stfmjiyijjmiru.n- s: . >••
^gfmAfWmiii'iui i j V
•EHwH^HHiH^^HI
,,:H:->M''-H"i(.iMi,-T ', \ i
lii
mnturj1
•mj;»!//Uj'5i
,v4vAvB
wJMmm
uUmiwitlmw
Wmiilmm
"• i'ij'/''"' "'>-X«iMI!tlr|! t <
^™^^M
mZn^B
•I^H
^^^^H
^
^h
UlUlWlWJJU'JI'Ul' Ol*»l»t>" --I' Ill"
miiffl\((am(fttti t ft) 1 1 1 1 u 1 1 1 .j 8 > i i
»imfuMMtuTtCM'*>-*U*J|llll''t '. )V''
1 ' ' ( '^-'-W/M'iS'pViV'.V.V HStV
ttfcvtav/.'i : 't'.V
SHSip.vAvi v,1
Sf^iPW vfc;
jwffiBSfflHuw^yJ^11 i1 i V-'-'
.
, . w*% "ff-V ^C
v ift «». * D B /I
ij, a ft I n ;
graffi^^im
,'V,'1'. '• ' »'•
musK' '
wiy«jV' -1
H"rW:>:<MszERa>
THE LIBRARY
OF
THE UNIVERSITY
OF CALIFORNIA
LOS ANGELES
AMERICAN
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
BEING A COMPLETE EXPOSITION
OF
PHONETIC SHORTHAND;
ESPECIALLY ADAPTED TO THE SCHOOL-ROOM, AND TO AFFORD
THE FULLEST INSTRUCTION TO THOSE WHO HAVE NOT
THE ASSISTANCE OF THE ORAL TEACHER.
BY ELIAS LONGLEY.
. :
LONGLEY & BROTHER, PHONETIC PUBLISHERS,
WALNUT STREET, BETWEEN FOURTH & FIFTH,
CINCINNATI.
fr: ?•, ": %v v* '4854., ::••.«,:•,• • •
Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1853,
BY LONGLEY <fc BROTHER,
in the Clerk's Office of the District Court of Ohio.
A, C. JAMES, Stereotyper, Cincinnati, Ohio.
PREFACE,
In preparing this Manual of Phonetic Shorthand, the
author has had but one leading object in view, namely:
to afford a speedy means of acquiring a correct and prac-
tical knowledge of the much coveted art. The books that
have heretofore been used have all answered a good pur-
pose ; but they have all, with one exception probably,
been rendered comparatively obsolete by the introduction
into the system of two or three important improvements.
These are incorporated into the present work ; and in all
probability they will be the last changes that will be made
for a considerable length of time, if not entirely the last.
In one important particular this treatise differs from all
others that have been published ; namely, the exercises to
be written by the pupil are printed in phonetic spelling.
By this arrangement two important advantages are gained:
First ; the learner will be made acquainted with the sim-
.plicity and utility of phonetic spelling as applied to print-
ing, and will undoubtedly be so pleased with it as to be-
come its ardent advocate ; and a familiarity with it will
also be of service to him hereafter, in enabling him to
read with ease such phonetic books and papers as he may
meet with elsewhere. Second ; in writing his exercises
the pupil will more readily transcribe the words into pho-
nography. Learners are very apt to be troubled by try-
ing to get as many letters into their phonographic word as
the old spelling contains, and thus make blunders ; but
by writing from the words printed phonetically this diffi-
culty will be avoided. And they can always tell whether
their writing is correct, by referring to the tables where the
456304
PREFACE.
shorthand characters are placed in juxtaposition with the
printing characters.
Another leading feature is such an arrangement
of the lessons that no word, or class of words, is re-
quired to be written until the principle has been ex-
plained by which they arc written in their most approved
forms. By this means, the student is not compelled to
spend his time in learning how to write certain words,
and then suffer the discouragement of having to drop and
forget the forms thus learned, and familiarize himself with
new and better ones. What is once learned in this book,
remains a fixed fact with the pupil in all his after use of
the system. There are hundreds of persons now, who,
having studied Phonography through what was called the
learner's style, have not yet been able to drop it and adopt
the advanced and more practical style of writing; but they
will have to do it before they can be recognized as good
phonographic writers ; and the unlearning of their present
lengthy and awkward forms for words, added to the new
forms they must learn, is fully equal to learning the sys-
tem from the beginning.
In consequence of this progressive arrangement, the ex-
ercises to be written necessarily possess an imperfect style
of composition. The past tenses of verbs, the compara-
tives and superlatives of adjectives, and, indeed, a large
portion of the words in our language are written by con-
tracted forms, which are introduced gradually through
the book. And the words in each exercise being confined
as much as possible to the illustration of the principle
just introduced, renders necessary a resort to many cir-
cuitous expressions for the development of an idea ; this
harshness and quaintness, however, diminishes as succes-
sive lessons are mastered.
PREFACE. V
The review at the close of each chapter is a new feature,
and will be of great assistance to the teacher, especially
to the unexperienced, in questioning his class as to what
they have gone over ; it will also be useful to the private
learner, filling the place, almost, of an oral teacher. The
questions may be asked the class either collect-
ively or individually ; the latter is generally the better
way. It would be well, as often as convenient, to have
the pupils illustrate their answers on the black-board.
Immediately following the explanation of each new
principle is an exercise for writing, which should be
written before progressing further, while the manner in
which the words are to be written are fresh in the mind.
Then, at the close of each lesson, is an exercise for read-
ing, embracing as much as possible, words illustrative of
the preceding text. After this is a general writing exer-
cise, embodying, beside the principles just presented, all
that has previously been learned. This should be writ-
ten by each pupil, during the interval between the meet-
ings of the class ; and at the next recitation, the pupils
should exchange their manuscripts with each other, and
then read, each a sentence in turn, from these written
exercises. They might then be passed to the teacher for
his correction.
As a substitute for t'lis, the private learner is referred
to the constitution of the American Phonetic Society, at
the close of this book ; which will inform him of a way
in which he can secure the assistance of experienced pho-
nographers, either for the correction of his exercises, or
for mutual improvement, through the medium of phono-
graphic correspondence.
The aathor would acknowledge his indebtedness to the
Phonographic Class-Book of ANDREWS & BOYLE, the first
VI PREFACE
text book of the system published in America, for many
of his most appropriate illustrations ; and to the Phono-
graphic Instructor, by JAMES C. BOOTHE, the more recent
•work generally used, for numerous sentences, and, in a
few cases, whole paragraphs of exercises for reading and
writing.
Phonography is the invention of Mr. ISAAC PITMAN, of
Bath, England. It is about fifteen years since he issued
his first publication of the system ; but only during the
last ten years has it been taught, and but six since it was
introduced into the United States. In the year 1843 a
Phonetic Society was established in Great Britain, consist-
ing of persons who had learned to write Phonography ;
its object was to promote the adoption of phonetic writing;
it has gradually increased till it now numbers about four
thousand members. A similar Society was established in
the United States in 1849, which now numbers about one
thousand members. But these Societies do not embrace a
hundredth part of the persons who have learned to write
the system. In 1850 a Phonetic Council of one hundred
persons (fifty in Great Britain and fifty in America,) was
elected by a popular vote of the phonographers of each
country, for the purpose of uniting the efforts and skill of
all in effecting some further improvements in the art, and
in devising ways and means for promoting its general
adoption. This Council, together with the assistance of
both Phonetic Societies, have had the system under
thorough revision for two years ; and after so long and
thorough experiments it is reasonable to believe that the
system is as near perfection as it is possible for an art to
approximate. ( *
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION, p. 9 ; PHONOTYPY, 15 ; PHONOGRAPHY, 19
SIMPLE CONSONANTS, 25
VOWEL SCHF.MK, 27
MARKS OF PUNCTUATION, 28
DIPHTHONGS, DOT H, 32
COMBINED CONSONAKTS, 34
UP-STROKES, R, X, L, 38-41
VOWEL WORD-SIGNS, 43
CIRCLE S AND Z, 45
PREFIXES COM, CON, AND AFFIX ING, 49
CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS, 50
W-DlPHTHONG 54
W-HooK, AND TRIPTHONGS 56
W WORD-SIGNS, 58
Y-DlPHTHONGS 60
L-HOOK, 64
SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOCALIZATION, 65
L-HooK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE, 66
L-HOOK WORD-SIGNS, 67
E-HOOK, 69
E-HooK PRECEDED BY THE S-CIRCLE, 71
DOUBLE CURVE FOR <!R, 72
E-HOOK WORD-SIGNS, 72
N-HOOK, 75
N-HOOK FOLLOWED BY S-ClRCLE, 77
SN-HOOK, 80
VOWEL CONTRACTIONS, 81
DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS, 82
HALF-LENGTH STROKES, 84
HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS, 87
LGRENS Lazi; OR, LURNING FONOGRAFI, 89
LOOPS ST AND STR, 91
ANOMALOUS N AND XN, 94
PREFIXES, 97
AFFIXES, 98
NOMINAL CONSONANT, 100
Ylii CONTENTS.
STROKE H, 100
VOCALIZING THE LARGE ClBCLE, 100
OMISSION OF P, K, T, 100
« "OF THE," 101
SIMILAR WORDS WRITTEN WITH DIFFERENT OUTLINES, . . . 102
ALL THE WORD-SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED, 106
PHRASEOGRAPHY, 109
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE, (in Phonography.) 117
INTRODUCTION.
Within the last hundred years important changes have
taken place in almost every department of industry. The
mechanic no longer seeks the swiftly running stream to
propel his machinery, but erects his mill or factory on
ground the most convenient for labor or for market, and
brings the elements into subjection for the performance
of his drudgery; the stage-coach horse-power, for loco-
motion, is almost forgotten in consideration of the iron-
boned steed hitched to the enormous wheeled palace ; the
sea- voyage of weary months is now performed pleasantly
in as many weeks, by the application of steam to naviga-
tion ; and the man of business no longer waits the rapid
transmission of thought by such conveyance, but com-
municates through the length and breadth of our wide-
spreading country with lightning speed.
Thus the genius of invention and improvement has
been abroad in the land, and although for a long time
she confined her skill to building steamboats and making
railroads, constructing machinery and teaching the light-
ning how to talk, she has not altogether forgotten the
world of intellect; and PHONOGRAPHY, her last, most
promising and glorious boon, presents to the world an al-
phabet of letters so simple and facile that he who uses it
may readily keep pace with the fastest speaker, — affording
a system of writing as much superior to that of the old
script alphabet, as railroads are to the ancient truck-
wheeled wagon, or the electric telegraph to the post boy's
plodding gait.
10 INTRODUCTION.
We do not wish to underrate the value of the present
system of writing ; it has been of great service in its time,
having done much in the way of civilizing and enlight-
ening the races of men. But the present state of things in
the scientific world demands a change in the character of
our written language. Science is a stern ruler ; her laws
encircle every art; and although for a long time they may
remain undiscovered or not applied, yet as the world pro-
gresses in knowledge and learns wisdom from experience,
it will cause them to be developed, and future generations
will derive the advantages of conforming to them. —
These facts have been Illustrated in the various improve-
ments to which we have alluded ; and they are still to be
expected in such departments as have not yet undergone
the remodeling process of modern ingenuity. They take
their turn in the great circle of progression ; and it is our
privilege now to demonstrate the laws that apply to the
art of writing, as required at this stage of the world's his-
tory.
The spirit of our age demands two new features in the
ftrt of writing: First, Speed in its execution; second, Sys-
tcm in its orthography. In treating of the first desideratum
we shall briefly refer to the old romanic alphabet, and
the habits of writing it requires. Like the ancient imple-
ments of industry and modes of labor, the alphabet of
our fathers was constructed at a time when the ingenuity
of man had not been brought into full play. The letters
are complex, and the use of them cumbersome in the ex-
treme. To illustrate: take the letter $ for example ; to
make this letter, the fingers have to perform four inflec-
tions or movements, while it represents but a simple sound;
in making the letter m seven inflections are required,
while it, too, represents but one sound; and every letter
INTRODUCTION. 1 1
of the old alphabet is thus complex, to a greater or less
degree, although they are designed each to represent but
a single sound.
Now, while there is this complexity in the art of wri-
ting, in spoken language the organs of speech perform but
one movement in the enunciation of each letter; and hence
the labor of the penman is four or five times as great as
that of the speaker; while the latter is moving off freely,
as on the wings of the wind, the former is trudging along
at the snail's pace, weary and provoked at the contrast.
The object to be accomplished, therefore, is to present
an alphabet each letter of which can be written by one
inflection of the pen, so that the writer need no longer
be four times distanced by the moderate speaker ; and if
the reader will follow us through this book, he will see
that the system we are about to develop more than
meets this requisition.
But a greater difficulty, if possible, than the mere sub-
stitution of a new alphabet, is to be overcome. The or-
thography employed in using the old alphabet is nearly
as cumbrous as the formation of its letters ; while its
want of system makes it a study of many years to mem-
orize the spelling of 'the fifty or eighty thousand words
in our language.
Thus, take the sound of a; if we had nothing to do,
in order to represent it in our common writing, but to
write the one letter called a, the evil would be trifling
compared with what'it is. But we more frequently have
to write two 01 three, and even four, letters to represent
this one sound. It has, in fact, thirty-four different modes
of representation, consisting of various combinations of
nine different letters, a few only of which we have room
to exhibit. Thj**1 •*"* "" ''u ^laron, ai, as in pam, aigt a*
1£ INTRODUCTION.
in campaign ; aigh, as in straight ; elghe, as in -weighed,
<kc. Now common sense, as well as the laws of science,
suggests that the sound of a in each and all these should
be written with the same letter. When this shall be done,
more than two thirds of the labor of representing this
sound will be saved ; but by substituting a new letter
that can be made with one movement of the pen instead
of the four that a requires, and of the four times four that
several of the above combinations require, nine tenths of
this labor will be avoided. In writing the sound a in these
five words, instead of making fifty inflections of the pen,
we will have to make but ficc!
The sound of e is represented in forty different ways.
Examples: ea, as in each ; ea-ue, as in league ; eye, as in
keyed ; eig, as in seignor ; cigh, as in Leigh. We need
not repeat that the sound of e in each of these words
should be represented by the same letter ; or that by sub-
stituting for the complex letter e a simple character that
can be made with one motion of the pen, seven-eights or
nine-tenths of the labor in writing would be saved. —
These are facts that are evident, after the illustrations are
presented. And we might thus illustrate the unscientific
mode of representing every word in our language, with
equally formidable results. But we will only state the
melancholy fact, that the various sounds employed in
speaking the English language are each represented in
from four to forty ways, and that in the large majority of
cases two or more letters are required to do the service.
And also, that there is no letter in the alphabet that uni-
formly represents the same sound. They are as change-
able as the wind or the weather, and to the young learner
exceedingly provoking. The consequence of this want
of system is, in the language of a distinguished writer on
INTRODUCTION. 13
the subject of education, that "reading is the most diffi-
cult of human attainments." And, as a further conse-
quence, one third of the population of England are una-
ble to read, and one half unable to write ; while in the
United States, although the proportion is considerably less,
yet the number of illiterate persons is very great ; and
this wide-spread ignorance must continue until the
rudiments of education are simplified. Such incon-
sistencies and mischievous errors as we have referred to,
are not in harmony with the developments of order and
science in most other branches of industry and art, and
hence they must be superceeded by something truer and
more expeditious.
THE PHONETIC PRINCIPLE.
The term Phonetic is derived from the Greek word
phone, speech. A phonetic alphabet, therefore, is one
which, referring solely to speech, derives all its laws from
a consideration of the elements of speech. To illustrate
what we mean by the phrase " elements of speech," we
have but to ask the reader to adjust his lips to a round
position and deliver the voice as he would commence to
speak the words ode, oak, own. Now this same sound
is heard in thousands of words in our language, and is
what we call an element of speech. A similar element
is heard in the commencement of the word ooze, and at
the termination of the word who. In pronouncing the
words see, say, saw, so, we hear, at the beginning of each
of them, the same kind of a sound, namely a hiss, which
is also an element of speech, for it frequently combines
with other sounds to make words. By analyzing all the
words in the English language, it has been found that it
is constituted of but forty elementary sounds ; or to be
more precise, thirty-four simple sounds and six compound
14 INTRODUCTION.
ones, formed by the close union of certain simple sounds
which it is convenient to consider as distinct sounds. In
speaking, therefore, our words consist simply in the ut-
terance of one of these, or a combination of two or more
of them ; and in writing these words common sense would
suggest that each element should be represented by a sin-
gle letter, that should never stand for any other sound.
It is supposed the original Phoenician alphabet, from
which our present alphabet is remotely derived, was
phonetic ; that is, it represented the elements of speech in
such a manner that when tho sounds of a word were heard
the writer knew immediately what letters to use, and
when he saw the letters he knew at once what sounds he
was to utter. But when this alphabet was adopted by the
Greeks and Romans, who used sounds unknown to the
Phoenicians, many of the old letters were necessarily used
to represent new sounds as well as old ones, so that there
was no longer any very strict accordance between the
sounds and letters of words. But when other European
nations, including the English, adopted the romanic alpha-
bet, and used it in very different ways, insomuch that no
one could guess what sound could be attributed to any one
letter, almost all trace of the phonetic nature of the alpha-
bet was lost. And hence the deplorable state of English
spelling and writing, as depicted in previous pages,
which, in few words, is so bad that no one can tell the
sound of an unknown word from its spelling, or the spell-
ing of a new word from its sound.
Phonetic spelling, therefore, is no new thing, and the
efforts of writing and spelling reformers is simply an at-
tempt to pl.°ce the representation of the English language
on the same rational basis that the most classic of the
ancient languages stood, and in addition thereto to afford
INTRODUCTION. 15
the means of the most rapid writing that it is possible to
attain. No further argument, therefore, should be re-
quired, in presenting a system so accordant with truth
and utility.
PHONOTYPY.
The word Phonotypy, from the Greek phone, speech,
and tupos, type, signifies the printing of language by
types which represent the sounds heard in speaking; while
Phonography, also from phone and another Greek word,
graphien, to write, signifies to write by sound, or with
characters that represent the sounds heard in speech.
Although the latter is the art which this work is specially
designed to explain, yet a knowledge of the former will
materially aid in its acquisition ; and as a sufficient ac-
quaintance with it may be obtained in a few minutes' study,
we shall here present a brief exposition of it.
The forty elementary and dipthongal sounds* that it has
been found necessary to represent in a true orthography
of the English language, are exhibited by the italic letters
in the following words: —
eel
ale
arm
all
oak
ooze,
ill
ell
am
on
up
wood;
tee,
oil,
owl,
mute;
yea,
way,
hay;
pole,
Jowl,
toe, doe,
cheer,
yeer,
came,
game,
/ear,
veer,
thigh,
thy,
seal,
zeal,
s/tall,
vision,
rare,
lull;
mum,
nun
, sing.
* Worcester's dictionary, and later writers on orthoepy, contend
for a more minute analysis of sounds; thus, between the second and
Ihird vowels in the above scheme, they would represent the sound
in care as differing from either that in ale or that in arm; and be-
tween the vowels in arm and am they would mark a different one in
fast, last, &c.; also the vowel in cur, as distinct from that in cut.
The dipthongs in ice, oil, owl, mute, they would represent by their
elements, that is, in the case of i, they would represent it by the
two letters that would represent the vowels in «rm and eel; the
dipthong in oil, by the vowels in all and ill; that in owl by the
16 INTRODUCTION.
Of course the old twenty-six letter alphabet was incom-
petent to give a character for each of these forty sounds.
And in determining upon the introduction of new letters,
two important considerations presented themselves to the
mind, both grounded on the fact that the romanic style
of spelling already existed in printed books, and flourish-
es wherever our language is spoken or read. First, that
those who can already read romanic spelling should have
very little difficulty in acquiring phonetic spelling; and
secondly, that those who are taught to read phonetically
should find that the greater part of the difficulties attend-
ant on the acquirement of romanic reading were then
overcome. In order to accomplish these two very impor-
tant objects, it was necessary to use as many of the
old romanic letters as possible in the senses which
they most frequently have in the romanic spelling of
English; and to make the new phonetic letters suggest the
letters or combinations of letters which are most fre-
quently employed to express their sounds romanically.
The grand object was to make English reading easy — not
merely in phonetic but also in romanic spelling, in order
that the large number of books already printed should be
still useful, or rather should be made useful to those to
whom they are at present useless — tho book-blind, those
who cannot read. This has been effected. Not only is
phonetic reading so easy to those who read romanically,
that few find any difficulty in the matter at all, but those
vowels in arm and OOZK\ and that in mute, by the vowels in ill and
ooze. The consonants ch and .;' they would dissolve into t-sh and
d-zh. But the representation of such delicate shades of sounds is
hardly practicable, at the present time, at least ; it may be that un-
der phonetic teaching the public ear will be trained so that a more
nice representation will be advisable; though as regards the dip-
thongs and double consonants, it would be exceedingly distasteful
to represent them by the letters of which they are composed, and
•we have no idea it will ever be done.
INTRODUCTION. 17
who have only learned to read phonetically are more than
two-thirds on their way towards romanic reading.
Out of the twenty-six romanic letters, three, c, q, x,
have been rejected. The fifteen consonants,
bdfhjlmnprtvwyz
are used in their usual romanic sense ; that is, in the
sense which the English romanic reader would naturally
expect them to have in any new word, as they are pro-
nounced at the beginning of the romanic words,
bed, deed, fit, head, jest, Zull, man, wun,
peep, rare, toe, vote, woe, yes, zeal.
The five vowels, a, e, i, o, u, and the remaining three
consonants, Jc, g, s, are to be pronounced as at the begin-
ning of
am, egg, in, on, up, &ite, get, sup.
New letters have been in vented for the sounds expressed
by the italic letters in the under-written words in the fol-
lowing examples :
0e G> o tUui Uu I< j CTe
ice oil
sing
On the following page the whole alphabet is presented
in a systematic arrangement ; first, the vowels; second^ the
compound vowels ; third, the liquids ; fourth, the conso-
nants. In this particular, unimportant though it may
seem, the new alphabet is an improvement on the old —
which is little more than a string of confusion — here a
vowel and there a vowel, a consonant here and another
there.
8e
SLa
Hq,
0e
Oo
HI
Ul
Tffu
eel
age
arm
all
oak
ooze
foot
"5" K
U H
GJ q
Kt
cEd
sj
g; g
owl
mwle
catch
thin
thine
she
vision
18
INTRODUCTION.
THE ENGLISH PHONETIC ALPHABET.
written
9 6
ITie letter
prntd
/ j
<r *
u&
fla
Go
O o
UJui
Ee
Aa
Oo
Ua
Uu
Yy
Ww
is altcayi
sounded as
ee in eel
a ..ale
a . . aim A
a .. all
o .. ope
oo .. food
am
olive
«P
foot
z'sle
oil
owl
mule
way
i
oi
ow
u
y
to
Hh h ..
JL
The letter
written prntd
Pp
Bb
Tt
Dd
Kk
Ff
Vv
Et
ad
Ss
Zz
Rr
LI
Mm
Nn
Mm
is a!vayt
sounded a*
p injaole
b . . Jowl
f ..toe
d .. doe
ch
c . . came
ff . . ffamt
f --/ear
v .. peer
th ..Wigh
tk-..thj
s . . seal
x .. zeal
e . . vicious
* . . viiiop
n . . mum
n ..nun
ng . . siry
NOTE. — In the above table, in addition to the printing letters of
the phonetic alphabet, are presented the longhand script characters.
It will be observed that, as in the phonotypic scheme, the old let-
ters are retained in their usual sense, and new ones introduced,
having resemblance to their corresponding printed letters, and of
as easy formation as possible. This alphabet is used by Spelling
Reformers, who are so in truth, in all cases where the phonetic
shorthand could not be read by the person for whom the writing
is done ; for phonetic longhand may be read, with very little hesi-
tation, by all who can read the old manuscript. And the writer,
in addition to the satisfaction of employing a scientific orthogra-
phy, economizes twelve per cent of his paper and time, by dis-
pensing with double letters.
INTRODUCTION. 19
PHONOGRAPHY.
Phonography being intended for the pen alone, and the
principal object being rapidity of execution, with a mod-
erate degree of legibility, considerable lisense is taken as
regards strictly phonetic principles. It cannot be said of
phonetic shorthand that " no sound must be represented
by more than one sign," and that "no sign must represent
more than one sound." The reverse of this statement is
true in frequent instances; but not in such away as mate-
rially to impair the scientific accuracy of the system. In
point of utility there are great advantages derived from
having two or three forms to represent certain sounds, and
no serious disadvantage.
The simplest signs which it was possible to obtain for
the phonographic alphabet, are, 1st, the dot; 2d, the dash;
3d, the straight line; 4th, the curve. The dots and dashes
are used to represent the vowels; the straight lines and
curves represent the consonants. The following diagrams
exhibit the source from which the latter are derived, or
rather the different positions to each other in which they
are placed to represent different letters.
It will be observed that the straight line assumes four
different positions, and the curved one eight; these are as
many positions as can be recognized without danger of
confusion; and these two simple characters can be written
in these twelve positions so as to be just as distinct and
legible as though this number of differently shaped letters
20 INTRODUCTION.
were employed. Here now we have the means of repre-
senting twelve consonant sounds; but since in writing we
can make either light or heavy marks, this number may
be doubled by recognizing the same number of heavy
lines and curves.
While it is found necessary to make each of the prim-
itive characters heavy, in order to obtain a sufficient
number, it is also found a useful and philosophical method
of distinguishing between the natures of different sounds.
Thus, eight of the sounds which these characters are to
represent are mere whispers, produced by the transition of
the organs of speech from one position to another, or by
the simple contact of different parts of the mouth, with-
out any vocal sound; and there are eight others made in
the same manner, but have in addition a slightly rough-
ened or vocal sound, which require a greater effort to
produce them. To follow nature, therefore, and preserve
a correspondence between signs and sounds, the light
signs are made to represent the light or whispered sounds,
and the heavy signs to represent the heavy sounds. Thus,
both the difference between the sounds and their resem-
blance are at once represented. And it being so natural
to represent a light sound by a light stroke, and a heavy
sound by a heavy stroke, the phonographic pupil finds,
after a little practice, that he makes the difference in the
strokes without any thought about it. But the similarity
of sound between the heavy and light strokes is so great
that, if at any time the difference in the thickness of the
lines is not clearly made, it will not seriously affect the
legibility of the writing to the experienced phonographer.
Thus, for example, if the word Sinsinati were written so
as to be pronounced Zinzinadi, the reader could hardly
mistake the intention cf the writer.
INTRODUCTION. 21
The consonant sounds are classified as follows: —
1. Abrupts: These elements are produced by a total
contact of the different organs of speech, abruptly inter-
rupting the outward passage of the breath, or the voice.
They are eight in number, and have the eight straight
marks appropriated for their representation, as illustrated
in the following table, — the italisized letters of the words
indicating the sounds represented :
Whispered, \ pole, | foe, / cAair, — came.
Spoken, \ bow], \ doc, / jeer, — ^rame.
By a little observation in comparing the sound of p with
that of b, in the words pole and bowl, the distinction of
whispered and spoken, or light and heavy, will be appre-
ciated. As far as articulation, or the contact of the organs
of speech is concerned, the consonants p and b are identical;
the sound of the former, however, is produced by the
breath only, while the latter requires the assistance of the
voice, which commences before the lips, the organs by
which the articulation is produced, are disconnected. The
same remarks apply to each of the other pairs of abnipts,
as the reader will discover by speaking the illustrative
words in connection.
2. Continuants: The organs of speech are in contact
in the production of these elements, yet not so firmly as
to totally obstruct the passage of breath, or voice; but the
articulation may be continued any length of time. There
are, also, eight of these elements — half of them whispered
and half spoken. They may be illustrated as the ab-
rupts were :
Whispered, V^/an, ( thm, ) seal, ^) shun.
Spoken, ^_van, ( (hen, ) zeal,
22 INTRODUCTION.
3. Liquids: These are r and /, and are called liquids
because they readily run into or unite with other conso-
nant sounds. They are not distinguished by any variation
of sound, as the abrupts and continuants, and are repre-
sented by light curves; thus:
"^ row, f~ 7ow.
4. Nasals: The sounds oi m, n, and nig, are called
nasals from the fact that the organs are brought in com-
plete contact and the voice driven through the nose.
The m, and n are represented by the two remaining
light curves, and ng by the heavy curve corresponding
to n, as being nearly related to that sound ; thus:
^~N mum, ^-s mm, \^ sing.
5. Ambiffues : These are y, w and /*, and hold, as it
were, a middle place between the vowels and consonants ;
their powers are more feeble than the other consonants,
yet they must be recognized as belonging to that class of
sounds, on account of their want of vocality.* They
never occur in English except before a vowel ; the h being
simply a breathing upon the following vowel is often term-
ed an aspirate. The following are their phonographic
signs, and the words illustrating their powers :
f~ yea, "^ way, </ Aay.
* Many persons imagine the powers of y and w to be i and w
or w; (see Phonotypic alphabet, p. 18,) and would spell words pho-
netically thus : yet iet; yale ial; yam iam; week uwc or utc, wall
uiel, worm uiurm; &c. We admit this representation is an approx-
imation to the true one; but these vowels have too great powers
for the weak whispers to be represented, as will be seen if we take
words in which the same vowel would follow; take yeast iest, year
ier, and mound uimnd, or wool uul; and it will readily be seen that
they do not afford just the pronunciation we want; and beside, this
representation would make monosyllables into words of two sylla-
bles, because every vowel in a word requires a distinct syllabic
pronunciation.
w
INTRODUCTION. 23
VOWEL ARRANGEMENT : — In order to represent the
twelve vowel sounds by the two signs, a dot and a dash,
a scheme similar to that of representing musical sounds
by the round note is resorted to. As the vowels rarely
occur except in combination with a consonant, they are in-
dicated by the position in which the dot or dash is placed
to the consonant stroke ; thus, a dot placed at the begin-
ning of a consonant represents the vowel e (ee,) at the
middle, a (age,) at the end, q (ah ;) the dash at the be-
ginning is e (awe,) at the middle, o (owe,) at the end, ?«
(oo.) The remaining six vowels are short or brief, as com-
pared with the foregoing six, and are appropriately repre-
sented by the dot and dash in the same manner, but made
lighter; and all that has been said in regard to light and
heavy consonants applies to the vowels. In the following
illustration the vowel signs are placed to a dotted line
merely to indicate the position of the dot and dash ; it is
no part of the vowel. The italic letters in the accom-
panying words suggest the vowel sounds :
eel, •! ale, J arm, "iall, -j oak, J ooze.
ill, -\ ell, j am, j on, -j up, _! wood.
VipJitlwngs : These being compound sounds, and all the
simple characters being otherwise disposed of, they are
represented by complex signs. They will be understood
by the following illustration :
Vi . i A: ., ; •,
! zsle, | oil, A! owl.
Tripthongs ; These result from the union of w with
each of the above diphthongs, which are more convenient
to represent by single characters than otherwise ; thus :
I wine, nj <]uoit, J wound.
On the following page the whole alphabet is present-
ed in a tabular form.
PHONOGRAPHIC ALPHABET.
CONSONANTS.
'\ p ^post
N b ioast
V_v rat
LIQUIDS.
i r ray
ABRUPT*!.
i t ^ip
1 d dip
' § c/iest
f vp^t
j j^^^
en
O
O
v ^ thy
) s seal
) z real
KB. NASALS.
'•-^ m met
< ^-^n wet
[/" j yea
-k lite
i?i *Ae
o
\ ^\vr u-ay
rr_g ^t
^ 3 vision
^
[ (^ h hay
VOWELS.
•j E eel
' i ill
S
v| i isle
i
8.
c
»3
•j a ale
I q arm
-j e awed
h
c .
a
02
- e ell
a am
o odd
1
r
a
L
A cr oil
A X OJfl
1 wj trind
-j o ope
- u up
£
T -1
;WO quOit
_; ui fool
u fwll
*
-,'wy wo«nd
ADDITIONAL. — For the satisfaction of those who wish to rep-
resent a more critical pronunciation than tue above scheme en-
ables them to do, the following additions ire suggested:
For the vowel in care, '! written thus, """"N.
For the vowel in ask, >\ wiitten thus, '}
For the close diphthong in mute, ,j written thus, /~"Jj
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
LESS OX I.
ON WRITING AND VOCALIZING THE SIMPLE CONSONANTS.
If the learner of Phonography has attentively read the
preceding Introduction, and obtained a clear idea of the
phonetic principle, he will find no difficulty in mastering
the course of lessons which follows. The following ar-
rangement of the consonant phonographs affords a kind of
picture to the student which will enable him to fix in his
mind the power of each letter by the position it has in
the table. It will be as important to learn the phono-
typic as the shorthand letters, because the exercises to be
written are printed in phonotypy, as a means of greatly
assisting the pupil in writing his lessons.
\p \b I t |d /q /j
^v (* (<* )s )z
~\r S~ 1 ^ m ^-'n •
1. The perpendicular and inclined consonants are
written from the top downward; the horizontal ones are
written from left to right.
2. EXCEPTIONS. — The f~ /, when the only conso-
nant in a word, is always written upward; at other times
it may be written either upward or downward, as is most
convenient. _J f is always written downward when the
only consonant in a word, and either downward or
upward at other times. </ is written upward.
3 (25)
26 MANUAL OF PII JNOGRAPHY.
3. Ruled paper should be used ; and, for the first few
exorcises, until the pupil becomes familiar with the char-
acters, a pencil should be employed in preference to a pea,
after which either a pen or pencil may be used, — cither of
which should be held loosely between the first and second
fingers and the thumb, as when u;ed for drawing. The
beginner generally experiences some difficulty, unless he
has been accustomed to back-hand writing, in making the
strokes from left to right ; and is apt to imagine that he
shall never be able to strike \ with the same ease with
which he can execute / This difficulty is, however, en-
tirely the result of habit in writing otherwise ; and after a
very short practice he will find that the muscles acquire
complete facility in this and all the other movements re-
quired in Phonography.
4. The consonants should be written about the size of
those given in these pages ; and particular attention should,
at first, be observed in writing the curved thick letters, mak-
ing them thick in the middle only, and tapering to a light
line toward each extremity. The inclined strokes should
be written at an inclination of 45 degrees, or midway be-
tween the horizontal and vertical. Commence the strokes
so that when of the proper length they will rest on the
line of writing.
Let the pupil now take his pen or pencil, and go
through the list of consonants, writing them as in the pre-
ceding table, speaking at the same time the power of the
letter; and observing, also, the light and heavy character
of the signs, and their proper length.
5. In order to establish some mode of writing th«
vowels, the point where the consonant stroke is commenced
is called ihe first place, the middle of the stroke its second
place, and where it ends, the third place.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 27
VOWEL SCHEME.
long. short. long. short.
-o
6. The proper sounds of these dots and dashes, in their
several positions, should be well memorized. They may
be designated thus: — s is the first place heavy dot; a is
the second place heavy dot; q is the third place heavy dot;
o is the first place heavy dash; o is the second place heavy
dash; w is the third place heavy dash ; i is the first
place light dot, &c.; o is the first place light dash, <fec.
7. In order to insure getting the dots and dashes in
their proper positions, the consonant phonographs, wheth-
er one or many, are always written first; thus, | _ tJc,
~~1 nd, r\^ III, - gg. This gives what is called
the skeleton of the word, and the vowels are jotted in af-
terward, similar to dotting the is and crossing the is in
the longhand.7
8. In vocalizing the consonants, that is, in placing the
vowels to them, they should be written near the strokes,
but not so that they will join; the dashes should be written
at right angles with the consonants ; thus, V^ ev,
\po, |_ tui, ^fo, ~T ffo, -7' no.
7. This may seem like atedious process, and is, to the learner, for
sometime; but, as he becomes accustomed to it, it will be done
very readily; and as he becomes familiar with the appearance
of the writing the necessity for vocalizing will cease, to a consider-
able extent, and only the accented, or distinguishing vowels will
need to be inserted ; — the consonant outlines of words, assisted by
the seme of the sentence, generally indicating the true words; just
as the frame work of a building, or the skeleton of an animal, sug-
gests to the mind at once what the structure would be if all its parts
were
28 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH!".
9. As in covering a page with writing we proceed from
left to right, and from the upper to the lower line, so, in
writing the dots and dashes, if we wish the vowel to read
first we write it before the consonant, if perpendicular or
inclined, (the inclined strokes, whether straight or curved,
being treated as though they were perpendicular,) and
above, if horizontal ; thus, | et, ^\ ap, «^ ar, ^ am,
— ok, if we wish it to read after the consonant, we write
it after or below the stroke; thus, \£ ~bo,<?* ha, f Is,
_J fut, ^ mq, ^ ns.
10. Words containing only horizontal consonants, if
the accented vowels be first place, are written about the
height of a vertical stroke above the line ; as *~^ ms, • — ks ;
if the vowels be second or third place, they are written on
the line ; as, — ga, ^ mo. EXCEPTIONS : him is written on
the line, to prevent confounding it (should the vowels be
omitted,) with the word ins; and eni is written above the
'
line, to obviate its being read no.
MARKS OF PUNCTUATION : x period, J colon, £ in-
terogation, f wonder, | grief, ? laughter, { ) parenthesis;
the comma and semi- colon may be written as in common,
manuscript.
An emphatic word or sentence is indicated by a waved
line being drawn beneath it, thus : ^ ; if it is desired to
indicate that a word should commence with a capital let-
ter, it is shown by two parallel dashes being written direct-
ly under it : thus, „
KIVIEW. — (1.) \Vhieh of the consonant phonographs are written downwards1}
How are the horizontal ones written? What are they? (C.) Arv there any
exceptions to these general rules ? and what are they V (.>.) How are the sounds
of the vowels designated? Speak the three heavy dot vowels. The three
(9.) In what directions are the letters in a phonographic word read '! To which
class do the inclined strokes belong ? (10.) How are words containing only hor-
izontal strokes written? What are the exceptions?
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 29
READING EXERCISE I.
The following exercises should be read over frequently,
till the learner acquires the correct sounds of the vowels
and their consecutive order. They will, at the same time,
become familiar with many of the consonants.
eel ale arm all ope fool
f r c /f r
til ell am on up full
1-1 J 1 \ J
\ \ \ -\ x x
.r r r ^ r. /~
30 MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY.
READING EXERCISE II.
) *-s.-f\,\
x i / v/"
x-i / _^rx i-
\
C T
_,_-( -) ^j X /-,-V. (-
.
11. In vocalizing the consonants of a word, the first
thing to be done is to ascertain whether the first vowel to
be written is a dot sign or a dash sign ; and, secondly,
whether it is a long sound or a short sound ; and lastly,
what place to the consonant it should occupy. If the
learner's memory is not good, or his perception quick, so
that he can decide these points readily, a good plan for ar-
riving at the results is to commence at the beginning of
the scale of vowels and speak them thus, e i, a, e, q ,?,
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 31
(observing that thus far the signs are dots, heavy and
light, and that the remainder are dashes,) o o, o u, m u,
till he arrives at the one he wishes to write ; just as the
learner of music, when he cannot strike the proper sound
of a note, commences at do and runs up the scale till
he obtains the proper sound.
NOTE. — For the purpose of assisting the learner until he becomes familiar
with phonetic printing, a few of the first exercises for writing will be printed
ijj both modes of spelling.
WRITING EXERCISE I.
Ape, eat, eight, age, ache, eve, ease, ale, ear, air, aim.
£ip, et, at, aj, ak, ev, ez, al, er, ar, am.
Ebb, it, ate, add, itch, edge, egg, if, ill, am.
Eb, it, et, ad, ic,, ej, eg, if, il, am.
Ope, ought, ode, oak, off, oath, owes, ooze, all, or, own.
Op, ot, od, ok, of, 06, oz, tuz, el, er, on.
Up, odd, of, us, err, on.
Up, od, ov, us, ur, on.
Pea, pay, pa, tea, day, jay, key, gay, fee, they, see,
Pe, pa, pq, te, da, ja, ke, ga, fe, da, se.
say, she, ray, lee, me, may, ma, nay, yea, way, hay.
sa, Je, ra, le, me, ma, mq, na, ya, wa, ha.
Paw, beau, toe, do, jaw, caw, coo, go, thaw, though,
Pe, bo, to, dm, jo, ko, kra, go, 6e, do,
saw, sow, show, law, low, raw, rue, know, woe, hoe.
so, so, Jo, le, lo, re, rui, no, wo, ho.
32 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
LESSON II.
THE DIPHTHONGS — DOT //—COMBINED CONSONANTS.
V! • A!
1 1- ! °- A! »•
12. These diphthong characters occupy but two places,
the beginning and end of a consonant. When written in
the first place, with the point downward, the angle repre-
sents the first sound in isle ; with the point upward, in the
same place, the first sound in oil"; with the point upward,
and in the third place, the first sound in our. The charac-
ters should be written without lifting the pen, and placed
in a perpendicular position -to the inclined and horizontal
strokes as well as to the vertical ; thus, X^ pi, (v #/,
^ m}, \ bo, A kv,~^\ vr, ^_-. nv.
WRITING EXERCISE II.
Bi, tj, fj, vj, dj, SJ, Ji, lj, rj, mj, nj; js,
By, tie, fie, vie, thy, sigh, shy, lie, rye, my, nigh ; ice,
jz, jl, jr, jsi. Bcr, to-, jo-, ke ; el, aner. By,
eyes, aisle, ire, icy. Boy, toy, joy, coy ; oil, annoy. Bow,
dy, ky, vs, &•&, rar, al^, n~s ; st, -sr, xl.
dow, cow, vow, sow, row, allow, now ; out, our, owl.
13. DOT Ti. — Since the aspirate never occurs in English
except before a vowal, a briefer mode of representing it than
the long sign <^ is generally employed, namely, alight dot
placed immediately before the vowel ; it should be written
to the left of the dot vowels that belong to a vertical or in-
clined stroke, and above those belonging to horizontals ;
and above the dash vowels of the former, and to the left of
those of the latter; thus, ") hit, ^ hig, X> hem, "~| hod,
"v\ hvr ^* horn.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 33
Although this li is the same in shape as the light dot
vowels, it need never lead to any mistake, from the fact
that no dot vowel ever occurs immediately before an-
other dot vowel.
READING EXERCISE III.
••\ -i ..i -I 7 •/../ _i ..r *\ ^<
"WRITING EXERCISE III.
Hep, hat, hed, hev, het hel, hal, her, har ;
Heap, hate, heed, heave, heat, heal, hail, hear, hair;
hat, hcd, hie,, hej, haj", hil, him, ham, hag.
hat, head, hitch, hedge, hash, hill, him, ham, hang,
Hop, hrap, hod, hek, hoi, horn ; hop, hub, hot,
Hope, hoop, hoed, hawk, hole, home; hop, hub, hot,
hud, hog, hug, hur, hum, hug ; hapi, hevi, heti,
hood, hog, hug, her, hum, hung; happy, heavy, haughty,
holi, huni.
holy, honey.
Hit, hjv, hjr, hjli; hsl.
Height, hive, hire, highly ; howl.
He ma go horn n-s. So no heti ar.
He may go home now. Show no haughty air.
34 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
COMBINED CONSONANTS.
14. In commencing to write a word, the first thing the
learner has to do is to pronounce it slowly, and ascertain
what are the elementary sounds of which it is composed,
and then write the consonant signs, as heretofore direct-
ed. When the first consonant to be written requires a
downward stroke, it is commenced its length above the
line of writing and struck to the line, and if a downward
stroke follow, it is carried on below the line ; thus, ~-y
pt, — L dp ; if the first consonant be a horizontal stroke,
and a down-stroke follow, it is written above the line and
the second one carried to it; thus, ~\kd, / ng ; but if
an up-stroke sign follow the horizontal, the latter should
be written on the line ; thus, ^^f ml, f kl.
15, In reading the consonants in a word, they must of
course be uttered in the order in which they were written;
thus, for example, in reading /^ the "~ *" must be read
first, because it is evident it was written first, as the writer
could not have begun at the angle and written the /' and
then gone back and written the , without violating the
rule requiring the skeleton of a word to be written be-
fore lifting the pen ; and he could not have begun at the
bottom of the / ', and written it upwards, and then the
backwards, without violating the two rules, that c is
to be written downwards and n from left to right.
It sometimes happens that a consonant which seems to
be farther along than another in the line of writing, must
be read first; as / ; but from the fact that / is always
to be written downward, we know the letters are to be
ready/ and not Ij. By a little observation of this kind the
learner will soon see at a glance, and without thought,
how any word is to be read.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 36 •
»
16. In vocalizing two or more consonants it is very im-
portant to keep the vowel signs away from the angles or
places where the consonants join, especially from the in-
side of angles, as in such positions it is impossible to tell
to which stroke they belong ; thus, it cannot be told
whether v-^ *s 'ne wor<i &£m or bqm.
17. After the shape of a vowel, and the place it should
occupy, are determined, the following rules, in addition to
those for vocalizing single consonants, are to be observed:
Flr&t. When a first place vowel, or diphthong, comes be-
tween two consonants it is placed immediately after the
first ; as " ~\ krp, \_ rem, v ] k[t.
Second. A second place vowel, if it be long, is also
written after the first consonant ; as ^| gat, ]^ dom ; but
if short, it is written before the second; as ~~] get, Jj^ dum;
by which arrangement we arc enabled to determine the
sound of the middle place vowel by position as well as
by the size of the dot or dash.
Third. Third place vowels arc written before the second
consonant ; as v-,« bqm, \^ lint, I dst.
A
Fourth. If two vowels come between two consonants,
the first one spoken is written to the first stroke, and the
next one to the second ; thus, \X. poem, \/^\ palM.
Some deviations from these rules occur in contracted
forms of writing ; but their general observance renders
the manuscript more legible than it could otherwise be.
18. If two vowels precede the first consonant in a
word, the first is written farther from the consonant than
the second ; thus, v-| join ; if it terminate with two,
the last is written farther from the consonant sign ; as,
T.
36 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
19. When the diphthong v commences a word it is>
customary to go on writing the following consonant with-
out lifting the pen, as in the word idea,, just given, \^item,
&c. ; and the practice is extended, without any dan-
ger of ambiguity, and with much saving of time, to the
connection of the pronoun f with the following word; as,
v^y^"( I bihv, ^ — ifer. In this latter case the writing
is entirely legible, even if the first prong of the angle is
omitted, which is often done, for the sake of brevity.
20. In reading words of two or more consonants, it
must be observed that each stroke, and the vowel-sign or
signs placed to it, must be read precisely as they would
be if they stood unconnected with other consonant strokes;
thus, \^)' read in this way would be considered thus :
\ C ) po-li-si ; ~V"]' , if analyzed thus: "^ (T |
would reveal the word realiti. This process will be neces-
sary till the learner can read words from their general ap-
pearance.
READING EXERCISE IV.
MANUAL OF PIIONOGBAPBY. 37
REVIEW. — (12.) How many diphthongs are there ? Speak the first, and de-
scribe its sign ; the second ; the third. How are they to be written ? (33.)
What is the second form of the aspirate ? How should it be placed to the dot
vowels ? — the dash vowels 'I (14.) How are the consonant signs adjusted to the
line of writing ? (15.) What is the order of reading words having two or mora
consonants? (16.) In vocalizing what is very important? (17.) What is the
rule for writing first-place vowels that come between two consonants ? — the rule
for second-place vowels? — for third place vowels? If two vowels occur be-
tween two consonants, how are they to be written ? (18.) If two vowels begin
or terminate a word, how are they to be written? (19.) What peculiarity is
pjacticed in writing the diphthong / f (20.) What is the rule for reading a word
having two or more consonants and accompanying vowels ?
WRITING EXERCISE IV.
Bet, bak, bar, peg, bq,m, pad, pal, pq,m, tern, dam, tqr,
ded, dat, cjep, gar, cjer, cjef, kep, gat, kel, gal, kam, kak, Jam,
qrk, qrm, hq,rp, lep, lat, lq,f, nav, nam, awak, awar.
Bit, pet, pad, pig, beg, bag, pil, del, fil, vali, ril, rim, rali,
lip, lej, liv, mac;, mej, maj, mil, milk, ahed.
Bet, pop, buit, tet, dor, tuil, qek, jok, kel, kol, kuil, gedi,
fel, ferm, vot, fuid, rog, ruim, lof, mel, muiv, neti, awok.
Pot, bug, buk, bodi, dot, doj, dug, kuk, foli, fuli, Jok, Juk,
rok, rug, ruk, lok, luk, luk, mok, mug, muj, nok, nuj, nuk.
Pjl, abjd, bol, qjd, fsl, cjjm, ab^t, mil, deker, deljt, av^d,
al^d, enje, berlur, fjlur.
Get me mj buk. Put awa mj dul njf. Fil mj kup ful.
Ferm no bad habit in bo-hud ; it ma efect dj helO— d| hop in
aj. He ma be felti — na, gilti. Foli ma fal at leg 6.
456304
38
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
LESSON III.
UP-STROKES Jf, X AND L— VOWEL WORD-SIGNS.
21. In order to prevent words from running too far
below the line for convenience or beauty, and to afford
a variety of skeleton outlines, by which different words
having the same consonant sounds may be written differ-,
ently, and thus be distinguished without being vocalized,
provision is made for representing several of the conso-
nant sounds by both upward and downward strokes. This
provision also makes the writing more easy of execution,
since these op-strokes are all in the inclination of the line
of writing, from left to right. The letters thus represent-
ed are/, /, and ;•; the latter of which, only, requires a dif-
ferent character.
22. The second sign for r is a straight line struck up-
ward at an angle of thirty degrees ; thus, ^^ Though
this character is specially available in writing words re-
quiring two or more consonants, yet it is frequently used
alone ; as ^/ •?•/, and more frequently when terminating
with a circle or hook, ( Lessons IV, VI,) when it is
less likely to be confounded with <?, written downward and
of nearly the same inclination ; in neither case, however,
is there any difficulty experienced by the adept, since the
sense of the preceding words nearly always suggests
what the following word is.
23. When written in connection with other consonants,
there is never any ambiguity, since it can be seen at a
glance whether the stroke is written upward or downward;
thus, [/ tr, \ tg, /\ rt. So that while the rule is that
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH?. 39
g shall be written at an angle of sixty degrees, and r
at an angle of thirty degrees, they may both be written
at the same inclination, except when either is the only
consonant in a word ; and except, also, when one of them
immediately follows the other, as /] , in which case ne-
cessity compels one to be written at a different inclinat en
from the other.
24. The rule that the beginning of a consonant stroke
is where the first-place vowel is written, and the termina-
tion of a stroke the third-place, must be observed in
vocalizing this up-stroke/ ; thus, SY rig, ^\ r^p,
£S*\ gariti.
25. The following rules in regard to the use of the
two forms of r, will guide the learner to the best forms
of words :
First. The up-stroke should be used when the follow-
ing consonant is to be written downward, as in the ex-
amples above. (24.)
Second. When r is the initial letter of a word, and is
followed by the s-circle, w-hook, (see Lessons IV and
VIII, ) k, g, f, I, or another r, the up-stroke is employed ;
as /<r~"~ r°S> <^/ r<?/> <*ff r°l> ^f~^^ rsr- But if a
vowel precede r as the first consonant, the down-stroke is
employed; as, ~"X_ qrk,^ tfrif, ^/Y^~ urli, ~V^ crur.
Third. Whenever preceded by v, t, or m, the upward
r is employed ; as ^s/ ver, /T\/ mir.
Fourth. Whenever followed by n or r), the up-stroke
is employed; as /^ rsmi, ^^ ' roy.
Fifth. When r is the final stroke consonant in a word,
and followed by a vowel, the up-stroke is to be used, as in
the words *\s^ beri, _: J kari : but if no vowel
follow, the down-stroke is employed; as \^ puir,
"
40
MANUAL 0V rHONOGRAFHT.
Sixth. When one r follows another, except at the be-
ginning of a word when preceded by a vowel (as in erur,)
they are both written upward; as ^^ rariti, _js^
Tcariur.
Seventh. When followed by m, the down-stroke is al-
ways used ; as "~V-J ruim, ^1 $qrm.
READING EXERCISE V.
WRITING EXERCISE V.
Repel, retjr, red em, redi, ratifj, revjl, ravej, pqrti, periud,
derjd, arjv, araiij, nrj, urd ; raj, rak, riketi. Boro, feri, jvori,
Oeori, kari, memori, rotari, 6uroli, mer, demur, admjr. Ran-
clum, ragk, reanimat, adorig. Borour, borur, bariur, infe-
riur, narour, kurinr, mirur, dernr, Jerur, karer. Rem, rjm,
remedi, remuiv, ruiminat, lq,rk, reform.
26. L and /may be written upward or downward with-
out any change of form ; and in vocalizing, or reading,
the direction in which they were made, as in the case of the
up-stroke r, will be known by their connection with other
consonant signs ; as O toy, f\ lev, <^ fop, J fel.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 41
27. The following rules will guide, as near as possible,
to the most approved use of I.
First. When I is the initial letter of a word, and fol-
lowed by Jc, g, or wi, the up-stroke I is employed ; as /\,
lik, (. leg, (."^ lim. But if a vowel precede, the
down- stroke is used, as ,(^_ alik, "(^ helm. When
other consonants follow Ik, lg, Im, the / may be written
either upward or downward.
Second. Immediately before or after n and 77, the down-
stroke is employed ; as ^f waZ, (^ — liyk. If a down-
stroke letter is to follow I after n, the up-stroke I must be
employed ; as ^j^/' analoji, ^J/" | anihilat.
Third. When I is the final stroke consonant in a word,
and is preceded by /, v, or upward r, it is written down-
ward ; as s. fel, -<^K. revil, ^^ riul, ^^f moral.
But if a vowel follows, the up-strok« is used; as
Fourth. After » and 77, a final Z is always written
downward, even though followed by a vowel, as Cxi lonli,
~^f' kiyli.
Fifth. Final I, following all other consonants but ft v,
up-stroke r, n and 77, is written upward, whether a vowel
follows or not ; as ^\/^ psL _ f ktul, s^f~ mal.
28. Z is usually written downward ; before /, however,
and after / and v, it is always written upward ; as
felf,
NOTE. — Many of the foregoing rules in regard to writing r and I
upward or downward, are designed to secure consonant outlines
tliat will be more legible, when not vocalized, than if written dif-
ferently: Thus, when either up-stroke r or I is used at the com-
mencement of a word, we know it does not commence with a vowel;
if up-stroke r terminate a word, we know a vowel follows ; and
the same if up-stroke I after/, v and upward r terminate a word ;
and hence the chances of misreading the word are lessened.
The observance of the other rules will produce uniformity of
writing, and thus ensure greater fluency in reading.
4
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
READING EXERCISE VI.
WRITING EXERCISE VI.
Lek, log, lorn, legasi; alkali, elmanak. Lq,nq, larjk,
Ieg6ili, linsi, lunq, felig; amil, onli, kanal; analitik, lonjeviti,
enlqrj; fjl, fuil, vjl, unfalig, revel, iinval. Rel, real, relm, oral,
karul, barel, peril. Felo, fuli, vali, rali, reali, realiti ; onli,
menli, feligli, luvigli ; Jili, Jel, Jalo ; daj, navij, efijensi, de-
fijensi ; [down-stroke /,] relij, fuilij, publij, polij, abolij,
raJU
WORD-SIGNS.
29. By a word-sign is meant the use of a single char-
acter of the alphabet to represent an entire word. This
scheme is resorted to that the penman may attain greater
speed in writing ; and those words are chosen thus to be
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
43
represented, which occur the most frequently in com-
position ; twenty-five of them actually constituting one-
fourth of any given chapter or discourse, and one hundred
of them amounting to almost half. The signs are so
chosen as to suggest, generally, the words they represent.
They should be memorized by copying the table once or
twice.
30. TABLE OF VOWEL WORD-SIGNS.
• the x all ' already f or
. a \ two | oh, owe / who
N of "on
• an, and N to ( but / should
DIPHTHONGS, v 1, A how.
The first line of signs, since they are first-place vowels,
are to be written at the height of a stroke above the
line of writing ; those in the second line, consisting of
second and third -pi ace signs, are to be written on the line.
The second-place vowels are thus brought down because
three places cannot be distinguished without a consonant
stroke ; but no confusion arises from it, since, when the
second-place sign is thus transferred, the third-place sign
is not used as a word-sign, and when the third is used the
second is not. The third and fourth lines of the table
have the same relation to each other as the first and se-
cond.
31. The is a word-sign that often follows immediately
after most of the others, and in order to avoid lifting
the pen to write each separately, it is joined to the pre-
ceding sign in the shape of a light tick ; thus, > of the,
•1 on the, > to the.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY,
READING EXERCISE VII.
* — > '*
j-": *> 9H V I -V TV
I - £ X ..I • P— s ^ |
WRITING EXERCISE VII.
Eariti tarieO log ; lajdeO mucj rog ; qeriJcO no il ; apereO
bolli luvli amug us. <le urO and de ar. £1 livli and hapi,
but gidi, bor. 4 o nuOig. 3e bet ov de fjr. Go tu de dor.
He ma rjt el de tjm. La it on de Jelf. Go tu mj Jop and
rig de bel. Ct Jadi porq and kuilig Jsur. Ma bqrmoni log
abjd in -sr Qurq. FuiliJ bff ! 'J b^ dar he lavij mi muni on so
vijus a polisi j 01 bui no de rjt Jud dui it.
REVIEW. — (21.) What are the letters that may be written either upward or
downward? (22.) Explain the up-stroke r as compared with 5. (24.) Where
are the first and third-place vowels put to the up-stroke r ? (25.) Give the 1st
rule for writing r; the 2d, ditto; 3d; 4th; 5th; 6th; 7th. (26.) How is it
determined when the strokes /", r, I are written upward ? (27.) Give the 1st
rule for writing I ; the 2nd ; 3rd ; 4th ; 5th ? (28.) Under what circumstance
is / always written upward? What is the object of these rules ? (29.) What
is a word-sign? (30.) Give and describe the flrst-plaee long vowel word-signs ;
the third-place ; the first-place short ; the third-place ; the diphthongs. (31 )
What is the license taken with the 1
MANUAL OF PHONOORAPHY,
LESSON IV.
THE CIRCLB 3 AND Z—COM, CON, ING, AND MP —
CONSONANT WORr-SIGXS
The fact that s and z represent sounds of very frequent
recurrence, renders it necessary, in order to secure the
greatest brevity and beauty in writing, that they be fur-
nished with an additional sign. Indeed, each subsequent
chapter of these lessons is but to introduce some more
abbreviated method of writing ; which, while it seems to
render the system more complex, adds to it new beauty
as well as value.
32. The second forms for s and z are, a small cir-
cle, made light for the first, and thickened on one side
for the latter; thus, o *, o z; the thickening of the s
circle, however, is scarcely ever necessary, as the sense
will nearly always indicate whether the circle should be
s or z. Where great precision is requisite, the stroke z
should be used.
33. The circle is used much more frequently than the
stroke s ; it is employed, however, only in connection with
stroke consonants, except as a word-sign. The table on
the following page will assist the learner in fixing in his
mind the peculiar connection the circle has with each
long sign ; it will also be of great service for reference, in
writing out the exercises in the lesson, if he finds any dif-
ficulty in remembering on which side of any stroke the
circle should be written.
46 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
THE CIRCLE S AND Z.
\ sb P sd /° sj o sg
\sf r sO ^ ss 9 sj
\JBV ^ sd °) sz _^ 55
0-^ sm Q_^ sn Q.^ sg ^ stc ^ sk
34. The stroke y never takes an initial circle, be-
cause not needed; it is used on its termination, how-
ever. The table presents the circle written only at the
initial end of the strokes, whereas it may be written at
either end, according as it is desired to read before or after
the stroke; thus, \o ps, o ks, ~^ ws, (^ hs ; and
it may also, of course, be written between two strokes ,
thus, ~ ° kst, ^^fsn.
35. The learner must observe the following rules in
writing the circle:
First. On all the straight vertical and inclined strokes,
it is written on the right-hand side, both beginning and
end.
Second. On the straight horizontal signs, which include
the up-stroke r, since it is nearer horizontal than vertical,
it is written on the upper side.
Third. It is written on the inner or concave side of all
the curved signs. Compare the foregoing with the table.
Fourth. When it comes between two consonants it is
turned in the shortest way ; thus, J — tsk, <C- gsn,
36. In vocalizing words in which the circle * is used,
the vowel-signs are to be placed to the strokes before
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 47
•which or after which they read, without any reference to
the circle. As rules to assist the learner, the following
observations are sufficiently explicit :
First. If there be an initial circle, iti3 always read first,
and then the vowel that precedes the stroke, and lastly
the stroke itself, as *P set, ~p set.
Second. If there be no vowel preceding the stroke,
the circle, stroke, and following vowel are read in the or-
der named ; as ^ «p/, j- sto, o_/" skat.
Third. When the circle terminates a word, it is always
the last to be read; as, fctiis, _ o goz, (r~n luks, T* ssmz,
j& enjvz, ^>4 supoz ; when written between two strokes,
the proper place for vowels can always be found ; as will
be seen in examining ( lesun, "^
READING EXERCISE VIII.
t \ f r- T y° s *- .<L ,c
^ <c/a ^n- ^
43 MANUAL Off PHONOGRAPHY.
WRITING EXERCISE VIII.
Sip, srap, sap, sop, set, sjd, set, set, sej, suq, sek, sok, sav,
aid, SU0, sez, saj, sur, ssr, sel, sol, sam, sum, sjn, sum, sig, sugk.
Spj, sta, skj, sla, slo, slj, sno. Pes, daz, qez, jerz, gas, fez,
vjsez. <Iis, doz, Juiz, raz, rjs, -srz, las, mis, njs.
Spek, spok, skem, sfer, slep, slak, smok, smel, snal, sigk
Besto, beset, task, itself, spas, spesifj, skjz, siksO. agkjus, sedi-
fus, risk, resit, rezun, deniz, solles, holmes, cjozen, masun,
izioloji.
37. There are four cases where the long s or z must al-
ways be employed •. First, when it is the only stroke con-
sonant in a word ; as, •) as, ') ez, )- so. Second,, when
it is the first consonant and preceded by a vowel ; as .}
ask, ^-^. esJeap. Third, when two distinct vowel sounds
come between the s and following consonant; as in the
word l^y siens. Fourth, when * or z is the last conso-
nant.in a word and followed by a vowel ; as _/ / also,
polzi. Fifth, when z commences a word ; as
eel, )^ Zjun.
38 When the sound of « or z is heard twice in the same
syllable, either of two forms may be used, ss, ^ or °) ss;
if the last sound is that of 2 the circle should be made
first and the stroke be written heavy ; thus, v^) s^z.
39. When the indistinct vowel i or e comes between
ss or an s and a s, or between zz, in the middle or at
the end of a word, the syllable is represented by a
circle double the usual size ; thus, \o pesez, Q_ qiuzez,
Xo sufjsez, ^Q? nesesari. It should never begin a word,
as in sistem. In the word eksurs}z, it is allowable to put
the vowel i in the double circle, thus,
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 49
40. The circle is used as a word-sign for iz, written
above the line, thus, ° ; and for as, written on the line,
thus, o ; with the dot aspirate prefixed they become
'° his, -o has.
READING EXERCISE IX.
K>
WRITING EXERCISE IX.
(37.) Hsa, jsi, aslep, csp-szal, asjnz, sjunz ; bizi, spjsi, lazi,
hersa, ckselcnsi, obstinasi epilepsi, sufijensi ; Zooloji, zer<D,
zelusli, zigzag.
(38.) Ses, sez, sez, sizurz, sizm.
(39.) Basis, dosez, quitez, kisez, diskusez, vjsez, -snsez,
propozez. relesez, egzist, pozesur.
THE PREFIXES COM AND CON— THE AFFIX ING—MP.
41. For the sake of rendering Phonography as brief as
possible, a few arbitrary signs are used, for the represen-
tation of prefixes and syllables in such words as would be
inconvenient to write out in full. Thus, a light dot placed
at the beginning of a word expresses the prefix com or
con; thus, [.-^ kondem, ^"" konsol ; and at the end, the
termination iy, when a separate syllable ; as, •) adiy, £\^
liviy.
42. It is more convenient, however, after the s-circle
preceded by p. b, f, v, k, g, n, or up-stroke r, to write the
alphabetic y; as \Q^ pasiy, \^ korifesiy,
5
50 MANUAL OF P1IOKOGRAPHT.
and after b, bt, br, t, ?/i ; as "^O- nuiiy, '^ ^-' ssmly.
Generally ^-P is written for iyz ; as \^ bslijz, /fcg
rejvsiyz. A large dot may be used when more conven-
ient; as I dv.dyz, <^\ /teditjz.
43. The stroke for m is the only one that is not given
in the alphabet heavy as well as light ; and in order to
make good use of all the means the alphabet affords, this
stroke written heavy is»made to represent the not unfre-
quent combination of in with/*, either at the beginning,
middle, or end of a word ; thus, O/ enipjr, ^^x^ tempo-
rari, / — x v* lamp.
WRITING EXERCISE X.
(41-2.) Kompar, kompjl, kompozig, kombat, kontaminat,
kontenjus, konvinsig, konva, konspjr, konspirasi, konsolatori,
konsuljip, konsurvatizm, konsjuir), konjusnes.
(43.) Pump, tempel, temporal, damp, jumpig, rump, Oump,
eimplifj, simplisiti, egzampcl, rornp, limp.
44. CONSONANT WORD-SIGNS.
\ up ! it / which
j kingdom
\ be | do / advantage
j give-n
( together
(^ for { think ) so J shall
^ have ( them ) was J usual-ly
C will ~^\ are f your
"^ way
( me j importance-t ( in
v \ may " ( improve-ment ^"^ \ no
J thing
| language
In the above, and all other lists of word-signs, when
a word i< printed With a hyphen, as givc-n, the sign will
represent either the whole word, or only so much as pre-
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 51
cedes the hyphen, which -is, by itself, another word ; thus
— is either give or given. Such words being nearly alike
in sound, and yet different parts of speech, or otherwise
incapable of being taken one for the other, cause no diffi-
culty to the reader. Inasmuch as the horizontal strokes
do not fill the space which a line of writing occupies, they
are made to represent two words, as in the case of the
vowel word-signs, one above the line and the other on the
line ; these words and their respective positions are indi-
cated in the table, by being placed one above the other, in
braces, aftei the signs.
READING EXERCISE X.
• o
y-— >
fa
52 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHIC
WRITING EXERCISE XL
$ Ijk no kigdum az j dru a rcpublik. ^Dui da 0igk da wil
kum up on de Sinsinati mal-bot? fl felig ov e Jud fil dj sol
in dis holi \ITSS. Asperiti Irazez de qef ov its dezjnz. —
Hiz lazines iz eksesiv; he diyliks hiz buks. Hiz fansi iz
yuigvyili riq, and hiz dezjnz ful ov Ijf. IHaz dis juj no justis?
Oncsti iz rjt polisi. 01 eskap tu de siti iz hoples. SXud de
nam be put on de'stsjd and on de top ov deboks? 'ill's mcni
q,r tu go. It iz tui mug tia divjd amug dem. Lisen tu de
lesnn, and be bizi, az a ber Jud be, hm aspjrz tia be at de hcd
ov de sk'uil. Sinser soro iz ezili sen besjd fols. Sojal Ijf givz
mug hapines. Ask nofasiliti in biznes afarz,unles it be nesesari.
Sunset senuri Joz riq kulurz and hansum Jadz; and it qanjez
intu meni varid formz. Riqez qr sot bj sum, az de cjef hap-
ines in dis Ijf, becez reali nesesari, az da supoz.
MANUAL OF PIIONOGttAPHT. 53
REVIEW.— (32.) What arc the sscond forms for s and z? (33.) How is the
circle employed ! (34.) Where may it be written V (35.) On what side of tho
vertical and inclined strokes is it turned? Which side of the straight horizon
tals? Which side of all the curves V How is it written between two strokes?
(36.) How are two strokes having an s-circle vocalized? If there bo an initial
circle and preceding vowel, what is the order of reading ? If vowels both pre-
cede and follow, what is the order? (37.) How many cases are there where
the strokes must be used? What ia tiie 1st; 2nd; 3rd; and 4th? (38.) How
should the ss in the same syllable be written? How sz? (39.) What sylla-
bles does the double circle represent ? What is the exception? (40.) Desig-
nate the word-signs of the circle. (41.) What- are the prefixes? The affixes 1
(42.) When is it more convenient to write the alphabetic y 1 (43.) What is the
signification of m made heavy ? (44.) Give the words for the first eight conso-
nant signs; for the next eight; fot the next four; for the last four.
MANUAL OK PHONOGRAPHY.
LESSON V.
IMPROPER DIPHTHONGS— IT-HOOK -TRIPTHONGS.
JF-SERIES.
long.
:i c
| we
short,
wi
1
D
ong. e,
wo
lort.
wo
Tr
L
ipthongs
! wa c
we
»
wo J
wu
1
Wff
j wa
wa
3
wui .s
wu
-,
w*
45. The improper diphthortys are so termed because they
consist of the union of consonants with vowels ; namely,
to and y with each of the twelve vowels ; the improper
tripthongs are the union of w with the diphthongs i, v,
and y. The fact that w and y never occur in English
except before vowels, and thus occur so frequently, in-
duced the inventor of Phonography to represent the
combined sounds by a single letter, and thus save time
and space for the writer.
46. To obtain suitable characters for the representa-
tion of the 70-series a small circle is divided perpendicular-
ly, thus <j> , the first or left-hand half of the circle repre-
senting the union of w with the first, or dot series of vowels;
and like them it is made heavy for the long sounds ; as
CNX wep, */ waj, __/-£ kicqw ; and light for the short ;
as /^ ung, j^" dwel, c wag.
MANCJAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 65
47 The second half of the circle represents the union
of w with the second, or dash series of vowels, heavy and
light; as, ,-% worm, J^jcov, ^_ wmf, / woo, ^Y^
wurm, -J wud.
48. The first-place sign of the second series of diph-
thongs, both long and short, when followed by k, up-stroke
r, and n, is written in connection with such consonants ;
thus, 5 wuJc,-^^ tcor,^ — -- won.
49. These signs should be written as small as they
well can be and preserve distinct semi-circles ; and, like
the proper diphthongs, they must always be written verti-
cally, and not change with the different inclinations of
the consonants.
READING EXERCISE XI.
WRITING EXERCISE XII.
Wek, wat, wav, weknes, bewal, swar. aswaj, wajez ; widO,
wet, waft, wiked, swel, kwak, ekwiti, akwies, reliijkwij.
Wekur, wok, \vuid, wermli, kwota, k\vorum ; woq, wud, woj'-
;g, skwolid, swomp. Werljk, werfar, werti, wekigstik.
56 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
60. THE JF-HooK.— The half circle, light, is joined
to the first end of I, up-stroke r, m and «, to represent the
simple sound of w ; the stroke to which it is -written is then
vocalized as in the case of the s-circle ; thus, If wal,
if tcuri, c~ "/' wumanli, <^s wan.
51. The alphabetic sign must always be employed when
w is the only consonant in a word, (except in the word-sign
we ;) and in words that commence with a vowel, fol-
lowed by w, and also when w is followed by s; thus,
awak, ~^tf~~ Wesli.
READING EXERCISE XII.
WRITING EXERCISE XIII.
Walig, wel, wiligli, Wilsun, kwel, ekwali; Woles, \vuli ;
weri, bewar, warh-ss, werisum ; kworel, wurk, wurkmanjip,
wurjip, wur61es, wurdili. Wemz, wompum, wiamanljk,
skwemijnes ; windo, kwenq, twenti, twinj, entwjn. Wir,
kwcri, inkwjr, wel-beig, skwolur, elokwens, ekwanimiti.
"Wui, awar, wjzli.
52. TBIPTHONGS. — The characters with which to repre-
sent the combination of w with the diphthongs, are obtained
by dividing a small square thus, "X ; the first right-angle
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 57
representing the tripthong w'i, the second, ws, and the se-
cond put to the first place, wo ; thus, Ll, wjf, ^~] kwvt.
Since the introduction of the -w-hook to r, I, m, n, the ws
character is not needed. Sometimes L- may be connected
with the following consonant ; as Lj w'ld, \ wjf.
53. By placing the aspirate before these improper diph-
thongs and tripthongs, we get the proper representation of
the first two sounds in such words as wheat, whig, while,
(the w coming before the h in the old orthography being
an inversion of the order of the elements in speaking the
words ;) thus, 'c| hwet, — Jiwig.
54. When the w-hook.is used, the aspirate is indicated
by making the hook heavy ; thus, .(^ hwsl, c/\L^ hwar-
for. But when the alphabetic w is employed, the aspirate
is indicated by a small tick, thus, ^ hwiz.
READING EXERCISE XIII.
L\ \r V* I" x "I *-
WRITING EXERCISE XIV.
Wjvz, kwjet, wjdnes, kwjetnes, kwert, Irikwer.
Hwip, hwjt, hwiguri; hwarbj, hwarwid, hwarat, hwurlpral,
enihwar, nob-war ; hwelbaro, hwelrjt, hwalur, bwimzikaliti,
hwelin ; hwens, liwjn ; bwiskur liwislur.
58 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
5. W WORD-SIGNS.
c we " -with ' what ~ why ^-^ when
c were 5 would </ where L while <^, one
'f well
These word-signs, like the simple vowel-signs, are
to be written above or on the line, as their positions in the
table indicate.
HEADING EXERCISE XIV.
\ sf
1 Ox '-
01 /I / <^-x v x.
I - ^f ? /
-t '
b
r 1r '
MANUAL OF PHONOGIiAPI.Y, 59
« •
X
v ^ J — ^ — I" "r"~7 V- /""
<^S /' g» o "I X • -/ V/x (/
/>• \
o -\ i ^LS>
y
»
WRITING EXERCISE XV,
Bewar ov de wjn kup. fl wjz qere. We wud be hapi wid
hiz kumpani. 1 Hwj Jud we kil and et swjn. <\ Hwot iz hiz
\vij, and hwar wud he go. Hwj, q, ! hwj, mj sol, dis aggwij.
$ go awa hwar wo and agkjus kar dm not asal eni wun. Wud
j wur at horn. Wor wurks mizuri, hwjl pes givz kqm repoz
tu el.
60
MAKUAL OF PHOKOG KAPUT.
THE r-SKRIES.
long.
ya
short.
long.
°l
I ye
/>! yo
short,
yo
yu
56. To obtain characters to represent the y-series of
improper diphthongs, the small circle is taken and divided
horizontally, thus, -^- ; the under half represents the dot
group of vowels, and is made heavy for the long sounds ;
as, w^\x yer, y" Yal, J)_ Yqzm ; and light for the short ;
as, ) yis, ( a common but not approved pronunciation of
yes,) /^ yel,/~^yam; the upper half represents the
union of y with the dash group of vowels, heavy and light;
as> ^ y°^ -2- y°ki J y>its ; ^ y°n> ^^-yuy ; y never
occurs before u in the English language.
57. In writing, the same rules must be observed in re-
gard to these signs as with the w-series. (48)
68. WOKD SIGNS. — w ye, * yet, n beyond, n yui.
READING EXERCISE XV.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
61
WRITING EXERCISE XVI.
NOTE. — In Phonography, ' it ' in the following lessons may be written as ' yra.'
Yerli, yen, yerlig, yeloij", yelpig,yomanri, Yokigani, yurjij,
NH, York, hijj, s^t, amn,z, redi^s, du^ti, rei'v^z, kontiimli, anyuial.
3e yiut ov ~sr koniyiuniti Jud eg quiz sum far egzampel,
and folc> it kontinyuiali. Pij,r simplisiti givz me jer. QLis
Manyuial Jud be yuir gjd. It iz a wurk ov yuitiliti.
READING EXERCISE XVI.
^ \^ ( ' f y\ L
/ V_»r>\ T X^U
C- ' )' \ -) , - ^-v
62 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY^.
WRITING EXERCISE XVII.
NH York iz a popyuilus siti. Yui no hui j am, yst j am at a
los tu spek yuir nam. Hiimaiiiti Jud liv in pes az wun kom-
yumiti ; da Jud dwel tugedur in el deurt in nqnnoui andluv.
If yui mak falyurz in dijti, yiu wil resev de laj ov justis. 3e
miz-bo1 amnzez himself h\vjl \vekig. Ho yes ! ho yes ! sez
de vug bcl rigur. tie yok ov de oks iz hevi ; it golz hiz nek
dis "worm da. In daz ov yor, hwen we wer vug.
AYe yuignali giv deni at -srz for slepin, ten for wurk, and
siks hwifj da ma impruiv in eni wa. tie bo-z j am teqig q.r
dez|nu ov impruivmeiit ; da scm tu tigk in dis wa — hwot iz
wart: dmig at ol, iz \vnrfc dmig wel. !< hop da wil ehvaz liv
up tu dis maksim, so Jal da hav sukses in Ijf. . Sun, giv me
yuir cr, and i wil tcq yui d& wa ov l^f. Leijt ov daz iz given
us for sojal and rclijue impruivment.
KKVIEW. — (45.) Exi>laiu the improper diphthongs; the tripthongs. (4C.) How
are the former represented? Which series of vowels, combined with tc, does
the left-hand half of the circle represent? (47.) What are the sounds of the
right-hand half of the circle ? (48.) To what consonants may the signs foi
wo and ico be w-ritten without lifting the pen? (50.) To what strokes docs the
tr saiui-circ-le coniiect and form a hook? On which side of the up-stroke r is it
•written? How does it differ in power from the improper diphthongs? (51.)
When must the alphabetic w be employed? (52.) Designate the representa-
tion of the tripthongs. (53.) What is the phonographic representation of tch?
(54.) How is the i— hook aspirated ? (55.) Designate the first line of word-
tigns; the second.
(56.) What are the signs to represent the y-series? Which half of the circle
represents the dot series? What are their sounds? What are the sounds of
the upperhalf ? (57.) How are they to be written to the consonants? (58. 'i Whsii
are the word-signs?
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 63
LESSON VI.
INITIAL HOOKS — THE Z HOOK EXPLAINED.
59. A peculiar characteristic of 7 and r is, that they
readily unite with preceding consonants, — they flow back
into them, as it were; and hence their classification as
liquids. This union, though a kind of double sound, is
formed by a single effort of the voice. Take, for illustra-
tion, the two words play and pray, and observe how sim-
ultaneously the pi and pr are spoken ; so in the termina-
tion of the words title and acre ; in the former class of
words no vowel sound comes between the two consonants,
of course ; in the latter a very indistinct one is heard, but
which it is not necessary to represent in Phonography.
60. For the purpose of farther abbreviating phonograph-
ic writing, this combining of / and r with previous conso-
nants is represented by hooks written to those consonants.
As the long consonants are heard first in the words, consis-
tency would seem to require that they be written first and
the hooks afterward ; but the reverse of this is the case,
for the reason that hooks on the termination of the strokes
maybe more philosophically and advantageously employed
for other purposes ; and besides, the pi, pr, bl, br, &c.t
being considered single sounds almost, the stroke and the
hook may be regarded in the same light ; they should ac-
tually be spoken as such in spelling and reading, 5. e., as
the final syllables in able, (bl) little, (tl~] paper, (pr) lover,
(vr); and not as p, I ; k, I] p, r; b, r.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
TABLE OF THE Z-HOOK.
Pl f tl / $ -— kl
bi f di r ji c_ gl
ti
struck
Gl. The hook is first turned, and then the long conso-
nant struck in the usual manner. The Z-hook, like the
s-circle, is made on the right-hand side of the vertical
and inclined straight strokes, on the upper side of the
straight horizontals, and on the inside of the curves.
62. This hook to the strokes s, z, down-stroke r and y
is not needed, since for si and zl, the circle is used with
more advantage; as,/;' sla, /-pjf mu:el; and the initial
hook to I, xip-stroke r, m and n, is more useful as w.
63. The /and 5 take the Z-hoak only when they are
combined with other stroke consonants, and then they
are struck upward; thus, ^ ^/ esenfal, ^^\J ambro^al.
64. The stroke and the hook being considered as one
sign, are vocalized as though no hook were used ; and in
writing, if a vowel precedes a hooked stroke it is written
before it; thus, X, a^> *^_m7; and if the vowel fol-
lows, it must be placed after ; thus, \^ pla, r ^ Mas; or
a vowel may be written both before and after; thus, S\
ttbli, vp idlur, J* deklar, -~c? ^-^ eksklani.
A T— \
(>5. In some combinations of consonants it is difficult
to make a good Z-hook, but it can generally be understood,
as in the word^\ repli ; in some cases, however, it is
necessary to write the long 1; as in
NOTE. — The learner must remember that the hook I is to be used
only when its sound follows a preceding stroke consonant; hence
Ip, Id, Ik, 8fC., must be written with the stroke I.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 65
BEADING EXERCISE XVII.
WRITING EXERCISE XVIII.
Pla, bio, gle, flj, ply, aplj, obljj, aflikt, bjbel, tjtel, kupel,
plenti, blazez, klasez, regal, fikel, reklam, inflam, remuival,
fatal, radikal, klerikal. bujel, espejal, mqrjal, influzenjal.
SPECIAL SCHEME OF VOCALIZATION.
66. It has been stated, (59) that the /-hook is de-
signed to be used when no vowel comes between the sound
of / and a preceding consonant, or when the vowel is but
indistinctly heard; of the latter class are the following:
<:\,..> spelz, '-—^ sgeh; of this class of words, however,
it is held by some that there is no vowel sound heard
in the last syllables. But it is found very convenient,
occasionally, to take a little license with the rule, and
use the hook even where a vowel sound is distinctly heard
between it and the stroke. Thus, in writing the word
falsehood, it is much easier and quicker to write the hook I,
thus, ^P than thus, C_/71 .
67. When this is done, a peculiar scheme of vocaliza-
tion is resorted to ; namely, the dot vowels are indicated
by a small circle placed in the three positions, before the
stroke for the long, and after for the short vowels ; as
(!~ ddifslv, f" til, f^~~Z legal; when the dash vowels are to
be read between the stroke and the hook, it is indicated by
striking the dash through the stroke ; as CH~\ Tculpalel; 01
6
66 MAKTTAt OF PIIOKOGRAPHT.
when its place is at the hooked end it may be written just
before the hooked stroke ; thus, {/^ lolurabel; the diph-
thongs, when necessary, are written as the stroke vow-
els; thus, j* gildif* ^-^Ljhorfsfif.
This method of writing is used to a very limited extent;
and the learner is cautioned against using it for any words
but such as are designated, in this and subsequent les-
sons, to be written thus.
READING EXERCISE XVIII.
WRITING EXERCISE XIX.
Felsiti, fuilzkap, felo-sitizenz, fulnes, fulminat, vulgat,
filosofikal, voluptuous, konvtilsiv, kolonial, galvanik, kal'araiti,
kolekt, kaiki^lat,
Z-IIOOK PKECEUED BY THE S-CIKCLE.
68. The 5-circle is prefixed to the compound consonant
signs, as well as to the simple. It is first written, and the
pen carried round so as to form the hook before making
the long sign ; thus, 7^ supel, ./ sa^elt \^ siviliz.
69. No new rules are required for vocalizing ; it needs
only to be borne in mind when the long « is to be used
(37); and that the stroke and hook are considered as one
sign, and if the vowel is heard before them it is written
before them ; if after, it is written afterward ; as in the
previous examples.
»S«e Lesson X, on Half-length Strokes.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
67
70. In reading, the circle is read first, then the
vowel, if one precede the compound stroke ; and lastly
the compound consonant, with its following vowel if there
be one.
71. WORD-SIGNS. c— kel, c difikulti, ^ ful, f1 til
and felt ^_ vulym.
READING EXERCISE XIX.
*-i ^ < ^ V
Tl ^^y x \ \
^ v ^
v.
>' \ A / x
« ? ' V ' ' ^ I •
I- '
68 MANFAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
r*.
» «<\
WRITING EXERCISE XX.
Setel, sjdcl, sutelti, sikelz, siviliti, supelnes, siviljzig,
swivel, spljsin, pesful, posibel, splendid, fezabcl, advjzabel,
displaig, disklozez.
SDELNES. — lEdelnes iz a plag tu de skolur, for miles he
apljz himself klosli tia hiz buks, he luizez ol klam tu dc
aploz ov hiz famili or hiz ofijal siiperiur. It iz Jamful; for
he Jud rckolckt dat hiz famili hav a rjt tu luk for sumtig
yuisful in him tu repa dem for tel and ag/jeti. It iz unrc-
zunabel; fsr, unles hs giv up hiz evil \va and dm hiz dij,li
fatfuli, no blesig awats him, but he iz displezig tu hiz klas-
feloz, tu himself, and tu ol pepel. Fjnali, it iz oful; for jdel
habits qr apt tu bekum wurs, and de evil wun " olwaz misqif
seks for jdel yxut tu dui." But de skolur hm fatfuli apljz
himself tu \vurk, \vil obljj him hut teqez him, and plez el
pepel hm. no him.
REVIEW. — (39.) Explain the peculiar character of I and r. (60.) How are
strokes with / and r-liooks to lie spoken? (61.) On which side of the vertical
and inclined straight strokes is the /-hook written ? Which side of the straight
horizontals ? Which side of the curves? (62.) To which of the strokes is the
Z-hook not written, and why t (63.) How do/and 3 take the Miook 1 (64.) How
are {-hook strokes vocalized'/ (C6.) What is said about a vowel sound between
the stroke consonant and the hook? (67.) How are vowels of the dot series
represented in the scheme for vocalizing the hook? How the dash series?
How the dlpthongs ? (68.) How may the s-circle be written to the initial end
of the hooked strokes? (70.) What is the rule for reading such compound
strokes? (71.) What are the Miook word-signs?
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 69
LESSON VII.
THE £-HOOK — DOUBLE CURVE FOR SS.
72. The r-hook is written on the left-hand side of the
vertical and inclined straight strokes, and on the underside
of the straight horizontals, — just the reverse of the Z-hook.
Some of the curved strokes take this hook irregularly.
<\ pr 1 tr / y: <_ kr
*\ br T dr /* jr <— gr
cAfr
•^ vr
f.-^ mr (^/ nr
73. It will be seen from the table that/, v, t and #
take the r-hook by assuming the positions of r, to, s and z;
thus, ^ frs, 7^ ovur, *)_ triu, . <c) £t?«r, which they can do
without danger of ambiguity, since these letters never re-
ceive an initial hook: rr not being wanted, wr existing in
the tii-hook to the up-stroke r, and the sr zr being supplied
by the s-circle; thus, */, ^ and ^
74. To indicate the r-hook on m and n, the strokes are
made heavy, which distinguishes them from wm icn; thus,
«=^" onur, r^ dinur, <__ ^ gramur; y does not take any
hook, and hence n made heavy with a hook will not make
confusion.
Sometimes this hook, like the Z-hook, has to be made
rather indistinctly, as (I _ degre. \ _ x askrib. After _}
the downward r is used instead of the hook, as ,/L , fakur.
70 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
76. The remarks in regard to vocalizing the /-hook
strokes apply in every particular to the r-hook strokes. It
should especially be borne in mind that the hooked strokes
are regarded as one letter, and spoken as the last syllables
in reaper, letter, acre, &c.; and that as a general thing the
hook is only used when no distinct vowel sound comes be-
tween another consonant and a following r; as in *\ /?ra,
c~i Jcnu, — I utitr, /^3<^ Ie3ur-
76. When 1 is preceded by r (we), they may be
united; as in | wetur, and all its compounds.
READING EXERCISE XX.
1 - J I X-
WRITING EXERCISE XXI.
Drj, tve, dra, krj, gro, akur, odur, npur, aprjz, ajml, aprrav,
drem, brij, frek, frjda, muivur, klovur, tro, gadur, plegur,
eragur, pluniur, murdnr, manur, onurabel, ovurluk evuri-
hwar, Criminal, purqesez, transpoz, trembel, brudur, jurni,
jurnal, framur, Fransis, wundurful. 6ckur, jokur.
77. A limited license is taken with the above rule(75), as
ki the case of the Z-hook, and the r-hook is used when a dis-
tinct vowel sound does come between it and the previous
consonant ; in which case the same peculiar scheme of
vocalization is employed; thus, d^Dsrsur, 0| __ ciqrk,
^^ piirsnn, cH-0 Tears, ^-<rt° refaojrz, *\^ postyur.
n*
MANUAL Oi" PHONOGRArHY. 7[
READING EXERCISE XXI.
WRITING EXERCISE XXII.
Gerful, karles, merli, nerli, Gqrlz, qq,rkol, paragruf, Jqvk,
Jqrpur, terni, purvurs, korsli, moraliti, nert, nurij, enermiti,
prelimiuari, fetyur, lektyur.
THE B-HOOK PRECEDE!} BY THE S-CIRCLE.
78. The s-circle precedes the r-liook in much the same
manner as it does the /-hook ; thus, it might be written *\
spr, G tier; but since the s-circle alone never occupies
the r-hook side of the straight strokes, advantage is taken of
the circumstance, since a circle is more easily written than a
circle and a hook, to write simply the circle; thus, \* stra,
n — ^ skrsm. '\ siaur, \ . si'kar, / srjur. But with the
curves this contraction cannot be made, since the simple
s-circle occupies the place ; hence the circle and hook must
both be written ; thus /"\ sufur, &^ s/tmttr, ^ — sinur.
79. When the s-circle and r-hook come between two
straight consonants, it is often more convenient to write
the hook in addition to the circle than not ; as in ^"s\
prospur, ~^\ eJcstra.
80. The same rules are .to be observed in vocalizing
and reading that were given for the Miook preceded by
the -s circle. (68, 69.)
MANUAL OP PHONOGRAPHY.
READING EXERCISE XXII.
WRITING EXERCISE XXIII.
Sprj, stra, strjk, strem, skrap, skrrapel, skrjb, stregt, strugel
stranj, stroggur, supiir, sabur, si^premasi, sekresi, sjfur, suf-
urig, sevur, simur, suinur.
THE DOUBLE CURVE FOR 3X.
81. When a curved stroke is repeated, an angle is made
between the two ; thus, ^_ fft ^-^-^ nn, which leaves
at liberty, to be used for some other purpose, the douUe-
lengtli strokes. A somewhat arbitrary, though convenient
use, is made of them thus : Doubling the length of a
curved stroke, adds the syllable tiur to the single strokes ;
thus, \^_fcifiur, '^-^anudur. These forms are used chief-
ly as word-signs foifq$ur,mu^ur) ns&ur, (above the line,)
imufiur, radur, furctur.
82. .E-HOOK. WORD-SIGNS.
\ principle-al ^ from J) sure
\ re-member ^ every J pleasure
1 truth ^ tliree /-^ *Mr< re"mark
c— care there, their ' (more
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
READING EXERCISE XXIII.
73
t
'^v rv^\
\ I- $ a—
. — < *X L_D
f -.
\
W
f
' X
-1
MABUAL OF PUUSOCKAPHT.
) . j, '
WRITING EXERCISE XX IV.
SemusNES. AND SOBRIETI. — Nu'ig nobol iz tu be had but
wid seriusnes and sobrjeti. £[ sobur pnrsun scks tu wa dc
trm valyui ov tigz and tia la no tresurx in trjfelz, but radiir
on hwot iz important. Nutig, pnhaps, strjks us az so stranj
and fralij" az tu obznrv pepel serins abst tqfelz, and trjflit}
wid serius tigz. Sosjeti snfurz konsidurabli bj de trjflur, bin
bats sobrjeti and seriusnes, and wud suiunr bav foli tia ruil
sqprem. Supljd wid strez tu pla wid, be sufurz <te strem ov
lif tu flo awa, until det puts in hiz sikel, and separats de strip
ov Ijf. NV iz no t|m fer sukur or eskap. He stqks wid
stregt and unerig am; strips bim ov el biz plez, strraz bix
hops intu de ar, and a strugel klozez lii/ karer. It ia bot
untrai and stranj tu konstrui seriusnes intu sadnes, er tu kon-
sidur sobqeti de sam az unbapines ; fer it iz skarsli posibel tu
be propurli ga or truili hapi, unles we no hwen tu be sobur.
REVIEW. — [T2] On which side of the straight strokes is the r-hook written ?
[73.] What strokes do not take the j-hook ? In what way do,/', r, /, if, ta'.e t!u*
r-hook? Why this irregularity ? (74.) How do m and ,i take this hook ? (15.)
What is said about vocalizing! (77.) What is the license in regard to the use of
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 75
LESSON VIII.
TERMINAL HOOKS.
83. Since the hooked strokes, although representing
two elementary sounds, are written with nearly the same
facility as the simple strokes, the method of hooking is
applied to the termination of the consonant signs as well
as to the beginning. The most useful purposes which the
two terminal hooks can subserve, are to represent the very
frequent sound of n and the common final syllable fun,
heard in such words as passion, nation, 2>hysician, &c.
TABLE OF THE A'-HOOK.
\ P11
J tn
i/ Qn
Jdn
c/ Jn
Sj tn
Jsn ,
s/JJfn
(dn
t) zn
J 3"
vn _ .. „ _
s~> s~ .
^^ mn v_? nn A wn
84. On the straight strokes the n-hook is written on
the same side that the r-hook occupies ; that is, on the
left hand side of the vertical and inclined, and on the un-
der side of the horizontal strokes, embracing , of course,
the up-stroke ;• ; while on the curves it is written on the
inner or concave side, whether to the left or right ; as
illustrated in the preceding table.
85. The n-hook might be written on all the strokes;
but on the y it would seldom, if ever, be of any advantage.
The fc-hook to the n answers every purpose that an n-
hook to the K would ; the h with a final hook would not
be so serviceable as the dot aspirate.
76 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
86. Of the two forms for///,///, the down-stroke/ and
the up-stroke I are generally used, the others being em-
ployed only in connection with other strokes wh:n the
first mentioned would be unhandily written.
87. The w-hook is always the last thing, belonging to
a stroke, to be read; thus,^ pan, \^_, fin, (^ iiii, (/ din,
X\ run, /^ lin. If no distinct vowel sound is heard be-
tween the stroke and the hook, no vowel sign is written;
as. ]j^ listen, \J of an; where a third-place vowel sound
is heard, the sign must be placed on the outside of
the hook; thus, ,,— - man, (,. dan, —^ wugnn; thus the
vocalization is the same as in other compound strokes.
88. Strokes having an initial circle or hook, of any
kind, may also have a final hook or circle ; as \. plan,
j* strait.
89. When the n is the last consonant in a word, fol-
lowed by a vowel, it must be written at length ; as ,^.
muni, £^ Gi>ia.
READING EXERCISE XXIV.
WRITING EXERCISE XXV.
Pan, pin, bum, ton, dsn, qan, jern, kan, gon, fjn, van
den, Ji«, ojan, ran, run, Ion, Ijn, mjn, mum, uon, nsn; open,
i^pen, gq,rdeu, Jaken, ergan, erfan, enliven, morn, wernig, felen,
balum, roman, wuman. Brsn, dran, rcstran, pqrdun, burden, .
refran, regan, enjen, abstan.
MANFAL OF PHONOGRAPHY", 77
THE JT-HOOK FOLLOWED BY S.
90. When •? follows after n, without an intervening
vowel, the circle may be turned on the hook, as in the
case of s preceding the £-hook and /--hook ; thus, \$fanz,
\^s f/»j, -'""a mam, % /" mafinz, /;$) refran:. With the
straight strokes, however, it is unnecessary to make both
the hook and circle, since the circle itself embraces the
hook, and will not be mistaken for s, which is always
written on the other side of the stroke ; thus, "^ p£m,
\- dittis, 0X $anz, ^-^/° morns ,\ _ begim.
"91. The double circle for nsez is conveniently used on
the straight strokes, for such words as \-teiisez, ^ gansez,
• V'O koitsikicensez ; but as a double circle cannot well bf:
formed on the hook attached to a curve, a stroke n must
be used in such words as \^r) finalises '^^9 evinsez.
READING EXERCISE XXV.
'% j-
•«
WRITING EXERCISE XXVI.
_ Panz, benz, penz, tcnz, qanz, ganz, mornz, burnz, orfanz
vjnz, Junz, balans, remanz, Junnanz, pron-sns; komplanz, ek.s-
planz, akerdans, kwestyunz, kristyanz, enjenz, inkljnz. Prin-
sez, dansez, kondensez, glansez, ekspensez, konsekwensex,
pronunsez, advansez, konjensez.
78 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
92. X-HOOK WORD-SIGNS.
^ upon —3 can (j than
\j been Vo phonography /"* alone
J done \^f phonographer ^— ^ men
(/ generally V^ phonographic <^_? opinion
READING EXERCISE XXVI.
•\ \^p ^/? D o n •
nT^' (~ I x
- 5 ^ I 3 ^. ^
\ ^
..i \ A A
V
"V'-f "n/'X r
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
WRITING EXERCISE XXVII.
KUUEJ. — Trui kurej haz its orijcn in vurti],. Animal fer-
Icsnes puts on de scmblans ov kurej, and iz ofen taken fer it,
bj n jn «t ov ten arnug men ; but de falasi ov dis opinyun haz
bin j'on bj jenural ekspericns, for pruulens iz ekwali esenjal tu
it. Tu at an trui kurej, entur upon nutig rajli, egzamiu AVC!
h\vot de ijyui iz Ijkli tu be, and t'erm yuir opinyun befor yui
begin, ^li-g kan yen den fer, if yui bav gon tu •\vurk upon prin-
sipel, and hav dun el yui kan dvu; or Shwj Jud yui fel a kon-
surn for konsekwensez, hwiq hav bin elredi wad bj yui. In
humbel reljans upon de asistans ov Heven, go openli and Avid
konfidens tu finij yuir planz. c[is simpel fat alon, de relians
ov qildren upon a Hevenli Fqdur, \vil kari yra safli trui. Re-
membur dis truit, hyevur, dar iz jenurali mor tvui kurej Jem
bj a pasiv rezistans tu de skorn and snerz ov men, dan haz
evur bin sen in eni bodili defens hwotsoevur. Trui kurej in
bj no menz savej vjolens, ner a fuil-hq,rdi insensibiliti tta
danjur; nor a hedstrog rajnes tu run sudenli intu it; ner a
burnig frenzi broken luis from de guvurnig p-sur ov rezun ;
but it iz a seren, furm deturminig — -de kurej ov a man, but
nevur de fersnes ov a tjgur.
REVIEW.— (83.) What are final hooks? (84.) On which side of tho
straight strokes is the n-hook written ? On which side of the curves? (85.)
On what strokes is the n-hook not written? (86.) Which forms oftlie
In. and fii are generally used? (87.) How are the n-hook strokes
vocalized? (89.) In what case must the stroke n be employed? (90.)
How is the circle written to the n-hook on the curves ? How on the straight
strokes? (91.) What is the double circle when written in the n-hook place?
(92.) Designate the straight stroke word-signs ; the curved strokes.
80 MANUAL OF PHONOGQAPHT.
LESSON IX.
J£.y-HOOK — VOWEL CONTRACTIONS — DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS.
93. This hook is entirely arbitrary ; that is, it is not
phonetic at all, in that it is but one sign used to represent
three sounds ; but it is nevertheless more consistent than
the old method of writing, for it always represents the
same sounds. Of course the means exist in the alphabet
for writing out the syllable in full, if preferred.
TABLE OF THE 2.Y-HOOK..
\> P/n b t/n / qjn _^ k/n
\i bjn I d/n /, j/n -, gfn
V} flu (; t/n % sfn J J-/n
\j vjn (j d/n ^ z/n (J $$n
^/r/n ?C IJn
'O mjn vO Dfn <^ 9/n &? h/n
94. On the straight strokes, the /?*-hook is made on
the opposite side from the n-hook ; and on the curves it is
made in the position of the »-hook, but double its size, as
illustrated above.
95. The most general use of this hook is at the ter-
mination of words; as 'N^ opfun, X/* porfun. If a vowel
follow the stroke on which the hook is written, it is read
between the stroke and the hook ; as V^) naym, ^S7-*
rela-fun, .[/? adorafun \j kofisiduraf/m. m
96. The/M-hook is often conveniently used in the mid-
dle of a word also ; thus, j <^ dikfunari,
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 81
97. The 5-circIe m?y be added by writing it distinctly
oa the inside of these hooks, to the straight strokes as
well as the curves ; thus, [0 kondifitnz, l~"~^3 invaymz.
98. WORD-SIGNS. — "\zobjekf /in, \^ aubjckfun,
READING EXERCISE XXVII.
\
v
WRITING EXERCISE XXVIII.
Pojun, stajun, kompajun, ambijun, kondijun, negajun,
komycDiiikaJim, dqra/an, petijun, iudikajun, fugun, inva3ufi,
ilngun, revoliijun, konaolajun, emojun, admijun, nafun, am-
yuinijun. Prof^gun, refermajun, selekjun, delegajun, deprj-
vafun, Hipurvijnn, kohegun.
Petijunur, eksekiijunur, okajunal, revolujunari. Pajunz,
sedijunz, vigunz, efiisunz, mijunz, nojunz, administrajunz.
99. VOWEL CONTRACTIONS. — The vowels being so simply
and easily formed, but little is to be desired in the way of
abbreviating the method of writing them; but as consider-
able time is lost by lifting the pen in passing from one to
another, it is no small advantage to write two vowel sounds
82 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
in one sign, where it can be done without ambiguity.
Such a contraction is quite common in words where the
short vowel i immediately precedes another of the simple
vowels ; as in the words varius, efl",toi,i, enunfiafuti, rafio:
becoming nearly like vtiryns, ejlmrya, enunfyftfun, rafi/o.
This coalition of vowels so nearly produces the articula-
tions ya, yn, yo, yu, that the signs for these improper diph-
thongs are used in such cases ; thus, (^^ varius, J^}*
asofiafun, ^,-^r* rafio.
103. DISSYLLABIC DIPHTHONGS. — The following is an
additional scale of diphthongs, simply formed, and some
of which are very useful: —
< ei <|ai <J q,i >fei >joi > uii; as in
< Mai, » snot, \^ o'nj |> stolkt [> Intl. The siyn
for oi may also be used for oe in a few words that would
otherwise be inconveniently written; as C—£OX h/censoec-
ur, hioarsvevur, loest, Sj-c.
101. The close diphthong heard in the word aye, though
differing but little from either i or qi, is written thus, v
READING EXERCISE XXVIII.
'« > » ' -^ i
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 83
/*,,*—
'> ' 1;
\
i
*s7 ^ (. ^
•UxX, r ^ ; r
s ^
WRITING EXERCISE XXIX.
Envius, eronius, variajun enunjiajun, glorius, serius, pali-
ajun, aleviajun, homiopati.
Klai, flei, biloi, stoikal, loest, gluii.
Ambijun iz de okagun ov sedijun, konfugun, and desola-
Jun, and arezez evuri evil emojun and pajun.
An qa, pikig up a Ijunz skin h\vk» had bin tron awa, put it
on; and runig intu de wudz and pastyurz, began to bra, in im-
itajun ov de Ijunz ror, hwiq trui de floks intu teribcl kcmfi^un.
At legt de onur kam alog and wud hav bin struk wid ken-
sturnafun olso, but upon hiz lisnig mor klosli, he suin se de
ihl^uu in de vas, and se, morovur, de qscz erz stikig ^t. Wid
no hezitajun he ran up tu de qs and wid hiz kujel bet him se-
verli, saig : "Yui foil, yui hav bin de okagun ov skarig de floks,
but i'l hav yui tu no eldo yoo luk Ijk a Ijun, yet. yui bra Ijk
an qs.
Aplikafun. — Afektajun wil Juirli ekspoz a raan tu derigun
in proporjun tu hiz asumpjun.
REVIEW. — (94.) On which side of the straight strokes is the _/«-hook made ?
How is it made to the curves? (95.) How is the/n-hook read? (96.) Give new
examples of the two situations in which it may be used. (97.) How is the
«-circle added ? (98.) What are the word signs? (99.) Explain the vowel
contractions. (100.) Th« di-wllftbic diphthongs. (101.) How is aye written?
84 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
LESSON X .
HALF-LENGTH STROKES.
102. In consequence of the frequent recurrence of the
sounds t and d, it is found very convenient to give them
another and more contracted representation ; it is also
rendered necessary by the fact that one frequently follows
the other, and since they are both perpendicular signs
their repetition at full length would carry the writing too
far below the line for convenience.
103. But every philosophical means has already been
resorted to for the purpose of giving to Phonography the
ultimatum of brevity ; and if the following scheme has
only the semblance of philosophy in it, it will be as much
as can be expected. In chemistry, it is well known, the
more a substance — a poison, or steam, for instance — is
concentrated, the greater is its power : so, in order to get
a repetition of the consonants t and d without writing
them at kngth, the single strokes j and | , by being
compressed into half tlieir length, are made to represent
the addition of a t and d. And the principle is extended,
by license, to the other consonants.
104. The strokes y, y, w, h, are not made half-length
for the addition of t and d.
105. To illustrate this principle, suppose the word
faded is to be written : there are three consonants in it,
all downward strokes, which would carry the last d the
length of two strokes below the line ; but by making the
first d half its usual length, another d is supposed to be
added, and the word is thus neatly written: I; faded.
MAM'AL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 85
The principle is further illustrated by the following
words:
[__ toJc, Q hkt; A rap, /* rapt; A. UP, /^ livd.
106. A vowel before a half length consonant is read
before both letters; as \ apt, ') est, ~7\ qrt, _^ akl; but
when placed after, it is read immediately after the primary
letter, and the added t or d follows it; thus, ~ koi, ~^\ rot,
\ spit, 1^ kontemt, f*. lilel.
107. As a general thing the light strokes, when halved,
are followed by the light sound, t, and the heavy ones
by the heavy sound, d; thus, ( tet, ^> gift, „) ymsd,
- fot. This is always the case where no vowel inter-
venes between the sound of the stroke and the t or d ex-
pressed by the halving, as in the above words. But
under other circumstances a heavy consonant sound often
follows a light one, and vice versa ; and in such cases
the half-length light strokes must express the addition
of d , and the heavy ones that of t; as ^~^^' melted, %S^
pspeld, /^V_A; alfabtt.
108. Since, however, the heavy strokes occupying the
places of r, I, in, and n, are not made half-length, these
four letters, when followed by a d, are, for the sake of
distinction, made heavy ; as / g&rd, y °^> ^\_
formd; and light when a t follows; as "^ qrt, j^r de/it,
"S^ remit. The I is struck upward when t is to be
added, and when d, downward, since in this direction it is
more easy to make a heavy stroke.
109. A stroke beginning or ending ^ith the s circle, or
either of the hooks, or both hook and circle, is also made
half-length, when necessary ; thus, ^* sped, \ swift, T
tret, ^ Tcomplst, *\ frat, °\'strfit, f seteld; ** bedz, ^ mats,
\ band, \> pafent, <^. plant, rr? grand; the order of read-
ing being the same as in the full length strokes.
86 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
110. It must be observed that when the circle s is writ-
ten to a half-length consonant it must be read after the
added t or d; because the s is added to the consonant after
it has been halved; thus, \. pat, \> pals, (not past,)
V- f*t,'\ofats, (not fast.)
111. Half- length consonants, unconnected with other
strokes, should be employed only for words containing but
one vowel; as ^ trod, ^ntf; and the two full length let-
ters should be used in words containing two or more vow-
I A ^
els; as V» avvd, ^~ "] ytunit.
112. The past tense of verbs ending like \^ pqrt, are
more conveniently written thus, \y^ pqrted, than \/?|
113. There are a few words in which t and d occur
three times in succession, which make it necessary to sep-
arate the half-length from the long stroke; thus,.) , atitifd.
I/"*
114. Since the half-lengths occupy only a portion of the
usual space3 they follow the rules given to the horizontals,
of accented vowel positions, above or on the line according
as the consonant has a first place, or a second or third-
place vowel; thus, 1 stret, °^ spred, ^-* find, \^A fund.
READING EXERCISE XXIX.
V
«s
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 87
WRITING EXERCISE XXX.
Fet, fat, Jet, lat, mat, not, spot, skot, savd, selt, snijt, sent;
pent, bend, kontend, erdand, enjemd, kjnd, refjnd, legtend,
land, m^nd; pants, bandz, pretendz, kontents, disk^nts; frend,
advent, hqrdli, survd, konsvimd, holdz, heted, habit, hurld,
perild, uprj,t, gqrded, deljted, upwurd, purssvd, qjld, lektyurd.
115. Under certain circumstances t and d should not be
represented by half-length strokes: First, When a vowel
follows t or d at the end of a word; thus having . — f~ gill,
we cannot make gilti by placing i after the half-length /,
for it would then re&Affilit; hence the stroke t must be writ-
ten in order to give a place after it for the vowel ; thus
. ( \ gilti. Second, In many words of one syllable, where
if the vowels were omitted, or indistinct, they would be mis-
taken for the vowel word-signs ; thus, ?S bad, instead of
\ ; _} put, instead of V Third. When the half-stroke
would not make a distinct angle with the preceding or fol-
lowing stroke , as *" i amend, instead of ' ; and in
some other cases that will suggest themselves to the learner.
116. HALF-LENGTH WORD-SIGNS.
c ( particular ( cannot ( Lord
\ opportunity ~° \ account * \ word
°\ spirit _ ( God ^ ( immediate-ly
p told ~ £good (made
1 toward e- great ^ might
( gentlemen ^, after ^j ^ not
" ^gentleman ( thought ^nature
^ quite . ( that ^ went
"" ^ could ^ i without ^ ^ wont
•=- called ) establish-ment ^ under
c~ according-ly •? short </ world
88 MANUAL OF PHOJs'OGKAPHT.
READING EXERCISE XXX.
v V Y' % V
s~< a. v> <\ , ^ ;
iv \ v ^ X •
ks 5 v^x -\ \ / • x^
'L
•' I J
\
) I
MANUAL OF PHONOGIIAPHY, 89
WRITING EXERCISE XXXI.
L6KENS LQZI, 6R LURNIW FQNOGBAFI.
Tu lurn, er not tu lurn, dat iz de kwestyun:
hwedur 'tiz noblur in de mind tu sufur
dekompleks kwibelz ov ambigyuius Loghand;
er tu opoz wid pen and vers a t^zand erurz,
and, bj opozin, end dem? — Tu lurn, — tu rjt, —
and, bj FonograSi, tu sa we end
de felsitiz, de tszand tedyus ilz
Loghand prodnsez — 'tiz a konsumajun
devstli tu be wijt. Tu rjt; — tu lurn; —
tu lurn! but deu tu wurk ; — qi, dqrz de rub*
for, tu akwjr dis qrt, hwot terl ma kum
ar j kan Jufel of mj habits old,
Jud giv me pez: dai"z de respekt
dat maks Grtografi ov so log \if',
for S hui wud bar de inq,murabel ilz ov Loghand,
its bqvbarus legb, its ambigniti,
its qild-tormentig difikultiz, and
its wont ov ruil, tuigedur wid de terl
hwiq pajent skqbz pv suq a sistem hav,
hwen he himself mjt hiz relesment mak
wid a Duzen Lesunz. Illva yet wud ymz
dis bqrbarus relik ov sr bjgon daz,
but dat de dred ov sumtig tu be lurnt, —
(dat wek unmanli ez, from buiz embras
no lazi man kan got,) — puzelz de wil,
and males him radur bar e'n felsitiz,
dan lurn de trait he yet noz nutig ov.
flus indolens tra eft retqrdz de mjnd;
and dus de progres ov a ytusful qrt
iz qekt, but not prevented; for detjm
wil kum hweu dis sam bref Fonografi
Jal trjumf OT its fjnal oponent.
I'EVIEW. — (102.) What is the necessity fora second mode of represeuting '
e;id rf ? (1C3.) \Vbat is tlieir second ropreseutation? Explain the philosophy of
halving a consonant. (104.) "What strokes are not written half-length? (107.;
What is the general rule for knowing whether a t or a d is added? In what
case does this rule never fail? (108.) Whathalf-lengthlight strokes are mado
heavy for the addition of d f In what direction are the half-lengths I and r
struck, for tlio addition of d? for the addition of t? (109.) May strokes hav-
ing initial and terminal circles and hooks be halved? (110.) When the circle;.-
is written to a half-length sign, is it read before or after the added t or d ?
(111.) Should a half-length letter alone be used with two vowels? (113.) How
are words written in which t and d occur three times in succession? (114.)
"What is the ruls for the position of half-length strokes? (115.) Wli;;t is the first
fiisj in which a stroke should not be halved for a following t or </? I'll a
Etui? the 3rd? <,11G.) Give the first column of word-signs; the 2nd; the 3rd.
90 MANTAV OF PHONOGRAPHY.
LESSON XI.
SPECIAL CONSONANT CONTRACTIONS.
117. The s-circle, initial and final hooks, and half-
leugth stems, are contracted modes of writing that admit
of general application, and of perfect vocalization. But
as Phonography studies the greatest degree of abbrevia-
tion, consistent with legibility, a few combinations of con-
sonants, and some syllables of frequent occurrence, are
provided with special forms of contraction, some of which
only are capable of vocalization. Of these there are the
frequent at, in the past participle of verbs ending in s, in
the superlative of adjectives, and in many other words, as
pressed, wisest, slake ; the sir in the comparative of ad-
jectives, &c., as faster, sister; the initial insfr, of instruc-
tion. &c., and the final s-slm of some nouns, as position',
all of which it would often be inconvenient to write in the
usual manner. There are also prefixes, derived from the
Latin, of frequent occurrence, but of inconvenient length,
as accom-plish, incou-siderate, recom-pense, enter-prise,
clrcum-cenL The method of writing these contractions
constitutes the last lesson proper of the system, and is one
that should receive special attention, in order that the
somewhat arbitrary mode of writing shall not be forgotten.
There is a kind of principle manifested, however, in
most of the contraction?, which renders it almost impossi-
ble for them to escape the memory, if they be once thor-
oughly mastered and have been transfixed by the magical
influence of practice.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 91
THE LOOPS ST AND STS.
1 1 8. The plan of writing si in some shorter way than
by the circle s and stroke t, was devised chiefly for the
purpose of still farther obviating the difficulty of words
running too far below the line. By simply lengthening
the s-circle to one-third the length of the stroke on
which it occurs, the sound of t is aded; thus, >o bas,
\> lastf^^^^nyvs, -<-'"0A rrjn-at ; \g vast, <i\>prcst.
In other words, a loop written one-third the length of
the consonant to which it is attached, represents the com-
bined sounds of s and t, with no vowel between them; and
by license it may aiso signify zd, as in <^=> Jelozd.
119. The s or z may be added for plurals, &c., by
striking the loop through the long sign and forming the
circle on the opposite side ; as s^ bests, ^g^gests^g nests.
120. This loop may also be written initially; as in the
words '\ s'op, -f stat, \__ staf, VQ stjl, '^^ stem.
And it may be used between two strokes, only when writ-
ten to /, d, (j,j; as kv testifi, ^VT~7 disthjgwif, fc/ justifi.
121. When this loop is written in the position of the
r-hook, like the -s-circle it takes the additional power of r;
thus, ^\ sttnpnr c ~ stifcur; and when turned in the
n-hook position, it assumes the power of that hook ; as
J- koi/dei/sf, __^ .igenst.
122. Half-length strokes also admit of the sMoop, to
a limited extent ; as ' midst, ^J). student.
123. When a word begins with a vowel, followed by
at or zd, the half-length stroke, and not the loop, must be
used; as "}.^ histuri, t-> wizdum, 2-^ sistem.
124. By extending the loop to two thirds the length
of the stroke, r is added ; as in the words c x Wcbstur,
$ sistur, ^ mastur. This loop should not be used initially
92 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
It may be turned on the w-hook side of the stroke to ex-
press nstr; as X punstur, and the circle s may bo used
as with the &l loop ; thus, «^ festurz, "^>. musturz.
125. WORD SIGN. — The *Moop is used as a word- sign
for first, written on the line and inclined to the right,
thus, $
READING EXERCISE XXXI.
\
r -^ /• x -\ \ -r 1
\
WRITING EXERCISE XXXII.
Past, host, dust, tast, qest, kost, gust, fest, safest, rosfc, arest,
avszd, rust, lest, last, mist, most, amu,zd, fjnest, deivsust; stuip,
stedfast, stagnant, stif, stov, ster, stil, stem; stopur, stajur, sta^-
ur; distigktli, justifikajun; bests, basts, kasts, rezists, infests,
masts; stilt, sturd, stord, stamt; kondenst, agenst. Bostur,
blustur, fastur, blistur, sistur, impostur ; punstur, spinstur/..
Stated, advanst, suprest, pretekst, prodq,st.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 93
READING EXERCISE XXXII.
\_s,
/
X
• ^
\
/ .
x
WRITING EXERCISE XXXIII.
LUV.— Polok.
Hal, holi luv! Q.-8 wurd dat sumz el blis,
givst and resevst el blis, fulest hwen most
(k$ givst! sprig -heel of el sr hapines,
depest hwen most iz dren! emblem ov God!
ovfloig most hwen gratest numburz drigk;
ontirli blest, bekoz fe sekst no mor,
hopst not, ner ferst, btit on de prezent livst,
and holdst purfekjun smjlig in djn qrmz.
Dizurnur ov de rjpest graps ov jer,
j"? gadtiret and selektet wid hur hand
94 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH?.
el finest relijez, ol farcst sjts,
el rarest odurz, ol divjnest ssndz,
el lets, ol feligz derest tu de sol,
and brigz de holi mikstytir horn, and filz
dehqrt wid el sxipurlativz ov blis.
ANOMALOUS Ar AND £N.
126. When the sounds spr, sir, and &kr follow n in such
words as inspirafun, instruct, inskr'ib, it is impossible, "with
the use heretofore made of n, to write the circle sr to the
strokes p, t, k, without making it on the back of the n,
thus, ~^\ which is difficult to do, and unseemly when
done. To obviate this difficulty the stroke ----- is permitted,
in these cases, to be struck backward or vertically, as the
nature of the case may require ; but, as there is never
occasion for any vowel but the first-place /, the stroke for
the n need not be written full length; indeed, it may be re-
garded as the n hook used initially; thus, cjj_.) instrukfun ,
f**\ -x
\ insiipuralel, ? \^ inskrlpfun.
127. In a considerable class of words the syllable////!
follows after the sound of 5 or z, as pozifun, dssi^un, &c.,
which would require that the strokes for these sounds,
with the fun hook appended, be employed; but such
would be inconvenient forms, and hence it is allowable to
use the circle and turn a hook for fun on the opposite side
of the stroke ; thus, J* design, ;^ si/pozifun; the same
license is allowed for the loops st and sir, thus, ^jv^
molestafun, '|^ ilustrsfun. This hook is used in rome
such words as ^pc purswa^un; and it may al 20 be used
when followed by the termination al; as, p? pozifunal.
128. If it be required to write the syllable/«.>/, after »s,
the circle for the latter combination may be employed, and
MANC7AL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 95
the hook turned on the opposite side ; thus, ^^ compensa-
fun. The plural may be formed, in all these cases, by add-
ing the circle to the y?z-hook ; thus, ^ sypurstifunz, ,j
kondenssLfunz.
READING EXERCISE XXXIII.
• "TV dK >
WRITING EXERCISE XXXIV.
•
Insijpurabli, instrukt, instruirasnt, instrramcutaliti, Inskrjbd,
inskruitabel ; pozijun, desigun, kezajtin, sivilizajun, miizijan ;
rnanifestafun, inkrustajuu, kondensajun, dispensajun ; sup-»
tozijunz, akiizajunz, ilustrajunz, sensajunz,
Studi kondensajun in yuir stjl ov kompozijun, for do it ma
kost yui sum trubel at furst, yet it wil asist yui tu mastur
purspikn,iti and presi^un, on de akwizijun ov bwiq, qast and
ptfurful rjtig iz bast. Prorated bj a dezjrfer de akwizijun ov
\velt, man stemz de stermz ov de ojan, landz on evuri kost, in
spit ov de gratest danjurz ar^zig from kljmet or de hand ov
unsiviljzd man. Relijun foloz in de wak ov komurs, kontcnd-^
in agenst its evilz ; and dus, hwjl savej najunz q,r blest \vid ds
l^t ov sivilizajun, da qr put in pozejun ov de wurd ov inspiiv
ujun, and tet (le egust trmdz ov de gospel dispensajun.
96 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
KEVJEW.— (117.) What arc the sp.ji-i.il ronsonant contractions? (11.?.) How
are st and sd written 1 (119.) How may the circle he added? (l-JO.) In v
nations may the loop be written? (121.) When written in the plao-a of tlrj
r-hook what power docs it give the stroke? What, when wiiif-n iii tir ,.-!i,,<>k
(ICi!.) How should the words wi>W aiKl x'uileat be v/rilton' (123.) In
what case is the loop not to be used? (124.) Hew is.i.V wrHt-'n? What effect
ilojs it have on this loop to place it on the «-ho<»\ s.Jo? If the sound of x
follow, how is it wrtten? (125). Wh;it is the word-sign in this lesson? (1£C.)
\\ lum is it necessary to i^e Hie anomalous mode of wrrtlhg n 1 How is it writ-
ten? (127.) Under "what circumstance is the anomftlous />< employoil? Huu
i . H written? (128.) Suppose it bo required to write/.; nftcr «.<, how is H Jone?
if » follow the//i, how may it be written?
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY, 9"*
LESSON XII.
PREFIXES AND OTHER CONTRACTIONS.
129. PREFIXES. — The following are some additional
prefixes and affixes that are found convenient and sug-
gestive with the advanced phonographer. They should
be written near the word, but not joined.
Akom is expressed by a heavy dot, placed before the in-
itial end of the following consonant ; thus, \^; akum-
jpani, \^ ako'inplis.
Swkum, by a small circle placed in the first vowel posi-
ition of the next consonant; as, ^f surkiimstans,
v~~\ surkumskr'ib.
Dekom, by | as, I F> dt-kompozifun.
Dlskom, diskon, by ^ as, \>o^' diskonsurled.
Iitkom, inkon, by ^~x written above the other part of the
word ; as, v^» inkomplet, '°L>r inkon sistent.
Intur, iutro, by ^ in any position near the following
letter; as, "\j: inturvy, ~~~\^-, introdukfun. By some
kind of license, the frequent word inturest, is allowed
to be written thus: " j the prefix int/ir being united
with the stroke st.
Irrekon, by ^\ as, ~^\v^> irrekonsfiabel.
Magnu, magni, by s~~^ written above the after part of the
word ; as, :^-*Tb magnanimus, ^_ magnif}.
Rekog, by / as, /'$— ^ rekogn'iz.
Rekom, rekon, by /^ as, /£, rekomend, -^v >S rekon-
Self, by a circle at the middle place of the next consonant ;
as, °/ sel/if.
9
98 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHT.
Unkom, unkon, by x __ written on the line; as ^^
unkomun, -^X, unkondifunal.
It is allowable to represent a prefix which is similar in
sound to one of the foregoing, by one of the signs there
furnished; thus, ^ may represent entur, as well as irttitr;
and^-^ may represent enkum, inkum, as well as inkom, inkon.
130. AFFIXES. — The following affixes are written near
the preceding part of the word : —
Bilili, by \ as, y\ durabiliti, "^^ probabiliti.
L;, by £* written after the word; thus, \^f pafentli,
ffkonstantli. But where it can be written on with-
out lifting the pen, it is better to do so ; thus, ^?-
abund nntli.
Ment, by <r> as, -^ ttonment, fa Contentment. But H
may often be written without disconnecting it from
the body of the word.
Self, by a circle, as, miself. Sehz, by making the
circle double size ; as, (o tfemsehz, fo ywrsehz.
y ^ as, "[V lerdfip.
131. A word-sign may be used as a prefix or an affix ;
as, ^ advantajus, it. heraflur.
I
READING EXERCISE XXXIV.
C oo — v II-
A L
PJ )
<\ .U\
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 99
r v . -L . '
. . x-s c J- s
v
WRITING EXERCISE XXXV.
Akomplij'ment, akomodajun, surkumfleks, surkuranavigat,
dekompoz, diskontinyuid, inkorapatibel, inkonsolabel, intur-
tipjun, introdn,s, magnifisent, rekognijun, rekonsiliajun, self-
ajurans, unkompromjzig, posibiliti, konsekwentli, himself,
hersmanjip, darfor, displegur.
Lurn tui akoraodat yuirself tu surkurastansez. Surkum-
stanjal evidens Jiad bs kojusli enturtand agenst hqinan IJf.
Be surkuraspekt in ol ymr \vaz. It iz unkonfermabel tu truit
tu sa dat kompajun, frendjip, &s., <\r at botura onli selfijnes
in disgjz; bekoz it iz we srselvz hui fel plcgur er pan in de gud
or evil ov udurz; for de menig ov self-luv iz, not dat itiz j.dat
luvz, but dat i luv miself.
If de urt be surkumskrjbd at ds ekwatur, we obtan its grat-
est surkumfurens, hwiq iz ab«t 24,780 mjlz; a magnittid hwiq
WB kan not turm inkonsevabel, eldo we ma not enturtan a veri
distigkt jdea ov it, muq mor wud de savcj be unkonjus ov de
fakt and unkonvinst, in epjt ov ymr endevurz tu pruiv it.
Per unlea tanjibel pruif akumpani de astir Jun, ym kan not
akoraplij yuir am, and sue; pruif iz unkontrovurtibli imposibel.
100 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
131. NOMINAL CONSONANT. — It is sometimes necessary
to express one or more vowels or diphthongs without a con-
sonant. In this case 'f \ \s , may be employed as out-
lines having no specific values, to which the. vowels may
be placed ; thus, ^ for Edward or Edmund 'j A for Al-
fred, %" Eah, an Irish family surname, &c. The stroke-
vowels may be struck through the nominal consonant, as
T O for Oliver, -\- U. Proper names should be written
in full when they are known.
132. STROKE PI. — The stroke-A is generally used when
it is initial, and is followed by s; thus, ^* hasen; also
when r and a vowel, or r and some other consonant folio »v;
^ .S f ^ ^]
thus, ^ hurl, f_ — -^/" horizontal ^ ' hurt; also,
in words chat contain no other consonant than hi, and end
in a vowel; thus, (=^- holt.
133. VOCALIZING THE LARGE CIRCLE. — The large cir-
cle ss is considered to represent a syllable containing the
vowels i or e, thus, s?'« or se:. It may be vocalized to
express almost any vowels or diphthongs ; as, ^0_ pur-
swaziv.
134. When^> occurs between m and /, and k between
y and /, (the p and k being organically inserted in
speech, in passing to the next consonant,) these letters
may be omitted ; thus, £*s limp, ^ limt, <7~*< t>tamp,
ey< sta,mtt ^y( aykfus, JJJ distiykfun.
In cases where t comes between s and another conso-
nant, the t may generally be omitted without detriment to
legibility; thus, ^p£"~ mostli, ^ resiles, ^^ 2)ost~
pon, "~tr~ mislstk.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 101
(35. OF THE.— The connective phrase "of the,"
which merely points out that the following noun is in the
possessive case, is intimated by writing the words between
which it occurs near to each other, thus showing by their
proximity that the one is of the other ; thus,
luv ov 4s bqt/ful, ^^~ subjekt ov $e wurk.
REVIEW. — (129.) How is the prefix accent written ? Surcum ? Decom ?
- (131.) Expla
consonant. (132.) Under what circumstances is the stroke h generally used?
[1T13.) How may the double circle be vocalized? (134.) When may p be omit-
tcdj i, and t? (135.) What is said of the phrase of tte?
102 MANUAL OF 1'HONOORAPIIT.
LESSON XIII.
UKVOCALIZKD WRITING PHRASEOGRAPHY, 40.
136. As in some of the preceding exercises the man-
ner of writing certain words has been introduced that
would not admit of full vocalization, the learner may com-
mence omitting some of the least prominent vowels in his
common words. As a general thing these omissions
should be the unaccented vowels. But in reporting, no
vowels are inserted, except an occasional one that is nec-
essary to distinguish one word from another, where both
have the same consonant outline. It requires a good de-
gree of familiarity with the system to be able to read this
style of writing readily. After reports are taken, however,
it is customary to go over the manuscript and insert the
prominent vowels, so that any one may afterward read it
with ease.
137. Positive and negative words containing the same
consonants, should be distinguished thus : — When the
word commences with r, (except this letter is followed by
m,) write the upward r; for the positive word, and the
downward one for the negative ; thus, s\ r«r//onsi-
bel, <\ iresponsibel ; /*> re:oli[t, 0~ irezolyt. The
common words (~ mortal, <^- _ imerUl , ^-/ matt--
rial, J23- itnjitfrial, may be distinguished by writing
the positive on the line, and the negative above it. In all
other case?, insert the initial vowel in the negative wordi
thus; ^ ilejibel, &c. The vowel should be inserted
first that it may not be omitted in rapid writing.
MANUAL OF PHOKOGRAPHT. 103
LIST OF WORDS CONTAINING THE SAME CONSONANTS:
DISTIMGOISHED BY X DIFFERENCE OF OCTL1KB.
^i pattern, patron
\ patient, passionate
°\ purpose, perhaps
proceed, persued
property, propriety
preparation, appropriation, proportion
proportioned, proportionate
\ _ =, i' protection, production
*\ \/J pertain, appertain
cs\ \f~ prosecute, persecute
^s^ -> <\/~ prosecution, persecution
>^ \/) oppressor, pursuer
v N beautify, beatify
<\ birth, breath
]A \ A Tartar, traitor, trader
\ I/7 train, turn
104 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
attainable, tenable
• »
- |— - " daughter, debtor, and deter
.~x.-i^--' L auditor, auditory, editor
1 \ diseased, deceased
f" p> desolate, dissolute
Y^ A} desolation, dissolution
[_9 y^ idleness, dullness
hl^-O demonstrate, administrate
V
£ ,, agent, gentleman
/ / gentle, genteel
_^a - P
cost, caused
.r=zrL— _____ yj^~ collision, coalition, collusion
v^ ^\/t corporal, corporeal
J credence, accordance
v~ greatly, gradually
favored, favorite
^N
V \c^- fiscal, physical
J
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 105
finn, frame, — form, farm
"*^
support, separate
f f steady, study, — stead
situation, station
sure, assure
labored, elaborate
r$ learned, v.t adj.
A ~\~^ ~^. A writer, reader, orator, rhetor
/** /"""*! ruined, renewed
impatient, impassioned
innovation, invasion
indefinite, undefined
unavoidable, inevitable
This list might be greatly extended, but space wiH
not permit it here ; from the examples given, the
student will learn what forms to give each word, where
different outlines are lequired for words that might be
misread, if written alike. Quite an extensive list of words,
two or more of them having the same outline, necessarily,
are distinguished by position ; of which take the following!
piety,1 pity,2 opposition,1 position,2 possesion;3 prescrip-
tion,1 proscription;2 diminish,1 admonish,2 &c.
10 J MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
ALL THE WORD SIGNS ALPHABETICALLY ARRANGED.
Those marked with a * are written above the line.
. A
1 dear
^^ improvement
x all*
,-__ difficulty
^ in *
1 already *
| do
o is *
. an, and
J done
1 *t
c" according*
) establish
— kingdom*
~^> account
^ every
\^ language
/ advantage
o first
•> Lord*
Rafter
V^ for
*\ member
"~5 again
"^N from
*^ might *
f* alone
^.' full
^^more
"^\ are
y general
f- " Mr. *
o as
,/ gentleman
^my*
\ be
>5 been
(/ gentlemen *
— give-n *
•-— - nature
^^ no
rt beyond*
- God*
^ nor *
i but
•—call *
^ called*
— good
e- great
^ have
"^ not*
\object
\j objection
— u can
"-^ him
^ of*
•""= cannot *
A how
1 oh
cr- care
v I*
/ on*
— come
^ immediate *
c-^ one
— could
'""*• importance *
^— ? opinion *
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
<\ opportunity
*) their, there
< were
/or *
( them
(/ where
c\ particular *
^ then
> what *
^Phonography
^s thing *
c^-when *
J) pleasure
( thought *
/ which
c\ principle
*) three
u while
— • quite *
x to
s who
f~^ remark *
— together
O
L why *
% remember
r toid
f wUl
J shall
1 toward
< with*
J short *
T truth
( without
/ should
v two
c^ wont
) so
^ under
"N word
c\ spirit *
\ UP
</ world
\ subject
_> usual
> would
NO subjection
) .was
W ye *
_2 sure
"> way
\> yet
P tell, till
< we *
A you
( that *
C well
f your
. the *
c^ went *
C y°urs
107
On the following- page is a different class of word-signs;
but two or three new characters are used, the signification
being indicated by the position in which the sign is writ-
ten to the line. Three positions are recognized: on the
line, above the line, and through or below the line. In
the table the line of writing is suggested by a dotted
line, which will guide the learner as to where the word
should be written.
100 MANUAL OF PtUN )GnAP;iT.
~f^- Allow
<;"Y- lio.vevcr
perfect
- — s another
Sr. if
-^•«^- practice-able
x—" any
1
~> read
b itselt
"T"" at
~~> kind
") see
i
„
-----
-^V- away
./-, large
._/.._ than
\ by
•jsi may
/ . thank
I diffcrent-ce
^ me
( thee
J Doctor
^"^ mind
(^ these
• , *-/- much
— J— down
..A... those
--"]— during
/ each
neither
•^N;-- number
.-/— though
••y— through
*) either
-^~ other
1 ought
| time
^ ever
.
->- us
--V-- our
-V-.- few
...r^,-. ours
...\.. use (verb
...|- had
^^- ourselves
-^-- value
.X-. happy
__}._ out
•A^- view
^N here-ar
v^>- own
(T will (noun)
MAKUA.L OF PHONOGRAPHY".
CONTRACTED WORDS.
109
In addition to the word signs that have been given,
represented by the alphabetic signs, simple and compound,
a list of contracted words is given below. These are
abbreviated by giving the more prominent consonants
that would be employed in writing the word in full-
Words having a* affixed, are written above the line.
/ acknowledge,
>-\ indispensable,
~~Z acknowledged,
^^^ individual,*
because,*
v influence,*
L doctrine,
^^ -^ influential,*
J
^ especial-ly,
I instruction.
1 interest,
~~\ expensive,
^\ irregular,
\/ extraordinary,
^~^ knowledge,
~~^ extravagant,
-~*S? — s manuscript,
Vj/ forward,
^~^ myself,*
^L highly,*
....y. natural
^~*> himself,
^ V^ never,
~.....^: imperfect,
Hs^ nevertheless,
.^ imperfection,
— 4 new,
•^~t> importance,*
v^mxt,
<r^^. impracticable,
M^ notwithstanding,
^^P inconsisteiit,
v^NVOW,
no
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
\ peculiarity,
^. A Phonetic Society,
Phonographer,
Phonographic,
\ Probab-nify
\, ,. sh-ed
publication
/""" regular,
/\ represent,
/\ I represented,
/\> representation,
/\ republic,
X. respect,
X^ responsible,
._{L satisfaction,
^ several,
g-s^ something,
(*vA^x Spelling Reforcv
°^ surprise,
J:-^ transcript,
1 „ transgress,
^f understand,
^ understood,
universal,
whenever,
whensoever,
wherever,
wheresoever,
In the complete reporting style, the list of contracted
words is considerably extended; but, like the above, they
are all very suggestive to the reflective student, and when
met with in correspondence or elsewhere, there will sel-
dom be any difficulty in determining what they are. The
Reporter's Manual, or other text book of the kind, adver-
tised on the cover, contains complete lists of word signs,
contracted words, phraseography, &c., the study of which
will be essential to verbatim reporting, but unnecessary
for ordinary purposes of writing.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. HI
PHRASEOGRAPHY.
Pliraseography consists in writing two or mor: word
signs together, without lifting the pen ; and in the report-
ing style, it is extended to the writing of word-signs with
words written in full, but not vocalized. The lirst sign
in a phrase should be written in its natural position, while
those that follow take any position that most faciliates the
"writing.
/ all which
\ be able to
'^-^*' any thing
-» could be
~v> are not
-^-^ could not be
Sas far
J do not
..; ji« -'"* "
v^ as far as
V^p for instance
o-o as good as
<£'> he has been
<r-° as great as
I if there is
cX. as it has been
C^ have been
QJJ as soon as
^"~^ I am
Qn as soon as possible
<?
" — ^ I am not
^° as well as
\ I do
L^ at the same time
J I do not
12 MANUAL OF PUONOO'RAl'HT.
P I do not think
3 I had not
^ I will not
<^~(T may as well
Sfc. I have
'V^ I have been
^Vh- I have done
'Vs I have not
•^~X m;iy be
^>w must be
^~\ must have
-^~b— -' must not
V. if it
^ if it had not
^_^ no doubt
^ of course
Sr if it were
y^ in such
"^"^ on account of
L ouo'ht to be
^^
Q-/ is not
{, ^ *S
j.^ it is not
. should be
/t should have
r-' should not
|j it would
L it would be
-S~ I will
o( so as to
d—z such as can
(j that is
MANUAL OF PI1OXJGRAP1IY.
there are ! £ we were
i
^- — ^ when there is
113
^\
1 tliere are not
7_. there would not
whether or not
there would not have 6 which would
been
I think that
£^ which would not be
x} this is
^ which it would
be
V to be
"\ to do
k which it would
been
/° will not
have
\ to have
' \ will rot be
/v* you should be
r/^ you will £
f without doubt
/ with which
s\
ff \you will be able to
*/° you will not
/ with which it
f with which it is
njt
" X. we have
^ who are
X> we have not
V^ we have not had
10
D would be
^^ would not be
N
J14 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPH*.
A word of caution is necessary against a too extensive
use of phraseography; it should never be allowed to de-
stroy the lineality of the writing, nor make difficult join-
ings. In either case, time will be saved by removing the
pen from the paper, and commencing afresh.
In phraseography, the, or some other unimportant word,
is occasionally omitted; as, "-^ in the world; ^~a for
the sake of. The connective word ami is sometimes writ-
ten in connection with the following word, where it may
be represented by a short horizontal stroke; ^ and (he,
5- and which.
WRITING EXERCISE XXXVI.
NOTE. — In the following exercise, instead of repeating the initial words of
phrases every time they are to be written, they are indicated by dashes; and
the words forming a phrase are connected by hyphens.
01. 01-hiz, (0l'z) — iz lost, — hwic,, — dis, — dat-iz-sed,
— men, — dar, — suq-tigz, — important.
Ov. Ov-it, — hwiq, — suq, az-qr, — me, (mi,) — rajn,
(men,) — dar, — impertans, — hiz, — advantej, — dis k^nd, —
dat, — dem, — kors.
On. On-el, sue,, — aksnt-ov, — mj, — us, — hur,
— dar, — hiz, sid.
Tu. Tu-it, — dui, — be, — hav, bin, dun, —
sum-ekstent, — luv, — him, — dat, — meni.
Hui. Hui-iz-dis, — wud, not, — ma, not,
(man-t,)— kan, — no, — qr, not, (qrn't.)
Xud. Xud-bc, — not-be, — hav, — dui, — not-hav-sed, —
— tink-dat.
4. >E-am, — ma, — am-not, or ma-not, — dui, (had,)
not, (don't hadn't,) — hav, not, (wid huk,) bin
— kan-not, — wil, — tigk, — Jal, — nevur, — ned,
not-sa, — hop, — fer, — beg, — am-veri-sori-inded, — hop-
yxu-wil-not-hav-rezun-tu-regret, — hav-uo-dst.
H». Hs-kud, — kan, — iz-dis, - - iae< :, — ma, — so-
evur.
Yui. Yui-Jiad, not, — kud, - kar., — ma, — wil,
— qr, (r up stroke) not, (qrn't,) — must, be-surten.
MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY. 11 j
We. We-wer, — diu, — did, — hav, -- sen,
fal, — qr, (r up strok,) -- not, — f jnd.
Wid. Wid-it, — hwiq, — dis, — dat, — dem, — hwiq-yui-
qr-akwantcd, — suq-az-qr.
Wer. Wer-da, — we, — dat. II\var-iz, (hwarz) (r up
strok.)
H\vot. Hwot-iz, — wer, — wud, — dui, — if, — qr, —
kud-be, -- posibli.
Wud. Wud-yui, — be, — dui, — hav, — not, — not-hav-
sed.
B. Be-sed, — abel-tu. B^-dis, — me, — meni, — sum-
menz, — evuri-menz, — sum-pursunz, — dar.
T. It-iz, -- not. -- sed, -- sran, (de last tui wid
a dubel surkel,) -- raj, — ma, — kan, — kud, — wud.
Ot-tu-be, At-suq, — prezent, — de-sam-tjm.
D. Dui-da, — not, (don't,) -- d»t.
(5. Hwiq- wud, — bad, — kud, — kan, — haz, -- bin,
— iz-not, — qr, -- not, — ma, — mjt, — wil, (ql.) Hvviq-
it-iz, -- ma, -- wud, --- kud-not-bav.
F. If-dat, — yui, — dar, (dubel-f abuv de Ijn.) Fer-suq,
--- az-qr, — hwiq, — sum-tjm, — fer-dar, (dubel-f on de
Ijn.) K-it-wer -- be -- iz, -- had.
V. Hav-ytu, — bin, — had, — sed. Veri-giad, — gi'at, —
sam, — surten, — wel, — sum, — muq. Evuri-pqrt, — wun,
— pursun, — man.
B. Eigk-dat, — yra-qr, -- wil, -- ma.
(L. Widst-d-st, — hwiq, — suq. flat-it, -- iz, --
haz-bin, -- woz, — qr, -- not, — iz-not. -- tu-be,
— haz, — hwiq. <Ia-wer, — dui, — had, — hav, — ma. —
clis-tim, — da, -^- advantej. 3ar-wud, — kan, — kud, —
— not-hav-bin, — iz, (haz,) — Jal, — wil, — qr, -- sum-
pursunz, — ma.
S. So-az, — — tu, — it-semz, — veri, — litel, — niuq,
— meni. Suq- wud, — iz, — az, — — qr, -- ma, --
kan, -- kud, -- hav, -- woz, -- wil.
Z. Iz-it, -- not; az-it, -- wud, -- woz, -- ma,
-- haz. Az-gud, -- az, — grat, -- az, — fqr, --
az, — wel, — meni, — stun-az. Iz-not; haz-not.
S. Xal-be, — hav, — dui, — find, — not, Jort-hand.
L. Wil, — not, — be, — hav, — fjnd.
R. Hr-yui, — sumtjmz, — sori, — not; yui qr veri, --
tnuli.
M. Ma-be, — hav, — da, — az-wel, — konsidur. Mjt-
hav, — dis, — sem. Must-be, — tr^, — dui, — kum, — go,
116 MANUAL OF PHONOGRAPHY.
— se, — not. Most-hapi, (mos'-hapi,) — Ijkli, — impor-
tant. Meni-tjmz, — tigz, — mor, — ov-dem.
N. In-el, — konsekwens, — fakt, — dis, — suq, — raeni-
tigz, — hiz. Eni-wun, — 6ig, — bodi. No-pq,rt, — Avt, —
rezun, — mor, tjm, — wun, — tig, (in ful.) N«-sur.
Not, — be, — kwjt, — dat, — in, — onli, — ny, — non; ned-
not. Ner-wer, — iz-dis, — qr.
WRITING EXERCISE XXXVII.
(In phrasoography, and containing all the Word-Signs.)
ON IMPRUJVMENT.
Establijments fer impruivment, pqrtikyxulurli ov dc mjnd,
q,r veri important tigz in a kigdum; and de mor so hwar it-iz
yuijuial wid-dem tu establij and prakti& giad prinsipelz. £[
fonografik establijment in pq,rtikyuilur, iz not-ouli an imediet
advantej tu evuri jentelman Viui iz a membur ov-itr but tu ol.
Akerdig tu jenural opinyun, Fonografi iz a subjckt we Jud el-
hav plegur in, and tigk upon; widst it,laggwe5 iz not h\vot-it-
Jud-be — a remqjk iu-hwi^-dar-iz grattruit, and tu-hwie dar-
kan-be no objekjun. 'iHs, er-on hwot priusipel, kan we be
gud or grat widst-impruivment. Remcmbnr, dat evnri tig iz
an objekt ov-impertans dat kurnz undur it; and, beyond el, dat
de Juir wiird ov de Lord God \voz given for impruivment.
Aftur hwot-j-uav-told-yui, <:q.r-dar yet objekjunz tu-it.
Wer dar, an aksnt ov-dcrn wud elredi hav-bin given. Grat
and gud tigz kan not kum tugedur widst-iuiprmvment. Xud
j-be-told-dat it-ma-hav-bin so, j-Jal remqrk-dat, from hwot
j no ov-de jenural spirit ov el, de trvut iz az j-hav given it, ner
kan yui objekt tu-it. In Jert, jentelmen, establij it az yiur
furst prinsipel, dat-yui-wil-not giv up; but, az yui hav opur-
tn,niti, dui el dat-kan-be-dun tordz impruivment in evuri tig;
so wil yui giv plegur, not tu-me-alon, but tu el.
\
.*. -
c-*-°
kjx ' V/-T
Ad
V>1V /
H \ )
n,
^> Jj, c ^ , i ' /i
' X X .
( J 'f~^
o \ \ -/
117
^ (
\ \
\ '^-H /
118 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE,
. c 3- x v . y^ ,
; \ ^Vr-. % .
p
e> x
.
y **
4- x -
' \
. x
v
V
C
^N «v • X . \ /•
s
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
<*-«"
) • ") x/*
^o /"* X
.0 ' o) •»:-•<=> ^ 9
Lh. w t
^ '^O . to '")
.1 I )
C ; - -
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
/
/ ( x i
V '
^ ,.
) (
* V. ,.
\
•<? ^1. t _/?-* :
^ ly
. v
' 122 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
r * /"i x ^
<rjA /V Vo ~~\ \
" ° c '
Q ^ V !• >S ** 'V g°V
•° 3- ^ \P ' U ^ '
' x^ (o \ ) O x 1} ft
O n •• -^f I- . v-1-3 .-v >^
6*1 C) X' -o ^r^. ^.P^ /• — ^^ ) 9 • '°
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
123
30 x .
. V*.
®
\ ^
, N -k
_, A-
x
x V
(cf
c
. '*-^P X ( V
No ^
> . \ t ^t r \ -
B
124 DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE.
.< O ^ .^-/t 3
U . ^ 5o I
Published & Sold by Longley & Brother, Cin'ti,, 0.
O"A liberal discount made when purchased by the quantity ..£0
In Phonetic Spelling.
Twelve Sheet Lessons, in large type, Price 25
First Phonetic Reader, 10
Second Phonetic Reader, . „ . • v..*,.., • • ^0
Transition Reader, . . . . . .15
Child's Transition Story Book, .... 25
Longhand Writer, . . . . . .10
Pope's Essay on Man, ..... 20
Conversations between a Mother and her Child, 5
Phonetic Singer, (numeral notation,) . . .15
Book of Isaiah, ...... 25
Pilgrim's Progress, ...... 50
Gay's Fables, 20
Bath Fables, on Manners, Morals and Faith, . 50
Gems of Thought, on moral and religious subjects, £0
Psalms in Metre, ...... 40
The Unbalanced, an original story, by L. A. Hine, 25
Phonetic Almanac and Register of the Reform, 1862,10
Ditto. ditto, 1853, 10
In Phonetic Shorthand.
First Lesson in Phonography, .... 1
Manual of Phonography, in paper covers, 40, cloth, 50
Essay on the best method of teaching Phonography, 30
Declaration of Independence, . . . 10
Chart of the Shorthand alphabet, for teaching, . 40
In the Common Orthography.
Orthographic Facts and Fancies, ... 5
Report on Phonetic Teaching, .... 3
Lecture on the Spelling Reform, by L. A. Hine, .. 3
Introduction to Phonography, . . . .. 2-
Tracts on the Reform, per 100 pp., ... 5
N. B. All the aoove articles may be sent by mail, at very trifling
charges. Address, post paid, Longley 8f Brother, Cincinnati,, 0.
TYPE OF THE TIMES.
An Independent Weekly Plionetie Paper.
Commencing Jan, 7th, 1854.
1.ONGLEY BROTHERS, EDITORS & PUBLISHERS,
CINCINNATI, O.
Kjf>Qffice.— No. 169J Walnut, between Fourth and Fifth streets.
In the opinion of the publishers of the paper herein proposed, and in the
estimation of many of their friends and former patrons, in the publication of
the "WEEKLY PHONETIC ADVOCATE," wo have labored in too limited a sphere.
Accordingly, witti tho commencement of a new volume, Jan. 7, 1854, it will
assume a new name— one more in accordance with the grand purpose of our
calling and enterprise.
Of newspapers, we readily admit there is a great superabundance ; but
they are very nearly all either devoted to party, sect, or hobby ; or else
manifest such a timid neutrality as disgusts the intelligent and fearless inquirer
after truth. Very few journals in America, or indeed any other country, reflect,
candidly and thoroughly, the sentiments and movements of the age iu which
they flourish ; only one here and there can, in fact, be regarded as a TYPE o?
THE TIMES. And yet, periodicals of this class are alone fitted to build up, men-
tally, the TRUE MAN ; they only can satisfy the searcher after all useful and
practical information, and 'enable him to be worthy to live in the intelligent
blaze of the nineteenth century.
It is required, in order to produce, weekly, a faithful
TYPE OF THE TIMES,
I. The possession of a thorough acquaintance with the politics of our own
country, and a general knowledge of the governments of the world beside,
united with the ability and integrity to present their various aspects fairly, and
criticise their tendencies, without prejudice or partiality.
II. A genuine catholic spirit in reference to Religious matters; entire free-
dom from sectarian bent, but liberal in giving expression to all sentiments,
candidly and properly offered.
III. A mind sufficiently progressive to appreciate the theoretical consisten-
cy and the practical utility of ail genuine Reforms, whether in our Social, Re-
ligious or Political institutions ; coupled with the manliness requisite for the
advocacy of any truth, whether popular, or under the ban of public opinion.
On this Platform we propose to conduct a journal of the above title ; and,
with the talent employed, we have the fullest confidence we shall make it a
FIRST CLASS FAMILY NEWSPAPER!
In addition to sustaining the foregoing leading characteristics, its columns
will present an interesting variety of Original Miscellany, Poetry, and the other
etceteras necessary to give zest and amusement in the family circle.
Our long and successful experience in the newspaper business enables ns to
warrant its regular publication on and after January 7th, 1854.
[GpTERMS, (invariably in advance,)—! Copy a year, $3,00.
:i Copies " 3,OO.
Address, (post-paid,) LONGLEY BROTHERS, Cincinnati, O.
SUPPLEMENT to the Type of the Times.— A neatly litho-
graphed Shorthand Magazine. 75 cents a year; those who take the Type of the
Times receive the Supplement for 50 cents, and free of postage.
THE YOUTH'S FRIEND, is an elegant monthly paper, devoted to
the PHYSICAL, MORAL, and INTET.I.ECTUAI. IMPROVEMENT of the YOUNG. Em-
bellished with Portraits and Historical Illustrations; partly in the Phonetic Or-
thography, 50 cents a year; three copies, $1; ten copies, $3; twenty copies, $5.
For either of the above publications, address, post paid, Longley Brothers,
Cincinnati, O.
TTTLoNGLEY BROTHERS are also engaged in the General Printing and
Publishing Business, and respectfully invite the attention of all persons
having anything todo with such establishments.
of
In regard to the Manual of Phonography.
The publishers of the MANUAL prefer giving the opinions of
,'eachers who have used the book, and can speak from experi-
ence of its merits, to copying the editorial (and paid for) no-
tices of reviewers who have most likely never read a dozen
pages of the work, and know as little of Phonography itself.
The expressions of approval below were entirely unsolicited,
and of course were not designed for publication.
The first is from an experienced and competent Phonographic
Teacher in Delaware (0.) College, H. PERSING.
I have seen Pitman's, Andrews and Boyle's, Webster's and
Booth's text books on Phonography, and to all of these yours is far
superior ; the explanations being more lucid and the examples
more copious than in any of the others ; and indeed it is better
calculated to give the private learner full instruction in the art
than anything that has ever been presented to the public.
An excellent Phonographer, GKO. H. FLEMING, now in Buffalo,
1* Y., writes thus :
By the way, I like your Manual very much ; I consider it as
Far ahead of Webster's, for real, practical instruction, as his
work is in advance of Andrews & Boyle's Class book. The
rules forthe upward R, L, and E, I consider invaluable ; at least I
know this, that if I had had them when I commenced the study
of Phonography, it would have saved me easily one month's
application, if not considerable more. The carrying out the
phraseography to the extent you have, I think a very important
and acceptable feature. The very limited extent to which this,
and even the list of grammalogues are carried in the Class-book,
was the cause of much dissatisfaction on my part toward that
work, and when I obtained Webster's Teacher, his introducing a
few new phrases and grammalogues was the cause of my pre-
ferring the Teacher to the Class-book ; but on receiving the
Manual, Teacher and Class-book were left, as our hoosier frienda
would say, " no whar."
" Please to send immediately, two copies more of your Manual.
I have just received those you sent me and of all the Phonogra-
phic instruction books that I have used, I think it is by far the
best." — H. D. SMALLKY, New Baltimore, Ohio.
" I like your Manual better than anything I have yet seen."
REV. J. W. TOWNER, Leroy, Ohio.
" The Manual has been received and is the best book of th<>
kind I have seen. It is just the thing needed."— G. K. HICKOC*
Congress, Ohio.
A. WORD OF ADVICE.
The student of Phonography, after lie has gone through the MANDAL, will
still need further help, to make him a fluent writer and ready reader. The
author would suggest two sources from which to obtain aid: 1st. Membership
in the AMERICAN PHONETIC SOCIETY ; 2d, a subscription to the WEEKLY PHO-
NETIC ADVOCATE and monthly shorthand SUWLEMENT, advertisements of which
•ee below.
THE AMERICAN PHONETiO SOCIETY.
This Society was established the first of November, 1848, having its origin,
in Cincinculi O. Its principal objects are,
1. The union and the co-operation of all friends of the Spelling Reform In
tie United States, Territories, and the Canadas.
2. To keep a census of the extent and progress of the reform movement.
3. And by publishing the names and addresses of new members every week
in the Phonetic Advocate, and annually a list of the whole- Society, to furnish
each member with a directory that will enable him or her to hold correspond-
ence, in phonetic writing, with individuals in almost any part of America, —
thus rendering their phonetic knowledge of immediate practical advantage.
There are three classes of members: 1. Those who write phonetic short-
hand : 2. Those who write only the phonetic longhand, whose names are
printed in italics; and honorary members, distinguished by a * who contribute
$1 or more to the Spelling Reform Fund. All other members are expected to
contribute according to their ability and disposition to forward the great pho-
netic cause. Minors are requested to give their age,
The funds of the Society will be used to defray the expenses of publishing
the Annual List, in printing tracts for gratuitous circulation, and other means of
propagation.
Application for membership and contributions of money to be forwarded,
post paid, to £. Longley, Secretary.
THE WEEKLY TYPE OF TUB TIMES
la a Journal of News, Science, Literature, Education and Reform.
Printed in Phonetic Spelling.
(See Prospectus for 1854 on page
SUPPLEMENT TO THE "TIMES."
16 PAGES, MONTHLY, AT 75 CTS A YEAR? OR 50 CTS WITH THK "TIMES."
The Supplement is the largest and cheapest Phonographic periodical publisli-
ea, either in this country or in England. It began its 3d volume in August,
1852, at which time the price was reduced one fourth. It is written in progressive
style? of the art: the first half of the sheet in the simple Corresponding style,
another portion in a kind of Transition hand, in which the reporting forms are
explained by doted outlines, or the words re-written in long-hand ; and a fev
'Reporter," as well as from the best writ.-rs ill our own country, will be pre-
sented such improvements in the Reporting style as may from time to time be
made.
Thus the Supplement will constitute an invaluable companion to every pho-
nographerin the United States, and it in hoped the low price at which it offer-
ed will secure for it a very large cireulatiou.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY
Los Angeles
This book is DUE on the last date stamped below.
L9-25m-9,'47(A5618)444
LOS ANGELES
LIBRARY
THERN REGIONAL LIBRARY FACILITY
A 000 576 257 o
L86a
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11