I
THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
archaeological institute of america
AMERICAN
JOURNAL or ARCHAEOLOGY
fis>econD
THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
VOLUME IX
i
1905
NORWOOD, MASS.
PUBLISHED FOR THE INSTITUTE BY
Efje Nortoooli $resg
NEW YORK: THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
cc
American Journal of Archaeology
SECOND SERIES
THE JOURNAL OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Vol. IX, 19O5
(^tutorial HBoarD
Editor-in-Chief
JOHN HENRY WRIGHT,
Professor in Harvard University.
Associate Editors
J. R. S. STERRETT (for the American School at Athens),
Professor in Cornell University.
ALLAN MARQUAND (for the American School in Rome),
Professor in Princeton University.
JOHN P. PETERS (for the American School in Palestine),
Eector of St. Michael's Church, New York.
HAROLD N. FOWLER,
Professor in Western Reserve University.
CHARLES PEABODY (for American Archaeology),
Cambridge, Mass.
Honorary Editors
THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR (President of the Institute) ,
Professor in Yale University.
JAMES R. WHEELER ( Chairman of the Managing Committee
of the School at Athens),
Professor in Columbia University.
ANDREW F. WEST (Chairman of the Managing Committee
of the School in Home),
Professor in Princeton University.
J. DYNELEY PRINCE (Chairman of the Managing Committee
of the School in Palestine) ,
Professor in Columbia University.
Business Manager
CLARENCE H. YOUNG,
Professor in Columbia University.
lEottortal Contributors
Miss MARY H. BUCKINGHAM, Professor FRANK G. MOORE,
Classical Archaeology. Roman Archaeology.
Professor HARRY E. BURTON, M *- CHARLES R. MOREY,
Roman Archaeology. Christian and Mediaeval
Archaeology
Professor JAMES C. EGBERT,
B ^ . , Dr. GEORGE N. OLCOTT,
Roman Epigraphy. ,, . ,.
Numismatics.
Mr. HAROLD R. HASTINGS, Professor JAMES M. PATON,
Classical Archaeology. Classical Archaeology.
Professor ELMER T. MERRILL, Professor LEWIS B. PATON,
Roman Archaeology. Oriental Archaeology.
CONTENTS
Council of the Archaeological Institute of America ... ix
Officers of the Affiliated Societies x [a
Managing Committee of the School at Athens xtx
Managing Committee of the School in Rome xxi
Committees of the School in Palestine xxiv
Committee on American Archaeology ...... xxvi
Foreign Honorary Members of the Institute xxvii
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA :
The Temple of the Sirens in the Sorrentine Peninsula.
ETTORE PAIS 1
The Palace at Nippur not Mycenaean but Hellenistic.
ALLAN MARQUAND 7
A New Head of the So-called Scipio Type : An Attempt at its Identi-
fication (Plate I). WALTER DENNISON 11
Tityros (Plate V). PAUL BAUR 157
A Signed Amphora of Meno (Plates VI, VII). W. N. BATES . 170
A Correction. T. W. H 181
American Archaeology during the Years 1900-1905 : A Summary.
CHARLES PEABODY 182
The Theatre at Sikyon (Plates VIII, IX). ANDREW FOSSUM . 263
A New Kalos-artist : Phrynos. OLIVER S. TONKS .... 288
Preliminary Report of the Princeton University Expedition to Syria.
HOWARD CROSBY BUTLER and ENNO LITTMANN 389
The Meaning of HYPFO2 in Two Teian Inscriptions.
JAMES DENNISON ROGERS 422
Imperial Methods of Inscription on Restored Buildings: Augustus
and Hadrian. DUANE REED STUART 427
The Palace at Nippur Babylonian not Parthian. J. P. PETERS . 450
Richard Claverhouse Jebb : In Memoriam .... before 389
Theodore Woolsey Heermance : In Memoriam ..... 453
Editorial Notes 64, 334
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS:
The Temple of Apollo at Corinth (Plates II, III).
BENJAMIN POWELL 44
in
iv CONTENTS
PAGE.
AMERICAN SCHOOL OF CLASSICAL STUDIES AT ATHENS (Continued) :
Notes on Inscriptions from Eleusis dealing with the Building of the
Porch of Philon (Plate IV). LACEY D. CASfEY . . .147
The City Gates of Demetrias. ROLAND G. KENT .... 166
A Bronze-age "Pocket" from Avgo (Crete) (Plate X).
HAROLD R. HASTINGS 277
Greek and Latin Inscriptions from Sinope and Environs.
DAVID M. ROBINSON 294
Geometric Vases from Corinth (Plates XI-XVI).
M. LOUISE NICHOLS 411
ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS AND DISCUSSIONS (July, 1904-June, 1905)
HAROLD N. FOWLER, Editor:
NOTES ON RECENT EXCAVATIONS AND DISCOVERIES ; OTHER NEWS 93, 335
Oriental, Classical, and Christian Archaeology: General and Mis-
cellaneous, 93, 335 ; Egypt, 97, 337 ; Babylonia and Assyria, 99,
340; Syria and Palestine, 100, 341; Arabia, 101; Asia Minor,
102, 344; Greece, 106, 347; Italy, 115, 355; Spain, 124, 359;
France, 124, 359; Germany, 126, 362; Austria-Hungary, 128,
362 ; Great Britain, 130, 363 ; Africa, 131, 364 ; United States, 366.
Byzantine, Mediaeval, and Renaissance Art : General and Mis-
cellaneous, 135, 376 ; Italy, 136, 376 ; Spain, 381 ; France, 139,
382; Germany, 141; Great Britain and Ireland, 141; Belgium
and Holland, 384 ; England, 384 ; United States, 142, 386.
American Archaeology: General and Miscellaneous, 387.
SUMMARIES OF ORIGINAL ARTICLES CHIEFLY IN CURRENT PF.RI-
ODICALS 197, 455
Oriental and Classical Archaeology : General and Miscellaneous,
197, 455; Egypt, 198, 457; Babylonia and Assyria, 199, 460;
Syria and Palestine, 200, 462; Asia Minor, 201, 466; Greece,
203, 467 (Architecture, 203, 467 ; Sculpture, 203, 467 ; Vases and
Painting, 207, 471 ; Inscriptions, 209, 473; Coins, 213,475; Gen-
eral and Miscellaneous, 214, 476) ; Italy, 217, 479 (Architecture,
217, 479 ; Sculpture, 217, 479 ; Vases and Painting, 218, 480 ;
Inscriptions, 218,480; Coins, 220; General and Miscellaneous,
221, 481); France, 223, 483 ; Germany, 224, 483 ; Great Britain,
484 ; Africa, 224, 484.
Early Christian, Byzantine, and Mediaeval Art : General and Mis-
cellaneous, 225, 484 ; Greece, 486 ; Italy, 228, 487 ; France, 488 ;
England, 229, 488.
Renaissance Art: General and Miscellaneous, 230, 489; Italy,
232, 490; France, 235, 494; Germany, 239, 495; Austria, 239,
497 ; Great Britain, 240 ; England, 497 ; United States, 498.
American Archaeology, 498.
CONTENTS v
PAGE
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL BOOKS (1904).
HAIIOLD N. FOWLER, Editor 242
General and Miscellaneous 042
Egyptian Archaeology 045
Oriental Archaeology . . , . 045
Classical Archaeology .......... 247
Greek and Roman .......... 247
Greek, 249 (I, General and Miscellaneous, 249 ; II, Architecture,
251 ; III, Sculpture, 251 ; IV, Vases and Painting, 251 ; V, In-
scriptions, 252 ; VI, Coins, 252).
Roman, 252 (I, General and Miscellaneous, 252; II, Architecture,
254; III, Sculpture, 254; IV, Vases and Painting, 254; V, In-
scriptions, 254 ; VI, Coins, 255).
Christian Art 255
(I, General and Miscellaneous, 255; II, Early Christian, Byzan-
tine, and Mediaeval, 258; III, Renaissance and Modern, 259.)
Abbreviations used in the News, Discussions, and Bibliography . . 145
PROCEEDINGS OF THE GENERAL MEETING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA, BOSTON AND CAMBRIDGE, December
28-30, 1904 65
Preliminary Statement 65
Abstracts of Papers read at the Meeting :
Fasti recently found at Teano. JAMES C. EGBERT .... 67
A Signed Amphora of Meno. WILLIAM N. BATES .... 68
A Greek Inscription from the Lebanon. C. C. TORREY ... 68
Archaeological Notes. ARTHUR STODDARD COOLEY .... 68
The Primitive Music of the Southwest. CHARLES F. LUMMIS . . 69
The Indian Archaeology of Southern California. F. M. PALMER . 69
Thucydides and Pausanias and the Dionysium in Limnis.
MITCHELL CARROLL 70
The Introduction of the Tauroboliura into the Cult of the Magna
Mater. CLIFFORD H. MOORE 70
The Topography of the Temple of the Sirens on the Sorrentine
Peninsula. ETTORE PAIS . . . . . . 71
Terra-cotta "Finds" at Corinth in 1903. DAVID M. ROBINSON . 72
Mountain Climbing in Greece. RUFUS B. RICHARDSOX ... 72
Lotus Ornament on Cypriote Vases. W. H. GOODYEAR ... 73
Excavations in the Roman Forum during 1904. ARTHUR FAIRBANKS 74
Stamps on Bricks and Tiles from the Aurelian Wall at Rome.
GEORGE J. PFEIFFER 74
The Acanthus Motive in Greek Decoration. ALICIA M. KEYES . 76
The Pottery from Gournia, Crete. BLANCHE E. WHEELER WILLIAMS , 77
The Origin of Babylonian Civilization and Art.
WILLIAM HAYES WARD 77
The Egyptian Expedition of the University of California : An Early
Prehistoric Cemetery at Naga ed-Der. ALBERT M. LYTHGOE . 79
vi CONTENTS
PACK
GENKRAL MEETING (Continued)
The Temple of the Didymaean Apollo near Miletus.
ALLAN MARQUAXD 79
The Physical Conditions in North America during Man's Early Occu-
pancy. G. FREDERICK WRIGHT .80
Some Excavations on the Supposed Line of the Third Wall of
Jerusalem. LEWIS B. PA TON ....... 81
The Death of Thersites on an Amphora in the Boston Museum of
Fine Arts. JAMES M. PATON 82
The Rostra. SAMUEL BALL PLAINER 83
Lamps with Christian Inscriptions. THEODORE F. WRIGHT . . 83
A Terra-cotta Tityrus in the Cincinnati Museum. PAUL V. C. BAUR 84
Exekias : a Master of the Black-figured Style. OLIVER S. TONKS . 84
The Topography of Cicero's Boyhood Home. KARL P. HARRINGTON 85
The Exhibit of the United States National Museum in Historic Archae-
ology at the St. Louis Exposition. CYRUS ADLER ... 86
Titles of Papers read by Title only :
Notes on the Ceiling of the Greek Temple-cella (abstract).
F. B. TARBELL 87
The So-called Coptic Textiles in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
WALTER LOWRIE 87
Notes on White Lecythi. ARTHUR FAIRBANKS 87
The Heads of St. Germain. 1). CADY EATON 87
Pompeii and St. Pierre. FRANCIS W. KELSEY 87
Some Problems of Roman Engineering. T. L. COMPARETTE . . 87
Some Unpublished Terra-cotta Figures in the Boston Museum of Fine
Arts. GEORGE H. CHASE 87
Report on the Excavations at Corinth in 1904. T. W. HEERMANCE 88
The Inter-relation of Menhirs, Dolmens, and Cupmarks in Palestine.
HANS H. SPOER 88
Sea Life in Homer. THOMAS D. SEYMOUR 88
Members of the Institute and Others Present 88
Notice of the Next General Meeting 92
PLATES
I. The Oberlin Head of the " Scipio " Type.
II. The Temple of Apollo at Corinth : from the Eastern End.
III. Ground Plan of the Temple of Apollo (1901).
IV. Dimensions of Members of the Porch of Philon.
V. Tityros : a Terra-cotta Figure in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.
VI. Leto, Apollo, and Artemis, on a Vase by Meno.
VII. Warrior leading Horses, on a Vase by Meno.
VIII. The Theatre at Sikyon (1898) : Ground Plan.
IX. The Theatre at Sikyon (1898): Plan and Elevation of Proskenion and
Paraskenia.
X. A Bronze-age " Pocket " from Avgo (Crete).
XI. Geometric Amphora from Corinth.
XII. Geometric Vases from Corinth : Oinochoae and Cylix.
XIII. Geometric Oinochoae from Corinth.
XIV. Geometric Vases from Corinth : Oinochoe and Cylixes.
XV. Geometric Vases from Corinth : Oinochoe and Standard.
XVI. Geometric Vases from Corinth : Oinochoae and Cylixes.
ILLUSTRATIONS IN TEXT
The Coast between Sorrento and the Punta di Campanella .... 2
Marble Fragment probably from the Temple of the Sirens in the Sorrentine
Peninsula ............ 4
Head of the " Scipio " Type. In the Capitoline Museum, Home . . 12
Head of the "Scipio'' Type. In the Vatican, Museo Chiaramonti . . 13
Head of the "Scipio " Type. In the Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome . . 14
Head of the " Scipio " Type. In the Villa Albani, Rome .... 15
Head of the " Scipio " Type. In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence ... 16
Head of the " Scipio " Type. At Braunschweig 17
Head of the " Scipio " Type. In Berlin .18
Head of the " Scipio " Type. In Vienna 19
Head of the " Scipio " Type. In the Hermitage, St. Petersburg . . 20
Denarius of Cn. Cornelius Blasio 23
Scene from the Worship of Isis. From Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii, p. 171 . 31
A Priest of Isis : Sepulchral Monument found on the Via Flaminia . . 32
vli
Vlll CONTENTS
PAGE
The Temple of Apollo at Corinth : Stuart's Drawing (1766) ... 47
The Temple about the Year 1820 ... 50
Present Condition (1901) of the West End of the Temple .... 52
Fallen Column of North Side of Temple . . . . . . .58
Detail of Capital 59
Detail of Necking 59
Capital of Northernmost Column of West End . . . ... 60
Arrangement of Existing Architraves .61
View from above of the Architraves at the Southwest Corner ,. . . 62
Decoration on a Fragment of a Vase found in the Builders' Refuse of the
Temple 63
Tityros : Terra-cotta Statuette in Cincinnati . . . ... . 158
Plan of Demetrias in Thessaly 167
Thessalian Gate of Demetrias 168
Magnesian Gate of Demetrias 169
Amphora bearing Signature of Meno ........ 170
Palmette beneath Handles . . .171
Head of Leto on a Vase of Meno 172
Head of Apollo on a Vase of Meno .173
Head of Artemis on a Vase of Meno . 174
Head of Warrior on a Vase of Meno . . 177
A Block from the Central Pier of the Theatre at Sikyon . . . .271
Theatre at Sikyon : from the West Parodos 273
Theatre at Sikyon : from below the Eastern Arched Entrance . . . 274
"Pocket" from Avgo (Crete) . . . 280
Seal Ring from Avgo 281
Steatite Prism from Avgo . . . . . . . . . . 282
Steatite Prism from Avgo 282
Steatite Prism from Avgo 282
Lentoid Gem from Avgo .......... 283
Fragment of a Cylix by Phrynos in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts . 288
Fragment of a Cylix by Phrynos in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts . 289
Fragment of a Cylix : J. H. 8. 1891, p. 143, fig. 6 . . ' . . .290
Head from a Cylix in the British Museum 291
" Love " Name from a Cylix in the British Museum 291
Finding-place of a Group of Geometric Vases, in Corinth .... 413
Fragment of a Geometric Cylix from Corinth . . . . . .415
Fragment of a Geometric Cylix from Corinth 417
Fragment of a Geometric Amphora from Corinth . . . . .419
A Marble Block from Teos . .... 424
Archaeological 3!ttgtitute of America
COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE
1905-1906
President
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D., Tale University, of the Con-
necticut Society.
Honorary Presidents
PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Harvard
University, of the Boston Society.
HON. SETH LOW, LL.D., New York, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D., Harvard Uni-
versity^ of the Boston Society.
Vice-Presidents
MR. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, A.M., Boston, of the Boston Society.
PROFESSOR GEORGE F. MOORE, D.D., LL.D., Harvard University, of the-
Boston Society.
MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., Boston, of the Boston Society.
PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, Pn.D., University of Chicago, of the
Chicago Society.
PRESIDENT BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, LL.D., University of California, of
the Southwest Society.
Secretary
PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, Pn.D., University of Michigan, of the
Detroit Society.
Associate Secretary
PROFESSOR MITCHELL CARROLL, PH.D., George Washington University,
of the Washington Society.
Recorder
PROFESSOR WILLIAM N. BATES, Pn.D., University of Pennsylvania, of the
Pennsylvania Society.
Treasurer
[To be elected in December, 1905]
ix
x ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Editor-in-Chief of the Journal
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, LL.D., Harvard University, President
of the Boston Society.
Business Manager of the Journal
PROFESSOR CLARENCE H. YOUNG, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New
York Society.
Other Members of the Council
MR. CYRUS ADLER, PH.D., Smithsonian Institution, of the Washington
Society.
PROFESSOR FRANK COLE BABBITT, PH.D., Trinity College, of the Con-
necticut Society.
HON. SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL.D., Tale University, President of the Con-
necticut Society.
MR. FREDERIC C. BARTLETT, Chicago, President of the Chicago Society.
PROFESSOR GEORGE A. BARTON, PH.D., Bryn Mawr College, of the Penn-
sylvania Society.
MR. GEORGE W. BATES, A.M., Detroit, of the Detroit Society.
MR. ROBERT C. H. BROCK, Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Society.
HON. JOHN CAMPBELL, LL.B., A.M., Denver, President of the Colorado
Society.
PROFESSOR THEODORE B. COMSTOCK, Sc.D., Los Angeles, of the South-
west Society.
RT. REV. THOMAS J. CONATY, J.C.D., D.D., Los Angeles, of the Southwest
Society.
MR. ECKLEY B. COXE, JR., Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Society.
PROFESSOR WALTER DENNISON, PH.D., University of Michigan, of the
Detroit Society.
PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., Liir.D., University of Michi-
gan, of the Detroit Society.
MR. J. T. EDMUNDSON, Des Moines, President of the Iowa Society.
MR. HOWARD P. EELLS, A.B., Cleveland, President of the Cleveland
Society.
PROFESSOR ROBERT BYRNS ENGLISH, Washington and Jefferson College,
of the Pittsburgh Society.
MR. J. A. FOSHAY, Los Angeles, of the Southwest Society.
HON. JOHN W. FOSTER, LL.D., Washington, President of the Washington
Society.
PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., Western Reserve University, of
the Cleveland Society.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., Princeton Univer-
sity, of the Baltimore Society.
PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, Pn.D., LL.D., D.C.L., Johns Hop-
kins University, President of the Baltimore Society.
MR. JOHN S. GRAY, Detroit, President of the Detroit Society.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., University of Chicago, of
the Chicago Society.
COUNCIL OF THE INSTITUTE xi
PROFESSOR WILLIAM FENWICK HARRIS, A.M., Harvard University, of the
Boston Society.
PROFESSOR HENRY WILLIAMSON HAYNES, A.M., Boston, of the Boston
Society.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM HENRY HOLMES, Smithsonian Institution, of the
Washington Society.
PROFESSOR JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN, PH.D., Washington, of the Washing-
ton Society.
MR. JOHN B. JACKSON, A.M., Pittsburgh, President of the Pittsburgh
Society.
RT. REV. JOSEPH H. JOHNSON, S.T.D., Los Angeles, of the Southwest
Society.
MR. J. O. KOEPFLI, Los Angeles, President of the Southwest Society.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, LITT.D., University of Pennsylvania,
President of the Pennsylvania Society.
PROFESSOR ABBY LEACH, A.M., Vassar College, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR GONZALEZ LODGE, Pii.l)., Teachers College, of the New York
Society.
MR. CHARLES FLETCHER LUMMIS, LITT.D., Los Angeles, of the South-
west Society.
PROFESSOR J. H. T. MAIN, Pn.D., Iowa College, of the Iowa Society.
PROFESSOR W. G. MANLY, A.M., University of Missouri, of the Missouri
Society.
MR. THEODORE MARBURG, Baltimore, of the Baltimore Society.
PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., Princeton University, of
the New York Society.
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, Boston, of the Boston Society.
MR. B. K. MILLER, JR., Milwaukee, of the Wisconsin Society.
DR. F. M. PALMER, Los Angeles, of the Southwest Society.
PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., LL.D., Columbia Uni-
versity, President of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR JOHN PICKARD, PH.D., Columbia, President of the Missouri
Society.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., Western Reserve University,
of the Cleveland Society.
PROFESSOR JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D., Columbia University, of the
New York Society.
PROFESSOR JOHN C. ROLFE, PH.D., University of Pennsylvania, of the Penn-
sylvania Society.
MR. C. E. RUMSEY, Biverside, Cal, of the Southwest Society.
PROFESSOR JULIUS SACHS, PH.D., New York, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D., University of Wisconsin,
President of the Wisconsin Society.
PROFESSOR FITZGERALD TISDALL, PH.D., College of the City of New
York, of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR CHARLES C. TORREY, PH.D., Yale University, of the Connecti-
cut Society.
MR. FRANK TRUMBULL, Denver, of the Colorado Society.
PROFESSOR ALICE WALTON, PH.D., Wellesley College, of the Boston Society.
xii ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
MR. WILLIAM A. WAY, Pittsburgh, of the Pittsburgh Society.
PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., Lixx.D., LL.D., Princeton University,
of the New York Society.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., Columbia University, of the New
York Society.
MR. STUART WOOD, Philadelphia, of the Pennsylvania Society.
PROFESSOR THEODORE F. WRIGHT, PH.D., Cambridge, of the Boston
Society.
Societies of tlje ^rcfjaeological Institute of
America
OFFICERS OF THE SOCIETIES
1905-1906
BOSTON SOCIETY
President
PROFESSOR JOHN H. WRIGHT, LL.D.
Vice-President
MR. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, A.M.
Secretary
MR. ERNEST JACKSON, A.M.
Treasurer
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B.
NEW YORK SOCIETY
President
PROFESSOR EDWARD DEL A VAN PERRY, PH.D., LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
REV. JOHN P. PETERS, PH.D., Sc.D., D.D.
MR. HORACE WHITE, LL.D.
Secretary
PROFESSOR NELSON G. McCREA, PH.D.
Treasurer
MR. EDWARD L. TILTON.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
BALTIMORE SOCIETY
President
PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L.
Vice-Presidents
MR. MENDES COHEN.
Miss ALICE C. FLETCHER.
PRESIDENT DANIEL C. OILMAN, LL.D.
MR. WILLIAM W. SPENCE.
Secretary
PROFESSOR KIRBY F. SMITH, PH.D.
Treasurer
MR. EDGAR G. MILLER.
PENNSYLVANIA SOCIETY
President
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, Lixx.D.
Vice-Presidents
MR. ROBERT H. C. BROCK.
PROFESSOR HERMAN V. HILPRECHT, PH.D., D.D., LL.D,
Secretary
PROFESSOR JOHN C. ROLFE, PH.D.
Treasurer
PROFESSOR WILFRED P. MUSTARD, PH.D.
CHICAGO SOCIETY
President
MR. FREDERIC C. BARTLETT.
Vice-Presidents
HON. FRANKLIN MACVEAGH, A.B., LL.B.
MRS. WILLIAM R. LINN.
Secretary
PROFESSOR GORDON J. LAING, PH.D.
Treasurer
PROFESSOR EDWARD CAPPS, PH.D.
OFFICERS OF THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES XV
DETROIT SOCIETY
President
MB. JOHN S. GRAY.
Vice-Presidents
MR. GEORGE WILLIAMS BATES, A.M.
PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., Lnr.D.
MR. CHARLES L. FREER.
MR. CHARLES A. KENT.
MR. FRANKLIN H. WALKER.
Secretary and Treasurer
MR. PERCY IVES.
WISCONSIN SOCIETY
President
PROFESSOR CHARLES FORSTER SMITH, PH.D.
Vice-President
Miss ALICE C. CHAPMAN.
Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR GRANT SHOWERMAN, PH.D.
CLEVELAND SOCIETY
President
MR. HOWARD P. EELLS, A.B.
Vice-President
MR. MALCOLM S. GREENOUGH, A.B.
Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR HAROLD NORTH FOWLER, PH.D.
xvi ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
CONNECTICUT SOCIETY
President
HON. SIMEON E. BALDWIN, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
PROFESSOR D. CADY EATON, A.M.
PROFESSOR LEWIS B. PA TON, PH.D.
Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M.
MISSOURI SOCIETY
President
PROFESSOR JOHN PICKARD, PH.D.
Vice-President
PROFESSOR F. W. SHIPLEY, Pn.D.
Secretary
MR. C. E. MILLER.
Treasurer
PROFESSOR W. E. GRUBE, A.M.
WASHINGTON SOCIETY
President
HON. JOHN W. FOSTER, LL.D.
Vice-Presidents
HON. SAMUEL P. L ANGLE Y, Pn.D., D.C.L., D.Sc., LL.D.
PRESIDENT CHARLES W. NEEDHAM, LL.D.
MGR. DENNIS J. O'CONNELL, D.D.
MRS. ELIZABETH J. SOMERS, A.M.
Secretary
PROFESSOR MITCHELL CARROLL, PH.D.
Treasurer
MR. JOHN B. LARNER, LL.B.
OFFICERS OF THE AFFILIATED SOCIETIES xvii
IOWA SOCIETY
President
MR. J. D. EDMUNDSON.
V ice-Presidents
PROFESSOR C. N. GREGORY.
MRS. ELIZABETH D. PUTNAM.
Secretary and Treasurer
PROFESSOR ARTHUR FAIRBANKS, PH.D.
PITTSBURGH SOCIETY
President
' MR. JOHN B. JACKSON, A.M.
V ice-Presidents
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. CRABBE.
DR. WILLIAM J. HOLLAND.
PRESIDENT JAMES D. MOFFAT, D.D., LL.D.
HON. HENRY KIRKE PORTER, LL.D.
Secretary
PROFESSOR ROBERT BYRNS ENGLISH.
Treasurer
MR. WILLIAM A. WAY.
SOUTHWEST SOCIETY
President
MR. J. O. KOEPFLI.
V ice-Presidents
GEN. HARRISON GRAY OTIS.
MR. HENRY W. O'MELVENY.
REV. GEORGE H. BOVARD, D.D.
NORMAN BRIDGE, M.D.
Secretary
DR. CHARLES F. LUMMIS.
XV'iii ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Treasurer
MR. W. C. PATTERSON.
Recorder and Curator
DR. F. M. PALMER.
COLORADO SOCIETY
President
HON. JOHN CAMPBELL, LL.B.
Vice-Presidents
MRS. W. S. PEABODY.
PRESIDENT JAMES H. BAKER, LL.D.
PRESIDENT WILLIAM F. SLOCUM, D.D., LL.D.
DR. R. W. CORWIN.
Secretary
DR. HENRY WHITE CALLAHAN.
Treasurer
MR. HENRY VAN KLEECK.
American
of Classical
at Mjens
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1905-1906
Chairman
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D., of Columbia University.
Acting Chairman
PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., of Western Reserve University.
Secretary
PROFESSOR HORATIO M. REYNOLDS, A.M., of Yale University.
Treasurer
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.
PROFESSOR H. M. BAIRD, D.D., LL.D., of New York University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL ELIOT BASSETT, PH.D., of the University of Vermont.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM N. BATES, -Pn.D. (Professor in the School), of the
University of Pennsylvania.
PROFESSOR MITCHELL CARROLL, PH.D., of George Washington University.
PROFESSOR A. C. CHAPIN, A.M., of Wellesley College.
PROFESSOR EDWARD B. CLAPP, PH.D., of the University of California.
PROFESSOR MARTIN L. D'OOGE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D., of the University
of Michigan.
PROFESSOR EDGAR A. EMENS, A.M., of Syracuse University.
PROFESSOR ABRAHAM L. FULLER, PH.D., of Boston.
PROFESSOR HENRY GIBBONS, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
PROFESSOR BASIL L. GILDERSLEEVE, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Johns
Hopkins University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM W. GOODWIN, PH.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard
University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of Chi-
cago.
PROFESSOR ALBERT HARKNESS, PH.D., LL.D., of Brown University.
*MR. THEODORE WOOLSEY HEERMANCE, PH.D. (ex officio, as Director
of the School), Athens, Greece.
* Died, September 29, 1905.
xix
XX AMERICAN SCHOOL AT ATHENS
PROFESSOR JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams College.
PROFESSOR JOSEPH CLARK HOPPIN, PH.D., of Washington.
PROFESSOR GEORGE E. HOWES, PH.D., of Williams College.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. LAMBERTON, LITT.D., of the University of
Pennsylvania.
PROFESSOR ABBY LEACH, A.M., of Vassar College.
PROFESSOR GEORGE DANA LORD, A.M., of Dartmouth College.
PROFESSOR J. IRVING MANATT, LL.D., of Brown University.
Miss ELLEN F. MASON, of Boston.
PROFESSOR CHARLES ELIOT NORTON, LITT.D., LL.D., D.C.L., of Harvard
University.
PROFESSOR JAMES M. PATON, PH. D., recently of Wesleyan University.
PROFESSOR BERNADOTTE PERRIN, PH.D., LL.D., of Yale University.
PROFESSOR EDWARD DELAVAN PERRY, PH.D., LL.D., of Columbia
University.
*MR. FREDERIC J. DE PEYSTER, A.M., LL.B., of New York.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM CAREY POLAND, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR W. K. PRENTICE, PH.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR J. DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the
Managing Committee of the School in Palestine), of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR LOUISE F. RANDOLPH, of Mt. Holyoke College.
PROFESSOR RUFUS B. RICHARDSON, PH.D., of New York, N.Y.
MR. EDWARD ROBINSON, A.B., of Boston, Mass.
PROFESSOR H. N. SANDERS, A.B., of Bryn Mawr College.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as President of
the Institute), of Yale University.
PROFESSOR H. DfiF. SMITH, A.M., of Amherst College.
PROFESSOR HERBERT WEIR SMYTH, PH.D., of Harvard University.
PROFESSOR J. R. SITLINGTON STERRETT, PH.D., LL.D., of Cornell Uni-
versity.
PROFESSOR FRANK B. TARBELL, PH.D., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR FITZGERALD TISDALL, PH.D., of the College of the City of
New York.
PROFESSOR HENRY M. TYLER, A.M., of Smith College.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM R. WARE, LL.D., of Milton, Mass.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM E. WATERS, PH.D., of New York University.
PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., D.LITT., LL.D. (ex officio, as Chair-
man of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome), of Princeton
University.
PRESIDENT BENJAMIN IDE WHEELER, PH.D., LL.D., of the University
of California.
PROFESSOR JOHN WILLIAMS WHITE, PH.D., LL.D., LITT.D., of Harvard
University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL ROSS WINANS, PH.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, LL.D. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief
of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
* Died, May 10, 1905.
American .School
of Classical Stufcies
in
MANAGING COMMITTEE
1905-1906
Chairman
PROFESSOR ANDREW F. WEST, PH.D., D.LITT., LL.D., of Princeton Uni-
versity.
Secretary
PROFESSOR SAMUEL BALL PLATNER, PH.D., of Western Reserve Uni-
versity.
Treasurer
MR. CORNELIUS CUTLER CUYLER, A.B., of New York.
PROFESSOR FRANK FROST ABBOTT, PH.D., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR HAMILTON FORD ALLEN, A.M., of Princeton University.
MR. ALLISON V. ARMOUR, A.B., of New York.
MR. GEORGE A. ARMOUR, A.B., of Princeton.
PROFESSOR SIDNEY G. ASHMORE, L.H.D., of Union University.
MR. ROBERT BACON, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of New
York.
PROFESSOR G. E. BARBER, A.M., of the University of Nebraska.
PROFESSOR CHARLES E. BENNETT, A.B., of Cornell University.
PROFESSOR D. BONBRIGHT, LL.D., of Northwestern University.
PROFESSOR J. EVERETT BRADY, PH.D., of Smith College.
MR. WILLIAM H. BUCKLER, of Baltimore.
PROFESSOR HENRY F. BURTON, A.M., of the University of Rochester.
PROFESSOR W. L. COWLES, A.M., of Amherst College.
PROFESSOR A. N. CURRIER, LL.D., of the State University of Iowa.
HON. HORACE DAVIS, LL.D., of San Francisco.
PROFESSOR S. C. DERBY, A.M., of the Ohio State University.
* PROFESSOR MORTIMER LAMSON EARLE, PH.D., of Barnard College.
PROFESSOR JAMES C. EGBERT, PH.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR HAROLD N. FOWLER, PH.D., of Western Reserve University.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. FROTHINGHAM, JR., PH.D., of Princeton Uni-
versity.
His EMINENCE JAMES CARDINAL GIBBONS, S.T.D., of Baltimore.
MR. SAMUEL S. GREEN, A.M., of Worcester.
* Died, September 26, 1905.
xxi
XX 11 AMERICAN SCHOOL IN ROME
PROFESSOR WILLIAM GARDNER HALE, LL.D., of the University of
Chicago.
PROFESSOR ALBERT G. HARKNESS, A.M., of Brown University.
PROFESSOR SAMUEL HART, D.D., D.C.L., of the Berkeley Divinity School.
PROFESSOR ADELINE BELLE HAWES, A.M., of Wellesley College.
PROFESSOR G. L. HENDRICKSON, A.B., of the University of Chicago.
PROFESSOR CHARLES G. HERBERMANN, PH.D., LL.D., of the College of
the City of New York.
PROFESSOR JOHN H. HEWITT, LL.D., of Williams College.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. HOUGHTON, A.M., of Bowdoin College.
MR. CHARLES L. HUTCHINSON, LL.D., of Chicago.
MR. JAMES H. HYDE, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of New
York.
PROFESSOR GEORGE E. JACKSON, A.M., of Washington University.
PROFESSOR J. C. JONES, PH.D., of the University of Missouri.
PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., of the University of Michigan.
Hox. ERNEST B. KRUTTSCHNITT, A.M., of New Orleans, La.
COMMENUATORE PROFESSORE RODOLFO LANCIANI, LL.D., of the University
of Rome.
MR. GARDINER M. LANE, A.B., of Boston.
MR. ELLIOT C. LEE, A.B. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of Boston.
REV. CHARLES STANLEY LESTER, D.D., of Milwaukee.
PROFESSOR T. B. LINDSAY, PH.D., of Boston University.
PROFESSOR GONZALEZ LODGE, PH.D., of the Teachers College, New York
.City.
PROFESSOR JOHN K. LORD, PH.D., of Dartmouth College.
PROFESSOR ALLAN MARQUAND, PH.D., L.H.D., of Princeton University.
PROFESSOR WILLIAM A. MERRILL, PH.D., L.H.D., of the University of
California.
PROFESSOR J. LEVERETT MOORE, PH.D., of Vassar College.
MR. CLEMENT NEWBOLD (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of Phila-
delphia.
PROFESSOR RICHARD NORTON, A.B. (ex officio, as Director of the School),
Rome, Italy.
RT. REV. MGR. DENNIS J. O'CONNELL, S.T.D., of the Catholic University
of America.
PROFESSOR E. M. PEASE, PH.D., of Washington.
PROFESSOR TRACY PECK, LL.D., of Yale University.
PROFESSOR JOHN WINTHROP PLATNER, D.D., of Andover Theological
Seminary.
PROFESSOR EDWIN POST, PH.D., of De Pauw University.
PROFESSOR J. DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the
Managing Committee of the School in Palestine), of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR JOHN C. ROLFE, PH.D., of the University of Pennsylvania.
PROFESSOR HELEN M. SEARLES, PH.D., of Mount Holyoke College.
PROFESSOR EDWIN R. A. SELIGMAN, LL.B., PH.D., of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as President of
the Institute), of Yale University.
PROFESSOR EDGAR S. SIIUMWAY, PH.D., of Brooklyn.
MANAGING COMMITTEE xxili
PROFESSOR M. S. SLAUGHTER. PH.D., of the University of Wisconsin.
PROFESSOR FRANK SMALLEY, PH.D., of Syracuse University.
PROFESSOR CLEMENT L. SMITH, LL.D., of Harvard University.
PROFESSOR KIRBY F. SMITH, PH.D., of Johns Hopkins University.
MRS. CORNELIUS STEVENSON, Sc.D., of Philadelphia.
MR. WALDO STORY, A.M., of Rome.
MR. THOMAS THACHER, LL.D. (ex officio, as Trustee of the School), of
New York.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR T. WALKER, A.M., of the University of Kansas.
PROFESSOR MINTON WARREN, PH.D., LL.D., of Harvard University.
HON. H. B. WENZEL, A.B., LL.B., of St. Paul.
PROFESSOR ARTHUR L. WHEELER, PH.D., of Bryn Mawr College.
PROFESSOR JAMES R. WHEELER, PH.D. (ex officio, as Chairman of the
Managing Committee of the School at Athens), of Columbia University.
PROFESSOR JOHN HENRY WRIGHT, LL.D. (ex officio, as Editor-in-Chief
of the Journal of the Institute), of Harvard University.
American .School
for dental .Stu&jj antf
in Palestine
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE
1905
Chairman
PROFESSOR JOHN DYNELEY PRINCE, PH.D., of Columbia University.
Secretary
PROFESSOR CHARLES C. TORREY, PH.D., of Yale University.
Treasurer
PROFESSOR JAMES HARDY ROPES, PH.D., of Harvard University.
PROFESSOR LEWIS B. PATON, PH.D., of the Hartford Theological Seminary.
REV. JOHN P. PETERS, PH.D., Sc.D., D.D., of New York.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as President of the
Institute), of Yale University.
PROFESSOR NATHANIEL SCHMIDT, A.M., of Cornell University.
REV. WILLIAM HAYES WARD, D.D., LL.D., of New York.
MANAGING COMMITTEE
REPRESENTATIVES OF THE FOLLOWING INSTITUTIONS :
ANDOVER THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
AUBURN THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
BOSTON UNIVERSITY.
BROWN UNIVERSITY.
BRYN MAWR COLLEGE.
COLGATE UNIVERSITY.
COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY.
CORNELL UNIVERSITY.
EPISCOPAL THEOLOGICAL SCHOOL, Cambridge.
GENERAL THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, New York.
HARTFORD THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
HEBREW UNION COLLEGE, Cincinnati.
JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY.
McCORMICK THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
PRINCETON THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY.
PRINCETON UNIVERSITY.
PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL DIVINITY SCHOOL, Philadelphia..
xxiv
EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE xxv
TRINITY COLLEGE.
UNION THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY, New York.
UNIVERSITY OF CHICAGO.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
WELLESLEY COLLEGE.
YALE UNIVERSITY.
AND THE FOLLOWING INDIVIDUALS :
PROFESSOR WILLIS J. BEECHER, D.D., of Auburn Theological Seminary.
MR. ROBERT FULTON CUTTING, A.B., of New York.
MRS. WILLARD HUMPHREYS, of Princeton.
MR. JAMES LOEB, A.B., of New York.
REV. DANIEL MERRIMAN, D.D., of Boston.
MR. J. PIERPONT MORGAN, of New York.
REV. PHILIP S. MOXOM, D.D., of Springfield.
MR. F. A. SCHERMERHORN, of New York.
MR. JACOB H. SCHIFF, LL.D., of New York.
MR. ISAAC N. SELIGMAN, of New York.
MR. JAMES SPEYER, of New York.
THE PRESIDENT OF THE INSTITUTE, ex officio.
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE OF THE SCHOOL
AT ATHENS, ex officio.
THE CHAIRMAN OF THE MANAGING COMMITTEE OF THE SCHOOL
AT ROME, ex officio.
Director of the School (1905-06)
PROFESSOR BENJAMIN WISNER BACON, PH.D.
xlrctarologicai
Institute
of
COMMITTEE ON AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY
Chairman
MR. CHARLES P. BOWDITCH, A.B., of Boston.
PROFESSOR FRANZ BOAS, PH.D., of the American Museum of Natural His-
tory, New York City.
JESSE WALTER FEWKES, PH.D., of the Smithsonian Institution.
Miss ALICE C. FLETCHER, of Washington, D.C.
PROFESSOR FRANCIS W. KELSEY, PH.D., of the University of Michigan.
CHARLES F. LUMMIS, Lirr.D., of Los Angeles.
PROFESSOR FREDERICK W. PUTNAM, Sc.D., of the Peabody Museum,
Harvard University.
PROFESSOR THOMAS DAY SEYMOUR, LL.D. (ex officio, as President of
the Institute), of Yale University.
glrdiarolocjtcal
Institute
of Hmrrtca
FOREIGN HONORARY MEMBERS
PROFESSOR ALEXANDER CONZE, PH.D., German Imperial Archaeological
Institute, Berlin.
PROFESSOR WILHELM DORPFELD, PH.D., LL.D., German Imperial Archaeo-
logical Institute, Athens.
AETHUR JOHN EVANS, Lirr.D., LL.D., F.R.S., Oxford.
PROFESSOR PERCY GARDNER, Liir.D., University of Oxford.
M. THEOPHILE HOMOLLE, Director of the Museums of the Louvre, Paris.
* PROFESSOR SIR R. C. JEBB, Lnr.D., D.C.L., LL.D., M.P., University of
Cambridge.
PROFESSOR GASTON MASPERO, D.C.L., College de France, Paris.
PROFESSOR ADOLF MICHAELIS, PH.D., LL.D., University of Strasburg.
* Died, December 9, 1905.
Institute
of America
THE TEMPLE OF THE SIRENS IN THE SORREN-
TINE PENINSULA
ONE of the most widely discussed questions perhaps the
most extensively treated question connected with the Sorren-
tine peninsula is that of the location of the Temple of the
Sirens. The ancients mentioned it as a sanctuary ardently
revered by the neighboring people, and also spoke of the
avaOrifJiara Tra\aid which were to be seen there. This last
information is afforded by Strabo (V, p. 247 C.), but a com-
parison of the text of Strabo (cf. also I, p. 22 C.) with that of
the Pseudo-Aristotle (De Mirab. Ausc. 103 ; cf. also Steph.
Byz. s.v. ^eip'rjvovcraat') shows that the common source was the
celebrated Italiote historian Timaeus of Tauromenium, the
learned and diligent compiler of the traditions of the Greeks
of the West. The temple, as appears from Strabo, was
located in the vicinity of Sorrento, but the precise site has
never been discovered. Some scholars, like the Neapolitan
topographer B. Capasso, have thought of it as situated between
Massa Lubrense and the present Sorrento ; others, like Pro-
fessor J. Beloch, have thought rather of the village of Massa
Lubrense itself as its site. This place gets its name from
having been the mansio of the delubrum chiefly venerated in
the region, obviously the delubrum of the Sirens, from which,
as is well known, come the names both of the mountain over-
looking Massa and of the islands near the Punta di Campanella
(promunturium Minervae). 1 The ancients supposed that the
Sirens had the form of birds ; even to-day the islands where it
1 Capasso, Memorie storiche archeologiche della Penisola Sorrentina, Naples,
1846. Beloch, Campanien, p. 276.
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 1
Archaeological Institute of America. Vol. IX (1905), No. 1.
ETTORE PAIS
was supposed the Sirens gloated over the bones of mariners
are called Li galli, 'the cocks.'
Last year, having had occasion to examine carefully for
historical and archaeological purposes various parts of the
peninsula, I turned my attention to the problem of the topog-
raphy of the temple, and my researches had a rather happy
result, as I was so successful as to find at a stonecutter's shop
the extremely impor-
tant marble fragment
reproduced in Fig. 2.
The head at once im-
presses us either as
an original of the be-
ginning of the fifth
century B.C. or as a
copy of a work of
that period. Certain
stylistic reasons make
for one of the two
opinions, others for
the other. The solu-
tion can be reached
only by a careful
examination of the
monument at first
hand. In any case
it was useful ,to know
the place of discov-
ery. But to find out exactly where monuments are discovered is
a most difficult problem in Italy. The villager, no less than the
landowner, is still under the distressing influence of the old
fiscal laws which made all kinds of trouble for any ono *vho
stumbled upon antiquities or drove a trade in them. Though
the new law is far more liberal in theory, it cannot for adminis-
trative reasons be immediately applied. Moreover, it takes time
before the memory of the past can be extinguished and people
FIGURE 1. THE COAST BETWEEN SORRENTO AND
THE PlJNTA DI CAMPANELLA.
TEMPLE OF THE SIRENS NEAR SORRENTO 3
can accustom themselves to the new state of affairs. Conceal-
ing my function as Director of the Museum of Naples and of
the excavations of Pompeii, after minute inquiry made person-
ally and on the spot, and thanks to the aid of Mr. Ahnerico
Gargicello of Sorrento and of Fr. S. Astarita of Massa
Lubrense, I succeeded in getting the following information,
which is not to be found in the official Notizie degli Scavi.
Some years ago it was impossible to ascertain the exact
date one Caselli, a contractor, built the new road which
leads from the region of Massa Lubrense to the seashore, or
rather to the territory of Fontanella. Here, on the slope of an
embankment, quite near the mediaeval church of Fontanella,
on the estate of Canon Luigi Rocco, were found various frag-
ments of columns and statues which, appropriated by different
people, soon found their way partly to Sorrento and partly to-
Rome and perhaps elsewhere. It is said that among the
objects found there were two columns of ancient rosso antico.
Certainly there were found objects belonging to the Roman
age, as I was able to verify by inspecting the fragments which
had been brought to the Hotel Victoria at Sorrento. And
from the abundance of evidence collected on the spot I got the
impression that the remains of a temple had lain there.
This is rendered more than probable by the fact that the
still visible ruins of the mediaeval building of Fontanella
(which are adjacent to the place where the ancient marbles,
were found and among them the archaic head shown in
Fig. 2) belong to a church that was originally the home of
the cult of Santa Maria, which in the sixteenth century was
transferred to the still surviving church of Santa Maria della
Lobbra (derived from the Latin delubrwri). These ruins are,
in brief, in a part of the village of Massa Lubrense, and more-
over on a hill situated between Massa Lubrense and the sea-
coast, precisely where the remains of the church of Fontanella
are to be found.
The church of Fontanella, where once a year even now
sacred ceremonies are held in memory of the ancient seat of
ETTORE PAIS
TEMPLE OF THE SIRENS NEAR SORRENTO 5
Christian worship, would thus seem to have been the successor
of an ancient Graeco-Romau temple, that is, the temple of
the Sirens.
The cult of the Sirens was occasioned by the great obstacles
presented by the navigation of the straits between Capri and
the mainland obstacles occasionally referred to by the Italian
writers of the Middle Ages. Hence it is readily understood
how those fearful of shipwreck held the tutelary divinities of
these dangerous places in great reverence. On examining the
configuration of the coast near the Punta di Campanella, and
of the steep precipices which succeed as one approaches Sor-
rento, it will be seen that the first harbor which could offer
any security and relief to the mariner was precisely the little
port between Cape Corno and Cape Massa, that is to say, the
place where we find the ruins of the church of Santa Maria
della Fontanella, tne cult of which later passed on to the neigh-
boring church of Santa Maria della Lobbra. From the book of
Serafino Montorio (Zodaico di Maria, 1713, p. 199 *) we learn
that at the festival of Santa Maria della Lobbra, rites used to
be performed which remind one of those which the ancients
must have accorded the Sirens. The cult of Santa Maria della
Lobbra was very important in this region in the past, and the
sailors who departed from what is now the shore near Fonta-
nella, on arriving at Cape Corno, saluted the little church " with
the firing of mortars and arquebusses," and were answered " by
the sound of the bells of the church."
From all that has been said it would seem possible to con-
clude that the marble fragment shown in Fig. 2 really belongs
to the temple of the Sirens, which, as we have seen, was located
on a hill near the seashore at Fontanella, in the vicinity of the
village of Massa Lubrense, and a little beyond the modern church
of Santa Maria della Lobbra or St. Mary of the delubrum.
This monument has all the characteristics of Greek archaic
work. But is it a copy of a monument of the beginning of the
1 1 saw a mutilated copy in which I had no means of finding the name of the
city in which it was printed.
6 ETTORE PAIS
fifth century ? Is it one of those avaO^ara 7ra\aid of which
Timaeus spoke, or was it placed subsequently in the temple
of the Sirens, being merely a copy of a statue which was in
existence there from the fifth and sixth centuries when the
Greeks of Sicily colonized Sorrento ? * This is a question
which the archaeologists in art have to solve. For my part I
have confined myself to observing that the discovery of this
monument justifies us in believing that we have solved the
disputed problem of the topography of the temple. The
marble fragment was presented by me to the National
Museum of Naples, where any one may study at his leisure
those characteristics which tend to determine whether it is
really an archaic work or an ancient copy of a monument of
the archaic period.
ETTORE PAIS.
1 Diod. V, 7 ; Eust. ad Dion. Perieg. vv. 461, 476.
Institute
of America
THE PALACE AT NIPPUR NOT MYCENAEAN
BUT HELLENISTIC
IN the December number of this Journal (1904) Mr. Clar-
ence S. Fisher publishes an article entitled " The Mycenaean
Palace at Nippur." The building in question was discovered in
the University of Pennsylvania excavations of 1889-1894, and
published by Dr. John P. Peters in the American Journal of
Archaeology [First Series], Vol. X, 1895, pp. 439 ff., and in his
Nippur, Second Campaign, 1897, Chapter VI. Dr. Peters for
along time supposed this building to be of late date "not
earlier in any event than the Persian period and probably in-
fluenced in the use of columns by Greek art." The discovery
of some Cassite tablets outside the palace has, however, changed
his opinion and has led him, finally, to assign the palace " some-
where between 1450 and 1250 B.C." A very different opinion
is held by Professor Hilprecht (Explorations in Bible Lands,
1903, p. 337), who assigns it " without hesitation to the Seleu-
cido-Parthian period, about 250 B.C."
When we consider how little is known of Cassite architecture
on the one hand or of Parthian on the other, and how scanty
are the data furnished by the earlier excavations, it is not
strange that two Oriental scholars, without literary or epi
graphic evidence, should differ in their judgment of architec-
ture by a thousand years.
But now that the excavations have not only enlarged our
knowledge of the plan of the building but have furnished us
with architectural details of well-defined form and character,
we are in a position to judge more securely of the period to
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 7
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 1.
8 ALLAN MARQUAND
which the palace should be assigned. The recent excavations
have brought to light some objects apparently Mycenaean,
found like the Cassite tablets outside of the palace and on the
same level. These appear to have suggested to Mr. Fisher
that the palace also is Mycenaean. This hypothesis gained
weight with him as he discovered Parthian burials and late
Greek objects in the strata above the palace, and he then at-
tempts to prove that the palace is Mycenaean in plan, and that
the architectural details must be Mycenaean also.
Into the argument based upon strata we cannot enter here.
Inferences based upon the levels where objects are found have
proved valueless in so many cases that we needs must have evi-
dence of indubitable superposition, as, for example, when walls
are built upon old foundations, before we can feel assured of
chronological succession.
The evidence provided by the plan and details of the build-
ing can be more readily discussed by those who have not visited
the site. Mr. Fisher compares the plan with that of Tiryns,
pointing out a number of resemblances. Most important of
these is the setting of the megaron with its prodomos behind a
peristyle court. This would indeed seem striking if such a plan
were specifically Mycenaean. But Greek houses in general fol-
lowed essentially this disposition to the end of the Hellenistic
period. Even the houses of Pompeii differ but little in type.
The plan of the palace at Nippur betrays its late origin in
the fully developed square peristyle with compound piers at the
angles, and in the elliptical columns of the protJiyron. In all the
Mycenaean sites thus far excavated, so far as I am aware, no
examples have been found of compound piers or of elliptical
columns. But in the Hellenistic Agora at Priene the corner
piers are provided with engaged columns to adapt them to the
rectangular peristyle, and in the Hellenistic Agora at Pergamon
elliptical shafts are still standing. The later history of these
Hellenistic inventions may be traced in Oriental as well as in
Occidental architecture.
More startling is it to find Mr. Fisher describing the two
THE PALACE AT NIPPUR 9
pedestals at the entrance of the palace as Mycenaean. These
pedestals have convex faces of graceful curves, impossible in
Mycenaean times, and difficult to parallel in Greek work of the
best period. Moreover, their general form and their base and
cap mouldings recall well-established Hellenistic types. Here a
Lesbian kyma surmounts an ovolo, and we might expect to find
a painted leaf-and-dart above the egg-and-dart, as Hellenistic
sculptors were wont to carve them upon similarly formed and
related mouldings. Mycenaean architects constructed buildings
of crude brick and of wood and made little use of stone except
for city walls and for foundations. Mouldings like these have
their origin in the decoration of fine stone and marble buildings,
and are entirely lacking in Mycenaean architecture.
The columns at Nippur also betray by their forms a non-
Mycenaean character. The shafts are described as cylindrical
for the lower third, from which point they taper toward the
top. This type of shaft may be found in the Hellenistic temple
of Apollo at Didyma near Miletus, and in later examples at
Pompeii and elsewhere. It was probably adopted because this
form suggested the traditional entasis and, at the same time,
avoided the difficulties involved in calculating and executing it.
The Mycenaean shaft had no such past history and presents no
such form. If we may judge of free-standing columns by relief
representations, the Mycenaean shaft tapered uniformly and
from the top downward.
The capital of the column with its low and slightly project-
ing echinus has little or no resemblance to the Mycenaean torus
capital, and is equally far removed from the early Doric over-
hanging echinus. Nor has it the strong echinus of the classic
Doric capital. To find analogous forms we must descend to the
Hellenistic period, when, as in the Agora at Priene, the echinus
has often a curved profile, not widely overhanging, nor strong
and massive, but crowning the shaft like the kymation of the
Ionic capital.
We are told that above the palace Dr. Hilprecht has recog-
nized Parthian graves ranging in date from 250 B.C. to 226 A.D.
10 ALLAN MABQUAND
It follows that he must now assign the palace to a date earlier
than the earliest of these Parthian graves. But that the palace
is, as Mr. Fisher declares, one thousand years earlier than these
graves, is refuted by the distinctly Hellenistic forms afforded
by the architectural details.
ALLAN MARQUAND.
PRINCETON,
February 9, 1905.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. IX (1905) PLATE I
Institute
of America
A NEW HEAD OF THE SO-CALLED SCIPIO TYPE:
AN ATTEMPT AT ITS IDENTIFICATION
IN April of 1902 an unpublished head l of the type commonly
known as Scipio was presented to Oberlin College by Mrs.
Joseph Cook of Boston (PLATE I). It was purchased by
Dr. Joseph Cook of an antiquarian in Rome in 1881. The
head only is antique, the line of juncture with the modern
bust being plainly visible. The head is smoothly shaven,
and on the right side just above the brow appears the distin-
guishing mark. The nose is restored, as also a portion of the
lobe of the left ear. Otherwise, with the exception of a few
bruises on the face, the whole is unusually well preserved and
forms one of the best examples of the series to which it
belongs. From the point of view of artistic style and the
manner of treating the eyes, the pupils not being indicated,
the portrait is as early at least as the first century of our era.
The following is a list of the extant heads of this type : 2
1 Its existence was announced in the School Beview, XI, 1903, p. 407, and
in this Journal, VIII, 1904, p. 77.
2 Only the most recent literature is cited. A full list will be found in Ber-
noulli, Bom. Ikon. I, pp. 32-60, and Helbig, Fllhrer 2 , no. 491. In brackets are
indicated the numbers of Bernoulli's list. The following copies, mentioned by
Bernoulli, I have been unable to see either in the original or in reproductions:
no. 6, Rome, Palazzo Sciarra (collection sold), white marble head, Matz-Duhn,
Ant. Bildw. zu Horn, no. 1844 (same head that Winckelmanu, Werke, VI, 2,
p. 266, Mon. Ined. II, p. 231, mentions as existing in the Palazzo Barberini?) ;
no. 7, Eome, Palazzo Sciarra (collection sold), dark, basalt-Jike stone, Matz-
Duhn, Ant. Bildw. zu Bom, no. 1844 ; no. 8, Rome, Palazzo Giustiniani (collec-
tion sold), head on alien statue, modern inscription, SCIPIO AFRICANVS,
on plinth, has the characteristic mark, Matz-Duhn, no. 1218; no. 13, Rome,
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 11
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 1.
12
WALTER UENNISON
1. Oberlin. White marble head on modern bust. Purchased
in Rome in 1881. Published herewith PLATE I. The charac-
teristic mark on the right side. Pupils of eyes not indicated.
2 [1] . Rome, Cap-
itoline Museum.
White marble bust.
Helbig, Fiihrer 2 , no.
491 ; Brunn-Bruck-
mann-Arndt, Grriech.
Villa Albani (inaccessible) ;
no. 14, Rome, Magazzino
dellaCornmissione archaeo-
logica uiunicipale (not in
the Antiquariura or Tabu-
larium), according to Hel-
big found on the Esquiline
in 1875, has the mark,
Hemans, Academy, VII,
p. 48 ; no. 25, Warwick
Castle, " good workman-
ship," Michaelis, Ancient
Marbles in Great Britain,
p. 329; no. 26, Castle
Howard, "perished in the
fire of 1871," Michaelis,
op. cit. p. 664 ; p. 41, n. 2,
Paris, Magazine of the
Louvre, Clarac, Mus. de
Sculpture, 1113?.
The head in Madrid
(Bernoulli, no. 23) pre-
sumably bears no mark ;
at any rate, Hiibner, who examined it with special care, says nothing about
such a distinguishing sign (Die Ant. Bildw. zu Madrid, no. 190).
In a private letter Dr. Watzinger, Assistant Director of the Royal Museum at
Berlin, informs me that the marble head in Berlin (Bernoulli, no. 31) does not
bear the characteristic mark.
No. 16, Frascati, Villa Aldobrandini, is still in a niche in the facade of the
semicircular building, but too high up to examine.
Commendatore Gatti called my attention to a small shaven head in a medal-
lion frame attached to the north exterior wall of the Palazzo dei Senatori, but it
is too high to examine in detail. The head was placed there by Franciscus
Gualdus of Ariminum in 1C54.
, The two heads represented in Sculture della Villa Sorghese detta Pinciana,
FIGURE 1. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE.
In the Capitoline Museum, Rome. (Brunn-
Bruckmann-Arndt, Griech. u. Horn. Portrdts,
no. 191.)
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE
13
und Rom. Portrats, nos. 191, 192; Bernoulli, Rom. Ikon. I,
Taf. i. Mark on the left side, having the form X. Pupils
of eyes indicated. " Jedenfalls deutet der physiognomische
Typus wie der Styl
des Kopfes auf eine
Personlichkeit aus re-
publicanischer. Zeit "
(Helbig); "Die
Arbeit fallt nach
Biistenform wie
Augenbehandlung
nicht vor das Ende
des 2. Jahrh. n. Chr."
(Arndt). (Fig. 1.)
3. Rome, Museo
delle Terme. White
marble head, much
restored. Found in
the Tiber. Helbig,
Fuhrer 2 , no. 1137.
Mark on the right
side. Traces of indi-
cation of the pupils.
"Aus republican!- FIGURE 2. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO" TYPE. In
scher Zeit" (Helbig) the Vatican ' Museo Chiaramonti. (From a
'" photograph.)
4 [5]. Rome, Vati-
can, Museo Chiaramonti. Head of nero antico on an alien
bust of white marble. Amelung, Die Sculpturen des Vati-
canischen Museums, I, no. 232, Taf. 47. Mark on the right
vol. I (Bernoulli, p. 41, n. 2) are still in the collection of the Villa Borghese
(recently purchased by the Italian government).
No. 34, Hanover, has a "leichten Halsbart," and therefore does not belong
in this list. The head of basalt on a porphyry bust in the Museo Torlonia
(Bernoulli, no. 9), Visconti, Cat. del Mm. Torlonia, Rome, 1883, no. 346, also
is not shaven, Museo Torlonia reprodotto in fototipia, no. 346.
An expert examination of all heads of this series would probably reveal
modern copies. A list of modern or suspected heads is given below, p. 17.
14
WALTER DENNISON
side. Pupils of eyes indicated. "Aus antoninischer Zeit"
(Amelung). (Fig. 2.)
5 [2]. Rome, Palazzo Rospigliosi. 1 Head of dark green
basalt on an alien bust of gilded bronze. Found at Liternum
(Faber). Brunn-Bruckmann-Arndt, Crriech. und Rom. Por-
trats, text to nos. 202, 203 ; Bernoulli, Rom. Ikon. I, Taf . n.
Mark on the right
side. Pupils of
eyes not indicated.
(Fig. 3.)
6 [12]. Rome,
Villa Albani. White
marble head. Brunn-
Bruckmann-Arndt,
nos. 195, 196. Mark
on the right side.
Pupils of eyes not
indicated. (Fig. 4.)
7 [10]. Rome,
Villa Borghese, no.
CLXXVIII. White
marble head on mod-
ern bust. Nibby,
Mon. Scelti della
Villa Borghese, Tav.
24. Mark on the
right side. Pupils
of eyes indicated.
8 [17]. Florence,
Uffizi Gallery, Hall of Inscriptions, 274. White marble head
on alien neck and bust. From Naples, possibly (Diitschke).
Diitschke, Ant. Bildw. in Oberital. Ill, no. 439, and Einleitung,
p. viii ; Amelung, Fiihrer durch die Antiken in Florenz (Mu-
nich, 1897), 131 ; figured in Bernoulli, I, p. 41, fig. 3, and
FIGURE 3. HEAD OF THE "Scino" TYPE. In
the Palazzo Rospigliosi, Rome. (Bernoulli,
Somische Ikonographie, I, Taf. n.)
1 Still in the same place ? It was not seen by either editor of Matz-Duhn,
Ant. Bildw. zu Bom, nor by Arndt.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE
15
Brunn-Bruckmann-Arndt, nos. 197, 198. Mark on the right
side. Pupils not indicated. (Fig. 5.)
9. Paris, Louvre, Salle Mollien. White marble head on
alien (?) statue. Mark on the right side. Pupils of eyes not
indicated. This statue with other pieces of sculpture was stand-
ing in a corner of the hall as if still unclassified. I was unable
to get any informa-
tion with reference
to its provenience.
10 [20]. Paris,
Cab. des Medailles.
Head of basalt.
Found in an inn at
Rambouillet, where
it was being used as
a weight for a turn-
spit. Chabouillet,
Cat. General, no.
3290;Babelon, Guide
au Cab. des Medailles,
no. 4674; figured in
Duruy, Hist. des
Remains, I, p. 643.
Mark on the right
side and a deep
vertical indentation
in the middle of the
forehead. Pupils
of eyes not indicated.
11 [35]. Braunschweig. White marble head on an alien
bust. Mark consists of a single deep furrow on the forepart
of the head just over the brow. Pupils of eyes not indicated.
(Fig. 6.)
12 [32, perhaps the same as 4]. Berlin, Konigl. Museum, 332.
Head of brownish alabaster. Acquired in 1870 at Rome of a
dealer who asserted that he brought it from Naples, its prove-
FIGURE 4. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO" TYPE. In
the Villa Albani, Kome. (Brunn-Bruckmann-
Arndt, op. cit. no. 195.)
16
WALTER DENNISON
nience being reputed to be Cumae. Kekule", Beschr. der Antiken
Skulpt. (Konigl. Museum zu Berlin), no. 832; figured in Brunn-
Bruckmann-Arndt, nos. 199, 200. Mark is on the right side.
Pupils of eyes not in-
dicated. (Fig. 7.)
13 [30?]. Vienna,
Kunsthist. Hof-
museum. Head of
white marble, ac-
quired in 1864.
Sacken-Kenner, Die
Sammlungen des K. K.
Milnz- und Antiken-
Cabinetes (1866), no.
126 a. Mark on the
right side, and a deep
vertical indentation
in the middle of the
forehead. It does not
resemble the Chiara-
monti head. Pupils
of eyes not indicated. 1
14. Vienna, Kunst-
hist. Hofmuseum.
Head of white marble
showing traces of fire.
Sacken-Kenner, Die Sammlungen des K. K. Milnz- und Antiken-
Cabinetes, no. 126. Mark on the right side. Pupils of eyes not
indicated. 1 (Fig. 8.)
15 [39]. St. Petersburg, Hermitage, 202. White marble
head on marble bust. Purchased in 1861 from the Galleria
Campana, Rome. Cat. Musee de /Sculpture Antique, 202.
1 1 believe that a careful examination of these heads (Nos. 13 and 14) would
show them to be modern. Dr. Otto Egger, of the Kunsthist. Museum, who
kindly sent me photographs of the Vienna copies, describes No. 13 as " vielleicht
iiberarbeitet."
FIGURE 6. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE.
In the Uffizi Gallery, Florence. (Brunn-
Bruckmann-Arndt, op. cit. no. 198.)
A NEW HEAD OF THE u SCIPIO " TYPE
17
Mark on the right side. Pupils of eyes not indicated.
(Fig. 9.)
A surprisingly large number of modern copies l of this type
exists, and a search-
ing examination of
1 The following is an
incomplete list. Copies
indisputably modern are
marked with a t. Brack-
eted numbers are Ber-
noulli's. The authorities
expressing doubt of the
genuineness of each are
given in parentheses.
1 [11]. RomeJ Museo
delle Terme, no. 72, once in
the Villa Ludovisi (Schrei-
ber, Die Antike Bildw. der
Villa Ludovisi, 52).
2 t. Rome, Villa Bor-
ghese, no. cxxxv, porphyry
head on bust of alabaster.
(Cf. Bernoulli, no. 10.)
3 [18]. Mantua, no. 183
(Bernoulli).
4 [19]. Castle at Catajo,
taken with the remainder
of the collection to Vienna
in 1896 (Bernoulli).
5 t. Paris, Louvre, Hall
of Bronze Antiques, no. 637.
6 [21]. Paris, Cab. des Medailles (Bernoulli).
7 t. Wilton House (Bernoulli, p. 42, n. 2).
8 t. Hannover (Bernoulli, no. 34).
9 [36]. Cologne (Bernoulli).
10 [37]. Cologne (private letter of Dr. Poppelbreuter) .
11 [27]. Munich, Glyptothek (Furtwangler, Catalogue [1900], no. 315).
12 [28]. Munich, Glyptothek (Furtwangler, Catalogue [1900], no. 369) ; fig-
ured in Brunn-Bruckmann-Arndt, no. 201.
13 [15; p. 43, n. 1]. Vienna, Oster. Museum f. Kunst u. Industrie (Bernoulli).
14 [29]. Vienna, Kunsthist. Hof museum (Bernoulli).
15 [40]. St. Petersburg, Hermitage, no. 255 (M. Pridik, Director of the De-
partment of Ancient Sculptures of the Hermitage, assures me that this is a
modern copy of the Rospigliosi head).
Cf. also p. 18, note 1.
As might be expected, modern gems also exist which show a head of this
FIGURE 6. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO" TYPE.
Braunschweig. (From a photograph.)
At
18
WALTER DENNISON
the examples mentioned above might reveal others. These
modern copies were undoubtedly made after the Scipio theory
had been generally received, in response to a demand for por-
traits of the great Roman. The forging of two inscriptions
illustrates the same
tendency. 1
The identification
of this type as rep-
resenting Scipio was
current as early as
the beginning of the
seventeenth century.
Faber mentions 2 the
Rospigliosi head, but
says nothing about
the mark. Winckel-
mann 3 is the first to
mention this charac-
teristic sign, while
Visconti 4 first called
attention to the pas-
sage in Servius dis-
cussed below (p. 21),
FIGURE 7. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO" TYPE. In
Berlin. (Bruun-Bruckmann-Arndt, op. cit.
no. 199.)
type with the mark, e.g.
Winckelmann, Mon.
Ined. II, p. 231, and
Denkmaler, no. 176.
1 See below, p. 21, and
p. 22, note 5. Dr. Watzinger, of the Koyal Museum at Berlin, has expressed to
me his belief that the mark on the head of no. 33 (Bernoulli) is modern. This
may be true also of other examples.
2 loannis Fabri in Imagines Illustrium ex Fulvii Ursini Sibliotheca . . . Com-
mentarius (Antwerp, 1606), pp. 28, 29. There is no reference to the type in
either [Achilles Statius] Tnlustrium Virorum ut exstant in urbe Expressi Vultus,
Home, 1569, or in Imagines et Elogia Virorum Illustrium et Eruditorum ex
Antiquis Lapidibus et Nomismatibus Expressa ... ex Bibliotheca F. Ursini,
Koma, 1570.
8 Werke (ed. Meyer und Schulze, Dresden, 1808-1820), VI, 2, p. 266 ; Mon.
Ined. II, p. 231.
* Iconographie romaine (Paris, 1817-29), I, pp. 28-38.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 19
and gave a permanent character to the theory by gathering
together the arguments in its favor. These arguments were
so convincing that their soundness was not seriously ques-
tioned until the time of Bernoulli. In the popular mind still
these heads portray
the features of Scipio
Africanus the Elder,
the conqueror of
Hannibal.
Visconti's argu-
ments, however, were
based upon very slen-
der evidence. The
evidence was as fol-
lows. First, there is
the distinguishing
mark deeply indented
upon the heads of this
series. This mark is
in a conspicuous
place, slightly back
of the forehead, and
is usually on the
right side, although
it occurs also on the FlGURE 8 HEAD OF THE "S CIPI " T " E - In
, ,, ., , XT ON Vienna. (From a photograph.)
left side (No. 2), or
midway between (No. 11); in two copies (Nos. 10 and 13)
two marks are found. 1 As regards form this sign consists,
with two exceptions (Nos 2 and 11), of two short 2 lines
which cross each other at right angles, -H, or nearly so.
Visconti's theory was accepted so unreservedly that a mark
of this kind upon an ancient head has constituted prima facie
evidence of its being a " Scipio." The mark was explained by
this scholar as symbolic of the wounds that Scipio received
1 In some cases, as already observed, the mark may be modern.
2 In the Oberlin head the lines are about 2.50 cm. long.
20
WALTER DENNISON
at the battle of Ticinus in 218 B.C., when, a lad of seventeen
years, he saved his father's life by his bravery. 1 But this ex-
planation rests on no adequate authority. The oldest testi-
mony among Roman writers is that of Livy, who describes the
battle in the twenty-first book, chapter 46. Scipio, the consul,
says Livy, having been wounded and surrounded by the enemy,
the Roman cavalry
charged upon them,
and brought their
commander safely
back to camp. Livy
himself preferred to
believe that the honor
of performing this
brave act belonged
to the young Scipio,
but he adds that one
writer, Coelius, de-
clared that this ser-
vice was rendered by
a Ligurian slave.
The tradition, evi-
dently, was not con-
sistent. Polybius 2
gives substantially
the same account of
the rescue, but for
authority cites Lae-
lius, who naturally
ascribed all the honor to his intimate friend. Valerius Maxi-
mus 3 presents the same facts and adds that Scipio earned a
crown for saving the life of a Roman commander. Seneca 4
abbreviates the account, failing to mention the date or place
1 Winckelmann, Werke, VI, 1, pp. 191, 192, anticipates Visconti in offering
this explanation.
2 X, iii, 3-6. 8 V, iv, 2. * De Beneficiis, III, 33.
FIGURE 9. HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO
the Hermitage, St. Petersburg,
photograph.)
TYPE. In
(From a
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 21
of the battle. Finally Servius 1 states that Scipio received
twenty-seven wounds in the struggle.
Two points are here to be noted. First, it is not established
that it was Scipio who saved his father's life on this occasion ;
in fact, some scholars 2 are inclined to believe that the second
account is the older and the true one, namely, that the consul
owed his life to a Ligurian slave. In the second place, it should
be noted that in no writer earlier than Servius (fourth century
of our era) is there authority for the statement that the young
Scipio was wounded at all at the battle of Ticinus ; on the
other hand, Polybius, Livy, Valerius Maximus, and others 3
expressly state that it was the father who was severely wounded
in this encounter. But, in any case, the statement that Scipio,
or any one else, was wounded many times in an engagement is
no reason for identifying as his a marble portrait bearing a
mark upon the head. Such evidence could hardly be called
even confirmatory. 4
A second argument formerly employed for the Scipio identifi-
cation is the inscription upon the Capitoline bust (No. 2, Fig. 1).
It reads P- COR- SCIPIO- APR. The inscription occupies a
plate on the lower part of the front of the bust. This plate is
not corroded to the same extent as the remaining surface of
marble. Moreover, a similar space on ancient busts was often
left vacant, and in some cases has been filled in with an inscrip-
tion in modern times. 5 Again, the inscription was not known
to Faber, 6 nor even to Winckelmann. The latter discusses 7
the Scipio type, and surely would have mentioned this impor-
1 Comm. in Aen. X, 800. Visconti, who first cites this passage (Icon. rom.
I, pp. 35, 36), intimates that Servius reproduces the words of early writers whose
works are now lost.
2 Wolfflin in Hermes, XXIII, 1888, pp. 307, 479, and Sanders, Quellen-Con-
tamination, pp. 112-113. In these articles will be found the full literature which
I have not thought it necessary to cite here.
8 Appian, Hannib. 7, and Macrobius, Saturn. I, xi, 26.
4 Duntzer {Cat. des Wallraf-Museum zu Koln, no. 9) explains the mark as a
physical defect caused by a violent birth, Pliny, N.H. VII, 9, 47.
8 E.g. a bust of Domitia in the Uffizi Gallery, Arch. Zeitung, 1880, p. 36.
6 See p. 18, note 2. 7 Werke, VI, 2, p. 266 ; Man. ined. II, p. 231.
22 WALTER DENNISON
tant evidence if he had known of its existence. Visconti is
the first scholar of modern times to know and to use l the in-
scription. The genuineness of the inscription, however, was
questioned by Bernoulli, 2 and its falsity has been declared
by Helbig 3 and others. 4 It cannot, therefore, be used as
evidence. 5
A third argument is presented in the provenience of the
Rospigliosi portrait (No. 5, Fig. 3). Faber 6 is authority for
the statement that this head was discovered at Liternum, a
rather obscure town on the Campanian coast where Scipio
passed his last years. Livy 7 states that a monument was
erected at Liternum, and that a statue of the distinguished
general was placed upon the monument. The historian adds
that he himself saw the statue at Liternum; the monument,
however, because of the destructive influences of weather
(tempestas), was in ruins. The Rospigliosi head, which is
carved from basalt, can hardly have belonged to the statue that
Livy saw, since this material was very rarely used in portrai-
ture in Italy as early as the second century B.C., and would
hardly be employed in a statue to be set up in such an out-of-
the-way place as Liternum. One may say, of course, that this
is a copy of the original statue, carefully preserved in some
private villa in memory of the great Roman, whose residence
and death at Liternum had given to the town more than local
fame. But we may suppose that Liternum, as other provin-
cial towns, was adorned with many statues and busts besides
Scipio's, and to one of them the Rospigliosi head may have
belonged. The mere fact that this head was discovered at
Liternum is hardly sufficient ground for even assuming that it
- Icon. rom. I, pp. 34, 35.
" Horn. Ikon. I, pp. 50, 51. 8 Fiihrer*, no. 491.
* Hirschfeld, Jahrb. d. Inst. V, 1890, p. 214 ; Six, Eom. Mitth. X, 1895, p. 185 ;
C.I.L. I 2 , p. 186, n. 4.
5 A modern inscription was placed also upon the plinth of the statue (see
above, p. 11, note 2) belonging to the Giustiniani collection, Bernoulli, no. 8, and
Clarac, Mus. de Sculpture, 2278 D.
6 Imagines Illustrium, p. 28. 7 XXXVIII, 56.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 23
represents Scipio. Besides, the likeness does not accord with
the description of Scipio's personal appearance given by ancient
writers, 1 including Livy, who, as we have noted, actually saw
the Liternum statue.
There is, in the fourth place, a coin 2 struck by a member of
the Cornelian gens, Cn. Cornelius Blasio (Fig. 10). Upon the
obverse side appears a helmeted head, said to represent Scipio ;
and upon the reverse, standing figures of Jupiter, Juno, and
Minerva, in direct reference, it is said, to Scipio's well-known
worship of the Capitoline deities. It is true that during the
last years of the Republic, members of families who struck
denarii placed portraits of their illustrious ancestors upon the
obverse. 3 This Cn. Cornelius Blasio may
very well have done, but if the coin in
question portrays the features of Scipio
the Elder, the type there presented does
not agree with that of our busts. The
face on the coin is too pointed and lean
,, , .TJT-T i 1-1 FIGURE 10. DENARIUS
and does not show the thick neck which OF CN CORNELIUS
distinguishes some of the marble copies. BLASIO. (Babelon,
Indeed, there is not perfect agreement Monnaies de la Ee-
publique romaine, I,
among numismatists as to its identmca- p 396j nos 19) 2 o )
tion. 4 Nowhere else does a helmeted
Roman appear upon coins, although there would be justification
for it in the case of Caesar, or Sulla, or Pompey. Some there-
fore suppose that Mars is represented. It may also be Roma.
The identification thus is not unquestioned. Because of the
helmet, it is, of course, impossible to distinguish any trace of a
mark upon the head, or to determine whether the head is bald
or shaven.
Visconti 5 also made much of a Pompeian wall painting,
which he explained as representing the marriage festivities of
1 See below, p. 25.
2 Babelon, Monnaies de la Sepublique romaine, I, p. 396, nos. 19, 20.
8 Babelon, op. cit. I, xlviii, xlix. * Bernoulli, I, p. 66.
6 Icon. rom. I, p. 37 ; Icon, grecque, II, pp. 627, 628. Figured in Bernoulli,
I, Taf. iv.
24 WALTER DENNISON
Sophonisba and Massinissa interrupted by Scipio. Jahn 1 be-
lieved that the scene depicted was the moment when Sophon-
isba was about to drink the cup of poison handed her by
Massinissa. But if the artist aimed at historical accuracy in
his painting, as he was of course not required to do, we should
not expect to see Scipio here, for according to all ancient
writers who refer to the incident, he was not present at either
scene. Livy says 2 that Massinissa sent the cup of poison to
Sophonisba by a slave ; Diodorus 3 and Appian 4 relate that
Massinissa himself brought the potion to Sophonsiba, represent-
ing to her the necessity of immediate death. The face and a
part of the head of the figure at the left of the scene, said by
Visconti and Jahn to be that of Scipio, are fairly well preserved.
The profile of the face, the thick neck, and the apparently bald
head, 5 all bear a certain resemblance to our marble busts. But
among other things the dress would be difficult to explain,
Why, as Bernoulli pertinently asks, 6 does the general in the
field appear clad thus, without helmet and breastplate ? More-
over, figures with bald or shaven heads are seen in other Pom-
peian paintings, 7 where no one would think of supposing that
Scipio is represented. We cannot therefore accept this paint-
ing as evidence for the identification of a type that is not
positively fixed from other sources.
This concludes the evidence that is brought forward by those
who attempt to show that the elder Africanus is portrayed in
this series of busts : (1) the mark on the head, which, if taken
to be symbolic of wounds received in battle, might indicate
many other Romans as well as Scipio, there being no early evi-
dence that Scipio was even wounded at the Ticinus ; (2) the
inscription on the Capitoline bust, this inscription not being
ancient ; (3) the provenience of the Rospigliosi head, which, by
itself at least, is no proof at all ; (4) the coin, whose obverse
1 Der Tod der Sophonisba, Bonn, 1859. XXVII, 10.
2 XXX, 15. * Pun. VIII, 28.
6 Scipio wore long hair at the time of his first conference with Massinissa,
Liv. XXVIII, 35.
6 Horn. Ikon. I, p. 58. * E.g. Helbig, Wandgemalde, 1206.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 25
may or may not represent Scipio ; it does not, at any rate, agree
with the type of some of the marble copies ; (5) the Pompeian
wall painting, in which the supposed representation of Scipio
is not definitely identified from other sources.
It is clear that none of these arguments is convincing, while
even the complete array of them carries but little weight. On
the other hand, to say nothing of the difficulty of accounting
for so large a number of likenesses of Scipio the Elder at so late
a period, the language of ancient writers with reference to
Scipio's personal appearance is not descriptive of the busts that
bear his name. We know that plastic representations of the
conqueror of Hannibal were in existence in antiquity, and in
comparatively early times. We recall the statement of Livy 1
with reference to a statue of Scipio placed upon his tomb at
Liternum. From Valerius Maximus 2 we learn that a degener-
ate son of Scipio wore a ring bearing as a seal a likeness of his
father. The same author writes 3 that a bust of Af ricanus was
kept in the temple of Jupiter Capitolinus, and that it was
brought out and carried in the funeral processions of members
of the Cornelian family. 4 Strangely enough, then, Livy, 5 who
actually saw a statue of Scipio at Liternum, and Silius Italicus, 6
who also must have been familiar with extant copies, describe
the hero as having full, flowing hair, the suggestive word,
caesaries, being employed. In explanation of these passages,
Visconti, 7 and others who supported the Scipio theory, assumed
that a fashion prevailed in antiquity, during a certain period
not yet definitely fixed, of shaving the head entire. Now it
is well known 8 that about 300 B.C. the practice was introduced
at Rome of shaving the beard and trimming the hair, the
i xxxvin, 56. 2 in, v, i.
8 VIII, xv, 1 ; cf. Appian, Hisp. 23, and Livy, XXXVI, 19.
*In 1877 a base, bearing the inscription R- CO RNELIVS'P'F' SCIPIO
was found at Rome, Arch. Zeit. 1877, p. 176.
6 XXVIII, 35, "adornabat promissa caesaries."
6 VIII, 561, 562, "facilesque comae nee pone retroque | caesaries brevior."
7 Icon. rom. I, pp. 36, 37.
8 Varro, De Re Bust. II, 11, 10 ; Pliny, N.H. VII, 59, 211.
26 WALTER DEN 'N 1 SON
Romans before this time being, described as barbati and intonsi,
But there is not the slightest evidence that this included the
practice of shaving also the head. In fact, the time of the
introduction of such a practice and the extent to which it
prevailed are questions that have not been thoroughly inves-
tigated. Pliny's remark 1 concerning Scipio plainly refers to
the shaving of the beard only. Judging from extant portraits
it is questionable whether a general practice of shaving the
head existed at all among the higher classes of society to which
Scipio belonged.
The troublesome problem of the " Scipio " portraits has en-
gaged the attention of many scholars. Among the most recent
attempts at its solution is that of Arndt, 2 who supposes that all
the heads belonging to this series represent the same man;
that they were made, however, at different periods, long after
the lifetime of the individual whom they represent. 3 In view-
ing some of these portraits one receives possibly the impression
of a general resemblance between them, but this impression is
produced by certain common features, namely, a smooth head,
a full, fleshy face and double chin, and a contented and self-
satisfied expression. 4 If one examines details, however, the types
of face and head are so varied that it is impossible to recognize
the same individual in all, or even in any two, of these portraits.
1 N.H. VII, 59, 211, " Primus omnium radi quotidie instituit Africanus
sequens." Faber (op. cit. p. 29) omits sequens from this passage, although
the text is perfectly sound. In this Winckelmann (Werke, II, p. 202, VI, 1,
p. 191 ; Mon. Ined. II, p. 231) declares Faber guilty of wilful deception
(Bosheit') in his desire to identify the Rospigliosi portrait as Scipio the Elder.
Winckelmann himself, also apparently misunderstanding Pliny, suggests that
these heads may portray Scipio the Younger.
2 Griech. und Rom. Portrats, text appended to no. 201.
8 Wolters suggests (Jahrb. d. Inst. V, 1890, p. 214) that they represent Ennius,
basing his identification upon a fancied likeness to the mosaic of Monnus ( Ant.
Denk. I, Taf. 49). See also the explanation of Six, p. 27, note 2.
* See p. 31 and note 1. There is really no "Scipio type," that is, these
portraits do not possess the definite resemblances in detail which are necessary
to form a type. So Brunn-Bruckmann-Arndt, Griech. und Rom. Portrats,
publish the portraits nos. 204-209, "die physiognomisch diesen Scipiokopfen
verwandt sind, aber nattirlich keinen Anspruch auf die namliche Benennung
machen diirfen."
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 27
A comparison of the Capitoline head (No. 2, Fig. 1) with the
Florence head (No. 8, Fig. 5), for instance, reveals a striking
difference which is apparent at a single glance. The latter is
round, the former angular ; the latter has a fleshy, flabby face
and a coarse, sensual expression ; in the former, the face is
thinner and its expression is of a stronger and more spiritual
type. In sharper contrast still with the Florence head is the
Rospigliosi copy (No. 5, Fig. 3). Here the flesh is drawn spar-
ingly over the face and the lips are thin and tightly compressed.
The copy in the Villa Albani (No. 6, Fig. 4) has a long, oval-
shaped head and a more open and frank countenance, proclaim-
ing its possessor to be good-natured and genial. The head in
the Museo Chiaramonti (No. 4, Fig. 2) is very small in compari-
son, and of a serious and meditative aspect. The Oberlin head
slightly resembles the Capitoline copy, but it portrays a man
of stronger will and of undaunted spirit. And so one might
continue to analyze the remaining types.
I cannot believe, therefore, that these portraits, so varied in
type, represent one individual. They portray rather a class of
individuals who belong to different periods of time.
I believe, too, that the artists who made these likenesses
desired to portray men with heads shaven rather than bald.
In a bronze bust of the Naples Museum (figured Bernoulli, I,
Taf. in), the roots of the hair are indicated, that is, the head
is shaven ; in marble, of course, the sculptor could not indicate
the shaven head as effectively as in bronze. Again, on none of
the heads of this series is there the slightest trace of hair. This
would be rather remarkable in the case of a man simply bald. 1
There were several classes of men in antiquity who shaved
their heads. (1) Freedmen sometimes did so immediately
after manumission, when they put on the pileus, the symbol of
freedom. There is authority for this from Plautus to Nonius. 2
1 Apparently the Roman's taste in such matters was offended by baldness.
See Suet. Dom. 18 ; Martial, VI, 57, 74.
2 Following this suggestion, J. Six (Bom. Mitth. X, 1895, pp. 184 f.) explains
these heads as portraits of f reedmen, but the explanation is not satisfactory. Such
28 WALTER DENNISON
(2) The heads of incorrigible slaves were also occasionally
shaved. 1 (3) Shipwrecked persons sometimes shaved their
heads, in fulfilment of the last vow before embarking. 2
(4) The shaving of the head was sometimes practised as a
mark of grief ; 3 although the custom of allowing the hair to
grow, uncared for, is better known. (5) The shaving of the
head was sometimes recommended in treating certain diseases. 4
(6) Shaving the head was required of the members of the
priesthood who served the Egyptian goddess, Isis.
Of these various classes the last-named was no doubt the
most numerous, observed the practice most consistently, and
was most likely to be represented in plastic art.
The practice was followed in Egypt by members of the
priestly order, as Herodotus 5 affirms, and Egyptian reliefs and
paintings 6 testify. According to Plutarch, 7 the priests shaved
their heads, as they wore linen garments, for the sake of clean-
liness; while others 8 reckoned the practice a token of grief
at the death of Osiris.
a likeness, says this scholar, was intended to be set up in the house as a reminder
to the patronus of his former slave. But such a practice could never have become
popular, since when he was once freed the libertus would hardly care to have
exposed to view so permanent a reminder of his former slave condition. The
mark on the head is explained as a visual token of the mode of freeing a slave
with the festuca used "hastae loco." But why two marks crossing each other
to express this token ? One would be sufficient. Six's theory does not find favor
with Helbig (Filhrer' 2 , no. 491).
1 Petron. 103 f.
2 Juv. XII, 81 ; Petron. 103 f. ; Lucian, De Merc. Cond. 1 ; Nonius, p. 528 ;
Artemidorus, Oneicrit. I, xxii ; see also Mayor on Juv. XII, 81.
8 Suet. Cal. 5. This was in origin perhaps an Oriental custom ; see note 8.
* Celsus, VII, vii, In. Cf. also Galen, In Hippocrat. Epidem. lib. VI Comm.
IV, 9.
6 II, 36 f. 6 E.fj. Wilkinson, The Ancient Egyptians, III, pi. Ix.
7 De Iside et Osiride, 4.
8 Firmicius Maternus, Patrolugia Latina, ed. Migne, XII, p. 985 ; see note 3
above.
Numerous passages in the Old Testament testify to the Oriental custom of
shaving the head and of self-mutilation in mourning for the dead.
Lev. xix. 27-28, " Ye shall not round the corners of your heads, neither shalt
thou mar the corners of thy beard. Ye shall not make any cuttings in your
flesh for the dead, nor print any marks upon you."
Lev. xxi. 5 (instructions to the priests), "They shall not make baldness upon
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 29
The spread of the cult of Isis over the Roman world was
complete, being found in the East, throughout Syria, Arabia,
Asia Minor, and the islands of the Aegean Sea, in the lands
bordering on the Danube, throughout the length and breadth
of Italy, in Gaul and Germany and Britain, in Spain and North
Africa. With the worship of the Egyptian deity came also its
forms, 1 and the practice, transplanted from Egypt, of initiates
and priests shaving their heads and eyebrows, is attested by
numerous references in Roman writers.
The fullest accounts of the priests of Isis, their ritual and
religion, are given by Plutarch, De Iside et Osiride (especially
chaps. 3, 4), and by Apuleius, Metamorphoses, Book XI. The
latter, in describing (XI, 10) a procession in honor of Isis at
Cenchreae, the harbor of Corinth, speaks of the male priests as
capillum derasi funditus vertice praenitentes. Later on (XI, fin. )
Lucius, whose transformation had been wrought by the power
of the goddess herself, enters the service of Isis at Rome :
" Finally, therefore," says Lucius, " my hair being closely shaved
off (quaqua raso capillo), I joyfully fulfilled the duties of that
most ancient college . . . riot shading or covering my bald-
ness (calvitium), but freely exposing it to the public gaze,
whithersoever I went." Juvenal 2 calls the priests of Isis grex
calvus, an expression which suggests also that they were nu-
merous. Martial 8 describes them as linigeri calvi. Firmicius
Maternus 4 says of them, radunt capita. Aelius Spartianus 5
relates with reference to Commodus, quibus (sacris Isidis) Com-
their head, neither shall they shave off the corner of their beard, nor make any
cuttings in their flesh."
Deut. xiv. 1 (to the children of God), " Ye shall not cut yourselves, nor make
any baldness between your eyes for the dead."
See also Jer. xvi. 6, xli. 5, xlviii. 37 ; Ezek. vii. 18, xliv. 20 ; Amos viii. 10.
Hair was sometimes an offering made to the dead in antiquity, Homer, Iliad,
xxiii. 135, 141 f. ; see Frazer, ed. Pausanias, IV. pp. 136, 137.
1 Lafaye, Dimnites d? Alexandria, pp. 44-63. The Isis rites were publicly
encouraged by Otho (Suet. Oiho, 12), and by Commodus (Aelius Spartianus,
Life of Pescennius Niger, 6).
2 VI, 535. 8 XII, xxix, 19.
4 Patrologia Lot., ed. Migne, XII, p. 985.
6 Life of Pescennius Niger, 6.
30 WALTER D EN N I SON
modus adeo deditusfuit, ut et capita raderet. 1 Christian writers,
who often ridicule pagan rites when comparing them with their
own ceremonies, bear the following testimony : Minucius Felix, 2
calvis sacerdotibus ; Prudentius, 3 ridendaque suis solemnia calvis;
Lactantius, 4 deglabrato corpore ; Ambrose, 5 capita et supercilia
sua radant.
Numerous pictorial representations and marble reliefs, which
have been found in Italy, illustrate scenes in the worship of
Isis, and incidentally throw light upon the dress and personal
appearance of her priests. Of the paintings, the best known
is the one discovered at Herculaneum 6 (Fig. 11), which depicts
a scene in the worship of Isis commonly known as the Adora-
tion of the Nile Water. Six priests are represented here, one
at the portal of the shrine, one at his left, one at the foot of
the steps, two near the altar, and another at the left near the
worshippers. All have shaven heads, the one approaching
from the entrance of the temple, " ein geschorener Priester von
blasser Hautfarbe." 7
Marble reliefs are more numerous. In 1858 a column, 5 m.
high, of gray granite was found on the site of the Iseum at
Rome. 8 About this column are figures in relief of priests or
devotees of Isis. The heads are shaven and crowned with
olive wreaths. One seems to be bearded, but has a shaven
head. A similar column was found in 1883. 9 An interesting
sepulchral monument with reliefs of an Isiac character was
reported in 1879 by O. Marucchi 10 (Fig. 12). This monu-
1 Cf. also Life of Caracalla, 9. * I, xxi, 21.
2 Octavia, xxii, 1. 6 Epist. Classis, I, Iviii, 3.
8 Contra Symmachum, I, 629. 6 Helbig, Wandgemalde Campaniens, 1111.
7 For other paintings with similar representations of priests, see Helbig, 1,
1095, 1099, 1112. No. 1098 (found at Stabiae) is described as "ein bartiger
Isis-priester," but the identification is not proved. No. 1097, " ein Isis-priester,"
is represented in Museo Borbonico, X, xxiv, 2, with head unshaven ; the repro-
ductions in the latter collection, however, are not accurate.
8 Bull. Com. 1883, pp. 49, 53, tav. x ; 1887, p. 377 ; this column is now in
the Capitoline Museum.
9 Bull. Com. 1883, p. 130 ; the column is now in the Capitoline Museum.
10 Annali delV Inst. LI, 1879, pp. 158-175, tav. d' Agg. I.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE
31
ment, which was found just beyond the walls of Rome on the
via Flaminia, is a rectangular cippus 58 cm. high. On two
sides are reliefs respectively of Anubis and Harpocrates. On
the wider, front face is a high relief of a priest of Isis, identified
as such by his dress and the symbols he holds in his hands, as
FIGURE 11. SCENE FROM THE WORSHIP OF Isis. (From Mau-Kelsey, Pompeii,
p. 171. By permission of the Macmillan Company.)
well as by the accompanying reliefs. The head is smoothly
shaven, but the right side is badly damaged. The large and
fleshy face and the smirk of contentment and self-satisfaction J
1 The debauchery and excesses, practised at the temples of Isis in Italy, are
often described by contemporaneous writers (Ovid, Ars Amat. I, 77, Amor.
II, ii, 25; Juvenal, VI, 488; Josephus, Bell. Jud. XVIII, 3). From as early
an account as that of Herodotus (II, 37) we learn that the priests "enjoy good
32
WALTER DEN NI SON
remind one of the type presented by some of the portraits
under consideration. 1 This priest was a Roman, as the name,
M. Aurelius Cresces,
indicates. 2
In explaining this
series of portraits, the
questions that early
confront us are, Why
was a mark placed
upon the head, and
what is the signifi-
cance of its form?
The Roman prac-
tice of branding
evil-minded or un-
manageable slaves is
well known. The
mark was a letter or
things not a few, for they
do not consume or spend
anything of their own sub-
stance, but there is sacred
bread baked for them, and
they have each a great
quantity of flesh of oxen
and geese coming to them
FIGURE 12. PRIEST OF Isis. Sepulchral monu-
ment found on the Via Flaminia. (Annali
delV Inst. vol. LI, 1879, tav. d' Agg. I.)
every day, and also wine of grapes is given them. They might not, how-
ever, taste of fish or beans."
1 For other representations in relief or in the round, see Lafaye, Divinites
d 1 Alexandrie, pp. 265-335, especially nos. 82, 105, 118 ; Matz-Duhn, Ant. Bild-
werke in Bom, nos. 1580, 4007 ; a bust in rosso antico in the Louvre (Frohner,
Sculpture Antique du Louvre, no. 562), and a similar one in the Pal. dei Con-
servatori at Rome ; and Roccheggiani, Antichi Costumi, I, Ixxiv, 1, xcii, 2 ; II,
xxiii, 4(2). It should be noted that occasionally in these reliefs, as in the last
three, a man is represented with a beard, though with shaven head.
2 It is clear that the rites of Isis were administered in Italy by native, not
necessarily by Egyptian, priests. Names of priests selected at random are
L. Pacilius Taur(us), C.I.L. IX, 6099 ; On. Stennius Egnatius, C.I.L. X, 3759 ;
L. Tettius Hermetius, C.I.L. XIV, 2589; D. Fabius D. f. Pal. Florus, C.I.L.
XIV, 352. We should therefore not expect to find exclusively Egyptian types
among this class of priests.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 33
letters, 1 and indicated possibly the name of the owner. At any
rate, it must have been a mark of identification. This mark
was placed on the forehead, 2 or the face, 3 and was branded, 4
or possibly sometimes painted. 6 Recruits (tirones) in the
Roman army are known to have been branded, 6 though not
necessarily on the forehead. Persons condemned to punish-
ment and criminals, 7 or captives, 8 were occasionally identified
thus. A curious fragment, if it be genuine, is published by
De Rossi, Bull. Crist. 1868, pp. 20 f. Upon the bottom of a
cup is the portrait of a man, presumably a Christian, with head
shaven, 9 and an equilateral cross drawn on his forehead.
De Rossi believed that it represented a Christian condemned
to the mines, on whose forehead a cross was impressed in
token of his condemnation (Pontius, In Vita Cyprian. VII). 10
A portrait bust, in green basalt, in the British Museum also
bears a cross incised on the forehead. 11 Our portraits obviously
could not represent any of these classes of men.
But there existed a practice, especially in Oriental lands,
which was of a somewhat different character. It consisted in
placing a mark upon a human being, who thereby became the
property of a god or was consecrated to his service. Herodo-
1 "Fronteslitterati," Apul. Metam. IX, 12; Plautus, Gas. 380.
2 "Inscripta fronte," Macrob. Sat. I, xi, 19.
" Inscriptique vultus," Pliny, N.H. XVIII, 3.
4 " Uritur ardenti . . . ferro," Juv. XIV, 23 ; " signare oportet f rontem calida
forcipe," Novius, Lignaria, quoted by Priscian, p. 657 P.
8 Petronius, 103 f. For other references on the branding of slaves, see Mayor
on Juv. XIV, 23. The custom of marking criminal or runaway slaves was com-
mon also in Greece ; see Liddell and Scott, s.v. a-rtfa.
6 Vegetius, I, 8 ; II, 5.
7 Seneca, De Ira, III, iii, 6 ; Suet. Cal. 27 ; Cicero, pro Eoscio Amer. XX, 57.
Cf. also Plato, De Leg. IX, 853 (concerning one taken in the act of robbing
temples, whether slave or stranger), 4v T$ irpovdnrif KO.I rats x 6 / 30 "' ypa<f>eh rty
8 Plut. Pericles, 26 ; Nicias, 29.
9 The Romans sometimes shaved the heads of troublesome slaves as well as
branded them. Petronius, 103 f.
10 Branding the face was finally forbidden by Constantino, Cod. Theodosianus,
IX, xl, 2.
11 Cat. of Sculpture, III, no. 1883, and pi. xv.
34 WALTER DENNISON
tus (II, 131) describes a temple of Heracles at Taricheiae, at
the Canobic mouth of the Nile. " If a man's slave take refuge
at this temple," says Herodotus, " and have the sacred marks
(a-ri^^ara ipa) set upon him, thus giving himself over to the
god, it is not lawful to lay hand upon him." 1
This pagan rite is reflected in the pages of the Old and
New Testaments, and it may have been the forerunner of the
Christian custom, early established and still observed, of
"signing the forehead." Significant passages occur in Revela-
tion. In describing the Signs of the Earth (xiii. 16), John
says, " And he (the beast) causeth all, the small and the great,
and the rich and the poor, and the free and the bond, that
there be given them a mark on their right hand, or upon their
forehead " ; xiv. 9, " If any man worship the beast and his
image and receiveth a mark on his forehead or upon his hand,
he also shall drink of the wine of the wrath of God." Kindred
passages in Revelation are xiv. 11, xv. 2, xvi. 2, xix. 20,
xx. 4. The language of Revelation is, of course, largely
1 Paul, in Galatians vi. 17, says, " Henceforth let no man trouble me ; for I
bear branded on my body the marks (trr^/xara) of Jesus," as if Paul were thus
proven to be the slave of his Master. See above, p. 33, note 4. Irenaeus, I, 25,
affirms that the followers of Carpocrates " employed outward marks, branding
their disciples inside the lobe of the right ear."
Cf. also Herod. VII, 233 ; Lucian, De Syria dea, 59 (with reference to the
Assyrians) ; Plut. Lucullus, 24 (of a sacred mark, xpa7/xa, placed upon
sacred cattle, the mark being a torch, Xa/owrds) ; Plut. De Iside et Osiride, 31
(where we learn that it was the duty of a servant of Isis, called the <r<t>pa.yurTfy,
to impress upon sacred oxen a stamp or mark) ; Augustine, De Doct. Christ. II,
30 ; and see Liddell and Scott, s.v. <rriw.
Ptolemy Philopator ordered (I Maccabees ii. 29) that the Jews of Alexandria
be branded with an ivy leaf, the emblem of Bacchus. Cf . also III Maccabees
vi. 7, where the Jews were compelled to carry an ivy leaf in procession to
Bacchus. An echo of this, possibly, is to be found in Plut. Symp. 4, 6, and
Tac. Hist. V, 5, where an intimation is given of a belief among the Romans that
the Jews were worshippers of Bacchus.
Cf. Tertullian, De Coro ?ia, III, " frontem crucis signaculo terimus " ; Augus-
tine, Serm. cccii, 4, "Christianus es, in fronte portas crucem Christi" ; Enarr.
in Psalmum, XXX, 7, " in fronte figi " ; Serm. ccxv, 5 ; Serm. clxxiv, 3, and
passim. Perry, Carthage and Tunis, p. 274, speaks of a custom among the
Kabyle women of tattooing a cross on their foreheads, "an evident trace of
the primitive Christianity of the race."
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 35
symbolic ; still, while these words may not relate exclusively
to forms of Egyptian or Assyrian worship, they seem clearly
to refer to a practice of pagan devotees receiving some kind
of a distinguishing mark upon a conspicuous part of the body,
and this mark claimed them as the property of their god. 1
More interesting and significant passages occur in the Old
Testament. God commands Ezekiel (ix. 4) : " Go through
the midst of Jerusalem, and set a mark [signa Tau, Vulg.]
upon the foreheads of the men that sigh and that cry over all
the abominations that are done in the midst thereof," and later
("verse 6), " Slay utterly the old man, the young man and the
virgin, and little children and women; but come not near any
man upon whom is the mark." 2 It is clear that the mystic
Tau was, first a visible sign, and secondly a sign of protection. 3
Tau was the last letter of the Phoenician alphabet, having
the form -/-, 4 and also of the archaic Aramaic with the form + . 5
Moreover the Tau in the older Hebrew, 6 as well as in southern
Semitic alphabets 7 is shaped like a cross. Curiously enough,
too, the cross form is found in inscriptions of a later time (not
earlier than the second century B.C.) in North Africa, the
Barbary States, and in Spain. 8 The relation of these latter
1 See Keane, The Anti-Christ Legend (London, 1896), pp. 200-202 ; and cf.
Ambrose, De Interpellatione Job et David, II, vii, 27, "signum suum posuit
Christus in frontibus singulorum ; ita quoque Anti-Christus sua signa ponet ut
proprios recognoscat."
2 There are clear references to cult signs elsewhere in the Old Testament, e.g.
Gen. iv. 15, " And the Lord set a mark upon Cain lest any finding him should
kill him " ; also Lev. xix. 27-28, Isa. xliv. 5.
8 Cf. also the mark of the Passover, Exod. xii. 7, 13, 23 ; xiii. 9, 16. It is
rather significant that the early Christian writers, as Cyprian, ad Demetr. XXII,
comment in the same passage upon Ezek. ix. 4 and Exod. xii. 13, in connection
with the sign of the Passover. It is probable, although by no means certain, that
the sign of the Passover was a cross. The Hebrew letter, Tau, means by deri-
vation "mark," or " sign," while the name of the Arabic letter, Tau, is to this
day the same, and means both " sign " and " cross."
4 See Berger, Hist, de VEcriture dans VAntiquite, p. 170.
6 Ibid. p. 217, and plate following p. 300.
6 Ibid. p. 203. Cf. Jerome, on Ezek. ix., " Antiquis Hebraeorum litteris, quibus
usque hodie Samaritae utuntur, extrema Tau crucis habet similitudinem."
7 Berger, p. 323. 8 Ibid. pp. 328, 336.
36 WALTER DENNISON
alphabets to the Phoenician or allied alphabets has not been
conclusively shown.
The foregoing discussion may be summed up briefly. A
custom of signing the forehead with a distinguishing symbol
(cross-shaped?) prevailed in antiquity among pagans, Chris-
tians, Jews, and possibly also among other Oriental peoples.
The symbol had a religious meaning and at once indicated a
devotee of the faith. This, I believe, is the true interpretation
of the mark on the portrait heads in question. This mark has
a religious significance and was placed upon the head to stamp
the individual represented as a devotee or priest of a deity. 1
There is abundant testimony from Herodotus to the late
Christian writers that priests and devotees of Egyptian divini-
ties practised a kind of self -mutilation. " How they celebrate
the festival in honor of Isis at the city of Bubastis," says He-
rodotus (II, 61), " I have told before. For after the sacrifice
they beat themselves (rv7rrovrat 2 ~)^ all of them, both men and
women, very many myriads of people ; but for whom they beat
themselves it is not permitted me to say. But as many of the
Carians 3 as dwell in Egypt, do more even than the Egyptians
themselves, inasmuch as they cut their foreheads also with
knives (ra /lertoTra KOTTTOVTCII /ia^atjp^o-t) ; and by this it is
plain that they are strangers (1~elvoi) and not Egyptians."
Plutarch's 4 language is TOU? A.^VTrrlovs /coTrrof^evov; ev rat?
eo/arat? ; Firmicius Maternus, 5 " They beat their breasts, muti-
late their arms, and tear open the wounds of old sores " in
1 In the passages above discussed, the words /rows and t^rwirov are used to
indicate the place where the sign is made. In general from describes the front
of the head, as occipitium describes the back of the head, the space between being
simply caput. The usage of the word justifies the general statement that the
frons was the part bounded by the temples, the eyebrows, and the roots of the
hair. But plainly the frons of a man with shaven head might properly extend
some distance back. It is true that in the heads we are discussing the mark is
not placed on the brow, that is, just above the eyes, but it is, nevertheless,
placed in a conspicuous position, not in capite, but more properly in fronte.
In some examples, however, the mark is far forward, as in Nos. 4, 6, 8, 11, 12.
2 That is, in mourning for the death of Osiris.
8 On the Carians and lonians settling in Egypt, see Herodotus, II, 152 f.
* De Superstitione, 13. 6 Patrologia Lat., ed. Migne, XII, p. 985.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TFP# 37
their celebration of the death of Osiris. Similar descriptions are
found in Minucius Felix, 1 Lactantius, 2 Athenagoras, 3 Artemi-
dorus, 4 and Synesius. 5
Furthermore, it is certain that in the Roman period pagan
priests, not definitely named, branded themselves by way of
self-consecration. This is evident from the passage in Pru-
dentius, 6 where the martyr, Romanus, ridicules the religious
practices of the pagans. " Furthermore," he says, " the initiate
before consecration is impressed with a seal ; they place small
needle-shaped instruments in the fire, and with these, glowing
hot, they proceed to brand the body. Whatever part the fiery
mark has sealed, this they declare is hallowed to their god."
This language may refer to priests of Cybele, whose rites
are described in the lines immediately preceding, or to pagan
priests in general, or to priests of Isis, as interpreted by some
editors and commentators, including Brockhaus. 7 It is worth
while noting that the Christian use of the word <r<f>pay%(o is
"make the sign of the cross."
The language of Gregory Nazianz. Contra lulianum, I, 70,
/cavtm<? . . . fjiva-Titcds, also plainly refers to the branding of
secret symbols on some part of the body. The same practice
is mentioned by Philo (Judaeus), 8 who says, " there are some
1 Oct. xxii, 1. 2 I, xxi, 21. 3 Legal, pro Christ. 14.
* I, 23. 6 Encomium (paXaKplas, ed. Peter, p. 79.
6 Peristeph. X, 1076-1085 :
Quid cum sacrandus accipit sphragitidas?
Acus minutas ingerunt fornacibus ;
His membra pergunt urere, ut igniverint ;
Quamcumque partem corporis fervens nota
Stigmarit, hanc sibi consecratam praedicunt.
Functum deinde cum reliquit spiritus,
Et ad sepulchrum pompa fertur funeris,
Partes per ipsas imprimuntur bracteae.
Insignis auri lamina obducit cutem ;
Tegitur metallo, quod perustum est ignibus.
7 Prudentius in seiner Bedeutung fur die Kirche seiner Zeit (Leipzig, 1872),
p. 140.
8 De Monarchia, I, p. 819 (ed. Mangey, II, p. 221), Iwot watTy K^xp-n^ai
(tavldi vireppoXy, Sxrre . . . Itvrai irp&s 5ov\elav ruv xeipoK^ruv, ypdpiuiffiv O.VTT]V
vvTfs, owe tv xpTiS/ots . . . d\X" tv TO?S ff6fj.a<ri KaraffTlfovres aiir^v
tdvy irpbs ave^aKeiirrov 5ia/Mv^t> oi/8 yap XP^"V ToOra dfj-avpovvrat.
38 WALTER DENNISON
who display such an excess of madness that they worship things
wrought by hand, confessing this by symbols, not placed upon
paper, but impressed upon their very bodies with the glowing
iron, an indelible seal, which fades not with time."
But that in the Roman period a sign was actually stamped
on the forehead of a pagan initiate, is clear from Tertullian. 1
This Christian writer speaks of the resemblance, which is really
remarkable, between pagan and Christian ceremonies. " They
are the wiles of the devil," says Tertullian, " who in the rites
of idolatry thus imitates the holy institutions of God. He
[the devil] baptizes his believers, thus washing away their sins,
celebrates a rite of consecrating bread and water, introduces an
image of the resurrection, and rewards with a crown upon a
sword ; et si adhuc memini, Mithra signat illic infrontibus milites
awes." In commenting upon this passage Cumont 2 says : "II
semble cependant que le signe ou sceau qu'on apposait, n'etait
pas, comme dans la liturgie chretienne, une onction, mais une
marque gravee au fer ardent, semblable a celle qu'on appliquait
dans 1'armee aux recrues avant de les admettre au serment."
The impression one receives in reading this passage of Tertul-
lian is that the writer has no special deity in mind, but describes
together various pagan rites of which he had heard. In the
second and third centuries of our era, the most popular foreign
divinities were Isis and Mithras. There was much in them to
attract men; and in sacred ritual they resembled each other
as they resembled the Christian religion. 3 Their initiates
received ablutions to remove moral imperfections, those of
Mithras receiving a crown, those of Isis wearing one on their
heads; the former celebrated a service for the consecration of
bread and water, the latter a service which consisted in the
adoration of the holy Nile water, while the chief ceremony
in the worship of Isis was that of the Passion and Resur-
rection of Osiris. 4 Small wonder, then, that Tertullian and
1 De Praescript. II, 40. - Les Mysteres de Mithra (ed. 2, Paris, 1902), p. 131.
8 See Budge, The Gods of the Egyptians, pp. xv, xvi, 220, 221.
* Lafaye, chap, vi, and Cumont, Les Mysteres de Mithras, chaps, iv, vi.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SClPIO " TYPE 39
others 1 classify together the mystic rites of these two deities. 2
If, with this in mind, we return to the language of Tertullian,
si adJiuc memini, we shall be forced to the conviction that the
writer is not sure of his statement, is in fact in doubt and may
be wrong. Priests of Mithras are represented in plastic art
wearing a Phrygian cap and with thick, curly locks which
protrude from the edge of the cap. But no example has ever
been found bearing the mark of a cross upon the head. One
is inclined, therefore, in view of the evidence to believe that
Tertullian was mistaken and that the practice he describss was
observed by the devotees of some other religion. 3
The explanation of the form of the sacred symbol occurring
on the heads in question is more difficult. It may possibly have
some connection with the Egyptian symbol, T, signifying "life."*
The latter occurs very often in Egyptian reliefs, and is usually
held in the hand of a god or a king, being an almost invariable
attendant of representations of Isis. In the Roman period it
apparently signified " future life," 6 and would thus express the
essence of the belief suggested or inspired by the rites of Isis
and Osiris. 6
The crux ansata and the Semitic Tau, which, as we have seen,
had the shape of a cross, had much in common both in form 7
and in meaning. 8 What the relations of reciprocal influence
1 Pseudo- Augustine, Quaest. Vet. et Novi Test. cxiv. Socrates, Hist. Eccl.
V, 16.
2 Instances are known of the same man being a priest of both Mithras and
Isis, C.I.L. VI, 504, 846. These inscriptions belong to the end of the fourth
century.
8 If we wonder that there is little information in the Roman writers explana-
tory of a custom of placing an ineffaceable mark upon the head of a priest of
Isis, we should remember that, as Apuleius (Metam. XI, 23) and Plutarch (De
Iside et Osiride, 21 ; cf. also 4) remark, there were mysteries in the worship of
the goddess that might not be revealed.
* This symbol is known ordinarily by the name of " Nile key," or better
crux ansata.
6 See below, p. 40.
8 Lafaye, Divinites $ Alexandria, pp. 93 f.
7 A priest in the painting from Herculaneum (Helbig, 1111) holds in his left
hand a crux ansata, which apparently has the form of a cross.
8 On the significance of Tau, see above, p. 35, note 3.
40 WALTER DENNISON
between them were it is impossible with our present knowledge
to say. The crux ansata occurs on both Phoenician 1 and
Assyrian 2 monuments.
An identity in form between the Egyptian character meaning
" life " and the Christian symbol of the cross was actually ob-
served as late as the fourth century of our era. Socrates (born
possibly circa 379 A.D.) and Sozomenes (born circa 380) relate 3
that when the Serapeum 4 at Alexandria was destroyed by order
of Theodosius, some stones were found inscribed with hiero-
glyphic characters 5 (%a/ja/cT77/)coi/) in the form of a cross
((rravpov o-rjfjLeia) epfapek'), "which," Sozomenes remarks, "on
being submitted to the inspection of the learned, were inter-
preted as signifying the life to come." " Christian and
pagan," says Socrates, "interpreted it each according to the
idea of his own faith. Some pagans, who had been converted
to Christianity and who had a knowledge of such things, ex-
plained the cross-formed symbol as signifying the life to come.
Thereupon the Christians eagerly seized upon this interpreta-
tion as favorable to their religion." With reference to the
character of this symbol we find an illuminating passage in
Rufinus. 6 This historian describes how the symbols of Serapis
were everywhere cut from the walls, entrances, and other public
places, and in their stead the sign of the cross placed. When
this was done a matter of some importance was recalled. " This
sign of the cross of our Lord," Rufinus says, "the Egyptians
are said to have in their alphabet among the letters which they
call lepariKai, that is, peculiar to the priests. The meaning of
1 Seymour, History of the Cross, p. 21 ; Zoeckler, The Cross of Christ, p. 5.
2 Layard, Nineveh and its Remains, p. 213.
8 Socrates, Hist. Eccl. V, 17 ; Sozomenes, Hist. Eccl. VII, 15.
4 As is well known, the worship of Isis, Osiris, and Serapis was closely
related.
6 In the temple of Isis excavated at Pompeii, a plate containing hieroglyphic
characters was found, Overbeck-Mau, Pompeji, p. 108. Possibly the priests did
not understand this writing, but books written in Egyptian script were consulted
by them in a certain part of the ritual, and this doubtless created upon the
worshippers a desired impression ; cf. Apuleius, Metam. XI, 22.
6 Hist. Eccl. II, 29.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 41
this letter or symbol they declare to be the life to come." l It
is possible, of course, that the Christian cross thought of in this
comparison was in the form of the monogram, "f", the resemblance
between which and the Egyptian symbol, 1", is apparent. But
at least these passages suggest that the Egyptian sign and the
Christian cross were equivalent in form. 2
R. Wiinsch has recently published 3 a large number of lead
tablets of the fourth century of our era, which were found at
Rome, and contained curses addressed to certain Egyptian
gods. On these tablets are scratched various " sacred signs,"
ay tot %apa/cTf)pe<;, which may refer to the deities addressed.
If this is so, the sign x would refer to Osiris, since it occurs
more often by the side of that god. 4
Another consideration is the fact that, at least so far as I
have observed, no similar cult sign occurs on those portrait
heads of Egyptian priests which, found in Egypt, are of a
purely Egyptian type and period and represent men who
administered the native rites of the deity. 5 Two possible
explanations suggest themselves. The worship of Isis, Osiris,
and Serapis, after existing many centuries in Egypt, was
1 " Signum hoc nostrum Dominicae Crucis, inter quas dicunt Jeparwcdj, id est,
sacerdotales litteras habere Aegyptii dicuntur velut unum ex ceteris litterarum
quae apud illos sunt, elementis. Cuius litterae seu vocabuli hanc esse asserunt
interpretationem : vita ventura." See also Rufinus, ibid. II, 26, and Suidas,
S.V. ffTCLVpol.
2 On the similarity between the form of the crux ansata and the Christian
symbol, see Letronne, "La croix anse"e egyptienne," Ann. dell 1 Inst., 1843,
pp. 115-148.
The crux ansata occurs in Christian reliefs and, after the fifth century, on
Christian tapestries of Egypt ; Lowrie, Monuments of the Early Church, figs. 22,
174. Baring-Gould, Curious Myths of the Middle Ages, p. 93, gives a copy of
an inscription found upon a Christian church in the desert to the east of the
Nile. In this inscription both the equilateral (+) and the Egyptian (t) cross
appear.
8 Sethianische Verfluchstafeln, Leipsic, 1898.
4 The Egyptian priest bore about with him a symbol or token indicating his
rank. Porphyry, De Abstinentia, IV, 6, nal <rv/j.f}o\6v ye fy eKdrry rijs r<iewj
ffj.(pa.vTiK6v ffv (\axev tv rots iepois ir\elovs jap TICFO.V at T<J. Cf. also Diod.
Sic. I, 83.
6 Cf. for example the heads in the British Museum, Third Egyptian Room,
nos. 266, 267, 268.
42 WALTER DENNISON
revived in Italy. Here it may have been slightly modified, being
influenced by the rites of contemporaneous religions in which
the branding of cult signs was employed. 1 Or possibly from
the passage in Herodotus cited above (p. 36), we may assume
that an extraordinary test was required of foreign priests. 2
Our portraits date roughly from the last years of the
Republic to the end of the third century of our era. 3 They
belong, therefore, to the periods when the worship of Isis
was either tolerated or actually encouraged. Some of these
likenesses, the large number of which is explained by the
popularity of the cult, 4 may have been set up as dedications
in a temple. 5 It is interesting to note that several (Nos. 4, 5,
10, and p. 11, note 2, no. 7) are carved from basalt or nero
antico, favorite materials with the Egyptians. 6
In conclusion, we may well believe that the series of portraits
which passes under the name of Scipio the Elder does not
represent him ; and in view of the distinctly different types
we can hardly suppose that they represent the same individual.
They portray rather a class of men having two characteristics
in common : first, a shaven head, and secondly, a peculiar mark
upon the head.
1 See above, pp. 33-36.
2 This test may not have been required of all classes of priests, for there were
many grades of them (Lafaye, pp. 132 ff.) ; possibly we should recognize priests
of Isis in some examples of shaven heads bearing no mark ; e.g. Brunn-Bruck-
mann-Arndt, nos. 202, 203, 459, 460.
8 It is not always easy to date a portrait as belonging unquestionably to the
Republic or early Empire. On differences of opinion of this kind, see the list
above, p. 12, No. 2.
4 In the third century of our era the worship of Isis was perhaps the most
extensive and at any rate the most important religion of the Roman world. Cf.
Minucius Felix, 22, 2, " Haec tamen Aegyptia quondam, nunc et sacra Romana
sunt."
6 Lampridius, Life of Alexander Severus, 26, says that statues were set up in
the temples of Isis, " additis signis etDeliacis et omnibus mysticis." One recalls
the statues of the priestesses of Vesta and of Mithras discovered in their respect-
ive temples or sacred places. On dedications of this nature, see Rouse, Greek
Votive Offerings, pp. 263-266.
6 A large number of finds in basalt and black marble were made at the Iseum
at Rome ; cf. Blumner, Technol. und Terminal. Ill, 25, 189.
A NEW HEAD OF THE " SCIPIO " TYPE 43
The mark upon the head is a cult sign, and has a religious
significance. There is abundant evidence that in the Roman
period priests of foreign religions were branded, and that in
at least one priesthood the branding was done in frontibus. In
the case of a man whose head is shaven the word frons may be
applied to the place where we see the mark on the portraits in
question. It seems reasonable to suppose, therefore, that these
portraits represent men who were consecrated to some deity.
The shaven head suggests priests of an Egyptian religion ;
in the period represented by the portraits the most prominent
and popular Egyptian cult, as proved by a large amount of
literary and monumental evidence, was that of Isis. Of all the
classes of men in Italy who shaved their heads, the priests of
Isis are most likely to have been represented in plastic art;
and such we may suppose were the individuals whose portraits
have come down to us in the so-called Scipio busts.
WALTER DENNISON.
American .Sdjool
of Classical Studies
at
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH
[PLATES II, III]
MANY Grecian temples in a more or less ruined condition,
but with columns still standing, have survived the changes
and chances of time unto our own day and may be seen in
Sicily, Southern Italy, and Greece. The remains are here,
but the names have not descended with them. This is
probably not surprising in the cities of Sicily and Magna
Graecia, for we know but little of their inner life, but when
we reach Greece proper and find ruins on prominent sites, of
which descriptions have come to us from ancient writers, it
is a matter for comment that names have not been attached
to them with more certainty.
The spade of the archaeologist in our own day has changed
many names for more certain ones ; the traditional " The-
seum" at Athens has become the temple of Hephaestus, the
" Temple of Athena " at Sunium has been assigned to Posei-
don, and the Doric temple on Aegina, after passing from
Zeus Panhellenius to Athena, has now taken Aphaea as its
mistress.
No ruin in Greece has suffered more on the score of nomen-
clature than that of the old temple at Corinth, of which seven
columns are now standing. Pausanias, in his description of
Corinth, gives us passable guidance to the city of the second
century A.D., and names a number of temples there. The
root of the evil has been in the fact that we have had no
starting-point for our topography, and, in consequence, almost
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 44
Archaeological Institute of America. Vol. IX (1905), No. 1.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. IX (1905) PLATE II
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 45
every name of a temple mentioned by Pausanias has at one
time or another been attached to the present ruin by dif-
ferent travellers. A survey of the accounts of these different
travellers, with their conjectures, will be interesting and
instructive.
After Pausanias visited Corinth there came a long interval
of twelve hundred years until Cyriacus of Ancona visited
Greece in 1436. The Corinth of Pausanias's time had passed
away and only one prominent ruin remained. Cyriacus says, 1
" There still stand ten great columns entire of the temple of
Corinthian Juno, with their architraves, any one having a
diameter of 7 palms (i.e. 1.55 m.) and architraves 16 palms
in length (i.e. 3.54 m.)." The measurements given corre-
spond fairly accurately to the true measurements of the
columns and the architraves on the side of the Old Temple
as it exists to-day (i.e. 1.63 m. and c. 3.70 m.). Dr. E.
Reisch has shown 2 that an x was probably written in the
text instead of the true number xin, which was used for the
drawing originally given below, and this later was written out
"decem." The true number xni is really found in the text
of Codex Parmensis, 1191 f. 37', so there can be no doubt that
the number thirteen was intended. The drawing originally
accompanying the text of Cyriacus has been lost unfortu-
nately, but Reisch identifies some detached drawings found
in the Codex Barberini of Giuliano di San Gallo as lost draw-
ings of Cyriacus. After some drawings identified as belonging
to Eleusis, there occurs a sketch of four Ionic columns having
on their architraves the inscription, P XVI EPI2ETILIA; and
then are given a section of wall of square blocks of masonry
and also one of polygonal masonry. The length of the archi-
1 Cyriacus, Epigrammata per Illyriam, p. xvii : ad eundem X. K. Maiarum diem
Corinthum venimus, cuius et moenia undique conlapsa vetustate conspexi . . .
et extant adhuc integrae ex Junonis Corinthiae templo decem immanes columnae
suis cum magnis epistiliis habentes diametrum quaelibet p. A, epistilia veto
longitudinis p. XVI. COLVMNAE IMMANES, N. XIII. deest icon.
2 E. Reisch, ' Zeichnungen des Cyriacus im Codex Barberini des Giuliano di
San Gallo,' Ath. Mitth. XIV, 1889, p. 225.
46 BENJAMIN POWELL
traves corresponds to that given by Cyriacus in his text and
the drawings of walls correspond to the fortifications (raoenia)
that were seen by him at the Isthmus. 1 We need not hesi-
tate because the drawing gives the columns in the Ionic style
instead of the Doric, as they really are, for the Parthenon at
Athens on another page is treated in the Corinthian style.
We may rest assured, then, that thirteen columns belonging
to the present ruin were standing in 1436.
The Codex Ambrosianus (C, 61) contains many Greek and
Latin inscriptions jotted down by Joh. Vine. Pinelli (1535-
1601), and at p. 88 of the manuscript begins a description of
a journey in Greece, written in Italian of the Venetian dia-
lect. 2 The writer visited Corinth, and says : " Below Corinth
toward the Gulf of Patras were ancient buildings and great
walls of squared blocks of masonry. There are still about
twelve or fourteen columns of marble on bases, beautiful and
very large ; they are arranged on a square, and a little dis-
tance from them is a very high column, but this is in two
pieces ; the lower part is the shaft (butt-end) and the upper
part is drawn into a point, above which was fixed some statue.
The dwellings of Corinth are all on the mountain, which is
very high and is for the most part inaccessible ; and there
ascended Berthold, Captain of the Signoria (Empire of Venice).
... Only one road leads to it, and that is very difficult ;
nor does one see the buildings from any place, except from
1 Cyriacus, I.e. : Ad Peloponnesiacum Isthmum venimus antiquis olim inoeni-
bus Lacedaemouum ope clausum.
2 E. Ziebarth, ' Ein Griechischer Reisebericht des Fiinfzehntes Jahrhunderts,'
Ath. Mitth. 1899 (vol. 24), p. 78: Soto Corintho verso el colpho di patras
erano aedificii antiqui, muri gross! de sassi quadrati. Sono ancora circa 12 over
14 colonne di marmaro in piedi belle et assai grande, e sono posti per squadro,
e pocho distante da quelle e una colonna altissima, ma che sia di doi pezzi ; la
mita di soto e calce e la mita di sopra tra in punta, sopra le qual par fusse
qualche imagine. Le habitatione di corintho sono tutte sopra el monte, el quale
e altissimo, et e la mazzor parte inaccessibile, e dove ascese bertoldo capitano
ide.la S(ignoria), dove 1 dio fu morto e fatto doma d muro con una fortezza
avcc (?), chi tutto il mondo non possia intrare. Una sola via e da intrar e
molto difficile, ne anche se vide le habitatio(ne) da nissuna parte, excepto da
quella e sopra il monte; ma essendo al piano non si vede cosa alcuna de la terra.
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT COEINTH
47
that (road) and on the mountain ; but being in the plain one
does not see anything of the country." There is only one
thing by which this account may be dated, and that is the
name of Bertoldo, Capitano de la Signoria. This seems to be
Condottiere Bertoldo da Ca d'Este, who in 1463 in the Veneto-
Turkish war besieged Corinth (24 August-20 October), but
did not take the citadel. He was himself killed by a thrown
stone. Ziebarth dates the manuscript about 1470, and says
FIGURE 1. STUART'S DRAWING OF THE TEMPLE AT CORINTH (1766).
that the author may have been Francesco Squarcione, who was
the teacher of Mantegna and who is known as a great traveller.
This traveller is disappointing in his off-hand way of saying
twelve or fourteen columns without giving the exact number.
I am inclined to think that there were thirteen still standing
in the peristyle, and that Cyriacus in his reckoning had men-
tioned only these great columns and had not taken into account
the extra column which this traveller mentions as standing
at a short distance. This extra column is undoubtedly that
shown by Stuart in his drawing (Fig. 1), about three hun-
48 BENJAMIN POWELL
dred years later, as belonging to the opisthodomus at the west
end of the temple. Our writer evidently saw no immediate
connection between this column and the others and thought,
as came natural to a Venetian who had the two columns in
the Piazzetta at Venice in mind, that the column supported
a statue. The top of this column is so hidden in Stuart's
drawing that we cannot say whether the capital of the
column was in place or not ; the contraction into a point
noted by our author would tend to show that it was not;
his idea of this contraction was, of course, the entasis of the
column. He makes a mistake in the material of the columns,
which are not of marble.
Martin Kraus visited Greece about the middle of the six-
teenth century, and in his Turcograecia says that this ruin
was a temple of Juno. He evidently followed the same
tradition as Cyriacus. The only ground for such a hypothe-
sis is that Pausanias mentioned a temple of Bunaean Hera
below the Acrocorinthus.
Spon and Wheler 1 came in the next century, in 1676, and
found only twelve columns standing; namely, eleven of the
peristyle and the extra column, concerning which Wheler
says that it had the same diameter as the others, but stood
upon a higher level. He recognized the fact that it was
part of the temple, and assigned it as a support to the roof of
the pronaos. Of course, being at the western end it would
belong to the opisthodomus. Du Loir, who had been in Corinth
in 1654, saw only twelve columns. Dodwell 2 foolishly finds
fault with Du Loir for his number twelve, and says that
Wheler saw only eleven ; but he himself is in the wrong in
interpreting Wheler, who really saw twelve all together. Le
Roy, however, who travelled sometime after Wheler, deludes
himself into thinking that he saw fourteen columns.
Stuart, who came nearly a hundred years after Wheler (1766),
made excellent sketches and plans of the temple (Fig. 1).
1 Cf . Spon, Voyage, II, p. 173 ; Wheler, Journey, p. 440.
2 Dodwell, Classical and Topographical Tour through Greece, vol. II, p. 191.
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 49
He shows twelve columns standing ; namely, five across the
west end, six along the south side, omitting the corner column,
and the isolated column of the west entrance. 1 The measure-
ments on these plans will be discussed later. At the time of
Stuart's visit dwelling-houses occupied the eastern part of
what had been the complete structure, and a boundary wall
had been constructed in the intercolunmiations on the south
side. The architraves were complete for the standing columns
of the south side, and the most western of these was not
broken and sunken as it now is. The outer of the two archi-
trave blocks spanning the first intercolumniation of the west
end had already disappeared and the whole west end bore
the appearance that it does to-day.
Dr. Chandler, 2 who travelled in Greece in 1776, found the
temple in the condition portrayed by Stuart. He, without
the least evidence to support his theory, suspected it to be
the Sisypheum mentioned by Strabo.
Colonel W. M. Leake, that prince of topographers, gives us
valuable information concerning the ruin. He says 3 that some
drawings were made about the year 1785 by an artist named
Mayer who was employed by the British ambassador, Sir R.
Ainslee. These drawings show that between the visits of Stuart
and Chandler and that time (i.e. between 1776 and 1785) the
isolated column had disappeared. Mr. Hawkins, the British
traveller, visited the ruin in 1795 and found that four columns
of the south side had been removed, leaving the temple in its
present condition. The Turk, who owned the house standing
upon the site, had demolished the columns to make room for
some new buildings which he intended to erect. Leake, from
the unique proportions of the columns, dates the building of
the temple at the middle of the seventh century B.C. and quite
consistently argues that, inasmuch as the cult of Athena
Chalinitis at Corinth as described by Pausanias, was very
1 Cf. Stuart and Revett, The Antiquities of Athens, III, chap. vi. pis. i, ii, iii.
2 Cf. Chandler, Travels into Greece, vol. II, p. 294.
8 Cf. Leake, Morea, vol. Ill, p. 246.
50
BENJAMIN POWELL
ancient, these columns probably belonged to the temple of that
goddess.
E. D. Clarke, who published his volumes of travels in 1818,
says l that the four columns last removed were blasted into frag-
ments with gunpowder and used by the Governor in building
a house. Clarke disputes Chandler's idea that the building was
the Sisypheum, and is inclined to call it the Temple of Octavia
mentioned by Pausanias. He says, however, " I do not bestow
FIGURE 2. THE TEMPLE AT CORINTH ABOUT THE YEAR 1820.
the name upon it, but leave its history to be hereafter deter-
mined, when future discoveries upon the spot shall have made
the antiquities of Corinth better known than they are at pres-
ent." A thought upon the relative ages of this temple and of
a temple to the Roman Octavia would have saved Clarke even
the mention of the ridiculous hypothesis. The accompanying
sketch, taken from a volume called Views of Athens, published
during the second quarter of the last century, shows the ap-
pearance of the temple at that time (Fig. 2). From the
i Cf. E. D. Clarke, Travels, vol. VI, pp. 551-553.
-
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 51
appearance of the first architrave block of the south side, this
drawing must have been made before Blouet's visit in 1829, for
he found the block broken. The Turkish buildings are here
seen which were built out over the four dismantled columns of
the southern peristyle; a large wall traverses the axis of the
temple and incorporates in itself the third column of the west-
ern end. The second and third columns of the side are also
bound together with a wall.
The " Expedition Scientifique de Moree " under Blouet in
1829 made a number of excellent drawings of the temple, giving
a number of measurements and details which will be considered
later. 1 A point worthy of notice is seen in the drawing of
the ruin in pi. 80 of this work ; the last block of the line of
architraves on the south side had been broken between the visit
of Stuart and that of Blouet, and the parts had become de-
flected to the precarious condition in which they are found
to-day (Fig. 3).
Curtius 2 follows Leake in identifying the ruin as a temple
of Athena, and Bursian 3 (<?. 1859) also is inclined to the same
hypothesis.
Dr. Dorpfeld of the German Archaeological Institute at
Athens made in 1886 the first excavations undertaken on this
site. 4 He made clear the plan of the temple from excavations
at certain points, and discovered interesting details, but found
nothing from which the temple could be named ; he supposed
from the division of the cella into two parts that the building
was dedicated to two divinities, the entrances to either chamber
being from the corresponding ends of the temple.
The excavations on the site of Corinth by the American
School of Classical Studies were begun in the spring of 1896,
and it needed only one campaign for the director, Dr. Richard-
son, to make a plausible guess at the name of the temple. A
1 Cf. Exped. Scientif. de Moree, vol. II, pi. 77-80.
2 Cf. Curtius, Pelopon. vol. II, p. 532.
8 Cf. Bursian, Geographie von Griechenland, vol. II, p. 16.
* Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, pp. 297 ff.
52
BENJAMIN POWELL
53
paved roadway was found l leading from the direction of the
Corinthian Gulf toward the Acrocorinth and passing to the
east of the Old Temple. It was conjectured that the Agora
described !>y Pausanias lay a short distance up this road from
the point where it was first tapped opposite the Old Temple, and
then a road leading from the Agora to Sicyon would leave the
Old Temple on the right, which would make it appear to be the
temple of Apollo mentioned by Pausanias in his description. 2
Subsequent excavations have made this conjecture practically
certain, and from the evidence given by Dr. Richardson we may
rest assured that this was truly the temple of Apollo. 3 Pausa-
nias does not describe the temple, but simply mentions the fact
that there was a bronze statue of the god there. The worship
of Apollo at Corinth is known at an early date, for in the time
of Periander (Herod. Ill, 52) oaths of fidelity were sworn in
his name.
Dr. Dorpfeld had considered 4 that no further excavation of
the site of the temple was necessary, but in 1898 the work of
completely clearing the site was begun, 6 and in 1899 completed, 6
with the exception of a few late walls of buildings 7 which were
removed in the spring of 1901. The only unexcavated portion
at present is at the northeast corner under the wall of the un-
completed, roofless schoolhouse which was begun in 1858 and
left unfinished when the earthquake destroyed the village in
that year. The photograph of the site in the American Journal
of Archaeology, vol. IV, 1900, p. 462, shows the condition of
the ruin just before the last-mentioned walls were removed,
whereas the accompanying photograph (PLATE II) shows its
present condition. The completion of the excavation of the
site gave the satisfaction that nothing of importance could
1 Of. Am. J. Arch. I, 1897, p. 464.
2 Cf. Pausanias, II, 3, 5 : trtpav dt K TTJJ dyopds rijv tirl Si/cvcDva t
Hffnv iSetv iv Sel-ig, TT)S 65oO pads Kal &ya\fjM xoX/coCv 'ATnSXXwroj, KOI 6\iyov
8 Cf. Am. J. Arch. IV, 1900, pp. 458 and 474.
* L.c. p. 300. 6 Ibid. Ill, 1899, p. 682.
Am. J. Arch. II, 1898, p. 501. 7 Ibid. Suppl. to vol. V, 1901, p. 30.
54 BENJAMIN POWELL
escape, and also furnished many additional details of interest.
The plan (PLATE III) was made in the spring of 1901, and at
that time I ascended to the architraves by means of ropes and
ladders and made an examination of the upper part of the
building, something that Dr. Dorp f eld was unable to do. 1
The temple of Apollo at Corinth, as has been seen, was situ-
ated to the west of the road leading from the market-place north-
wards to Lechaeum on the Corinthian Gulf and north of the
road leading westwards from the market-place to Sicyon. It
was thus just northwest of the market-place and at some ele-
vation -above it, for at this point there is an outcropping of the
natural rock which formed a solid platform for the foundation
of the temple. From this height a view could be obtained of
the busy streets in the immediate foreground to the east and
south of the temple. The ground slopes away from the temple
in every direction except toward the west, and in this direction
at a little distance was found the fountain of Glauce, 2 the
chambers of which were hewn out of the natural rock belong-
ing to the same stratum as that of the platform of the temple.
The slopes to the south and east were flanked by colonnades and
porticos in both the Greek and Roman periods, 3 and these stoas,
rising in terraces above the streets, formed a decorative base for
the temple which severely and majestically surmounted its more
ornate environment.
Immediate access from the market-place to the temple was
gained at the southeastern corner of the platform, for here a
broad staircase was constructed which conducted pedestrians to
the eastern end or front of the temple.
The slope of the rock forming the platform is from the west
toward the east, so that toward the east the foundation walls for
the peristyle and walls of the cella had to be built up to a con-
siderable height. The highest point of natural rock is found
between the third and fourth columns of the western end, and
1 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, p. 304, no. 1.
2 Cf. Am. J. Arch. IV, 1900, p. 458.
8 Ibid. Suppl. to vol. VI, 1902, p. 19.
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 55
this is only 0.67 m. below the level of the flooring of the opis-
thodomus. Taking this fragment of the flooring at the entrance
to the opisthodomus as a level, it is found that the levelled rock
at the southeastern corner of the peristyle is 2.07 m. below it;
the rock on the northern side just west from the wall of the
modern schoolhouse is 2.55 m. below it, and the lowest point of
levelling is found in the foundation for the wall of the cella on
the northern side at some distance from the eastern end. Here
a slot has been made for an inlaid stone, and one stone has been
set in the levelled rock; this point is 2.61 m. below the level of
the floor of the opisthodomus, and the slot is 0.15 m. below this
level, making a difference between the highest and lowest points
of the natural rock of 2.09 m.
The plan itself (PLATE III) needs but little explanation;
practically all the measurements are indicated, the levelled rock'
is left white, the blocks of masonry still in situ are indicated
with a shading of diagonal lines, the un worked natural rock is
shaded dark, the existing columns are black, and the location of
the others is shown by dotted circles. The dotted lines on the
present plan show the extent of Dr. Dorpfeld's excavations.
Dr. Dorpfeld discovered that the temple was hexastyle, with
fifteen columns on a side (i.e. thirty-eight columns in all), a
proportion which is seen at a later period in the temple of Apollo
at Bassae and Temple R at Selinus. The stylobate of the
temple was 53.30 m. in length and 21.36 m. in width. The
foundations for the peristyle, the walls of the cella, and the in-
terior columns were placed on the solid rock which was levelled
and so descends in a series of steps or planes in accordance with
the natural slope of the rock from west to east. 1 These founda-
tions consisted of walls of squared limestone masonry, the blocks
of which had in general a surface measurement of c. 1.25 m.
by 0.85 m. The breadth of the foundations for the peristyle
was c. 2.50 m., but varies somewhat. The spaces between
these foundation walls were filled with earth and chips of stone ;
the rock underneath was left in its original condition. The
1 Cf. photograph from northeast corner (PLATE II).
56 BENJAMIN POWELL
spacing of the columns from axis to axis on the west end, begin-
ning at the corner, is as follows: 3.70 m., 4 m., 4.02 m., and
4m.; on the side, 3.48 m. and 3.70 m. From this we may
conclude that the spacing was 3.70 m. all down the sides except-
ing the last space at each end. Dr. Dorpfeld discovered that
there was a slight curvature in the stylobate at the west end,
for at the bases of the two middle columns the stylobate is two
centimetres higher than under the corner column. I also tested
this by a series of levellings, and obtained the same result.
The passageway between the peristyle and the wall of the
cella was somewhat more than 2.60 m. in width. None of
the masonry which formed the foundations for the temple
proper remains, but the outline can be made out from the
cuttings in the rock. The temple was a temple in antis, not
prostyle ; the position of the column of the opisthodomus which
was standing in Stuart's time and of which he shows the posi-
tion in his drawings makes this certain. This column stood
behind the third column of the west end, counting from the
southern corner, and was distant from it 4.29 m. (14 feet 1^
inches). This measurement brings the column in position on
the preserved masonry at the entrance to the opisthodomus,
where it has been indicated on the plan. An examination of
the surface of the masonry shows a faint circular weathering
or tooling of the stone at this point and also at the place for
the companion column on the other side of the entrance.
The cuttings for the bedding of the wall of the cella average
about 1.50 m. in width. The chambers of the temple had a
width of nearly nine metres. The entrance chamber on the
west has a much greater depth (4.23 m.) than the chamber at
the east (2.71 m.). A large block of Pentelic marble found
near the east end of the temple Dr. Dorpfeld thinks was the
threshold of the eastern chamber. The interior between the
two entrance chambers is divided by a cross-cutting into two
chambers ; that toward the east with a length of 16 m., that to
the west of 9.60 m. This last is nearly square. Throughout
the length of these two chambers run two parallel cuttings
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH 57
(c. 3.45 ra. apart), where rested the foundations for the interior
columns supporting the roof. Dr. Dorpfeld conjectures two
pairs of columns in the western chamber and four pairs in the
eastern. On account of this cross-cutting, Dr. Dorpfeld sup-
posed the temple to have been a double temple with two sepa-
rate chambers, 1 where two different divinities were worshipped,
but inasmuch as Pausanias mentions the structure as being
sacred to Apollo only, it now seems more probable to him that
the cross-cutting, which is much shallower and less sharply
defined than any of the others, served as a bedding for some
slight superstructure which was probably a screen placed across
the cella of the temple to shut off the cult image from the
larger chamber.
At a distance of 1.80 m. west of this cross-cutting were
found the remains of what appears to have been the founda-
tion for the base of the cult image. When Dr. Dorpfeld
excavated here there were four blocks in place, but at present
only two of these remain. The whole base had a breadth of
2.75 m. and a depth of about 2.25 m.
The columns of the temple are Doric in style with twenty
flutings, which are c. 0.206 m. wide at the bottom. The
columns are monolithic and the material is the rough native
limestone of the neighborhood. The greatest diameter of the
columns at the west end is 1.72 m., while those at the side
measure only 1.63 m. The total height of column and capital
is 7.215 m.; these measurements give massive proportions, i.e.
1 : 4.2 on the front and 1 : 4.4 on the side. The proportions of
the axial distance to the height of the column are 1 : 1.8 on the
front and 1:1.95 on the side. Dr. Dorpfeld was unable 2 to
measure the height of the columns, but Blouet gives the meas-
urement as 7.21 m. I have measured the fallen monolith on
the south side of the temple, whose full length is preserved, and
1 Professor J. B. Bury, in his History of Greece [1st ed.], p. 152, combines the
idea that there were two separate chambers with the knowledge that Pausanias
called this a temple of Apollo and guesses that the second chamber was dedicated
to the worship of Artemis.
2 Cf. Ath. Mitth. XI, 1886, p. 304, no. 1.
58
BENJAMIN POWELL
found it to be 6.33m. When the thickness of the capital and
abacus, 0.885 m., is added to this, it gives a total of 7.215 m.
Stuart's measurements, 21 feet 4| inches (6.50 m.), height of
column to the swell of the capital, + 2 feet 4| inches (0.72 m.),
thickness of capital, give a total of 7.22 m. as the height.
The columns at the top have a diameter of only 1.295 m.,
and this great entasis and the flat, bulging capitals give an
appearance of great solidity to the structure. The columns
FIGURE 4. FALLEN COLUMN OF NORTH SIDE OF TEMPLE AT CORINTH.
were left slightly rough by the chisel in order to furnish a
secure surface for the coat of reddish-yellow stucco with which
the temple was finished in the earlier period. When the
temple was repaired in Roman times a thicker coat of stucco
of coarser texture was put on over this. These different coats
can be clearly seen on the larger fragment of column lying on
the north side of the temple (Fig. 4).
The details of the capital and the annulets given in Figs. 5
and 6 are self-explanatory ; these are redrawn from Dr. Dorp-
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH
59
FIGURE 5. DETAIL OF CAPITAL.
feld's measurements. The capital proper has a thickness of
0.565 m. and the abacus of 0.32 m. The abacus of the third
column from the southern
corner on the west end has a
surface 2.25 in. square. The
photograph (Fig. 7) gives a
near view of the capital of
the last column remaining on
the west end.
The sketch (Fig. 8) shows
the arrangement of the archi-
trave blocks that remain in
position, together with the
surface measurements. The
height of the architraves as
I measured them is 1.32 m., but Blouet gives the measurement
as 1.292 in., while Stuart gives the total height in his time as
1.44 m. (4 feet 8f inches),
but the height corresponding
to what is now left was then
given as 1.34 m. (4 feet 4^
inches). The method of fit-
ting the blocks over the cor-
ner column is interesting; the
inner blocks were joined with
bevelled faces, but the outer
blocks show only square ends.
The outside block on the side,
which is now broken, came
to the middle of the column,
so the block across the end
must have reached from the
middle of the second column
on the west to the outside of the corner column. On the third
column of the western end the architraves are 0.27 m. from
the outside edge of the abacus and 0.20 m. from the inside edge.
FIGURE 6. DETAIL OP NECKING.
60
As may be seen from the photograph (Fig. 9), these archi-
traves have weathered badly, and large spaces have been worn
between them at the top, while the whole .upper surface is
honeycombed into cavities and sharp edges. The measure-
ments of the architraves, which are given on the plan, were
obtained from their lower surfaces where they are but little
worn.
FIGURE 7. CAPITAL OF NORTHERNMOST COLUMN OF WEST END.
On the remains of the seven architrave blocks, there are
traces of the lower ends of the triglyphs, so that a few more
measurements may be given. On the west end the lower end
of the only triglyph which remains in place is 0.83 m. in width
(Stuart, 2 feet 8|^ inches = 0.831 m.), and the space for the
metopes between the triglyphs is 1.18 m. (Stuart, 3 feet 9^|
inches =1.166 m.). The guttae which remain in place are
0.051 m. (Dorpfeld, 0.056 m.) in length and 0.06 m. (Dorpfeld,
0.066m.) in diameter. The width of the band above the
guttae is 0.115 m.; then comes a slight projection in the tri-
glyph of 0.005 m.; and then another band which extends all
along the top of the architraves, this is 0.113 m. in width
and projects 0.06 m. from the face of the architrave.
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT CORINTH
61
On the south side the space is 3.10 m. for two metopes and
a triglyph. The remains of half a triglyph at the end of one
block are 0.38 m. in width, giving a total width of 0.76 m.
(Blouet, 0.75 m.) for the triglyphs on the side and a width of
1.17 m. for the metopes.
FIGURE 8. ARRANGEMENT OP
EXISTING ARCHITRAVES.
Of the superstructure above the architraves,
nothing now remains. Dr. Dorpfeld found
some tiles with the inscription POITI, which
he supposes to date from Roman repairs upon
the temple ; he also found red pieces of orna-
mentation which probably came from the
wall of the cella or the pavement. Many
fragments of ornamental architectural terra-
cottas have been found during the course
of the excavations, but none of these can be
assigned with certainty to this building,
although their distance from the temple does not militate
against the identification, for fragments of the columns of the
temple have been found as far away as the vaulted chamber
at the foot of the terrace bordering the platform of the temple
on the south.
62 BENJAMIN POWELL
As far as the time of the construction of the temple is con-
cerned there is but little to be said. Leake (Morea, vol. Ill,
p. 249) would date it about the middle of the seventh cen-
tury B.C.; Dr. Dorpfeld says that it belongs to the sixth
century and perhaps earlier. The accompanying sketch (Fig.
10) of a fragment of a vase, which formed the upper part of
the handle of a large amphora d colonnette, shows a typical
Corinthian motif of the period when only animal forms of a
FIGURE 9. VIEW FROM ABOVE OF THE ARCHITRAVES AT THE SOUTHWEST
CORNER.
bizarre type were in use as decorative factors. This fragment
may be dated from the early part of the sixth century B.C., and
since it was found among the chips of stone lying between the
cuttings for the foundation walls of the temple, it seems quite
likely that it was contemporaneous with its construction or
only a few years anterior.
In conclusion it is of interest to examine the plan of the
temple to determine just which columns were standing until a
late period. The seven existing columns are plainly indicated
THE TEMPLE OF APOLLO AT COEINTH
63
in black at the western end and southern side. The twelve
columns seen by Stuart were these seven and the four immedi-
ately adjoining them on the southern side, whose foundations
are still standing, and in addition the more southerly of the two
columns at the entrance of
the opisthodomus. The thir-
teen columns of the peristyle
standing in Cyriacus's time,
in addition to the eleven just
mentioned, probably included
the two immediately follow-
ing on the southern side,
which are now lying pros-
trate as they fell outward.
Farther back than this we
have no written record, but
a further examination of the plan shows that many of the
columns on the north side must have remained standing on
their bases down to a comparatively late date, for the masonry
between the places for the columns is gone, having been
removed for building purposes, but the masonry under the
columns remains.
The part first destroyed was in all probability the eastern
end of the temple, and the eastern part of the southern side,
for here the foundations were highest and now hardly a stone
remains in place. The northwestern corner seems also to have
disappeared at an early period.
BENJAMIN POWELL.
FIGURE 10. DECORATION ON A FRAG-
MENT OF A VASE FOUND IN THE
BUILDERS' KEFUSE OF THE TEMPLE.
EDITORIAL NOTES
BY authority of the Council, Dr. Charles Peabody, of Cambridge, Mass.,
has been made a member of the Editorial Board of the JOURNAL, and will
have charge of the department of American Archaeology.
A Fellowship in Mediaeval and Renaissance Archaeology has been estab-
lished by the Institute at the American School in Rome. This fellowship,
with an annual stipend of $600, is administered by a Committee of which
Professor Allan Marquand, of Princeton University, is Chairman, and Pro-
fessor Alice V. V. Brown, of Wellesley College, is Secretary. Applications
for this fellowship for 1905-06 should be made to the Chairman before
May 1, 1905.
The publication of the second and concluding volume of The Argive
Heraeum is expected in April. The contributors are Professor Waldstein
and Dr. G. H. Chase, " The Terra-Cotta Figurines " ; Professors Waldstein
and J. C. Hoppin, " The Terra-Cotta Reliefs " ; Professor Hoppin, " The
Vases and Vase Fragments " ; Dr. T. W. Heermance, " The Inscriptions on
Vases " ; Mr. H. F. De Cou, " The Bronzes," " Inscriptions on Bronzes,"
and " The Coins " ; Professor R. Norton, " The Engraved Stones, Gems,
and Ivories " ; and Mr. A. M. Lythgoe, " Egyptian Objects." The Index
has been prepared by Miss M. L. Nichols. This volume is nearly twice
as large as the first volume and contains over four hundred pages, with
about one hundred full-page plates, most of which are reproduced by the
lithograin process and some in colors ; there are also numerous illustrations
in the text.
The first volume of the Supplementary Papers of the American School
of Classical Studies in Rome is now in press and will be published in the
course of the spring. An account of this volume will be given in our next
issue.
M, Pettier, of the Museums of the Louvre, in a letter to the Editor kindly
calls attention to the fact that M. de Sarzec discovered in the palace at
Tello in Babylonia the same use of bricks (grouped in triangular sectors)
in the construction of columns as that described by Mr. Fisher in his article
on "The Mycenaean Palace at Nippur" in the December number of this
JOURNAL (1904), pp. 422-425, and that this construction is discussed by
M. Heuzey in the Decouvertes en Chaldee, p. 62, as also in the small volume
by the same author entitled Un Palais Chaldeen (1888), p. 37 and pi. in.
MARCH, 1905.
Institute
of &mmca
GENERAL MEETING OF THE ARCHAEOLOGICAL
INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
DECEMBER 28-30, 1904
THE Archaeological Institute of America held its sixth
general meeting for the reading and discussion of papers at
Boston and Cambridge, Mass., Wednesday, Thursday, and
Friday, December 28-30, 1904.
The business meetings of the Managing Committee of the
School in Rome, the Managing Committee of the School at
Athens, and the Council of the Institute were held on the
same days, at 9.30 A.M.
The meeting of Wednesday evening was held in the Rogers
Building of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston,
the meetings of Thursday afternoon and evening in the Fogg
Art Museum of Harvard University, Cambridge ; all the other
meetings in the Walker Building of the Massachusetts Institute
of Technology.
Addresses were delivered each day at 11.30 A.M. in the
Museum of Fine Arts, as follows: Wednesday, by Mr. Edward
Robinson, Director, on The Collection of Vases in the Museum ;
Thursday, by Mr. Matthew S. Prichard, Assistant Director, on
The Terra-cottar^ Bronzes, and Coins in the Museum ; Friday,
by Mr. B. H. Hill, Assistant Curator of Classical Antiquities,
on The Original Sculptures in the Museum.
Friday, from 1 to 2 P.M., Mrs. John L. Gardner received
about forty of the visiting members of the Institute and Man-
aging Committees at Fenway Court.
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 65
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 1.
66 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Thursday, at 6.30 P.M., a dinner at which one hundred
and seventy persons were present was given by the Boston
Society to the visiting members of the Institute in the Living
Room of the Harvard Union, in Cambridge. At 10 P.M. Pro-
fessor and Mrs. John Williams White received the visiting
members of the Institute at their house.
The museums of Harvard University were open to visitors
every day during the meeting.
On Friday, at 1.30 P.M., the Boston Society gave a luncheon
to the Council and the Managing Committees, at the Hotel
Brunswick.
A joint resolution was passed, thanking the authorities of
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, of Harvard Uni-
versity, and of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, the Presi-
dent and members of the Boston Society, Mrs. John L.
Gardner, and others for the hospitable reception given to the
Institute and the Managing Committees.
A joint resolution was also passed, thanking the Carnegie
Institution for the generous grants of pecuniary assistance
which it has made to the Schools at Athens and in Rome.
There were five sessions, at which addresses and papers,
many of which were illustrated by means of the stereopticon,
were presented. The brief abstracts of the papers which
follow were, with few exceptions, furnished by the authors.
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 28. 3 P.M.
Professor Thomas Day Seymour, President of the Institute,
presided.
Address of welcome by President Henry S. Pritchett, of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Addresses in commemoration of the Twenty-Fifth Anniver-
sary of the founding of the Institute by Professor Charles Eliot
Norton, of Harvard University, President of the Institute from
1879 to 1890, Professor John Williams White, of Harvard
University, President of the Institute from 1897 to 1903,
Professor James R. Wheeler, of Columbia University, Chair-
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 67
man of the Managing Committee of the School at Athens,
Professor Andrew F. West, of Princeton University, Chairman
of the Managing Committee of the School in Rome, Professor
George F. Moore, of Harvard University, Chairman of the
Managing Committee of the School in Palestine, and Mr.
Charles P. Bowditch, Chairman of the Committee on American
Archaeology.
1. Professor James C. Egbert, of Columbia University,
Fasti recently found at Teano.
While on an epigraphical tour last March through the towns of
Campania, I found in the house of Signer Orazio Pasquale in le
Curti an inscription on marble which proved to be fasti of a muni-
cipium. It was said to have been originally found at Teano, ancient
Teanum Sidicinum. It measures : breadth 9| inches, height 9 inches,
thickness 1^ inch. There are ten lines, six of which are complete
and easily read. The letters belong to the scriptura actuaria, and in
this these resemble other fasti. Apices are found over a in Silanus,
a in Vipstanus, u in lulius, and over ae in Laelius and oe in Coelius.
One tall i is seen in Silanus. The inscription reads as follows :
[M~\agrius Sagit(ta) Fal(ernia tribu) Venid(ius) Vitul(us)
Valerius Asiaticus M. Silanus
K(alendis) Mart(iis) loc(o) Valer(ii) Vetus Antistius
K(alendis) luliis D. Laelius Balbus '
K(alendis) Oct^obribus~) C. Terentius Tullius Gemin(us)
Q. Coelius Callus A. Radius Sext(us~) IV vir(i)
M. Plinius Gall(us) M. Oppius Valerius) aed(iles)
Vipstan(us) Popl(icola) Mess(alla) Vips
magistrates) ex
August
The inscription therefore gives the names of consuls of 46 A.D.,
three consules suffecti, municipal quattuorviri, and aediles. The
three consules suffecti for this year have never been known before.
The consul suffectus given in the edict of Claudius de Civitate Anau-
norum, Q. Sulpicius Camerinus, is not named in these fasti from
Teano. This is true also of Vellaeus Tutor, hitherto doubtfully
assigned to this year. The exactness shown in the use of loco
Valerii is not characteristic of other fasti, particularly of fasti
minores. Vipstanus Popl(icola) Mess(alla) may be the consul of
48 A.D., or more probably magistratus indicated in the following
line. The date may be the latter part of the first century. Finally,
68 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
it is noteworthy that the Emperor Claudius established a colonia at
Teanuin Sidicinum, and after that time inscriptions of that place
have the names of quattuorviri and aediles. These fasti may
therefore belong to the time of the founding of that colonia.
2. Professor William N. Bates, of the University of Penn-
sylvania, A Signed Amphora of Meno.
Among the vases of the Free Museum of Science and Art of the
University of Pennsylvania is a large red-figured amphora, bearing
the signature of the painter Meno. The vase, which is remarkably
well preserved, has painted, in panels, on one side Apollo, Artemis,
and Leto, and on the other a youthful warrior leading two horses.
The signature is on the base MENONEPOIE^EN. Meno is not
otherwise known, but there is some reason for thinking that he was
the grandfather of the artist Meno who prosecuted Phidias. Meno's
work resembles that of Andocides, but differs from it in the exten-
sive use of unpainted lines put in with a dull tool and in the use of
raised 1 black lines. As an artist Meno must be ranked very high.
It was argued from the character of the letters and from the tech-
nique that the vase was painted about 510 B.C. Two new names
of horses, ^Kovdwv and Kpj}s, occur on the vase.
3. Professor C. C. Torrey, of Yale University, A G-reek
Inscription from the Lebanon.
The paper related to a Greek inscription which was found in the
year 1901 in situ, just above the village of Jeba'a, in the Lebanon, a
few hours east of Sidon and perhaps twenty-five hundred feet above
the sea. The inscription is on a limestone boulder, near the path
to Jezzin. The characters are about 6 inches high, well executed,
and nearly all easily legible. It might be read : 'OptaS-AAAafl Ouis,
and translated : " To the Mountain-(Goddess)-Allath of Oia." The
goddess Allath is well known in several Semitic lands, but has not
hitherto been found in Phoenicia.
4. Dr. Arthur Stoddard Cooley, of Auburndale, Mass.,
Archaeological Notes.
This paper was a brief report of recent archaeological work on
the Erechtheuin, at Corinth, on the Treasury of the Athenians at
Delphi, on the Olympieum opposite Syracuse, and on the Rostra
in the Roman Forum, illustrated by slides from photographs taken
the past summer.
In the long trench dug at Corinth last spring in the western part
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 69
of the Agora a massive wall was found, apparently part of a great
Doric stoa on the south side of the market-place. By plans it was
shown that this probably has connection with walls found about
four hundred feet to the east in 1898 in Trench XXIII.
The Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi is being rebuilt by the
city of Athens with the old blocks, some new marble, and casts of
the sculptures now in the Delphi museum.
As accurate measurements as the scanty remains permit were
made by Dr. Cooley this summer at the Olympieum opposite Syra-
cuse, showing that the temple measured about 210 x 74 feet and had
six columns on the ends and seventeen on the sides. The columns
standing are the second from the south on the east front and the
tenth from the east on the south side. They are monoliths about
18^ feet high, with a basal diameter of about 5 feet 9 inches, inter-
coluninium of nearly 13 feet, and sixteen channels. A curious
feature is a stone ring or hoop at the bottom of the column, noticed
also in some of the oldest columns of the temple of Hera at Olympia.
WEDNESDAY, DECEMBER 28. 8 P.M.
Mr. Charles P. Bowditch, President of the Committee on
American Archaeology, presided.
Addresses were delivered by Mr. Charles F. Lummis and Dr.
F. M. Palmer, of Los Angeles. Mr. Lummis spoke on the im-
portance of archaeological work in the southwest, where the
Society of the Southwest of the Institute is actively engaged in
collecting and preserving the relics of the aboriginal inhabitants
and the Spanish settlers, and more particularly on The Primitive
Music of the Southwest. His address was illustrated by means
of the phonograph, which gave reproductions of Indian and
Spanish melodies. Dr. Palmer spoke on The Indian Archae-
ology of Southern California, describing remains of Indian life
and emphasizing the importance of work in this field.
x
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 29. 3 P.M.
Professor John Williams White, of Harvard University,
Honorary President of the Institute, presided.
Address of welcome by President Charles W. Eliot, of
Harvard University.
70
1. Professor Mitchell Carroll, of The George Washington
University, Thucydides and Pausanias and the Dionysium in
Limnis.
This paper endeavors to show that the literary references are
sufficiently explicit to determine the site of the Dionysium in
Limnis, if we interpret the text of Thucydides and Pausanias, in
conjunction with other authors, upon the assumption that the site
is unknown and without reference to any of the topographical
theories still in dispute. The conclusion reached is that Pausanias
(I, 20, 3) definitely locates the oldest sanctuary of Dionysus in
Athens, namely the Dionysium in Limnis, as evinced by Thucydides
(II, 15) and Pseudo-Demosthenes (LIX, 76), adjacent to the well-
known Dionysiac theatre on the southeastern slope of the acropolis.
The objections to this view which prevailed until v. Wilamowitz-
Moellendorff (Hermes, XXI, p. 615 ff.) and Doerpfeld (Atlien. Mitth.
XX, pp. 161 ff.) complicated the situation by their topographical
theories, but is now generally abandoned were found to be based
chiefly on a narrow interpretation of the term ic/oov, uniformly
applied to the Dionysium in Limnis, which signifies primarily the
sacred enclosure inclusive of the buildings upon it, and secondarily
the temple exclusively. Within the peribolus of the sanctuary of
Dionysus in Limnis at Athens were later erected the temple of Dio-
nysus Eleuthereus and other temples. In this sacred enclosure,
certainly from 499 B.C. forward (Haigh, The Attic Theatre, p. 112),
were celebrated the three festivals of the Anthesteria, the Lenaea,
and the Greater Dionysia, each in its season. Into the controversy
known as " the Enneacrunus Episode " the discussion of two differ-
ent primitive settlements enters, one along the Ilissus, the other
about the Acropolis, each of which had its sanctuaries of Zeus, of
Apollo, of Ge, and of Demeter, and its fountain Callirrhoe, and this
fact has led to the great divergence of opinion among archaeologists
on this question. But there was only one sanctuary of Dionysus
fv Ai}u,vais. Hence, if after an interpretation of the text of the
ancient authorities, we are justified in locating this south of the
Acropolis adjacent to the theatre, it follows that the Enneacrunus
fountain, and all the sites mentioned in connection with it by Thu-
cydides and Pausanias, were in the neighborhood of the Acropolis.
2. Professor Clifford H. Moore, of Harvard University, The
Introduction of the Taurobolium into the Cult of the Magna
Mater.
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30^ 1904 71
The view as to the origin of the taurobolium in the worship of
the Great Mother which has thus far won most favor is that first
proposed by Cumont, who finds its source in the worship of the
Persian Anahita, as identified with *Aprc/xis TaupoTroAos, whom he
sees in Venus Caelesta of the earliest taurobolic inscription (Puteoli,
C.LL. X, 1596). Granting the identification of the Persian goddess
with Artemis, this view is still without warrant; the gloss of
Hesychius, on which Cumont lays much stress, says nothing to the
point TavpoTToXia a ets foprrjv ayoutnv 'Apre/xiSi. Furthermore, we
find nowhere a statement that bulls were sacrificed to Anahita, but
on the contrary Plutarch tells us that cows were so offered, Vita
Luc. 24, ^8des te/xu ve/xovrat Uepo-ias 'Apre/uSos . . . xpwvrai 8e rats
/3ov<ri 7T/30S Ov(TlO.V fJ.OVOV.
The origin of the sacrifice, however, is clearly indicated in
Stephanus of Byzantium, S.V. Maoravpa- KaA.etTO 8e *ai ^ 'Pea. Ma
xai ravpos avrj7 fOve.ro impa AvSots. We may believe then that it was
an ancient custom to sacrifice bulls to the Mother Goddess among
the Lydians at least. That Venus Caelesta of the Puteoli inscrip-
tion is identical with the Magna Mater, who is elsewhere clearly
named in inscriptions of this class, cannot be doubted. It was
apparently at the time of the great expansion in the worship of this
divinity during the early second century of our era, and under its
influence, that the taurobolium was imported into the west from
Asia Minor.
3. Professor Ettore Pais, of the University of Naples, The
Topography of the Temple of the Sirens on the Sorrentine Penin-
sula. (Read by Dr. E. K. Rand. See above, pp. 1-6.)
The location of the temple of the Sirens on the Sorrentine penin-
sula has been a widely discussed question. Strabo, who derives his
information from Timaeus, merely says that the temple was near
Sorrentum, and that it contained dva^/xara TraAaia. A marble frag-
ment of an archaic (or archaistic) Greek head, which was discovered
by the writer in a stonecutter's shop on the peninsula, furnishes a
solution to the problem. This fragment, with many others that
have been very widely scattered, is traceable to the remains of an
ancient temple which once stood where are now the remains of the
mediaeval church of Santa Maria della Fontanella, not far from
the still existing church of Santa Maria della Lobbra (derived from
the Latin delubrum). This ruined church, which lies on an eleva-
tion near the seashore, appears to be the descendant of the Graeco-
Koman temple of the Sirens, lying near the only safe harbor
72 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
between Punta di Campanella (Promunturium Minervae) and Sor-
rento. In mediaeval times sailors used to salute the little church
"with the firing of mortars and arquebusses," and were answered
"by the sound of the bells of the church." Whether the marble frag-
ment from this temple is archaic work of the sixth century B.C.,
or a Graeco-Rornan copy of the work of this period, is immaterial.
4. Professor David M. Robinson, of Illinois College, Jack-
sonville, 111., Terra-cotta "Finds" at Corinth in 1903.
In 1903 there was discovered at Corinth, southwest of the Old
Temple, packed together in a mass be.tween two pavements of
crushed and compacted poros, an instructive deposit of terra-cottas.
The main types are standing female figures, mirrors, tablets with
horse and rider in relief, reclining figures both male and female,
shields of the " Argive " type, a tablet with a relief of a cuirass, a
tablet with helmet of "Corinthian" type in relief, and, of especial
importance, a large number of stelae surmounted by a " Corinthian "
helmet in relief, and bearing a sinuous serpent below. The argument
was advanced that this deposit came from the sanctuary of some
chthonian deity, or, more probably still, from that of some hero.
Since some of these terra-cottas date from the sixth century, others
from the fifth, and still others, it may be, from the fourth, the
sanctuary where they were anathemata must have been destroyed
long before the days of Pausanias, and we can only conjecture what
particular one it was.
o. Professor Rufus B. Richardson, of New York, Mountain
Climbing in Greece.
We did not climb mountains in Greece for mere pleasure, but for
the enlightenment in topography and history which the views from
the mountain tops afforded. These views give lessons which strike
deeper than those obtained from books.
From the tops of the Kerata, just west of Eleusis, low as they are,
one gets a view of the narrow and tortuous channel between Megara
and Salamis which demonstrates that that island belonged by nature
to Megara rather than to Athens. The slight elevation afforded
by Lykabettos gives views of Attica and Aegina, "the eyesore of
Piraeus," which make clear the irrepressible conflict between Athens
and Aegina.
The small extent of Greece is realized when from the top of
Parnes one sees to the north Olympus and to the south Taygetus.
From the top of Cithaeron the battle of Plataea is understood better
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 73
than from any chart. All Boeotia also, that " orchestra of Ares," is
unfolded before us.
From Pelion, which is only a little over five thousand feet high
and may be climbed on horseback, but which makes up in bulk what
it lacks in height, a grand view of Thessaly, with its border of giant
mountains, Ossa, Olympus, the Cambunian range to the north and
the Pindus range to the west, is obtained. Athos, " the holy moun-
tain," rises sheer out of the sea over six thousand feet on the east.
Of course one loses the game in many honest trials by the un-
kindness of fortune. But one who spends a long time in the country
can by careful watching usually succeed. One perfect view from
Taygetus and another from Kiona, the highest mountain in Greece,
told us more of Greece " than all the sages can." From the former
the Island of Pelops is visible from one corner to another and the
plain of Sparta explains its own eventful history. From Cyllene,
Aroania, and Erymanthus come supplementary views which reveal
the relation of the other small plains to one another.
Happy is the mountain climber in Greece who is never obliged to
hurry. He comes to bless those mountain peaks as familiar friends
and instructors.
6. Professor W. H. Goodyear, of the Brooklyn Institute,
Lotus Ornament on Cypriote Vases.
This paper summarizes a portion of the results announced in The
Grammar of the Lotus in 1901, all of which were originally suggested
by the study of Cypriote vases in the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
The motive for returning to the subject at this time is to call atten-
tion to the acceptance of many of these results by the Swedish
archaeologist, Professor Oscar Montelius, in his Typologische Methode
(1903) and of calling attention to the importance of the elaborate
review of Tlie Grammar of the Lotus which was published by Alois
Eiegl in 1893 in his book entitled Stilfragen, in which some 120
pages were devoted to the discussion of this work.
The speaker reaffirmed his own conclusions regarding the follow-
ing patterns, which have either not been mentioned or not accepted
by Eiegl or Montelius as lotus motives : the Egyptian meander
announced in the Grammar as probably derived from the Egyptian
spiral scroll; Egyptian concentric rings, announced as probably de-
rived from the spiral scroll ; the Egyptian spiral scroll, announced
as probably derived from the spiral scroll with lotuses. These
motives are held by Kiegl not to be lotus motives, and they are
not mentioned either with approval or disapproval by Montelius.
74 ABCHAEO LOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
The following motives, announced as lotus derivatives in The
Grammar of the Lotus, are republished as lotus derivatives by Riegl
and Montelius : the so-called Assyrian palmette, first announced by
the speaker as a lotus-palmette and as derived from Egypt ; the so-
called Assyrian rosette, first announced by the speaker as a lotus-
rosette and hence as derived from Egypt, wherever found in the
Mediterranean world; the Egyptian palmette, a motive previously
unnamed, unspecified, and unnoticed, announced by the speaker as
the original of the Assyrian palmette and of the Greek anthemion ;
the Greek anthemion, first announced by the speaker as derived
from the Egyptian lotus-palmette ; the Ionic capital, first published
by Colonna-Ceccaldi, by Dieulafoy, and by Lange as a lotus motive,
with demonstration materially improved, corrected, and supplemented
by the speaker; the egg-and-dart moulding, first announced by Owen
Jones as a lotus motive, with demonstrations materially corrected,
improved, and supplemented by the speaker.
7. Professor Arthur Fairbanks, of the State University of
Iowa, Excavations in the Roman Forum during 1904.
The speaker gave a brief summary of what had been accomplished
in the Forum during the present year, viz. (1) the uncovering of the
Lacus Curtius, (2) the opening of a stone box in the base of the
equus Domitiani, (3) the discovery of a base before the temple of
Castor, supposed to be the base of the equestrian statue of Tremulus
(Liv. ix. 43), (4) the discovery of a road running east and west just
east of the arch of Augustus, (5) the uncovering of much of the pave-
ment of Constantino's basilica, (6) the work now going on in the
house of the Vestals and along the nova via, and (7) the excavations
now in progress west, south, and east of the south pier of the arch
of Titus.
8. Dr. George J. Pfeiffer, of Watertown, Mass., Stamps on
Bricks and Tiles from the Aurelian Wall at Rome.
A piece of the Aurelian wall, 100 Roman feet long, situated east
of the Porta San Giovanni, collapsed in October, 1902. From the
debris over 800 bricks and tiles were collected bearing Roman
stamps and other marks. These have been studied by the speaker,
together with Messrs. A. W. Van Buren and H. H. Armstrong,
Fellows of the School in Rome.
About 594 lettered stamps were found, belonging to about 336
different kinds, 26 of which appear to be unpublished. Those that
may be exactly or approximately dated range from the first century
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 75
of the present era to the time of Theodoric, the greatest number (ca.
309) belonging to the reign of Hadrian.
About 235 figured stamps and other marks were collected, belong-
ing to about 125 different kinds. Only ten of them occur on the
same bricks with lettered stamps, seven of which are of the time of
Hadrian.
The classification of the stamped bricks and tiles by their thick-
nesses shows that, generally speaking, they grew thinner with the
progress of time. In the first century the predominant thickness,
judging from a limited number of specimens, was 41-43 mm., ca. \
Roman foot ; in Hadrian's time it was 37-38 mm., i Roman foot ;
in the times of Pius and Severus, 33 mm., 1 Roman foot. The dated
bricks of other times were not sufficiently numerous to permit an
equally definite statement.
The predominant thickness of the bricks bearing figures is 30 mm.,
Y 1 ^ Roman foot, for which reason most of them are probably not of
earlier date than the first half of the third century. This seems
to be confirmed by the occurrence of some of the figures also in
the centre of certain lettered stamps, which are assigned by G. B.
Lugari (B. Com. Roma, 1895, pp. 60-80) on other grounds to the
same date.
The figures are either stamped or drawn by hand, and comprise a
great variety of designs : scrolls, disks, circles with or without a cen-
tral dot, concentric circles, combinations of circles and dots, spirals,
leaves, hexagons, crosses, the swastika or fylfot, stars with six and
eight rays, tridents, palm-leaves, zigzags, dotted letters and other
figures, etc. Their purpose is not known ; on account of their vari-
ety they were probably, indeed, used in various ways. Some resem-
ble Oscan letters and the stonemasons' marks described by 0. Richter
(Ueber antike Steinmetzzeichen, 1885) and A. Sogliano (Notizie degli
Scavi, 1898, p. 69, and 1901, pp. 357-361). Others may represent
paterae or shields, and occur also on leaden tokens (M. Rostowzew,
Tesserae plumbeae, 1903). Still others may have been associated
with Mithraism and early Christianity, or have been merely orna-
ments, ornamental trademarks, or potters' marks. Comparison shows
that many of the simple geometric designs, considered apart from
their purpose, are of high antiquity, being evidently survivals of that
system of geometric ornamentation common to the early and even
prehistoric pottery, metal-ware, bone-carvings, and stone-sculptures
of both the Mediterranean basin and northern Europe.
The Aurelian wall was built in 272-ca. 279 A.D., and repaired as
early as 403 A.D. Parts of it were repeatedly repaired in the Middle
76 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Ages, the particular piece here studied as late as the sixteenth cen-
tury. Hence the stamps found in it throw no light on its early his-
tory: they merely prove that many of the bricks and tiles composing
it at the time of its fall were of Roman origin, and that since
most of the dated ones belong to the first and second centuries if
any of these bricks and tiles were used in the original construction,
they were already then quite old.
The extraordinary number and variety of lettered stamps found
have enabled the authors, however, to confirm, correct, and amplify
the records of those already known. Figured stamps have not been
so fully described and illustrated before.
The original treatise will be found in Volume I of the Supple-
mentary Papers of the School in Rome.
9. Miss Alicia M. Keyes, of Concord, Mass., The Acanthus
Motive in Greek Decoration.
Grecian artists represented the stems, flowers, and seed-vessels of
the acanthus spinosus and of the acanthus mollis as well as their
leaves. The " egg-and-dart " and " tongue-and-dart " motives closely
follow the pistil, seed, and seed-vessel forms.
As the acanthus stem withers, the walls of the outer cells break
(being thinner) before those of the inner cells, causing the stem to
divide and curl back in fluted volutes to the basal leaf. Greek Ionic
volutes are modelled from these living curves, as are also Corinthian
volutes. The Solunto Ionic capital emphasizes the natural ending
of the volute at the basal leaf.
Acanthus tendrils, joining their voluted stems like dandelion ten-
drils, are copied in the handles of a fifth century B.C. bronze crater
(Burl. F. A. Club Ex. 1904).
Acanthus blossoms, drying like immortelles, "bloom continually"
(Hellanicus, ap. Athen. XV, 680 a). Therefore carved acanthus
garlands adorn the Erechtheum, while the plant is carved on cymae,
stelae-acroteria (Conze, Attische Grabreliefs, pi. clxv) and antefixes
(Lycian Payava Tomb), and is sketched from life on white Athenian
lecythi (Brit. Mus. Coll. pi. xiv), which, conventionalized, it con-
stantly encircles.
Artistic Greeks, having studied this plant for decoration (with its
perfectly proportioned relations), have given to each part stem,
leaf, flower, and seed " the splendor of its truth."
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 77
THURSDAY, DECEMBER 29. 8 P.M.
The President of the Institute presided.
1. Mrs. Blanche E. Wheeler Williams, of Boston, The
Pottery from Gf-ournia, Crete.
Excavations were continued at Gournia and neighboring sites
during 1903 and 1904 by Miss Boyd, for the American Exploration
Society of Philadelphia. The pottery from these excavations is di-
vided into a series of eight distinct stages extending from the third
millennium B.C. to the Iron Age. The stages are as follows :
(1) Sub-neolithic and primitive geometric ware, like that of the
Cyclades, with dark ornament on light ground, from rock shelter
burials at Gournia and Aghios Joannis, and from the lowest stratum
at Vasilike.
(2) A remarkable new fabric from Vasilike with Trojan shapes,
long beaks, decoration in black and red, mottled, with highly hand-
polished surface; the technique perhaps borrowed from Libyan
methods and to be compared with Cypriote " red ware."
(3) White paint on black with geometric ornament from an ancient
dump heap north of Gournia town.
(4) Kamares ware and prototypes of local Gournia forms found
beneath Gournia floors. Also Kamares ware from a bone enclosure
north of Gournia town.
(5) Gournia pottery with subdivisions ranging from the Theraean
stage of the Cycladic style to the " Palace style " of Cnossus.
(6) Late Mycenaean style belonging to the period of reoccupation
of the west slope of Gournia with burials in pithoi and " caselles."
(7) Sub-Mycenaean, with iron introduced, from Oronta, Kavousi,
with burials in beehive tombs.
(8) Fully formed geometric style of the early Iron Age from
Skouriazmenos, Kavousi, with burials in beehive tombs.
2. Dr. William Hayes Ward, of New York, The Origin of
Babylonian Civilization and Art.
It is now the tendency of scholars to seek the origin of the earliest
Egyptian civilization and art in Babylonia. Have we any evidence
as to the source from whence the Babylonians drew their art and
civilization, or may we regard these as the product of the land, quite
indigenous ? The object of the paper was to give evidence that these
influences came from the east, in Elam.
For this study we must consider only the very earliest objects of
78 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
art as fcmnd especially on the seal cylinders. We must go back of
the time of Sargon the elder, when a Chaldaean civilization had
already reached a high state, that is, back of the period usually
represented as 3800 B.C., although this may be an extreme date for
Sargon.
Not a few very old cylinders represent the sun-god, Shamach, as
rising between two mountains, or stepping in a mountain. Other
very old seals show us a sun-god pushing a foe, probably a spirit of
cloud, against the mountains, as if to clear away the morning mists
as the sun rises. But there are no mountains visible in southern
Babylonia. The designs must have originated in a land of mountains.
Again, quite a number of archaic cylinders show us a cedar or
cypress tree. But no such tree grows in Babylonia, only the culti-
vated date-palm. They do grow on the mountains to the east, hardly
in the mountains of Arabia.
Again, the cylinders of the time of the elder Sargon show us
Gilgamesh fighting a buffalo (bos bubalus) with long corrugated
horns resting back on his shoulders. This is the wild bull of the
Chaldaean swamps. But the early cylinders do not know this buf-
falo, but only a different animal, the bull of the mountains and
forests, bison bonasus, a different animal with short, round horns,
like those of our American bison. This animal must have become
familiar to the artist not in Chaldaea, but in Elam.
It is to be considered that the fabulous monsters, or gods, bore on
their heads the horn of the bison of the forests and hills, and never
of the water buffalo. Such is Eabani, half man and half bull, with
stout, short horns. Again, the human-headed bull always has the
same horns ; and both of these figures are of the very earliest period
that has left any relics for us. Equally the gods themselves, when
they have horns, have only the short round horns of the mountain
bull, not of the swamp buffalo.
And, further, the other animals with which on the earliest seals
human figures fight, or which fight among themselves, are not, ex-
cept the lion, which occupies both regions, those of the Chaldaean
swamps, but of the Elamite mountains and forests, the deer .with
branching horns, the ibex, and the oryx.
It is not so much any single point, but the combination of evidence
peculiar to the very earliest works of art the mountains, the cedars,
the bison, the bison-horned heroes or monsters, the deer, the ibex,
and the oryx which all point to the Elamite country as the origin
of the Sumerian civilization of primitive Chaldaea, none of which, and
certainly not all of which, could have had their origin in an indige-
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-SO, 1904 79
nous Chaldaean population, and to this must be added the fact that
of the materials used to make the earliest seals, serpentine, lapis-
lazuli, and jasper, all, except shell, were to be found not in Chaldaea,
but only in the land of cliffs and mountains.
3. Mr. Albert M. Lythgoe, of Harvard University and the
Boston Museum of Fine Arts, The Egyptian Expedition of the
University of California; An Early Prehistoric Cemetery at
Naga ed-Der.
The Egyptian Expedition of the University of California was sent
out in 1899 under the direction of Dr. G. A. Reisner, with A. M.
Lythgoe of Harvard and F. W. Green of Cambridge (England) as
the other members of the expedition, the latter replaced later on by
A. C. Mace of Oxford. During the years 1901-03 the expedition was
centred near Naga ed-Dgr, where a part of its work was the excava-
tion of a cemetery of the early prehistoric period. This cemetery
proved to be of unique value, owing to the remarkable condition of
preservation in which the burials themselves were found, and to the
fact that, in consequence of their perfect state of preservation, they
afforded invaluable material for determining the racial type and
characteristics of the Egyptians of that period. Furthermore, the
archaeological evidence which the cemetery furnished proved to be
of almost equal importance, and a mass of material was collected
which is now in preparation for the complete publication of the
cemetery. From a total of 635 graves, of which the cemetery con-
sisted, a series of 1850 negatives were taken, including not only a
complete photographic record of every burial in position, but also a
record in detail of all the material occurring with the burial. From
the facts thus recorded final evidence was obtained on previously
undetermined points, such as types of mattings and the manner of
their employment ; the number and kinds of garments in which the
burial had been clothed ; the occurrence of wooden-box burials ; and
various methods of roofing the grave.
4. Professor Allan Marquand, of Princeton University, The
Temple of the Didymaean Apollo near Miletus. (Published in
Records of the Past, IV, 1905, pp. 1-15; 10 figs.)
The excavations on the site of the temple of the Didymaean
Apollo have raised the problem of the date of the faqade. Three
solutions have been offered : (1) that of Rayet, who assigns it to the
fourth century B.C., (2) that of Haussoullier, who assigns it to
80 ABCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
the second century B.C., and (3) that of Wernicke, who assigns it
to the first century after Christ. Kayet's theory was enunciated
before the figured capitals and Gorgon frieze came to light. These
have strong Pergaraene affinities, and reinforce Haussoullier in
assigning the facade to the second century. In my opinion he is
"wrong in relegating the frieze and dentils to the time of Caligula.
In style and spirit they belong to the same period as the vases and
capitals. Wernicke compares the Zeus head from the faqade at
Didyma with the sculptures by Damophon. But the analogy is far
from close, and Damophon's date is quite as problematical as that
of the facade of the temple, if not more so. Evidence has not yet
been presented to justify so late a period for this temple.
FRIDAY, DECEMBER 30. 3 P.M.
Mr. Edward Robinson, Director of the Boston Museum of
Fine Arts, Vice-President of the Institute, presided.
1. Professor G. Frederick Wright, of Oberlin College, The
Physical Conditions in North America during Mans Early
Occupancy. (Published in Records of the Past, IV, 1905,
pp. 15-26; 10 figs.)
The oldest definite evidence of man in America connects him with
the waning stages of the glacial period. Such evidence is found
in the valley of the Delaware at Trenton, KJ. ; in the valley of
the Ohio at Brilliant, near Steubenville ; at Newcomerstown on the
Tuscarawas River ; at Madisonville, near Cincinnati, on the Little
Miami ; and at Lansing, on the Missouri River, near Leavenworth,
Kan. Farther to the north they are credibly reported in deposits
connected with the glacial period at Little Falls, Minn. ; near New
London, 0. ; and on the old beach line surrounding Lake Ontario.
The climatic conditions, however, were not so unfavorable as
might at first seem, being far less rigorous than those in Greenland,
where man exists at the present time. Protecting forests of cedar
and other evergreens flourished up to the southern edge of the ice-
sheet ; while the mammoth, the Greenland reindeer, the moose, and
the musk-ox roamed through the forests, and the walrus frequented
the inlets of the middle Atlantic coast.
The implements found are in gravel deposits laid down by
immense floods of water produced by the melting of the ice sheet.
Primitive man witnessed annual floods of 100 feet in the Delaware,
150 feet in the Ohio, and 200 feet in the Missouri.
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 81
All along the watershed between the Great Lakes and the Mis-
sissippi valley he also witnessed that remarkable change in the
course of the streams which took place when the ice had melted
back from the watershed to open the present channels of northward
flowing streams. There was a time during man's early occupancy
of this watershed when the streams flowing over the many waste
weirs into the Mississippi valley suddenly began to flow northward
toward the Eed River of the North, the St. Lawrence valley, and
the valley of the Mohawk. In all this there are many scenes which
can be worked up to good effect by some novelist who shall lay his
plot ten thousand years ago and familiarize himself with the
evidence of the natural events which then took place.
2. Professor Lewis B. Paton, of the Hartford Theological
Seminary, Some Excavations on the Supposed Line of the Third
Wall of Jerusalem.
Jerusalem at the time when it was besieged by Titus was pro-
tected by three walls on the north. The course of the first, or inner,
wall is certain from the description of Josephus and from archaeo-
logical discoveries. It ran due east from a point near the present
Jaffa Gate to the west wall of the temple. The courses of the sec-
ond, or middle, wall, and of the third, or outer, wall cannot be
determined from the account of Josephus, and* the archaeological
evidence is still uncertain. Only one fact is clearly established,
namely, that an ancient wall followed the line of the present north
wall of the city from the Jaffa Gate to the Damascus Gate. The
determination whether this was the second or the third wall described
by Josephus is one of the fundamental problems of Jerusalem
archaeology.
The theory which identifies this wall with the third wall appeals
to the location of the Church of the Holy Sepulchre inside of this
wall. Christ was crucified outside of the second wall, hence it is
claimed that this wall cannot be the second. Unfortunately, the
genuineness of the sepulchre rests upon too slender historical evi-
dence for its location to be a decisive argument in the case. It is
also claimed that remains of the second wall are found inside of the
Church of the Sepulchre, but a careful examination of these remains
makes it \ery doubtful whether any of them ever belonged to a city
wall. The wall laid down by Schick on the basis of these remains
follows an inconceivably bad course, running on low ground all the
way, and making three rectangular bends without reason. It does
not correspond with Josephus's description of it as Kv/cAov/xevov, and
82 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
if it had made the singular inward bend at the Church of the
Sepulchre that Schick assumes, Josephus must have mentioned
this fact. Moreover, the identification of the present north wall
with the third wall does not do justice to Josephus's statements in
regard to the distance between the third wall and the second, the
size of the city, its large population, and the distance of the third
wall from the monument of Helena and from Scopus.
Accordingly, we are forced to conclude that the remains along the
line of the present north wall cannot be identified with the third
wall of Josephus, but must belong to the second wall. In that case
the third wall must be sought at some distance to the north of the
present city wall. In 1838 Robinson found numerous traces of this
wall and was able to determine its course for a considerable dis-
tance. Since that time the spread of the city toward the north has
obliterated all signs of this wall, so that now people are able to
assert that it never existed and that Robinson was mistaken.
During my stay in Jerusalem I made diligent search for this
wall. The only remains that I could find above ground were some
immense drafted stones in the side of a cistern about a third of a
mile north of the Damascus Gate. These were not noticed by Rob-
inson, but they were slightly examined by Wilson in 1865 and by
Schick in 1875. Schick regarded them as part of a tomb. Conder
supposed that the stones had belonged to the third wall, but that
they had been moved from their original position. It seemed worth
while to make them the object of a more thorough investigation,
and I obtained permission to excavate. Examination showed that
the stones were native rock, cut to imitate masonry, and revealed no
traces of the tomb that Schick declared would be found under them.
These stones are a rock ledge that has been cut into steps in order
to allow a wall to be built upon it, and that has been dressed to
match the masonry of this wall. The most likely hypothesis is
that it served as a foundation for the third wall of the city that
was built by King Agrippa.
3. Professor James M. Paton, of Wesleyan University, The
Death of Ther sites on an Amphora in the Boston Museum of
Fine Arts.
According to our literary sources, Thersites was murdered by the
fist or spear of Achilles, because of his ill-timed insults after
the death of Penthesilea. The representation of the murder on the
Tabula Iliaca is too indistinct to show clearly the version of
the early epic. The vase in Boston a Tarentine amphora from
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 83
near Bari presents several novel features. Thersites has been
beheaded, and lies among overturned vases and other vessels.
Diomedes is hurrying to avenge him, but is restrained by Menelaus.
Agamemnon also is hurrying to intervene. This versiou is probably
not derived from the epic, nor can any literary source be named
with certainty. It is possible that it refers to a story that Thersites
was killed by Achilles for stealing the sacred vessels of Apollo. If
so, it accords well with Usener's explanation of the original nature
of Achilles and Thersites, and of their enmity.
4. Professor Samuel Ball Platner, of Western Reserve Uni-
versity, The Rostra.
This paper was a resume of the latest theory of 0. Eichter, pub-
lished in his monograph, Die Romische Rednerbuhne, Berlin, 1903.
This theory is based on recent study of the existing remains, which
seems to show that the curved portion behind the rectangular Rostra,
commonly called the Hemicycle, is older instead of younger than
the other, and dates from the time of Julius Caesar. Richter there-
fore believes that this Hemicycle was the Eostra erected by Caesar
and dedicated in 44 B.C. by Antonius. Trajan built the rectangular
structure in front, and joined the two together, making one wide
platform, approached by a curved flight of steps from the rear.
Additional evidence for this view is afforded by a coin of Palicanus
and the marble balustrades.
5. Professor Theodore F. Wright, of Cambridge, Mass.,
Lamps with Christian Inscriptions.
Hundreds of lamps have been found in tombs in Palestine and
many of them show letters encircling the opening in the centre. It
has been difficult to decipher these until it was seen that one sen-
tence, <t>UUC XY <t>GNI TTACIN, is the basic common inscription, but
put on in various ways. The letters are sometimes not in proper
order, and again a few of the letters may be repeated so as to fill
the whole space. Some of these lamps are figured in Quarterly
Statements of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1904, January,
p. 24; October, pp. 327, 349; Excavations at Jerusalem, 1894-97,
pi. xxvi. In Recue.il cP Archeologie Orientale (1888), Vol. I, p. 171,
M. Clermont Ganneau has treated of another common inscription,
AYXNAPIA KAAA, and regards it as also Christian because of
two lamps described in the Revue Biblique, October, 1898, p. 485,
which have <t>UJC XY <t>GNI TTACIN KAAH, 'the light of Christ
shines beautiful for all.' He believes these lamps to represent the
84 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
descent of the holy fire at the Greek Easter because these words are
found in St. Basil's Liturgy, used at that time. They are derived
from John i. 5, 9, and 1 John ii. 8.
6. Dr. Paul V. C. Baur, of Yale University, A Terra-cotta
Tityrus in the Cincinnati Museum.
A terra-cotta statuette, 4 in. high, representing a combination of
animal and man, was discussed. The figure stands upright and is
human with the exception of the head and the feet. The head is
that of a goat, and instead of human feet the creature has cloven
hoofs. It was probably found in the Kabirion, Thebes, and is now
in the Cincinnati Art Museum. As attributes it holds an unidenti-
fied object in its right hand and a horn of plenty in its left. From
the cornucopia and the fact that this goat-demon is ithyphallic,
we may safely conclude that he belongs to the attendants of the
Thracian Dionysus, the most prominent of the group being Satyrs,
Pans, Titans, Corybantes, and Curetes. All of these are essentially
deities of procreation, and were, as Kaibel proved, closely allied to
the Phrygian Mother of the Gods. Originally, however, they were
.phalli.
The name Tityrus seems to the writer of the paper to be the most
appropriate appellation of this goat-demon, especially in view of
Bilcheler's explanation of the Greek titos and the Latin titus as mean-
ing bird used metaphorically for phallus, an explanation accepted by
y. Wilamowitz and others.
7. Dr. Oliver S. Tonks, of Columbia University, Exelcias :
a Master of the Black-figured Style.
Exekias is interesting because of his technique and because he
belongs in the period just preceding the red-figured style. He signs
ten times as maker and twice as maker and painter. On the neck of
the signed deinos is a Sicyonian dedicatory inscription, which Brunn
(Bull. d. Inst. 1865), dating it about 600 B.C., believed archaistic.
Helbig (Bull. d. Inst. 1876), more rationally admitting a later date
for the dedication, is wrong in placing the vase early in the fifth cen-
tury B.C. With the rest of the works of Exekias it belongs about
550-540 B.C. This time reconciles the dates of the dedication and
the signature.
The style of Exekias, free so far as is possible in the black-figured
style, is marked by a fineness of execution comparable with that of
the Francois vase. The characteristics peculiar to our artist are
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 85
.(1) the doing of the hair in a cue bent against the head but not
bound by a fillet (Mon. d. Inst. II, 22; Gerhard, AV.B.}, (2) a method
of outlining the bony structure of the hind legs of horses (Gerhard,
Etrus. u. Camp. Vas. 12, and A.V.E. 107), (3) the binding of the
reins with a strap (A. V.B. 107), (4) the decoration of the horse-collar
(Etrus. u. Camp. Vas. 12), (5) the binding of the foretop of horses
into a pompon, and (6) the decoration of the crest-support of the
helmet with a line that zigzags from one side of the support to the
other (A. V.B. 107).
During the above investigation the following unsigned vases were
found to belong to Exekias. That illustrated in A. V.B. 137 was
identified by characteristics Nos. 2 and 3; that given in A.V.B. 122-
123 by characteristics Nos. 3 and 6 (the vase is signed by Cholchos
as maker, thus showing that Exekias worked with another artist),
and the vase illustrated in Etrus. u. Camp. Vas. 20 by characteristic
No. 5. In the last vase the female figure at the left has the same
decoration on the chiton as Athena on the " Cholchos " vase.
8. Professor Karl P,. Harrington, of the University of Maine,
The Topography of Cicero's Boyhood Home.
Otto Eduard Schmidt, in his study of Cicero's Villas, has taken,
it seems to me, essentially the right view with regard to Cicero's
birthplace, after the previous confusion between conflicting authori-
ties. The purpose of this paper was to offer a rapid review of the
grounds upon which the question must be decided ; to sum up cer-
tain reasons for settling upon one of the two proposed sites between
which Schmidt wavers ; and, in confirmation of the position taken,
to reproduce before the eyes of those present the localities con-
cerned, most of which are not shown by Schmidt.
The walk described in section 14 of the De Legibus must have
been up the right bank of the Liris to the ancient bridge, of which
remains are still visible opposite the Fibrenus delta. Crossing there,
Cicero spoke at once of being at his boyhood home, and afterwards
reached the small island in the Fibrenus to which Cicero says he
was wont to retire for study. But his remark that his home was
surrounded by ice-cold streams makes it clear that it was on the
Fibrenus delta.
There are two deltas of the Fibrenus. The site was probably fixed
on the smaller one, to save the best land and to set the house prop-
erly back from the road that led from the bridge. The many ancient
marbles in the church and cloister of San Domenico confirm this
view.
86 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
9. Dr. Cyrus Adler, of the Smithsonian Institution, The
Exhibit of the United States National Museum in Historic
Archaeology at the St. Louis ^Exposition.
The United States National Museum, being largely dependent
upon Government exploring expeditions, and having as its primary
duty in archaeology the preservation of monuments and objects
belonging to the territory of the United States, has, nevertheless, if
only for purposes of comparison, been engaged during the past ten
years or more in bringing together a study collection of objects of
historic archaeology. With the very slender means allowed by
Congress to the Museum, these collections must of necessity consist
of casts, although occasionally, through the generosity of foreign
governments or individuals, originals of interest and value have
been received. As the exhibit of the Smithsonian Institution and
National Museum at St. Louis was intended to give a full idea of
the operations of both establishments, the subject of historic archae-
ology was given a space, though small, in the Smithsonian exhibit.
It is mainly to bring to the notice of this Institute the fact that the
national collections include the archaeology of other parts of the
world than America that this brief description of the collection that
was set up at St. Louis was written. There was but one original of
importance, a good example of Graeco-Egyptian portraiture, one of
the famous Graf collection. Ancient Egypt was represented by
casts of the lid of the sarcophagus of Sebaski, an Egyptian priest
of about 700 B.C., the lid of the sarcophagus of Queen Ankhnefera-
bra, the wife of Amasis II, 572-528 B.C., an Egyptian recumbent
lion, the divinity Horus and his altar, and Hapi, the Egyptian God
of the Nile. The originals of all these casts are in the British
Museum.
Of Assyrian and Babylonian objects there were casts of the
Human-headed Lion and the Assyrian fo-ir-winged Female Figure,
in the British Museum; the Famous Wounded Lioness; a Baby-
lonian Altar with Bas-reliefs, in Paris, discovered by M. de Sarzec
in the ruins of Telloh ; one of the eagle-headed winged figures in
front of the sacred tree ; one of the winged figures, holding in one
hand a basket and in the other a fir cone ; Sennacherib receiving the
Submission of Lachish ; the well-known Babylonian Votive Tablet
of the Sun-god, and probably more important than all, as being
more recently discovered and more in the public eye, a cast of the
famous Code of Hammurabi.
Of Greek objects, a Group of the Two Fates ; the Hermes from
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 87
the Island of Andros, the original of which is in the national
museum at Athens ; the Eleusinian Belief from the Museum at
Athens ; and the Laocoon Group, in the Vatican Museum.
Of Boinan objects, Cast of Ceres, in the Vatican Museum ; Head
of the Discus Thrower, in the Lancelotti Palace at Borne ; Orpheus,
Eurydice, and Hermes, in the Villa Albani, at Borne; and portions
of the reliefs in the triumphal arch of Trajan at Beneventum, pur-
chased through the American School of Classical Studies in Borne ;
finally, the most noteworthy modern piece of sculpture, the Moses
of Michelangelo.
The following papers were read by title :
1. Professor F. B. Tarbell, of the University of Chicago,
Notes on the Ceiling of the G-reek Temple- Cella.
Modern authorities on Greek architecture commonly assume the
existence of a flat wooden ceiling over the cella of a Greek temple.
Inasmuch as this assumption has been called in question, the present
paper attempts to review the relevant evidence literary, epigraphi-
cal, and monumental. As a result, a ceiling over the cella seems
to be guaranteed or made highly probable for the temples of Zeus
and of Hera at Olympia, of Asclepius at Epidaurus, of Poseidon
(so-called) at Paestum, of Aphaia on the island of Aegina, of Concord
(so-called) at Agrigentum, and for the Parthenon, the Erechtheum,
and the Theseum (so-called) at Athens. On the other hand, there
is reason to believe that some Greek temples had no ceiling over
the cella. This is fully recognized by Choisy, Histoire de Parchitec-
ture, I, p. 444.
2. Rev. Walter Lowrie, of Boston, The So-called Coptic Tex-
tiles in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
3. Professor Arthur Fairbanks, of the University of Iowa,
Notes on White Lecythi.
4. Professor D. Cady Eaton, of Yale University, The Heads
of St. Germain.
5. Professor Francis W. Kelsey, of the University of Michi-
gan, Pompeii and St. Pierre.
6. Dr. T. L. Comparette, of Chicago, Some Problems of
Roman Engineering.
7. Dr. George H. Chase, of Harvard University, Some Un-
published Ttrra-cotta Figures in the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
88 AECHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
8. Dr. Theodore Woolsey Heermance, Director of the School
at Athens, Report on the Excavations at Corinth in 1904. (See
Am. J. Arch. VIII, 1904, pp. 433-441.)
9. Dr. Hans H. Spoer, of Astoria, N.Y., The Inter-relation
of Menhirs, Dolmens, and Cupmarks in Palestine.
10. Professor Thomas D. Seymour, of Yale University, Sea
Life in Homer.
The following members of the Institute were registered as
in attendance at one or more of the sessions of the General
Meeting :
Of the Baltimore Society :
Mr. James Teackle Dennis, Baltimore ; Miss Esther B. Van Deman,
The Woman's College, Baltimore; Professor H. L. Wilson, Johns
Hopkins University.
Of the Boston Society :
Mr. Edwin H. Abbot, Cambridge ; Mr. Harlan P. Amen, Phillips
Exeter Academy; Miss C. Borden, Boston; Mr. C. P. Bowditch,
Boston; Miss Harriet A. Boyd, Smith College; Professor Alice V.
V. Brown, Wellesley College ; Miss Mary H. Buckingham, Boston ;
Professor H. E. Burton, Dartmouth College; Miss Eva Channing,
Boston ; Dr. George H. Chase, Harvard University ; Rev. Dr. Edward
Lord Clark, Brookline ; Dr. Arthur Stoddard Cooley, Auburndale ;
Professor William K. Denison, Tufts College ; Professor Howard F.
Doane, Charlestown ; Mr. William W. Dove, Andover ; Mr. Thomas
H. Eckfeldt, Concord School ; Mrs. Samuel Eliot, Boston ; Mrs. John
W. Elliot, Boston ; Mr. W. Amory Gardner, Groton School ; Professor
William W. Goodwin, Harvard University ; Professor John C. Gray,
Harvard University ; Mrs. John C. Gray, Boston ; Dr. Walter D. D.
Hadzsits, Smith College ; Professor William F. Harris, Harvard Uni-
versity ; Professor Adeline B. Hawes, Wellesley College ; Professor
Henry W. Haynes, Boston ; Professor John H. Hewitt, Williams
College; Mr. B. H. Hill, Boston Museum of Fine Arts; Professor
George E. Howes, University of Vermont ; Mr. Ernest Jackson, Bos-
ton ; Miss Margaret Jackson, Auburndale ; Miss Alicia M. Keyes,
Concord ; Miss Helen F. Kimball, Brookline ; Professor John C.
Kirtland, Jr., Phillips Exeter Academy; Mr. Gardiner M. Lane,
Boston ; Professor George Dana Lord, Dartmouth College ; Pro-
fessor John K. Lord, Dartmouth College ; Professor David G. Lyon,
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 89
Harvard University ; Mr. Albert M. Lythgoe, Boston Museum of
Fine Arts and Harvard University ; Dr. E. von Mach, Cambridge ;
Professor H. W. Magoun, Cambridge ; Miss Ellen F. Mason, Boston ;
Professor Clifford H. Moore, Harvard University ; Professor George
F. Moore, Harvard University ; Mrs. John H. Morison, Boston ; Miss
Frances R. Morse, Boston; Dr. Charles Peabody, Harvard Univer-
sity ; Mr. M. S. Prichard, Boston Museum of Fine Arts ; Professor
F. W. Putnam, Harvard University ; Miss Ellen D. Putnam, Boston ;
Rev. James Reed, Boston ; Mr. Edward Robinson, Boston Museum
of Fine Arts ; Mrs. Sara P. Rohde, Boston ; Miss Theodora Sedg-
wick, Cambridge ; Professor J. B. Sewall, Brookline ; Miss Anna D.
Slocum, Jamaica Plain ; Mrs. W. E. Stone, Cambridge ; Miss Harriet
S. Tolman, Boston ; Professor C. H. Toy, Harvard University ; Pro-
fessor Henry M. Tyler, Smith College ; Professor Charles St. Clair
Wade, Tufts College; Professor Alice Walton, Wellesley College;
Miss Mary Lee Ware, Boston ; Professor John Williams White,
Harvard University ; Mrs. E. F. Williams, Boston ; Rev. Dr. W. C.
Winslow, Boston ; Professor F. E. Woodruff, Bowdoin College ; Rev.
Dr. Theodore F. Wright, Cambridge.
Of the Chicago Society :
Mr. Allison V. Armour, New York City.
Of the Cleveland Society :
Professor Harold N. Fowler, Western Reserve University ; Pro-
fessor Samuel Ball Platner, Western Reserve University.
Of the Connecticut Society :
Professor Frank C. Babbitt, Trinity College; Mr. William L.
Cushing, Westminster School, Simsbury ; Professor George D. Kel-
logg, Williams College ; Professor James M. Paton, Wesleyan Uni-
versity ; Professor Lewis B. Paton, Hartford ; Professor Tracy Peck,
Yale University ; Professor Louise F. Randolph, Mt. Holyoke Col-
lege; Professor H. M. Reynolds, Yale University; Miss Elizabeth
H. Rockwell, Winsted ; Professor Helen M. Searles, Mt. Holyoke
College; Professor Thomas Day Seymour, Yale University; Pro-
fessor H. De F. Smith, Amherst College ; Professor Charles C. Torrey,
Yale University; Dr. Charles H. Weller, Hopkins Grammar School,
New Haven; Miss Mary C. Welles, Newington; Professor Mary
Gilmore Williams, Mt. Holyoke College.
Of the Detroit Society :
Professor Francis W. Kelsey, University of Michigan.
90 ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF AMERICA
Of the Iowa Society :
Professor Arthur Fairbanks, Iowa State University; Professor
Herbert B. Foster, University of South Dakota.
Of the Missouri Society :
Dr. Paul V. C. Baur, Yale University.
Of the New York Society :
Professor Henry F. Burton, University of Rochester; Professor
Mortimer L. Earle, Barnard College ; Professor James C. Egbert, Jr.,
Columbia University ; Professor William H. Goodyear, Museum of
Brooklyn Institute ; Professor Karl P. Harrington, University of
Maine ; Professor Abby Leach, Vassar College ; Professor Allan
Marquand, Princeton University ; Professor J. Leverett Moore,
Vassar College ; Miss M. Louise Nichols, Miss Porter's School,
Farmington ; Professor Edward D. Perry, Columbia University ;
Dr. Oliver S. Tonks, Columbia University; Professor William R.
Ware, Milton, Mass. ; Professor Andrew F. West, Princeton Uni-
versity; Professor James R. Wheeler, Columbia University; Pro-
fessor George M. Whicher, Brooklyn ; Professor Clarence H. Young,
Columbia University.
Of the Pennsylvania Society :
Professor George A. Barton, Bryn Mawr College ; Professor Will-
iam N. Bates, University . of Pennsylvania ; Rev. W T alter Lowrie,
Boston.
Of the Pittsburg Society :
Professor Hamilton Ford Allen, Washington and Jefferson College.
Of the Southwest Society :
Dr. Charles F. Lummis, Los Angeles ; Dr. Frank M. Palmer, Los
Angeles.
Of the Washington Society :
Professor Mitchell Carroll, The George Washington University;
Mr. George Horton, Washington ; Professor E. M. Pease, Washington.
Of the Wisconsin Society :
Mr. Grant Showerman, Princeton University.
The sessions were attended by the following persons, also,
either members of the Council or of the Managing Commit-
GENERAL MEETING, DECEMBER 28-30, 1904 91
tees, officers of the supporting institutions, or former members
of the Schools in Athens, Rome, or Palestine, not members of
the Institute :
Dr. Francis K. Ball, Phillips Exeter Academy ; Professor Charles
E. Bennett, Cornell University; Professor Caroline M. Breyfogle,
Wellesiey College ; Professor William S. Barrage, Middlebury Col-
lege ; Mr. L. D. Caskey, Yale University ; Miss Mary Caswell, Welles-
ley College ; Professor George D. Chase, Wesleyan University ; Mr.
D. T. Clark, Williams College ; Professor William L. Cowles, Amherst
College; Professor W. B. Owen, Lafayette College; Dr. George J.
Pfeiffer, Watertown, Mass. ; Rev. Professor John Winthrop Platner,
Andover Theological Seminary; Professor William Carey Poland,
Brown University ; Dr. E. K. Rand, Harvard University ; Professor
Rufus B. Richardson, New York; Professor David M. Robinson,
Illinois College; Rev. Dr. William Hayes Ward, New York; Dr.
Willis P. Woodman, Morristown, N. J. ; Professor George F. Wright,
Oberlin College ; Dr. Henry B. Wright, Yale University.
The next General Meeting of the Institute will be held at
Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., in Convocation Week (Janu-
ary), 1906, in connection with the annual meeting of the
American Philological Association.
1904
July December
ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS 1
NOTES ON RECENT EXCAVATIONS AND
DISCOVERIES; OTHER NEWS
HAROLD N. FOWLER, Editor-in-charge
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 0.
GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
ORGANIZATIONS TO AID MUSEUMS. The Societe des Amis
du Louvre, founded in 1903 to acquire objects to offer to the Louvre, now
numbers 1650 members, and has an income of 40,000 fr. a year. (Rass.
d'Arte, September, 1904, Cronaca.) The recent extensive purchases by for-
eign museums and private collectors of valuable works of art in the London
sales has brought about the formation in England of the National Art Col-
lections Fund of Great Britain, with Lord Balcarres as chairman. The
object of the Fund is to help the British Galleries to compete with the for-
eign buyers, and though only a year old, the society has already presented a
valuable Watteau to the Dublin National Gallery and to the British Museum
a fine Greek bronze plaque from the Hawkins Collection. In Germany the
Berlin Kaiser Friedrich Verein has been in existence for some time. It has
given many works of art to the National Gallery, among them the two Van
Dycks from the Peel Collection, purchased for $150,000. The money was
afterward refunded to the Verein, by a vote of the Reichstag, with the thanks
of the nation. Amsterdam has a society, organized in 1883, for the purpose
of keeping the De Vos Collection in the country. This society became per-
manent and has been instrumental in preventing the exportation of many
art treasures. (New York Evening Post, November 26, 1904.)
NECROLOGY. Anatole de Barth^lemy. Anatole de Barthelemy
was born at Reims, July 1, 1821, and died at Ville d' Avray, June 27, 1904.
He was the author of many articles in the R. Arch., R. Num., Gazette Arche-
1 The departments of Archaeological News and Discussions and of Bibliography
are conducted by Professor FOWLER, Editor-in-charge, assisted by Miss MARY H.
BUCKINGHAM, Professor HARRY E. BURTON, Professor JAMES C. EGBERT, Professor
ELMER T. MERRILL, Dr. GEORGE N. OLCOTT, Professor JAMES M. PATON, and the
Editors, especially Professor MARQUAND.
No attempt is made to include in this number of the JOURNAL material published
after December 31, 1904. \
For an explanation of the abbreviations, see pp. 145, 146.
93
94 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
ologique, B. M. Soc. Ant. Fr., and other periodicals, of a Manual of Numis-
matics, and, in collaboration with J. Geslin de Bourgogue, of a work in four
volumes on the history and monuments of the diocese of Saint-Brieuc. He
was generous and kind in giving valuable advice and encouragement to
many workers in the field of archaeology. (SALOMON REINACH, R. Arch.
IV, 1904, pp. 137 f.)
Louis Palma di Cesnola. The death of General Louis Palma di
Cesnola took place in New York, November 21, 1905. He was born at Riv-
arolo, in Piedmont, June 29, 1832. At the age of seventeen he took part in
the war against Austria, and became a lieutenant. In 1860 he came to New
York. He served as a cavalry officer in the war of the Secession, and was
finally made Brigadier General. From 1865-77 he was United States con-
sul at Cyprus, where he carried on archaeological excavations. Since 1878
he has been Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, in New York.
He was the author of Cyprus, its Cities, Tombs, and Temples, and of a folio,
Atlas of Cypriote Antiquities, besides numerous articles. The announcement
is made that Sir C. Purdon Clarke, art director of the South Kensington
Museum, has been chosen to succeed General Cesnola as Director of the
Metropolitan Museum.
Frederic William Madden. Frederic William Madden, who died on
June 21, 1904, was, like his father Sir Frederic, for many years in the British
Museum, being in the Department of Antiquities and of Coins and Medals,
1859-68. He was Secretary of the Numismatic Society of London, and joint
editor of the Numismatic Chronicle (1860-68), to which he contributed many
papers. After a period of work on international exhibitions, he went to
Brighton College as secretary and librarian in 1874. Finally he was chief
librarian of the Brighton Public Library, 1888-1902. His work in numis-
matics was considerable, and includes two books on the coins of the Jews,
and the Handbook of Roman Numismatics, 1861, besides a number of contri-
butions to popular publications. (A then. July 2, 1904.)
Leone Nardoni. August 22, 1904, occurred the death of Leone Nar-
doni, the last survivor of those who inaugurated palethnological researches
in Rome and Latium. (B. Paletn. It. X, 1904, p. 228.)
George Frederick Watts. This greatest of contemporary English
painters died in London, July 1, 1904, at the age of eighty-seven years. Born
in London in 1817, he studied at Florence and began his career as an histori-
cal painter, from which he turned to portraiture. His later works formed a
sort of cycle of philosophical conceptions. He was also known for his works
in sculpture and lithography. He had been a member of the Royal Academy
since 1898, was knighted by Queen Victoria, and was a Chevalier of the
Legion of Honor. (Cftron. d. Arts, July 16, 1904, pp. 218-219.)
THE FRENCH SCHOOLS AT ATHENS AND ROME. In C.
R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 530-547, is a report by R. CAGNAT on the activity
of the French Schools at Athens and Rome in the years 1902-03. The
rebuilding of the Treasury of the Athenians at Delphi, the excavations at
Delos, Tegea, the Fayoum, Tenos, Ceos, and Argos are briefly described,
and the written work presented by the members of the Schools is discussed.
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN SOUTHERN RUSSIA
IN 1903. Most important are the gold and other objects from royal tu-
muli at Stanitza in the Kuban, especially a sword-sheath and a unique battle-
GENERAL] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 95
axe, elaborately ornamented with motives from Assyrian, Persian, Scythian,
and Siberian art, probably of Mesopotamia!! manufacture and from the
seventh or sixth century B.C. Tumuli in Zurowka, in the Government of
Kiev, show the Scythian civilization of the fifth and fourth centuries, with
many Greek articles, including a dedication to Apollo Delphinius, pottery,
bronzes, etc. Gold, silver, bronze, and terra-cotta objects of the first and
second centuries after Christ are also found in the Kuban region. Horse
graves are usually found near the human graves, and in one case thirty
horses are buried in a trench encircling the grave. At Olbia (Parutino),
more interesting even than the contents of tumuli are the evidences of suc-
cessive strata of occupation. A tumulus which contains in the upper por-
tion a tomb of the second or third century after Christ shows four levels
below that of the tomb. The lowest is of the archaic period, and the fourth,
which was destroyed by the Getae in the first century B.C., and abandoned,
is Hellenistic. Remains of mosaic floors, walls painted in imitation of
mosaic, storerooms, etc., are found, as well as shards of all periods. In the
cemetery is Attic pottery and jewellery, especially of the sixth and fifth cen-
turies. A considerable portion of the old city wall is extant. A large
archaic cemetery on the island of Borysthenis, now Beresan, contains vases
of the older styles, Melian, proto-Corinthian, etc., and is comparable with
that of Thera. The graves at Panticapaeum, now Kertsch, contain chiefly
Roman and Hellenistic objects. From Chersonese comes a large red-figured
crater of late fine style, and from Gursuf, in the Crimea, " Gothic " antiqui-
ties from a cemetery of the seventh and eighth centuries after Christ.
(B. PHARMAKOWSKY, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 100-106; 3 cuts.)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL WORK IN ROUMANIA. Little new in
the way of excavation has been done recently in Roumania. Study of a
pillar from the hexagonal Trophaeum at Adam Klissi confirms the view
that the inscription occupied only one slab. The scarcity of remains here
suggests that the material of the great altar was used in building the later
town of Trophaeum Trajani. In Constanza traces are found of a temple,
apparently of the early years after Christ. In Mangalia some plundered
burial chambers and slab-graves have yielded a bit of embossed silver from
a lady's jewel casket, a fibula, and a fine pottery vase with black glaze. A
small treasure found on the Danube between Calafat and Cetate contains
barbaric gold and electrum arm-bands and rings, both of which are probably
forms of money, and a silver vase of Graeco-Roman work, similar to those
from Hildesheim and Boscoreale. (TOCILESCU, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 184 f.)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN BELGIUM IN 1903.
Among the new Roman bronzes are a beautiful tripod and a candelabrum,
found near Liege, which apparently belong to a deposit buried in time of
impending danger. From a Belgo-Roman villa at Vervoz comes a set of
counters, calculi, lapilli, which were used in calculations or in a game, and
which bear inscriptions of some epigraphic interest. A curious statuette of
a beardless Mars Ultor shows the influence of a numismatic type. (L. RE-
NARD-GRENSON, Arch. Anz. 1904, p. 144.)
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN SWITZERLAND IN
1903. A Roman building, possibly gladiators' barracks, has been found
near Konigsfelden (Aargau) ; coins from Augustus to Arcadius, at Basel-
augst; further details of the large building, many times rebuilt, at Chur
96 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
(Grisons) ; a portable house-altar with inscription, at Geneva. The clasp-
knife with figures of two gladiators for a handle, found at Avenches (Frei-
burg), is given in three views in Arch. Anz. 1904, p. 148, with H. BLUMNER'S
summary of recent finds.
SCANDINAVIAN ANTIQUITIES. In the Journal of the Swedish
Academy of History and Antiquities (Kongl. Witterhets Historie och Antiqui-
tets Akademiens Manadsblad), two numbers of which, 1898-99 (212 pp.; 155
figs.), and 1901-02 (209 pp.; 85 figs., with an appendix of 13 pp.), have
appeared in 1904, are several illustrated articles on Scandinavian antiqui-
ties, partly in the form of reviews of recent publications, 'besides the reports
and accounts of the Academy.
SWEDEN. A Settlement of the Stone Age. The Antikvarisk
Tidskrififor Sverige, XVII (1904), 3, is entirely devoted to a description and
discussion by KNUT KJELLMARK of a settlement of the stone age at Lim-
hamn (pp. 1-144; 6 pis.; 34 figs.) recently excavated.
GAMBIA. Tumuli. In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 560-569 (2 figs.),
E. T. HAMY publishes a description and discussion of tumuli discovered by
Captain Duchemin in the Gambia Valley (Senegambia). Thirty-seven
groups of monuments consisting of tumuli surrounded by large cylindrical
monoliths were found, and one of these monuments was excavated. It con-
tained skeletons of most pronounced negritic type and fragments of coarse
pottery. Tumuli still raised by various negro tribes of the same region,
especially by the Sereres, are compared.
WORK OF THE GERMAN ARCHAEOLOGICAL INSTITUTE IN
1904. The Institute has suffered an unusual number of severe losses in the
deaths of Th. Mommsen, U. Kohler, virtual founder of the school at Athens,
C. Belger, M. Frankel, G. von Kieseritzky, A. Milchhofer, A. S. Murray of
the British Museum, and H. von Prott of the Institute at Athens. Besides
the regular issues of the Jahrbuch and Anzeiger, an index to the first ten
volumes has been prepared by HEIXRICH REINHOLD, and a fifth supplement,
devoted to the excavations at Gordium, has been issued. Other publications
are a number of the Antike Denkmaler comprising the finds at Thermoii;
the section Hippolytus-Meleager of Antike Sarcophag-Reliefs ; Antike
Terracotten, catalogue of types, by WINTER ; two volumes of Campana
Reliefs, nearly ready; Karten von Attica with Milchhofer's place-names
finished ; the twelfth number of Attische Grabreliefs ; Swirussische griechische
Grabreliefs, interrupted by the death of von Kieseritzky ; Griechische Grab-
reliefs Kleinasiens und der Inseln, undertaken by Pfuhl ; Domaszewski's
Romische Militarreliefs, increased by new material from Hungary ; Vol. 18
of the Romische Mitteilungen ; Vol. 1 of Amelung's Skulpturen des Vatikan-
ischen Museums; Delbriick's Das Capitolium von Signia: Der Apollotempel
auf dem Marsfelde in Rom : Vol. 3 of the catalogue of the Institute library
in Rome ; Wolters's Akropolisvasen, ready for the final touches. The usual
meetings and excursions of the Athenian and Roman branches took place.
Excavations were carried on at Cos under Herzog, at Pergamon under Dorp-
feld, and at Haltern under the Roman-Germanic Commission. The activity
of this new branch is already far reaching and effective. (Arch. Anz. 1904,
pp. 93-97. Report made to the Prussian Academy of Sciences, June 7, 1904.)
THE CORPUS INSCRIPTIONUM GRAECAR UM. The vol-
umes of the C.I.G. are henceforth to be numbered as follows: I. Attica
'EGYPT] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 97
before Euclides ; II. Attica, from Eticlides to Augustus ; III. Attica, Roman
period; IV. Argolis; V. Arcadia, Laconia, Messenia ; VI. Elis and Achaea ;
VII. Megaris and Boeotia ; VIII. Delphi ; IX. Northern Greece ; X. Epirus,
Macedonia, Thrace, Scythia; XI- Delos; XII. Islands of the Aegean with
the exception of Delos ; XIII. Crete ; XIV. Sicily and Italy. This does
away with the old cumbrous nomenclature.
EGYPT
WORK OP THE SERVICE DBS ANTIQUITES IN 1903-04.
In C. R. Acad. Inscr. 1904, pp. 548-549, is a brief report by Mr. MASPERO
on the work of the Service des AntiquitSs in 1903-04. At Edfu and
Kom-Ombo the reparation of the temples has progressed. At El-Kab the
tombs have been strengthened as much as, possible. Negotiations for the
complete excavation of the temple at Esneh have been entered upon. At
Fhilae the temple has been little damaged by the water, and only slight
repairs were needed. At Abydos parts of the temple that threatened to
fall have been strengthened. At Sakkarah the excavation of the pyramid
of Unas has been finished and that of the pyramid of Teti begun ; in the
course of this work fine jewels of the Saite period have been found. At
Zaouiet-el-Aryan tombs of the Thinite period have been opened containing
objects marked with the name of king Serpent. Many of the great monu-
ments discovered by Mariette at Tauis have been brought to the Cairo
Museum. At Thebes, on the left bank, Mr. Carter has cleaned out the
tomb of Menephtah and opened, at the expense of Mr. Theodore M. Davis,
the tomb of Queen Hatshepsouitou. At the same time he has continued
his excavations at the Ramesseum and supervised the work of Mr. Mond at
the tombs of Sheik Abd el Kurnah. At Karnak Mr. Legrain has continued
the repairs of the temple, and has found a vast store of discarded ex votos, more
than seven thousand statuettes of bronze and five hundred statues of various
kinds of stone, for the most part from 30 cm. to 1.20 m. in height, though
some are several metres high. Most of these are dated between the twenti-
eth dynasty and the Persian conquest, and are covered with valuable inscrip-
tions. Nearly all are good work, and some are real masterpieces. A full
report of a paper by Mr. Legrain dealing with this most important discovery
is in the London Times, weekly edition, November 25, 1904 ; a popular account,
fully illustrated, is given in the Illustrated London Neics, January 14, 1905.
G-RAECO-ROMAN DISCOVERIES IN 1903. The rich finds at
Oxyrhynchus are chiefly documents of the Roman period, with some lit-
erary pieces and art objects. The French at Tehneh found a great variety
of papyri, all later than the fourth century after Christ, and the ruins of a
large temple of Nero's time and later, used for the worship of various Egyp-
tian and Hellenic gods and having records of the inundations of the Nile
painted on its columns. The site is identified as that of Achoris. At Abu-
sir, near Sakkarah, the pyramid of Ne-woser-re was opened and the funeral
chapel and other subordinate buildings examined by the Germans, who also
excavated the large cemetery at Abusir el Malaq. Here are the rock-cut
tombs of the priests of Harsaphes opening off a long corridor nine metres
underground. They were in use for many generations. The sarcophagi
show Greek influence. A new form of sarcophagus has the cover in the
form of a pair of bronze doors, the doors of the After World. In the poorer
98 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
quarter many burials are enclosed in cases of papyrus pasteboard with or
without an outer coffin of wood or plaited reeds. The dry sand preserves
everything well. At Hermupolis the columns of the Greek or Roman
agora are standing. Xo important new discoveries have been made. Near
the wharves in Alexandria is a stone yard for preparing Greek imported
building material. There have been important discoveries of gold and
silver coins in several places. In sculpture, a small fourth-century marble
head from a girl's statue, resembling somewhat the " Peitho " of the Parthe-
non ; a small replica of the Lausdowne Heracles type, with variations; a
figure of Aphrodite and one of an anointing athlete, from Dr. Reinhardt's
collection ; a Hellenistic bronze group of two captive negroes bound back to
back ; and two bronze statuettes of a bearded actor, of a type familiar in
terra-cotta, are to be mentioned. (O. RUBENSOHN, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 107-
110 ; 4 cuts.)
ABUSIR. The German Excavations. In Records of the Past, III,
1904 (July), pp. 195-212 (15 figs.), is a report, translated from the German
of L. BORCHARDT, of the excavations conducted by Borchardt for the Ger-
man Orient-Gesellschaft in 1901-02 and 1902-03. The temple and pyra-
mid of Ne-woser-re and several mastabas are described. Many interesting
objects, besides the manuscript of the Persians of Timotheus, were found.
Especially fine is a gargoyle in the shape of a lion's head. These excava-
tions have been mentioned in previous numbers of this JOURNAL (1902,
p. 347; 1903, pp. 103, 360; 1904, pp. 96, 342).
DEIR-EL-BAHARI. The Temple of Mentuhotep. In C. R.Acad.
Jnsc. 1904, pp. 451-455 (2 figs.), is a report by EDOUARD XAVILLE on exca-
vations begun by him and continued by Mr. Hall at Deir-el-Bahari in the
winter of 1903-04. At the south of the temple of Hatshepsu, near the
speos of Hathor, remains of a temple of the eleventh dynasty were found.
The plan is analogous to that of the great temple of Hatshepsu. The newly
found temple is built in terraces, two of which have been discovered. On
the upper terrace, which was approached by a ramp through a granite door,
the sill of which is still in place, was a hypostyle hall with eight-sided
" protodoric " columns. These are all stuccoed and bear the name of King
Mentuhotep Nibkherura. The columns are 0.75 m. in diameter and have
circular bases. A limestone wall with reliefs surrounds the square hypostyle
hall, but before the wall, on the edge of the platform, was a row of square
pillars. At each side of the ramp, in front of the retaining wall, was a double
row of square pillars. The sculptures found are in general of very good
style. The colors are well preserved and bright. The scenes represented
are the coronation of Mentuhotep, tributes, and processions of sacred barks
or soldiers. Apparently this was a funerary temple. It soon became a ceme-
tery for the nobles of the period. Under the Ramessides it was already used
as a quarry.
KARNAK. The important discovery by Mr. Legrain of a great num-
ber of statues, which were buried in Ptolemaic times, is mentioned above
under the heading ' work of the service des antiquites.'
LUXOR. Ostraca. Two ostraca from Egypt are published by
P. JOUGUET and G. LEFEBVRE in B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 201-209 (2 pis.).
One, dated in 140-141 A.D., contains a school exercise dealing with a story
of the Scythian Anacharsis. Unfortunately the pupil omitted the last part
BABYLONIA] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 99
of the story. (See also F. LEO, Hermes, XL, 1905, pp. 159 f.) The other con-
tains six lines of unintelligible writing, and on the side a very rude drawing
of the head and shoulders of a man, with one arm raised, and in the other
hand a staff surmounted by a. cross. Around the figure is the inscription
o ay to? TleVpos 6 evayyeA [tcr] T [r^s] . In an appendix the authors piiblish two
inedited texts. (1) A 'wooden tablet containing a somewhat mutilated copy
of Iliad, I, 1-7. (2) A diptych, containing on one face four repetitions of
an iambic trimeter, and on the other seven epic verses, interpreted by Henri
Weil as an address by the shade of Achilles, claiming from the victorious
Greeks his yepas.
MAGDOLA. Papyri. In B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 174-205 and 232,
P. JOUGUET and G. LEFEBVRE publish nineteen more papyri from Magdola
(see Am. J. Arch. VII, 1903, p. 362), complaints or appeals to the king.
It seems clear that the whole series belongs to the last years of Euergetes I
and the first of Philopator. For many of the documents positive dates are
assigned, extending from January 28, 222, to May 12, 218 B.C.
TEHNEH. Late Inscriptions. During 1903 the ruins of Tehneh
on the right bank of the Nile, perhaps the ancient Acoris, were explored
by P. Jouguet and G. Lefebvre. They gave but a few days to the mound,
which conceals the ancient town, and which promises good results to a later
expedition, devoting their time to an unsuccessful search for the Ptolemaic
necropolis. They found, however, Roman and Christian cemeteries, rich in
funeral stelae. One hundred and sixty Greek inscriptions are published by
G. LEFEBVRE in B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 341-388. One, a dedication
to Ammon, Souchos, and their owmot (apparently the Dioscuri) is from
the mound. Two of the ninety-six from the Roman necropolis are dated,
one in 72 A.D., the other in 22-23 A.D. Of forty-three from the Christian
cemetery, one dated in the year 239 of Diocletian (or of the martyrs), i.e.
527 A.D., is important as being the only certain example of this era before
the Arab conquest. The last twenty are from rock-cut graves west of the
city. As the chief importance of these inscriptions lies in the proper names
an index is appended.
WADY MAGHARAH. A New Monument of Snofrou. In
C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 342-350, R. WEILL describes and discusses
a relief of Snofrou, the first king of the fourth dynasty according to Ma-
netho, which was discovered by L. Borchardt at Wady Magharah. This
relief belongs to the type of Thinite monuments of the first three dynasties,
whereas most of the other monuments of Snofrou are Memphite in char-
acter. This is the only king whose monuments certainly belong to these
two types. Evidently the transition from Thinite to Memphite took place
without a break in continuity. The step pyramid of Sakkarah, which seems,
according to the inscriptions within it, to belong to Snofrou, is certainly not
his tomb, as his tomb has been found at Bet Khallaf by Garstang. The pyra-
mid must have been restored and dedicated to Snofrou under the Saite kings.
BABYLONIA AND ASSYRIA
FARA. The German Excavations. In Records of the Past, III,
1904, pp. 233-243 (map; 6 figs.), is an account of the German excavations
at Fara and Abu Hatab, derived from the Mittheilungen der Deutschen
Orient-Gesellschaft. (Cf. Am. J. Arch. 1904, p. 346.)
100 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
KALEH SHERGAT. Inscription of King Tukulti-Ninip. A cu-
neiform inscription of great historical value has been acquired by the British
Museum. This is the foundation-tablet of Tukulti-Ninip, who ruled over
Assyria about 1275 B.C., and conquered Babylonia in the time of the Kas-
site Dynasty. It was found near Kaleh Shergat, and will shortly be pub-
lished with a full transcription and translation by Mr. Leonard W. King.
(A then. October 1, 1904.)
KUYUNJIK. The Palace of Sennacherib. Athen. December 17,
1904, summarizes from the Recueil de Travaux some results of the excavations
of Mr. Leonard King at Kuyunjik. The sculpture in the palace of Sen-
nacherib has been damaged by fire. Perhaps the palace was burned by the
last king. It was built on the site of an earlier palace, which seems to
date partly from the reign of Tiglath-pilezer I and partly from that of
Assur-nazir-pal.
NIPPUR. The Excavations of the University of Pennsylvania.
In the Transactions of the Department of Archaeology of the University of
Pennsylvania, Vol. I, 1904, pp. 67-125 (56 figs.), H. V. HILPRECHT gives
an account of the excavations at Nippur carried on, with interruptions,
since 1889 by the University of Pennsylvania. The article, which was
originally a lecture, contains little that is strictly new, but gives a con-
nected account of the discoveries. While a large part of the site has been
excavated, much more remains to be done. Walls of buildings and vari-
ous other remains from 4000 B.C. or earlier down to post-Christian times
have been found. Most important as yet are the great temple of Bel and
the library, from which an immense number of inscribed tablets has been
removed.
TELLO. Decorated Pottery. In the excavations conducted by Cap-
tain Cros at Tello, black pottery has been found adorned with incised lines
filled with white paste. This technique is familiar in many other regions,
but has hitherto not been known in Babylonia. These vases have not only
geometrical patterns, but also real scenes, especially river scenes, water
fowl, fish, and boats with standards surmounted by the crescent of the god
Sin. Other vases found in the same excavations have elaborate geometri-
cal ornamentation. (C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 115 f.)
UD-NUN. A Statue of the Time of King Daddu. In excavations
on the site of the city of Ud-nun a headless marble statue was discovered
in January, 1904. An archaic inscription of three lines on the right upper
arm shows that the statue was erected in the time of King Daddu, whose
exact date is unknown. In February the head of the statue came to light.
(E. S. BANKS, Records of the Past, III, 1904, p. 316.)
SYRIA AND PALESTINE
BEERSHEBA. A Dated Inscription. In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904,
pp. 175 f ., two Greek epitaphs from Beersheba, sent by the Rev. Father
PROSPER from Jerusalem, are published by CLERMONT-GANNEAU. They
seem to belong together. One is dated the first of the month Artemisios,
of indiction 3 ; the second the 8th of May, corresponding to the 18th of
Artemisios, indiction 12, year 365. The era must be that of the neighbor-
ing Eleutheropolis, beginning 199 B.C. The date is 564 A.D. The corre-
spondence of May 8 with Artemisios 18 shows that the calendar is the
ARABIA] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 101
"calendar of the Arabs," preserved in the Hemerologion of Florence, in
which the year began the first of Xanthicos (= March 22) and consisted of
twelve months of thirty days, plus five supplementary days.
SIDON. New Painted Stelae. In R. Arch. IV, 1904, pp. 1-16
(3 figs.), Louis JALABERT describes nine painted sepulchral stelae found by
Macridi Bey at Sa'ida. Three similar stelae are now in Constantinople. The
stelae belong to the Seleucid period. They marked the graves of mercenary
soldiers from various places in Asia Minor, Crete, Greece, and Thrace. The
paintings, which are rapidly deteriorating under exposure, represent armed
men, architecture, and garlands.
TELL EL-MUTESELLIM. The Ancient Megiddo. In Mitth. d.
Pal. V. 1904, pp. 14-20 (2 figs.), and 33-56 (15 figs.), G. SCHUMACHER
describes his excavations in the spring of 1903 at Tell el-Mutesellim,
32.5 km. from Haifa, 17.2 km. from Djenin, and 20 km. from Nazareth.
The arrangements for excavating and the methods of work are described,
the site and its surroundings are discussed, and a historical sketch of the
place, probably the ancient Megiddo, is given. The site was inhabited
from very early times. Fortification walls, with a gate ascribed to the
ninth or tenth century B.C., house walls, a sanctuary, and graves were dis-
covered. Several large earthen jars contained the remains of children's
bodies. Many small objects of Egyptian manufacture were found. In the
neighborhood a Roman theatre was investigated. The excavations in the
autumn of 1903 were conducted by J. BENZINGER, who describes them, ibid.
pp. 65-74 (7 figs.). In the northern part of the hill a wide trench was
dug, which laid bare numerous walls, apparently a sort of outwork. The
position of the central fortress was determined. Several rock-cut tombs
were opened in the neighborhood, and some pottery was found in them.
The importance of the site is evident.
A Syrian Seal. In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 337 f. (fig.), isa note from
Father RONZEVALLE on a seal discovered by Schumacher at Tell el-Mutessel-
liin. It is a jasper upon which is finely carved a lion, standing, with raised
tail and open mouth. The inscription reads: of Sama, servant of Yarob'am.
There is no connection between this Yarob'am and Solomon's contemporary
Jeroboam. The date of the seal is probably earlier than the Persian period.
In Mitth. d. Pal. V. 1904, pp. 1-14 (2 figs.), the seal is discussed by E.
KAUTZSCH, and further notes on the subject are published, ibid. pp. 81-83.
COBLES YRI A. Various Monuments. In Records of the Past, III,
1904 (August), pp. 227-233 (12 figs.), G. C. DOOLITTLE briefly describes
several monuments in Coelesyria : the temples near Kef r Zebed, Shlufa,
Niha, and Mejdel 'Anjar, a fa9ade cut in the rock near Kobb Elias, the
Ya'at column, and the Kamu'at Hirmil. The last is a solid rectangular
monument ending in a pyramid at the top. It has a frieze representing
hunting scenes.
ARABIA
'ABDEH. Archaeological Exploration. In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904,
pp. 279-305 (4 pis. ; 3 figs.), is a report by Father LEGRANGE on an archaeo-
logical exploration in Negeb, especially at 'Abdeh, the ancient Eboda. Many
ancient rock-cut tombs, which had afterward been used as dwellings, are
described. The most important of these, the lintel of the door of which
was adorned with sacred emblems (altar, disk, crescent, and two columns,
102 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
or torches), is identified as the tomb of Obodas, whom the Nebataeans
worshipped as a god. Within the chamber a stone bench runs round three
sides. Above this are arched niches, and twenty-two tombs are in, or rather
under, the niches. A Nabataean place of worship at 'Abdeh consists of a
circular levelled space 31 m. in diameter, with a cavity 9 in. in diameter in
the centre. Radiating arms give the whole the appearance of a gigantic
rosette cut in the rock. Numerous Nabataean graffiti and Christian inscrip-
tions in Greek, almost all from tombstones, are published. The remains of
the Byzantine city of Eboda and of the baths of El-Hammarn are described.
ASIA MINOR
BITHYNIA AND PAPHLAGONIA. Inscriptions. More inscrip-
tions from Bithynia and Paphlagonia are published in B.C.H. XXVII, 1903,
pp. 314-333 (cf. Am. J. Arch. VI, 1902, pp. 350-351), by G. MEXDEL, as the
result of a tour in the vilayet of Castamouni. Fifty-one texts are given,
divided as follows : Plain of Ada-Bazar, three, one metrical; Plain of Dusdje,
one; Plain of Boli, five, including a dedication to Hadrian; two routes
between Boli and Doert-divan, eighteen, one reading [o]pot TOV dy[i]|ou
apxavye\\ov Mt^a^A, the rest mortuary; Tach-Keupru (Pompeiopolis),
twenty, of which three are in honor of Cn. Claudius Severus, and three
more are in honor of Commodus by the officers of the ephebi. Texts relat-
ing to this institution are rare in Bithynia. Four others are Christian.
In conclusion are published four short inscriptions from the littoral of the
Black Sea, including a dedication to Heracles, and the epitaph of the wife
of a centurion of Legio XI, Claudia.
COS. The Repulse of the Gauls at Delphi. In C. R. Acad. Insc.
1904, pp. 157-173, an inscription from Cos is published, with a Latin trans-
lation and commentary by the discoverer, R. HERZOG, and French transla-
tion and remarks by S. REINACH. It is a decree of the Coans, providing
for sacrifices at Delphi to the Pythian Apollo by the architheoros and the
theoroi and for a holiday at Cos, with sacrifices by the TrpocrTaraL to Apollo
Pythius, Zeus Soter, and Nike, on account of the repulse of the Gauls at
Delphi and the appearance (cTrt^xxveia) of Apollo. The decree was passed
soon after the news of the event reached Cos, apparently between April
and July, 278 B.C. The repulse of the Gauls took place toward the end of
279 B.C. The story that Apollo appeared to protect his temple is, then, not
a later invention, but was current immediately after the event.
CYPRUS. KERYNIA. An Honorary Decree. In R. fit. Gr.
XVII, 1904, pp. 212 f., TH. REINACH publishes an inscription at Kerynia,
said to have come from Nicosia. It is a decree in honor of a gymnasiarch
who paid for a sacrifice and, apparently, for gymnastic and equestrian
games at the eirivtKia in honor of Augustus. Reinach adds remarks on two
inscriptions from Famagusta, C.I.G. 2634 and 2619, the second of which he
republishes.
DORYLAEUM. Inscriptions. B. C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 191-200,
contains thirty-one inscriptions from the neighborhood of Dorylaeum, com-
municated by Father C. ARMANET. They are for the most part sepulchral
or votive. One is metrical and two are Latin.
EPHESUS. Reliefs from the Library. : In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. VII,
1904, Beiblatt, pp. 157-159, R. HEBERDEY reports that slabs and fragments
ASIA MIXOR] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 103
of the reliefs from the library at Ephesus (cf. Am. ,T. Arch. 1904, p. 351),
having been removed to Vienna and put together, are seen to represent M.
Aurelius, L. Verus, and Commodus. The reliefs commemorate the Parthian
War (161-166 A.D.).
P AN AM AR A. Inscriptions. In B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 20-53;
238-262 ; 345-352, G. COUSIN publishes the inscriptions from the sanctuary
of Zeus Carios at Panamara. The first two articles contain eighty-seven
inscriptions in honor of the priests, all seemingly of Roman times. They
are published with a few very brief notes. The third article contains the
text of seven decrees. To these M. HOLLEAUX (ibid. pp. 353-363) adds a
commentary. The first three belong to the time when Philip V of Mace-
don held Stratonicea (201-197 B.C.), and are in honor of the king himself
and two of his officers. Nos. 4-6 seem to belong to the Rhodian period
(192-166 B.C.), and prove, what was suspected, that the KOIVOV Iiavafj.apea>v
was a deme of Stratonicea.
PERGAMON. The Excavations of 1902-03. The results of the
German excavations at Pergamon during 1902 and 1903 are reported in
Athen. Mitth. XXIX, 1904, pp. 113-211 (14 pis.; 38 figs. ; cf. Am. J. Arch.
VII, 1903, pp. 109-111). The work was chiefly near the second agora and
at the gymnasium terraces. The report is in three chapters :
I. 'The Buildings' (pp. 114-151), by W. DORPFELD. (1) The southwest
corner of the agora, including the row of chambers below the southern wall,
was completely cleared. It was found that the agora was surrounded by
streets, and across the one to the west was a large dwelling. (2) This house
was built around a large court, and in several rooms were remains of marble
pavements and incrustation. It was evidently altered in Roman times.
(3) Along the street leading from the agora to the gymnasium and upper
city chambers were uncovered containing large vases, fireplaces, and mills.
In several were found inscriptions and sculptures, including the Hermes of
Alcarnenes. These seem to have fallen from a large building on a higher
level, to be excavated in 1904. (4) The chief scene of labor was the series
of terraces above the great fountain. Here on thi'ee terraces, supported by
double and even triple sustaining walls, strengthened by strong cross-walls
and buttresses, was built, during the regal period, a great gymnasium in
three divisions ; that for the boys on the lowest terrace, that for the ephebi
on the middle terrace, and that for the young men on the upper terrace.
Only the two lower terraces have been cleared, and the excavation of the
much larger upper region is expected to occupy several seasons. The lower
terrace is triangular, and there are no clear remains of buildings on it.
Between the buttresses of the north wall was a row of niches, in one of
which was a stele erected by the boys in honor of Attains. The middle
terrace was reached from the semicircular propylon near the fountain by a
fine winding stairway in five flights with large landings, constructed within
the wall, and in part covered by well-preserved vaulting. The terrace of
the ephebi was a large open space with a long stoa on the north side.
Probably the present remains supported an upper story, which extended
over some chambers at the east end, and may have formed the covered
track, or xystus, of Vitruvius. One of the chambers was built as an exedra
and dedicated to the Oeol 2e/3a<rTot', Hermes and Heracles. At the eastern
end of the terrace are the foundations of a small Corinthian temple. The
104 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCPIAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 190&
marble walls and columns have been burned for lime, but numerous frag-
ments remain, showing that the walls were covered with lists of names.
From the northeast corner a narrow staircase leads to the upper terrace.
II. ' The Inscriptions ' (pp. 152-178), by B. SCHRODER, H. SCHRADER,
and W. KOLBE. Twenty-three are published. Important is a long decree
in honor of a gymnasiarch, who had contributed to many offerings and fes-
tivals, among them that of the Cabiri. This festival lasted several days,
and was accompanied by a great feast. This gymnasiarch also revived the
Kpio(36\ia for the amusement of the ephebi ; apparently this was a chasing
of rams. The inscription also contains the first mention of a torch race at
Pergamon. The other inscriptions are for the most part fragmentary and
of minor importance. Two are metrical.
III. 'The Miscellaneous Objects' (pp. 179-207), by W. ALTMANN. Of
these the most important is the copy of the Hermes of Alcamenes, which
the inscription seems to date in the second century after Christ. The head
recalls strongly the general character of the Zeus of Phidias on coins of
Elis. There are five replicas, more or less close, in Rome, and several others
at Berlin and Athens, though none seems so true as this from Pergamon,
which best preserves the characteristics of Phidian art. The Dionysus of
Alcamenes, so far as can be judged from coins, was of a similar type.
Among other sculptures are fragments of copies of archaic female figures, a
part of a Hellenistic relief, and a frieze of masks and ivy branches. Several
terra-cotta statuettes are described, and a collection of bronze household
utensils from Byzantine times. Among the pottery are noteworthy remains
of vases from the fourth century after Christ, decorated in relief with
marching warriors. To the early Byzantine period belongs a series of
rather coarse glazed dishes.
In conclusion (pp. 208-211), F. WINTER dissents from the views of
Loeschcke (see Am. J. Arch. VIII, 1904, p. 473) as to the date of the
Hermes of Alcamenes. He doubts the existence of an elder Alcamenes,
and considers the Hermes little nearer to the sculptures of Olympia than is
the Athena Parthenos. It was probably erected after the completion of the
Propylaea, and is therefore later than both the Zeus and Athena of Phidias.
A MAP OF PERGAMON. Captain Ber let's map of Pergamon and
the environs (1 : 25000), engraved for the Altertumer von Pergamon, is also
to be had separately. (Arch. Anz. 1904, p. 158.)
RHODES. Inscriptions. In K. fit. Gr. XVII, 1904, pp. 203-212,
TH. REINACH publishes, with more complete text and commentary, the
inscription published in Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. 1904, p. 92 (cf. Am. J. Arch.
1904, p. 353) by Hiller v. Gaertringen. Six other Rhodian inscriptions are
published by Reinach. One relates to a captain (?) of a ship with two
banks of oars (TT\OLOV SIK/DOTOV), who had rendered service to M. Antonius,
praetor, proconsul (no doubt M. Antonius Creticus, sent to put down the
pirates in 74 B.C.), and A. Gabinius, quaestor in Cilicia (doubtless the
tribune in 67 B.C.). This inscription is very fragmentary, as are two others
which are dated by the names of the priest and the agonothetes. The three
remaining inscriptions are simple epitaphs, one of which is carved on a
stele on which is a relief representing a funeral banquet.
The Excavations at Lindus. Kinch's report on his excavations at
Lindas, Rhodes, was reviewed by F. HILLER VON GAERTRINGEN at the-
ASIA MINOR] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 105
July (1904) meeting of the Berlin Archaeological Society. The signature-
inscription of Boethus settles the date and personality of this artist. The
only marble temple on the acropolis was that of Athena Lindia, the supposed
temple of Zeus or earlier Athena temple being apparently a large propylon.
An epigram of the hero Psithyrus declares that he gave for a drachma
good advice to all applicants. His name recalls the origin of such oracles
as that at Dodona in the whispering of the leaves (t/a$upioyAa) ; cf. Theocri-
tus, Idyl. I, 1 (Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 185 f.).
SMYRNA. Many Discoveries. In excavations at the Aphrodiseurn
in August, 1904, many discoveries were made : a group of three Hellenic
friezes representing the battle of the gods and giants; four slightly injured
panels ; various fragments found in a Byzantine palace, which is supposed
to be the Roman gymnasium and which is 100 m. long and 50 m. wide, with
halls adorned with mosaics; outside of this the gate of Smyrna with three
mythological friezes of Byzantine date ; the gate of Heraclea was cleared
and twelve further friezes found. In the propylaea of the temple there
were uncovered a series of friezes of Roman date representing hunting
scenes, and a group representing the cortege of Dionysus. In the temple
of Aphrodite the remains of the Christian church and many sarcophagi
were discovered. Elsewhere about ten broken sarcophagi with reliefs and
inscriptions were found. The excavations at the larger monument of
Aphrodisia are nearing completion and an astonishing number of archi-
tectonic members, many of them well preserved, have come to light, such
as lions, Medusas, richly decorated panels, reliefs of the Roman period, etc.
("Ao-TV, September 19 [6], 1904.)
SMYRNA. A Child's Gravestone. A stele from Smyrna, bearing a
Carian name, has in relief an infant clasping a female breast. The hexam-
eters below suggest that the child perhaps died from some trouble with its
mother's milk. The representation of a separate part of the body in this
way was familiar to makers of ex-votos. (PFUHL, July meeting of Berlin
Arch. Gesellsch. Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 186 f . ; fig.)
TRALLES. Ruins and Sculptures. During 1902 and 1903 excava-
tions were conducted at Tralles near the place where in 1902 three statues
were found. The outer wall of an irregular rectangular building with a
long gallery, terminating in an apse at the eastern end, and with a stoa at
the west, was laid bare. Agonistic inscriptions found in a Byzantine wall
on the north side warrant the conjecture that it was a gymnasium.
The most important sculptures are published by Collignon in Mon. Mem.
Acad. Insc. X, 1904, pp. 6 sqq., though some of his views seem open to
criticism. Among other pieces are (1) a veiled female head, a copy of a
Phidian type, probably earlier than the Parthenos ; (2) female head, appar-
ently of the second century B.C.; (3) female head, a Roman copy of an
Attic type of the fourth century; (4) a child's head, copy of an Hellenistic
work ; (5) a small head of Serapis ; (6) a tragic mask ; (7) a good relief of
the early third century, representing a kneeling man, who seems to fasten
a rope through a ring fixed in a rock. It is perhaps a hunter stretching his
net. (See Am. J. Arch. VIII, 1904, p. 353.) Apart from twenty-eight frag-
mentary inscriptions, one in Latin, there were found seventeen fairly complete
texts, all honorary, and for the most part relating to victors in various games
at many places. (DHEM BEY ; B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 54-92 ; 7 pis.)
106 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
GREECE
DISCOVERIES IN 1903 IN GREECE AND ASIA MINOR.
The archaeological work of the year 1903, in the Greek and Graeco- Roman
field, is summed up in Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 97-100 (2 cuts). The work at
Baalbek was brought to a close with the study of the inner foundations of
the great temple, the stage buildings of the Roman theatre, and the Roman
temples on Mt. Hermon. At Ephesus, the Austrian s found on a terrace
near the agora the colonnaded front of a library building begun by Pole-
maeanus (cos. 92 A.D.), which is decorated with allegorical sculptures and
has been repaired with large reliefs of battles, sacrifice scenes, etc., from an
older building. At Miletus, the Germans found the sanctuary of Apollo
Delphinius, numerous inscriptions, and a relief representing the statue of
Apollo at Didyma by Canachus. At Pergamon was found the copy of
the Hermes Propylaeus of Alcamenes, now in the Ottoman Museum. In
Rhodes, work was done on the temple of Athena and propylaea at Lindus,
where inscriptions were found illustrating the art history of the Hellenistic
period. In Samos, work was carried on at the temple of Hera ; in Cos,
at the Asclepieum ; in Crete, at the eastern and southern parts of the palace
at Ciiossus. and in part of a city and a cemetery at Falaeokastro, in the
eastern end of the island ; vases and other early art objects were found at
Hagia Triada near Fhaestus, streets, houses, and an imposing building at
Gournia. At Delos, the ground was cleared south from the sacred enclos-
ure to the sea. At Tenos, the sanctuary of Poseidon was excavated, at
Ceos, that of Apollo and another unidentified shrine. In Naxos were
found prehistoric marble idols, pottery, and implements of bronze and
obsidian ; in Leucas, the remains of an ancient settlement. At Athens,
in the restoration of the Erechtheum, the roof was found to contain a hole
corresponding to the trident marks below. At Oropus, the theatre and
dwelling houses at the Amphiareum were further uncovered ; in Boeotia,
the Ptoan sanctuary ; in Aetolia, a neolithic settlement, near Dimini ; near
Megara, the sites of Nisaea and Minoa; at Corinth, the agora and the
Isthmian sanctuary. At Epidaurus, the plan of the sanctuary was com-
pleted. Work went on at Argos and at Lycosura ; while on the Lykaion,
both the great altar, with its colonnaded hall, and the earlier and simpler
altar, farther up the slope, were discovered.
EXCAVATIONS IN THE SUMMER OF 1904. The chief excava-
tions in Attica have been at Sunium, where the Greeks have discovered
parts of the town wall, several ancient houses and some sculpture, and in
the Amphiareum near Oropus in Northern Attica, where the long-inter-
rupted work has been resumed by Mr. Leonardos. A large part of the
audience room of the little theatre there has been cleared and its drainage
channels followed, while across a brook a group of four buildings prob-
ably lodgings for visitors to the festivals has been discovered. Excavations
by Mr. Staes at the Isthmian Sanctuary have confirmed the opinion of
Monceaux that an unusually complete destruction of ancient remains has
taken place hei-e, and only scattered traces of the stadium, theatre, etc.,
remain. At Epidaurus, a building about 650 feet long, perhaps a stoa,
has been discovered west of the stadium, and the vaulted entrance to the
stadium itself has been completely cleared. The foundations of a temple
GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 107
were also discovered outside the sanctuary. In Arca'dia, the Greek Archaeo-
logical Society investigated the famous altar of Zeus Lykaios on the summit
of Mt. Lykaion, finding that it had a conical form, was about 50 feet high,
and consisted of a core of natural rock covered with black earth mixed
with pieces of charred bones from sacrifices, the whole supported by great
stones. The hippodrome, in which the Lykaian games were celebrated,
was found in pretty good preservation, especially on the west side. At
Delphi, little has been done except the partial restoration of the Treasury
of the Athenians, which is being paid for by the city of Athens. The walls
of the temple-like building have been reerected, largely with the original
blocks. One new column has had to be cut for the porch, and the places
of the sculptures which are preserved in the Museum are supplied by casts.
Dr. Soteriades, the discoverer of the tomb of the Macedonians at Chae-
ronea, has been opening tumuli in Aetolia and Boeotia. In a mound at
Gavalou, near the ruins of Trichonium in Aetolia, dating about 200 B.C.,
he found a number of gold and silver ornaments, coins, a bronze candela-
brum, and a collection of silver dishes, heavily oxidized, to be sure. In
another at Moustianou was a grave built of stone slabs and containing,
besides the skull and larger bones of a man of about forty, an ivy wreath of
gold, silver dishes, a clay amphora and other vases, a lamp, a lance-point,
and a strigil. He has also superintended at Chaeronea the restoration of
the famous Lion. A new base has been built on the same site as the origi-
nal in the northeast corner of the polyandrion, or common tomb of the
Theban Sacred Band, and it is hoped that the Lion will be completely
restored and set in place before the Archaeological Congress meets in the
spring. (A. S. COOLEY, Boston Evening Transcript, October 11, 1904.)
AMYCLAE. A Stamped Tile. In Berl. Phil. W. 1904, p. 1480, LA
RUE VAN HOOK publishes a fragment of a roof-tile which he found in
1902 on the hill of Hagia Kyriake, near Sparta. It bears the inscription
'ATToA.] A.WJ/OS | [ev ' A/AUK] Aaiot.
ARGOS. Vollgraff's Excavations. In B.C.H. XXVIII. 1904, pp.
364-399 (2 pis.; 34 figs.), W. VOLLGRAFF publishes the first of a series of
reports on his excavations at Argos in 1902, 1903, and 1904, describing a
Mycenaean necropolis in the Deiras or ravine between the Aspis and Larissa.
Eight rock-cut tombs, approached by passages, were cleared, but only one
was found unplundered. The site was occupied during the " geometric "
period by a village, and many fragments of geometric pottery were found
in the tombs, and in wells. The tombs are described in detail. Their con-
tents were of small importance, though the intact tomb yielded two fine
vases, and many little ornaments of gold, bronze, and ivory, including an
ivory plaque, decorated in relief with a palrn-tree and sphinx. In two
tombs were vases containing carbonate of lime, which seems to have been
used as a disinfectant. One tomb showed plain traces of incineration, and
a brief discussion of the evidence, linguistic, ceramic, and architectural,
leads to the conclusion that survivals of earlier customs may reasonably be
expected to occur sporadically in the Mycenaean age.
Inscriptions. Thirty inscriptions from Argos are published by W.
VOLLGRAFF in B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 260-279. Most of them are
fragmentary or very brief dedications or epitaphs. One is metrical, one
from the gravestone of a Jew, invoking Divine vengeance on any who may
108 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
injure his monument. Of considerable length and interest is the 7-ecord
by two Trpo/xavrets and two Trpo^rat of their offerings and services to the
temple of Pythian Apollo at Argos. It shows the existence here of a yas
o/A<aA.6s and other resemblances to the Delphian sanctuary. There are four
short Latin inscriptions from the monument of L. Naevius Callistus. Ibid.
XXVIII, 1904, pp. 420-429, W. VOLLGRAFF publishes fourteen inscriptions
from Argos. One is a fragment in the local alphabet, another relates to the
renewed recognition by the Argives of their kinship to the inhabitants of
Aegeae in Cilicia, another contains the cursus honormn of a Prifernius Pae-
tus, and a third contains remains of a commercial edict. The others are
fragments or of small importance.
ATHENS. Tombs by the Sacred Way. In October, 1902, and
the following months, more than two dozen tombs were excavated by the
Sacred Way, near the crossing of the Peiraeus- Peloponnesus railway and the
carriage road to Eleusis. The tombs were built of brick and stone. In
one tomb was a thin disk of gold which reproduces the reverse of a silver
drachma, dating between 146 and 87 B.C. The tombs date from the early
part of the first century B.C. to the first century after Christ. Only three
tombs show cremation. Among the objects found are a large silver jar,
a curious head, evidently reproducing an actor's mask, two late sepulchral
stelae, upon each of which is represented a draped woman before whom
stands a small slave holding a box, a terra-cotta mould with a representa-
tion of a man holding in his arms a nude child, and another mould on which
is a head of a bearded Pan. A much defaced marble head, found in a tomb,
resembles the portraits of Hippocrates, and may indicate that the deceased,
was a physician. Twelve simple sepulchral inscriptions were also found.
The excavations also determined the position and direction of the Sacred
Way at this point. (D. PHILIOS, 'E<. 'Apx- 1904, pp. 61-88 ; 3 pis. ; 11 figs.)
A Votive Sandal. The National Museum at Athens has recently
acquired a unique monument. It is a lofty pillar, slightly broadened at
the top. On the front is carved a huge snake ; .above his head is inscribed
2t A.<ov aveOrjKc. On the broader panel was fastened a marble slab, represent-
ing the sole of a sandal, bearing in delicate relief the figure of a bearded
man wrapped in his mantle. The stone was found near the military hos-
pital, and seems to have been brought from the Asclepieum. (II. S., Athen.
Mitth. XXIX, 1904, p. 212.)
The Archaeological Congress. The Congress will be opened on Sat-
urday, the 8th of April, and the sessions will. close on Thursday, the 13th
of April. On the 14th of April the special archaeological journey will
begin, and will continue until Tuesday, the 2d of May. A special steamer
will convey the party taking the journey to some of the more important
sites in Greece accessible by sea, and to some of the Cyclades and other
islands, to Crete, to Rhodes, and to some of the coast cities of Asia Minor,
and finally to Troy and to Mt. Athos. (W. C. POLAND, The Nation, Janu-
ary 12, 1905.)
Meetings of the French School. At the open meetings of the French
School in Athens the following papers have been presented : 1903, February
25, HOMOLLE, ' The Date of the Erection of the Old Temple of Apollo at
Delphi'; JARDE, 'Roads of Communication in Aetolia; their influence on
the formation and development of the Aetolian state.' March 11, MEN-
GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 109
DEL, ' Sculptured Monuments discovered in the Temple of Athena Alea at
Tegea ' ; VOLLGKAFF, ' Discoveries at Argos.' March 25, HOMOLLE, ' Work
of the School in 1902 ' ; DEMOULIN, ' Discoveries at Tenos.' 1904, March 9,
JARDE, ' Discoveries at Delos in 1903, The Port and the Mercantile Quarter';
HOMOLLE, ' Remarks on a Bronze Patera of Oriental Style found at Delphi.'
March 23, BIZARD, ' Discoveries on the Site of the Sanctuary of Apollo
Ptoios in 1903 ' ; HOMOLLE, ' The Reconstruction of the Treasury of the
Athenians at Delphi.' April 6, GRAINDOR, ' Discoveries at Ceos in 1903 ' ;
HOMOLLE, ' The Acanthus Column, and the Group of Dancers at Delphi.'
(B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, p. 405; XXVIII, 1904, p. 435.)
BOEOTIA. Inscriptions. Eleven inscriptions from Boeotia are pub-
lished in B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 430-434, by L. BIZARD. All are very
short, epitaphs or dedications. One reads HovOo&wpa a. fuxreip | Eurayeiv
KopSwvSao TVS Oiv<i.
CARTHAEA (CEOS). Buildings and Inscriptions. At Carthaea
(Ceos) PAUL GRAINDOR has found that the building at the right of the
entrance to the acropolis was sacred to Athena, while that at the left served
as the prytaneum, and as the sanctuary of a hero. In the valley toward the
southwest, he has partially excavated a Doric building, apparently a tetra-
style peripteral temple of the third century B.C. The columns have nine-
teen channels. In the building were dedications to Demeter, Asclepius,
Hygieia, and the Mother of the Gods. Fifty new inscriptions in all were
found, among them fragments of the accounts of the temple of Apollo,
a decree in honor of Bucchon, nesiarch under the first two Ptolemies, and
one in honor of Hiero of Syracuse, a delegate of Ptolemy Philadelphus.
Fragments of sculpture archaic and of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C.
and coins and shards of various dates were found. (P. GRAINDOR, C. R.
Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 438 f.)
CHALCIS. Reliefs with Inscriptions. Three sepulchral reliefs in
the museum of Chalcis are briefly described, and their inscriptions published
by A. JARDE in B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, p. 407.
CRETE. ARTS A. A Tomb. In January, 1903, a tomb, excavated
in the soft rock, was accidentally discovered at Artsa, about six miles from
Candia. It was cleared and examined by S. A. Xanthoudides. The cham-
ber, of somewhat irregular shape, is about 2.15 m. long, 1.75 m. wide, and
1.10 m. high. It was approached by a dromos. In it were two rectangular
terra-cotta coffins, each containing a skeleton. Two corpses had also been
laid in the tomb between the coffins. One coffin is quite unadorned, the other
has a row of rosettes at each end of each of the four sides. The inside length
of the coffins is 1.10 m. and 1.20 m. The corpses (of a grown man and
a woman) were laid on their backs, with the knees bent upwards. This is
seen, by examination of other coffins, to have been the usual method of inter-
ment. The rectangular coffins, with lids like these, are copied from house-
hold chests, and in some cases were doubtless used as chests before they were
used as coffins. Similarly, the coffins of bath-tub shape were sometimes real
bath-tubs. In this tomb were found a few vases of Mycenaean style, a razor,
and a few other articles. A three-sided seal of steatite was found in the field
near the tomb. (S. A. XANTHOUDIDES, 'E<.'Apx- 19 4, pp. 1-21; Ipl.; 4 figs.)
CRETE. CNOSSUS. Excavations in 1904. Dr. A. J. Evans,
during this last season at Cnossus, has opened one hundred tombs evidently
110 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
dating from the last period of the palace. The most conspicuous of these,
on a height about two miles away, seemed at first quite plausibly to associate
itself with the legendary tomb of Idomeneus. But the more non-committal
title of Royal Tomb has been finally adopted. Among the numerous vases
in this tomb was one of brilliant porphyry. The shape of it is unmistakably
Egyptian, and alongside of it were found alabaster vases which were cer-
tainly imported from Egypt at the time of the early Eighteenth Dynasty,
and show the then persisting style of the Middle Kingdom. Among the
other tombs excavated on a hill nearer to the palace, the largest contained
a skeleton crowded into a rectangular cist, in much the fashion exemplified
at Mycenae. Near by were remains of an ivory casket, a bronze dirk, and
a tripod-hearth of plaster with charcoal above. A curiously primitive type
of bronze tripod, with two riveted handles and three legs soldered on to the
caldron sides, was also found, along with a remarkable assemblage of vases,
all of bronze. In other tombs, stirrup vases of the familiar Mycenaean type
were constantly found. One example of a stirrup vase had previously been
found, not in the palace, but in the royal villa northeast of the palace, while
on one clay tablet in the palace proper had been found an outline sketch of
this same type of stirrup vase. Forms approximating to this were found at
Hagia Triada by the Italian excavators, so that the Mycenaean stirrup vase or
Bilgelkanne seems to have been evolved in Crete at about the end of the latest
period of the palace. The style of decoration and modelling of these funeral
stirrup vases shows affinities with the latest pottery of the palace, but is
later. These tombs, then, belong to a period shortly after the destruction
of the palace. One long sword (like all the rest of them made for thrust-
ing, and not for cutting) has rich chasing in gold upon its handle, which
shows a definitely " Mycenaean " design. In general, the traces of Myce-
naean design unearthed in these tombs belong to the maturer period of that
name, as contrasted with the earlier phase exemplified in the latest period
of the palace. Taking this into consideration, and also the fact that no
fibulae have come to light anywhere upon the site, one must conclude that
there was no great break or change in Cnossian handiwork and civilization
immediately after the palace at Cnossus was sacked. Another year's cam-
paign, to be devoted mainly to the opening of a series of magazines just dis-
covered northwest of the palace, and some further investigation of tombs,
will be necessary before work on the site is closed. Only in the tombs and
these remaining magazines can handiwork in metal be recovered, since the
palace itself, including its magazines, has been completely denuded of every-
thing of the kind. (Nation, August 11, 1904.)
CRETE. GOURNIA. Excavations in 1901-03. In the Trans-
actions of the Department of Archaeology of the University of Pennsylvania,
vol. I, parts i, ii, 1904, pp. 7-44 (plan ; 21 figs.), HARRIET A. BOYD gives
an account of the American Excavation Society's excavations at Gournia,
carried on under her directions in 1901-03. The account is preceded
(pp. 7-28) by a narrative of her preliminary travels in eastern Crete, and
a description of various ancient sites in that region. (See Am. J. Arch.
1902, p. 71, 1904, p. 359.)
CRETE. LATO (GOTTLAS). Discoveries in 1899-19OO. The
excavations at Lato (Goulas) in 1899-1900 are described in detail in
B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 206-232 (plan; 4 figs.), by J. DEMARGNE. (See
GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904. Ill
Am. J. Arch. VII, 1903, p. 375.) Beginning at one of the city gates, a
street was followed which mounted the hill by steps between a row of shops
and a wall with towers, through which access to the northern part of the
city was obtained. This led to the agora, which contained a temple, appar-
ently of Ares or Zeus. At the north end a broad flight of steps led to the
prytaneum, consisting of an inner room with a bench and altar, and an
outer chamber which probably contained the sacred fire. The most im-
portant inscription is a treaty of the third century, between Gortyna and
Lato, providing for a cessation of hostilities and the legal settlement of
future disputes. Fourteen fragments of two stelae, containing religious
regulations, are also published. Nineteen terra-cottas are briefly described,
as well as some fragments of vases, with decorations in relief, a few bronze
and silver coins, and some miscellaneous objects.
CRETE. MOULIANA. Late Mycenaean Tombs. Two tombs
were discovered in 1903 at a place called ieAAuSes, near the village of Mesa
Mouliana in the district of Seteia. They are excavated in the soft rock and
built up in courses within. At the bottom they are rectangular, but are
dome-shaped above, the domes being formed by projecting horizontal
courses of stone. The first is 2.42 to 2.48 m. long, 1.82 m. wide, and 1.60 m.
high. It has no dromos. The doorway is 0.70 m. high within, but only
0.45 m. high at the outside. The real entrance was probably from above.
Under the doorway is a pit, probably for offerings. This tomb was found
by a peasant, and the arrangement of the objects found in it is known chiefly
from his account, which seems to be accurate. Remains of buried bodies
were found on the floor, but burnt remains were found in two large geomet-
ric vases. Apparently the Mycenaean tomb was re-used in the geometric
period. Mycenaean objects found include false-necked amphorae (Btigel-
kannen), swords, fibulae, some small bronze plaques, and several fragments.
A large bell-shaped crater of geometric style has representations of a man
hunting two goats and a man on horseback. These are very rudely painted
in red and brown on a yellowish slip. White is applied upon the red. This
is a survival of the Kamares style, the influence of which persisted in Crete
throughout the entire Mycenaean epoch and even later. A large cylindrical
vase has on one side a figure like a double axe and linear ornaments. The
pigment is brown. A flat dish or plate was probably the lid of this vase.
Other objects are a large gourd-shaped flask decorated with circles, two gold
rings, a disk of bone, a bead of whitish paste, and some fragments. The
second tomb was intact. It is 1.90 to 2.12 m. long, 1.97 m. wide, and 0.80 m.
high. The door, which is 0.70 m. high, 0.70 m. wide at the top, and 0.90 m.
at the bottom, was walled up. Two bodies were buried in the tomb, one
on the floor, the other in an uncovered terra-cotta coffin of bath-tub shape.
The heads were toward the entrance (W.) as was also the case at Artsa.
All the objects in this tomb belong to the Mycenaean period. The coffin
has handles, and is decorated on the outside with checkerboard pattern and
a series of lines mainly vertical, but curving at top and bottom so as to form
a sort of continuous spiral. Inside are serpentine lines arranged in systems,
and between these are fish. Four false-necked amphorae (Biigelkannen),
three bronze disks (perhaps cymbals), two swords, two spear-heads, a simple
gold ring, a small gold face-mask, and a few other objects were found in this
tomb. One of the amphorae is decorated with a remarkable pattern devel-
112 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
oped from the cuttlefish. Other similar tombs were found fifteen years ago
by a peasant at Vourlia near Mouliana. In one of these was a gold ring
with a pattern of curved lines and dots. Some ancient walls in the neigh-
borhood testify to the existence of a settlement in Mycenaean times. At the
harbor of Seteia a Mycenaean tomb was found by a peasant, and in it was
a broken terra-cotta sarcophagus adorned with spirals and a pattern of
wavy lines proceeding from a conventional cuttlefish. All the objects found
in these tombs are now in the museum at Candia. (S. A. XANTHOUDIDKS,
'E<. 'Ap X . 1904, pp. 21-56; 2 pis.; 8 figs.)
CRETE. PAL AEOK ASTRO. British Excavations. The British
School has uncovered a large part of the ancient city, many streets, and
houses. Many shards of Mycenaean times were found, some with new deco-
rative forms. Two ivory statuettes, of " Egyptizing " execution, many seal
impressions, and many engraved gems came to light. An inscription with
a, hymn to Zeus Dictaeus fixes the site of the Dictaeum. It was the building
to which the frieze belongs, the reliefs of which (now in the museum at
Candia) represent chariots. The inscription calls the town Eleia (Heleia),
thus giving the ancient name of Palaeokastro. Some excavations were also
carried on at Praeso. (Berl. Phil. W. 1904, p. 1118.)
DELOS. French Excavations in 1903. The excavations at Delos
undertaken by the French School in 1903, in consequence of the gift of the
Due de Loubat, are briefly described and part of the inscriptions published
by F. DURRBACH and H. JARDE in B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 265-307 (pi.).
The work was largely devoted to clearing away the piles of rubbish from
the sanctuary and other parts already excavated. Many inscriptions were
found, sixty of which are published, including all the Delian decrees. All
are honorary, and in general of small importance. Of interest is the vote
of a laurel crown to Publius Cornelius Scipio, evidently the elder Africanus.
New excavations were conducted along the east side, where several unim-
portant houses were found, and a larger building, which seems to have been
the home of a worker in marble.
Continued Excavations. The excavations in 1904 were conducted by
Mr. Jarde, assisted by Mr. Bizard and Mr. Bulard. In the western part of
the terrace of the sanctuary of Apollo several archaic statues of the " Apollo "
type, which is rare at Delos, were found. Even more important is a deposit
of small archaic bronzes, ex-votos offered to the god, such as have not been
unearthed at Delos before. With these were fragments of early pottery.
In the same region one of the hands of the Colossus of the Naxians was
found. At the northeast angle of the sanctuary a building, still covered
with painted stucco, was discovered. It seems to have been sacred to
Dionysus. Here were found : a statue of a youthful seated god (perhaps
Dionysus), two fine well-preserved statues of Sileni, and a cippus with
reliefs on three sides, representing, apparently, scenes from the Dionysiac
legend and peculiar symbols. On one side, above the relief, is an inscrip-
tion in honor of Dionysus. In the sanctuary of the Syrian Posidoniasts was
found a well-preserved marble group of Aphrodite, Eras, and a satyr. Here,
too, a statue-base was found with the inscription Aiovuo-ios Z^vtovos TOTJ
coScopov BrfpuTios evepyeVr;? virep eavrov KO! TW TCKVWV foots Trarptbis. The
same person is mentioned in an inscription in Oxford. The sanctuary of
the Posidoniasts was evidently extensive, and its architectural adornment
GREECE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 113
was rich. In a house near the theatre a Hermes and an omphalos of marble
and fragments of a richly adorned table of fine slate were found. Here also
a fine mosaic, representing Dionysus riding a tiger, came to light. It
belongs, probably, to the third century B.C. (M. HOLLKAUX, C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1904, pp. 402-404; cf. pp. 423, 474. Cf. Berl. Phil. W. 1904, p. 1118.)
A Metrical Inscription. In B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, p. 61, T. H(OMOI.LE)
publishes a metrical inscription recently found at Delos, containing a dedi-
cation by Timothemis to Hestia. It is in three lines, two hexameters and
a pentameter.
Temple Accounts. In B. C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 62-103, T. HOMOLLE
publishes the accounts and inventories of the Delian sanctuary for the archon-
ship of Sosisthenes (250 B.C.). They are of value for their perfect pi-eserva-
tion, and the light they throw on the management of the temple during the
time between the archonships of Hypsocles and Demares. The accounts
occupy two hundred lines and the inventories one hundred and fifty-four.
There is no commentary. Later articles are to contain a selection from the
documents of the period of Athenian management after 167 B.C. Ibid.
pp. 401-404, Homolle publishes a fragment of a Delian inventory in the
British Museum communicated by the late A. S. Murray. It is similar to
the inventory of Dernares.
A Decree of Proxeny. In R. El. Gr. XVII, 1904, pp. 201-203, an
inscription from Delos is published by S. REINACH, from a copy made by
him more than twenty years ago. TH. REINACH adds brief notes. The
inscription is a decree of proxeny in favor of a certain Leon of Massilia
and resembles other inscriptions of the kind.
DELPHI. A Guide Book. Of Luckenbach's A bbildungen zur alien
Geschichte, four numbers, Rome, Athens, Olympia, and Delphi, the last two
appearing together as a double number, have been issued in a somewhat
enlarged form and brought up to date, with bird's-eye views and ground
plans. They are good popular treatises and useful as guide books for
travellers. Especially is this true of the Delphi number, which, although
it omits the suburb of Castalia, is more correct than Baedeker and is the
only form in which the material from the French excavations is readily
accessible. (H. POMTOW, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 155-158.)
The Tariff of Diocletian. The excavations at Delphi have yielded five
fragments, including one of considerable length, of the maximum tariff of
Diocletian. These are published in their proper order, and collated with
the text of Mommsen and Bliimner by E. CAVAIGNAC in B.C.H. XXVIII,
1904, pp. 400-407 (2 pis.).
IOS. Belgian Excavations. P. GRAINDOR has recently conducted
excavations for the Belgian government at los. Before the church of St.
Catherine, on a site which may have been that of the temple of Apollo,
fifteen inscriptions and some remains of architecture were found. At the
southern end of the island some pre-Hellenic tombs were opened, of the
same type as those of Melos and Amorgos. At the east side of the island,
near the ruined church of St. Nicolas, were found remains which are referred
to a temple of Poseidon <TrraA/u.ios. Most of the inscriptions are honorary, but
there are two fragments of ritual laws. Corrections of previously published
inscriptions of los are also appended to the account of these excavations in
B.C.H. XXVIII, 1904, pp. 308-333; cf. C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, p. 439.
114 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
A Decree in Honor of Zenon. In B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 394-400,
P. GRAINDOR publishes a proxeny decree from los in honor of Zenon, who
seems to be the commander of Ptolemy, honored about 288 B.C. by the
Athenians. Zenon had been deputed by the nesiarch, Bacchon, to investi-
gate complaints about certain runaway slaves who had escaped from los on
the a(f>paKTOL, and was rewarded by the city for his energy. This inscrip-
tion is published also in R. Et. Gr. XVII, 1904, pp. 196 f., with notes by
TH. REINACH, from a copy by A. E. CONTOLEON. This copy is (ibid. p. 296)
not free from errors.
ITHACA. Archaeological Exploration. Between April 18 and
July 14, 1904, Mr. VOLLGRAFF carried on explorations in Ithaca at the
expense of Mr. A. E. H. Goekoop. The plain of Polis, in the northern part
of the island, seems never to have been inhabited. The ancient city of the
northern part of the island seems to have been half an hour north of the
port of Polis, near the church of St. Athanasius. Here remains of a rec-
tangular building, probably a temple, of Roman times, were partially un-
covered. The reliefs, coins, etc., found here were of Roman times. (Cf.
Berl. Phil. W. 1904, pp. 1117 f.) Near St. Athanasius a second capital of
a column was found, similar in all respects to the one which Reisch (Serta
Harteliana, p. 156) considers Mycenaean, but better preserved. At the
west side of the harbor of Polis, on the site of a small sanctuary, fragments
of pottery of all classes, Mycenaean included, were found. At the foot of
Mt. Aetos, among the remains of the small ancient town, -pottery was found
which proves that the place was inhabited from "geometrical" to Roman
times. A deposit of votive terra-cottas, some of which are archaic, indicated
the proximity of a sanctuary; but few traces of the temple exist. At
Stavro fragments of monochrome pottery, like those found in pre-Mycenaean
strata at Orchomenos and Argos prove pre-Hellenic habitation. (VOLL-
GRAFF, C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 436-438.)
LARYMNA. An Inscription from the Ptoion. L. BIZARD pub-
lishes in B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 296-299, an inscription containing a
portion of the list of victors at the Ptoia, and remains of an honorary in-
scription, probably for an agonothete. It is of the third century of our era,
and was found at Larymna, whither it was taken from the Ptoion.
PAGASAE. Strange Inscriptions. Strange characters carved in
the rock near Pagasae and on the northern border of Thessaly are published
by N. I. GIANNOPOULOS in B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 334-340 (23 figs.).
Twenty-two signs or groups of signs, some of which bear a resemblance to
Greek letters, are from Pagasae, and the author is inclined to see in them
remains of a " Pre-Thessalian " alphabet. The single inscription from the
north is longer, but the characters are entirely unknown nor do they show
similarity to the other series.
TENOS. Inscriptions. In B.C.H. XXVII, 1903, pp. 232-257(3 figs.),
H. DEMOULIN publishes six honorary inscriptions from the sanctuary of
Poseidon at Tenos. They record votes passed by the league of the Cyclades
or by the Teneans, early in the second century B.C., and bear witness to the
influence of the Rhodian protectorate. Rhodes had a garrison at Tenos,
and sent at times a special commissioner. An honorary decree from Delos
in the museum of Tenos, and brief descriptions of a small funerary relief
and two ancient towers near Avdo and Smovolon, are appended.
ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 115
ITALY
ARCHAEOLOGY IN ITALY IN 1903. A summary made chiefly
from current Italian periodicals is given by E. PETERSEN in Arch. Am,
1904 (pp. 110-117 ; fig.)- Prehistoric studies or discoveries have been made
in Sardinia, Sicily, Tarentum, and various parts of northern Italy, but far
the most important are the graves in the Roman Forum, belonging to a
time before the union of the various hill-settlements and showing both in-
cineration and inhumation. The occurrence and associations of both types
of burial near Norba and at Cumae indicate that incineration was for the
wealthy and spread northward from the Greek settlements in Campania.
Dome tombs are found near Florence, and one of perhaps the third cen-
tury at Cumae suggests that earlier tombs in this region may have been the
models for those of Etruria. A similar impression is given by the resem-
blance of three newly discovered graves of the earliest Greek time at Cumae
to famous Etruscan tombs. Archaic Greek work is represented by signed
black-figured vases from Tarentum, vases, a beaten bronze vessel, a marble
figure of a youth, and sixth-century architectural terra-cottas from Sicily.
The Olympieum of Syracuse has been excavated without striking results.
Ancient graves have been found for the first time at Naxos. A round
grave monument at Fopulonia is not older than the fifth century. The
polygonal walls of Spoletum are of no great antiquity. Those of Signia
and Norba show no remains older than the Roman colony. R. DELBRUCK
continues his treatment of early Italic architecture with the Capitolium at
Signia and the temple of Apollo in the Campus Martius, both assigned to
the fifth century. Other notable discoveries are a tomb at Falerii, elabo-
rately imitating a Roman house ; new fragments of the terra-cotta frieze
with gods pursuing the sacrilegious Gauls, at Civit' Alba; and a water-
house at Pompeii, having arrangements for distributing the water similar
to those described by Vitruvius.
B ARI. Tombs of the Early Iron Age. The tombs on the hills
(rnurge) of the province of Bari have been recently explored by A. JATTA,
who describes and discusses them in B. Paleln. It. 1904, pp. 32-79 (map;
2 pis. ; 19 figs.). These tombs are heaps of rough stone and dirt, in the form
of a truncated cone, 4 m. to 9 m. in diameter and 0.6 m. to 1.1 m. in height.
In some, two or more slabs at or near the centre indicate the position of the
loculus, which was only partly, if at all, beneath the surface of the soil.
The covering of the loculus has entirely disappeared. Perhaps it was a rude
vault of small stones which has fallen in. Some of these heaps of stone, in
view of the nature of their contents and the lack of human bones, may be
the remains, not of tombs, but of dwellings. Fragments of vases and metal
objects including axes, pendants, bracelets, and fibulae were found ;
these indicate by their form and decoration the period of the first iron age.
The population represented by these tombs evidently came from Illyria and
was identical with the early population of Istria.
BENEVENTO. The Temple of Isis. Sculpture. In Not. Scavi,
1904, pp. 107-118 (28 figs.), A. MEOMARTIXI reports the discovery at Bene-
vento of remains of the Temple of Isis. These consist of substructures,
Corinthian capitals, bases and drums of columns, and other architectural
fragments. There were found also an altar dedicated to Vesta, a headless
116 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
statue of Minerva, a colossal head of Juno, a kneeling statue of a priestess,
and other works in marble ; also, in granite, several female statues, a statue
of Apis, sphinxes, lions, and other objects of Egyptian character. The
writer refers this deposit to the destruction of the temple by S. Barbato in.
663 A.D. Ibid. pp. 118-127, O. MARUCCHI gives the inscriptions from the
two obelisks now preserved in Benevento and describes in detail the objects
of an Egyptian character recently discovered. Ibid. pp. 127-131, L. SAVI-
GNONI describes in detail the Graeco-Roman sculptures from the Temple
of Isis. The Juno head he compares with one in the Capitoline Museum ;
both are copies of an important original of the fourth century B.C. The
Minerva is Praxitelean in style, possibly a copy after Praxiteles himself.
B OLSEN A. Walls, Sculptures, Inscriptions, Tombs, and Vases.
In the area of the Roman city two walls, one pseudoisodomous and one of
squared blocks, antedate the Roman period, but do not prove that the
Etruscan Bolsena was not on the site of Orvieto. Remains of a Roman
bath, fragments of enriched architectural members, several poorly sculptured
stone heads, a well-executed head of Faunus in red marble, and a headless
marble statuette of a seated nude Venus (cf. CLARAC, pi. 603, Xo. 1328;
pi. 609, No. 1351), thirty-two inscriptions, nearly all very fragmentary,
twenty-five stamps from Arretine vases, and some miscellaneous objects
were found here in 1901. These belong for the most part to the second and
third centuries after Christ. (E. GABRICI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 357-375;
11 figs.) At Gazzetta, northwest of Bolsena a necropolis of the third and
second centuries B.C. with chamber tombs has been discovered. In one
tomb were fragments of silvered pottery. One group of fragments belongs
to a crater with designs in relief in two rows. In the upper row are a swan
and a nude female figure riding a swimming goat (Aphrodite eTrtTpayt'a ?) ;
in the lower row, a group of six persons, three male and three female, about
a head of Silenus. One of the figures represents Athena. This group, as
well as the two figures in the upper row, is repeated around the vase.
Below is a frieze of leaves and grapes. Under the handles are heads.
Other fragments belong to a vase with reliefs representing a battle of Greeks
and Amazons (cf. Man. dell' 1st. IX, pi. xxvi, 1 a). Other fragments show
Heracles and Aphrodite (?) seated on a rock with a nude youth between
them (cf. Mon. dell' 1st. IX, pi. xxvi, 3). Various less interesting objects
were found in the other tombs and the neighborhood. (L. PERXIER, Not.
Scavi, 1903, pp. 588-600; 7 figs. ; cf. Rend. Ace. Lincei, XIII, 1904, p. 43:) ,
CARBON ARA. Coins. In Not. Scavi, 1904, pp. 53-65, Q. QUAGLI-
ATI gives a catalogue of 426 republican coins found at Carbonai'a in Apulia
in 1903.
C ASTELLETTO STUR A. Roman Coins. August 10, 1904. a peas-
ant working in the district of Castelletto-Stura, province of Cuneo, Piedmont,
turned up a broken jar containing 228 billon coins, all well preserved, of
various emperors from Trebonianus Gallus (252-254 A.D.) to Quintillus (270
A.D.). All represent types already published (R. Ital. Num. 1904, p. 420).
Cividale del Priuli. In excavations in April, 1903, for the construc-
tion of an aqueduct at Cividale del Friuli, cinerary urns, Arretine vases,
lamps, and other objects of Roman date, besides a skeleton and various
objects of the barbaric age, were found. (A. ZORSI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp.
503-508.)
ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 117
ESTE. Roman Inscription. Preroman Remains. At Morlungo,
near Este, in September, 1902, a stele was found with the inscription Mu.
(ligature) Baebiua \ L. f. Rom. Parens. \ Mu. Baebius. Mu. f. \ Rom. Celer \
An. XXV. | Q. Q. V. P. XV. \ H. L. Near this was a broken urn with a
cover, but no inscription. (A. PROSPOCIMI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 351 f.)
At Lozzo Atestino, about eight kilometres north of Este, remains of primi-
tive habitations, fragments of vases with incised and raised linear decora-
tion, objects of flint and bronze and numerous bones were discovered in
November, 1902. (A. ALFONSI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 538-549; 9 figs. ; cf.
Rend. Ace. Lincei, XIII, 1904, p. 22.) In B. Paletn. It. 1904, pp. 107-130
(2 pis.; fig.), G. GHIRARDINI describes twenty-four tombs excavated at Este
in 1902. Fifteen are of the primitive period, nine are Roman. Of the con-
tents, vases and bronze implements, the most interesting and signi-
ficant object is a vase of foreign manufacture, found in a tomb of the latter
part of the seventh or early part of the sixth century B.C.
FAENZA. A Roman Tomb. A Roman tomb in opus quadratum
has been found near Faenza on the right bank of the Lamone. Its con-
struction and decoration indicate the early empire. There was evidently a
Roman road at this point. (E. BRIZIO, Not. Scavi, 1904, pp. 101-104; fig.)
FLORENCE. An Etruscan Cippus. Etruscan Tombs. In May,
1903, the Etruscan Museum at Florence received from Count Carlo Gamba
Ghiselli a fine cippus from Settimello. Abqut the base is an ornament of
palmettes; four rampant lions adorn the four corners of the cippus; be-
tween the lions are palmettes and flowers ; on the top is a cone with curved
sides. The lions represent the constellation Leo ; the cone, the divine phal-
lus and also the divine ovary, thus serving as symbols of the god Vertumnus
and the goddess Thufltha, with reference to the cosmic palingenesis and the
regeneration of human life. The monument belongs to the sixth century B.C.
It must be some two centuries later than the tomba della Mula, with its
Cyclopean walls. Three tombs exist near Quinto Forentino, besides the ,
tomba della Mula. In one of these, discovered at Palastreto in 1901, some
proto-Greek and Etruscan pottery, an oenochoe and a bracelet of bronze, and
some iron weapons were found, belonging apparently to the eighth cen-.
tury B.C. (L. A. MILANI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 352-356; 2 figs.)
NAPLES. The Museum. By royal decree of June 5, 1904, Ettore
P.ais was relieved of his duties as director of the Museum at Naples and
provisionally replaced by Giovanni Gattini. The alleged reason is that
Signer Pais had saddled the museum with a debt of 300,000 lire. For this
he had the authorization of the former minister Nasi and the present min-
ister Orlando. The odious insinuations against Signor Pais which have
appeared in various publications (including the London Times and the
New York Nation) are unjust and unjustifiable. His reorganization of the
museum has met with admiration from good authorities. (S. R., R. Arch.
IV, 1904, pp. 140 f.) '
NORBA. The Excavations Ended. The exploration of Norba has
been brought to a close, after two years, with the announcement that the
stronghold does not belong to prehistoric ages, but was founded and fortified
only at the end of the fifth, or at the beginning of the fourth, century B.C.
The most noticeable edifice is the Temple of Juno Lucina, which must have
been held in great veneration, to judge from the quantity and quality of the
118 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [Voi,. IX, 1905
votive objects discovered. The best are a bronze statuette representing a
priestess with a dove in the left hand, and another of Juno Lucina, with a
patera in the right and a bunch of flowers in the left hand, both the work
of Campanian artists, endeavoring to imitate Greek originals. There are
also certain votive tablets, written in uncouth style, and put up by three
members of the Rutilian family. (R. LANCIANI, Athen. November 5, 1904.)
P ALESTRINA. Statue and Honorary Inscriptions. In a vine-
yard on the site of the forum of Praeneste a headless draped statue, appar-
ently of the fourth century after Christ, has been found. On a pedestal,
apparently not that of this statue, is an inscription of twenty-nine lines in
honor of P. Aelius Apollinaris Arlenius, who died at eighteen years of age.
At his request, his father, vir perfectissimus, actor causarum, praeses Corsicae,
praefectus vigilum, gave to the " collegia " of Praeneste an estate called duas
casas. Two conviuia were to be celebrated annually in honor of P. Aelius
Apollinaris. A large fragment of a second honorary inscription and three
small fragments of other inscriptions of the same class were also found.
(G. GATTI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 575-581; cf. Rend. Ace. Lincei, XIII,
1904, p. 23; Athen. December 10, 1904; CHR. HULSEN, Rom. Mitth. XIX,
1904, pp. 147-151.)
RAVENNA. A Relief representing a Banker. The museum at
Ravenna has acquired a fragment of a marble sarcophagus with the inscrip-
tion stina | genti \ vi. pos. On one end of the sarcophagus is a
relief representing a man sitting behind a bench or table at one end of
which is what looks like a shelf. On the table, apparently partly under the
shelf, are many coins. The relief in the Vatican museum (O. JAHN, Verhand-
lungen d. Sachs. Ges. 1861, pi. x, 4, p. 348) doubtless also represents coins,
not bread or cakes. (E. BRIZIO, Not. Scavi, 1904, pp. 6-8 ; fig.)
ROME. Excavations in the Forum. Inscriptions. In Not. Scavi,
1903, pp. 375-427 (59 figs.), G. BONI continues his detailed report of his
excavations of primitive tombs (sepolcreto del Septimontium preromuleo)
in the Forum (cf. Am. J. Arch. 1904, p. 112, 363). Ibid. 1904, pp. 8-10 he
publishes three inscriptions found in and near the Forum. The first, a
small fragment of the acta triumphorum, fixes the date, A. U. C. 165, of the
triumph of Tarquinius Priscus over the Etruscans. The others are frag-
ments of the fasti consulares (cf. Berl. Phil. W. 1904, p. 959). These inscrip-
tions are discussed by CHR. HULSEN, Rom. Mitth. XIX, 1904, pp. 117-123.
One of them, belonging to the second column of the second tablet, contains
items of the years 434 and 435, Varr., and affords corrections of C.I.L. I 2 ,
pi. iv. In Nuova Antologia, No. 772, February 16, 1904, pp. 577-592
(20 figs.), BONI describes the tombs found in the Forum and their contents.
A brief account of recent discoveries in Rome is contained in Records of the
Past, III, 1904, pp. 377-379. In front of the temple of Castor the base
of a statue, probably that of Q. Marcus Tremulus, has come to light.
(G. GATTI, Not. Scavi, 1904, pp. 105-107.) In Berl. Phil. W. 1904, pp.
958 f ., F. BRUNSWICK reports the discovery of (1) a basis 7 m. long and
5 m. wide, about 3 m. from the semicircular niche of the temple of Julius,
(2) fragments of bucchero ware and other pottery near the Arch of Augustus,
(3) a pavement earlier than imperial times west of the so-called Domitian
base (perhaps connected with the lacus Curtius), and (4) the three fragments
of the fasti.
ITALY]
ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904
119
The Ara Pads. The excavations on the site of the Am Pads, carried
on from July to December, 1903, are described in detail by A. PASQUI, Not.
Scavi, 1903, pp. 549-574 (plan ; 17 figs.). The chief results are mentioned
Am. J. Arch. 1904, p. 111. Cf. Rend. Ace. Lincei, XIII, 1904, p. 22. The
excavations have been given up for want of funds. During the last period
of the search the whole front of the enclosure facing the Via Flaminia has
been laid bare, together with many fragments of the beautiful panels repre-
senting the inaugural procession. The best piece contains the upper half of
six personages of the imperial court, wearing the insignia of priesthood, and
following Augustus on his way to the altar. A few feet west of the Ara,
behind the apse of the church of S. Lorenzo in Lucina, the remains of a
private house of the fourth century after Christ have been dug out in
another cellar of the same Fiano palace. There is a room with a mosaic
pavement, which in its color and pattern and the size of the tesserae recalls
those of the Baths of Diocletian. This house, contemporary with or not
much later than the freedom given to the church by Constantine, is probably
the original Titulus Lucinae, where Damasus was elected Pope in 366, and
where, according to. tradition, dwelt the ubiquitous matron Lucina. (R.
LANCIANI, Athen. November 5, 1904.)
Temple of Quirinus on a Monument of Caracalla. Excavations in
1901-02 for the foundations of a private building near the north side of
the exedra of the Baths of Diocletian brought to light a number of archi-
tectural fragments and pieces of relief, some of which were acquired by P.
HARTWIG, who publishes several of them in Rom. Mitth. XIX, 1904, pp. 23-37
(2 pis.). Most interesting of all was a fragment with the head of a Jlamen,
wearing the apex, and, in the background, the upper part of a Doric tem-
ple, which the writer identifies as the Augustan temple of Quirinus. The
pediment group represents Romulus and Remus, with other figures, at the
moment of the fateful auspicium. The reliefs formed part of a monument
after the fashion of the Ara Pacis, but of the time of Caracalla, in Hart-
wig's opinion. The structure was destroyed by Diocletian to make room for
his Thermae. E. PETERSEN dissents from Hartwig in sundry points (ibid.
pp. 156-158), ascribing the monument to a time not long after Hadrian.
Matrices and Tesserae in the Museo Nazionale. In Not. Scavi,
1904, pp. 11-17 (11 figs.), L. CESANO publishes eight moulds for tesserae
which he has found in the Museo Nazionale : (1) mould for seven round
tesserae, type of the three Graces; (2) broken mould, now for three
square tesserae, type representing Fortuna; (3) much injured mould for
four round tesserae, on two of which is a dog, on two a horned animal;
(4) mould for nine round tesserae, type representing a ship ; (5) mould
for five square tesserae, on each of which is a palm branch and the letter
S; (6) mould for five triangular tesserae inscribed PAF; (7) mould for five
triangular tesserae, two with the letter A, three with the letter L ; (8) mould
for thirteen round tesserae, type a grazing horse. Several tesserae have also
come to light in the museum. Three are especially interesting: (1 = Ros-
TOWZEW, Sylloge, 2090) obv. AI/IV Anubis (?) in costume of Fortuna, rev.
Dioscurus to r. leading a mule (?) ; (2) obv. Neptune standing to 1. with
dolphin and trident, obv. another standing male figure; (3) obv. y~ with
dot in centre, rev. crescent and centre dot.
120 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
Verginius Gallus. The Plan of the Capitoline. At Rome, in the
Viale Principessa Margherita, fragments of a dedicatory inscription have
been found. It was set up in honor of Caracalla by the consul Verginius
Gallus, in 197 or 198 A.D. The inscription is discussed by G. GATTI in Not.
Scavi, 1904, pp. 41-43, 47-51. (See also CHR. HULSEN, Rom. Mitth. XIX,
1904, p. 146; R. LANCIANI, Athen. November 5, 1904.) Gatti also describes
in detail (9 figs.) the two sarcophagi from the Via della Lungara, the dis-
covery of which was previously announced. Ibid. pp. 43-46, V. REINA and
U. BARBIERI give and discuss the plan of the Palatine recently executed by
the pupils of the School of Applied Engineering in Rome.
New Inscriptions from Rome and its Neighborhood. Several in-
scriptions are published by CHR. HULSEN in Pom. Milth. XIX, 1904, pp. 142-
153. One is a gaining tablet of not unknown character, but its historical
suggestions enable a probable date to be assigned to it (296 A.D.). The text
runs Parthi Occisi \ Britto Victus \ Ludite Romani. Hiilsen adds sugges-
tions regarding the way in which the game on boards of this kind was played.
Other important inscriptions are: that of Verginius Gallus; the herm, with
the name Q. ENNIVS; a Tiber termination cippus of 101 A.D. ; the long
inscription from Praeneste of P. Aelius Apollinaris Arlenius ; an inscription
of the first century after Christ to a certain Nerianus who was XVuir sacris
faciundis, Vlluir epulonum, and sodalis Augustalis ; one mentioning Tutela,
Hercules, Fides, and Fortuna together, and concluding with a phallic warn-
ing in pentameter ; and finally a Mithras inscription from Macerata.
Various Discoveries. The following minor discoveries were made in
Rome in 1903: In the Via Mecenate, two brick stamps and a stamp on an
Arretine vase ; in the Via S. Bibiana, a good mosaic representing a hunting
scene ; near S. Croce in Gerusalemme, architectural fragments ; in the sixth
region, forty finger rings of modern manufacture, some of which contain
ancient engraved stones, ten bone stiluses, fragments of Arretine and other
vases ; in the area of the Palazzo Torlonia lead pipes with inscriptions, archi-
tectural and sculptured fragments, five fragments of inscriptions, some terra-
cotta vases and lamps, and a bronze vase ; in excavations for the foundations
of a part of the stairway of the monument to Victor Emanuel II, founda-
tions of rooms and a fairly well-preserved mosaic with scroll patterns, leaves,
bucrania, etc., also part of a street pavement, a fragment of a sarcophagus
on which were carved the labors of Hercules, two Corinthian capitals, frag-
ments of bronze vases, and part of the gravestone of a Valeria ; in the Piazza
Montanara parts of a wall and pavement, two fragments of sculpture, part
01 an inscribed gravestone, some lamps and brick stamps ; in the Via della
Lungara, ancient walls and fragments of sculpture and inscription ; in a wall
on the Lungotevere degli Alberteschi, architectural fragments, parts of two
sarcophagi, and part of a sepulchral inscription ; in the Via Labicana, a trav-
ertine column, on the base of which is an inscription of Vespasian of the
year 77 A.D. It was the first milestone of the Via Labicana. (G. GATTI,
Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 509-513.) In the Baths of Diocletian a square term
with the inscription Q. Ennius came to light. Unfortunately, the head is
wanting. (D. VAGLIERI, ibid., pp. 600 f. ; fig. ; cf. HULSEN, Rom. Mitth. XTX,
1904, p. 147.) At the Palazzo Torlonia various fragmentary sculptures and
architectural members, and a dedicatory inscription to Caligula of the year
213 A.D., were found. In the Via Emilia fifteen amphorae were found. In ;
ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 121
the Via Lungara there were discovered two large marble sarcophagi, one
with reliefs representing a hunting scene, the other with 'Christian subjects,
and a fragment of a terminal cippus of the banks of the Tiber of the series set
up by Tib. Julius Ferox under Trajan, in 101 A.D. In the Via Nomentana
(Villa Patrizi) a lamp with a relief of a winged Victory and part of another
similar lamp were found. (G. GATTI, ibid. pp. 602 f.) In Athen. Decem-
ber 10, 1904, R. LANCIANI describes the transformation of the Piazza Venezia,
and suggests that important discoveries may be made during the work.
RUTIGLIANO. An Early Red-figured Crater. A crater from
Rutigliano (province of Bari) is described by M. JATTA in Rom. Mitth. XIX,
1904, pp. 80-86 (4 figs.). On one side is a bath-scene, in a building indicated
by a Doric column. The figures are three nude women, drawn in archaic
style (but red-figured), with narrow hips and angular muscles, like men.
On the other side of the vase two young men, clad only in a chlamys, are
running in opposite directions, each looking back toward the other with one
hand raised as in a gesture of address. One of them holds dangling from
his hand an empty, or only partly filled, wineskin. Perhaps some game is
represented. The style resembles that of Cachrylion, but the inscription is
well-nigh illegible. The vase had been mended in ancient times by strips
of lead.
SAN GREGORIO DI SASSOLA. A Hoard of Coins. At San
Gregorio di Sassola a peasant found 563 coins scattered about. They had
been undoubtedly contained in a terra-cotta jar, which was accidentally
broken. The coins are all silver, chiefly denarii, with a few victoriati and
quinarii. Several are slightly different from the specimens described and
figured by Babelon. All are of republican times, the latest belonging to
the year 54 B.C. The coins are described and discussed by L. CESANO, Not.
Scavi, 1903, pp. 604-620 ; 33 figs.
SARDINIA. Archaeological Explorations. Near Cagliari, on the
promontory of S. Elia, are numerous remains of early occupation, chiefly
" kitchen-middens." Excavations here have discovered no walls, but numer-
ous stone (obsidian) implements, ornaments of bone and shells, and primi-
tive vases with striations and patterns of dots. These vases belong to the
eneolithic period, and are finer than those found in the interior of the island.
(A. TARAMELLI, Not. Scavi, 1904, pp. 19-37 ; 7 figs.) At Sant' Antioco,
the ancient Sulcis, the following inscription has been found : D M \ Pom-
peius Mustu\lus Pontian P Po\mpeio Dativo fr\atri B M fecit. At
Nuragus, in the Roman necropolis of Valentia, a sarcophagus has been dis-
covered with the inscription Antonia Urri \Jilia vixit \ an. xxxvi. The name
Urrius is new. In the sarcophagus were vases and a bronze coin of Philip-
pus the Elder, of 248 A.D. (A. TARAMELLI, ibid. 1903, pp. 535 f.) Eleven
Roman sepulchral inscriptions of the ancient Turris Libisonis have been
found at Portotorres. (A. TARAMELLI, ibid. 1904, pp. 141-145.)
S ASSOFERRATO. CANTIANO. Neolithic Workshops. In
B. Paleth. It. 1904, pp. 85-80, U. RELLINI reports the discovery of two neo-
lithic workshops, one near Sassoferrato, the other near Cantiano (Cagli).
Knives, spear -heads, and other implements have been found, besides frag-
ments representing all stages of the work.
SICILY. Excavations and Researches in the Southeast in 1902-
1903. In Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 428-443 (4 figs.) , P. ORSI gives a brief report of
122 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
researches and discoveries in the southeast of Sicily in 1902-03. At Syra-
cuse remains of walls were found (see below). At Priolo excavations in
early Christian cemeteries have as yet led to no important discoveries. At
Spaccaforno two amphorae which contained about thirty kilogrammes of
bronze coins, mostly of Hiero II, but a few of Hieronymus, were discovered.
At Camarina many tombs were opened (nineteen at Cozzo dei Saracen i,
four hundred at Passo Marinaro), chiefly poor. A few were finer. Ten well-
preserved craters, a colonnette and a caiice, with red-figured paintings of no
especial interest, a few other painted vases, some black stamped Attic vases,
a few bronze objects, and a lead tablet inscribed with a curse were found.
The tombs were chiefly of the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. One group of
tombs of the sixth century contained a little black and Corinthian ware.
At Scoglitti was a suburb of Camarina. A tomb discovered here yielded
two good craters of decadent red-figured Attic style. At Gela excavations
in the necropolis led to negative results, but on a neighboring estate a ham-
mered metal patera was found, decorated with nine figures of horses or asses
with a flower in the centre. This is an imitation, probably Greek, of Phoe-
nician paterae. The excavation of the Siculan village at Monte Sette Farine
was finished without the discovery of real house foundations. At Dessueri
the necropolis proves to be very like that of Pantalica. The exploration of
ninety-two tombs has furnished much pottery, none of which is Mycenaean,
some good bronzes, and a ring of electrum. At various points in the ter-
ritory of Caltagirone many Siculan tombs were found, the contents of which
resembled objects from Dessueri and Pantalica. Remains of a small temple
of the sixth century B.C., fragments of archaic reliefs, and vases were found
at S. Moro. The ancient settlement here may have been Euboea. Byzan-
tine remains also exist in this region. At the Madonna del Piano of Gram-
michele the following objects, which are to be published in Mon. Antichi,
Were found: (1) a seated female figure of terra-cotta about 1 m. high, of the
sixth century B.C. ; (2) a torso of a youth, Parian marble, fine work of the
sixth century B.C. ; (3) a bearded male head of white limestone ; (4) many
fragments of black-figured vases ; (5) three small amphorae and two alabas-
tra of glass ; (6) some forty bronze nails, fragments of bronze vessels, part of
a strip of silvered bronze adorned with a taenia, and an Ionic palmette;
(7) fragments of tiles, etc. All these objects are much broken. At Lico-
dia Eubea Christian tombs were discovered. Part of a monumental inscrip-
tion, T. Nv/i<o8a>/oos AioStopov, came to light. At Mineo two simple Greek
epitaphs and a number of vases were found. One of these is a Graeco-Phoe-
nician glass bottle. A terra-cotta statuette, representing Aphrodite arrang-
ing her hair, of late Hellenistic work (cf. REINACH, Repertoire, I, 334, 5),
and parts of two terra-cotta putti were also found here. At Militello is a
small group of Siculan tombs of the third period. At Paterno two inscrip-
tions were noted. At S. Maria di Licodia are rude walls, but the frag-
ments of pottery are not prehistoric. At Acireale, in the library of the
Accademia Zelantea, are seven inscriptions stamped on fragments of pottery,
etc., and six inscribed bronze plaques, one of which is Jewish, the rest
Christian.
SICILY. CALTAGIRONE. The Necropolis. In Not. Scavi, 1904,
pp. 65-98 (56 figs.), P. ORSI describes in detail the results of recent excava-
tion in the necropolis of Caltagirone. The necropolis was in use for six or
ITALY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 123
eight centuries, beginning about 1500 B.C. The tombs are of two types,
the truncated cone and the 0dAos, the latter being due to Aegean-
Mycenaean influence. The funeral rites were those of the second Sicel
period. Much pottery was found, the commonest form being the four-
handled hydria. There was little bronze, as most of it had been removed
by earlier excavators. Ibid. pp. 132-141 (13 figs.) the discussion is contin-
ued. In October, 1900, tombs were opened at S. Luigi which give the first
substantial proof that there was a Greek town near the site of Caltagirone.
The burial rites were Greek, the objects in the tomb were Greek. The settle-
ment must have existed from the sixth to the beginning of the fourth century.
SICILY. SYRACUSE. Walls and Tombs. In the region called
Fusco, remains of well-constructed walls and an aqueduct have been found,
probably belonging to a permanent outwork, built between 402 and 396 B.C.
Similar walls were found farther south, at the Lysimelia. In the same
region a deposit of terra-cotta heads and fragments, of Hellenistic date, was
discovered. Two archaic tombs contained vases of various kinds. The most
interesting is a large crater, about the mouth of which is a band with black
figures. In the middle of one half of this band are two warriors fighting
over a fallen warrior. A woman stands at each side of this group. To
right and left are chariots on the point of departure, and beyond these are
spectators. On the other side the two women are wanting, and the warrior
in the centre is not fallen, but kneeling. Another interesting vase is an
alabastron covered with a glaze of white and greenish colors. Several tombs
at Fusco contained vases, among which was a proto-Corinthian lecythus.
A bronze lebes was also found here. (P. ORSI, Not. Scavi, 1903, pp. 517-
543 ; pi. ; 14 figs.)
VARIOUS MINOR DISCOVERIES. Various minor discoveries are
described in Not. Scavi: At Gragnano, Roman tombs and remains of build-
ings (1903, pp. 513 f.) ; at Castelnuovo, tombs and an inscription (Sex.
Vitulasius L.f. \ qui Nepos Cos. \ aquam Augustam adiect \ fontibus novis sua
pec. | perduxit et arcus \ novos fecit) (1903, pp. 514 f.) ; at Goriano Sicoli,
a milestone of the Claudia-Valeria, giving the distance as 90 miles, which
does not agree with the 90 miles given by Ovid as the distance to Sulmo
(1903, pp. 515 f.) ; at Pentima, Christian tombs (1903, p. 581) ; at Turin,
an inscription (M. Cassiua M.f.pat[er.. Ca]ssius M.f(ilius) Pol(lia tribu)
Li[... cent]urio legion[is . .] sibi et patri) (1903, pp. 583 f.) ; at Paderno,
near Ancona, the foot of a bronze candelabra of fine Etruscan work of the
fourth century B.C. (1903, pp. 584-588 ; fig.) ; at Coppito, architectural
fragments, vases, etc. (1903, pp. 621 f.) ; at Sulmona, a mosaic of black
and white pieces, forming linear patterns and scrolls, with a female head
(a Fury or Medusa) in the centre (1903, pp. 622 f. ; fig.)) and on tne nil1
called Forte di Micheletto tombs for inhumation (1904, p. 18) ; at Vit-
torito, vases and small bronze and iron objects (ibid.) ; at Stigliano, a
short inscription, fragments of bucchero nero, and a bronze coin (1904,
p. 19) ; at Saletto di Montagnana, three cippi with simple epitaphs and
numerous traces of ancient occupation (1904, pp. 3-6) ; at Albano, remains
of the wall of the praetorian camp and of walls within the camp (1904,
pp. 52 f.) ; at Milan, a headless herma with an inscribed dedication by a
freedman to his patron, C. Attius Niger (1904, pp. 39-41) ; at Perugia, an
Etruscan tomb of the third century B.C. containing various objects of iron,
124 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
bronze, and terra-cotta (1904, pp. 104 f.). At the bottom of Lake Varese
an ancient boat has been found. (L. PIGORINI, B. Paletn. It. 1904, p. 141.)
ETRUSCAN INSCRIPTIONS. In Sitzb. Mun. Akad. 1904, iv, pp. 489-
520 (4 pis.), ALF TORP and GUSTAV HERBIG publish, with many facsimiles,
sixty-one Etruscan inscriptions. Of these, two (perhaps three) from Chiusi
and one from Cittk della Pieve are forgeries. The most important series
(Nos. 46-59) is from sarcophagi at Toscanella. The other inscriptions are
from Covtona, Chiusi, Perugia, Orvieto, Bolsena, Proceno, Viterbo, and (Nos.
60, 61, in Faliscan dialect) Corchiano. Ibid, ii, pp. 283-296, G. HERBIG
describes his travels in Italy in the spring of 1903 in the interest of the
Corpus Inscriptionum Etruscarum, during which he copied most of the inscrip-
tions mentioned above. Several inscriptions recently discovered are said to
have been brought to America. It is very desirable that photographs and
squeezes of these be sent to Dr. Herbig for the Corpus.
SPAIN
OSUNA. Ruins and Sculptures. Important excavations have been
carried on by A. Engel and P. Paris at Osuna, Iberian Ursa, in the province
of Seville. Here, on the summit of a hill, are the remains of a large fortifi-
cation, hastily built with materials of all kinds and bearing the marks of
capture by assault. A great variety of iron weapons, both Roman and
native, is hre, with stone and lead bullets, some of which are inscribed.
The mark GN. MAG. IMP. shows that this unrecorded struggle belonged
to the Caesarian wars, before or shortly after the battle of Munda, 45 B.C.
The hill was earlier used for burial, and many architectural and sculptured
stones from monuments are built into the walls. The reliefs, both military
and religious, are in the indigenous style, developed under Oriental and
Greek influences, and having little in common with Roman art, even in the
portrayal of a Roman cornet player. In spite of the rude work, these reliefs
give valuable evidence as to costumes, armor, manners and customs, and
even physical types. These are all of native stone, for the Iberians did not
use marble. Among the Roman remains, found in the theatre and else-
where, are Corinthian capitals in stucco, an ephebus torso, a small head of
good style, fine fragments of colossal statues, one inscribed BALI A R LEG
(Baliarium Legatus ?), and a very fine colossal marble head of the Doryphorus
type. The objects discovered are now in the Louvre. (P. PARIS, Arch. Anz.
1904, pp. 139-142; 5 cuts. See also C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 309-318, a
resume by L. Heuzey of a report by A. Engel and P. Paris.)
CORTEGANA. A Latin Inscription. The following text is en-
graved on a bronze plaque found at Cortegana and now at Seville. The
letters are those of the third century after Christ ibi indicia
fieri licebit opor[tel~\ .... | . . . q. P. Roscii turn in eo loco in quo ius dicet ... | ...
quos in ddhabentudprt(^.)p eti[a~\m si ... \ ... am qui inter eos iudicare
debebit in aliquem ... | et ne q[u]is dies propter venerationem domus . . . |
propter eamdem causam habere debebit in eum. (P. PARIS and A. ENGEL,
C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, p. 177.)
FRANCE
ARLES. SENS. Archaeological Discoveries in 1903. The most
important discoveries in France in 1903 were at Sens and at Aries, where
pieces of ancient sculpture have come to light in demolishing part of the
FRANCE] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 125
mediaeval wall. The bas-reliefs at Sens include a funeral stele with figure
of a man clad in tunic and mantle, a piece of a representation of Venus
Anadyomene, which perhaps belonged to the fa9ade of the baths, and a
reclining nymph resembling pieces already in the museum. At Aries,
enough fragments have been found, supposed to come from an " Arcus
Admirabilis " which stood on the Aurelian Way near the bridge over the
Rhone, to justify an attempt at restoration. These are portions of a frieze
ornamented with scrolls, eagles, garlands, etc., reliefs of a triumphal chariot,
fighting warriors, and marine animals, and drums of columns. A procession
of chariots seems to have come rather from the spina of the circus. Other
fragments are from the theatre and from a temple of Bacchus. Permission
has been granted for the return to the museum at Aries of a torso, given to
the Louvre in 1822 and then called a Jupiter, to which the rightful head,
that of Augustus, can now be fitted. (E. MICHON, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp.
143-144.)
AVALLON. Sculptures in the Museum. In R. Arch. IV, 1904,
pp. 261-264 (3 figs.), F. DE MELY publishes three works of sculpture in the
museum at Avallon (Yonne), found in 1822 in the remains of an ancient
temple at Montmarte, near Avallon. They are a head of Minerva, in white
stone, with a broken helmet set far back over the hair, a half-draped statue
of a flamen, and a bearded male head with an expression of sadness and
pain.
LA GREZE (DORDOGNE). Prehistoric Drawings. In C.R.Acad.
Insc. 1904, pp. 487-495 (3 figs.), Dr. CAPITAX, Abbe BREUIL, and Mr. AM-
POULANGE describe a grotto at La Greze, commune of Marquay (Dordogne),
on the walls of which are prehistoric incised drawings of animals. One of
these is a bison. The drawings are very primitive. The objects of stone,
bone, etc., found in the cave belong to the palaeolithic period. This is the
eleventh grotto known with walls adorned with prehistoric drawings. That
many such grottoes exist is not probable, as the drawings have disappeared
except when they have been accidentally protected.
LYONS. Latin Inscriptions. Four Latin inscriptions have been
found at Lyons: (1) the epitaph of Cains Apronius Raptor, a decurion of
Treves, wine merchant established in the quarter of the Canabae at Lyons,
boatman on the Saone, patron of both corporations, and of Apronia, daughter
of Apronius Bellus : (2) epitaph of Ulpius Tertius, a soldier of the thirtieth
legion, Ulpia Victrix, beneficiary of the provincial procurator ; (3) epitaph of
Plaulia Hilaritas, wife of Publius Pamius Prudens, sevir of Lyons ? (4) two
fragments of a dedication of an altar to the Matres Augustae. (PAUL
DISSARD, C. R. Acad. Imc. 1904, pp. 446-449.)
NANTERRE. Roman Coins. A. BLANCHET, in R. Num. 1904,
p. 461, records the finding of a coarse red vase containing 1968 denarii
and antoniniani of a long series of emperors and empresses from Albinus
to Gallienus, at Nanterre. The treasure was buried in the early years of
Gallienus's reign, when German hordes were devastating Gaul.
PARIS. Iberian Art. An exhibition of " art iberique " has just been
arranged at the Louvre. It is entirely composed of antiquities which indi-
cate at once the influence of Punic and Hellenic sources. They are largely
the fruits of the work of A. Engel and P. Paris. Some of the sculptures are
especially interesting. Except in Spain, remnants of the earliest inhabitants
126 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
of Spanish soil are extremely uncommon, and this exhibition in Paris ought
to attract many students. (Athen. September 3, 1904.)
SAINT AUBIN BAUBIGNY. Carved Rocks. In C. E. Acad.
Insc. 1904, pp. 132-155 (12 figs.), Dr. CAPITAN, Abbe BREUIL, and Mr.
CHARBONNEAU-LASSAY describe a number of boulders with figures carved
upon them on the farm of la Vaulx, near Saint Aubin Baubigny, in Vendee.
The figures are sometimes linear, circles, squares, straight lines, etc., some-
times rude representations of men or animals. Some figures resemble let-
ters. The carvings may be attributed! to a period between the fourteenth
and the eighth century B.C.
SAINT ROCH. A Gallo-Roman Habitation. In R.ArcJi. IV, 1904,
pp. 83-105 (23 figs.), H. CAVANIOL describes a group of ruins on the edge
of the plain of Fays, near the mountain of Saint Iloch (Haute-Marne). Ou
the mountain itself are traces of an ancient fortification, called " la vieille
cite." This was a Gallic oppidum, then a Roman fort. .The remains on the
edge of the plain of Fays are those of several buildings, perhaps a villa, per-
haps a Roman post-station, possibly a factory. The earliest coins found
here are of Augustus, the latest of Gallienus. Numerous fragments of
utensils, several keys, some pottery, and other small objects came to light.
In the neighborhood are other traces of early occupation.
VACHERES. A Celtic Monument. In the Revue des JStudes An-
ciennes, VI, 1904, pp. 334-336 (pi.), G. ARNAUD D' AGNEL publishes a
Celtic relief found at Vacheres in July, 1904. A block of local limestone,
0.65 m. high, has on one side a draped male figure, on the other a draped
female figure. The work is extremely rude. The date is probably earlier
than the Roman conquest.
VILLE VIEILLE. A Dedication to a Genius. In 1889 a term was
found at Villevieille, near Sommieres, with an inscription : " To the genius
of our Publius, Pimigenius, his freedman." In 1898 the head belonging to
the term came to light. It wears the pointed cap or apex of aflamen. The
Publius to whose genius the term was dedicated must have been a JJamen
of the cult of Augustus in the city of Nemausus. Dedications by freed-
men to the genius of the former master are not uncommon in this region.
(L. HEUZEY, C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, p. 212.)
GERMANY
ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTH AND WEST GERMANY IN
1903. Material from the neolithic period continues to grow in amount
and in interest, but has not yet led to unanimity of opinion on many im-
portant points, such as the origin of the linear and "Rossener" styles in
pottery and the date of the earth fort at Urmitz. A prehistoric settlement,
with habitations and graves from about the beginning of the Christian er?,
has been studied near Heiger (Wiesbaden). Near Riithen (Westphalia), a
camp of strictly Roman plan, in which only non-Roman shards are found,
raises the question whether the Germans had adopted Roman methods of
fortification or the Romans encamped on a spot previously inhabited. If
the work is Roman, it is far the most easterly in North Germany. At Hal-
tern, a third and earlier fortification has been found within the limits of the
main camp, and still another east of the modern town, proof of the impor-
tance attached to this point by the Romans. It is not yet certain whether
GERMANY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 127
Aliso was here or near Lippstadt. Also at Heddernheim (Hesse-Nassau),
an earlier earth fort has been found near the camp of the time of Domitiau.
A large military brick factory at Xanten, corresponding with the brick works
near Ilochst am Main, shows by the stamps what legions were stationed at
this point. A fragmentary inscription from Bonn carries the history of that
post back to the year 44, under Claudius. Another inscription adds the
Cohort VIII, Breucorum, to the list of troops stationed at Remagen. At
Trier some remains just in front of the bridge, built of huge blocks, belong
perhaps to another gate-building. Here also were found a good head of
Vespasian and a mosaic of the same type as the Monnus mosaic. The com-
pleted plans of ancient Trier and Worms present an interesting contrast, the
former being a consistently laid out town, the latter a gradual and natural
growth outward from the early castle as a centre. Two shrines at Niedalt-
dorf , one of Mercury and Rosmerta, the other apparently of Hermes and
a fountain goddess, a shrine of the Mother of the Gods on the Saalburg,
and a public sanctuary of Dolichenus in Wiesbaden, restored by the Vicani
Aquenses in 194 A.D., are good examples of provincial sanctuaries. The demo-
lition of the town wall at Metz, which led to the discovery of the amphitheatre,
has now produced a quantity of inscriptions. A study of the terra-cotta manu-
facture at Cologne shows that this was a growing industry from the end of
the first century on. (H. DHAGENDORFF, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 150-152.)
THE REICHSLIMESKOMMISSION IN 1903. The headquarters
of the Commission have been moved to Freiburg i. B. The work from now
on will be chiefly the publication of results, but excavation for verification of
details or for the solution of problems already opened is still going on.
In 1903, a fort at Kosching in Bavaria was discovered under the western
part of the present borough, with its central buildings where the present
church stands. An examination of the line between Ems and Sch weigh ausen
shows the early irregular course. Other spots studied were the intrenched
camps at Pohl and Marienfels, the latter having two periods, the fort
at Holzhausen, the limes itself at Ohringen in Wiirttemberg, and a wooden
structure at Gunzenhausen in Bavaria. Part A of the published work will
deal with the topography and construction of the boundary, Part B with the
larger forts or castella. The thirty-fifth and last number of the Limesblatt
has been issued. In the definitive publication full descriptions will be given
of the part first treated, from the Rhine to Ems, and these will be used for
reference with later parts. Much of the material is already prepared for
issue. (FABRICIUS, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 153-155.)
BONN. A Roman Mosaic. A Roman mosaic pavement has been
found in Bonn and placed in the provincial museum. It is of somewhat coarse
workmanship, but the coloring is vivid, and a special interest attaches to it,
as it is the first piece of mosaic discovered in Bonn. (Athen. July 16, 1904.)
HALTERN. Continued Excavations. The excavations at Haltern
in Westphalia continue to yield excellent results, and hopes are entertained
that traces of the road connecting the Roman camp with the river fort have
been discovered. Among the many interesting objects found are a number
of pieces of pottery, the ornamentation and shape of which are different
from anything hitherto obtained in this neighborhood. The site of a Ger-
man fort of the Carlovingian period has been found at Bossendorf, not far
from Haltern. (Athen. July 30, 1904.)
128 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
ARCHAEOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN AUSTRIA-HUNGARY
IN 1903. These include, at Aquileia, pillared arches, stairways, etc.,
belonging to a round building, possibly the Arena ; at Grado, in the foun-
dations of the early basilica, Roman walls of the first century B.C., with
fragments of mosaic, wall-painting, and architecture ; at Pola, a burial
ground with skeleton graves made of tiles put together like a roof and cov-
ered with imbrices ; in Dalmatia, a Christian cemetery of the fifth and sixtli
centuries and a Roman cemetery on the road from Sal on a to Vranjic. In
Hungary, at Kismartoii. a terra-cotta alphabethtablet was found with the
letters from A to Z and five rows of syllables made of the five vowels pre-
ceded by the consonants in succession, I appearing as both vowel and con-
sonant and Y not at all. Roman reliefs, altars, coins, graves, and remains
of buildings were found in various places. In a cemetery of the third cen-
tury at Solymar eggs are among the burial gifts. At Szolad, ash and skele-
ton graves occur together. At Dunapentele, among other things, was the
relief dedicated to the horseman god Dobrates, of a class discussed by Pro-
fessor Hampel. (See Am. J. Arch. 190-1, pp. 484 f.) A bronze plate has
early Christian representations of Lazarus, the Good Shepherd, etc., with
the monogram* >^;. Remains at Aquncum show that the Roman city
extended to the Danube. Conflicting evidence as to the site of the Roman
camp may be due to the fact that there were two. An inscription of Cara-
calla has been found at Budapest, and one of Alexander Severus twenty
miles north of the Danube. In Dacia, at Somogyon, already known for
remains of the copper age and the migration period, a Roman monument
with a lion has been found, and at other places Roman graves and inscribed
stones and an occasional bit of sculpture. Fortifications supposed to belong
to the Roman limes are found to be pre-Roman, and there is no evidence
for putting the boundary of the Roman province farther north than the
Z/mes-line. In Bosnia, the forum of Delminium, 18-19 A.D., has been laid
bare, and on the heights above Narona in Herzegovina, a well-preserved
Roman camp, with the peculiarity that the buildings inside are all placed
against or in the wall, leaving a clear, open space in the middle. (G. VON
FINALY, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 148-150.)
ANTHROPOLOGICAL DISCOVERIES IN 1903. In the Mitth.
Anth. Ges. XXXIV, 1904, pp. [2S]-[67] (many figs.), is a report on anthro-
pological discoveries in the Austro-Hungarian empire. Few of these have
any other than a purely anthropological interest. Xear Wiener-Neustadt
tumuli of Roman times contained fibulae, utensils, and terra sigillata vases,
some of which show Roman influence. Prehistoric remains are reported
from near Trieste (the cave at the "red field"), from various places in Dal-
matia and Bohemia, from Schmidgraben and Lhotic (bronzes), from
Moravia, Bukowina, and various places in Hungary.
ARCHAEOLOGY IN CROATIA. The Vjesnik of the Croatian
Archaeological Society of Agram (Zagreb), Vol. VII, 1903-04, No. 1
(pp. 1-128 ; 65 figs.), contains six articles, literary notes, and an obituary
of Theodor Morr.msen. J. BRUNSMID (pp. 30-97 ; 51 figs.) discusses medi-
aeval antiquities in Croatia, but includes some prehistoric objects of pottery
and metal. V. CELESTIN (pp. 15-29) gives a description of Greek and
AUSTRIA-HUNGARY] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 129
Roman Colonial coins found at Osijek (Essek). F. GUNDRUM (pp. 124 f . ;
1 fig.) discusses the so-called crown of Malino. V. HOFFILLER (pp. 98-123;
13 figs.) discusses ancient bronze vessels from Croatia and Slavonia in the
National Museum at Agram. Vj. KLAIC (pp. 1-9) discusses the " Indagines "
and "Portae " in Croatia and Slavonia, and (pp. 10-14) the "Castrum Anti-
quum Paganorum " near Kasina in the Agram Mountains. The Vjesnik, Vol.
VII, No. 2 (pp. 129-257; 2 pis.; 63 figs.), contains nine articles, a report of
the general meeting of the Society, February 7, 1904, and an account of an
excursion of the Vienna Anthropological Society to Zagreb, Krapina, and
Dolnja Dolina (Bosnia), May 22-24, 1904. Dr. JOSEF BRUNSMID (pp. 207-
240; 2 pis.; 55 figs.) publishes and describes fifty-seven marble and stone
sculptures in the National Museum at Agram. Most of these are more or
less fragmentary works of Roman date found in Croatia. Some are from
Italy. Several familiar types are represented. One plate represents a
half -draped Aphrodite (headless), from Minturnae, resembling that given
by REINACH, Repertoire, II, p. 334, 10 (cf. CLARAC, pi. 630 J. No. 1327 A).
The other plate represents a Ganymede, also from Minturnae, with Phrygian
cap, eagle, and dog. BRUNSMID also (pp. 182-190 ; fig.) discusses ' The
Earliest Coins of Croatia.' V. HOFFILLER (pp. 166-178; 7 figs.) discusses
' Objects from the Roman Cemetery at Stenjevac ' (pottery and utensils), and
(pp. 207 f.) describes the discovery of a Roman grave at Dolnja Lomnica,
near Velika Gorica, in which coins of Hadrian (Cohen, 1357), Antoninus
Pius (Cohen, 433), and Faustina the Elder (Cohen, 28) were found. V.
KLAIC (pp. 129-144) gives 'Materials for the Mediaeval Topography of the
County of Krbava ' (conclusion). F. KOCH (pp. 179-181) gives the results of
a 'Microscopic Examination of some Neolithic Stone Objects.' E. LAS-
ZOWSKI publishes (pp. 191-202) ' Historical Notices of the Castle of Bela
in the County of Varazdin ' and (pp. 203-206) ' Historical Data on the
Family Vragovic of Marusevac. F. Sisic (pp. 145-165) writes on 'The
Descent and the Capture of the Creation King Slavic ' (1074-1075).
CARNUNTUM. A Head of Athena Parthenos. In Jh. Oesterr.
Arch. I. VII, 1904, pp. 151-153 (pi.; fig.), R. v. SCHNEIDER publishes and
discusses a small bronze head of Athena found at Carnuntum, in the spring
of 1603. Like almost all extant heads of the Parthenos, this is not intended
to be an exact copy of the original by Phidias, but retains only the most
striking accessories, such as the sphinx and the two-winged horses. This
little head, of Roman date, does not even attempt to reproduce the style of
Phidias, but possesses independent value as a work of art.
MYSZKOW. A Bronze Hand. In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. VII, 1904,
Beiblatt, pp. 149-152 (2 figs.), W. DEMETRYKIEWICZ publishes a bronze hand
found in 1862, at Myszkow, in eastern Galicia, now in the museum of the
Qssolinski Polish National Institute at Lemberg. It is a right hand and
holds between forefinger and thumb a ball upon which a figure of Victory
probably once stood. On the wrist is the inscription I(ovi) O(ptimo)
M(aximo) \ Doliceno \ Gains optio \ c(o)h(ortis') I Hisp(anorum), (miliariae) \
v. s. I. m. Most objects found in this region are either much earlier or later
than Roman times, though a glass cup from Bilcze may be Roman. Ibid. pp.
153-158, J. ZINGERLE discusses the dedication of the hand with the Victory
and the historical connection of the Roman armies with this region, fixing
the date of the hand in the second half of the second century after Christ.
130 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
NEUSCHLOSS MATZEN. Roman Inscription and Portrait
Bust. In Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. VII, 1904, Beiblatt, pp. 145-150 (fig.) FR.
STOLZ publishes a votive altar from Berg near Greifenburg in Upper Carlo*.
thia, now in the possession of Baron v. Lipperheide, in Neuschloss Matzen,
Tyrol. The inscription reads: Fontan[i]s \ Nymphis \ P. Cornel(ius) \ Di-
adume\nus et Iul(ia) \ Threpte v. s. \ lib. mer. The dedication fontanis nym-
phis is new. A Roman portrait bust with the inscription T. Flavins \
Asclepiades Aug(usti) lib(ertus), said to have belonged to Prince Borghese,
and obtained by Baron v. Lipperheide from a dealer in Bellagio, is also pub-
lished. This T. Flavius is unknown.
NESAZIO. POLA. Pre-Roman Tombs. Recent excavations at
Nesazio (Istria) have disclosed many tombs of various types, containing
vases and other objects. In the construction of these pre-Roman tombs,
stones were used which bear in some cases marks of a Mycenaean character,
indicating the presence here of a Mycenaean population. Also at Pola a
pre-Roman necropolis has recently been excavated. (L. PIGORINI, B. Paletn.
It. 1904, pp. 138-141.)
POLA. Discoveries in and near the City. At Val Catena, on the
island of Brioni Grande, a large semicircular portico, at each end of which
is a small temple, has been excavated near the ancient harbor. The carved
ornaments of tne temples are rich and well executed. The southern temple
was adorned with sea creatures of various kinds, and fishes and the trident
were introduced in the capitals of the columns. Near this temple are remains
of a large building, perhaps a villa. The walls were apparently incrusted
with marble. A bronze coin of Claudius, of 41 A.D., found in a wall, fixes
the date of this structure. In the city of Pola a sarcophagus, several epi-
taphs, five bronze lamps, a poor marble head of a boy, a fragment of Arretine
ware stamped Agatho(pm?), a glass bottle with a stamp on the bottom
representing Mercury, and a few other objects have come to light. At Val
Catena numerous potter's marks were found in the triclinium of the villa.
(A. GNIRS, Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. VII, 1904, Beiblatt, pp. 133-146; 12 figs.)
GREAT BRITAIN
DISCOVERIES IN GREAT BRITAIN IN 1903. At Silchester
(Calleva) the original plan of the baths, though much altered, has been made
out. The town seems to have been laid out all at once and probably by
order of Agricola. An inscription from a ruined monument at Caerwent
(Venta Silurum) shows that the Celtic cantonal organization was retained
under the Romans in Britain as it was in Gaul. In London, near Newgate,
a piece of the Roman fortification wall similar to portions found before has
been exposed and destroyed. This wall belonged to late imperial times. In
the west of England were found an altar to the Suloviae at Cirencester
and the earliest dated inscription from Bath, VES(/wifl0) VII CO . A
dedication to Antoninus Pius was found in an auxiliary camp at Brough
in Derbyshire and another by the Roman bridge at Newcastle. These
two, with one found earlier at Birrens, are dated at 158 A.D. by the name of
Julius Verus, but it is not clear why he visited such widely separated places.
An altar from the Tyne has a dedication to Ocean us. At the Wall of An-
toninus Pius, near Rough Castle, a small Roman camp has been examined.
The fortifications are of earth, but the buildings within, officers' quarters,
AFRICA] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 131
magazine, bath, and central building, are of stone. An inscription confirms
the use of principia for the central building of a small camp. Some defen-
sive pits in the ground to the northwest are similar to Caesar's lilia (B.G.
VII, 13). There is no trace here of any other epoch than that of Antoninus,
but at Barhill, where similar work has been done, remains of a smaller fort
belonging to the time of Agricola are found inside the existing camp. Thus
with the camp at Camelon, excavated in 1900, we have apparently two of
the garrisons established by Agricola on the isthmus between the Clyde and
the Forth. At Rough Castle a little heap of pure tin coins, nummi stannei,
was found. (F. HAVERFIELD, Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 146-148; 3 figs.)
A NEW COIN OF CARAUSIUS. The coins of Carausius, who
established in Britain a quasi-independent government for six years during
the reign of Diocletian and Maximian, are of peculiar interest. Sir JOHN
EVANS (Num. Chron. 1904, pp. 136-143) publishes a hitherto unknown type
in his possession, with GEN 10 BRITANNI(AE) and a figure of the Genius
sacrificing at an altar. It was from a hoard found in 1873 at Barley Pound,
near Crondall, Hants.
BROUGH. The Fort. At a meeting of the British Archaeological
Association on November 16, J. GARSTANG described the results of the
recent excavations in the Roman fort at Brough. The fort is four-sided
with rounded angles, and seems to contain the usual buildings. Of special
interest is a peculiar underground chamber, which showed plain evidence
of alterations. A fragmentary inscription in honor of Antoninus Pius con-
tained also the name of Julius Verus as governor of Britain. (Athen. No-
vember 26, 1904.)
LONDON. Two Acquisitions of the British Museum. In the
room of Greek bronzes at the British Museum are two recent and important
acquisitions : the superb archaic bronze horseman exhibited last year at the
Burlington Fine Arts Club, and the silver relief of Anchises and Aphrodite
from the Hawkins Collection, which is believed to be the earliest known
work of the kind, and to date from the beginning of the fourth century. It
is, for that date, surprisingly lyrical and romantic in sentiment and almost
florid in design, but for beauty and delicacy of the workmanship it is un-
rivalled in its kind. The composition is curiously unbalanced, and suggests
the necessity of a pendent piece. At present the purpose of the relief is
unknown it can hardly have been a mirror case, like the later specimens
of a similar art. (A then. July 23, 1904.)
AFRICA
RECENT ARCHAEOLOGY IN NORTHERN AFRICA. A sum-
mary by A. SCHULTEN, taken largely from publications of 1903, is given in
Arch. Anz. 1904, pp. 118-139 (18 figs.). In Tripolis, the ruins of Leptis
Magiia and its environs have been studied and mapped. Villas extend
along the coast east and west and farms with their oil-presses are on the
hills behind the town. An inscription gives the native form of the name,
Lepkis. Two rock tombs in the vicinity, with painted niches, represent the
dead as lion and lioness, according to the Mithraic religion. At Carthage,
the plan of the city is very complex, showing layer upon layer, the streets of
old Carthage having a different orientation from those of the Roman colony.
The oldest and finest of five superimposed mosaic floors in one spot is
132 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
assigned to the time of Hadrian. In the cemetery of the fourth and third
centuries are sarcophagi with the figure of the dead in painted relief on the
lid evidently a development under Greek influence from the Egyptian
mummy-portraits. The figures are represented as in life, in attitudes more
suited to an upright than a recumbent position. A Byzantine monastery
covers older churches containing reliques of St. Stephen and other martyrs.
The astonishing number of splendid and most interesting mosaics found all
over the country is constantly increasing. The characteristic landscapes,
Nile scenes, birds, beasts, plants, and fish of the country, are varied by occa-
sional mythological subjects, as the Triumph of Bacchus and the Rape of
Ganymede. Some Cyclopes forging a thunderbolt are apparently inspired
by Aen. VIII. 425. The Diana and Actaeon at Tinigad, which is of poor
quality, combines a real Byzantine stiffness in the figures with an Oriental
grace in the border of vines. The motive of Actaeon discovered by his
reflexion in the water must be due to an older artist. The Nile scenes
surrounding the portrait of an athlete perhaps originated in the name
NEIAOAQPO^, which occurs on a similar mosaic in Italy. A picture of
the Mareotic Lake is surrounded by a landscape with reed huts, which have
been mistaken for the native mapalia, but are more probably the Ka\v(3a.i of
the Delta. Occasionally a Greek signature, as 0EOAOYAOY, accompanies
the picture. A stucco relief at Sousse which shows the deceased, a boy,
choosing between Warfare and Learning recalls the great importance at-
tached to early education in Africa. Ash-urns with clay tubes for pouring
libations through are to be noted ; also the hollow bricks used for vaulted
ceilings as at Ravenna. A stone weight of 76 pounds, apparently a Cartha-
ginian talent, points to the use of the Attic rather than the Phoenician
system. In the necropolis at Hadrumetum (Sousse) are vaulted tombs
resembling Etruscan tombs in arrangement. Miniature terra-cotta figures
seem to occur exclusively in children's graves. The group of the Farnese
Bull occurs in terra-cottas and on lamps. Little negroes and caricatures of
old women are favorite subjects in terra-cotta. Charm-tablets are found in
graves. The local devotion to the circus is shown by a painted slab, which
was later used as a gravestone for a Vandal, Ulnerika. An archaeological
society has been founded at Sousse. The excavation of Gigthis reveals a
really old city, with the picturesque irregularity which is lacking in the
strictly Roman colonies like Timgad. A suburban villa near here, in the
characteristic peristyle form, is unusual in having its chief artistic decora-
tion in the frescoes rather than the mosaics. Varro's tripales are illustrated
in a mosaic by a sort of drag formed of three poles bound together on which
the grapes are carried in the vintage, and a new use of bulla is seen in the
large terra-cotta stoppers which were put in the necks of oil-jars and sealed
wdth plaster. The city of Timgad was provided with at least six bathing
establishments outside the walls, and the largest of these, by its very clear
plan, explains some uncertain features of the Baths of Caracalla at Rome.
The middle part of the city, rectangular in plan, which was enclosed by the
later walls built after a great reduction in population, seems to cover the site
of the original colony of Trajan's time. A temple of the usual African
tetrastyle form with peribolus is dedicated to the patron deities of the city.
Among minor objects from Algeria are the stelae of Saturn, the chief god of
the Africans, a mosaic game-table, and a number of Christian reliquaries
AFRICA] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 133
with their contents, found in the gens Niclcis, near Constantine. Evidence
now indicates that the honorary arch was of Egyptian origin and came to
the Romans by way of Alexandria and Sicily, the arch of Verres at Syracuse
leading up to its introduction into Italy under Augustus. An archaeological
atlas of Algeria with plans of Cherchel-Caesarea, etc., shows the extent of
the Roman occupation of the country, almost entirely along the coast. The
careful arrangements for utilizing rain-water show that the country was as
ill watered in antiquity as now. The limitation and defence of the country
on the side toward the desert has been carefully studied. The Tripolitan
line joins the Tunisian at right angles and is continued by a Cyrenaic line.
The border, whether marked by road, ditch, or wall, was guarded by forts
and watch-towers. In some plac.es the towers are pre-Roman. The side
toward Morocco seems to have been as unsettled in ancient as in modern
times. Parts at least of the limes go back to the time of Nerva. The forts
and guard-houses are smaller than those of the German limes except in Nu-
midia, where there are large and small forts but none of the blockhouses
for residence, the burgi, Arabic bordsch. In places the posts are near
enough for sight signals. The guard-houses, called centenarii, were com-
manded by a centenarius, the later name for centurion.
CARTHAGE. The Roman Theatre. The Roman theatre at Car-
thage has been discovered by P. Gauckler about 150 m. south of the odeum.
It was covered by 8 m. of earth. It comprised four concentric superposed
galleries, connected by vaulted stairways and surmounted by a portico with
colonnades adorned with acroteria, on which were actors' masks. All the
architectural decoration of the background of the stage has been found.
The first statue discovered is an Apollo standing beside a tripod, about which
a serpent is coiled. Several fragmentary inscriptions have come to light.
(C. R. Acad. Insc. 1903, p. 399.)
Punic Inscriptions and a Marble Sarcophagus. In C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1904, pp. 505-512 (5 figs.), A. L. DELATTRE publishes four Punic
epitaphs and a marble sarcophagus found in March, 1904, at Carthage.
On each long side of the sarcophagus are two rosettes in relief. The lid
is adorned with two acroteria at the ends of the ridge and seven others
along the sides. In 'each gable is a relief representing Scylla with out-
stretched arms. PH. BERGER adds a note, in which he calls attention to
the representation of Scylla on the mausoleum of El-Amrouni. Evidently
the myth of Scylla had for the Carthaginians some connection with the
future life. Its occurrence on the sarcophagus, a monument of the third
or fourth century B.C., shows that it was known to the Carthaginians before
the Roman conquest. Perhaps it is even of Punic origin.
DJEBEL MANSOUR. Temple of Mercury at Gales. In C. R.
Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 156 f., a note by P. GAUCKLER is published giving the
text of an inscription found at Djebel Mansour, in the mines of the ancient
Civitas Galitana. It reads: Templu[m'] Mercurio f(e_ceruni) civitas Galesis
sufetes Aris et Manius Celeris f(ilius), scripsit Satur Celeris /(ilius), structores
C. Manium et C. Aemilium. The inscription is cut on a lintel.
DOUGGA. A Dedication to Massinissa. In the excavations at
Dougga, Mr. Sadoux has found the dedicatory inscription of a temple
erected in honor of Massinissa, the ally of Scipio against Carthage. The
inscription is bilingual, in Phoenician and Libyan. It gives the genealogy
134 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
of Massinissa. Undoubtedly it will also give new light for the understand-
ing of Libyan inscriptions. ( GAUCKLER, C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, p. 406;
cf. Athen. December 17, 1904.)
HENCHIR-ALOUIN. An Inscription. Among the ruins twenty-
three miles along the Roman road from Carthage to Theveste an inscription
has been found which reads: Q.(uinto) Comio Armigero Crexcenti c(larissimo)
v(iro), aedili curuli, ab actis senatus, quaestori, seviro turmae secundae am. ?
eq(uitum) [decem^v^fyro stilitibus iudicandis, patrono incomparabili municipes
Sicilibbensium. The person mentioned is otherwise unknown. The inscrip-
tion seems to belong to the end of the third century. It fixes the exact site
of Sicilibba and shows that the place had become a municipium, which it
was not in the time of Marcus Aurelius. (GAUCKLER, C. R. Acad. Insc.
1904, pp. 335 f.)
HENCHIR-TAMBRA. Municipium Felix Thabbora. The iden-
tification of Henchir-Tambra with the ancient Thabbora is established by
the following dedication found there : Imp. Caes. Flavio Vale\rio Constan-
tino ' Pio | Felici Invicto Aug pon | max tribun poles viiii cos Hi imp
vii - p p pro\cos municipium Felix \ Thabbora numini maiestatique eius \
devotum. The date is 313 A.D. This inscription, with thirteen others, chiefly
epitaphs, is published by P. GAUCKLER, C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 180-190.
A plan is given of the Christian basilica of Henchir-Tayma, in a side room
of which one of the epitaphs was found. The same room contained several
sarcophagi. The mosaic pavement of the nave is preserved, but covered
with earth and rubbish.
KHAMISSA. Princeps Gentis Numidarum. In C. R. Acad. Insc.
1904, pp. 478-484, R. CAGNAT publishes the following 1 inscription from
Khamissa (Thubursicum Numidarum): Larciae \ Laetae, \ A. Larci(i) Ma-
crini, | principle gentis Numi \darum et flaminis perpetui \ uxori; cut ordo statunm
publi\ce ponendam cum decrevisset, \ ipsa, honore contenta, sua pecun\ (to) posuit
D(ecreto) d(ecurionum). The principes Numidarum were natives who acted
as intermediaries between the Numidian tribes and the Roman authorities.
Usually their names were not, as in this case, completely Roman. The
attachment of the Numidians to their tribes is further shown by a second
inscription discovered at the same time as the base with the inscription to
Larcia : Genio gentis Numidiae sacrum.
OUED-KITAN (Khanguet). A Dedication to Adonis. An in-
scription found by the Abbe Crespel at Oued-Kitan is published by A. L.
DELATTRE in C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, p. 555. The date is between 198 and
211 A.D. It proves the existence of a sanctuary of Adonis. It reads :
Adoni Aug. Sac. \ pro salute Imp. Caes. L. Sep\timi Severi Pertinacis \ Aug. et
Imp. Caes. \ M. Aureli Antonilni Pii Felicis Aug. \ et luliae Domine \ Aug.
Three inscriptions, one an epitaph of a veteran, C. Pisonius Victor, the
others mere fragments, were found at Ben-Aiech, near the ancient Neferis,
and are also published.
SOUSSE (Hadrumetum). Entrance to the Catacombs. The en-
trance, or one of the entrances, to the catacombs of Hadrumetum has been
discovered by Carton and Leynaud. The entrance, which still has a flight
of eight steps, was protected by a vaulted aedicula. The vault was built of
terra-cotta cylinders. It leads to a vestibule or chapel in the form of a
cross. This is furnished with loculi. The necropolis was large. More
CHRISTIAN ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 135
than 400 in. of subterranean galleries are already cleared. They contain as
many as four tiers of tombs. A gallery recently opened leads to a chamber
from which six other galleries open. This indicates a large field for exca-
vation. The catacombs were entirely full of earth. (HERON DE VILLE-
FOSSE, C. R. A cad. Insc. 1904, pp. 352 f.)
BYZANTINE, MEDIAEVAL, AND RENAISSANCE ART
GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
BAOUIT (EGYPT). Paintings in the Monastery of the Apa Apollo.
In C. R. Acad. Insc. 1904, pp. 517-526 (4 pis.), JEAN CLEDAT gives an
account of his discoveries in the ancient monastery of the Apa Apollo at
Baouit, in Upper Egypt, in the winters of 1903 and 1904. About thirty
chapels have been freed from the sand that filled them, and many frescoes
have been uncovered. These represent religious and biblical subjects, such
as Christ in glory, the Visitation and other scenes from the life of the Vir-
gin, David before Saul, etc. Many photographs were taken, and the most
interesting paintings were copied in water colors.
JERUSALEM. A Mosaic representing Orpheus. In Chron. d.
Arts, August 13, 1904, p. 231, a mosaic found 300 m. outside the gates of
Jerusalem is described. Orpheus surrounded by beasts is represented.
Among other decorations are two female figures with inscriptions, Georgia
and Theodosia. If not identical with the mosaic described ibid. 1901, p.
124 (cf. Am. J. Arch. 1901, p. 366), this is very like it. It is to be placed in
the imperial museum at Constantinople.
The Inscriptions from Mt. Athos. The first fascicule of the Recueil
des Inscriptions chretiennes du mont Athos, by Millet and PP. Pargoire and
Petit, Assumptionists of the Institut de Kadi-Keni, has appeared. It con-
tains 191 pp., 11 pis., 570 texts, and 56 vignettes, and comprises the inscrip-
tions of thirteen convents. The collection will comprise all the inscriptions
of Athos from the fourth century after Christ to 1889, and will include
Slavonic inscriptions, three Latin, one German, one French, and one Turk-
ish inscription, admitted for their historical interest. This forms one of
the " regional " collections which will make up the Corpus of Greek Chris-
tian Inscriptions to be published by the French School at Athens, under the
direction of Laurent and Cumont. The Egyptian collection has already
been made by Lefebvre, and Seymour de Ricci has in preparation a publica-
tion of the Greek Christian inscriptions of Italy. (HOMOLLE, C. R. Acad.
Insc. 1904, pp. 355-357.)
AQUILEIA. Frescoes of the School of Giotto. News comes from
Venice of the discovery of valuable frescoes in the church of the Abbey of
S. Testo near Aquileia. They seem to belong to the school of Giotto, and
the picture of Christ at the Cross in the apse bears a strong resemblance to
Giotto's painting in the Scrovegni Chapel at Padua. Among the remaining
frescoes, only a small part of which have as yet been laid bare, are the
Ascension, Paradise, Hell (which is unfortunately in very bad condition), a
St. Michael, and an altarpiece dating from tha fifteenth century. (Athen.
November 12, 1904.)
GHENT. The Studio of the Van Eycks. In the Van Eyck 'Ado-
ration of the Lamb ' there is painted a view of Ghent which has been rec-
136 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905'
ognized as a view over the Rue Courte-du-jour. The demolition of a house
in the Rue du Gouvernement has brought to light a building believed to
have belonged to Judocus Vijdt, the patron of the Van Eycks. On the
third floor of this building is a square window, from which precisely the
same view as that reproduced in the polyptych may be obtained. This is
accepted as proof that the room in which the window is set was that in
which the 'Adoration of the Lamb' was painted. (R. PETRUCCI, Burl.
Mar). 1904, p. 507.)
SPAIN. Agitation for a " Legge Pacca." Apropos of the an-
nounced intention of the chapter of the cathedral at Valladolid to sell two
celebrated pictures of El Greco, and the similar fate which some time ago-
menaced the tapestries of the Seo at Saragossa, the Spanish press is conduct-
ing a vigorous campaign in favor of a law like the Legge Pacca in Italy,
prohibiting the exportation of works of art. One of the best of El Greco's
pictures, the portrait of D. Fernando Unio de Guererra, has recently been
sold in France for 275,000 francs. (CJiron. d. Arts, July 2, 1904, p. 207.)
ITALY
An Italian Ex-libris of 1601. What seems to be the earliest Italian
Ex-libris known is published by LUIGI BATTISTELLI in Rass. d' Arte, July,
1904, p. Ill (fig.). It consists of the coat of arms of its first possessor,
Count Giovanni Battista Ferretti, a prominent jurisconsult of Ancona of the
end of the sixteenth century. The inscription bears his name and title and
the stamp is signed by Giovanni Maria Corona. In Bertarelli's work on
Italian Ex-libris, the earliest given in his chronological index is dated 1622.
FLORENCE. Acquisitions of Galleries. The Uffizi has recently
acquired : The Crucifixion with Five Saints from the church " della Calza,"
painted by the youthful Perugino, probably with the help of Signorelli ;
a Nativity attributed to Filippino Lippi ; a Madonna with Angels by Bar-
tolommeo Caporali ; a St. Benedictine by Guido Reni ; a portrait of Fran-
cesco Galli by himself. The Bargello has been given the lunette from the
Via d' Agnolo, of Luca della Robbia (see Am. J. Arch. 1904, p. 393), and
has purchased a polychrome wooden statue representing the Vergine Annun-
ziata, a Sienese work assigned to the fifteenth century, but showing charac-
teristics of the fourteenth. (C. GAMBA, Rass. d' Arte, July, 1904, pp. 109-
110.) By a recent act of the Italian Parliament, the Pitti Palace and all
its dependencies are assigned to the king. The director of the Florentine
Galleries has no power, therefore, either to add to or take pictures from the
Pitti collection ; but he may rearrange the gallery, which the director Cor-
rado Ricci has recently done. (GERSPACH, R. Art Chret. July, 1904, p. 318.)
A New Museum. In two rooms above the Loggia del Bigallo there
has been assembled a small collection of pictures and statuary previously
scattered about the Orfanotrofio del Bigallo and the convent of S. Onofrio
in Via Faenza. The collection includes a small tabernacle by Bernardo
Daddi, dated 1333, a tondo, the Virgin among Angels and Saints, by Jacopo
del Sellaio, a Crucifixion of the thirteenth century, a bust of the Redeemer
in painted terra-cotta, of the school of Verrocchio, and a Christ carrying
the Cross which seems to show the hand of Sodorna. A small admission
charge is made for the benefit of the Orfauotrofio. (C. GAMBA, Rass.
d' Arte, July, 1904, p. 109.)
CHRISTIAN ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 137
A Picture by Paolo del Sera. Paolo del Sera is well known for hav-
ing made in the middle of the seventeenth century a famous collection of
pictures at Venice. No painting by him has hitherto been discovered.
E. BRUNELLI, L' Arte, 1904, pp. 302-303, publishes a Madonna by him which
is in the possession of a noble Florentine family. The picture, which,
while pleasing, is the work of an amateur rather than a master, portrays
the Madonna seated on a low throne extending the child to the kneeling
S. Antonio di Padua. The artist shows the influence of Paolo Veronese
and Bonifazio. The picture was presented by him to his friend Lorenzo
Manci, in the possession of whose descendants it now remains.
GROTTAFERRATA. Italo-Byzantine Frescoes. In the abbey
church at Grottaferrata the original roof was concealed by a lower flat
ceiling built by Cardinal Alessandro Farnese in 1575. Valuable frescoes
have now been found on the upper walls of the nave and apse. They repre-
sent the Trinity, David, the story of Moses, and other scriptural scenes, and
were executed in 1272 by an artist of the Italo-Byzantine school. (R. LAN-
CIANI, Athen. December 10, 1904.)
LEGRI. Recovery of a Delia Robbia. In January, 1904, robbers
carried off from the church of S. Severe, in Legri near Calenzano, a Depo-
sition, the work of either Luca or Andrea della Robbia. It has since been
recovered. (GERSPACH, R. Art Chre't. 1904, pp. 403-404.)
MANTUA. The Tapestries in the Cathedral. A. PATRICOLO, in
Rass. d' Arte, 1904, pp. 119-122, publishes six magnificent tapestries in the
cathedral at Mantua, hitherto practically unknown. They were donated to
the cathedral in 1599 by Fra Francesco Gonzaga, Bishop of Mantua, and
having always hung on the pilasters supporting the cupola, have suffered
from stretching and exposure. The scenes are enclosed by rich borders,
decorated with putti holding vases of flowers, the arms of the bishop Gon-
zaga, etc., with small pictures in the corners. The great compositions
represent : Christ appearing to the apostles, a group of saints, the Ascen-
sion (in which occurs a portrait of Fra Francesco Gonzaga), the Descent of
the Holy Spirit, another group of saints, and the Transfiguration. The
weaving may have been executed elsewhere, but the composition is cer-
tainly Mantuan, and the artist was probably Ippolito Andreasi, a pupil of
Lorenzo Costa.
NAPLES. Discovery of a Portrait by Titian. It is known that
Titian executed the portrait of Cardinal Bembo (1470-1547), secretary
" ab epistulis latinis " to Leo X, but the picture was believed to be lost. It
has recently been found in the Royal Museum at Naples and represents the
cardinal seated, the background being formed by a landscape of Ascoli,
where the cardinal had his favorite seat. (GERSPACH, R. Art ChrcL 1904,
p. 319.)
ROME. Sarcophagi. On the right bank of the Tiber, nineteen feet
below the Via della Lungara, two marble sarcophagi have been found un-
opened. One contained two skeletons, evidently successive burials, the other
the skeleton of a woman resting on a mattress covered with a pall woven
of gold thread. The first sarcophagus bore reliefs representing sacrifices
by Cupids. The other was evidently Christian. It has in the centre a
veiled female figure with the hands raised in prayer; on the right is the
Good Shepherd with the lamb and twelve sheep ; on the left is a fisherman
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
hooking a fish; another panel contains a scene of baptism. Both sarcoph-
agi were found at a higher level than the classical remains in that neigh-
borhood, which leads to the inference that they had been used again during
the Dark Ages. (R. LAXCIAXI, Athen. December 10, 1904.)
Mediaeval Frescoes in S. Maria Maggiore. The ceilings and upper
walls of the original transept and nave of S. Maria Maggiore have been
partially hidden by the later ceilings. Above the level of the later construc-
tions on the end wall of the tympanum of the left transept early frescoes
have been found. The centre of the tympanum is filled with fantastic foli-
age, vases of flowers, etc., beneath which runs an elaborate border. Around
this decoration is a series of large medallions containing male busts, three
of which are fairly well preserved. These heads are powerfully painted,
full of life and personality. Two of them resemble the traditional types
of SS. Peter and Paul. On the interior wall of the fa9ade, above the ceiling
of Alexander VI, a decoration similar to that of the transept, and by the
same hand, may be seen, together with another medallion displaying the
Mystic Lamb. The frescoes seem to belong to the end of the thirteenth
century, and the decoration was probably necessitated by the remodelling
of the apse under Nicholas IV. Cimabue, who was in Rome in 1272, and
Cavallini, the author of the mosaics in S. Maria in Trastevere and the fres-
coes recently found in S. Cecilia, have been suggested in connection with
the newly discovered frescoes, but these, in which the Byzantine types are
transfigured with life, show none of the deformation which those types
underwent in Cimabue's hands, and the known works of Cavallini do not
display such rude energy. There is great resemblance between these fres-
coes and the Benediction of Jacob in the upper basilica at Assisi, whose
author is unknown, but the problem of the identity of the S. Maria Mag-
giore painter is as yet unsolved. (PIETRO TOESCA, L'Arte, 1904, pp. 312-
317; cf. R. LAXCIANI, Athen. December 10, 1904.)
Two Acquisitions of Roman Galleries. The Borghese Gallery has
acquired from Naples a Madonna and Child painted by Simone Martini
between 1317 and 1320, while he was working for King Robert of Anjou
in Naples. The Corsini Gallery has acquired, also from Naples, a St.
Sebastian between the Kneeling Figures of Two Donors, by Melozzo da
Forli, who painted it for Cardinal Pietro Riario, nephew of Sixtus IV.
(R. LANCIAXI, Athen. December 10, 1904.)
An Exposition Announced. The Central Committee for the celebra-
tion of the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of the dogma of the
Immaculate Conception has decided to hold an " Esposizione Mariale " of
international character, during the sessions of the Marial Congress, which
is to meet on the occasion of the anniversary. Pius X has expressed his
desire that the exposition be lodged in the Vatican and the Lateran. It
will doubtless be given in three divisions : (1) the cult of Mary and its
manifestations ; (2) the Marial press ; (3) the religious institutions and
Marial associations. (R. Art Chre't. 1904, p. 348.)
TORTONA. A Picture by Macrino d' Alba. In the Episcopal
chapel in Tortona a picture has been found which proves to be that ordered
of Macrino d' Alba in 1499 by the Commendatario of the Abbey of Lucedio,
Annibale di Monferrato. It is a triptych, 1.5 m. in width by 1.45 m. in
height. The central part displays the Virgin with the Child, in attitude
CHRISTIAN ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 139
of benediction, seated on her knee, surrounded by angels playing on vari-
ous instruments. The wings, which are not by another hand than Ma-
crino's, as was supposed, represent John the Baptist at the right and at
the left St. Augustine, who presents to the Virgin Annibale di Monferrato,
dressed in the habit of an apostolic protonotary, which corresponds exactly
with the description of the picture given by Irico in his Storia di Trino (1735).
The identification is completed by the signature Macrinus d' Alba faciebat
1499, and on the base of the Virgin's throne appears the peculiar monogram
of the donor, reproduced in Jrico's work. (A rte e Storia, July 20, 1904, p. 96.)
VENICE. Reconstruction of the Campanile. On the 24th of
March the king sanctioned the law defining the contribution of the Italian
government to the restoration of the campanile of St. Mark's and other
Venetian monuments. The government will contribute 800,000 lire, 500,000
for the campanile, to be consigned to the city of Venice when the work is
complete and approved, and 300,000 for other restorations. (R. ARTIOLI,
Arte e Storia, June 20, 1904, p. 84.)
Acquisitions of the Royal Gallery. The Royal Gallery has recently
added to its collection the following Venetian works : A Virgin and Child
with SS. John and Jerome, by Vincenzo Catena; The Magdalen, by Pittoni
(1686-1767) ; the Healing of the Paralytic, by Sebastiano Ricci (1660-1734) ;
Islands of the Lagoon, by Francesco Guardi (1712-93) ; Island of the Lagoon,
by Canaletto (1697-1768). (GERSPACH, R. Art Chret. 1904, pp. 318-319.)
FRANCE
Representation of a Warrior's Dress in the Eighth Century. The
uncertainty regarding the types of costume in the Middle Ages, shown
recently by the controversy over the date of the Bayeux Tapestry (see Am.
J. Arch. 1904, p. 330) lends especial interest to a communication made by
F. DE MELY in B. M. Soc. Ant. Fr. 1904, pp. 125-127. In the Sacramenta-
rium of Gellone, a manuscript of the eighth century, he found a miniature,
illuminating the D of deus, which represents a mounted warrior. His
armor consists of a coat of mail reaching from the neck to the feet, which
are shod with iron boots armed with long spurs. The pointed casque, with-
out nose-piece, is equipped behind with a flowing veil of mail, protecting the
neck. The shield is round, with a pointed boss, and notched to permit the
horseman to see his enemy without exposing the lower part of his face or
his cheeks. The spear is an elliptical halberd traversed by a metal bar.
The horse has no armor save a large crupper.
CHAMPFLEUR. An Atelier for the Reproduction of Ancient
Tapestries. The lacunae in some of the most valuable of old tapestries,
due chiefly to the vandalism of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries,
and the miserable state to which others have been reduced greatly increase
the interest and importance of an atelier at Champfleur, conducted for the
reproduction and also the restoration of old tapestries. The atelier and its
results are described by Louis DE FARCY, R. Art Chret. 1904, pp. 309-314.
CHANTILLY. Recovery of a Fainting of the French Renais-
sance. The lost picture by Enguerrand Charonton, discussed by HENRI
BOUCHOT in Gaz. B.-A. XXXI, 1904, pp. 441-450 (cf. Am. J. Arch. 1904,
p. 397), has been found. In the Chron. d. Arts, June 4, 1904, p. 186, and the
Gaz. B.-A. XXXII, 1904, pp. 5-12, appeared articles by PAUL DURRIEU,
140 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
announcing the discovery of the pictm'e. It is in the Musee Conde at
Chantilly, in the collection of the Due d'Aumale, No. Ill of the Foreign
Schools. The Due d'Aumale bought it in 1879 from M. Reiset. The
picture is so thoroughly in the manner of Charonton as to exclude the
possibility of his collaborator Villate's having had much to do with it. It
was originally on wood and was afterward transferred to canvas. In the
collection of M. Reiset the work was catalogued as Flemish, but was recently
ascribed to the Avignon school by Camille Benoit. Durrieu closes his arti-
cle in the Gaz. B.-A. with an account of the personages figured at the sides
of the picture, Jean Cadard and Jeanne des Moulins. The former was
physician to Charles VII and prominent in the politics of his time, retiring
at length to an estate in Provence. Jeanne des Moulins, before marrying
Cadard, had been the wife of Jean de Clarcy, a famous embroiderer in the
reign of Charles VI.
DIJON. Portrait of Edgar, Comte de Frise. The half-length por-
trait of a man in the Museum of Dijon, recently noticed by A. Arnoult in
the Journal des Arts, has been successfully cleaned, and is now regarded as
one of the gems of the gallery. It seems clear that it represents Edgar,^
Comte de Frise, 1473-1528. An almost identical portrait at Oldenburg is
ascribed to Lucas van Leyden. (A then. August 6, 1904.)
PARIS. A Jean Pouquet among the Louvre Drawings. No.
20675 in the drawings of the Louvre is a canvas on card, on which is painted
a medallion representing the Virgin " en buste," the right breast uncovered,
holding the Child. The Virgin resembles much the Virgin by Jean Fouquet
lent by the Museum of Antwerp to the Exposition des Primiti^s, but is the
better figure of the two. Another indication of authorship is the frequency
of the luminous points which Fouquet uses to accentuate the modelling. A
third and peculiar proof of Fouquet's authorship is the fact that the flesh-
tints have turned black, a transformation to be noticed in many of Fouquet's
miniatures and due no doubt to the quality of the white lead which he used.
(E. DURAND-GKEVILLE, B. M. Soc. Ant. Fr. 1904, pp. 201-204.)
The Wasset Bequest. The bequest of M. Wasset is now being
installed at the Cluny Museum. The gera of the collection is the Virgin in
carved wood dating from the fourteenth century, and this has been placed
among the "primitives" of the Museum. There are about one thousand
objects in the collection. They include enamels, bronzes, and ivories of the
sixteenth century, early French miniatures, and an exceedingly curious
"collier en noyaux d'abricots et de prunes travailles comme des pierres
precieuses." Among the numerous pieces of ironwork is a bolt with the
arms of Fran9ois I. (Athen. July 16, 1904.)
The Retable de Boulbion. It is announced that the Louvre has
obtained possession of the remarkable example of French art of the fifteenth
century known as the ' Retable de Boulbion.' It is a picture having the
Resurrection for its subject, and is painted in panel, measuring roughly
7 feet 2 inches by 5 feet 3 inches. The subject is dealt with by the artist
said to be Pierre Vilate in anything but a traditional manner. It is a
composition of numerous figures, including a portrait of the donor. (Athert.
September 17, 1904.)
Acquisitions of the Louvre. The Louvre has recently become the
possessor of the following works of art : from the church of St. Denis, the
CHRISTIAN ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 141
statues of Charles V and Jeanne de Bourbon, which were lent to the Expo-
sition des Primitifs ; from the Bourgeois sale in Cologne (75,000 fr.), the
Enthronement of St. Isidore, by Luis Dalrnan ; by purchase, a stone statue
of the Virgin of the early sixteenth century ; and an Italian vase of the
fifteenth century.
GERMANY
BERLIN. The Opening of the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. This
museum was inaugurated on October 19 by the Emperor, and has been
accessible since the 21st. The ground floor is taken up partly by the much
talked of "basilica," built to give a setting to sculptures and altarpieces,
the rest being occupied by the Byzantine section, in which figures the f^ade
of the palace at Mschatta, and the magnificent mosaic of S. Michele in
Affricisco at Ravenna (described by OSKAR WULFF in Jb. Preuss. Kunsts.
XXV, iv, pp. 374-401), and by part of the Italian sculpture, the old German
pictures and sculpture, the medals, etc. On the next floor is found the rest
of the Italian sculpture and the paintings of all schools. (Du Bos in Chron.
d. Arts, November 5, 1904, pp. 281-283.)
An Acquisition of the Kaiser Friedrich Museum. The director,
Herr Bode, has recently purchased a Virgin adoring the Child by Van der
Goes, which makes the third work of that artist existing in Germany, the
other two being the Cardinal Charles de Bourbon at Nuremberg and the
Madonna and Child at Frankfort. The picture was formerly in the collec-
tion of Maria Christina of Bourbon, widow of the Infant Don Sebastian.
(R. Art Chre't. 1904, p. 403.)
FEUCHTWANGEN. A New Altarpiece by Wolgemut. Entries
in the accounts of the monastery and church at Feuchtwangen (Mittel-
franken) show that in the year 1484 an altarpiece, by Wolgemut, was
brought from Nuremburg to the church in Feuchtwangen, for which the
painter was paid one hundred and six florins, besides two florins " ultra con-
ventium precium," by way of an honorarium. This picture is the one which
still adorns the altar of the parish church, a triptych, displaying the Virgin
and Child enthroned in the centrepiece. The left wing is adorned above
with the Home-coming of Mary, beneath which is the Adoration of the
Wise Men ; on the right wing, above, is the Virgin adoring the Child, be-
low, the Death of Mary. On the outside of the wings is painted an Annun-
ciation. An artist, Ulrich, who is mentioned in the accounts as associated
with " Michel von Niirnberg " in painting for the church, is of uncertain
identity. An entry of the payment of fifteen florins to Wolgemut for a
Virgin and a "pild " of Charlemagne seems to refer to wooden statues, and
if such is the case, the entry is the first documentary evidence we have to
show that Wolgemut also worked in wood.
GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND
BATH. The British Archaeological Association. The annual
congress of the British Archaeological Association at Bath, and the visits to
interesting remains in that city and the neighborhood, are described with
considerable detail in Athen. August 13 and August 20, 1904.
BRISTOL. The Royal Archaeological Institute. The Royal
Archaeological Institute held its annual meeting for 1904 at Bristol. Much
time was given to visits to the ancient buildings in Bristol and the neighbor-
142 AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY [VOL. IX, 1905
hood, including Glastonbury, Lacock, Malmesbury, Chepstow, Bath, and
Caerwent. These excursions are described and the titles of papers noted in
Athen. July 23 and August 6, 1904.
CARDIGAN. The Cambrian Archaeological Association. The
meeting of the Cambrian Archaeological Association at Cardigan is de-
scribed in Athen. August 27, 1904. The article describes in some detail
the excursions to various points of interest in the neighborhood, and in-
cludes transcriptions of an early Christian Latin and a Norman-French
inscription.
LONDON. An Archaeological Congress. On July 7, 1904, the fif-
teenth Congress of the thirty-nine Archaeological Societies, in union with
the Society of Antiquaries, was held at Burlington House. The work of
the Earthworks Committee was discussed, and the importance of preparing
surveys of early fortifications and tumuli urged. Papers on " Place Names,"
and on the classification of English effigies, were also read. (Athen. July 9,
1904.)
Titian's " Ariosto " in the National Gallery. Athen. August 20, 1904,
records the addition to the National Gallery of Titian's " Ariosto," formerly
in the Darn ley collection at Cobham. It shows the master at a peculiarly
interesting moment in his career, when he was profoundly influenced by
Giorgione, to whom this picture has been sometimes attributed. In spite
of some unfortunate retouching of the face, the picture remains a master-
piece in color as well as in design.
The Sienese Exposition at the Burlington Olub. A very successful
exposition of Sienese art was organized last year at the Burlington Fine
Arts Club in Saville Row. The best British collections, from the Royal
Galleries at Buckingham Palace and Windsor down, lent works to the ex-
hibition, and some foreign collections aided. The fourteenth century was
best represented. The exposition, which was organized by Langton Doug-
las, who has compiled a catalogue of it, is the subject of articles by ROGER
FRY in Rass. d' Arte, August, 1904, pp. 116-118, and by GUSTAVO FRIZZONI
in V Arte, 1904, pp. 256-270.
IRISH ANTIQUITIES. In Athen. July 2 and July 9, 1904, an archaeo-
logical cruise around Ireland, made under the auspices of the Royal Society
of Antiquaries of Ireland, is described. It extended over one thousand
miles, and embraced the coast antiquities of every county on the seaboard,
except Wicklow. The report abounds in details^ but special attention is
given to the early " beehive " houses, rude churches, and forts. The latter
were the subjects of special discussion during the voyage.
REMAINS IN THE HEBRIDES. In Reliq. X, 1904, pp. 248-259
(13 figs.), W. G. COLLINWOOD describes a " Hebridean pilgrimage," more
especially the remains of the church at Hinba and Kilmory, the priory and
crosses at Oransay, and crosses at Eilean Mor and Kildalton.
UNITED STATES
BOSTON. A Portrait by Velasquez. By means of a bequest of
Mrs. Sarah W. Whitman, the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston has recently
purchased from Prince Francisco de Bourbon, Duke of Anjou, a portrait of
Philip IV of Spain, by Velasquez. The figure is of life size and exception-
ally well preserved. Philip is represented in his youth, dressed in a plain
CHRISTIAN ART] ARCHAEOLOGICAL NEWS, 1904 143
black costume, and wearing the chain of the Golden Fleece. The table by
which he stands is covered with a red cloth, and the background is of a
greenish gray tone. The technique is that of the earlier manner of Velas-
quez. This is perhaps the earliest known portrait of Philip by Velasquez,
earlier than the earliest of those (Madrazo, No. 1070) in the Prado.
(Museum of Fine Arts Bulletin, November, 1904, p. 24 ; fig.)
LOS ANGELES. Spanish Paintings. In Out West, September, 1904
(23 pp. ; 25 figs.), is an article by CHARLES F. LUMMIS on the activity of the
Southwest Society of the Archaeological Institute of America, with special
reference to the collecting and preservation by the Society of Spanish and
early Spanish-American paintings. The Society has collected a large num-
ber of these paintings, which are temporarily exhibited in the building of
the Chamber of Commerce at Los Angeles. The paintings are all religious
subjects. Some are works of the early part of the seventeenth century,
showing the strong influence of Murillo. Others are later, but all are
Spanish in style.
ABBREVIATIONS
Abh. : Abhandlungen. Acad. : Academy (of London). Allg. Zeit.: Miin-
cherier Allgemeine Zeitung. Am. Ant. : American Antiquarian. Am. Archil. :
American Architect. Am. J. A.rch. : American Journal of Archaeology. Ami
d. Mon. : Ami des Monuments. Ann. Brit. 8. Ath. : Annual of the British
School at Athens. Ann. Brit. S. Borne : Annual of the British School at Rome.
Ann. d. 1st. : Annali dell' Istituto. Ant. Denk. : Antike Denkmaler. Anz.
Schw. Alt. : Anzeiger fiir Schweizerische Altertumskunde. Arch. Ael. : Archaeo-
logia Aeliana. Arch.-Ep. Mitth. : Archaol.-epigraph. Mittheil. (Vienna). Arch.
Anz. : Archaologischer Anzeiger. Arch. Portug. : O Archeologo Portugue's.
Arch. Rec. : Architectural Record. Arch. Hess. Ges. : Archiv fiir Hessische
Geschichte und Altertumskunde. Arch. Rel. : Archiv fiir Religionswissenschaft.
Arch. d. Miss. : Archives de Missions Scieutifiques et Litte"raires. Arch. Stor.
d. Art. : Archivio Storico dell' Arte. Arch. Stor. Lomb. : Archivio Storico Lom-
bardo. Arch. Stor. Nap. : Archivio Storico Provincie Napolitane. Arch. Stor.
Patr. : Archivio della r. societa romana di storia patria. Athen. : Athenaeum
(of London).
Beitr. Ass. : Beitrage zur Assyriologie. Berl. Akad. : Preussische Akademie
der Wissenschaften zu Berlin. Berl. Phil. W. : Berliner Philologische Wochen-
schrift. Berl. Stud. : Berliner Studien. Bibl. Jc. Chartes : Bibliotheque de
1'Ecole des Chartes. B. Ac. Hist. : Boletin de la real Academia de la Historia.
B. Arch. d. M. : Bulletin Arche"ol. du Ministere. B. Arch. C. T.: Bulletin
Arche"ologique du Comite" des Travaux hist, et scient. B.C.H.: Bulletin de
Correspondance Helle"nique. B. Extr. Or. : Bulletin de 1'Ecole franchise de
1' Extreme Orient. B. Hist. Lyon : Bulletin historique du Diocese de Lyon.
B. Inst. g.: Bulletin de 1'Institut Egyptien (Cairo). B. M. Soc. Ant. Fr. :
Bulletin et Me"moires de la Socie'te' des Antiquaires de France. B. Soc. Anth. :
Bulletin de la Socie"te" d'Anthropologie de Paris. B. Soc. Yonne : Bulletin de la
Socie'te' des Sciences historiques et naturelles de 1'Yonne. B. Mon. : Bulletin
Monumental. B. Arch. Stor. Dal. : Bullettino di Archeologia e Storia Dalmata.
B. Com. Roma : Bullettino d. Commissione Archeologica Comunale di Roma.
Bull. d. 1st. : Bullettino dell' Istituto. B. Arch. Crist. : Bullettino di Archeo-
logia Cristiana. B. Paletn. It. : Bullettino di Paletnologia Italiana. Burl.
Gaz. : Burlington Gazette. Burl. Mag. : Burlington Magazine. Byz. Z. :
Byzantinische Zeitschrift.
Chron. d. Arts : Chronique des Arts. Gl. R. : Classical Review. C. R.
Acad. Insc. : Comptes Rendus de 1' Academic des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres.
C.I. A. : Corpus Inscriptionum Atticarum. C.I.G.: Corpus Inscriptionum
Graecarum. C.I.G.S. : Corpus Inscriptionum Graeciae Septentrionalis. C.I.L. :
Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum. C.I.S. : Corpus Inscriptionum Semiticarum.
AeXr. "Apx- : AeXriov ' Apxa.io\oyiK6v. D. & S. Diet. 'Ant. : Dictionnaire des
Antiquite"s grecques et romaines par Ch. Daremberg et Edm. Saglio, avec le
concours de E. Pettier.
Echos d'Or.: Les Echos d'Orient (Constantinople). 'E0. 'Apx- : 'E^/wrpls
'ApxaioXo-yiKTj. Eph. Epig. : Ephemeris Epigraphica.
Fundb. Schwab. : Fundberichte aus Schwaben, herausgegeben vom wiirttem-
bergischen anthropologischen Verein.
Gaz. B.-A. : Gazette des Beaux-Arts.
I.G.A.: Inscriptiones Graecae Antiquissimae, ed. Roehl. /. G. Ins.: In-
scriptiones Graecarum Insularum. /. G. Sic. It. : Inscriptiones Graecae Siciliae
et Italiae. Intermediate : Interme'diaire de chercheurs et des curieux.
Jb. Alt. Ges. L. P. : Neue Jahrbucher fiir das klassische Altertum, Geschichte
und deutsche Litteratur und fiir Padagogik. Jb. Arch. I. : Jahrbuch d. k. d.
Archaol. Instituts. Jb. Phil. Pad. : Neue Jahrbucher fiir Philologie und Pada
gogik (Fleckeisen's Jahrbucher). Jb. Preuss. Kunsts. : Jahrbuch d. k. Preuss,
Kunstsammlungen. Jb. V. Alt. Rh. : Jahrbucher des Vereins von Alterthums-
freunden im Rheinlande. Jb. Ver. Dill. : Jahrbuch des Vereins Dillingen.
Jh. Oesterr. Arch. I. : Jahreshefte des oesterreichischen archaologischen Insti-
tuts. J. Asiat. : Journal Asiatique. J. Am. Or. S. : Journal of American
Oriental Society. J. Anth. Inst. : Journal of the Anthropological Institute of
Great Britain and Ireland. J. Br. Arch. Ass. : Journal of the British Archae-
ological Association. J. Brit. Archit. : Journal of 'the Royal Institute of British
145
Architects. J.H.S. : Journal of Hellenic Studies. J. Int. Arch. Num. :
' EfitjiJiepis rrjs vofj.ifffj.a.TiKfjs d.pxaio\oyias, Journal international d'arche"ologie nuinis-
matique (Athens).
Kb. Gesammtver. : Korrespondenzblatt des Gesammtvereins der deutschen
Geschichts- und Altertumsvereine. Kb. Wd. Z. Ges. K. : Korrespondenzblatt
der Westdeutschen Zeitschrift fiir Geschichte und Kunst. Kunstchron. : Kunst-
chronik.
Lex. Myth. : Ausfiihrliches Lexikon der grieehischen und romischen Mytho-
logie, herausgegeben von W. H. Roscher (Leipsic, Teubner).
Mel. Arch. Hist. : Melanges d'Arche'ologie et d'Histoire (of French School in
Rome). M. Ace. Modena : Memorie della Regia Accademia di scienze, lettere ed
arti in Modena. Athen. Mitth. : Mittheilungen d. k. d. Archaol. Instituts, Athen.
Abth. Rom. Mitth. : Mittheilungen d. k. d. Archaol. Instituts, Rom. Abth.
Mitth. Anth. Ges. : Mittheilungen der anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien.
Mitth. C.-Comm. : Mittheilungen der koniglich-kaiserlichen Central-Commission
fiir Erforschung und Erhaltung der Kunst- und historischen Denkmale. Mitth.
d. Pal. V. : Mittheilungen und Nachrichten des Deutschen Paltestina Vereins.
Mitth. Nassau : Mittheilungen des Vereins fiir nassauische Altertumskunde und
Geschichtsforschung. Mitth. Vorderas. Ges. : Mittheilungen der vorderasiati-
schen Gesellschaft. Mon. Antichi: Monumenti Antichi (of Accad. d. Lincei).
Mon. Mem. Acad. Insc. : Monuments et Me"moires pub. par 1'Acad. des Inscrip-
tions, etc. Mun. Akad. : Koniglich Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften,
Miinchen. Mus. Ital. : Museo Italiano di Antichita Classische.
N. D. Alt. : Nachrichten liber deutsche Altertumsfunde. Not. Scavi : Notizie
degli Scavi di Antichita. Num. Chron. : Numismatic Chronicle. N. Arch.
Ven. : Nuovo Archivio Veneto. N. Bull. Arch. Crist. : Nuova Bullettino di
Archeologia cristiana.
Pal. Ex. Fund: Palestine Exploration Fund. npa/crt/cd : Ilpa/ci-iicct rrjs tv
'AO^vais apxai.o\oyiKijs ercupetes. Proc. Soc. Ant. : Proceedings of the Society of
Antiquaries.
Eass. (F Arte : Rassegna d' Arte. Eec. Past : Records of the Past. E. Tr.
fig. Ass. : Recueil de travaux relatifs a la philologie et a l'arche"ologie egyp-
tiermes et assyriennes. Eeliq. : Reliquary and Illustrated Archaeologist. Rend,
Ace. Lincei : Rendiconti d. r. Accademia dei Lincei. Hep. f. K. : Repertorium
fiir Kunstwissenschaft. H. Assoc. Bare. : Revista de la Associacion artistico-
arqueologico Barcelonesa. E. Arch. Bibl. Mus. : Revista di Archives, Biblio-
tecas, y Museos. K. Arch. : Revue Arche"ologique. It. Art Anc. Mod. : Revue
de 1'Art ancien et moderne. E. Beige Num. : Revue Beige de Numismatique.
H. Bibl. : Revue Biblique Internationale. E. Grit. : Revue Critique. E. Art
Chret. : Revue de 1'Art Chretien. R. Hist. d. Eel.: Revue de PHistoire des
Religions. E. Or. Lat. : Revue de 1'Orient Latin. E. Ep. M. Fr. : Revue
Epigraphique da Midi de la France. E. Et. Anc. : Revue des Etudes Anciennes.
E. Et. Gr. : Revue des Etudes Grecques. E. Et. J. : Revue des Etudes Juives.
E. Num. : Revue Numismatique. E. Sem. : Revue Se"mitique. Ehein. Mus. :
Rheinisches Museum fiir Philologie, Neue Folge. E. Abruzz. : Rivista Abruzzesa
di Scienze, Lettere ed Arte. E. Ital. Num. : Rivista Italiaua Numismatica.
E. Stor. Ant. : Rivista di Storia Antica. E. Stor. Calabr. : Rivista Storica
Calabrese. E. Stor. Ital. : Rivista Storica Italiana. Eom. Quart. : Rb'mische
Quartalschrift fiir christliche Altertumskunde und fiir Kirchengeschichte.
Sachs. Ges.: Sachsische Gesellschaft (Leipsic). S. G.D.I.: Sammlung der
Griechischen Dialekt-Inschriften. Sitzb. : Sitzungsberichte. S. Eom. d. Stor.
Pat. : Societa Romana di Storia Patria. Soc. Ant. Fr. : Socie'te' des Antiquaires
de France. Soc. Ant. : Society of Antiquaries. S. Bibl. Arch. : Society of
Biblical Archaeology, Proceedings.
Qpq.K. "ETT. : Qpg.KiK7) 'EsreTTjp/s, ir-ffffiov Srifwelev/jia TJ;J iv ' 'Aflijwis 0pq.KiKrjs
Voss. Zeit. : Vossische Zeitung.
Wiener Z. Morge.nl. : Wiener Zeitschrift fiir die Kunde des Morgenlandes.
W. Mass. Phil. : Wochenschrift fur klassische Philologie.
Z. D. Pal. V. : Zeitschrift des Deutschen Palestina Vereins. Z. Aeg. Sp-
Alt. : Zeitschrift fiir Aegyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde. Z. Assyr. :
Zeitschrift fiir Assyriologie. Z. Bild. K. : Zeitschrift fiir Bildende Kunst.
Z. Ethn. : Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic. Z. Mun. Alt. : Zeitschrift des Miin-
chener Alterthumsvereins. Z. Num. : Zeitschrift fiir Numismatik.
146
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ING WITH THE BUILDING OF THE PORCH OF
PHILON
[PLATE IV]
Six inscriptions found at Eleusis have been brought into
connection with the building of the Porch of Philon. They
are the following :
I. I.G. IT, pars V (C.I.A. IV, 2), 104 a [p. 31] (Philios, *E<. 'A PX - 1888,
pp. 25 ff.; Tsountas, ibid. pp. 113 ff . ; Foucart, B.C.H. XIII, 1889 r
pp. 433 ff. ; Dittenberger, Sylloge*, 789; Michel, Recueil).
A decree relating to land sacred to the Eleusinian goddesses. Beginning
at 1. 23, mention is made of two questions, written on tin tablets, to be
submitted to the oracle at Delphi for decision. They are, in substance :
(1) Shall certain lands be rented, and the income devoted to the building
of the Porch (ets ot [K] ooo/jiiav TOU IIpo[0T<j)ov) ? (2) Shall these lands be
left uncultivated in honor of the two goddesses? The structure referred
to can be ho other than the Porch of the Telesterion, the official name of
which was TO TLpotrTtaov TO 'EAevo-Zj/i (cf. Ill, IV, V, below).
II, III. I.G. II, pars V (C.I.A. IV, 2), 1054 ft and c (Philios, 'E<. 'A PX -
1886, pp. 185 ff. ; cf. pp. 272 ff.).
Inscriptions cut orot^Sov on the two faces of a marble stele 1.37 m. high
and 0.50 m. broad. Face A contains 105 lines ; face B, 90 lines. They deal
with the pi-eparation of certain blocks of stone for a building, which is seen,
by the mention of Ylpocrrwov in 1. 52 of face B, as well as by other facts to be
taken up later, to be the Porch of Philon.
IV. I.G. II, pars V $.LA. IV, 2), 1054 e (Philios, 'E<. 'A PX - 1890,
pp. 121 ff.).
This inscription gives specifications for the making of the fourteen Doric
capitals required for the columns of the Porch (eis TO Hpoo-rwov TO 'EAevcrivi).
V. I.G. II, pars V (C.I.A. IV, 2), 1054 /(Philios, Ath. MittJi. XIX, 1894,,
pp. 184 ff.; Dittenberger, Sylloge 2 , 539).
An inscription giving directions for the making of the TroXoi and
for the columns of the Porch (TOU
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 14
Archaeological Institute of America. Vol. IX (1905), No. 2.
148 LACET D. CASKET
VI. I.G. II (C.I.A. II), 834 c (Philios, 'E<. 'Ap X - 1883, no. 1).
Accounts chiefly connected with building operations. Lines 64-87 deal
with the transport from Pentelicon to Eleusis of a number of column drums.
These have, with great likelihood, been referred by Philios to the Porch of
Philon.
The date of I is fixed in the year 352/1 B.C. by the mention
of the archon, Aristodenms. If we accept the connection of VI
with the Porch, its date is determined approximately ; for we
learn from Vitruvius 1 that the Porch was built by Philon while
Demetrius Phalereus was in power, i.e. during the years 317
307 B.C. Koehler accepts this dating, and adds that the forms
of the letters are somewhat later than those of /. Gr. II (C.I.A.
II), 834 6, which is dated in 329/8 B.C. II and III appear, from
the letter forms and tliS frequent use of o for ov and e for et, to
belong in the period of I. The character of the letters of IV and
V brings them closer to the later date, and for V there is the
additional argument that here there is a record of work done
and paid for, while II and III are specifications only.
The following inferences may then be drawn as to the history
of the building : (1) The project to build the Porch goes back
to the middle of the fourth century. (2) Some work may actu-
ally have been done in that period. 2 (3) Work was dropped, for
some unknown reason, before much progress had been made.
(4) Toward the end of the century operations were resumed
and the building brought to completion by Philon.
The two longest inscriptions, II and III, have not been treated
with the fulness they deserve. It is the purpose of the present
paper to examine some points not touched upon by the pre-
vious editors, and to compare some of the measurements given
by the inscriptions with the existing remains at Eleusis.
The inscriptions contain specifications for the quarrying (re-
1 Vitruv. 161, 13 (ed. Kose).
2 The phrase T^V O.VTTJV fpyacrlav iroiovvra TCUS tv T$ lep$ elpya.<r/j.{vais (II, A,
1. 25, cf. 1. 40) seems to show that some blocks were at that time in the sanctuary,
ready for setting in place. These blocks may, however, have belonged to the
triglyphon of the Telesterion proper ; as the frieze of the Porch was to be of the
same dimensions, they could be used as models.
NOTES ON INSCRIPTIONS FROM ELEUSIS 149
, transporting (ayayeiv), working into their final form
(e'e/>7a<racr0ai), and setting in place (apai ical Qeivat, crvvTtOe-
vai) of certain blocks of stone. Fortunately, the fact that the
dimensions of these blocks are usually given three times makes
the restoration of the missing portions of the inscriptions, for
the most part, easy. Some restorations indicated by heavy-
faced type which supplement or differ from those of Philios
.and Koehler are here suggested. Restorations of Philios which
have been departed from in the text as given in the Corpus, but
which in the opinion of the present writer are correct, are also
noted.
FACE A
LINE
7. XiOovs re/xetv e AiytVr;[s TTJS (xaXaKfjs ircVpas ojxaXovs. For this phrase,
cf. B, 11. 36, 43.
8. Tra^os irtWe iraXao-Twv.
12. Tra^os rpiwv T]|xiiroS(a>v.
25. ir\a|To]s (?) rpiaiv TroSuiv, rrjv [OUTTJV sp-ydo-iav iroiovvra rais tV TWU I]|/OOH
eipyaoyAeVais. Cf . in 1. 40 the phrase T] rjv avrrjv epy [a<ria] v TTOIOVVT [a
TOIS v TWI Upwi p-ya<r^voi]s. Enough remains of each passage to
restore the missing part of the other.
30. At'dovs re/xev [tie] v [reX^tKous tls (WToirta iit|/os TTCVTC] | TroSaiv. It is clear,
from 1. 38, that these blocks are to serve as metopes. Their height,
5 feet, is given in 1. 39. For the phrase els JUTOH-IO, cf. B, 1. 14, [XtOovs
re/xetv He] vreA^iKovs 8vo cis ras TrapaiertSas ; and B, 1. 20, ets /cepa/xi'Sas.
So also I have supplied ls TO. ^to-a (A, 1. 44 ; B, 1. 1) and [ets ir\ivGS]as
(A, 1. 60).
35. fjjrjKos TreVre TroS] oiv. (Philios.) TTCVTC is obtained from 1. 39.
38. [|A6T]6iria epya[crao-]^ai [8Ka irlvrt IltvTsXniK] jd. Philios here read
...ONIAEIV; Koehler, ...O..AEPTA. Examination of the
stone and of squeezes shows that . .. OP I A should be read, clearly
the final letters of the word /AeroTria. The thin, slab-like shape
of the blocks (cf. Table I, below), the fact that triglyphs have just
been mentioned, and that vi^os is used instead of the more usual
fjirJKos in describing the largest dimension of the blocks (11. 30, 39),
help to confirm this restoration. The neuter termination of the
word is not an objection. In an inscription from Delphi, TO, //.cflo-
Trta occurs ; x Hesychius has ^.tOo-mov //.epos TI -n}s Ka\ovfj.cvrj<; inro
TU>V apxiTCKTovwv TpiyXv<f>ov, and Vitruvius calls the half-metopes,
which he puts at the angles of buildings, semimetopia. 2 The form
1 B.C.H. XXVI, p. 54, 1. 7.
2 Vitruv. 92, 15. The statement of Bourguet (B.C.H. XXVI, p. 59) that
Vitruvius almost always writes methope applies only to one manuscript, S.
150 LACET D. CASKEY
is known only from Vitruvius. Hence it seems probable that
(or /xetfoTriov 1 ) was the more usual form, though perhaps
Boetticher is right in distinguishing between /^eroTn;, = the space-
between two triglyphs, and /ACTOTTIOV, = the slab that fills the space.*
The number of metopes, fifteen, is restored from the sentence-
immediately preceding. Perhaps it is significant that fifteen is just.
half the number of metopes required for the Porch.
39. TrXaros TT[^VT ir]o[8]w[v iraXewrTiis Seovrwv. Cf. 11. 31, 36.
40. iroiowr[a rots v rait Upon ep-ya.erfj.6voi] |s. Cf. note on 1. 25.
41. Ka0ap/xdo-a[i c^jiOTTOVTa Kal evrevfj iravTaxf)]|i. Cf. A, 1. 92.
44. A.i'0os re/xeiv rUvfVeX^iKos te TO. -ytio-a. Cf. note on 1. 30.
53. yelo-a] | epyacrao-0ai ZlevTeX^tKa [A]w[piKa]. (Philios.) The restora-
tions are required by the context.
60. At(9os Te[ju,etv nevreX^iKovs els irXiv8|8]as. Cf. note on 1. 30.
76. X<$os Tf.p,iiv IIei/TeX77i[K]oi>[s rpCaKovra OKTW. The number is got from
1. 88, where the same blocks are referred to.
85. Xt$o[s] TtTTapa[s nevreXfjflev 'EXe] wivaSe. Philios : Tcrrapa [KOVTCI
rcTTapas (?) 'EXe] (two letters too many). Koehler: rf.TTa.pa. [/covra.
...... 'EXe] . The restoration suggested above gives the formula
usually employed (cf. A, 11. 65, 83, 97; B, 11. 5, 18). If it is cor-
rect, 1. 78 should be read Xi$os re/x[eiv ............ TTT]|apas, not
TeTTapaKovra reVrapas, as the same blocks are referred to in both.
passages.
90. Philios's restoration, rpioiv 7ro8w[v KCH 17^1770810] is to be preferred to-
Koehler's KOI TraXacmys. It is obtained from 1. 76, where the same-
blocks are referred to.
1. [X<$ovs Te/Aetv els TO, ytla-a, HevTeX^] IKOS. Cf . note on A, 1. 30.
15. eis ras 7rapaieT|[t8as XeovroKc^dXovs (JLTJKOS t|] TroSaiv. For the adjective,.
cf. 1. 18, XiOovs ____ XeovTOKe[<aXos, and I.G. II (C.I.A. II), 807, col.
b, 1. 101, Trapaiert'Ses
19. Xt'^ous .... XeovTOKe
21. [/xr/Kos Tpt]aiv TroSwv TraXao-T^s 8eovr<av 7rXaTo|[s rpiwv iroSwv. See note-
on 1. 33, below.
22. aTrepyov e^6[<ros]. There are traces of $A^ on the stone. The femi-
nine form may be explained as due to attraction to the gender of
25. Kepa.|U,i'8| [as a.Y<vyiv IlevTeXfjOtv 'E\v<rivd](8)e.
27. 7rapa[iTt8as ep-ya] cr [a<r0ai Ti-y^fAOvas XeovroKtcjxiiXos, Xt]^ous Svo- For this?
phrase, cf. on 1. 15.
1 For the aspiration, cf. G. Meyer, Griech. Gramm. 3 p. 326. The fornn
HOP A ION occurs in the Erechtheum accounts (LG. I [(7.7. A I], 324 o, coL
II, 1. 19).
2 Boetticher, Tektonik d. Hellenen, p. 213.
NOTES ON INSCRIPTIONS FROM ELEUSIS
151
29. ras X]e[ovTOK<f>aXds e^p-ycwrao-Oai Kal 0eiv]eu.
31. KO.L KaOapp.6 [crai a] 6pa.vcr\ [TOVS cv-ywviovs iravTa\fji.
33. TToBoiv I [Svoiv Tpiaiv iraXao'T.wv, irXaros rpiwv 7ro]8oiv. This gives one
more than the regular number of letters. If this restoration and
that of 1. 21 are correct, they give us the dimensions of the roof-
tiles, 3 x 2| feet.
The various blocks of stone mentioned in the inscriptions
and the uses to which they are to be put, so far as these are
determined, may be shown in a Table, thus :
TABLE I. DIMENSIONS OBTAINED FROM THE INSCRIPTIONS
NUMIiER
OF
LINE
NUMBER
OP
BLOCKS
PROVENIENCE
USB
DIMENSIONS
*..
7rA<XTO9
^
Face A
7
44
e% Alylvrjs
4
3
li
11
44?
fi- Alyivtjs
5
3
11
30
15
HevreXyKol
fj-erbiria.
5 (in/'os)
4f
3
44
47
HevTf\r)Koi
yeiffa Awpt/cd
6
3|
ll(uV'os)
52,57
2
HeVTe\r]KOt
(7e?iTa) yuviaia
9
6
li (fyos)
60
He VTf \-gKot
Tr\ii>ei5es
4J
2
ij
76
38
UevreXyKol
eirlKpava.
6J
O 1
5"
3 (i^os)
78,85
4?
HevreXyKol
4
2
2
93
8
Hevre\j]Kot
17
2
11
Face B
1
42?
Herre\riKol
yeicra "Iwvt/cd
6
4
1*
14
2
TlevreXyKol
7rapaier/5es
6
8
20
72
IlevreXriKol
K(pap.i5es
2|
3?
32
72?
Hevre\r]Kot
2 (+ ?)
36
6?
rrjs /aaXa/c^s Tr^rpas
rrpdfMTi
4
2
11
42
44
' AKT/rat, Trerpas rijs
12
3 2
li
yttaXaKT^s
45
2
'A/cT/Tat,ir<?TpasT?;s
15J
3J
li
fj.a\a.K7Js
68
42
TTJs'EXevfftviaKrjs
o-riAo/Sdrai
6
4'
H
TT^rpas
73
24
rrjs'E\ev ffiVMK rjs
trrvXapdrai
6
8J
H
83
2
+^r+
(TruXojSdrat ywviawt
6
6
H
152 LACET D. CASKET
Beginning with 1. 30 of face A, mention is made of fifteen-
blocks of Pentelic marble, which, as has been shown above, are to-
be used as metopes. In 1. 25, triglyphs seem to be referred to,,
to judge from the feminine form elp^aa-^eva^ and the mention
of triglyphs in 1. 27. The dimension rpiwv TroSwv may there-
fore give us the width of the triglyph. Lines 44 ff. deal with
forty-seven blocks measuring 6 x 3f x 1|. Philios is certainly
right in restoring yeto-a (1. 52) and [A] co [/ot/ca] (1. 53). It is-
natural that the cornice should be mentioned after the frieze r
and the inscription is here dealing with Doric architectural
members. Furthermore, the dimensions of the blocks fit those
of the triglyphon as established by the inscription. The width
of the mutule should equal that of the triglyph ; the width of
the ' via ' should equal half the difference between that of the
metope and that of the triglyph, i.e. ^(4| 3) = |. One block
of the cornice, therefore, comprising a mutule + a 'via' (the
usual mode of jointing for a building of this size), should be
3| feet in width. This is the width of the blocks in the
inscription. We are thus enabled to reconstruct the frieze
and cornice in their main dimensions, as shown in PLATE'
IV, 1. It should be noticed that the effective width of the
metope is assumed to be 4^ feet. The width given in the
inscription, 4| feet, is the total width of the slab, each end
of which fitted into slots cut* in the adjoining triglyphs (of-
PLATE IV, 2).
The blocks mentioned at 1. 51, measuring 9 x 6 x 1| feet,
are probably the two corner blocks of the geison. Such a block
is represented by PLATE IV, 3, which shows that, if the amount
of projection of the geison be reckoned at %\ feet, a block of th&
above dimensions comprises exactly 1 mutule + 1 ' via ' on one
side, 2 mutules + 1 ' via ' on the other.
The combined length of the forty-seven blocks and the two
corner blocks, 206^ feet, is too' great for the front of the
Porch, which requires only 1701 feet of geison, and too small
for all three sides. Perhaps, as in the case of the triglyphs-
and metopes, some blocks were already lying finished in the
NOTES ON INSCRIPTIONS FROM ELEUSIS 153
sanctuary (cf. rrjv avrrjv epyacriav TTOIOVVTO, TCU<? iv TOM iepau
et/07acr//.eWi9, 1. 25).
At lines 76 and 88, thirty-eight capital-blocks (eVi/e/oara) are
mentioned. It is clear, from their number and shape, that
these are not capitals of columns, but blocks which formed
the moulded top course of the wall. 1
The use of the last two sets of blocks mentioned on face A
cannot be determined with any degree of probability. In regard
to the eight blocks of the dimensions 17 x 2 x 1-|, with the
fact that blocks belonging to the rear .wall of the Porch (TT\L-
vOtSes, eTTitcpava} have just been mentioned, the shape and
number of the blocks suggest the possibility that they may have
belonged to the two doors which the Porch is known to have
had, i.e. that they formed the jambs of the inner and outer faces
of the doors. This would give a height to the doors of 5.576 m.,
as compared with a width of 2.20 m., 2 which is rather greater
than would be expected. The figures for the north door of
the Erechtheum are: height, 4.882 m.; width, 2.427 m.
Face B apparently continues from the point at which face A
left off, 11. 1-35 dealing with roof construction. Philios sug-
gests that the yela-a 'Icoviica (1. 9) may be the blocks of the
raking geison, which, being without mutules, might be spoken
of as Ionic. This seems probable, especially as the irapaieri^
(corner sima-blocks giving the beginning of the slant of the
pediment) are mentioned next.
After dealing with the blocks of the foundations including
1 Cf . the moulding below the ceiling beams of the projected northeast hall of
the Propylaea.
'EiriKpava. corresponds to the liriKpavlris of the Erechtheum inscriptions (/. G. I
[ C.I.A. I], 322, col. 1, 11. 16, 23), or in this case, rather, to the 707715X0$ Xt'0os avrl-
/iopos rots iiriKpaviriffLv (ibid. 1. 22). Other names for this course are known from
inscriptions. At Delphi (B.C.H. XXVI, p. 65) we meet the phrase roO &vu arL-^ov
rov iiirb r$ virodoifly, and at Delos (B.C.H. XIV, p. 393), T^V raivtav M rbv Opavov
TOV vew. Apparently liriKpavLns, 6 &v<a ffrlxos, Opavos correspond to the tirlKpava.
of our inscription ; vnoSbiaov and raivla. are names for the course next above,
which was on a level with the epistyle (avrt/japos rots tiriffrv\lois), and upon which
the ceiling beams rested (cf. Bourguet, B.C.H. XXVI, p. 74).
2 UpaKTiKa, 1883, vlv. E'.
154 LACEY D. CASKEY
the euthynteria (11. 3667), the inscription takes up the stylo-
blocks of Eleusinian stone. There are three sets of these :
forty-two 1 blocks 4 feet wide, (2) twenty-four blocks 3^
feet wide, (3) two corner blocks 6 feet square. The combined
length of these blocks, 276 feet, is too great for the stylobate
alone. Perhaps the term a-TvXofiaTrjs may include the blocks
of the steps as well. If these blocks be placed as indicated in
PLATE IV, 4, the resulting axial distance for the columns is
15 feet. This is also the axial distance obtained from the
triglyphon (1^ + 4| + 3 + 4 + 1| = 15).
It remains to compare these dimensions given in the inscrip-
tions with the remains at Eleusis. The ruins of the Telesterion
date, for the most part, from a reconstruction in the time of
the Antonines, after the conflagration described by Aristides. 2
The numerous remains of the upper parts of the building,
architrave, frieze and cornice, seem all to belong to this
period, as is proved by their inferior technique and the occur-
rence of late letter-forms as masons' marks. But the re-
storers, while careless in details, seem to have reproduced the
building substantially as it was before its destruction. Though
the workmanship is Roman, the forms are those of the fourth
century B.C. That it was a fashion of the age to copy the
work of the best period of Greek architecture is shown by
another building at Eleusis, the greater Propylaea, which
exactly reproduces the central portion of the Propylaea of the
Athenian Acropolis.
In the following Table the first column gives the measure-
ments in metres of some of the preserved members of the
Telesterion ; the second column gives these same dimensions
in Attic feet, as determined by the inscriptions; the third
column gives in metres the amount of variation of the figures
in column 1 from the divisions of Attic feet in column 2,
assuming the Attic foot to be 0.328 m.
1 The change from forty-two to forty-four, in 1. 80, and from twenty-four to
twenty-two, in 1. 83, is apparently due to a blunder of the stonecutter.
2 Aristides (ed. Dindorf), p. 421.
NOTES ON INSCHIPTIONS FROM ELEUSIS
155
TABLE II. DIMENSIONS OBTAINED FROM THE EXISTING
REMAINS
METRES
ATTIC FEET
VARIATION
Metope :
Height . . .
1.623
5
0017 m
Total width . .
1.507
4*
0051
Effective width
1.447
4i
0029
Triglyph :
Height
1.616
5
0024
Width
0995
3
+0011
Geison :
Height (i^os)
0.455
U
0.045
Depth (/i^Kos)
1.850
6
0118
Width of block (irXdros) ....
Width of niutule
1.180
0.972
3|
3
-0.050
0.012
Width of ' via '
0.208
3
0.038
0.780
2i
+0.048
Height .
0.390
IA
-0.061
Stylobate blocks :
Length
2.115
6
+0.147
Width
1.210
{' 31
+0.052
Height
0.432
I 4
U
-0.102
+ 0.022
Lower diameter of column ....
Echinus of capital, height ....
1.970
0.326
(6)
(1)
+ 0.002
-0.002
The correspondence of the metopes and triglyphs is seen to
be close enough (allowance being made for the fact that the
remains are those of a late reconstruction) to confirm the deduc-
tions drawn from the inscription. The measurements of the
geison correspond less closely, but the variation may still be
ascribed to the carelessness of the Roman builders. The case
of the stylobate blocks is different ; for here, instead of the two
sets of blocks of the inscription, we have blocks of a uniform
width. The change is not due to the Roman restorers, for the
use of H cramps in the steps shows that this part of the structure
156 NOTES ON INSCRIPTIONS FROM ELEUSIS
goes back to the fourth century. Perhaps the work on the
Porch, begun in the middle of the century, was arrested before
it had reached this stage, and the stylobate, as we have it, was
laid during the second building period, under Philou.
The last two dimensions in the Table do not concern the
inscriptions, but are given for their close approximation to
whole numbers of Attic feet. In the case of the lower diam-
eter of the columns, this may be due to the fact that these
column drums, like the stylobate, belong to the original con-
struction, as is indicated by their superior workmanship and
by the lack in their top surface of the two dowel-holes with
pour-channels which are regularly found in Roman work. 1
NOTE ON I. G. I, pars V (C.I.A. IV, 2), 1054 e
In 1. 6, Philios, followed by Koehler, restores //.rj/eo? KOI TrXaro?
avwOev tear [a, rqv Sid/j,eTpo'] v. This is obscure in meaning, and
gives two more than the average number of letters to the line.
The restoration Kar[a rrjv ir\iv6o]|y just fits the space, and sup-
plies the word needed to contrast with Kara rov av^eva below.
The passage then means : " The size of the twelve blocks (is to
be): length and breadth above, at the abacus, 6 feet, 2 palms,
3 dactyls ; below, at the necking, narrower, (viz.) 5 feet, 2 dactyls
in diameter." In 1. 8, Philios's (TT\_evorepa /car]|a is to be read,
not a-r\_vorepa ^ /car]] a, as given by Koehler.
For TrXw/009 in the sense of the abacus of a Doric capital, cf.
Vitruvius, 91, 23, and Hesychius, 7r\/#o<? pepo? ri rr)? /ce^aX?}?
TOV KIOVOS.
LACEY D. CASKEY.
1 The drums have two holes in their top surface, in addition to the central
ffj.ir6\iov hole ; but these were intended for the lewis, not for dowels.
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. IX (1905) PLATE V
TITYROS: A TERRA-COTTA FIGURE IN THE MUSEUM OF FINE
ARTS, BOSTON
Institute
of America
TITYROS
[PLATE V]
IN the Cincinnati Art Museum there is -an interesting terra-
cotta statuette (Fig. 1) 1 which was procured in 1898 from a
peasant in Thebes. It is of local Theban ware of the middle of
the fifth century B.C. The opening for burning is in the bot-
tom, but the hole is exceedingly small. Only the front of the
figure was pressed in a mould. Strictly speaking it is a relief,
but the background roughly follows its outline. The figure
stands on a narrow projecting ledge, which serves as a plinth.
All trace of color has vanished, though in places the white slip
which served as a medium is still visible.
We have here represented one of those mythical combinations
of animal and man so peculiar to Greek religious thought. It
is an ithyphallic goat-man, a demon closely related to the Pan
and Satyr type. On his head are plainly visible the ears and
spiral horns 2 of a goat, also the peculiar eyes, nose, and beard
of that animal. The rest of the body is human with the excep-
tion of the feet, which end in cloven hoofs. And still the
creature is not a Pan, for there are no known representations of
that deity with horns of such a shape ; indeed, these seem to be
more like those of a ram. Furthermore, the legs of Pan are
those of a goat from the trunk of the body down, wht reas here
the legs are human down to the hoofs. Nor is it a satyr, for
the satyr has human feet and a human head with only the
1 For the photograph and for permission to publish this statuette I am in-
debted to Mr. J. H. Gest, Director of the Cincinnati Art Museum.
2 In the illustration (Fig. 1), however, the spiral horns can scarcely be seen.
They must not be confused with the ears.
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 157
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 2.
158
PAUL BAUE
ears and horns of a goat. 1 It is clear that our statuette was
expected to be seen only from the front, and since the back
was not modelled, we do not know whether the demon was
thought to have a tail. In all probability the artist would
have added a goat's tail in
the small of the back had the
figure been worked entirely
in the round.
As attributes this odd
creature holds in his right
hand some object that can-
not be made out because it
is too worn. In his left
hand he holds a horn, which
may be either a cornucopia
or a rJiyton. If it were a
rhyton, or drinking-horn, we
should expect our demon to
grasp it in his right hand,
ready for active use, instead
of holding it clumsily in his
left. It was formerly be-
lieved that if the horn had
no fruit represented at its
broad end, it could not be a
cornucopia, but must neces-
sarily be a rhuton. Hartwisr, 2
FIGURE 1. TlTYROS: TERRA-COTTA
STATUETTE IN CINCINNATI. however, has proved conclu-
sively that the horn-of-plenty
very frequently appears in Greek art without fruit. There is,
therefore, no reason for objecting to the supposition that the
horn held in the left hand of our demon is a cornucopia.
But why should a goat-demon hold a horn-of-plenty ? In
1 1 cannot follow Miss Harrison, Prolegomena to Greek Religion, pp. 380 ff.,
in her explanation of the satyrs.
2 See Hartwig's dissertation, Herakles mil dem FiiUhorn, p. 45, Leipsic, 1883.
TITYROS 159
the hands of Ge, Demeter, Pluton, and Tyche, also of city and
river gods in general, the cornucopia as attribute clearly marks
the blessings, such as fruitfulness of soil, wealth, prosperity,
and good luck that accrue to mankind from these deities. In
the hands of the Idaean Herakles and of Kybele, moreover,
the horn-of-plenty has a different significance. It will, there-
fore, be necessary to look briefly into this matter so as to gain
a correct understanding of the attribute in the left hand of our
goat-demon. If we bear in mind the true and original charac-
ter of Kybele, the Phrygian Mother of the Gods, as she has
been so satisfactorily explained by Kaibel in his most scholarly
article, 'Daktyloi Idaioi ' (Grottinger Nachrichten, 1901), we are
forced to the conclusion that the horn-of-plenty which she
often carries, especially on votive offerings, 1 is attributed to her
not in her capacity of an agrarian goddess of the fields and
their fruitfulness, but in her capacity of a Mother-goddess or
Ma, who blesses women with offspring. In other words she
wards off barrenness and is a goddess of procreation. Now it
is for the very same reason that we find the cornucopia as the
attribute of the Idaean Herakles, who, with the other Daktyls, is
closely associated with Kybele and her cult. The Idaean Hera-
kles is primarily allied to the Asiatic group of demons be-
cause of his power to give fertility not to the soil, but to man.
He, therefore, holds the horn-of-plenty and is ithyphallic. 2
Conclusive evidence for this side of Herakles's nature is gained
by a bronze statuette, formerly in the Pourtales Collection, but
now in private possession of Dr. A. Colson in Noyon. 3 Here
the god holds in his left hand a horn-of-plenty filled not with
fruit, but with phalloi. Herakles, in this capacity, is closely
connected with the chthonian Dionysos, and it is, therefore, only
natural that we should find the former with his horn-of-plenty
in the society of the latter on a marble relief which is now in
1 Hartwig, I.e. p. 46, note.
2 Kaibel, Gottinger Nachrichten, 1901, pp. 506 ff.
3 Published in the Gaz. Arch. 1877, pi. 26 ; see also Hartwig, I.e. p. 59, no. 3,
and Furtwangler, in Reseller's Lex. I, p. 2176.
160 PAUL BAUE
the Vatican Museum. 1 Besides Herakles and Dionysos a satyr
is also present on the Vatican relief, which, though it is of the
Roman period, is doubtlessly copied from a Greek original.
Now, when we find an ithyphallic goat-demon with a cornu-
copia in his hand, the meaning of this attribute is clear. He,
too, belongs to that host of Thracian and Phrygian deities that
gather around Kybele and Dionysos, and whose significance
has finally been correctly explained with rare insight by Kai-
bel. The most prominent of the group are Dactyls, Satyrs,
Titans, Curetes, Corybantes, Dioscuri, and Kabiri. It is note-
worthy that the chthonian Dionysos was worshipped especially
at Thebes, 2 where he was identified with Kabiros. On a well-
known black-figured vase of the fourth century B.C., found in
the Theban Kabirion, there is depicted an inscribed figure of
Kabiros which one would call Diouysos were it not for the
inscription. 3 Now our statuette of the goat-demon was found
in the very same Kabirion, where he was doubtlessly wor-
shipped along with Kabiros. It seems as though Boeotia was
peculiarly blessed with demons of this class, although Crete
could boast of quite as large and mysterious a group. But
originally, i.e. in the prehistoric period, they all go back to
Phrygia and Thrace. Kretschmer 4 has proved this beyond
doubt.
But to return to our statuette. The type is exceedingly rare.
Up to the present only five specimens are known : two were
found in the Theban Kabirion, two in Halae in Lokris, and
one in the village of Siana, south of Kamiros, in Rhodes. As
we have already seen, the example here published for the first
time is now in the Cincinnati Art Museum (height, 0.10 m.) ;
the other one from the Kabirion is now in the National Museum
at Athens (height, 0.13 m.) ; one of the two found in Halae is
now in private possession in Atalante (height, 0.13 m.), the
1 Hartwig, I.e. p. 65, no. 2.
2 Kern, Hermes, XXV, pp. 3 ff. ; also Preller-Robert, Griech. Myth. p. 861.
3 Ath. Mitt. XIII, pi. 9 ; Miss Harrison, Prolegomena, p. 653, fig. 177.
4 Eirileitung in die Gesch. d. griech. Sprache, p. 242.
TITYEOS 161
other is in the National Museum, Athens (height, 0.13 m.) ;
whereas the fifth, found in Siana, is now in the Berlin Mu-
seum (height, 0.105 m.). 1 Though these five examples are
identical in type, they were not pressed from the same mould,
for they differ not only in size but also in minor details, as, for
example, in the way the horn is held.
In addition to this first type five other standing types of
goat-demon occur in fictile art. Some of them were found in
the Theban Kabirion, others in Tanagra, Athens, and Megara, if
the records concerning their provenance can be trusted. 2 These
five types, which are not as reposeful as the one first discussed,
resemble the representations of goat-demons on vase-paintings,
where they play an important part, especially in the scenes
of the Return of Kore. Hartwig 3 cites ten Attic vases of the
fifth century B.C. with representations of goat-demons, and it
is highly probable that a fragment of a black-figured Kabirion
vase 4 of the early fourth century B.C. represents the same
demon.
Finally, two reclining types of goat-demon are known, each in
only one example. One of these, here published for the first
time (PLATE V), is in the Boston Museum ; the other is in
the Berlin Antiquarium. 5 The former must not, however, be
confused with the similar type of a reclining horse-demon or
Silenus, illustrated in Winter's Typenkatalog, I, p. 193, fig. 8.
The terra-cotta goat-demon in the Boston Museum 6 is repre-
sented as half reclining on the slope of a mountain. He has
laid his attribute, the horn-of-plenty, aside, while he amuses
himself playing the double pipe, which, though the instruments
are now lost, can be identified by the holes clearly visible at
the corners of his mouth in which the mouthpieces had been
1 Furtwangler, Jahrb. I, p. 155 ; Winter, Die antiken Terrakotten, I. Teil
(1903), Typenkatalog, p. 220, fig. 9.
2 Winter, Typenkatalog, I, p. 220, figs. 1-4 and 7.
3 Horn. Mitt. XII, pp. 91 ff., where the literature can be found.
4 Ath. Mitt. XIII, pi. 10. 6 Winter, Typenkatalog, I, p. 220, fig. 10.
6 For the photograph and for the permission of publication I am indebted to
Mr. Edward Robinson, Director of the Boston Museum of Fine Arts.
162 PAUL BAUE
inserted. The statuette is in almost complete state of preserva-
tion, lacking only the tips of the horns, the tip of the cornu-
copia, the right lower leg from the hock down, and the tail.
The left leg, which is entirely preserved, ends in a cloven
hoof. The face is distinctly that of a goat, though the beard
is more like that of a human being. According to style and
technique we have in this figure a local Theban work of the
middle of the fifth century B.C. Although the records of the
Boston Museum do not state its provenance, it too was doubt-
lessly found in the Kabirion near Thebes. The other reclining
goat-demon, referred to above, is grouped together with a
reclining nymph. It was presumably found at Tanagra, but
it is just the kind of votive offering one would expect to find
in the Theban Kabirion. Furtwangler 1 is inclined to identify
this goat-demon with Ephialtes or Incubus, the personified
Nightmare, in the act of bringing his evil influence to bear
upon some mortal woman. I, however, prefer the simpler
explanation of goat-demon and nymph.
Up to the present we have been busied with the various
types of goat-demon and with the nature of the beast. Since
he is an ithyphallic deity who holds as attribute a cornucopia,
and since he was worshipped at the Kabirion, we are forced to
the conclusion that his nature is like that of other demons of
procreation that attend Dionysos Kabiros. We have seen that
he is closely related, so far as his nature is concerned, to the
Phrygian and Thracian attendants of Kybele and of Dionysos,
such. as Dactyls, Satyrs, Titans, Curetes, Corybantes, etc. Let
us now try to give him a name. We can say in advance that
the name must be based on the word goat^ and that he must be
a god of procreation. I can find no more appropriate appella-
tion than Tityros.
But who was Tityros ? The lexicographers and scholiasts
tell us among other things that he was a goat. 2 It was also
1 Arch. Am. 1892, p. 109.
2 Photios calls rtrvpos and nrvpls a kind of goat, s.v. nrvpldes ; so also Schol.on
Theoc. Id. Ill, 2.
TITYBOS 163
held that the Laconians used the word tityros to signify a bell-
wether ; and Eugenius, bishop of Toledo, thought that a tityros
was a hybrid sprung from a sheep and a he-goat. 1 Other
writers went so far as even to identify Tityros with Satyros,
and to say that Tityros was merely the Doric for Satyros, 2 but
that is clearly a mistake. Only in his nature is he like Satyros,
from whom he is distinctly separated by those who were best
informed. Apollodorus, quoted by Strabo (X, 3, pp. 466, 468,
470), gives us the most valuable information on the subject, to
the effect that the servants of Dionysos were Sileni, Satyrs,
Bacchantes, Nymphs, Tityrs, Kabiri, etc., thereby clearly
distinguishing the Satyrs and Tityrs. Theocritus certainly
knew the true nature of our goat-demon when he gave one of
his goatherds the name Tityros. 3 He also uses the proper
name Tityros for a poet, 4 and it soon became a conventional
name for any rustic bard. Indeed, we have reason to believe
that Virgil called himself by that name. 6 But the word tityros
also meant a /eaXa/zo? or reed, 6 wherefore a /caXa/tuz/o? au\o'<?, i.e.
a flute or pipe made of reeds, was called Tirvpivos among the
Dorians in Italy, as Artemidorus, quoted by Athenaeus, 7 tells
us. Furthermore, Amerias the Macedonian, in his Dialects, is
quoted by Athenaeus 8 as saying that the monaulos was called
tityrinos. It was, no doubt, so called because it was an instru-
ment of revelry, 9 and the performer was called a rtTvpia-rij^
(Hesych.). Appian {Pun. 66), in describing the triumph of Sci-
1 See Lion's ed. of Commentary of Seroius, II, p. 97, preface to Eclogues ;
Eugenius Toletanus in Burmann's Anthol. Lat. II, p. 453 (V, 164) ; also Lexi-
con Facciolatiet Forcellini under Tityrus; and Herwerden's Lex. Graecum
Suppletorium et Dialecticum, p. 819.
2 Aelian, III, 40, Eustath. 1157, 38 (on Iliad S 495), and Schol. on Theoc.
Id. Ill, 2 and VII, 72.
8 Theoc. Id. Ill, 2 ff. and the Scholiast. Cf. Virgil, Eel. IX, 23.
4 Theoc. Id. VII, 72.
5 Virg. Eel. I, 1 ; Prop. II, 33, 72 ; Ovid, Amor. I, 15, 25 ; Calpurnius, III,
19, IV, 64 ; Martial, VIII, 56, 8.
6 Hesych. s.v. ; Schol. on Theoc. Id. Ill, 2 ff.
7 IV, 182 d \ see also Eustath. 1157, 37 f.
8 IV, 176 c; see also Hesych. s.v. rn-rfptvos' fjiAva.v\os.
9 Posidonius in Athen. IV, 176 c.
164 PAUL BAUE
pio over the Carthaginians in 201 B.C., mentions a chorus of
cithara players and pipers, %opo<? . . . TiTvpia-rwv, in imitation of
an Etruscan procession ; and he adds that these musicians were
called Lydians, and that one of the pipers made various ludi-
crous gestures as though he were thereby insulting the enemy.
Later, when we have studied the original meaning of the word
tityros, we shall understand what these insulting gesticulations
actually were. The fact that these pipers were called Lydians
points to Asia Minor as their early abode ; and this bears out
what we surmised concerning the original home of the tityroi.
There was a close connection between the Lydians and the
Phrygians, and if we go back far enough, we see that Strabo 1
was right in calling the Phrygians Thracians. At a very early
period, however, the group of demons that gathered around Ky-
bele and the chthonian Dionysos, all of whom were TrpiaTratSeis
Oeoi, found their way to Crete, where the demon Tityros must
have received special honors, for there was a hill named Tityros
after him in the country of the Cydonians. 2 That he should
be worshipped on the mountain tops is natural enough when we
recall his close relationship to such rustic deities as the mythical
Midas, Pan, Priapus, and especially the mountain god Titias,
who was one of the most prominent Dactyls 3 and an attendant
of the M.^rrjp opeia. It is, therefore, quite proper that in the
Boston statuette (PLATE V) Tityros should be represented as
reclining on a mountain side.
In addition to the definition of the word tityros discussed
above, the lexicographers and scholiasts explain the word as
meaning a bird, opvts (Hesych.), or a monkey. 4 Biicheler, in
1 VII, 295, X, 471, XII, 564. The history of the Phrygians is best handled
by Kretschmer in his Einleitung, ch. VII, see esp. p. 388, and by Gustav and
Alfred Korte in the Erganzungsheft (V, 1904) of the Jahrbuch entitled ' Gordion.'
2 Strabo, X, 479 ; Schol. on Theoc. Id. Ill, 2, mentions a city in Crete called
Tityros. See also R. Meister, Dorer imd Achaeer, I, p. 84, note (=no. Ill of
vol. XXIV of Abh. phil. hist. Klasse d. Konigl. sacks. G. W., 1904).
8 Kaibel, Gottinger Nachrichten, 1901, pp. 497 f.
4 Schol. on Theoc. Id. Ill, 2 : 6 iriGrjicos 6 /J.IKPO.V fx uv ovpdv. "Wernicke, Hermes,
XXXII, 1897, p. 295, note 2, denies that the word tityros was used to signify a
monkey, on the ground that the scholiast misinterpreted Theophr. Char. 5. I
TITYROS 165
Wolffliris Archiv fur Lot. Lex., 1 discusses the stem from which
the word tityros is derived, and proves conclusively that the
Greek word TITO? and the Latin titus mean bird used as a syno-
nym both for the yvvattceiov and the avSpeiov alSolov. Kaibel 2
and v. Wilamowitz 3 agree with Biicheler that this is the origi-
nal meaning of the word, a view that is undoubtedly correct.
It has been necessary to trace our goat-demon Tityros to his
origin in order to comprehend his true nature, and as a result
we now understand much that was obscure. The use of the
word tityros to signify a reed and a monkey has the same meta-
phorical meaning as when it is used to' signify a bird. 4 The
flute called tityrinoB, which was made of reeds, was an instru-
ment of revelry. We now know the reason for this. The
tityristes who used this instrument in triumphal processions
doubtlessly insulted the enemy by improper gesticulations, a
custom which the Romans took over from the Etruscans, who,
in their turn, seem to have brought it from Asia Minor or from
Thrace. Furthermore, the reason for identifying Tityros with
a goat, and also with a goatherd, is now clear. But most inter-
esting of all is to see how the more modest Greeks of the fifth
oentury represented Tityros, only vaguely hinting at his true
and original nature. 5
PAUL BAUK.
see no reason why a monkey should not be called a tityros, for its very nature
makes the appellation most appropriate.
1 II, pp. 118 f. and p. 508.
2 Gottinger Nachrichten, 1901, p. 490. 3 Herakles, I 1 , p. 81, note 43.
* According to Pischel (Z.D.M.G. 35, 717 and Vedische Studien, I, p. 183),
nadd, " reed " > " penis." I owe this reference to Professor Oertel.
5 I have in this paper purposely omitted all reference to Dionysos-Kabiros
and Tityros in their connection with the Orphic mysteries, reserving this for
some future article.
American Sdjool
of Classical Studies
at
THE CITY GATES OF DEMETRIAS
THE city of Demetrias, founded by Demetrius Poliorcetes
about 290 B.C., and afterward a royal residence, an important
commercial port, and the chief military and naval station of the
region, lies about half an hour's walk to the southeast of Volo,
the chief city of modern Thessaly. H. F. Tozer J thus describes
the site :
" The hill of Goritza is a conspicuous mass of rocky ground,
which projects into the sea between two small plains that of
Volo on one side, and that of Lekhonia on the other and bars
the communication between them. No site could be more ap-
propriate for a large city, which should command the approach
to Thessaly in this direction; and consequently Demetrias . . .
was spoken of as one of the three 'fetters of Greece,' Chalcis
and Corinth being the other two. It occupied a level on the
sea-face of the hill formed by the spreading of the foot, that
here runs off from Pelion, beyond which the rocks descend three
or four hundred feet in a broad mass to the water's edge.
Formerly it was surrounded by walls, but its northern side is
additionally strengthened by the formation of the ground ; for
in that direction it is crowned by a steep ridge some five hun-
dred yards in length, extending from west-southwest to east-
northeast with an outer slope, steep and rapid, to the plain of
Volo. This ridge is the most interesting part of the site, being
generally a mere narrow arete of rock with a wall all along it ;
but at the northeast end it widens slightly, so as to admit of
buildings. There does not seem to have been any enclosed
Researches in the Highlands of Turkey, vol. II, pp. 129-130.
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 166
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 2.
THE CITY GATES OF DEMETRIAS
167
acropolis, but only forts ; one at the southwest end, and two at
a certain interval from one another at the northeast. In one
part of the arete there are two openings or breaks close to one
another, and possibly there may at one time have been a small
gate of entrance in this part, as the rocks have been cut away.
At the northeastern end of the ridge is an ancient enclosure of
B
A A. Arete.
BB. Shore line.
CC. Anaurus.
DD. Highway.
EE. Cart track into city.
FF. Plateau occupied by city.
G. Church of miracle.
H. Shoulder of hill.
FIGURE 1. PLAN OF DEMETRIAS.
I. Thessalian gate.
K. Magnesian gate.
L. Hill crossed by wall.
M. Outlying hill.
MO. Saddle connecting Demetrias with
Pel ion.
P, P. Forts mentioned by Tozer.
blocks even with the ground, containing a small roofless chapel,
on the north side of which is seen the mouth of a cistern, while
to the east an irregular hollow has been excavated in the rock,
twenty -two feet square and twelve feet deep, in which there is
a descent to the mouth of a well. This enclosure is the scene
of an annual miracle on Easter Sunday, when the well-mouth,
from being dry, becomes full of water, and continues so during
the day no doubt in consequence of some subterraneous com-
168
ROLAND G. KENT
munication with the cistern. From this place there is an ascent
of one hundred and sixty yards to the highest point of the ridge,
where the arete commences. A great part of the circuit of the
ancient walls below may be traced, the conspicuous tower which
rises above the sea at the southern extremity of the town being
the only modern addition. The walls in the neighborhood of
this tower are formed of large blocks laid in regular courses,
but generally the masonry is composed of small blocks roughly
put together. On the level there are traces of an underground
aqueduct, and of lines of streets measuring fifteen feet across."
(Cf. Fig. 1.)
Leake gives a similar account in his Travels in Northern Greece,
vol. IV, pp. 375 ff .
The church at which the " miracle " takes place lies close to
the city wall, and from it the wall descends in an almost pre-
cipitous slope to the southeast. Those who have heretofore de-
scribed the city appear not to have followed the walls around
from this point to their easternmost angle. The writer, when
visiting the place on November 4, 1901, descended the slope, and
reaching the bottom found the remains of an ancient gateway
forming an outlet toward Pherae and central Thessaly (Fig. 2).
The walls and the towers on
^^V / //' each side of the gate still sub-
sist in their lower courses,
and inside the entrance a
patch of paving is visible.
The road ascended the gully
which leads from the level
ground around the brook
Anaurus, between the ele-
vation to the right, upon
which lies the church, and
a smaller elevation to the left, which composes part of the
saddles that connect the hill Goritza with the main mass of
Pelion, into the small plateau occupied by the city.
From the gate the city wall runs to the southeast over the
x IT]
C
[71 S
FIGURE 2. THESSALIAN GATE OF
DEMETRIAS.
a, a. Towers.
b. Diverging wall.
e. Paving inside of gate.
THE CITY GATES OF DEMETRIAS
169
D C
FIGURE
3. MAGNESIAN
DEMETRIAS.
GATE OP
above-mentioned hill. Slight indications of a wall diverging
to the east close by the gate suggest that the small hill in that
direction was occupied by a fort, which would have commanded
the entrance to the city ; but no traces of such a fort are left.
The city wall, having passed over the hill, descends rapidly to
the easternmost corner of the city, where there was a gate open-
ing toward the Magnesian
peninsula (Fig. 3). Like
the first gate, it is contem-
poraneous with the walls of
the city, dating thus from
about 290 B.C. The towers
for its defence have disap-
peared, but the construction
of the walls indicates clearly
its position ; and outside two
paved stretches of zigzag
road are to be seen. A few
metres farther southeast, the wall reaches a huge projecting rock
and turns a right angle to the southwest. On this rock are cut-
tings for the placing of blocks forming the walls of a tower.
At two places in the wall that faces the Pagasitic gulf are
what may be, though they are probably not, narrow entrances
for persons ; but the ascent to the city is in most places so diffi-
cult that besides the two gates just described there can have
been but one other passable for animals and wagons. This is
reached by the cart track which turns from the sea between the
Anaurus and the hill, then ascends to the right at an easy grade
over the shoulder of the hill and then below the southwest end
of the steep ridge mentioned by Tozer into the plateau of the
city. Here, and only here, the city walls have entirely disap-
peared ; yet as this way is by far the easiest ascent, it is safe to
conclude that the main gate of Demetrias stood at this point'.
a, a. Paving outside of gate.
6. Position of tower.
ROLAND G. KENT.
UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
Archaeological
Institute
of America
[PLATES VI, VII]
AMONG the vases in the Free Museum of Science and Art
of the University of Pennsylvania is a red-figured amphora
bearing the signature of the new painter Meno. This vase
was acquired by the Museum
in 1896 from the Coleman col-
lection of vases which was sold
at public auction in Philadel-
phia in that year. Before
becoming the property of Mr.
Coleman this collection had be-
longed to Mr. James Jackson
Jarves, by whom it was origi-
nally made. Unfortunately, no
record has been kept of the
place of finding of this vase,
but it is presumed that it came
from some town in Etruria.
The vase is in an excellent
state of preservation. No part
of it is missing, and the breaks,
as a rule, come where they do
least harm to the painted deco-
ration (Fig. 1). Its height is
61.6 cm. or 24^ inches; the diameter of the top is 28.3 cm. or
11^ inches, and that of the base 22.8 cm. or 9 inches. On each
side is a painted panel surrounded by an ornamental border ;
FIGURE 1. AMPHORA BEARING SIG-
NATURE OF MENO.
American Journal of Archaeology, Second Series. Journal of the
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 2.
170
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. IX (1905) PLATE VI
2: ~
Q 5
2 2
o
O v
t-l "
G 2
AMERICAN JOURNAL OF ARCHAEOLOGY, SECOND SERIES VOL. IX (1905) PLATE VII
x -
A SIGNED AMPHORA OF MENO
171
FIGURE 2. PALMETTE BENEATH
HANDLES.
while below, immediately above the base, is a band of ray
ornament with the black rays pointing upward. The edges of
the handles are red adorned with an ivy-leaf pattern in black.
This consists of two rows of
leaves separated by a wavy
line. Below each handle is a
palmette surmounted by a
double scroll (Fig. 2), and be-
tween the separate petals of
these palmettes are dots put
on in red paint over the black
background. The inside of the
handles is unpainted. One of
the panels, which is 21.7 cm.
high and 42.6 cm. wide at the
middle, is decorated with a
group consisting of Leto,
Apollo, and Artemis ; the second panel, which is a little larger,
i.e. 22.6 cm. high and 43 cm. wide at the middle, is adorned
with a youthful warrior leading a pair of horses. The natural
color of the vase is a deep rich orange.
The first panel (PLATE VI) must be regarded as the
decoration of the front of the vase, for the artist's signa-
ture appears below it on the base. To the left stands Leto
advancing to the right. She wears a sleeved chiton reach-
ing to her ankles and fitting tightly about the upper part
of her body so as to show the figure plainly. The upper
border of this garment is seen at the neck. It is apparently
girded at the waist, where several folds show, and then falls
in seven symmetrical folds in front. Some distance above
the lower edge is a plain border. Over the chiton Leto wears
a himation which covers the back of her head and falls down
over her shoulders, leaving the arms free. An ornamental
border runs along the lower edge of this garment. The right
hand is resting with the thumb in the girdle, while the left
hand is extended in front and holds a spray of what looks
172
WILLIAM NICKEESON BATES
like a trailing plant ; this was not painted, but was carefully
scratched in after the black background had been put on. She
wears about her head a garland painted in red, and also has ear-
rings (Fig. 3). Several small ringlets of hair hang down over
her forehead and temple, while behind the ear is a long black
curl. The mouth has a faint smile.
The eye is seen as if in full front,
although the figure is in profile.
Then, too, the fingers on the left
hand and the long toes are not true
to nature. 1 But in spite of these
defects the Leto is a very pleasing
figure. Her name UETO is beside
her.
In front of Leto is Apollo, also
advancing to the right. He wears
a tightly fitting sleeved chiton
reaching nearly to his feet and
girded at the waist. Over his
shoulders and his left arm he has a
himation. This has a dark red
border which may be seen in the lower part of the garment
at the right, while the part over his left arm has dots upon
it. He wears high boots with a seam behind and laced up
in front; and about his head he has a garland painted red.
His hair is so arranged that in front of the forehead he has
three little ringlets and a row of eleven more running round
to the side of his face (Fig. 4). Six long curls hang down
his back. The outline of the top of the head, which is a
wavy line, and the outer edge of the long curl at the back are
scratched in as in black-figured vases. He carries a cithara
with eight strings, which he holds between his left arm and
his body, while he plays upon it with both hands. The
instrument projects with both its arms into the ornamental
1 In the drawing the fingers on Leto's left hand and those of the right hand
of Artemis are made too thick.
FIGURE 3. HEAD OF LETO.
Actual size.
A SIGNED AMPHORA OF MENO
173
border above. The screw for tightening the strings also comes
in the border. The strings themselves are raised from the
surface of the vase so that they are easily seen even where the
background is black. The arms of the cithara are richly orna-
mented, and the three pegs which
show on the cross-bar above are
painted red like the garland on
Apollo's head. From a point on
the lower right-hand side of the in-
strument are seven diverging lines.
These seem to be intended for extra
strings attached to the cithara.
Below are hanging what are, per-
haps, two fillets painted red. On
his right hand Apollo apparently
has finger-tips to protect his fingers
while playing. The face of the
god is full of life and animation,
and, in fact, the whole figure is,
perhaps, the most pleasing on the
vase. Of the inscription only the
first three letters, A TO, are legible, as the surface of the
vase has been slightly damaged to the right of Apollo.
In front of the god is his sister Artemis. She wears a long
chiton reaching to her feet and. apparently turned up at the
bottom. This fits her so closely that the bosom is shown, and
the lower part of the garment is drawn about her body so that
the whole outline of the left leg is visible. Perhaps the artist
meant to suggest that the garment was transparent. This chiton
has short sleeves, looped up, and reaching to the elbow. The
gathers where the two edges are fastened have been scratched
in with a blunt instrument on the natural surface of the vase,
and so, too, have thirteen wavy lines between the sleeve and
the neck of the garment. These lines, which evidently indi-
cate that the garment is woollen, are very similar to those
carved on the breasts of some of the female figures in the
FIGURE 4. HEAD OF APOLLO.
Actual size.
174 WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES
Acropolis museum. 1 They are indicated by dotted lines in
PLATE VI.
Artemis also wears a short himation with a border consisting
of a band in red paint and on each side of it a line of black,
then the red of the vase, then another line of black. About
her head she wears a broad double fillet tied in a loop behind
(Fig. 5). Upon her forehead and temple are numerous small
curls. As in the case of Apollo, a wavy line has been scratched
along the top of her head, thus separating it from the back-
ground, and the same thing has been done below. At the back
of the head a small amount of red has been left in the shape
of an ellipse and the separate
locks painted upon it. The
goddess wears a round ear-ring
with an ornament in the centre,
and in her right hand, which
she raises before her, holds a
flower painted red. The fin-
gers, which are not true to
nature, bend back in an impos-
sible way. In her left hand,
FIGURE 5. HEAD OF ARTEMIS. ,.,.'
which is at her side, she holds
Actual size.
a long twig with leaves which
are painted red and black alternately except at the end, where
there are five red leaves. The fingers of this hand are similar
to those of the right hand. As in the other figures, the eye is
in full front, though the face is seen in profile. To the right is
the name, written vertically, AP'TEMIAO^. The last letter is
illegible. The group then represents Apollo, Artemis, and Leto,
a favorite subject with Greek sculptors as well as vase painters. 2
1 Professor Richard Norton in his paper on Andocides in the Am. J. Arch.
[First Series] XI (1896), p. 12, calls attention to similar lines in the figure of a
maenad on an unsigned amphora in Munich. I have not seen the vase and so can-
not say whether or not it has enough other features in common with the work of
Meno to justify us in attributing the vase to him. Cf. Jahn, Besch. Vas. Mun. 375.
2 It appears, for example, on the signed amphora of Andocides in Madrid ; cf.
Klein, Griech. Vasen mit Meistersig. p. 170, also Norton, I.e.
A SIGNED AMPHORA OF MENO 175
On each side of the panel is a border in a net pattern.
Above are twenty-two and one-half double palmettes ; while
below the border consists of fourteen palmettes lying on their
sides with what might be called the stem carried completely
around each one. Thirteen of them are turned to the left, but
the one at the extreme right is turned to the right. Each
palmette has a spiral projecting from it, one above and the
next below alternately, and this serves to separate the parts of
the design. Below this border and running completely round
the vase are two faint red lines 3 mm. apart and 3 mm. in
thickness. These were put on with the wheel and perhaps
guided the painter in placing his panels.
On the other side of the vase is a youthful warrior leading
two horses (PLATE VII). He is advancing to the right, but has
turned, his head to look at his horses, one of which seems to be
shying. He wears a close-fitting, pointed helmet with cheek
pieces, which protect the side of the face, but leave the ear ex-
posed. Another piece extends behind and protects the neck.
This is covered with fine dots in brown, evidently added to show
that it is of skin. It is likely that the artist intended to repre-
sent a helmet of leather. Locks of hair show over the fore-
head, below the ear, and at the back of the neck. The youth
has on a chiton so arranged as to leave the right arm bare, that
is, he wears the ere/aoyuacr^aXo?. This is gathered in folds
around his waist, and the lower part of it too falls in folds
about his hips. Over this he wears a chlamys fastened by a
button at the neck; this garment has a border consisting of
two parallel lines, then a row of dots, then another line. He
wears high boots similar to those of Apollo, with a seam at the
back and open work in front where they are laced. The
tongue with a beaded edge projects above the top of the boot
proper which ends with an ornamented edge. At the upper
part of the boots there are flaps consisting of three points
covered with dots. These must be fur tops attached to the
boots. The left arm of the warrior projects from his chlamys,
and in his left hand he holds two spears with the points down.
176 WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES
The handles of the spears are painted in an olive-brown color.
His whole right arm is bare, and in his right hand he holds the
reins and halter of the horses which he is leading.
The foremost horse, which advances with ears pricked up, has
a bridle with a bit guard. From the bit the left rein passes over
the horse's neck, while the other falls in front. A strap passes
over the top of the nose and is connected with straps leading
from the bit. At the point of juncture another strap runs up
over the top of the head. Just below the ears and above the
eyes a strap passes over the forehead, and another strap passes
under the jaws. The horse has a thick white mane with an
edge like a saw. Part of the tail is visible painted in a dull
reddish brown. The legs are delicate, the hoofs small, and the
head also rather small for the animal. In front of his face is
his name, of which \F > E^ still remains. The name can hardly
be anything else than K/??7<?, but a break in the vase has all but
destroyed the initial letter.
The second horse is much like the first, but wears a halter in-
stead of a bridle. The thong by which he is held, like the reins
of the other horse, is painted red. He has suddenly pulled
back as if frightened, and has caused the man to turn round.
A strap passes round the horse's nose, and from this there ex-
tend below two straps which are crossed by two others at right
angles, making a sort of muzzle. From this nose strap a small
strap extends to a ring from which four ornamental straps ex-
tend, one over the nose, one under the lower jaw, one over the
top of the head, and the fourth joining another strap under
the upper part of the lower jaw. This other strap joins the
main strap and then passes around the forehead as in the case
of the other horse. One rein or thong is tied to the strap
under the chin connected with the ring. It is clear, therefore,
that this horse is not bridled, but simply has his halter on. Like
the other horse, he has a white mane represented similarly, and
along tail in reddish brown. His name appears above his back,
KONOON, ^Kovdfov. The artist then has intended to represent
a youthful warrior on foot, with his own horse and a led horse.
A SIGNED AMPHORA OF MENO 177
The drawing throughout is very careful. The man is espe-
cially well done. His position is perfectly natural as he turns
to see what has frightened the second horse. His eye, though
the face is in profile, is drawn as if seen in full front, and the
same is true of the eyes of the horses. The man's forehead
and nose form an unbroken line (Fig. 6), but the nose has a
slight tilt which is to be seen also
in all the faces on the other panel.
The chin is small and rather weak,
and the mouth has a faint smile.
But the head is, nevertheless, a fine
one and worthy of admiration.
In this panel, as in the other, the
artist has made extensive use of
lines scratched in with a dull in-
strument to accentuate detail. For
example, on the first horse such
lines are found in front of the ear, FlGURE 6 HEAD OF WARRIOK -
, , , , , Actual size.
over and under the eye, and along
the nose. The shading along the neck and the detail above
the nostril and about the mouth are put in in this manner,
as are the lines along the chest and about the shoulders,
and the wrinkles in the skin under the fore legs where they
join the body. Other lines of the same kind run down both
fore legs and along part of the stomach of the horse. On
the second horse the wrinkles under the jaw, the lines along
the neck and on the right thigh, and running down the
right hind leg are put in thus ; also lines running down the
right fore leg and on the right shoulder. The only lines
of this character on the warrior are on the chlamys below
the right arm.
It is of course a common practice among Attic vase-paint-
ers to give names to the horses they represent on their vases.
Hence the fact that names are attached to the horses on this
vase has no especial significance. The name *2,ic6vda>v, how-
ever, does not occur elsewhere ; neither does Kp?;? as a horse's
178 WILLIAM NIC KERSON BATES
name. 1 One might be tempted to identify the warrior with
some hero in Greek legend ; but as the artist has attached
a name to every other figure on the vase and omitted to do
so in this case, it seems likely that he had no especial hero
in mind when he drew this figure.
The border which encloses this panel consists of a net pat-
tern on the sides, as in the first panel. Above is a row of
twenty-three double palmettes, and below sixteen whole and
two half palmettes.
But perhaps the most interesting feature of the vase is the
signature. On the lowest part of the base there are scratched
in the words MENONETOIE^EN, or Mevow eiroiTjaev. The let-
ters seem to have been added by means of a sharp instrument
after the glaze was put on, and the same is true of the other
inscriptions on the vase. 2
The vase-painter, Meno, is not otherwise known ; but it is
clear, both from his name and from the alphabet which he uses,
that he was an Athenian. His date can be determined approxi-
mately, first, from the form of the theta which he employed, and,
second, from the fact that he was trained in the black-figured
school. Theta, with a dot in the middle, 0, is almost never
found in Attic inscriptions before 508 B.C., and it is not likely to
have been introduced much earlier into other kinds of writing.
The vase, therefore, cannot have been painted before 510 B.C.
or thereabouts. It is equally probable that it was not painted
much after that date, for it has many traces of the black-fig-
ured technique, and this could hardly be possible after the red-
figured style had become firmly established. The vase must,
therefore, be dated at about 510-500 B.C.
There are many pieces of evidence to prove that Meno was
trained in the black-figured school. (1) He makes abundant
1 The names of horses have been collected by Jeschonnek, De nominibus quae
Graeci pecudibus domesticis indiderunt, Konigsberg, Diss. 1885, but neither of
these names appears in his lists.
2 The mark at the beginning of the M must be due to the artist's breaking the
glaze preparatory to making the first stroke. Much the same thing occurs at
the top of the ^ in ~2,K6v6uv.
A SIGNED AMPHOEA OF MENO 179
use of incised lines as in the black-figured technique. For
example, the outline of the hair of Apollo and Artemis is
scratched in with a sharp instrument. So, too, the flowers held
by Leto are produced in the same way. Again, the palmettes
in the borders above both panels have all their details scratched
in. (2) He uses much red paint, for example in the garlands
on the heads of Leto and Apollo ; on the borders of the hima-
tia of Apollo and Artemis; on the flower held by Artemis
and on the alternate leaves of the twig which she also holds ;
on the pegs of the cithara ; on the reins of the horses ; on the
centres of the double palmettes in the borders above the
panels ; in the dots between the petals of the palmettes under
the handles. (3) He uses a dull reddish brown paint for the
tails of the horses. (4) The spears of the warrior are of an
olive color. (5) White paint is used for the manes of the
horses. All this is characteristic of the black-figured, rather
than of the red-figured, style of painting.
It is possible that Meno was an old man at the time when he
painted this vase, for some of the lines show a wavering which
may have been due to age. This may also be the reason why
the artist ruled some of his lines. The strings of Apollo's
cithara, for example, and many of the lines in the dress of
Artemis, were ruled and not drawn with a free hand.
In this connection it is interesting to recall a passage in
Plutarch's Pericles^ where he informs us that the man who was
brought forward by the enemies of Pericles to accuse Phidias
was named Meno. This man is described by Plutarch as a fel-
low-artist (0-^6/3709) with Phidias, and he was, no doubt, one
of the sculptors engaged in decorating the Parthenon. He
must have been one of the more prominent artists at work
upon the building, otherwise he would not have been selected
as the accuser. After Phidias was condemned, on the charge
of representing his own face and that of Pericles on the shield
of Athena, the accuser was granted are'Xeta for his part in the
prosecution. It is not at all unlikely that this Meno was the
i Ch. 31, 2-5.
180 WILLIAM NICKEBSON BATES
grandson of Meno, the vase-painter. First, because the pro-
fession of artist, whether sculptor or painter, was hereditary;
and, second, because a boy at Athens was regularly named for
his grandfather. The trial must have taken place in the third
generation after 510 B.C.
In his style Meno bears considerable resemblance to the well-
known master, Andocides, with whom he was contemporary.
He also resembles him in minor matters, such as the place of
signing his name, and the scratching in of the inscriptions after
the glaze was put on. But there are differences. For example,
the single lines are raised above the surface of the vase in
Meno's work, but not in that of Andocides. 1 How these lines
were put on is a question. They -may be seen clearly even
where the background is black, as, for example, the strings of
the cithara. It is possible that they were produced by putting
on a layer of paint and then removing the background ; and
afterward, if this was to be black, adding another coat of
paint after the lines had dried.
Again, Meno makes extensive use of unpainted lines, put in
with a blunt instrument, to bring out detail. These have
already been noted in the description of the panels. Ando-
cides apparently does not use such lines. They add much to
the beauty of the drawing, and form a very effective way of
introducing delicate shading.
Another peculiarity of Meno is the type of profile which he
uses, and especially the nose. The forehead and nose form one
line, as in other vases, but the nose is slightly retrousse. This
is the case in all four faces, although each face has an individu-
ality of its own. 2
Meno is not lacking in originality, as is shown by the position
he gives to the warrior who turns to look at his horses ; and by
the Leto standing with her thumb in her belt, although in
1 1 am indebted to Professor Furtwangler for this point.
2 The artist who made the drawings for the plates has not succeeded in repro-
ducing accurately the profiles of Leto and Artemis. On the vase the faces are
much more beautiful.
A SIGNED AMPHORA OF ME NO 181
painting Apollo, Artemis, and Leto he chose a well-known
group for his subject. Furthermore, his work is very careful,
even in minute details, and his drawing is good. As an artist
he must be ranked high. He cannot have been a pupil of An-
docides, but must rather be classed as a contemporary. The
work of the two men, however, is so similar in many respects
that we should be more careful than ever in assigning un-
signed vases to Andocides.
WILLIAM NICKERSON BATES.
A CORRECTION
JOURNAL, Vol. VIII, 1904, p. 437, first paragraph
From certain dimensions noted in the plan of the Stoa and
in its stones it seems probable that a foot of 0.292 in., already
suspected in one other building at Corinth, was used in the
construction of the Stoa. A foot of 0.328 m. was, however,
also not unknown at Corinth, as is shown conclusively by
dimensions displayed by the "East Building."
T. W. H.
&rdjaco logical
Institute
of America
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY DURING THE YEARS
1900-1905: A SUMMARY 1
A STRIKING difference in the importance of archaeology in
relation to other sciences is to be seen on comparing work un-
dertaken in its name in the so-called classical lands with that
in America. In the former case archaeology is a more or
less independent study : of the other sciences history only
plays a preeminent role as assisting archaeology by the data
preserved, and, in turn, as receiving confirmation through the
material, such as inscriptions, etc., provided by excavations.
In the western hemisphere, however, archaeology is but one
of the sciences grouped under anthropology : ethnology, eth-
nography, folk-lore, and somatology are all nearly equally with
archaeology considered in research and report, while geology,
paleontology, and even meteorology are drawn upon in cor-
roborating or limiting suggestions.
In the present summary, therefore, while stress is laid upon
that which is purely archaeological, it has been found impos-
sible to separate this from collateral material gathered and set
forth at the same time. The work, as now systematized, may
be classified under three headings : laboratory and museum
work, field work, and publication.
Save for the establishing of new museums, and of anthropo-
logical courses of instruction in the seats of higher learning, the
work of the first class may, for the present, be left out ; it de-
pends largely for its existence on the field work preceding, and
1 Cf. Henry W. Haynes, ' Progress of American Archaeology during the Past
Ten Years [1889-1899],' in this JOURNAL [Second Series], vol. IV (1900),
pp. 17-39.
American Journal of A rchaeology, Second Series. Journal of the 182
Archaeological Institute of America, Vol. IX (1905), No. 2.
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 183
its results are usually to be found in the publications which
follow. As to the third class, the limits of this article do not
Admit a complete bibliography of the American field ; such a
catalogue is also more or less unnecessary in view of the excel-
lent lists already published and in course of publication. 1 All,
therefore, that can now be attempted, is to give some account
of the research undertaken by various institutions in different
fields of North and South America, to mention briefly impor-
tant congresses held for the discussion of American problems,
and to present opinions of scholars on some questions that
may be considered as yet sub lite.
I. WORK IN THE FIELD DURIXG THE YEARS 1900-05
The report is not to be considered exhaustive.
Many colleges and universities, institutions public and pri-
vate, and individuals have carried on explorations. The most
important centres of activity are noted in what is perhaps the
best order, viz. the geographical.
Of other general summaries few have been published. Refer-
ence may be made, however, to the paper of Professor Frederic
Ward Putnam, of Harvard University, read before the Ameri-
can Antiquarian Society at Worcester, Mass., in October, 1901. 2
Mention is here made of nearly all the larger institutions engaged
in research, and their activities still in large number continuing.
1. Cambridge, Mass. Harvard University : Peabody Museum
of American Archaeology and Ethnology.
Expeditions in the field as follows : 3
Mr. E. H. Thompson : 4 work in Chacmultun, Chichen-Itza and elsewhere
in Yucatan, 1900-02.
1 E.g. Archivfur Anthropologie, vol. XXVII, 1900-02, pp. 74 ff. of Bibliog-
raphy, and elsewhere ; vol. XXVIII, 1903, pp. 122 ff. of Bibliography, and else-
where ; vol. XXIX (N. S., I), 1904, pp. 112 ff. of Bibliography, and elsewhere.
2 'Archaeological and Ethnological Research in the United States,' Proc.Am.
Antiquarian Society, Worcester, Mass., 1902, vol. XIV, 1901, pp. 461 ff.
8 Cf. Reports Peabody Museum, for 1900-01, 1901-02, 1902-03, 1903-04.
4 Cf. also Edward H. Thompson, 'Archaeological Researches in Yucatan,'
Memoirs Peabody Museum, vol. Ill, no. 1, 1904.
184 CHARLES PEABODY
Dr. G. B. Gordon : l work in Qnirigua, Guatemala and near Copan, Hondu-
ras, 1900-01.
Mr. Teobert Maler : 2 work in the Usumatsintla Valley, near the Mexico-
Guatemala boundary, 1901-02.
Dr. A. M. Tozzer: work among the Maya Indians and related stocks in
Mexico and Central America, 1901-05. Dr. Tozzer is now working
under the auspices of the Archaeological Institute of America, of
which he is the Fellow in American Archaeology. 3
Miss Alice C. Fletcher: work among the Plains Tribes of American Indians
Omahas and Ponkas, 1900-05.
Dr. Roland B. Dixon : work among the Maidu Indians of California, 1903-04.
Mr. R. Harrington : work in New York (Cattaraugus Res.), 1902-04.
Dr. C. Peabody and Dr. W. C. Farabee : 4 work in N. Mississippi, 1901-02.
Dr. W. C. Farabee and Dr. A. M. Tozzer : work in New Mexico, 1901.
Mr. D. I. Bushnell, Jr., 4 and Dr. W. C. Farabee : 5 work in E. Missouri, 1902.
Mrs. Zelia Nuttall, Honorary Assistant in Mexican Archaeology : investiga-
tions. 6
2. Andover, Mass. Phillips Academy : Department of
Archaeology, founded 1901.
Explorations as follows :
Dr. C. Peabody and Mr. W. K. Moorehead: 7 work in Jacobs Cavern, Mis-
souri, 1903; work at Cavetown, Md., 1905.
3. New York City, N.Y. The American Museum of Natu-
ral History.
The Jesup North Pacific Expeditions 8 have been sent out
1 Cf . also George Byron Gordon, 'The Hieroglyphic Stairway,' 'Ruins of
Copan,' Memoirs Peabody Museum, vol. I, no. 6, 1902.
2 Cf. also Teobert Maler, ' Researches in the Central Portion of the Usumat-
sintla Valley,' Memoirs Peabody Museum, vol. II, nos. 1 and 2, 1901 and 1903.
8 Cf. 'Report of the Fellow in American Archaeology,' Am. Journ. Arch.,
Suppl. to vol. VII, 1903, pp. 45-49, and Suppl. to vol. VIII, 1904, pp. 54-56.
4 Cf. also C. Peabody, ' Exploration of Mounds, Coahoma Co., Miss.,' Papers
Peabody Museum, vol. Ill, no. 2, June, 1904.
5 Cf. also D. I. Bushnell, Jr., ' The Cahokia and Surrounding Mound Groups,'
Papers Peabody Museum, vol. Ill, no. 1, May, 1904.
6 Arch, and Ethnol. Papers, Peabody Museum, vol. II, 1901, Papers Peabody
Museum, vol. I, no. 7, December, 1904.
7 Cf. also C. Peabody and W. K. Moorehead, ' The Exploration of Jacobs
Cavern,' Still. Dept. Arch. Phillips Academy, no. 1, 1904.
8 Cf. the Reports of the Museum. Cf. also Ethnographical Album of the
North Pacific Coasts of America and Asia, pt. I, 1900, The Jesup North
Pacific Expedition,' and Journal Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. Ill, no. 5, 1903.
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 185
for the study of the prehistoric and historic races on both
sides of the Pacific Ocean to aid in determining, among other
things, any connection which has existed between them. Un-
der the direction of these and other expeditions the field-work
of the Museum may be summarized as follows :
Messrs. W. Jochelson, W. Bogoras, and A. Axelrod : work among the
Koryak, Yukagheer and Chukchee tribes, 1900 ; work of the Jesup
Expedition was continued in 1901 and 1902.
Dr. B. Laufer: 1 work in China, 1901, 1902, 1903.
Dr. Franz Boas : 2 work on Vancouver Island, 1900.
Mr. L. Farrand : 3 work among the Quillayute Indians of Washington, 1900 ;
work among the Nez Perces Indians, 1902.
Dr. J. R. Swanton : work among the Haida Indians of the Queen Charlotte
Islands, 1900. Work under the Villard Expedition to Oregon, among
the Alsea Indians, 1900.
Mr. James Teit : work among the Indian tribes of the Lower Fraser River
and in the Upper Thompson and Nicola valleys, 1903.
Rev. J. W. Chapman : work in Alaska, 1903.
Mr. H. W. Tate : work among the Tsimshian Indians of British Columbia,
1903.
Dr. Roland B. Dixon : 4 work under the Hunting-ton Expedition to California
among the Maidu Indians, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903. In the last year he
was assisted by H. B. Wilson, who died in the field.
Mr. A. L. Kroeber : 5 work among the Arapaho Indians of Wyoming, 1900,
1901.
1 Cf. also Berthold Laufer, ' The Decorative Art of the Amur Tribes,*
Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. VII (Anthropology), pt. I, 1902.
2 Cf. also Franz Boas, 'A Bronze Figurine from British Columbia,' Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. XIV, 1901, art. V ; and ' The Eskimo of Baffin Land and
Hudson Bay,' Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. XV, 1901, pt. I. Cf. also James
Teit, ed. Franz Boas, 'The Thompson Indians of British Columbia,' Memoirs
Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. II (Anthropology), pt. IV, 1900. Franz Boas and
G. Hunt, ' Kwakiutl Texts,' Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. IV (Anthropology),
pts. I and II, 1902.
8 Cf. also L. Farrand, ' Basketry Designs of the Salish Indians,' Memoirs Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. II (Anthropology), pt. V, 1900 ; ' Traditions of the Chilcotin
Indians,' ibid. vol. IV (Anthropology), pt. Ill, 1900 ; L. Farrand, assisted by
W. S. Kehnweiler, ' Traditions of the Quinault Indians,' ibid. vol. Ill (Anthro-
pology), pt. Ill, 1902.
4 Cf . also Roland B. Dixon, ' Basketry Designs of the Indians of Northern
California,' Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. XVII, pt. I, 1902 ; 'Maidu Myths,'
ibid. pt. II, 1902.
5 Cf. also Alfred L. Kroeber, ' Symbolism of the Arapaho Indians,' Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. XIII, 1900, art. VII; 'The Arapaho,' ibid. vol. XVIII,
pt. I, 1902, and pt. II, 1904.
186 CHARLES PEABODY
Mr. H. H. St. Clair, Jr.: work in connection with the Bureau of American
Ethnology among the Shoshone Indians of Wyoming, 1901.
Dr. C. Wissler : work among the Sioux Indians, 1902 ; work among the
Indians of Montana and Canada, 1903.
Mr. "W. Jones : work among the Ojibway, Menominee, and Sauk and Fox
Indians, 1901 and 1903.
Miss C. G. Du Bois : l work among the Diegueno Indians of California,
1903.
Dr. Ales Hrdlicka 2 and Mr. W. Orchard : work under the Hyde Southwestern
Expedition in New Mexico, Arizona, and Colorado, 1900.
Work under the same expedition was also carried on in 1901 and 1902.
Professor Marshall H. Saville : 8 work in Mexico, 1900, 1901, 1902.
Mr. E. Volk : work in New Jersey, 1900, 1901.
Mr. R. Harrington : work near the City of New York, 1900, 1902.
Mr. A. F. A. Bandelier : work near Lake Titicaca, 1900.
4. Albany, N.Y. University of the State of New York:
New York State Museum.
The archaeological and ethnological researches of the Rev.
William M. Beauchamp 4 should be noted as producing pub-
lished results easy of consultation and satisfactory in arrange-
ment ; they are in large degree purely archaeological.
5. Philadelphia, Pa. University of Pennsylvania, Free
Museum of Science and Art.
1 Cf. also Constance Goddard Du Bois, 'The Story of the Chaup,' Journ. Am.
Folk-Lore, vol. XVII, no. 67, 1904, pp. 217 ff.
2 Cf. also Ales Hrdlicka, ' The Crania of Trenton, New Jersey,' Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. XVI, 1902, art. III.
8 Cf. also Marshall H. Saville, ' Gorget from the Huasteca, Mexico,' Bull. Am.
Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. XIII, 1900, art. X ; ' An Onyx Jar from Mexico in Process of
Manufacture,' ibid. art. XI; 'Cruciform Structures near Mitla.' ibid. art. XVII.
NOTE. Other Archaeological Papers : H. I. Smith, ' Archaeology of the
Thompson Kiver Kegion,' Memoirs Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. vol. I (Anthropology),
no. 6, 1900 ; H. I. Smith and G. Fowke, ' Cairns of British Columbia and
Washington,' ibid. vol. Ill (Anthropology), no. 2, 1901 ; H. I. Smith, ' Shell-
Heaps of the Lower Fraser River,' ibid. vol. Ill (Anthropology), no. 4, 1902;
G. H. Pepper, 'Ancient Basket Makers of Southeastern Utah,' Journal Supple-
ments of Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. Guide Leaflet, no. 6, 1902 ; C. W. Mead, ' The
Musical Instruments of the Incas,' Journal Supplement to vol. Ill, no. 4, July,
1903.
4 William M. Beauchamp. Bulletins of the New York State Museum for 1900,
1901, 1902, 1903, and 1905 : ' Aboriginal Occupation of New York,' Bull. no. 32 ;
'.Wampum and Shell Articles,' Bull. no. 41 ; 4 Horn and Bone Implements,'
Bull. no. 50; 'Metallic Implements,' Bull. Arch. 7; 'Metallic Ornaments,'
Bull. Arch. 8 ; ' History of the New York Iroquois,' Bull. Arch. 9.
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 187
Mr. Stewart Culin: 1 work (under the Wanamaker Expedition among the
Western Indians) among the Sac and Fox, Shoshone, Arapaho, Ban-
nock, Ute, Piute, Hupa, Samamish, and Makahi Indians.
Mr. Stewart Culin : 2 work in eastern Cuba.
6. Philadelphia, Pa. The American Philosophical Society.
At occasional meetings papers are read, dealing with archae-
ological or ethnological subjects, e.g. :
Dr. A. E. Ortmann : 8 ' The Geographical Distribution of Freshwater Deca-
pods and its Bearing upon Ancient Geography.'
Dr. J. Dyneley Prince : 4 ' A Tale of the Modern Delawares.'
Dr. J. Dyneley Prince and Mr. F. G. Speck : s ' Dying American Speech
Echoes from Connecticut.'
7. Philadelphia, Pa. Academy of Natural Sciences.
Mr. Clarence B. Moore has continued his explorations in and
near the southern waters of the United States. The publica-
tions which contain his results are a subject of congratulation
to himself and to those who consult them. The generosity
of the investigator and of the Academy with which he is
affiliated is borne witness to by important gifts to many muse-
ums. To him is due much of the recent great progress of our
knowledge of the art in articles of clay and shell of the south-
ern Indian tribes. His activities in recent years have been
divided as follows : ' Certain Antiquities of the Florida West-
Coast ' ; 6 ' Certain Aboriginal Remains of the Northwest Florida
Coast ' ; 7 ' Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Central Florida
West-Coast'; 8 'Certain Aboriginal Mounds of the Apala-
chicola River.' 8
1 Cf. Stewart Culin, Department of Archaeol. Free Mus. of Sc, and Art,
U. of Pa. : Bull. vol. Ill, no. 1, January, 1901 ; no. 2, April, 1901 ; no. 3,
May, 1901.
2 Stewart Culin, ibid. vol. Ill, no. 4, May, 1902.
3 Proc. Am. Philosophical Soc. vol. XLI, no. 171, April-December, 1902,
pp. 267 ft'.
4 Ibid. vol. XLI, no. 168, January-April, 1902, pp. 20 ff.
5 Ibid. vol. XLII, no. 174, May-December, 1903, pp. 346 ff.
6 Cf. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sciences of Philadelphia, vol. XI, 1900.
7 Ibid. vol. XI, 1901, and vol. XII, 1902.
8 Ibid. vol. XII, 1903.
188 CHARLES PEABODY
8. Washington, D.C. Bureau of American Ethnology.
In 1899-1900. 1
Mr. J. N. B. Hewitt: work among the Iroquois Indians of New York
and Ontario.
Major J. W. Powell and Mr. Frank H. Gushing : work in Maine.
Dr. A. S. Gatschet : work in Cape Breton.
Mr. F. W. Hodge, Dr. E. Coues, Dr. G. P. Winship, Mr. A. C. Vroman :
work in the Pueblos of New Mexico and Arizona.
Dr. J. W. Fewkes : work in New Mexico.
Major J. W. Powell and Professor W. H. Holmes: work in Jamaica and Cuba.
Mr. J. B. Hatcher : work in Patagonia and Tierra del Fuego.
In 1900-1901?
Major J. "W". Powell : work in the shell-heaps and village-sites of Maine.
Dr. J. R. Swanton : work in British Columbia.
Mr. James Mooney : work in western North Carolina.
Dr. Frank Russell : work in Arizona.
Mr. W J McGee : work among the Papago Indians of the Southwest.
9. Washington, D.C. Smithsonian Institution: 3 United
States National Museum.
Dr. Walter Hough : work in Arizona.
10. Washington, D.C. The Carnegie Institution. 4
Two grants in anthropology have been made : one (No. 43)
of $2500 to Dr. G. A. Dorsey for ethnological work among the
Pawnee Indians, and one (No. 44) of $2000 to Professor W. H.
Holmes for obtaining evidence relative to the early history of
man in America.
Following the latter, explorations were made by Mr. Gerard
Fowke in Indiana, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama,
by Mr. J. D. McGuire in caves of the Upper Potomac Valley,
by Mr. J. D. McGuire in Maryland, and by Professor Holmes in
Georgia and Alabama. No evidences pointing to an extreme
antiquity of human occupation were observed.
* Cf. also Reports Bureau Am. Ethnology, 21, 1899-1900, pp. x ff.
Cf. also ibid. 22, 1900-01, pt. I, pp. x ff.
8 Cf. Ann. Rep. Smithsonian Institution, U. S. Nat. Mus. 1902, p. 29.
* Cf. Year Book, Carnegie Institution of Washington, no. 2, 1903, pp. xv and
xvi ; cf. also G. A. Dorsey, 'Traditions of the Arikara,' and ' The Mythology of
the Wichita,' Washington, 1904.
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 189
11. Washington, D.C. Important research and much dis-
cussion of results are carried on by members of Section H
(Anthropology) of the American Association for the Advance-
ment of Science and of the Anthropological Society of Wash-
ington. 1
12. Columbus, O. Ohio State Archaeological and Historical
Society.
The richest state from the point of view of archaeology re-
wards the efforts of the Society ; much work in the field has
been done by workers for the Society in different places, e.g. :
Work 2 among the stone graves of Brown County.
Work 3 among the earthworks of Richland County.
Work 4 at the Baum village-site, Ross County.
Work 5 at a mound-builder's fort in Toledo.
Work 6 at the Adena Mound in the Scioto Valley.
Work 7 among the ancient works at Marietta.
Work 8 at the Gartner Mound and village-site near Chillicothe.
13. Chicago, 111. Field Columbian Museum. 9
Mr. S. C. Simms : 10 work at the Six Nations Rescue in Canada, 1899-1900 ;
work in Arizona and California, 1900-01 ; work in Montana, 1901-02;
work in Canada and Minnesota, 1902-03.
Mr. C. F. Newcombe : work in British Columbia, 1900-01 ; work in Alaska,
1901-02 ; work in British Columbia, 1902-03 ; work on the northwest
coast of America, 1903-04.
Mr. L. Miller : work near the Columbia River, 1900-01;
Mr. J. W. Hudson : work in California, 1900-01, 1901-02, and 1902-03.
Mr. O. C. Farrington : work in caves in southern Indiana, 1899-1900.
1 The American Anthropologist is the official organ of the Anthropological
Society of Washington ; it represents also the American Anthropological Asso-
ciation and the American Ethnological Society of New York.
2 Cf. Gerard Fowke, Ohio Arch, and Hist. Quar. vol. IX, no. 2, October,
1900, pp. 193 ff.
3 Cf. A. J. Baughman, ibid. vol. X, no. 1, July, 1901, pp. 67 ff.
* Cf. W. C. Mills, ibid. vol. IX, no. 4, April, 1901, pp. 520 ff.
6 Cf. S. S. Knabenshue, ibid. vol. X, no. 3, January, 1902, pp. 381 ff.
Cf. W. C. Mills, ibid. vol. X, no. 4, April, 1902, pp. 451 ff.
7 Cf. J. P. MacLean, ibid. vol. XII, no. 1, January, 1903, pp. 37 ff.
8 Cf. W. C. Mills, ibid. vol. XIII, no. 2, April, 1904, pp. 129 ff.
9 Cf. the Reports of the Field Columbian Museum for 1899-1900, 1900-01,
1901-02, 1902-03, 1903-04.
10 Cf. also S. C. Simms, 'Traditions of the Crows, 1 Field Columbian Mus.
Publication, 85, 1903.
190 CHARLES PEABODY
Dr. W. A. Phillips : work in Illinois, 1899-1900 and 1900-01.
Dr. G. A. Dorsey : x work in the Pacific Coast States, 1899-1900 ; work among
the Hopi Indians of Arizona, 1900-01 ; work (with Mr. J. Mooney)
under the McCormick Expedition in Oklahoma, 1901-02 and 1903-04.
Mr. J. A. Burt : work in Arizona, 1899-1900 ; work among the Pawnee and
Wichita Indians in Oklahoma, 1902-03.
Mr. C. L. Owen : work among the Tusayan Indians and in Arizona, 1899-
1900, 1900-01, and 1902-03.
Mr. J. Mooney: work in Oklahoma, 1902-03.
Mr. H. R. Voth : 2 work in Arizona, 1902-03 and 1903-04.
14. Berkeley, Cal. University of California : Department of
Anthropology (founded by Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst).
This Department has sent expeditions to Egypt, to Peru, and
in California. In the latter state the exploration of Potter
Creek Cave during several seasons is the most detailed example
of American cave-work, and here most careful search is made
for traces of very early human occupancy. The excavation is
under the direction of and has been carried on by Professor
Frederic W. Putnam, Head of the Department, Professor J. C.
Merriam, Mr. E. L. Furlong, and Mr. W. J. Sinclair. 3
Other field-work is reported in the pages of the technical
reviews ; such accounts often appear earlier than in the regular
publications of the several institutions ; the latter may be de-
layed several seasons after the completion of the work. Of the
1 Cf . also G. A. Dorsey, ' An Aboriginal Quartzite Quarry in Eastern Wyo-
ming,' Field Columbian Mus. Publication, 51,1900; G. A. Dorsey, 'Archaeo-
logical Investigations, Ecuador,' Ibid. Publ. 56, 1901; G. A. Dorsey, 'The
Arapaho Sun-Dance,' Ibid. Publ. 75, 1903 ; G. A. Dorsey, ' Traditions of the
Osage,' Ibid. Publ. 88, 1904 ; G. A. Dorsey and A. L. Kroeber, ' Traditions
of the Arapaho,' Ibid. Publ. 81, 1903; G. A. Dorsey and H. K. Voth, 'The
Oraibi Soyal Ceremony,' Ibid. Publ. 55, 1901; G. A. Dorsey and H. R.Voth,
'The Mishongnon Ceremonies of the Snake and Antelope Fraternities,' Ibid.
Publ. 66, 1902.
2 Cf. also H. R. Voth, 'The Oraibi Powamu Ceremony,' Ibid. Publ. 61,
1901; H. R. Voth, 'The Oraibi Summer Snake Ceremony,' Ibid. Publ. 83,
1903 ; H. R. Voth, ' The Oraibi Oaqol Ceremony,' Ibid. Publ. 84, 1903.
3 Cf. Am. Anthrop. N. S. 3, 1901, p. 582 ; Ibid. N. S. 5, 1903, p. 727 ; also cf.
W. J. Sinclair, ' The Exploration of the Potter Creek Cave,' Univ. Calif. Publi-
cations, Am. Arch, and Ethn. vol. II, no. 1, 1904 ; P. E. Goddard, ' Life and
Culture of the Hupa,' Ibid. vol. I, 1904.
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 191
periodicals that report explorations, the following should be
mentioned :
The American Anthropologist, Washington, D.C. Quarterly. Mr. F. W.
Hodge, Editor.
The American Antiquarian and Oriental Journal, Chicago, 111. Bi-monthly.
Rev. Stephen D. Peet, Ph.D., Editor.
Records of the Past, Washington, D.C. Monthly. Professor G. Frederick
Wright, D.D., LL.D., Editor.
Science, Garrison -on-Hudson. Weekly. Dr. J. McKeen Cattell, Editor.
The Wisconsin Archaeologist, Milwaukee, Wis. Quarterly.
To these may be added :
The Reports of the Davenport Academy of Natural Sciences, Davenport,
Iowa.
The Annual Archaeological Reports for Ontario, Toronto, Out. Mr. David
Boyle.
The Journal of American Folk-Lore, Boston and New York. Quarterly.
Mr. A. F. Chamberlain, Editor.
A few of the papers published in these journals are too impor-
tant to be omitted in a general survey of the work in the field :
Report 1 on the work of Dr. J. W. Fewkes in the West Indies.
Reports of work 2 in Erie County, N.Y. ; work 3 in Noxubee County, Miss.;
work 4 in prehistoric mines at Lake Superior.
Rev. Henry Mason Baum, 5 and the Records of the Past Exploration Society's
Expedition to the Southwest.
Professor Arthur Bibbins : 6 ' The Buried Cypress Forests of the Upper
Chesapeake.'
Mr. C. E. Brown : 7 ' Wisconsin Caches.'
II. CONGRESSES AND EXHIBITIONS
Meetings of the Congres des Americanistes have been held!
at Paris in 1900, at New York in 1902, at Stuttgart in 1904 r
and it is proposed to hold the next one at Quebec in 1906.
1 Cf. Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, 1903, p. 376.
2 Cf. Am. Antiq. vol. XXIII, 1901, pp. 99 ff.
3 Cf. ibid. vol. XXIII, 1901, pp. 139 ff.
* Cf. ibid. vol. XXIII, 1901, pp. 248 ff.
8 Cf. Sec. Past. vol. I, pt. XII, December, 1902, pp. 357 ff. ; vol. Ill, pt. VII,
July, 1904, p. 221 ; vol. Ill, pt. X, October, 1904, p. 317.
6 Cf. ibid. vol. IV, pt. II, February, 1905, pp. 47 ff.
7 Cf. ibid. vol. IV, pt. Ill, March, 1905, pp. 82 ff.
192 CHARLES PEA13ODY
Many of the topics discussed are ethnological or linguistic,
but some papers purely archaeological may be mentioned :
At Paris in 1900 l (the references are to pages in the Compte
Rendu) :
M. Diego Ripoche y Torrens : ' Les Pintaderas d'Europe, des Canaries, et de
PAmerique,' pp. 99 ff.
Mr. Thomas Wilson : ' Jade in America,' pp. 141 ff.
M. Eduard Seler : ' Les anciennes villes de Chacula,' pp. 263 ff.
Mr. C. H. Lincoln: 'Catalogue des manuscrits de la bibliotheque du Con-
gres a Washington D. C. se rapportant au Mexique,' pp. 305 ff.
At New York in 1902 2 (the references are to the pages of
the Proceedings} :
Mr. W. J. Holland: 'The Petroglyphs at Smith's Ferry, Pa.,' pp. 1 ff.
Mr. J. B. Ambrosetti : ' Ressemblance entre les civilisations Pueblo et Cal-
chaqui,' pp. 9 ff.
Mr. S. W. Williston : ' On the Lansing Man,' pp. 85 ff.
Mr. G. H. Pepper : ' The Throwing Stick of a Prehistoric People of the South-
west,' pp. 107 ff.
Mr. E. Seler : ' On the Present State of our Knowledge of the Mexican and
Central American Hieroglyphic Writing,' pp. 157 ff.
Mr. H. N. Wardle : ' Certain Clay Figures of Teotihuacan,' pp. 213 ff.
Mr. S. W. Williston : ' On the Occurrence of an Arrow Head with the Bones
of an Extinct Bison,' pp. 335 ff.
At Stuttgart in 1904 : 3
Professor Bassler : ' Peruvian Metal-analyses.'
Count Crequi de Montf ort : ' Explorations of Bolivian Necropoleis.'
Miss Breton: ' Copies of Maya Wall-paintings.' Explained by Mr. E. Seler.
The presence at St. Louis, in connection with the Louisiana
Purchase Exposition of 1904, 4 of a fire-proof building devoted
1 Cf. Ernest Leroux (publ.), 'Congres des Americanistes,' Compte Bendu,
XII e Session a Paris, 1900, Paris, 1902 ; cf. also Journal de la Societe des
Americanistes de Paris, Nouvelle Serie, T. I er , nos. 1, 2, and 3, 1903-04.
2 Cf. International Congress of Americanists, Thirteenth Session, New York,
1902 ; Easton, Pa., 1905. Proceedings Committee : Professor F. W. Putnam,
Professor Franz Boas, and Professor M. H. Saville.
8 Cf . Zeitschrift fur Ethnologic, 36, 1904, VI, p. 748 ; also Ehrenreich, ibid.
p. 862 (Sitzung 19. November, 1904). Ehrenreich comments : "Die Beteiligung
auslandischer Forscher war tiber Erwarten gross, obwohl ein Teil von ihnen der
vielleicht etwas zu sehr dominierenden, deutschen Sprache nicht machtig war."
4 Cf. Official Catalogue of Exhibitors, Universal Exposition, St. Louis, U. S. A.,
1904; Division of Exhibits, Frederick J. V. Skiff, Director; Department N.,
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 193
to anthropology, and the energy and courtesy of Mr. W J
McGee, Chief of the Department, encouraged institutions and
individuals to send exhibits.
Four institutions combined in a "synthetic" archaeological
exhibition of specimens, which were arranged by Mr. Gerard
Fowke. This represented processes concerned with the primi-
tive uses of fire, the knife, the wheel, and the pipe. The con-
tributors were :
The Museum of the Missouri Historical Society, St. Louis.
Field Columbian Museum, Chicago.
United States National Museum, Washington.
American Museum of Natural History, New York.
Other exhibits were from the following institutions :
Ohio State Archaeological and Historical Society : Mr. W. C. Mills, Super-
intendent.
Davenport (la.) Academy of Sciences : Miss E. D. Putnam, President ; Dr.
J. H. Paarman, Curator.
Louisiana State Commission : Professor G. T. Williamson.
Territorial Commission of New Mexico : Mr. J. F. Huckel.
Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. : Dr. C. Peabody and Mr. W. K. Moorehead.
Mexico, Porto Rico, Nicaragua, Brazil, and Argentina were
also represented at the Exposition.
in. IMPORTANT SUBJECTS OF DISCUSSION
Few new questions have been opened during the last five
years.
The old problem of the origin of the " Mound-builders "
awaits complete solution by patient research, rather than by
deductive reasoning. One or two articles have dealt with the
" Mound-builders " in comparison with the Indians whose his-
torical status in culture is known. Dr. J. P. MacLean l sees
a distinction between the " wild tribes " of the Ohio Valley at
the time of the Discovery and the " Mound-builders," but says
that the question of their origin depends on the crania and the
Anthropology, W J McGee, Chief. Cf. also Frederick Starr, ' Anthropology at
the St. Louis Exposition,' Am. Antiq. XXVII, 1905, pp. 40 ff.
1 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Quar. vol. XII, no. 1, January, 1903, p. 66.
194 CHARLES PEABODY
character of the monuments. 1 Mr. W. J. Armstrong, 2 how-
ever, notes that the " Mound-builders " are barely rescued by
mound and pot from the status of the familiar Indian.
The celebrated " Lansing skeleton," which was discovered in
1902 in Eastern Kansas, has aroused much discussion. 3 Pro-
fessor G. Frederick Wright and Mr. Warren Upham allow an
approximate age of twelve thousand years ; the latter calls it of
late Glacial Age. Dr. S. D. Peet considers it post-Glacial, but
very ancient. Professor Wright compares a late Glacial epoch,
such as one of twelve thousand years ago, with the established
antiquity of man in the valleys of the Nile and Euphrates rivers.
Professor William H. Holmes visited the site, in company with
Professor T. C. Chamberlin, Professor R. D. Salisbury, Pro-
fessor S. Calvin, Dr. E. Haworth, Dr. G. A. Dorsey, and Mr.
M. C. Long. He says : " I find it difficult to come to any
other conclusion than that the human remains under consid-
eration are properly classed as of post-glacial age, interpreting
that term to cover all time subsequent to the final retreat of
the ice from the region south of the Great Lakes." Dr. Ales
Hrdlicka : " The ' Lansing skeleton ' is practically identical
with the typical male skeleton of a large majority of the
present Indians of the Middle and Eastern states." " M. B."
in L ' Anthropologie : " D'ailleurs les ossements humains offrent
tous les caracteres de ceux des Indiens modernes."
A discussion as to the provenance of copper found in the
mounds assumed a general character, 4 instigated by the views
1 Ohio Arch, and Hist. Qitar. vol. XIII, no. 1, January, 1904, p. 96.
2 Ibid. vol. XIV, no. 1, January, 1905, p. 38.
8 Cf. S. W. Williston, Science, August 1, 1902, and Proc. Int. Congress of
Americanists, New York, 1902, pp. 85 ff. Warren Upham, Science, August 29,
1902 ; Am. Geologist, September, 1902 ; Eec. Past, vol. I, pt. IX, September,
1902, pp. 273 ff. ; Am. Anthrop. N. S. 4, 1902, pp. 566 ff. N. H. Winchell, Am.
Geologist, September, 1902. T. C. Chamberlin, Jour, of Geology, October and
November, 1902. S. D. Peet, Am. Antiq. vol. XXIV, 1902, p. 420. Ibid. vol.
XXV, 1903, p. 69. W. H. Holmes, Am. Anthrop. N. S. 4, 1902, pp. 743 ff.
A. Hrdlicka, Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, 1903, pp. 323 ff. G. F. Wright, Eec. Past,
vol. II, pt. IV, April, 1903, pp. 119 ff. " M. B.," D Anthropologie , 14, 1903, p. 367.
4 Cf. Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, January-March, 1903, papers relating to Mound
Copper in the United States ; by C. B. Moore (discussion by J. D. McGuire,
AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05 195
or doubts of Mr. Joseph D. McGuire, of Washington. Mr.
McGuire's thesis may be partially stated thus, in his own
words : " But when copper is found in thin sheets, and those
sheets are embossed and ornamented with repousse work, and
when spear-heads are furnished with sockets, and the sockets
are furnished with nail holes, we may safely assert that white
influences are proven." Other scholars, basing their opinion
on experiments made in hammering copper with stone imple-
ments, chemical analysis, the known prehistoric provenance of
copper from Lake Superior, historical arguments, etc., while
not excluding such a theory as that of Mr. McGuire, given
above, yet oppose him when he goes further and derives any
great proportion of the copper found in the mounds from
European sources, or attributes its working to other than
.aboriginal ingenuity. " M. B.," again in IS Anthropologie,
sums the matter up : " La question parait done devoir etre
tranchee definitivement en faveur de 1'opinion de M. Moore,"
i.e. contrary to that of Mr. McGuire.
IV. TENDENCIES AND CONCLUSIONS
The most notable sign of progress during recent years is the
gradual addition of new courses of instruction and research in
.anthropology in American colleges and universities, with the
.strengthening of those already established. 1
Next are to be noted an increased accuracy in field work and
in its publication, a lessened haste to print results, and an
advance in the systematic study of specimens in laboratories
and museums.
Again, there is a willingness to let the determination of the
origin of the " American Race " lie in abeyance till, by the
results of such ethnological researches as those of the Jesup
T. W. Putnam, and G. A. Dorsey), W. K. Moorehead, and C. C. Willonghby.
Cf. also "Offprint" of the same with "Insert" after p. 48; W. K. Moore-
Tiead, Ohio Arch, and Hist. Qtiar. vol. XII, no. 3, July, 1903, pp. 317 ff., and
"M. B." UAnthropologie, XV, 1904, pp. 81-82.
1 Cf. Am. Antiq. vol. XXIV, 1902, p. 127, quoting G. G. MacCurdy.
196 AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY, 1900-05
North Pacific Expedition and of such archaeological investi-
gations as those of the University of California, of the Carnegie
Institution, and of Mr. E. Volk, of Trenton, N.J., sufficient
definite facts shall have been collected from tribe, cave, and soil
to allow of the building of stable theories.
Lastly, we may not pass over the increase in the material
ethnological, ethnographical, linguistic, historical, and archaeo-
logical, collected concerning the primitive peoples of North and
South America. A sign of the times is the interest in this
shown by the members of the various Societes and Congres des
Americanistes.
No epoch-making discoveries mark the period under discus-
sion; its history is a mere record of work done bit by bit,
adding evidences of the art and life of vanished or vanishing
races.
The science has lost by death, among others, the follow-
ing eminent workers and writers : Frank Hamilton Gushing 1
(April 10, 1900), Thomas Wilson 2 (May 4, 1902), John
Wesley Powell 3 (September 23, 1902), and Frank Russell*
(November 7, 1903).
CHARLES PEABODY.
June, 1905.
1 Cf, Univ. of Pa., Dept. Arch, and Paleont., Free Mus. of Science and Art,
Bull. vol. II, no. 4, May, 1900, p. 257 ; cf. also Reports Bureau Am. Ethnology,
21, 1899-1900, p. xxxv.
2 Cf. Report Smithsonian Inst. U. S. Nat. Mus. 1902, p. 49 ; cf. also Revue de
VJScole d 1 Anthropologie de Paris, 12, 1902, p. 218.
8 Cf. Report Smithsonian Inst. 1903, p. 47 ; cf. also Jour, de la Soc. des
Americanistes de Paris, N. S. T. I er no. 3, 1904, pp. 339 ff.
4 Cf . Am. Anthrop. N. S. 5, 1903, p. 737.
1904
July December
AKCHAEOLOGICAL DISCUSSIONS 1
SUMMARIES OF ORIGINAL ARTICLES CHIEFLY IN
CURRENT PERIODICALS
HAROLD N. FOWLER, Editor
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, 0.
GENERAL AND MISCELLANEOUS
Archaeology at the Historical Congress. Vol. V of the Atti del
Congresso Internazionale di Scienze Storiche (Rome, April 1-9, 1903, pub-
lished by Loescher & Co.) contains the report of the section 'Archaeology.'
The special " themes of discussion," treated by Professors Colini, Orsi, Ghi-
rardini, and Pigorini respectively, relate to the Bronze Age in Italy, the
distribution of Mycenaean products in Italy, the influence of commerce
across the Adriatic upon the Veneto-Illyrian civilization and art, and paleth-
nological atlases, or charts, of Italy. Of the twenty-eight "communica-
tions" one only is without connection with Italy, though the reports on
the Italian researches in Crete are not concerned with Italian antiquities.
A summary of all the articles, many of which are of great interest, would
occupy too much space. The volume contains many illustrations. For the
table of contents, see the Bibliography, pp. 247 f .
The Anti 
