2);
for from the point where that aqueduct emerges from the earth
near Sette Bassi, their conduits are carried above that of the
Marcia, the Julia above the Tepula. The specus of an aqueduct
is scarcely enough to furnish a topic of architectural discussion,
but a point or two of contrast here should be marked.

The water conduit of the Tepula is far better preserved than
that of the Julia, which has almost completely disappeared. It
is considerably smaller than that of the Marcia, measuring in
extremes only 0.60 m. to 1.15 m. (inside measurement). A
section of this conduit at Vicolo del Mandrione is nearly oval
in form, the lines of the bottom being brought almost to a semi-
circle by the opus signinum and the top consisting of a rather
acute vault of masonry.

The walls of the specus are of the strongest concrete, faced
with an early form of reticulated work. They measure 0.47 m.
in thickness. No course of stone divides the Tepula from the
Julia, the masonry between the conduits being about 0.40 m.
thick, exclusive of the opus signinum. Over the Porta San
Lorenzo, where the three superposed specus are constructed
of travertine, these measurements still hold good, the Marcia
consisting of three equal courses, the Tepula of two courses
of the same width, and the Julia of four.

1 Froutinus, I, 8, 9.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF AECBITECTUEE 187

It is to be noted that, both at the Porta Maggiore (Fig. A 2)
and at the Vicolo del Mandrione, the specus of the Tepula is not
centred over that of the Marcia, but is 0.40 m. to the left, as the
water flowed.

The Aqueduct of Minturnae (Fig. C 1 and 2; Figs. 1-3).-
For a well-preserved specimen of this class of aqueduct, how-
ever, one in which the more truly architectural features may
be readily studied, it will be necessary to look beyond the
immediate province of Rome, though not so far away as to be
beyond the direct influence of the architectural forms and
methods practised in the imperial city.

Perhaps the finest extant example of the reticulated work of
the early empire is the aqueduct which furnished water to the
long-lost city of Minturnae, a town of the Volsci, situated on
the sea near the mouth of the ancient Liris, a city of consider-
able size and importance in its day, but of which the only
preserved relics are the outer wall of the cavea of its theatre
(also in reticulated work) and this noble stretch of aqueduct.
It is preserved in an almost unbroken line for about two miles
(three kilometres) from the castellum, where the water was
divided for the use of the city, to the hills, where perches the
mediaeval and modern descendant of the ancient town, the
village of Minturno.

So far as I have been able to discover, this fine monument has
hitherto been only barely mentioned in archaeological publi-
cations. A description of its architectural features will not be
out of place in this paper, and a more careful study of its use
and structure from the engineer's point of view is certainly
merited by its extent and importance.

So little investigation has been carried on at the site of
ancient Minturnae that no precise date can as yet be assigned
to its monuments. It will be necessary then to compare the
structure of the aqueduct with that of buildings whose age is
known, in order to assign to it even an approximate date.

Reticulated work of the character displayed in this monument
is rare. Its chief points of distinction are the regularity and

188 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

evenness with which it is laid, the quoins and levellers in brick-
shaped stones, and the small stone voussoirs of the arches.

In Rome itself but a single monument is to be found which
displays characteristics similar to these. This is the ruin of an
Emporium on the banks of the Tiber near Monte Testaccio.
Here one finds voussoirs of tufa cut to a wedge shape and com-
paring with those of Minturnae in size and form. But these
are used in connection with opus incertum^ and the date is fixed
by archaeologists at 176 B.C. At Minturnae on the other hand
they are used with the opus reticulatum ot the best period. It

FIGLRE 1. THE AQUEDUCT OF MINTURNAE, LOOKING TOWARD THE HILLS.

was early in the reign of Augustus that bonding opus reticulatum
with stone gave way to bonding with brick, as may be seen in
the houses on the northwest slope of the Palatine, whose date
is known ; and all the opus reticulatum in Pompeii, which
belongs to the period of restoration, after the earthquake of
63 A.D. is so treated. The use of stone throughout would
seem, then, to make it impossible to place the date of this aque-
duct later than the end of the reign of Tiberius ; and the
regularity of the reticulated work precludes a date earlier than
the time of Augustus, so that we feel safe in placing the
monument within the first twenty years of our era.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 189

Portions Extant. The aqueduct of Minturnae is intact
throughout the greater part of its extent. Beginning at the
ruin of the castellum, we have first two broad arches and then
four of the regular size. This brings us to a point where the
aqueduct has apparently been purposely destroyed for a space
of about 16 m. to allow the passage of the modern high-road*
Then begins a splendid series of one hundred and twenty un-
broken arches, carrying the aqueduct on a level line away toward
a ridge, where the arches become lower and lower until they are

FIGURE 2. THE AQUEDUCT OF MINTURNAE, NEAR THE CASTELLUM.

replaced by some 50 m. of solid substruction. When the ridge
is crossed, another series of thirty-nine low arches begins and
carries the specus until it strikes the surface again on the other
side of the plain.

At the fifty-seventh pier an obtuse angle is made in the
aqueduct, whence it bears slightly to the left. At the forty-
fourth and eighty-third piers we have broader arches, which in
both cases doubtless marked the passage of roads.

Materials. The Minturnae aqueduct is a massive structure
of concrete, made up of small bits of black tufa embedded in the

190 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

strongest variety of pozzolana and faced with opus reficulatun>
of the hardest black tufa, bonded at all external angles with
brick-shaped quoins of the same material, interspersed with
similar blocks of limestone (Fig. C 1). The top of the piers,
the point where the arches spring, is often provided with a layer
of broad, square tiles, as is also the course separating the specus
from the substructure.

Treatment. The individual blocks of the reticulated work
measure about 0.08 m. x 0.08 m. on the surface, and penetrate
fully 0.12 m. to 0.15 m. into the masonry. They are laid with
the utmost precision, and are cut to fit closely to the brick-shaped
stones, which measure 0.08 m. x 0.095 m. x 0.20-0.27 m., and
are all laid end to end. The bases of the piers are built en-
tirely of these quadrangular blocks of limestone in six or more
courses. Above these we find six courses of limestone alternat-
ing with six of tufa. It will thus be seen that the piers, which
measure in plan 1.90 m. x 1.90 m. on an average, with their
lower portions and angles laid in bond, show very little reticu-
lated work (Fig. C 1 and 2).

The arches span ordinarily about 2 m. They consist of
forty-seven to forty-nine voussoirs cut precisely to a wedge
form 0.38 m. long, 0.06 m. wide at bottom, and 0.10 m. at
the top. The soffits and archivolts are flush with the sur-
face of the piers. The soffit of each arch was furnished
with a thick coating of plaster, which in many instances is
still well preserved.

Above the arches and between them, all is built of opus retic-
ulatum. The line of the bottom of the specus is marked by
a level course of thin tiles which divides the reticulated work.
The interior width of the specus is 0.56 m. ; its lining is the
finest kind of opus signinum. The upper portions of the specus
have been so badly broken that it is impossible to determine
whether the canal was open to the sky or vaulted over. It
is almost certain that no coping of stone ever existed. The
wall of the specus is 0.64 m. thick and about 1.33 m. in height
where it is best preserved.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 191

Design. In its proportions this aqueduct does not differ
widely from those built of cut stone. The arches are perhaps
somewhat narrower in comparison with the piers, but these,
being approximately a square in section arid comparatively
slender, give an appearance of lightness remarkable for a struc-
ture in concrete. The ratio of the distance between the top of
the pier and the lower course of the specus to the height of the
specus wall is that of two to one, and is very successful.

There are no mouldings whatever, but in decorative effect
this aqueduct far surpasses many of those of Rome itself. It
is the use of two kinds of stone, of two different colors arranged
in patterns, that makes this aqueduct distinct among struc-
tures of its kind, even among structures in this material, and
gives it rank of importance among monuments of architecture
from the decorative standpoint.

The ornamental use of opus reticulatum must have been
exceedingly rare among the Roman builders, for almost no
specimens of it are anywhere to be found. 1 The place of this
monument is thus quite unique in the history of Roman archi-
tecture (Fig. C 1).

The tufa employed in this work is, as has been said, quite
black and the limestone very white, hard, and close grained.
The combination of colors appears first in the bases of the piers,
where alternate courses of tufa and limestone give a variegated
effect. Above this point all the piers are of tufa only, the bond
work predominating over the reticulated.

The decoration is richest at the springing of the arches. The
extrados of the voussoirs, which are all of tufa, is provided with
a semicircular course of oblong stones, set end to end, upon
which is set a semicircle of the small pieces used in reticulated
work, alternating black and white. The spandrils are enriched
with diaper work, carried out in the opus reticulatum in a great

1 Other examples of polychrome opus reticulatum are to be found in the ruin
of a Roman villa on the road from Tivoli to Hadrian's Villa, under Casino
Braschi, visible from the high-road, and in a large Roman tomb near Horns, in
Syria.

192

HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

variety of figures, zigzag, diamond, and checker-board patterns,
alternating with parallel and diagonal lines of white upon a black
ground. 1 The decoration of the specus wall seems to have
varied in different portions of the aqueduct. In some places we
find a single, in others a double row of vertical squares of white,
in others simple alternating rows of black and white. It is
interesting to note that this decorative work is not applied to the
whole length of the aqueduct, nor confined to the portion near
or within the city limits. We find the part adjoining the city

FIGURE 3. THE AQUEDUCT OF MIXTURNAE, LOWER ARCHES OF LONG SECTION.
SHOWING VARIOUS PATTERNS.

thus embellished, it is true, but richer decoration was applied to
the aqueduct at intervals along its course far from the town,
even at the point where the arches spring from the ground level.
It is possible that these portions may have been decorated owing
to their proximity to suburban villas ; and indeed I found
extensive ruins not far from a series of arches so embellished ;
but no reason for this intermittent adornment can be assigned
with certainty.

1 Figure C shows only a few of the patterns and is not drawn from two con-
secutive pieces, but two separated by a few yards.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 193

III. AQUEDUCTS OF CONCRETE AND BRICK

The reign of Nero is well known to have been the best period
both for the making and the laying of brick. No brickwork in
all the history of Roman building, none perhaps in the whole
history of architecture, can rival the specimens that we have
dating from 50 to 70 A.D. This is true, not only of the work
that was used as a revetment to concrete, and intended to be
seen, but also of that which was employed in the hidden por-
tions of buildings as a bond to other materials.

Comparatively few of the monuments of Nero's reign that
were constructed entirely of concrete and brick have come down
to us. Of these the arcus Caelimontani are beyond question the
most extensive and the most perfect.

Aqua Neroniana (Arcus Caelimontani) (Figs. D 1 and 2).
This aqueduct was built to convey the Aqua Claudia and the
Anio Novus from the Porta Maggiore to the temple of Claudius
on the Caelian hill.

Portions Extant. Copious fragments of this aqueduct may
still be seen, beginning in the gardens of the church of SS.
Giovanni e Paolo, near the site of the temple of Claudius, and
running along the slopes of the Caelian to the Porta Maggiore,
ad Spem veterem. 1 The first group comprises ten piers with a
few arches, and extends to the arch of Dolabella. The second
runs along the Via di S. Stefano Rotondo, forming a sort of
wall to the grounds of the Military Hospital. Here there are
about thirty piers. Then comes a break in the line until we
reach the Restaurant del Cocchio, on the northern side of the
Piazza S. Giovanni in Laterano, at the end of the Via Merulana.
Two arches of the aqueduct, preserving the specus above them,
are incorporated with this building. At the eastern side of the
piazza, beside the Passionist Convent, the line begins again with
three fine consecutive arches bearing the specus, and a group of
six piers with two arches. After a short break at the Via
Emmanuele Filiberto, the line is taken up again and carried

1 Frontinus, I, 20.

194

HOWARD CROS11Y SUTLER

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 195

almost unbroken through the Villa Wolkonsky by thirty piers,
with the specus preserved over a number of them, and through a
vineyard near the ruins of the baths of Santa Elena, by nineteen
piers, to the road which leads from the Porta Maggiore to S.
Croce in Gerusalemme. Here are four arches, well preserved
and somewhat restored, bearing the specus as far as the Aurelian
wall, where it joined the Claudia.

Material. The concrete which forms the core of the piers
and arches is not of the kind ordinarily met with in Roman ruins.
The proportion of mortar used is much smaller, and the yellow
tufa and broken tiles are laid in courses with comparative regu-
larity, so that in a broken section they give almost the appear-
ance of solid brickwork. The facing bricks are of the hardest
sort, well and regularly moulded, with sharp edges fitting
closely together. These are set with a minimum of fine cement,
the joints showing hardly a centimetre of width.

The only other material employed was travertine, three large
blocks of which are inserted just below the springing of the
higher arches.

Design. The proportions of the Neroniana were a new de-
parture in the designing of aqueducts; the relation of voids to
solids, instead of being that of five to three, or even less, as
heretofore, is now nearly ten to three.

A second new departure was the introduction of two stories
of arches in certain parts of the aqueduct. 1 To describe
minutely the design of the aqueduct at the various points where
it is preserved is unnecessary, for the separate sections differ
only in minor details and offer no real contrasts. Let us there-
fore choose a point where the aqueduct is typical and well pre-
served, and study more closely its form and dimensions.

The fine group of three arches beside the Scala Sancta is the
best specimen of the single-arched type (Fig. D 1). The piers
here are nearly square in section, 2.10 m. wide by 2.40 m. long.
At this point they are about 10.50 m. high. The space between
the piers measures 7.75 m. and is spanned by a broad semicircular

1 Where the arches are double, the proportion of solid to void is increased.

196 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

arch consisting of two concentric rows of wedge-shaped bricks,
0.047 m. wide at top and 0.025 in. at bottom. The bricks of
the upper row are 0.43 m. long, those of the lower, 0.56 m.
The archi volts and soffits are flush with the faces of the pier,
though separated from them by mouldings, and the line of the
specm is marked by a moulding tangent to the upper curve of
the arch of bricks. The specus is 0.86 m. wide and 1.60 m.
high, outside measurement. The walls are 0.57 m. thick.

This aqueduct, from the lightness and grace of its proportions
alone, would merit careful study as an architectural monument.
When with these are considered the elegance of the material
and the skill of the workmanship, there can be little doubt as to
the right of this particular aqueduct at least to be reckoned as
architecture, for while it involves the same engineering princi-
ples that governed the construction of the earliest aqueduct
above ground, it exhibits the culmination of a progressive
problem in design. The architectural interest of this aqueduct
is enhanced by the color of the brick, a luminous shade of light
reddish brown which takes beautiful effects in changes of light
and shade. This color is not everywhere the same, for in some
of the more conspicuous places, as in the arch over a street near
the Porta Maggiore, we find one row of bricks of the common
brown color and one of a light yellow. Thus again polychromy
is brought into play in the design of an aqueduct.

Mouldings. The mouldings of this aqueduct are similar
throughout, and are in greater profusion than in any of the
monuments already described. A wide cap projects on all sides
at the top of each pier, composed of three layers of large square
tiles, each overlapping the one below, the second being cham-
fered off diagonally. These courses of tile are carried through
the masonry, forming a solid impost for the arches. A similar
string -course, similarly constructed, and four tiles deep, is
placed immediately below the specus. These courses have both
a utilitarian and an artistic purpose, for while they aid greatly
in giving solidity and compactness to the structure, they also
constitute a simple and effective enrichment.

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 197

Aqua Alexandrina (Figs. E 1 and E 2). In strong contrast to
the aqueduct just described is the remnant of the last of Rome's
imperial aqueducts, which was built by Severus Alexander
226 A.D., 1 to furnish water for his baths. 2 About six hundred
arches of this aqueduct are to be seen in detached groups be-
tween Rome and its source about twenty-two kilometres distant,
not far from the Lake of Gabii. The section which we shall
take for comparison with the aqueducts already studied com-
prises some fifty arches, traversing the valley of Maranella
between the Via Labicana and the Via Tuscolana, where those
roads are connected by the Strada Militare. It is the first arcu-
ated section outside the walls. Though much hidden by the
restorations of later times, there is enough of the original struc-
ture unconcealed to give a correct idea of its original condition.

We shall examine it more by way of comparison than with a
view to carrying further our study of the architectural aspects
of the Roman aqueducts. It illustrates, however, as well as
any monument of its date, the beginnings of decline in architec-
ture in general, and this not only in its construction and in the
materials of which it is made, but even more in its conception
and in the lack of artistic feeling manifested in its design.

Materials. The Alexandrina is constructed throughout of
brick ; the core, with a large proportion of mortar that has
yielded in great measure to the influence of the elements,
wherever exposed. The one refinement of construction here
exhibited is the introduction of bonding courses of large well-
made tile at intervals of 1.20 m. These have outweathered all
the rest of the materials. The bricks which form the outer
shell are not nearly so hard as those used in Nero's arches.
The joints are nearly three-quarters as thick as the bricks them-
selves. With the decay of the mortar the weather has naturally
made havoc with the revetment, and it has disappeared from
almost all portions of the aqueduct.

Design. The proportion of void "to solid is also changed by
a diminution of the voids ; for the ratio is more than half to

1 Cohen, 4, 47, 233. 2 Ibid, and Lampridius, Alex. Sev. 25, 3.

198 HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER

half in favor of the solids. The piers are square in plan,
measuring 2.35 m. on a side. In some sections of the aque-
duct the piers reach the height of sixteen or seventeen metres,
but in this portion the highest are not over seven or eight. The
span of the arches here is a trifle over 3 m., though in other
places it is as wide as 3.50 m. The arches consist of two con-
centric rows of bricks, not wedge-shaped but made to conform
to the curve by the use of more or less mortar. The soffits and
archivolts are flush with the faces of the piers, as in the Nero-
niana, but the extrados of the consecutive arches are not tangent
by some 0.56 m. The uppermost course of the piers, the impost
of the arches, consists of three projecting layers of tiles, as in
the Neronian aqueduct. I have found no trace of a moulding
at the specus line, and imagine that the surface of the wall
above the arches was unbroken. The specus is totally destroyed
at this point, but I have found its measurements in the Villa di
Casa Rossa to be 0.72 m. in width, by 1.33 m. to the spring of the
vaulted covering. The wall of the specus is 0.80 m. in thick-
ness. No minute comparison is required to demonstrate the
inferiority of the Alexandrine aqueduct as an architectural
monument, yet it possesses certain architectural elements,
besides those features which are purely structural. This is no
less an aqueduct than the others which we have reviewed, and
served every purpose that was required of it. What then does
it lack, unless it be the application of those principles of art
which raise structures above the plane of purely scientific works,
to the level of architectural productions ?

In a general survey of the broad field of Roman architecture,
we find palaces in which a far more elaborate scheme of design
is carried out, triumphal arches much more ornate and more
labored in composition, and temples upon which richer and
more costly materials were lavished ; but we see no structures
upon which the true spirit of Roman strength is more clearly
imprinted, none in which the Roman love for symmetry and
precision is more fully demonstrated, than in the clear-cut lines

AQUEDUCTS AS MONUMENTS OF ARCHITECTURE 199

of the Marcian aqueduct, a monument that has defied all
disintegrating influences, except earthquake and the wanton
destruction of men's hands, for over two thousand years. We
see no structure more stupendous or more majestic than the
towering arches of the Claudia, rising among the ruins of the
purple-shadowed plain. This must have been felt by every
architectural enthusiast who has stood at evening upon the
Campagna where " the shattered aqueducts, pier beyond pier,
melt into the darkness like shadowy and countless troops of
funeral mourners passing from a nation's grave."

HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER.

ROME, June, 1897.

BIBLIOGEAPHY

ARCHAEOLOGICAL BOOKS 1

1900

HAROLD N. FOWLER, Editor

*** Books, pamphlets, and other matter for the Bibliography should be addressed 1
to Professor FOWLER, 49, Cornell Street, Cleveland, Ohio.

GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS

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1 Articles in periodicals will no longer be mentioned in the Bibliography. Refer-
enoss to nearly all important articles will, it is hoped, be found in the News and
Discussions.

201

202 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

E. Leroux. 135 pp. ; 18 figs. 8vo.

P. Brandt, Vorschlage fur den

Kunstunterrichtan Gymnasien. Pro-
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1900. 28 pp. 4to. F. Biittgen-

bach, Die Geschichte des Kreuzes
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J. Bumiller, Aus der Urzeit des
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A. de Claparede, Corfou et les

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x, 177 pp. ; IGino.

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der Miinzkuncle (VVebers illustrirte
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La pourpre verte et sa valeur pour
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(from Archives de Zoologie experi-
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toire. E. Dunant, Guide illustre"

du Muse"e d'Avenches. Geneve,
1900, M. Reymond & C ie . vi, 13(5 pp. ;

10 pis. ; 40 figs. 8vo. Theodore

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K. Faymonville, Die Purpur-

farberei der verschiedenen Kultur-
volker des klassischen Altertums und
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J. Forchhammer, Augustus und das
Principal, pp. 49-01. K. Hude,
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text. 2. Beschreibung u. Erklarung
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poli scoperta sulla riva del suo lago.
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direction des Antiquity's et des Beaux-
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fiir Studirende. Auf Veranlassung
der k. preuss. Unterrichtsverwalt-
ung verf. 2. Aufl. Bearb. v. M.
Schmidt. Mit 14 Taf. (In 7 Lf^n.)
1. Lfg. Berlin, 1900, C. Duncker.

viii and pp. 1-80. 8vo. J. Grofs,

see Schiel. St. Gsell, L'Alge"rie

dans 1'Antiquite". Alger, 1900, Giralt.
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(Alamiliaria). Publications de 1'Asso-
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K. Korber, Inschriften des Mainzer
Museums. Mainz, 1900, Verlag des
Altertumsvereins. 172 pp. ; 235 figs.
8vo. [Roman, Greek, and mediaeval
(also Runic) inscriptions. Third sup-
plement to Becker's catalogue.]

E. Kroker, Katechismus der Archa-
ologie. ilbersicht iiber die Ent-
wickelung der Kunst bei den Volk-
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Kuhn, Allgemeine Kunstgeschichte.
15-36 Lfg. Einsiedeln, 1899, 1900,
Benziger & Co. $0.50 each.
Kunstgeschichte in Bildern, Syste-
matische Darstellung der Entwicke-
lung der bildenclen Kunst vom klass.
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No. I. F. Winter, Das Altertum. 10
pp. ; 100 pis. No. IV. G. Dehio, Die
Kunst des XV und XVI Jahrhun-
derts ausserhalb Italiens. 8 pp. ; 84
pis. No. V. G. Dehio, Die Kunst des
XVII und XVIII Jahrh. 8 pp. ; 100
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A. Lacroix, see Vicomte de Caix.

A. Lefevre, Les Gaulois. Origines et
Croyances. Paris, 19QO, Schleicher
f reres. 203 pp. ; 14 figs. 8vo.
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A. Malfertheiner, Welche Aufgaben
sind noch zu erfiillen, uin dieantiken
Denkmaler der Schule dienstbar zu
rnachen ? Programme Mahrisch-Tru-
bau. 1899. 18 pp. Map of Tur-
key in Europe, from surveys by the
Postal Service, drawn by the *5th
division of the general staff, and
printed at the press of the general
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of maps each 60x69 cm. [Turkish

text. ] Constantinople, 1899. A.

Melani, Pittura italiana antica e
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greca. 2. Pittura romaria. 3. Pit-
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figs. 16mo. J. Mestorf, see Monte-

lius. L. Miani, Monogratia sto-

rica di Genosa. Taranto, 1898, 1809.

4to. E. Michel, Essais sur 1'his-

toire de Part. Paris, 1900, Soc.
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sten Bronzezeit in Norddeutschland
u. Skandinavien. (From ArcJiiv fiir
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figs. 4to. Der Orient und Europa.

Einfluss der orientalischen Cultur auf
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Geschichte und Alterthumskunde.
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many figs. 4to. Monuments et

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lection). L. Heuzey, Le taureau
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113-143 ; pi. xii ; 4 figs. A. Joubin,
Le Marsyas de Tarse. (Muse'e Im-
pe"rial de Constantinople.) pp. 145-
148; pi. xiii; 1 fig. M. Besnier,
Buste de Csar appartenant a la Col-
lection du comte Gre"goire Stroganoff
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H. Graeven, Pyxide en os repre"-
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Diane. (Muse'e du Louvre.) pp.
159-173 ; pi. xv ; 6 figs. G. Schlum-
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du Muse'e Kirchner a Rome,, present
de noce a une basilissa. pp. 191-194 ;
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200 ; 1 fig. Robert Munro, Ram-
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vina and Dalmatia, with an Account
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ond edition, revised and greatly en-
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William Blackwood and Sons, xxv,
452 pp. ; 40 pis. ; 165 figs. 8vo.

12s. (>d. net. A. S. Murray, A.

H. Smith, and H. B. Walters, Exca-

204 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. V, 1901

vations in Cyprus. (Bequest of Miss
E. T. Turner to the British Museum.)
London, 1900, printed by order of
the trustees. 126 pp. ; 14 pis. ; 166
figs. ; 3 maps. Muse'es et Collec-
tions archSologiques de PAlge'rie et
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gerie de Saint-Louis de Carthage ;
Collection des Peres blancs forme"e
par le R. P. Delattre. II. Paris,
1889, Leroux. 75 pp. ; pis. 4to.

Les Musses d'Europe. I. Le

Mus6e du Louvre. Edited by Paul
Gaultier. Text by MM. Be"ne"dite,
Benoit, de Chennevieres, Guiffer,
Heuzey, He'ron de Villefosse, Jamot,
Lafenestre, Molinier, A. Michel,
Nicolle, Ravaisson-Mullien. 6 vols.
4to, with 500 plates, to appear in
monthly fascicules beginning Nov. 15,
1899, to be completed in three years.
Soc. d'e"dition artistique, Paris, $84.

H. Nabel, Die Hauptwerke der Kunst-
geschichte iibersiehtlich ziisammeii-
gestellt. Berlin, 1900, Haack. iv,

75pp. 8vo. J. Nelson, Heinrich

Schliemann und seine homerische
Welt ( Biographische Volksbiicher,
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lander. 125 pp. ; 20 figs. 8vo.

C. Van Overbergh, Dans Le Levant.
En Grece et en Turquie. Bruxelles,
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G. Perrot, L'Histoire de 1'Art dans 1'En-
seignement secondaire. Paris, 1900,
Chevalier-Marescq et Cie. 8vo.
Protokolle der Generalversammlung
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Mehlis, Uber vorgeschichtliche Be-
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E. Thramer, Das romische Strass-
burg. pp. 254-265; 1 fig.]

Repertoire archSologique de Parron-
dissernent de Reims, public" sous les
auspices de 1' Academic de Reims. 10 e
fascicule : Canton de Beine ; par Ch.
Givelet, H. Sadart, et L. Demaison.
Reims, 1900, Michaud. 397 pp ; illus-
trated. 8vo. Report of the Ash-

molean Museum and University Gal-
leries. Oxford, 1900. 22 pp. 8vo.
[Contains Report of the Keeper of
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1-18.] Report, Twenty- fourth

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II. Das alte und neue Konstantinopel
(Lexen). III. Athen (Gross). Pro-
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7 figs. 4to. A. H. Smith, see

Murray. A. Schmarzow, Bei-

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Kunste, III (Schluss). Plastik, Ma-
lerei und Reliefkunst in ihrem gegen-
seit. Verhaltnis. Leipzig, 1900, Hirzel.

vii,232pp. 8vo. $1. O. Schrader,

Reallexikon der indogermanischen
Altertumskunde. Grundziige einer
Kultur- und Volkergeschichte Alteu-
ropas. I. Halbband. Strassburg, 1901,
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E. Soldi-Colbert, La Langue Sacr^e.
Le Temple et la Fleur ; les signes
construits et fleuris. Des Pyramides
au Parthenon. Le Voyage de 1'ame
dans 1'autre monde. Origine de Tart.
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Leipzig, 1900, Teubner. 348pp.; 4
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lung, Satyrs Ritt durch die Wellen,
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F. W. von Bissing, Zur Datierung der
' Agaischen' Vasen in den Schutthugeln
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